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-7878409355629473590 | Thiamine deficiency | Thiamine deficiency - wikipedia Thiamine deficiency `` Beri beri '' redirects here . For the African ethnic group , see Kanuri people . Thiamine deficiency Synonyms Beriberi , vitamin B1 deficiency , thiamine - deficiency syndrome Specialty Neurology , cardiology , pediatrics Symptoms Wet : Fast heart rate , shortness of breath , leg swelling Dry : Numbness , confusion , trouble moving the legs , pain Types Wet , dry , gastrointestinal Causes Not enough thiamine Risk factors Diet of mostly white rice ; alcoholism , dialysis , chronic diarrhea , diuretics Prevention Food fortification Treatment Thiamine supplementation Frequency Rare ( US ) Thiamine deficiency is a medical condition of low levels of thiamine ( vitamin B1 ) . A severe and chronic form is known as beriberi . There are two main types in adults : wet beriberi , and dry beriberi . Wet beriberi affects the cardiovascular system resulting in a fast heart rate , shortness of breath , and leg swelling . Dry beriberi affects the nervous system resulting in numbness of the hands and feet , confusion , trouble moving the legs , and pain . A form with loss of appetite and constipation may also occur . Another type , acute beriberi , is found mostly in babies and presents with loss of appetite , vomiting , lactic acidosis , changes in heart rate , and enlargement of the heart . Risk factors include a diet of mostly white rice , as well as alcoholism , dialysis , chronic diarrhea , and taking high doses of diuretics . Rarely it may be due to a genetic condition which results in difficulties absorbing thiamine found in food . Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome are forms of dry beriberi . Diagnosis is based on symptoms , low levels of thiamine in the urine , high blood lactate , and improvement with treatment . Treatment is by thiamine supplementation , either by mouth or by injection . With treatment symptoms generally resolve in a couple of weeks . The disease may be prevented at the population level through the fortification of food . Thiamine deficiency is rare in the United States . It remains relatively common in sub-Saharan Africa . Outbreaks have been seen in refugee camps . Thiamine deficiency has been described for thousands of years in Asia and became more common in the late 1800s with the increased processing of rice . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Beriberi 1.1. 1 Dry beriberi 1.2 Brain disease 1.3 Wet beriberi 1.4 Gastrointestinal beriberi 1.5 Infants 2 Cause 2.1 Genetics 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment 6 Epidemiology 7 History 7.1 Etymology 8 Other animals 8.1 Poultry 8.2 Ruminants 8.3 Snakes 8.4 Wild birds and fish 9 References 10 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Beriberi ( edit ) Symptoms of beriberi include weight loss , emotional disturbances , impaired sensory perception , weakness and pain in the limbs , and periods of irregular heart rate . Edema ( swelling of bodily tissues ) is common . It may increase the amount of lactic acid and pyruvic acid within the blood . In advanced cases , the disease may cause high - output cardiac failure and death . Symptoms may occur concurrently with those of Wernicke 's encephalopathy , a primarily neurological thiamine - deficiency related condition . Beriberi is divided into four categories as follows . The first three are historical and the fourth , gastrointestinal beriberi , was recognized in 2004 : Dry beriberi specially affects the peripheral nervous system . Wet beriberi specially affects the cardiovascular system and other bodily systems . Infantile beriberi affects the babies of malnourished mothers . Gastrointestinal beriberi affects the digestive system and other bodily systems . Dry beriberi ( edit ) Dry beriberi causes wasting and partial paralysis resulting from damaged peripheral nerves . It is also referred to as endemic neuritis . It is characterized by : Difficulty in walking Tingling or loss of sensation ( numbness ) in hands and feet Loss of tendon reflexes Loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower legs Mental confusion / speech difficulties Pain Involuntary eye movements ( nystagmus ) Vomiting A selective impairment of the large proprioceptive sensory fibers without motor impairment can occur and present as a prominent sensory ataxia , which is a loss of balance and coordination due to loss of the proprioceptive inputs from the periphery and loss of position sense . Brain disease ( edit ) Wernicke 's encephalopathy ( WE ) , Korsakoff 's syndrome ( alcohol amnestic disorder ) , Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome are forms of dry beriberi . Wernicke 's encephalopathy is the most frequently encountered manifestation of thiamine deficiency in Western society , though it may also occur in patients with impaired nutrition from other causes , such as gastrointestinal disease , those with HIV / AIDS , and with the injudicious administration of parenteral glucose or hyperalimentation without adequate B - vitamin supplementation . This is a striking neuro - psychiatric disorder characterized by paralysis of eye movements , abnormal stance and gait , and markedly deranged mental function . Korsakoff 's syndrome is , in general , considered to occur with deterioration of brain function in patients initially diagnosed with WE . This is an amnestic - confabulatory syndrome characterized by retrograde and anterograde amnesia , impairment of conceptual functions , and decreased spontaneity and initiative . Alcoholics may have thiamine deficiency because of the following : Inadequate nutritional intake : Alcoholics tend to intake less than the recommended amount of thiamine . Decreased uptake of thiamine from the GI tract : Active transport of thiamine into enterocytes is disturbed during acute alcohol exposure . Liver thiamine stores are reduced due to hepatic steatosis or fibrosis . Impaired thiamine utilization : Magnesium , which is required for the binding of thiamine to thiamine - using enzymes within the cell , is also deficient due to chronic alcohol consumption . The inefficient utilization of any thiamine that does reach the cells will further exacerbate the thiamine deficiency . Ethanol per se inhibits thiamine transport in the gastrointestinal system and blocks phosphorylation of thiamine to its cofactor form ( ThDP ) . Following improved nutrition and the removal of alcohol consumption , some impairments linked with thiamine deficiency are reversed , in particular poor brain functionality , although in more severe cases , Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome leaves permanent damage . ( See delirium tremens . ) Wet beriberi ( edit ) Wet beriberi affects the heart and circulatory system . It is sometimes fatal , as it causes a combination of heart failure and weakening of the capillary walls , which causes the peripheral tissues to become edematous . Wet beriberi is characterized by : Increased heart rate Vasodilation leading to decreased systemic vascular resistance , and high output heart failure Elevated jugular venous pressure Dyspnea ( shortness of breath ) on exertion Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Peripheral edema ( swelling of lower legs ) Dilated cardiomyopathy Gastrointestinal beriberi ( edit ) Gastrointestinal beriberi causes abdominal pain . Gastrointestinal beriberi is characterized by : Abdominal pain Nausea Vomiting Lactic acidosis Infants ( edit ) Infantile beriberi usually occurs between two and six months of age in children whose mothers have inadequate thiamine intake . It may present as either wet or dry beriberi . In the acute form , the baby develops dyspnea and cyanosis and soon dies of heart failure . These symptoms may be described in infantile beriberi : Hoarseness , where the child makes moves to moan but emits no sound or just faint moans caused by nerve paralysis Weight loss , becoming thinner and then marasmic as the disease progresses Vomiting Diarrhea Pale skin Edema Ill temper Alterations of the cardiovascular system , especially tachycardia ( rapid heart rate ) Convulsions occasionally observed in the terminal stages Cause ( edit ) Beriberi may also be caused by shortcomings other than inadequate intake : diseases or operations on the digestive tract , alcoholism , dialysis , genetic deficiencies , etc . All these causes mainly affect the central nervous system , and provoke the development of what is known as Wernicke 's disease or Wernicke 's encephalopathy . Wernicke 's disease is one of the most prevalent neurological or neuropsychiatric diseases . In autopsy series , features of Wernicke lesions are observed in approximately 2 % of general cases . Medical record research shows that about 85 % had not been diagnosed , although only 19 % would be asymptomatic . In children , only 58 % were diagnosed . In alcohol abusers , autopsy series showed neurological damages at rates of 12.5 % or more . Mortality caused by Wernicke 's disease reaches 17 % of diseases , which means 3.4 / 1000 or about 25 million contemporaries . The number of people with Wernicke 's disease may be even higher , considering that early stages may have dysfunctions prior to the production of observable lesions at necropsy . In addition , uncounted numbers of people can experience fetal damage and subsequent diseases . Genetics ( edit ) Genetic diseases of thiamine transport are rare but serious . Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia ( TRMA ) with diabetes mellitus and sensorineural deafness is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene SLC19A2 , a high affinity thiamine transporter . TRMA patients do not show signs of systemic thiamine deficiency , suggesting redundancy in the thiamine transport system . This has led to the discovery of a second high - affinity thiamine transporter , SLC19A3 . Leigh disease ( subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy ) is an inherited disorder that affects mostly infants in the first years of life and is invariably fatal . Pathological similarities between Leigh disease and WE led to the hypothesis that the cause was a defect in thiamine metabolism . One of the most consistent findings has been an abnormality of the activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . Mutations in the SLC19A3 gene have been linked to biotin - thiamine responsive basal ganglia disease which is treated with pharmacological doses of thiamine and biotin , another B vitamin . Other disorders in which a putative role for thiamine has been implicated include subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy , opsoclonic cerebellopathy ( a paraneoplastic syndrome ) , and Nigerian seasonal ataxia . In addition , several inherited disorders of ThDP - dependent enzymes have been reported , which may respond to thiamine treatment . Pathophysiology ( edit ) Thiamine in the human body has a half - life of 18 days and is quickly exhausted , particularly when metabolic demands exceed intake . A derivative of thiamine , thiamine pyrophosphate ( TPP ) , is a cofactor involved in the citric acid cycle , as well as connecting the breakdown of sugars with the citric acid cycle . The citric acid cycle is a central metabolic pathway involved in the regulation of carbohydrate , lipid , and amino acid metabolism , and its disruption due to thiamine deficiency inhibits the production of many molecules including the neurotransmitters glutamic acid and GABA . Additionally thiamine may also be directly involved in neuromodulation . Diagnosis ( edit ) Oxidation of thiamine derivatives to fluorescent thiochromes by potassium ferricyanide under alkaline conditions A positive diagnosis test for thiamine deficiency can be ascertained by measuring the activity of the enzyme transketolase in erythrocytes ( Erythrocyte Transketolase Activation Assay ) . Thiamine , as well as its phosphate derivatives , can also be detected directly in whole blood , tissues , foods , animal feed , and pharmaceutical preparations following the conversion of thiamine to fluorescent thiochrome derivatives ( Thiochrome Assay ) and separation by high - performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) . In recent reports , a number of Capillary Electrophoresis ( CE ) techniques and in - capillary enzyme reaction methods have emerged as potential alternative techniques for the determination and monitoring of thiamine in samples . The normal thiamine concentration in EDTA - blood is about 20 - 100 μg / l . Treatment ( edit ) Many people with beriberi can be treated with thiamine alone . Given thiamine intravenously ( and later orally ) , rapid and dramatic recovery can occur within hours . In situations where concentrated thiamine supplements are unavailable , feeding the person with a thiamine - rich diet ( e.g. whole grain brown bread ) will lead to recovery , though at a much slower rate . Following thiamine treatment , rapid improvement occurs , in general , within 24 hours . Improvements of peripheral neuropathy may require several months of thiamine treatment . Epidemiology ( edit ) Historically , beriberi was associated with a diet including much polished rice ( white rice ) ; when the relationship between polishing rice and the disease was discovered , it became possible to prevent and treat the deficiency condition , for example with inexpensive rice bran . Beriberi caused by inadequate nutritional intake is rare today in developed countries because of quality of food and the fact that many foods are fortified with vitamins . No reliable statistics are given for beriberi in developed countries in the 19th century or earlier ; neither are statistics available before the last century in countries in extreme poverty . Beriberi is a recurrent nutritional disease in detention houses , even in this century . In 1999 , an outbreak of beriberi occurred in a detention center in Taiwan . High rates of illness and death in overcrowded Haitian jails were traced in 2007 to the traditional practice of washing rice before cooking . In the Ivory Coast , among a group of prisoners with heavy punishment , 64 % were affected by beriberi . Before beginning treatment , prisoners exhibited symptoms of dry or wet beriberi with neurological signs ( tingling : 41 % ) , cardiovascular signs ( dyspnoea : 42 % , thoracic pain : 35 % ) , and edemas of the lower limbs ( 51 % ) . With treatment the rate of healing was about 97 % . Populations under extreme stress may be at higher risk for beriberi . Displaced populations , such as refugees from war , are susceptible to micronutritional deficiency , including beriberi . The severe nutritional deprivation caused by famine also can cause beriberis , although symptoms may be overlooked in clinical assessment or masked by other famine - related problems . An extreme weight - loss diet can , rarely , induce a famine - like state and the accompanying beriberi . History ( edit ) Sun Simiao ( 581 -- 682 CE ) was the first person in medical history to document the diagnosis , treatment , and prevention of beriberi ( leg edema due to vitamin B1 deficiency ) , a deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin B1 . For this , he prescribed combinations of herbs rich in vitamin B1 and unpolished rice ( the outer layer of rice and other grains rich in B vitamins ) . In the late 19th century , beriberi was studied by Takaki Kanehiro , a British - trained Japanese medical doctor of the Japanese Navy . Beriberi was a serious problem in the Japanese navy : Sailors fell ill an average of four times a year in the period 1878 to 1881 , and 35 % were cases of beriberi . In 1883 , Takaki learned of a very high incidence of beriberi among cadets on a training mission from Japan to Hawaii , via New Zealand and South America . The voyage lasted more than nine months and resulted in 169 cases of sickness and 25 deaths on a ship of 376 men . With the support of the Japanese Navy , he conducted an experiment in which another ship was deployed on the same route , except that its crew was fed a diet of meat , fish , barley , rice , and beans . At the end of the voyage , this crew had only 14 cases of beriberi and no deaths . This convinced Takaki and the Japanese Navy that diet was the cause . In 1884 , Takaki observed that beriberi was common among low - ranking crew who were often provided free rice and thus ate little else , but not among crews of Western navies , nor among Japanese officers who consumed a more varied diet . In 1897 , Christiaan Eijkman , a Dutch physician and pathologist , demonstrated that beriberi is caused by poor diet , and discovered that feeding unpolished rice ( instead of the polished variety ) to chickens helped to prevent beriberi . The following year , Sir Frederick Hopkins postulated that some foods contained `` accessory factors '' -- in addition to proteins , carbohydrates , fats , and salt -- that were necessary for the functions of the human body . In 1901 , Gerrit Grijns , a Dutch physician and assistant to Christiaan Eijkman in the Netherlands , correctly interpreted beriberi as a deficiency syndrome , and between 1910 and 1913 , Edward Bright Vedder established that an extract of rice bran is a treatment for beriberi . In 1929 , Eijkman and Hopkins were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries . Etymology ( edit ) According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the term `` beriberi '' comes from a Sinhalese phrase meaning `` weak , weak '' or `` I can not , I can not '' , the word being duplicated for emphasis . According to Jacobus Bontius ( Jacob de Bondt ; 1591 -- 1631 ) , a Dutch physician who encountered the disease while working in Java in 1630 , In the first known description of beriberi ( or , beri - beri ) , he wrote : `` A certain very troublesome affliction , which attacks men , is called by the inhabitants beriberi ( which means sheep ) . I believe those , whom this same disease attacks , with their knees shaking and the legs raised up , walk like sheep . It is a kind of paralysis , or rather tremor : for it penetrates the motion and sensation of the hands and feet indeed sometimes of the whole body . '' Other animals ( edit ) Poultry ( edit ) As most feedstuffs used in poultry diets contain enough quantities of vitamins to meet the requirements in this species , deficiencies in this vitamin do not occur with commercial diets . This was , at least , the opinion in the 1960s . Mature chickens show signs 3 weeks after being fed a deficient diet . In young chicks , it can appear before 2 weeks of age . Onset is sudden in young chicks . There is anorexia and an unsteady gait . Later on , there are locomotor signs , beginning with an apparent paralysis of the flexor of the toes . The characteristic position is called `` stargazing '' , meaning a chick `` sitting on its hocks and the head in opisthotonos '' . Response to administration of the vitamin is rather quick , occurring a few hours later . Differential diagnosis include riboflavin deficiency and avian encephalomyelitis . In riboflavin deficiency , the `` curled toes '' is a characteristic symptom . Muscle tremor is typical of avian encephalomyelitis . A therapeutic diagnosis can be tried by supplementing thiamine only in the affected bird . If the animals do not respond in a few hours , thiamine deficiency can be excluded . Ruminants ( edit ) Polioencephalomalacia ( PEM ) is the most common thiamine deficiency disorder in young ruminant and nonruminant animals . Symptoms of PEM include a profuse , but transient , diarrhea , listlessness , circling movements , star gazing or opisthotonus ( head drawn back over neck ) , and muscle tremors . The most common cause is high - carbohydrate feeds , leading to the overgrowth of thiaminase - producing bacteria , but dietary ingestion of thiaminase ( e.g. , in bracken fern ) , or inhibition of thiamine absorption by high sulfur intake are also possible . Another cause of PEM is Clostridium sporogenes or Bacillus aneurinolyticus infection . These bacteria produce thiaminases that will cause an acute thiamine deficiency in the affected animal . Snakes ( edit ) Snakes that consume a diet largely composed of goldfish and feeder minnows are susceptible to developing thiamine deficiency . This is often a problem observed in captivity when keeping garter and ribbon snakes that are fed a goldfish - exclusive diet , as these fish contain thiaminase , an enzyme that breaks down thiamine . Wild birds and fish ( edit ) Thiamine deficiency has been identified as the cause of a paralytic disease affecting wild birds in the Baltic Sea area dating back to 1982 . In this condition , there is difficulty in keeping the wings folded along the side of the body when resting , loss of the ability to fly and voice , with eventual paralysis of the wings and legs and death . It affects primarily 0.5 -- 1 kg sized birds such as the herring gull ( Larus argentatus ) , common starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) and common eider ( Somateria mollissima ) . Researches noted , `` Because the investigated species occupy a wide range of ecological niches and positions in the food web , we are open to the possibility that other animal classes may suffer from thiamine deficiency as well . '' In the counties of Blekinge and Skåne ( south-most Sweden ) mass deaths of especially herring gull but also other species has been observed since the early 2000s . More recently , species of other classes seems to be affected . High mortality of salmon ( Salmo salar ) in the river Mörrumsån is reported , and the last years mammals like Eurasian Elk ( Alces alces ) has suffered death in unusual high number . Lack of thiamine is the common denominator where analysis is done . The County Administrative Board of Blekinge did in April 2012 find the situation so alarming that they asked the Swedish government to set up a closer investigation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Beriberi '' . Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center ( GARD ) -- an NCATS Program . 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Adamolekun , B ; Hiffler , L ( 24 October 2017 ) . `` A diagnosis and treatment gap for thiamine deficiency disorders in sub-Saharan Africa ? '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . doi : 10.1111 / nyas. 13509 . PMID 29064578 . ^ Jump up to : Ferri , Fred F. ( 2017 ) . Ferri 's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book : 5 Books in 1 . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 1368 . ISBN 9780323529570 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nutrition and Growth Guidelines Domestic Guidelines - Immigrant and Refugee Health '' . CDC . March 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hermann , Wolfgang ; Obeid , Rima ( 2011 ) . Vitamins in the prevention of human diseases . Berlin : Walter de Gruyter . p. 58 . ISBN 9783110214482 . Jump up ^ Gropper , Sareen S. and Smith , Jack L. ( 2013 ) . Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism ( 6 ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 324 . ISBN 1133104053 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Swaiman , Kenneth F. ; Ashwal , Stephen ; Ferriero , Donna M. ; Schor , Nina F. ; Finkel , Richard S. ; Gropman , Andrea L. ; Pearl , Phillip L. ; Shevell , Michael ( 2017 ) . 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Jump up ^ Nguyen - Khoa , Dieu - Thu Beriberi ( Thiamine Deficiency ) Treatment & Management Archived 2014 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Mescape Jump up ^ Tanphaichitr V. Thiamin . In : Shils ME , Olsen JA , Shike M et al. , editors . Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease . 9th ed . Baltimore : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; 1999 Jump up ^ Maurice V , Adams RD , Collins GH . The Wernicke - Korsakoff Syndrome and Related Neurologic Disorders Due to Alcoholism and Malnutrition . 2nd ed . Philadelphia : FA Davis , 1989 . Jump up ^ Chen KT , Twu SJ , Chiou ST , Pan WH , Chang HJ , Serdula MK ( 2003 ) . `` Outbreak of beriberi among illegal mainland Chinese immigrants at a detention center in Taiwan '' . Public Health Rep. 118 : 59 -- 64 . doi : 10.1093 / phr / 118.1. 59 . PMC 1497506 . PMID 12604765 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Jeb ; Alexandra , Eunida ( 17 January 2007 ) . `` Haiti : Mysterious Prison Ailment Traced to U.S. Rice '' . Inter Press Service . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Aké - Tano , O. ; Konan , E.Y. ; Tetchi , E.O. ; Ekou , F.K. ; Ekra , D. ; Coulibaly , A. ; Dagnan , N.S. ( 2011 ) . `` Le béribéri , maladie nutritionnelle récurrente en milieu carcéral en Côte - d'Ivoire '' . Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique. 104 ( 5 ) : 347 -- 351 . doi : 10.1007 / s13149 - 011 - 0136 - 6 . Jump up ^ Prinzo , Z . Weise ; de Benoist , B. ( 2009 ) . `` Meeting the challenges of micronutrient deficiencies in emergency - affected populations '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Nutrition Society . 61 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 7 . doi : 10.1079 / PNS2002151 . PMID 12133207 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Golden , Mike ( May 1997 ) . `` Diagnosing Beriberi in Emergency Situations '' . Field Exchange ( 1 ) : 18 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.pss.org.sg/whats-happening/e-bulletin/issue-no-30/lessons-sun-si-miao-chinese-patron-deity-physicians#.WWTQI2gxXMI Archived 2016 - 12 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ King Sun Simiao of the medicine twenty - nine Achivement ^ Jump up to : Itokawa , Yoshinori ( 1976 ) . `` Kanehiro Takaki ( 1849 -- 1920 ) : A Biographical Sketch '' . Journal of Nutrition. 106 ( 5 ) : 581 -- 8 . PMID 772183 . Jump up ^ Challem , Jack ( 1997 ) . `` The Past , Present and Future of Vitamins '' . Archived from the original on 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Christiaan Eijkman , Beriberi and Vitamin B1 , Nobelprize.org , Nobel Media AB , archived from the original on 17 January 2010 , retrieved 8 July 2013 Jump up ^ Grijns , G. ( 1901 ) . `` Over polyneuritis gallinarum '' . Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch - Indie. 43 : 3 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary : `` Beri - beri ... a Cingalese word , f. beri weakness , the reduplication being intensive ... '' , page 203 , 1937 Jump up ^ A Sinhalese - English Dictionary , Rev. Charles Carter : `` බැරි බැරි. රෝගය , a . the diseaseberi beri , a form of neuritis accompanied by dropsy &c ... '' , page 448 , 1924 Jump up ^ Beriberi , Information about Beriberi Archived 2012 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine ... faqs.org Jump up ^ `` Beriberi '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M ; Tymoczko , John L ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2002 ) . `` The Disruption of Pyruvate Metabolism Is the Cause of Beriberi and Poisoning by Mercury and Arsenic '' . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Merck Veterinary Manual , ed 1967 , pp 1440 - 1441 . Jump up ^ R.E. Austic and M.L. Scott , Nutritional deficiency diseases , in Diseases of poultry , ed. by M.S. Hofstad , Iowa State University Press , Ames , Iowa , USA ISBN 0 - 8138 - 0430 - 2 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ The disease is described more carefully here : merckvetmanual.com Archived 2008 - 12 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ National Research Council . 1996 . Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle , Seventh Revised Ed . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . Jump up ^ Polioencephalomalacia : Introduction Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Merck Veterinary Manual Jump up ^ Polioencephalomacia : Introduction Archived 2010 - 05 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , `` ACES Publications '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Balk , L ; Hägerroth , PA ; Akerman , G ; Hanson , M ; Tjärnlund , U ; Hansson , T ; Hallgrimsson , GT ; Zebühr , Y ; Broman , D ; Mörner , T. ; Sundberg , H. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Wild birds of declining European species are dying from a thiamine deficiency syndrome '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 106 ( 29 ) : 12001 -- 12006 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0902903106 . PMC 2715476 . PMID 19597145 . Jump up ^ Blekinge län , Länsstyrelsen ( 2013 ) . `` 2012 - 04 - 15 500 - 1380 - 13 Förhöjd dödlighet hos fågel , lax og älg '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 12 - 02 . External links ( edit ) `` BERI - BERI '' . The Encyclopaedia Britannica ; A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . III ( AUSTRIA LOWER to BISECTRIX ) ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge , England and New York : At the University Press . 1910 . pp. 774 -- 775 . Retrieved 23 October 2018 -- via Internet Archive . Classification ICD - 10 : E51 ICD - 9 - CM : 265.0 MeSH : D001602 DiseasesDB : 14107 External resources MedlinePlus : 000339 eMedicine : ped / 229 med / 221 Patient UK : Thiamine deficiency Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beriberi . Malnutrition or nutrition disorders ( E40 -- E68 , 260 -- 269 ) Malnutrition Protein - energy malnutrition Kwashiorkor Marasmus Catabolysis Vitamin deficiency B vitamins B : Beriberi / Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome ( Wernicke 's encephalopathy Korsakoff 's syndrome ) B : Riboflavin deficiency B : Pellagra ( Niacin deficiency ) B : Pyridoxine deficiency B : Biotin deficiency B : Folate deficiency B : Vitamin B deficiency Other vitamins A : Vitamin A deficiency / Bitot 's spots C : Scurvy D: Vitamin D deficiency / Rickets / Osteomalacia E : Vitamin E deficiency K : Vitamin K deficiency Mineral deficiency Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Zinc Manganese Copper Iodine Chromium Molybdenum Selenium ( Keshan disease ) Overnutrition Overweight Obesity Childhood obesity Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Abdominal obesity Vitamin poisoning Hypervitaminosis A Hypervitaminosis D Hypervitaminosis E Mineral overload see inborn errors of metal metabolism , toxicity NDL : 00564727 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiamine_deficiency&oldid=865344261 '' Categories : Reduplicants Vitamin deficiencies Thiamine Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2012 Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русиньскый Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 10 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | disease caused due to lack of vitamin b | [
"Thiamine deficiency is a medical condition of low levels of thiamine (vitamin B1).[1] A severe and chronic form is known as beriberi.[1][5] There are two main types in adults: wet beriberi, and dry beriberi.[1] Wet beriberi affects the cardiovascular system resulting in a fast heart rate, shortness of breath, and leg swelling.[1] Dry beriberi affects the nervous system resulting in numbness of the hands and feet, confusion, trouble moving the legs, and pain.[1] A form with loss of appetite and constipation may also occur.[3] Another type, acute beriberi, is found mostly in babies and presents with loss of appetite, vomiting, lactic acidosis, changes in heart rate, and enlargement of the heart.[6]\n"
] | [
"Thiamine deficiency"
] |
4284539158678217796 | Law & Order (season 1) | Law & Order ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Law & Order ( season 1 ) Law & Order ( season 1 ) Season 1 U.S. DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network NBC Original release September 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 13 ) -- June 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 09 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Law & Order episodes The first season of Law & Order premiered on NBC on September 13 , 1990 , and concluded on June 9 , 1991 . Cast ( edit ) George Dzundza as Sgt . Max Greevey Chris Noth as Det . Mike Logan Dann Florek as Capt . Don Cragen Michael Moriarty as E.A.D.A. Ben Stone Richard Brooks as A.D.A. Paul Robinette Steven Hill as D.A. Adam Schiff Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Prescription for Death '' John P. Whitesell II Story by : David Black & Ed Zuckerman Teleplay by : Ed Zuckerman September 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 13 ) 66209 14.00 Suzanne Morton dies after a visit to a hospital emergency room during a hectic night shift . Her father , a former army medic in Vietnam , accuses the hospital of negligence and demands a police investigation . Logan and Greevey question a doctor who made adjustments to her chart , but are soon led to the respected Dr. Edward Auster , who they feel may have been drunk on duty . The other residents are reluctant to speak for fear their jobs may be in jeopardy , and Stone is faced with the awkward job of prosecuting a revered physician . `` Subterranean Homeboy Blues '' E.W. Swackhamer Robert Palm September 20 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 20 ) 66205 15.50 A white woman , Laura di Biasi , shoots two black men in a crowded subway . The shooting at first appears to be self - defense , but further investigation shows that the motive may be revenge . Logan and Greevey argue about di Biasi 's guilt , especially after learning that the dead man has a substantial record , and the living one can not control himself in court . Laura di Biasi tries to make her case to Robinette , but he distances himself from the issue . Stone has trouble with the case , both in dealing with di Biasi 's public defender , Shambala Green , and with the fact that the district attorney 's office is divided over the issue . `` The Reaper 's Helper '' Vern Gillum Story by : Thomas Francis McElroy Teleplay by : Thomas Francis McElroy & David Black & Robert Stuart Nathan October 4 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 04 ) 66215 14.60 Construction worker Bobby Holland is found shot to death in his apartment . Logan and Greevey investigate and soon learn that Holland was gay . After reading a magazine article , Greevey connects the death to others in Los Angeles and San Francisco . The detectives arrest Jack Curry , who is connected to all three cases . Curry admits his involvement and claims that each man asked him to help them commit suicide because they had AIDS . Stone is troubled about prosecuting the case because of his doubts that Curry did anything wrong . `` Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die '' Charles Correll Story by : Dick Wolf Teleplay by : Robert Stuart Nathan October 11 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 11 ) 66210 16.80 Paige Bartlett is found beaten severely in her Upper East Side apartment . She dies in the hospital . Greevey and Logan investigate her boyfriend Steven Feinstein , but find that they broke up the evening before she was killed . The detectives locate another boyfriend , Ned Loomis , and learn that he has a history of violence after another former victim comes forward . Stone is frustrated when he is not able to use Loomis ' former crimes against him in court . 5 5 `` Happily Ever After '' Vern Gillum Story by : Dick Wolf & David Black Teleplay by : David Black & Robert Stuart Nathan October 23 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 23 ) 66212 19.40 Alan Ralston is shot to death and his wife Janet wounded inside their building parking garage . In hospital , Janet identifies the alleged attacker from a police photo . One witness questioned early in the investigation is Gil Himes , a business associate of Alan . Police eventually piece together that the crime was not a random act of violence by the identified attacker . Rather it was the intentional murder of Alan and equally intentional wounding of Janet . Stone tries to get one of the suspects to testify against the other . 6 6 `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' John Patterson Dick Wolf October 30 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 30 ) 83543 18.20 After local councilman and former bagman Charles Halsey is mugged and his throat slashed , Logan and Greevey investigate the case and the two young black male suspects initially caught . Their suspicion turns to organized crime when they link the victim to Masucci soldier Tony Scalisi . As Stone and Robinette continue their investigation , they uncover a corruption scandal involving Councilman Halsey ; the collection of parking meter violation fines has been awarded to a firm connected to organized crime . To avoid the appearance of impropriety , District Attorney Wentworth wo n't allow Stone to offer Scalisi immunity . However , in order to win their case , their only option might be to make a deal with the mobster . Stone discovers that the case involves not only organized crime , but also elected city officials and a deputy police commissioner whom he accuses of changing his testimony and doctoring evidence in a past case . Stone is unable to use the police because of suspected corruption within the department , so he consults Assistant U.S. Attorney John McCormack . 7 7 `` By Hooker , By Crook '' Martin Davidson David Black November 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 13 ) 66203 17.70 The discovery of an unconscious man named Diamond in Central Park leads Greevey and Logan to Diamond 's previous activity and locale -- with an escort named Jolene in a hotel room . Greevey poses as a `` john '' looking for Jolene . When she stipulates her fees and services , Greevey arrests her for solicitation . When Diamond dies , the investigation leads to Jolene 's superior , Jasmine , then to Jasmine 's superior , Laura Winthrop . Winthrop claims that she runs a catering service , but when Jolene 's blood tests HIV - positive , the case takes a sharp tack questioning the safety of the escort service industry . 8 8 `` Poison Ivy '' E.W. Swackhamer Story by : Jack Richardson & Jacob Brackman Teleplay by : Jacob Brackman November 20 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 20 ) 66211 15.00 During a routine drug arrest , a veteran police officer , Freddo Parisi , kills a young African - American man named Tommy Richardson , who may have been unarmed . Parisi is accused of planting a gun on the victim to justify the shooting . Moreover , Parisi has a similar incident already on his record . Richardson was a student at Princeton University who was well respected for his contributions to his community in terms of time , energy , and money . But the investigation reveals that he sold drugs to get the money . 9 9 `` Indifference '' James Quinn Robert Palm November 27 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 27 ) 66207 17.60 Greevey and Logan discover that an abused child has a cocaine - addicted mother , who is also being abused by her drug - addicted psychotherapist husband . The detectives investigate the doctor 's checkered past , while prosecutors take a new tactic after the child dies . Based on the Lisa Steinberg case ; for the first ( and only ) time during the show 's run , a disclaimer at the conclusion of the episode explicitly stated that the case was only an inspiration for that specific show . Season 15 's `` Fixed '' , airing a few months after Joel Steinberg 's actual release from prison , would later serve as a direct sequel to this episode . 10 10 `` Prisoner of Love '' Michael Fresco Story by : David Black & Robert Stuart Nathan Teleplay by : Robert Stuart Nathan December 4 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 04 ) 66208 16.80 The apparent suicide of a controversial bisexual artist , who died while engaging in an apparent act of auto - erotic strangulation , leads Detectives Greevey and Logan into the city 's bondage / S&M subculture . The initial explanation for the artist / victim 's position is that he was involved in a `` performance art work . '' Further investigation reveals that , in fact , he was one of a sadomasochistic trio that included the head of the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs and his `` mistress , '' a wealthy socialite dominatrix who instigated and monitored the S&M scene that led to the artist 's death . 11 11 `` Out of the Half - Light '' E.W. Swackhamer Michael Duggan December 11 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 11 ) 66202 19.80 A teenaged African - American girl claims to have been raped by white police officers . Police and prosecutors struggle to get the truth when an ambitious African - American congressman claims the investigation is a racially motivated cover - up . However , when the rape kit tests negative , the prosecution suspects the case may be a hoax . The conflict heats until Robinette learns from the girl 's parents that she and her boyfriend had sexual relations . The family fears an unwanted pregnancy , so , with the urging of the congressman , they claim the girl was raped by police officers . Having admitted the hoax , the family avoids the congressman whose campaign has been destroyed . Prosecutors devise a solution involving all - round gag orders . They concede that reputations were seriously damaged , but they reason that , with its impetus deflated , the case will fade quickly from people 's memories . 12 12 `` Life Choice '' Aaron Lipstadt Story by : Dick Wolf Teleplay by : David Black & Robert Stuart Nathan January 8 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 08 ) 66213 19.20 After Mary Donovan , an anti-abortion protester , is killed in an abortion center bombing , detectives search for all of her potential co-conspirators . The victim 's parents and brother prove to be as committed to the pro-life movement as the victim . The first defendant arrested is Celeste McClure , who purchased the fertilizer to be mixed with the diesel fuel to create the bomb . Police determine that the central figure in the plot is Rose Schwimmer who is arrested . Detectives discover that the victim was pregnant and was secretly seeking an abortion . At trial , Schwimmer attempts to use her witness testimony to preach against abortion . Stone stops the attempt by asking Schwimmer that , if abortion is murder , is Schwimmer not guilty of murdering Mary Donovan 's unborn baby . Schwimmer is visibly defeated by the question and remains silent for the remainder of the trial , including her conviction . In 2009 , TV Guide ranked this episode # 62 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . 13 13 `` A Death in the Family '' Gwen Arner Story by : Joe Viola Teleplay by : Joe Viola & David Black January 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 15 ) 66204 17.80 NYPD officer Pete Rennick is shot to death on a rooftop in the dark ; Logan and Greevey believe that a crook known as Brutus Walker is responsible for it , and the NYPD initiates a citywide manhunt for him . However , it later turns out that Walker was not the one who shot Rennick ; it was his partner , Nicki Sandoval . Investigation reveals that , after displaying many blatant examples of his corruption to his partner , he was afraid that she would report him . So he lured her to the rooftop and tried to kill her , but she killed him first in self - defense . She is cleared of the shooting , but since policy dictates that she should have reported him , she will lose her job . 14 14 `` The Violence of Summer '' Don Scardino Michael Duggan February 5 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 05 ) 66219 16.20 Stone temporarily dismisses rape charges against three defendants because the victim is a journalist of questionable character whose testimony has too many flaws . Greevey and Logan 's subsequent reinvestigation uncovers a possible fourth assailant . This is one of the few episodes where the `` Order '' segment preceded the `` Law '' segment . 15 15 `` The Torrents of Greed '' E.W. Swackhamer Story by : Michael Duggan & Michael S. Chernuchin Teleplay by : Michael S. Chernuchin February 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 12 ) 66222 16.60 Detectives arrest three members of the Masucci crime family involved in a fatal assault , which leads to Stone attempting to use the arrest as a means to take down the entire Masucci crime syndicate via charging Mafia chieftain Frank Masucci . However , the plan backfires when Stone discovers that his chief witness ( one of the three charged in the fatal assault ) perjures himself on the stand , leading to Masucci 's acquittal . 16 16 `` The Torrents of Greed ( Part II ) '' E.W. Swackhamer Story by : Michael Duggan & Michael S. Chernuchin Teleplay by : Michael S. Chernuchin February 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 19 ) 66225 13.60 In the wake of Masucci 's acquittal , ADAs Stone and Robinette intensify their investigation with the mob boss . Their investigation leads them to bust Masucci 's brother - in - law , who the mob boss promptly has murdered . The murder leads to the discovery of the dumping ground for victims of Masucci 's crime syndicate . As they re-arrest the mob boss , his grieving sister supports her brother in court by putting up the money for his bail . However , within hours of leaving the courtroom , Frank Masucci is killed by an unknown hitman . Robinette and Stone speculate that Masucci 's sister as the one who ordered the hit , but are unable to prove it . The two men , along with Adam Schiff , take comfort in the fact that in spite of their failure to bring Masucci to justice through the legal system , that his death will severely cripple the crime family . 17 17 `` Mushrooms '' Daniel Sackheim Robert Palm February 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 26 ) 66218 15.60 A 12 - year - old boy is injured and his infant brother is killed by gunshots . The investigation reveals the children were the accidental victims of a hit ordered by a drug dealer against a real estate broker . Tragically , the murders prove to be the result of an adolescent gunman targeting the wrong address because he knows more about operating automatic weapons than about basic reading . 18 18 `` The Secret Sharers '' E.W. Swackhamer Robert Stuart Nathan March 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 12 ) 66221 13.20 Stone faces a Texas cowboy lawyer and a hostile community as he tries to prosecute a young man accused of murdering a drug dealer . He discovers two truths - that the drug dealer raped the defendant 's sister , and that the community views the murder as retribution . 19 19 `` The Serpent 's Tooth '' Don Scardino Story by : I.C. Rapoport & Joshua Stern Teleplay by : René Balcer & Robert Stuart Nathan March 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 19 ) 66224 19.30 A businessman and his wife are murdered ; initially , the couple 's two sons are treated as suspects . As the investigation develops , detectives discover that , in order to obtain financing for his business , the man took on a partner who was connected to Russian organized crime . 20 20 `` The Troubles '' John P. Whitesell II Story by : Dick Wolf & Robert Palm Teleplay by : Robert Palm March 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 26 ) 66214 17.40 A truck with three handcuffed federal prisoners arrives at the 27th precinct . FBI and NYPD officials discover that one of the prisoners has mysteriously been murdered . The FBI officials assert jurisdiction and transport the other two to a federal prison . One of the two is a suspected IRA member who has been detained in the U.S. for five years without charge , bail or trial . Shortly afterwards , the remaining prisoner is discovered hanging in his federal prison cell . A prison guard is discovered to be an IRA member ; he confesses to the prisoner 's murder . Detectives and prosecutors face resistance from federal authorities as they pursue murder charges against a suspected IRA member serving time in federal prison , after he is suspected of killing another federal prisoner . 21 21 `` Sonata for Solo Organ '' Fred Gerber Story by : Joe Morgenstern & Michael Duggan Teleplay by : Joe Morgenstern & Michael S. Chernuchin April 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 02 ) 66226 18.00 Greevey and Logan discover that an apparent mugging victim found unconscious on a park bench has had his kidney removed . The case leads to a powerful man whose daughter desperately needed a transplant and the doctor who may have helped him . 22 22 `` The Blue Wall '' Vern Gillum Story by : Dick Wolf & Robert Stuart Nathan Teleplay by : Robert Stuart Nathan June 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 09 ) 66220 12.20 Suspicion grows in the department after incriminating evidence is erased . Captain Cragen is implicated in the internal affairs investigation . The detectives and prosecutors work together to get his name cleared . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://tvaholics.blogspot.rs/2010/05/ratings-archive-september-1990-pt2.html ^ Jump up to : http://tvaholics.blogspot.rs/2010/06/ratings-archive-october-1990.html ^ Jump up to : http://tvaholics.blogspot.rs/2010/07/ratings-archive-november-1990.html Jump up ^ `` Although some aspects of this story may remind you of the Lisa Steinberg case recently adjudicated in New York City , this episode and its characters are fictional and the events and actions portrayed do not reflect the actions of any principals involved in that case . In the actual case , the male defendant was convicted of manslaughter , while all charges against his female companion were dismissed . There was no evidence of her involvement in physical abuse of any child , or that any child was sexually abused by either adult . '' ^ Jump up to : http://tvaholics.blogspot.rs/2010/08/ratings-archive-december-1990.html Jump up ^ `` TV Guide 's Top 100 Episodes '' . Rev / Views . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://tvaholics.blogspot.rs/2010/08/ratings-archive-january-1991.html Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910204_TVRatings.pdf Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910211_TVRatings.pdf Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910218_TVRatings.pdf Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910225_TVRatings.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910311_TVRatings.pdf Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910318_TVRatings.pdf Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910401_TVRatings.pdf Jump up ^ http://anythingkiss.com/pi_feedback_challenge/Ratings/19910603_TVRatings.pdf Law & Order Characters Police Sgt . Max Greevey Sgt . Phil Cerreta Lennie Briscoe Joe Fontana Ed Green Cyrus Lupo Mike Logan Rey Curtis Nick Falco Nina Cassady Kevin Bernard Captain Donald Cragen Lieutenant Anita Van Buren District attorneys Benjamin Stone Jack McCoy Michael Cutter Paul Robinette Claire Kincaid Jamie Ross Abbie Carmichael Serena Southerlyn Alexandra Borgia Connie Rubirosa Adam Schiff Nora Lewin Arthur Branch Recurring characters Elizabeth Olivet , Ph. D . Emil Skoda , M.D. Elizabeth Rodgers , M.D. Danielle Melnick Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Prescription for Death '' `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' `` Manhood '' `` Aftershock '' `` Empire '' `` Sunday in the Park with Jorge '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Public Service Homicide '' `` Burn Card '' `` The Drowned and the Saved '' `` Dignity '' `` Fed '' `` Blackmail '' `` Steel - Eyed Death '' `` Boy on Fire '' `` Rubber Room '' TV film Exiled : A Law & Order Movie See also Episodes Cast Law & Order franchise Preceded by N / A List of Law & Order seasons ( 1990 -- 2010 ) Succeeded by Season Two ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order_(season_1)&oldid=852740026 '' Categories : Lists of Law & Order episodes by season 1990 American television seasons 1991 American television seasons Talk About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 01 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the very first episode of law and order | [
"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)11\"Prescription for Death\"John P. Whitesell IIStory by : David Black & Ed Zuckerman Teleplay by : Ed ZuckermanSeptember 13, 1990 (1990-09-13)6620914.00[1]\nSuzanne Morton dies after a visit to a hospital emergency room during a hectic night shift. Her father, a former army medic in Vietnam, accuses the hospital of negligence and demands a police investigation. Logan and Greevey question a doctor who made adjustments to her chart, but are soon led to the respected Dr. Edward Auster, who they feel may have been drunk on duty. The other residents are reluctant to speak for fear their jobs may be in jeopardy, and Stone is faced with the awkward job of prosecuting a revered physician.22\"Subterranean Homeboy Blues\"E.W. SwackhamerRobert PalmSeptember 20, 1990 (1990-09-20)6620515.50[1]\nA white woman, Laura di Biasi, shoots two black men in a crowded subway. The shooting at first appears to be self-defense, but further investigation shows that the motive may be revenge. Logan and Greevey argue about di Biasi's guilt, especially after learning that the dead man has a substantial record, and the living one cannot control himself in court. Laura di Biasi tries to make her case to Robinette, but he distances himself from the issue. Stone has trouble with the case, both in dealing with di Biasi's public defender, Shambala Green, and with the fact that the district attorney's office is divided over the issue.33\"The Reaper's Helper\"Vern GillumStory by : Thomas Francis McElroy Teleplay by : Thomas Francis McElroy & David Black & Robert Stuart NathanOctober 4, 1990 (1990-10-04)6621514.60[2]\nConstruction worker Bobby Holland is found shot to death in his apartment. Logan and Greevey investigate and soon learn that Holland was gay. After reading a magazine article, Greevey connects the death to others in Los Angeles and San Francisco. The detectives arrest Jack Curry, who is connected to all three cases. Curry admits his involvement and claims that each man asked him to help them commit suicide because they had AIDS. Stone is troubled about prosecuting the case because of his doubts that Curry did anything wrong.44\"Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die\"Charles CorrellStory by : Dick Wolf Teleplay by : Robert Stuart NathanOctober 11, 1990 (1990-10-11)6621016.80[2]\nPaige Bartlett is found beaten severely in her Upper East Side apartment. She dies in the hospital. Greevey and Logan investigate her boyfriend Steven Feinstein, but find that they broke up the evening before she was killed. The detectives locate another boyfriend, Ned Loomis, and learn that he has a history of violence after another former victim comes forward. Stone is frustrated when he is not able to use Loomis' former crimes against him in court.55\"Happily Ever After\"Vern GillumStory by : Dick Wolf & David Black Teleplay by : David Black & Robert Stuart NathanOctober 23, 1990 (1990-10-23)6621219.40[2]\nAlan Ralston is shot to death and his wife Janet wounded inside their building parking garage. In hospital, Janet identifies the alleged attacker from a police photo. One witness questioned early in the investigation is Gil Himes, a business associate of Alan. Police eventually piece together that the crime was not a random act of violence by the identified attacker. Rather it was the intentional murder of Alan and equally intentional wounding of Janet. Stone tries to get one of the suspects to testify against the other.66\"Everybody's Favorite Bagman\"John PattersonDick WolfOctober 30, 1990 (1990-10-30)8354318.20[2]\nAfter local councilman and former bagman Charles Halsey is mugged and his throat slashed, Logan and Greevey investigate the case and the two young black male suspects initially caught. Their suspicion turns to organized crime when they link the victim to Masucci soldier Tony Scalisi. As Stone and Robinette continue their investigation, they uncover a corruption scandal involving Councilman Halsey; the collection of parking meter violation fines has been awarded to a firm connected to organized crime. To avoid the appearance of impropriety, District Attorney Wentworth won't allow Stone to offer Scalisi immunity. However, in order to win their case, their only option might be to make a deal with the mobster. Stone discovers that the case involves not only organized crime, but also elected city officials and a deputy police commissioner whom he accuses of changing his testimony and doctoring evidence in a past case. Stone is unable to use the police because of suspected corruption within the department, so he consults Assistant U.S. Attorney John McCormack.77\"By Hooker, By Crook\"Martin DavidsonDavid BlackNovember 13, 1990 (1990-11-13)6620317.70[3]\nThe discovery of an unconscious man named Diamond in Central Park leads Greevey and Logan to Diamond's previous activity and locale—with an escort named Jolene in a hotel room. Greevey poses as a \"john\" looking for Jolene. When she stipulates her fees and services, Greevey arrests her for solicitation. When Diamond dies, the investigation leads to Jolene's superior, Jasmine, then to Jasmine's superior, Laura Winthrop. Winthrop claims that she runs a catering service, but when Jolene's blood tests HIV-positive, the case takes a sharp tack questioning the safety of the escort service industry.88\"Poison Ivy\"E.W. SwackhamerStory by : Jack Richardson & Jacob Brackman Teleplay by : Jacob BrackmanNovember 20, 1990 (1990-11-20)6621115.00[3]\nDuring a routine drug arrest, a veteran police officer, Freddo Parisi, kills a young African-American man named Tommy Richardson, who may have been unarmed. Parisi is accused of planting a gun on the victim to justify the shooting. Moreover, Parisi has a similar incident already on his record. Richardson was a student at Princeton University who was well respected for his contributions to his community in terms of time, energy, and money. But the investigation reveals that he sold drugs to get the money.99\"Indifference\"James QuinnRobert PalmNovember 27, 1990 (1990-11-27)6620717.60[3]\nGreevey and Logan discover that an abused child has a cocaine-addicted mother, who is also being abused by her drug-addicted psychotherapist husband. The detectives investigate the doctor's checkered past, while prosecutors take a new tactic after the child dies.\n\nBased on the Lisa Steinberg case; for the first (and only) time during the show's run, a disclaimer at the conclusion of the episode explicitly stated that the case was only an inspiration for that specific show.[4] Season 15's \"Fixed\", airing a few months after Joel Steinberg's actual release from prison, would later serve as a direct sequel to this episode.\n1010\"Prisoner of Love\"Michael FrescoStory by : David Black & Robert Stuart Nathan Teleplay by : Robert Stuart NathanDecember 4, 1990 (1990-12-04)6620816.80[5]\nThe apparent suicide of a controversial bisexual artist, who died while engaging in an apparent act of auto-erotic strangulation, leads Detectives Greevey and Logan into the city's bondage/S&M subculture. The initial explanation for the artist/victim's position is that he was involved in a \"performance art work.\" Further investigation reveals that, in fact, he was one of a sadomasochistic trio that included the head of the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs and his \"mistress,\" a wealthy socialite dominatrix who instigated and monitored the S&M scene that led to the artist's death.1111\"Out of the Half-Light\"E.W. SwackhamerMichael DugganDecember 11, 1990 (1990-12-11)6620219.80[5]\nA teenaged African-American girl claims to have been raped by white police officers. Police and prosecutors struggle to get the truth when an ambitious African-American congressman claims the investigation is a racially motivated cover-up. However, when the rape kit tests negative, the prosecution suspects the case may be a hoax. The conflict heats until Robinette learns from the girl's parents that she and her boyfriend had sexual relations. The family fears an unwanted pregnancy, so, with the urging of the congressman, they claim the girl was raped by police officers. Having admitted the hoax, the family avoids the congressman whose campaign has been destroyed. Prosecutors devise a solution involving all-round gag orders. They concede that reputations were seriously damaged, but they reason that, with its impetus deflated, the case will fade quickly from people's memories.1212\"Life Choice\"Aaron LipstadtStory by : Dick Wolf Teleplay by : David Black & Robert Stuart NathanJanuary 8, 1991 (1991-01-08)6621319.20[7]\nAfter Mary Donovan, an anti-abortion protester, is killed in an abortion center bombing, detectives search for all of her potential co-conspirators. The victim's parents and brother prove to be as committed to the pro-life movement as the victim. The first defendant arrested is Celeste McClure, who purchased the fertilizer to be mixed with the diesel fuel to create the bomb. Police determine that the central figure in the plot is Rose Schwimmer who is arrested. Detectives discover that the victim was pregnant and was secretly seeking an abortion. At trial, Schwimmer attempts to use her witness testimony to preach against abortion. Stone stops the attempt by asking Schwimmer that, if abortion is murder, is Schwimmer not guilty of murdering Mary Donovan's unborn baby. Schwimmer is visibly defeated by the question and remains silent for the remainder of the trial, including her conviction.\n\nIn 2009, TV Guide ranked this episode #62 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes.[6]\n1313\"A Death in the Family\"Gwen ArnerStory by : Joe Viola Teleplay by : Joe Viola & David BlackJanuary 15, 1991 (1991-01-15)6620417.80[7]\nNYPD officer Pete Rennick is shot to death on a rooftop in the dark; Logan and Greevey believe that a crook known as Brutus Walker is responsible for it, and the NYPD initiates a citywide manhunt for him. However, it later turns out that Walker was not the one who shot Rennick; it was his partner, Nicki Sandoval. Investigation reveals that, after displaying many blatant examples of his corruption to his partner, he was afraid that she would report him. So he lured her to the rooftop and tried to kill her, but she killed him first in self-defense. She is cleared of the shooting, but since policy dictates that she should have reported him, she will lose her job.1414\"The Violence of Summer\"Don ScardinoMichael DugganFebruary 5, 1991 (1991-02-05)6621916.20[8]\nStone temporarily dismisses rape charges against three defendants because the victim is a journalist of questionable character whose testimony has too many flaws. Greevey and Logan's subsequent reinvestigation uncovers a possible fourth assailant. This is one of the few episodes where the \"Order\" segment preceded the \"Law\" segment.1515\"The Torrents of Greed\"E.W. SwackhamerStory by : Michael Duggan & Michael S. Chernuchin Teleplay by : Michael S. ChernuchinFebruary 12, 1991 (1991-02-12)6622216.60[9]\nDetectives arrest three members of the Masucci crime family involved in a fatal assault, which leads to Stone attempting to use the arrest as a means to take down the entire Masucci crime syndicate via charging Mafia chieftain Frank Masucci. However, the plan backfires when Stone discovers that his chief witness (one of the three charged in the fatal assault) perjures himself on the stand, leading to Masucci's acquittal.1616\"The Torrents of Greed (Part II)\"E.W. SwackhamerStory by : Michael Duggan & Michael S. Chernuchin Teleplay by : Michael S. ChernuchinFebruary 19, 1991 (1991-02-19)6622513.60[10]\nIn the wake of Masucci's acquittal, ADAs Stone and Robinette intensify their investigation with the mob boss. Their investigation leads them to bust Masucci's brother-in-law, who the mob boss promptly has murdered. The murder leads to the discovery of the dumping ground for victims of Masucci's crime syndicate. As they re-arrest the mob boss, his grieving sister supports her brother in court by putting up the money for his bail. However, within hours of leaving the courtroom, Frank Masucci is killed by an unknown hitman. Robinette and Stone speculate that Masucci's sister as the one who ordered the hit, but are unable to prove it. The two men, along with Adam Schiff, take comfort in the fact that in spite of their failure to bring Masucci to justice through the legal system, that his death will severely cripple the crime family.1717\"Mushrooms\"Daniel SackheimRobert PalmFebruary 26, 1991 (1991-02-26)6621815.60[11]\nA 12-year-old boy is injured and his infant brother is killed by gunshots. The investigation reveals the children were the accidental victims of a hit ordered by a drug dealer against a real estate broker. Tragically, the murders prove to be the result of an adolescent gunman targeting the wrong address because he knows more about operating automatic weapons than about basic reading.1818\"The Secret Sharers\"E.W. SwackhamerRobert Stuart NathanMarch 12, 1991 (1991-03-12)6622113.20[12]\nStone faces a Texas cowboy lawyer and a hostile community as he tries to prosecute a young man accused of murdering a drug dealer. He discovers two truths-that the drug dealer raped the defendant's sister, and that the community views the murder as retribution.1919\"The Serpent's Tooth\"Don ScardinoStory by : I.C. Rapoport & Joshua Stern Teleplay by : René Balcer & Robert Stuart NathanMarch 19, 1991 (1991-03-19)6622419.30[13]\nA businessman and his wife are murdered; initially, the couple's two sons are treated as suspects. As the investigation develops, detectives discover that, in order to obtain financing for his business, the man took on a partner who was connected to Russian organized crime.2020\"The Troubles\"John P. Whitesell IIStory by : Dick Wolf & Robert Palm Teleplay by : Robert PalmMarch 26, 1991 (1991-03-26)6621417.40[12]\nA truck with three handcuffed federal prisoners arrives at the 27th precinct. FBI and NYPD officials discover that one of the prisoners has mysteriously been murdered. The FBI officials assert jurisdiction and transport the other two to a federal prison. One of the two is a suspected IRA member who has been detained in the U.S. for five years without charge, bail or trial. Shortly afterwards, the remaining prisoner is discovered hanging in his federal prison cell. A prison guard is discovered to be an IRA member; he confesses to the prisoner's murder. Detectives and prosecutors face resistance from federal authorities as they pursue murder charges against a suspected IRA member serving time in federal prison, after he is suspected of killing another federal prisoner.2121\"Sonata for Solo Organ\"Fred GerberStory by : Joe Morgenstern & Michael Duggan Teleplay by : Joe Morgenstern & Michael S. ChernuchinApril 2, 1991 (1991-04-02)6622618.00[14]\nGreevey and Logan discover that an apparent mugging victim found unconscious on a park bench has had his kidney removed. The case leads to a powerful man whose daughter desperately needed a transplant and the doctor who may have helped him.2222\"The Blue Wall\"Vern GillumStory by : Dick Wolf & Robert Stuart Nathan Teleplay by : Robert Stuart NathanJune 9, 1991 (1991-06-09)6622012.20[15]\nSuspicion grows in the department after incriminating evidence is erased. Captain Cragen is implicated in the internal affairs investigation. The detectives and prosecutors work together to get his name cleared."
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8975799977360352846 | Unemployment in the United States | Unemployment in the United States - wikipedia Unemployment in the United States Jump to : navigation , search U.S. employment levels by two key measures , the civilian employment level and total non-farm payroll . Changes in the latter are commonly reported as the number of jobs created or lost from month to month . US employment statistics ( unemployment rate and monthly changes in net employment ) , 2009 -- 2016 The rate of U.S. unemployment under various definitions . Unemployment rate by county in the United States ( March 2017 ) The rate of unemployment in the US with incarceration 1892 - 2016 . Post-WW2 , Democratic administrations have pushed the unemployment rate persistently down , while under Republican presidents the unemployment rate consistently rose . Unemployment in the United States discusses the causes and measures of U.S. unemployment and strategies for reducing it . Job creation and unemployment are affected by factors such as economic conditions , global competition , education , automation , and demographics . These factors can affect the number of workers , the duration of unemployment , and wage levels . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Definitions of unemployment 2.1 Employed 2.2 Unemployed 2.3 Labor force 3 U.S. employment history 3.1 Jobs created by Presidential term 4 Recent employment trends 4.1 Unemployment rates 4.2 Level of employment and job creation 4.3 Labor force participation 4.4 Mix of full - time and part - time jobs 4.5 Other measures 4.6 Pace of recovery 5 Demographics and employment trends 5.1 Age 5.2 Gender 5.3 Education 5.4 Race 5.5 Native - or foreign - born 5.6 Incarceration 6 Causes of unemployment 7 Fiscal and monetary policy 7.1 Fiscal policy 7.2 Monetary policy 8 Political debates 8.1 Liberal position 8.2 Conservative position 8.3 Poll data 8.4 2008 -- 2009 debates 8.5 2010 -- present debates 8.5. 1 Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act 8.5. 2 American Jobs Act 8.5. 3 Fiscal cliff 8.6 Tax policy 8.6. 1 Individual income taxes 8.6. 2 Corporate income taxes 9 Solutions for creating more U.S. jobs 9.1 Infrastructure investment 9.2 Tax policy 9.3 Lower healthcare costs 9.4 Energy policy and carbon price certainty 9.5 Employment policies and the minimum wage 9.6 Regulatory reform 9.7 Education policy 9.8 Income inequality 9.9 Trade policy 9.10 Long - term unemployment 9.11 President 's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness 10 Analytical perspectives 10.1 Labor market recovery following 2007 -- 2009 recession 10.2 Comparison of employment recovery across recessions and financial crises 10.3 Share of full - time and part - time workers 10.4 What job creation rate is required to lower the unemployment rate ? 10.4. 1 Estimates 10.4. 2 Empirical data 10.5 International labor force size comparisons 10.6 Effect of disability recipients on labor force participation measures 10.7 Effects on health and mortality 10.8 Effects of healthcare reform 10.9 Job growth projections 2016 -- 2026 11 Obtaining data 11.1 Monthly jobs reports 11.2 Federal Reserve Database ( FRED ) 11.3 Unemployment rate forecasts 11.4 Off - shoring statistics 12 Historical unemployment rate charts 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Overview ( edit ) Unemployment generally falls during periods of economic prosperity and rises during recessions , creating significant pressure on public finances as tax revenue falls and social safety net costs increase . Government spending and taxation decisions ( fiscal policy ) and U.S. Federal Reserve interest rate adjustments ( monetary policy ) are important tools for managing the unemployment rate . There may be an economic trade - off between unemployment and inflation , as policies designed to reduce unemployment can create inflationary pressure , and vice versa . The U.S. Federal Reserve ( the Fed ) has a dual mandate to achieve full employment while maintaining a low rate of inflation . The major political parties debate appropriate solutions for improving the job creation rate , with liberals arguing for more government spending and conservatives arguing for lower taxes and less regulation . Polls indicate that Americans believe job creation is the most important government priority , with not sending jobs overseas the primary solution . Unemployment can be measured in several ways . A person is defined as unemployed in the United States if they are jobless , but have looked for work in the last four weeks and are available for work . People who are neither employed nor defined as unemployed are not included in the labor force calcualation . For example , as of September 2017 , the unemployment rate in the United States was 4.2 % or 6.8 million people , while the government 's broader U-6 unemployment rate , which includes the part - time underemployed was 8.3 % . Both of these rates were below the November 2007 level that preceded the Great Recession . These figures were calculated with a civilian labor force of approximately 159.6 million people , relative to a U.S. population of approximately 326 million people . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) publishes a monthly `` Employment Situation Summary '' with key statistics and commentary . As of January 2018 , approximately 125 million people in the United States have found full - time work ( at least 35 hours a week in total ) . In contrast , there are approximately 206 million working age people ( people ages 15 - 64 ) in the United States . The number of job openings as of the last business day of January 2018 was 6.3 million . Definitions of unemployment ( edit ) Key employment statistics and ratios for November 2016 Number of persons in U.S. labor force and number employed . The gap is the number unemployed , which peaked at 15.4 million in October 2009 and fell to 7.4 million by November 2016 . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has defined the basic employment concepts as follows : People with jobs are employed . People who are jobless , looking for jobs within the last 4 weeks , and available for work are unemployed . People who are neither employed nor have looked for a job within the last 4 weeks are not included in the labor force . Employed ( edit ) Employed persons consist of : All persons who did any work for pay or profit during the survey reference week . All persons who did at least 15 hours of unpaid work in a family - owned enterprise operated by someone in their household . All persons who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs , whether they were paid or not . Full - time employed persons work 35 hours or more , considering all jobs , while part - time employed persons work less than 35 hours . Unemployed ( edit ) Who is counted as unemployed ? Persons are classified as unemployed if they do not have a job , have actively looked for work in the prior 4 weeks , and are currently available for work . Workers expecting to be recalled from layoff are counted as unemployed , whether or not they have engaged in a specific job - seeking activity . In all other cases , the individual must have been engaged in at least one active job search activity in the 4 weeks preceding the interview and be available for work ( except for temporary illness ) in order to be counted as unemployed . Labor force ( edit ) Who is not in the labor force ? Persons not in the labor force are those who are not classified as employed or unemployed during the survey reference week . Labor force measures are based on the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years old and over . ( Excluded are persons under 16 years of age , all persons confined to institutions such as nursing homes and prisons , and persons on active duty in the Armed Forces . ) The labor force is made up of the employed and those defined as unemployed . Expressed as a formula , the labor force equals employed plus unemployed persons . The remainder ( those who have no job and have not looked for one in the last 4 weeks ) are counted as `` not in the labor force . '' Many who are not in the labor force are going to school or are retired . Family responsibilities keep some others out of the labor force . `` Marginally attached '' workers are those not in the labor force because they have not searched for a job in the prior 4 weeks . However , they have searched in the prior 12 months and are both available for work and want to do so . Most marginally attached workers are not searching due to being discouraged over job prospects or due to being in school . U.S. employment History ( edit ) Job Growth by U.S. President , measured as cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of term . Monthly job numbers and unemployment During the 1940s , the U.S Department of Labor , specifically the Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) , began collecting employment information via monthly household surveys . Other data series are available back to 1912 . The unemployment rate has varied from as low as 1 % during World War I to as high as 25 % during the Great Depression . More recently , it reached peaks of 10.8 % in November 1982 and 10.0 % in October 2009 . Unemployment tends to rise during recessions and fall during expansions . From 1948 to 2015 , unemployment averaged about 5.8 % . There is always some unemployment , with persons changing jobs and new entrants to the labor force searching for jobs . This is referred to as frictional unemployment . For this reason , the Federal Reserve targets the natural rate of unemployment or NAIRU , which was around 5 % in 2015 . A rate of unemployment below this level would be consistent with rising inflation in theory , as a shortage of workers would bid wages ( and thus prices ) upward . Jobs created by Presidential term ( edit ) Main article : Jobs created during U.S. presidential terms Various sources summarize the number of jobs created by Presidential term . The figures may include private or public job creation or combination . The Federal Reserve Economic Data ( FRED ) database contains the total nonfarm employment level , a measure of private sector job creation . For President Obama , between February 2009 and December 2015 , the private sector added a total of 10 million jobs . The Calculated Risk blog also reported the number of private sector jobs created by Presidential term . Over 10 million jobs were created in each of President Clinton 's two terms during the 1990s , by far the largest number among recent Presidents . President Reagan averaged over 7 million in each term during the 1980s , while George W. Bush had negative job creation in the 2000s . Each of these Presidents added net public sector ( i.e. , government ) jobs , except President Obama . Recent employment trends ( edit ) Line chart showing unemployment rate trends from 2000 - 2017 , for the U3 and U6 measures . Analyzing employment ratios for prime working age ( 25 -- 54 yrs ) helps remove the effects of aging demographics . Both ratios have the same denominator , the civilian population . The numerator of the upper line is the labor force ( i.e. , both employed and unemployed ) , while the numerator of the lower line is the employed only . U.S. proportion of the civilian labor force aged 16 years and older that was not in the labor force by reason , 2004 and 2014 There are a variety of measures used to track the state of the U.S. labor market . Each provides insight into the factors affecting employment . The Bureau of Labor Statistics provides a `` chartbook '' displaying the major employment - related variables in the economy . Members of the Federal Reserve also give speeches and Congressional testimony that explain their views of the economy , including the labor market . As of September 2017 , the employment recovery relative to the November 2007 ( pre-recession ) level was generally complete . Variables such as the unemployment rates ( U-3 and U-6 ) and number of employed have improved beyond their pre-recession levels . However , measures of labor force participation ( even among the prime working age group ) , and the share of long - term unemployed were worse than pre-crisis levels . Further , the mix of jobs has shifted , with a larger share of part - time workers than pre-crisis . For example : Unemployment rates ( edit ) The unemployment rate ( U-3 ) , measured as the number of persons unemployed divided by the civilian labor force , rose from 5.0 % in December 2007 to peak at 10.0 % in October 2009 , before falling to the low level of 4.2 % by September 2017 . This measure excludes those who have not looked for work in the last 4 weeks and all other persons not considered as part of the labor force , which can distort its interpretation if a large number of working - aged persons become discouraged and stop looking for work . The unemployment rate ( U-6 ) is a wider measure of unemployment , which treats additional workers as unemployed ( e.g. , those employed part - time for economic reasons and certain `` marginally attached '' workers outside the labor force , who have looked for a job within the last year , but not within the last 4 weeks ) . The U-6 rate rose from 8.8 % in December 2007 to a peak of 17.1 % in November 2009 , before steadily falling to 8.3 % in September 2017 . The share of unemployed who have been out of work for 27 or more weeks ( i.e. , long - term unemployed ) averaged approximately 19 % pre-crisis ; this peaked at 48.1 % in April 2010 and fell to 25.5 % by September 2017 . Some research indicates the long - term unemployed may be stigmatized as having out - of - date skills , facing an uphill battle to return to the workforce . Level of employment and job creation ( edit ) Civilian employment , one measure of the size of the employed workforce , expanded consistently during the 1990s , but was inconsistent during the 2000s due to recessions in 2001 and 2008 -- 2009 . From 2010 onward , it steadily rose through October 2017 . For example , employment did not recover its January 2001 peak of 137.8 million until June 2003 . Then , from the bubble - assisted peak in November 2007 of 146.6 million , 8.6 million jobs were lost due to the global economic crisis , with employment falling to 138.0 million . U.S. employment began rising thereafter and regained the pre-crisis peak by September 2014 . By December 2016 , civilian employment was 152.1 million , 5.5 million above the pre-crisis level and 14.1 million above the trough . By October 2017 , 153.9 million were employed . From October 2010 to November 2015 , the U.S. added a total of 12.4 million jobs , with positive job growth each month averaging 203,000 , a robust rate by historical standards . Analysis of labor force trends for 2015 indicated that it was mainly persons that did not want jobs , rather than discouraged or marginally attached workers , which was slowing the rate of growth of the labor force . Job creation in 2014 was the best since 1999 . As of October , the economy had added 2.225 million private sector jobs , and 2.285 million total jobs . Government employment ( federal , state and local ) was 22.0 million in November 2015 , similar to August 2006 levels . This contrasts with steady increases in government employment 1980 -- 2008 . Federal government employment was 2.7 million in November 2015 , also similar to pre-recession ( 2007 ) levels . It had risen roughly 200,000 workers in the aftermath of the crisis then fell back again . Labor force participation ( edit ) Further information : Labor force in the United States The labor force participation rate ( LFPR ) is defined as the number of persons in the labor force ( i.e. , employed and unemployed ) divided by the civilian population ( aged 16 + ) . This ratio has steadily fallen from 67.3 % in March 2000 to 62.5 % by May 2016 . The decline is long - term in nature and is primarily driven by an aging country , as the Baby Boomers move into retirement ( i.e. , they are no longer in the labor force but are in the civilian population ) . Other factors include a higher proportion of working aged persons on disability or in school . Another measure of workforce participation is the civilian employment - to - population ratio ( EM Ratio ) , which fell from its 2007 pre-crisis peak of approximately 63 % to 58 % by November 2010 and partially recovered to 60 % by May 2016 . This is computed as the number of persons employed divided by the civilian population . This measure is also affected by demographics . Analysts can adjust for the effect of demographics by examining the ratio for those `` prime - working aged '' persons aged 25 -- 54 . For this group , LFPR fell from 83.3 % in November 2007 to a trough of 80.5 % in July 2015 , before partially recovering to 81.8 % in October 2017 . The EM ratio for this group fell from its November 2007 level of 79.7 % to a trough of 74.8 % in December 2009 , before recovering steadily towards 78.8 % in October 2017 . In both cases , the ratios had yet to reach their pre-crisis peaks , a possible indicator of `` slack '' in the labor market with some working - age persons on the sidelines . The Congressional Budget Office estimated that the U.S. was approximately 2.5 million workers below full employment as of the end of 2015 and 1.6 million at December 31 , 2016 , mainly due to lower labor force participation . In December 2015 , the Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) reported the reasons why persons aged 16 + were outside the labor force , using the 2014 figure of 87.4 million : 1 ) Retired - 38.5 million or 44 % ; 2 ) Disabled or Illness - 16.3 million or 19 % ; 3 ) Attending school - 16.0 million or 18 % ; 4 ) Home responsibilities - 13.5 million or 15 % ; and 4 ) Other Reasons - 3.1 million or 5 % . As of February 2018 , BLS characterizes an estimated 90 million of the 95 million people outside of the labor force as people who `` do not want a job now '' and stipulates that this number `` includes some persons who are not asked if they want a job . '' BLS defines those who `` do not want a job now '' as people who have not looked for work within the last 4 weeks . Economist Alan Krueger estimated in 2017 that `` the increase in opioid prescriptions from 1999 to 2015 could account for about 20 percent of the observed decline in men 's labor force participation during that same period , and 25 percent of the observed decline in women 's labor force participation . '' An estimated 2 million men in the age 25 - 54 age range who are outside the labor force took prescription pain medication daily during 2016 . Mix of full - time and part - time jobs ( edit ) The number of part - time workers jumped during 2008 and 2009 as a result of the recession , while the number of full - time workers fell . This pattern is consistent with previous recessions . From November 2007 to January 2010 , the number of part - time workers increased by 3.0 million ( from 24.8 million to 27.8 million ) , while the number of full - time workers fell by 11.3 million ( from 121.9 million to 110.6 million ) . Between 2010 and May 2016 , the number of part - time workers fluctuated between approximately 27 -- 28 million , while the number of full - time workers recovered steadily to 123.1 million , above the pre-crisis peak . In other words , nearly all of the post-recession job creation was full - time . The share of full - time jobs was 83 % in 2007 , but fell to 80 % by February 2010 , recovering steadily to 81.5 % by May 2016 . The number of persons working part - time for economic reasons remained above the pre-crisis level as of August 2016 . The number rose from 4.6 million in December 2007 ( pre-crisis ) to a peak of 9.7 million in March 2010 , before falling to 6.0 million in August 2016 . Measured as a percent of total employed in the private sector , the figures were 3.3 % , 7.1 % , and 4.0 % , respectively . Federal Reserve Governor Lael Brainard cited this as an indicator of labor market slack in a September 2016 speech . Measured between 2005 and 2015 , the net job creation was in alternative work arrangements ( i.e. , contract , temporary help , on - call , independent contractors or freelancers ) . Some of these workers may qualify as full - time ( greater than 35 hours / week ) while others are part - time . In other words , the number of workers in traditional jobs was essentially unchanged for 2005 and 2015 , while the alternative work arrangement level increased by 9.4 million . Gallup measured the percent of workers with `` good jobs '' defined as `` 30 + hours per week for an employer who provides a regular paycheck . '' The ratio was around 42 % during 2010 and rose to close to 48 % during 2016 and 2017 . This was measured between 2010 and July 31 , 2017 , after which Gallup discontinued routinely measuring it . Other measures ( edit ) The U.S. Federal Reserve tracks a variety of labor market metrics , which affect how it sets monetary policy . One `` dashboard '' includes nine measures , only three of which had returned to their pre-crisis ( 2007 ) levels as of June 2014 . The Fed also publishes a `` Labor market conditions index '' that includes a score based on 19 other employment statistics . Pace of recovery ( edit ) Research indicates recovery from financial crises can be protracted relative to typical recessions , with lengthy periods of high unemployment and substandard economic growth . Compared against combined financial crises and recessions in other countries , the U.S. employment recovery following the 2007 -- 2009 recession was relatively fast . Demographics and employment trends ( edit ) The line chart shows the long - term decline in labor force participation for males of prime - working age ( 25 -- 54 years ) , based on educational attainment . Employment trends by race and education , comparing pre-crisis ( Dec 2007 ) levels with November 2016 . The white working - age population fell by 4.8 million over this period as the Boomer 's aged , while the working age populations of the other races increased . Employment trends can be analyzed by any number of demographic factors individually or in combination , such as age , gender , educational attainment , and race . A major trend underlying the analysis of employment numbers is the aging of the white workforce , which is roughly 70 % of the employment total by race as of November 2016 . For example , the prime working age ( 25 -- 54 ) white population declined by 4.8 million between December 2007 and November 2016 , roughly 5 % , while non-white populations are increasing . This is a major reason why non-white and foreign - born workers are increasing their share of the employed . However , white prime - age workers have also had larger declines in labor force participation than some non-white groups , for reasons not entirely clear . Such changes may have important political implications . Age ( edit ) The 2007 -- 2009 recession resulted in the number employed falling across all age groups except those aged 55 and over , which continued to increase steadily . Those aged 16 -- 19 were hit the hardest , with the number employed falling nearly 30 % from pre-crisis levels , while other groups under 55 fell 5 -- 10 % . While the number employed in the 25 -- 34 age group recovered to its pre-crisis ( December 2007 ) level by January 2014 and continued to slowly rise , several under age 55 groups remained below pre-crisis levels as of May 2016 . Unemployment rates for all age groups rose during the crisis , with the 16 -- 24 year group rising from around 10 % during 2007 to peak at 19.5 % in 2010 , before falling back to 10 % by May 2016 . Gender ( edit ) Men accounted for at least 7 of 10 workers who lost jobs during the 2007 -- 2009 recession , according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data . Men aged 25 -- 54 have seen their labor force participation rate fall at all education levels for decades , although the decline was much more severe for those with less than a college education . As of September 2016 , seven million US men between 25 and 54 were neither employed nor looking for work . These men tend to be younger , single , non-parents , and less educated . School , disability , level of education , incarceration , and a shift in industry mix away from traditionally male jobs like construction are among potential contributing factors . An estimated 40 % of the prime working - age men not in the labor force report having pain that prevents them from working . Education ( edit ) Unemployment rates historically are lower for those groups with higher levels of education . For example , in May 2016 the unemployment rate for workers over 25 years of age was 2.5 % for college graduates , 5.1 % for those with a high school diploma , and 7.1 % for those without a high school diploma . Unemployment rates roughly doubled for all three groups during the 2008 -- 2009 period , before steadily falling back to approximately their pre-crisis levels as of May 2016 . The recovery has also favored the more educated in terms of employment and job creation . One study indicated that nearly all the 11.6 million net jobs created between 2010 and January 2016 were filled by those with at least some college education . Only 80,000 net jobs were created for those with a high school education or less . Employment levels have risen proportionally to educational attainment . From December 2007 ( pre-crisis ) to June 2016 , the number of persons employed changed as follows : Bachelor 's degree or higher + 21 % ; some college or associate degree + 4 % ; High school diploma only − 9 % ; and less than high school diploma − 14 % . Labor force participation rates have also fallen more for men aged 25 -- 54 with lower levels of education , as part of a long - term trend in lower labor force participation for men in that age group . Race ( edit ) In recent decades , Asians had the lowest unemployment rate as a racial group , followed by whites , hispanics , and blacks . The New York Times reported some of the causes and consequences of higher black unemployment in February 2018 : `` Even at the low of 6.8 percent recorded in December ( 2017 ) -- it climbed back to 7.7 percent in January -- the unemployment level for black Americans would qualify as a near crisis for whites . And the relative gains have not erased disparities in opportunity and pay . A tight labor market alone ca n't undo a legacy of unequal school funding , residential segregation or the disproportionate rate of incarceration for black Americans . Nor can it reverse the gradual shift of well - paying jobs from inner cities to mostly white suburbs . Studies have found that discrimination in hiring and pay persists even in good economic times , making parity an elusive goal . '' The unemployment rate for African Americans rose from 7.6 % in August 2007 to a peak of 17.3 % in January 2010 , before falling back to 8.2 % by May 2016 . For Latinos over the same periods , the rates were 5.5 % , 12.9 % and 5.6 % respectively . For Asians , the rates were 3.4 % , 8.4 % , and 3.9 % . Whites saw their employment levels fall more than non-whites over the 2007 -- 2016 period , as a relatively larger number of white persons moves out of the prime working age ( 25 -- 54 ) and into retirement . The number of white workers fell by approximately 700,000 from November 2007 ( pre-crisis ) to November 2016 , while the number of workers of other races rose . Hispanics added approximately 4.9 million ( + 24 % ) , Asian 2.3 million ( + 34 % ) , and African Americans 2.3 million ( + 14 % ) . These racial disparities may have helped the Trump campaign with the white working class voters in 2016 . While the age 25 -- 54 white population fell about 5 % from November 2007 to November 2016 , which would correspond with a declining number of whites employed , whites also had a larger decline in the employment to population ratio than non-whites . Native - or foreign - born ( edit ) BLS statistics indicate foreign - born workers have filled jobs dis - proportionally to their share in the population . From 2000 to 2015 : 1 ) Foreign - born represented 33 % of the aged 16 + population increase , but represented 53 % of the labor force increase and 59 % of the employment increase ; 2 ) The number of native - born employed increased by 5.6 million ( 5 % ) while the number of foreign - born employed increased by 8.0 million ( 47 % ) ; and 3 ) Labor force participation declined more for native - born ( 5 percentage points ) versus foreign - born ( 2 percentage points ) . Comparing December 2007 ( pre-crisis ) to June 2016 , the number of employed foreign - born is up 13.3 % , while the number of native - born employed is up 2.1 % . Incarceration ( edit ) The average annual weeks of work for ex-offenders are reduced by 5 weeks relative to a 42 week baseline , resulting in a 12 % decrease in employment . Decline in employment for those who spent time in either jail or prison was 9.7 % for young white men , 15.1 % for young black men , and 13.7 % for young Hispanic men . Causes of unemployment ( edit ) Main article : Causes of Unemployment in the United States There are a variety of domestic , foreign , market and government factors that impact unemployment in the United States . These may be characterized as cyclical ( related to the business cycle ) or structural ( related to underlying economic characteristics ) and include , among others : Economic conditions : The U.S. faced the subprime mortgage crisis and resulting recession of 2007 -- 2009 , which significantly increased the unemployment rate to a peak of 10 % in October 2009 . The unemployment rate fell steadily thereafter , returning to 5 % by December 2015 as economic conditions improved . Demographic trends : The U.S. has an aging population , which is moving more persons out of the labor force relative to the civilian population . This has resulted in a long - term downward trend in the labor force participation rate that began around 2000 , as the Baby Boomer generation began to retire . Level of education : Historically , as educational attainment rises , the unemployment rate falls . For example , the unemployment rate for college graduates was 2.4 % in May 2016 , versus 7.1 % for those without a high school diploma . Technology trends , with automation replacing workers in many industries while creating jobs in others . Globalization and sourcing trends , with employers creating jobs in overseas markets to reduce labor costs or avoid regulations . International trade policy , which has resulted in a sizable trade deficit ( imports greater than exports ) since the early 2000s , which reduces GDP and employment relative to a trade surplus . Immigration policy , which affects the nature and number of workers entering the country . Monetary policy : The Federal Reserve conducts monetary policy , adjusting interest rates to move the economy towards a full employment target of around a 5 % unemployment rate and 2 % inflation rate . The Federal Reserve has maintained near - zero interest rates since the 2007 -- 2009 recession , in efforts to boost employment . It also injected a sizable amount of money into the economy via quantitative easing to boost the economy . In December 2015 , it raised interest rates for the first time moderately , with guidance that it intended to continue doing if economic conditions were favorable . Fiscal policy : The Federal government has reduced its budget deficit significantly since the 2007 -- 2009 recession , which resulted from a combination of improving economic conditions and recent steps to reduce spending and raise taxes on higher income taxpayers . Reducing the budget deficit means the government is doing less to support employment , other things equal . Unionization : The ratio of persons represented by unions has fallen consistently since the 1960s , weakening the power of labor ( workers ) relative to capital ( owners ) . This is due to a combination of economic trends and policy choices . A trend towards more workers in the `` gig '' or access economy , in alternative ( part - time or contract ) work arrangements rather than full - time ; the percentage of workers in such arrangements rose from 10.1 % in 2005 to 15.8 % in late 2015 . This implies all of the net employment growth in the U.S. economy ( about 9 million jobs between 2005 and 2015 ) occurred in alternative work arrangements , while the number in traditional jobs slightly declined . Fiscal and monetary policy ( edit ) Typical intervention strategies under different conditions Employment is both cause and response to the economic growth rate , which can be affected by both government fiscal policy ( spending and tax decisions ) and monetary policy ( Federal Reserve action . ) Fiscal policy ( edit ) The U.S. ran historically large annual debt increases from 2008 to 2013 , adding over $1 trillion in total national debt annually from fiscal year 2008 to 2012 . The deficit expanded primarily due to a severe financial crisis and recession . With a U.S. GDP of approximately $17 trillion , the spending implied by this deficit comprises a significant amount of GDP . Keynesian economics argues that when the economic growth is slow , larger budget deficits are stimulative to the economy . This is one reason why the significant deficit reduction represented by the fiscal cliff was expected to result in a recession . However , the deficit from 2014 to 2016 was in line with historical average , meaning it was not particularly stimulative . For example , CBO reported in October 2014 : `` The federal government ran a budget deficit of $486 billion in fiscal year 2014 ... $195 billion less than the shortfall recorded in fiscal year 2013 , and the smallest deficit recorded since 2008 . Relative to the size of the economy , that deficit -- at an estimated 2.8 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) -- was slightly below the average experienced over the past 40 years , and 2014 was the fifth consecutive year in which the deficit declined as a percentage of GDP since peaking at 9.8 percent in 2009 . By CBO 's estimate , revenues were about 9 percent higher and outlays were about 1 percent higher in 2014 than they were in the previous fiscal year . '' As part of the economic policy of Barack Obama , the United States Congress funded approximately $800 billion in spending and tax cuts via the February 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to stimulate the economy . Monthly job losses began slowing shortly thereafter . By March 2010 , employment again began to rise . From March 2010 to September 2012 , over 4.3 million jobs were added , with consecutive months of employment increases from October 2010 to December 2015 . As of December 2015 , employment of 143.2 million was 4.9 million above the pre-crisis peak in January 2008 of 138.3 million . Monetary policy ( edit ) The U.S. Federal Reserve ( the Fed ) has a dual mandate to achieve full employment while maintaining a low rate of inflation . U.S. Federal Reserve interest rate adjustments ( monetary policy ) are important tools for managing the unemployment rate . There may be an economic trade - off between unemployment and inflation , as policies designed to reduce unemployment can create inflationary pressure , and vice versa . Debates regarding monetary policy during 2014 -- 2015 centered on the timing and extent of interest rate increases , as a near - zero interest rate target had remained in place since the 2007 -- 2009 recession . Ultimately , the Fed decided to raise interest rates marginally in December 2015 . The Fed describes the type of labor market analyses it performs in making interest rate decisions in the minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee , its policy governing body , among other channels . The U.S. Federal Reserve has taken significant action to stimulate the economy after the 2007 -- 2009 recession . The Fed expanded its balance sheet significantly from 2008 to 2014 , meaning it essentially `` printed money '' to purchase large quantities of mortgage - backed securities and U.S. treasury bonds . This bids up bond prices , helping keep interest rates low , to encourage companies to borrow and invest and people to buy homes . It planned to end its quantitative easing in October 2014 but was undecided on when it might raise interest rates from near record lows . The Fed also tied its actions to its outlook for unemployment and inflation for the first time in December 2012 . Political debates ( edit ) Liberal position ( edit ) Liberals typically argue for government action or partnership with the private sector to improve job creation . Typical proposals involve stimulus spending on infrastructure construction , clean energy investment , unemployment compensation , educational loan assistance , and retraining programs . Liberals historically supported labor unions and protectionist trade policies . Liberals tend to be less concerned with budget deficits and debt and have a higher tolerance for inflation or currency devaluation to improve trade competitiveness , as a weaker currency makes exports relatively less expensive . During recessions , liberals generally advocate solutions based on Keynesian economics , which argues for additional government spending when the private sector is unable or unwilling to support sufficient levels of economic growth . Conservative position ( edit ) Conservatives typically argue for free market solutions , with less government restriction of the private sector . Conservatives tend to oppose stimulus spending or bailouts , letting the free market determine success and failure . Typical proposals involve deregulation and income tax rate reduction . Conservatives historically have opposed labor unions and encouraged free trade agreements . Fiscal conservatives express concern that higher budget deficits and debt damage confidence , reducing investment and spending . Conservatives argue for policies that reduce or lower inflation . Conservatives generally advocate supply - side economics . Poll data ( edit ) The affluent are much less inclined than other groups of Americans to support an active role for government in addressing high unemployment . Only 19 % of the wealthy say that Washington should insure that everyone who wants to work can find a job , but 68 % of the general public support that proposition . Similarly , only 8 % of the rich say that the federal government should provide jobs for everyone able and willing to work who can not find a job in private employment , but 53 % of the general public thinks it should . A September 2012 survey by The Economist found those earning over $100,000 annually were twice as likely to name the budget deficit as the most important issue in deciding how they would vote than middle - or lower - income respondents . Among the general public , about 40 % say unemployment is the most important issue while 25 % say that the budget deficit is . A March 2011 Gallup poll reported : `` One in four Americans say the best way to create more jobs in the U.S. is to keep manufacturing in this country and stop sending work overseas . Americans also suggest creating jobs by increasing infrastructure work , lowering taxes , helping small businesses , and reducing government regulation . '' Further , Gallup reported that : `` Americans consistently say that jobs and the economy are the most important problems facing the country , with 26 % citing jobs specifically as the nation 's most important problem in March . '' Republicans and Democrats agreed that bringing the jobs home was the number one solution approach , but differed on other poll questions . Republicans next highest ranked items were lowering taxes and reducing regulation , while Democrats preferred infrastructure stimulus and more help for small businesses . Further , U.S. sentiment on free trade has been turning more negative . An October 2010 Wall Street Journal / NBC News poll reported that : `` ( M ) ore than half of those surveyed , 53 % , said free - trade agreements have hurt the U.S. That is up from 46 % three years ago and 32 % in 1999 . '' Among those earning $75,000 or more , 50 % now say free - trade pacts have hurt the U.S. , up from 24 % who said the same in 1999 . Across party lines , income , and job type , 76 -- 95 % of Americans surveyed agreed that `` outsourcing of production and manufacturing work to foreign countries is a reason the U.S. economy is struggling and more people are n't being hired '' . The Pew Center reported poll results in August 2012 : `` Fully 85 % of self - described middle - class adults say it is more difficult now than it was a decade ago for middle - class people to maintain their standard of living . Of those who feel this way , 62 % say `` a lot '' of the blame lies with Congress , while 54 % say the same about banks and financial institutions , 47 % about large corporations , 44 % about the Bush administration , 39 % about foreign competition and 34 % about the Obama administration . '' 2008 -- 2009 debates ( edit ) The debate around the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ( ARRA ) , the approximately $800 billion stimulus bill passed due to the subprime mortgage crisis , highlighted these views . Democrats generally advocated the liberal position and Republicans advocated the conservative position . Republican pressure reduced the overall size of the stimulus while increasing the ratio of tax cuts in the law . These historical positions were also expressed during the debate around the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , which authorized the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) , an approximately $700 billion bailout package ( later reduced to $430 billion ) for the banking industry . The initial attempt to pass the bill failed in the House of Representatives due primarily to Republican opposition . Following a significant drop in the stock market and pressure from a variety of sources , a second vote passed the bill in the House . 2010 -- present debates ( edit ) Creating American jobs and Ending Offshoring Act ( edit ) Senator Dick Durbin proposed a bill in 2010 called the `` Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act '' that would have reduced tax advantages from relocating U.S. plants abroad and limited the ability to defer profits earned overseas . However , the bill was stalled in the Senate primarily due to Republican opposition . It was supported by the AFL - CIO but opposed by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce . The Congressional Research Service summarized the bill as follows : `` Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act -- Amends the Internal Revenue Code to : ( 1 ) exempt from employment taxes for a 24 - month period employers who hire an employee who replaces another employee who is not a citizen or permanent resident of the United States and who performs similar duties overseas ; ( 2 ) deny any tax deduction , deduction for loss , or tax credit for the cost of an American jobs offshoring transaction ( defined as any transaction in which a taxpayer reduces or eliminates the operation of a trade or business in connection with the start - up or expansion of such trade or business outside the United States ) ; and ( 3 ) eliminate the deferral of tax on income of a controlled foreign corporation attributable to property imported into the United States by such corporation or a related person , except for property exported before substantial use in the United States and for agricultural commodities not grown in the United States in commercially marketable quantities . '' American jobs Act ( edit ) President Barack Obama proposed the American Jobs Act in September 2011 , which included a variety of tax cuts and spending programs to stimulate job creation . The White House provided a fact sheet which summarized the key provisions of the $447 billion bill . However , neither the House nor the Senate has passed the legislation as of December 2012 . President Obama stated in October 2011 : `` In the coming days , members of Congress will have to take a stand on whether they believe we should put teachers , construction workers , police officers and firefighters back on the job ... They 'll get a vote on whether they believe we should protect tax breaks for small business owners and middle - class Americans , or whether we should protect tax breaks for millionaires and billionaires . '' Fiscal cliff ( edit ) Main article : United States fiscal cliff During 2012 , there was significant debate regarding approximately $560 billion in tax increases and spending cuts scheduled to go into effect in 2013 , which would reduce the 2013 budget deficit roughly in half . Critics argued that with an employment crisis , such fiscal austerity was premature and misguided . The Congressional Budget Office projected that such sharp deficit reduction would likely cause the U.S. to enter recession in 2013 , with the unemployment rate rising to 9 % versus approximately 8 % in 2012 , costing over 1 million jobs . The fiscal cliff was partially addressed by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 . Tax policy ( edit ) Individual income taxes ( edit ) It is unclear whether lowering marginal income tax rates boosts job growth , or whether increasing tax rates slows job creation . This is due to many other variables that impact job creation . Economic theory suggests that ( other things equal ) tax cuts are a form of stimulus ( they increase the budget deficit ) and therefore create jobs , much like spending . However , tax cuts as a rule have less impact per additional deficit dollar than spending , as a portion of tax cuts can be saved rather than spent . Since income taxes are primarily paid by higher income taxpayers ( the top 1 % pay roughly half of them ) and these taxpayers tend to save a higher portion of any incremental dollars returned to them via tax cuts than lower income taxpayers , income tax cuts are a less effective form of stimulus than payroll tax cuts , infrastructure investment , and unemployment compensation . One study indicated that tax cuts do create employment growth , particularly tax cuts for the lower earners . However , the historical record indicates that marginal income tax rate changes have little impact on job creation , economic growth or employment . During the 1970s , marginal income tax rates were far higher than subsequent periods and the U.S. created 19.6 million net new jobs . During the 1980s , marginal income tax rates were lowered and the U.S. created 18.3 million net new jobs . During the 1990s , marginal income tax rates rose and the U.S. created 21.6 million net new jobs . From 2000 to 2010 , marginal income tax rates were lowered due to the Bush tax cuts and the U.S. created no net new jobs . The 7.5 million created 2000 -- 2007 represent slow job growth by historical standards . President Obama raised income tax rates on the top 1 % via partial expiration of the Bush tax cuts in January 2013 . He also raised payroll taxes on the top 5 % as part of the Affordable Care Act at that time . Despite these tax increases , average monthly job creation increased from 179,000 in 2012 to 192,000 in 2013 and 250,000 in 2014 . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( CBPP ) wrote in March 2009 : `` Small business employment rose by an average of 2.3 percent ( 756,000 jobs ) per year during the Clinton years , when tax rates for high - income filers were set at very similar levels to those that would be reinstated under President Obama 's budget . But during the Bush years , when the rates were lower , employment rose by just 1.0 percent ( 367,000 jobs ) . '' CBPP reported in September 2011 that both employment and GDP grew faster in the seven - year period following President Clinton 's income tax rate increase of 1993 , than a similar period after the Bush tax cuts of 2001 . Corporate income taxes ( edit ) Conservatives typically argue for lower U.S. tax income rates , arguing that it would encourage companies to hire more workers . Liberals have proposed legislation to tax corporations that offshore jobs and to limit corporate tax expenditures . U.S. corporate after - tax profits were at record levels during 2012 while corporate tax revenue was below its historical average relative to GDP . For example , U.S. corporate after - tax profits were at record levels during the third quarter of 2012 , at an annualized $1.75 trillion . U.S. corporations paid approximately 1.2 % GDP in taxes during 2011 . This was below the 2.7 % GDP level in 2007 pre-crisis and below the 1.8 % historical average for the 1990 -- 2011 period . In comparing corporate taxes , the Congressional Budget Office found in 2005 that the top statutory tax rate was the third highest among OECD countries behind Japan and Germany . However , the U.S. ranked 27th lowest of 30 OECD countries in its collection of corporate taxes relative to GDP , at 1.8 % vs. the average 2.5 % . Solutions for creating more U.S. jobs ( edit ) A variety of options for creating jobs exist , but these are strongly debated and often have tradeoffs in terms of additional government debt , adverse environmental impact , and impact on corporate profitability . Examples include infrastructure investment , tax reform , healthcare cost reduction , energy policy and carbon price certainty , reducing the cost to hire employees , education and training , deregulation , and trade policy . Authors Bittle & Johnson of Public agenda explained the pros and cons of 14 job creation arguments frequently discussed , several of which are summarized below by topic . These are hotly debated by experts from across the political spectrum . Infrastructure investment ( edit ) Many experts advocate infrastructure investment , such as building roads and bridges and upgrading the electricity grid . Such investments have historically created or sustained millions of jobs , with the offset to higher state and federal budget deficits . In the wake of the 2008 -- 2009 recession , there were over 2 million fewer employed housing construction workers . The American Society of Civil Engineers rated U.S. infrastructure a `` D + '' on their scorecard for 2013 , identifying an estimated $3.6 trillion in investment ideas by 2020 . CBO estimated in November 2011 that increased investment in infrastructure would create between 1 and 6 jobs per $1 million invested ; in other words , a $100 billion investment would generate between 100,000 and 600,000 additional jobs . President Obama proposed the American Jobs Act in 2011 , which included infrastructure investment and tax breaks offset by tax increases on high income earners . However , it did not receive sufficient support in the Senate to receive a floor vote . During late 2015 , the House and Senate , in rare bipartisan form , passed the largest infrastructure package in a decade , costing $305 billion over five years , less than the $478 billion in Obama 's initial request . He signed the Fixing America 's Surface Transportation Act into law in December 2015 . Tax policy ( edit ) Lowering the costs of workers also encourages employers to hire more . This can be done via reducing existing Social Security or Medicare payroll taxes or by specific tax incentives for hiring additional workers . CBO estimated in 2011 that reducing employers ' payroll taxes ( especially if limited to firms that increase their payroll ) , increasing aid to the unemployed , and providing additional refundable tax credits to lower - income households , would generate more jobs per dollar of investment than infrastructure . President Obama reduced the Social Security payroll tax on workers during the 2011 -- 2012 period , which added an estimated $100 billion to the deficit while leaving these funds with consumers to spend . The U.S. corporate tax rate is among the highest in the world , although U.S. corporations pay among the lowest amount relative to GDP due to loopholes . Reducing the rate and eliminating loopholes may make U.S. businesses more competitive , but may also add to the deficit . The Tax Policy Center estimated during 2012 that reducing the corporate tax rate from 35 % to 20 % would add $1 trillion to the debt over a decade , for example . Lower healthcare costs ( edit ) Businesses are faced with paying the significant and rising healthcare costs of their employees . Many other countries do not burden businesses , but instead tax workers who pay the government for their healthcare . This significantly reduces the cost of hiring and maintaining the work force . Energy policy and carbon price certainty ( edit ) Various studies place the cost of environmental regulations in the thousands of dollars per employee . Americans are split on whether protecting the environment or economic growth is a higher priority . Regulations that would add costs to petroleum and coal may slow the economy , although they would provide incentives for clean energy investment by addressing regulatory uncertainty regarding the price of carbon . President Obama advocated a series of clean energy policies during June 2013 . These included : Reducing carbon pollution from power plants ; Continue expanding usage of clean energy ; raising fuel economy standards ; and energy conservation through more energy - efficient homes and businesses . Employment policies and the minimum wage ( edit ) History of the federal minimum wage in real 2013 dollars and nominal dollars . Raising the minimum wage would provide households with more money to spend , in an era with record corporate profits and a reluctance of corporations to invest . Critics argue raising employment costs deters hiring . During 2009 , the minimum wage was $7.25 per hour , or $15,000 per year , below poverty level for some families . The New York Times editorial board wrote in August 2013 : `` As measured by the federal minimum wage , currently $7.25 an hour , low - paid work in America is lower paid today than at any time in modern memory . If the minimum wage had kept pace with inflation or average wages over the past nearly 50 years , it would be about $10 an hour ; if it had kept pace with the growth in average labor productivity , it would be about $17 an hour . '' President Obama advocated raising the minimum wage during February 2013 : `` The President is calling on Congress to raise the minimum wage from $7.25 to $9 in stages by the end of 2015 and index it to inflation thereafter , which would directly boost wages for 15 million workers and reduce poverty and inequality ... A range of economic studies show that modestly raising the minimum wage increases earnings and reduces poverty without jeopardizing employment . In fact , leading economists like Lawrence Katz , Richard Freeman , and Laura Tyson and businesses like Costco , Wal - Mart , and Stride Rite have supported past increases to the minimum wage , in part because increasing worker productivity and purchasing power for consumers will also help the overall economy . '' The Economist wrote in December 2013 : `` A minimum wage , providing it is not set too high , could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs ... America 's federal minimum wage , at 38 % of median income , is one of the rich world 's lowest . Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages , others see a small one , but none finds any serious damage . '' The U.S. minimum wage was last raised to $7.25 per hour in July 2009 . As of December 2013 , there were 21 states with minimum wages above the Federal minimum , with the State of Washington the highest at $9.32 . Ten states index their minimum wage to inflation . The CBO reported in February 2014 that increasing the minimum wage to $10.10 per hour between 2014 and 2016 would reduce employment by an estimated 500,000 jobs , while about 16.5 million workers would have higher pay . A smaller increase to $9.00 per hour would reduce employment by 100,000 , while about 7.6 million workers would have higher pay . Regulatory reform ( edit ) Regulatory costs on business start - ups and going concerns are significant . Requiring laws to have sunset provisions ( end - dates ) would help ensure only worthwhile regulations are renewed . New businesses account for about one - fifth of new jobs added . However , the number of new businesses starting each year dropped by 17 % after the recession . Inc. magazine published 16 ideas to encourage new startups , including cutting red tape , approving micro-loans , allowing more immigration , and addressing tax uncertainty . Education policy ( edit ) Education policy reform could make higher education more affordable and more attuned to job needs . Unemployment is considerably lower for those with a college education . However , college is increasingly unaffordable . Providing loans contingent on degrees focused on fields with worker shortages such as healthcare and accounting would address structural workforce imbalances ( i.e. , a skills mismatch ) . Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen stated in 2014 : `` Public funding of education is another way that governments can help offset the advantages some households have in resources available for children . One of the most consequential examples is early childhood education . Research shows that children from lower - income households who get good - quality pre-Kindergarten education are more likely to graduate from high school and attend college as well as hold a job and have higher earnings , and they are less likely to be incarcerated or receive public assistance . '' Income inequality ( edit ) Further information : Income inequality in the United States Real GDP per household has increased while the real median income per household has not , indicating a trend of greater income inequality . Income inequality , expressed by wage stagnation for middle - and lower - income families coupled with a shift in income growth to the top earners , can adversely affect economic growth , as wealthier families tend to save more . The quality or pay of the job matters , not just creating more jobs . The union movement has declined considerably , one factor contributing to more income inequality and off - shoring . Reinvigorating the labor movement could help create more higher - paying jobs , shifting some of the economic pie back to workers from owners . However , by raising employment costs , employers may choose to hire fewer workers . Trade policy ( edit ) Creating a level playing field with trading partners could help create more jobs in the U.S. Wage and living standard differentials and currency manipulation can make `` free trade '' something other than `` fair trade . '' Requiring countries to allow their currencies to float freely on international markets would reduce significant trade deficits , adding jobs in developed countries such as the U.S. and Western Europe . Long - term unemployment ( edit ) CBO reported several options for addressing long - term unemployment during February 2012 . Two short - term options included policies to : 1 ) Reduce the marginal cost to businesses of adding employees ; and 2 ) Tax policies targeted towards people most likely to spend the additional income , mainly those with lower income . Over the long - run , structural reforms such as programs to facilitate re-training workers or education assistance would be helpful . President 's Council on jobs and competitiveness ( edit ) President Obama established the President 's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness in 2009 . The Council released an interim report with a series of recommendations in October 2011 . The report included five major initiatives to increase employment while improving competitiveness : Measures to accelerate investment into job - rich projects in infrastructure and energy development ; A comprehensive drive to ignite entrepreneurship and accelerate the number and scale of young , small businesses and high - growth firms that produce an outsized share of America 's new jobs ; A national investment initiative to boost jobs - creating inward investment in the United States , both from global firms headquartered elsewhere and from multinational corporations headquartered here ; Ideas to simplify regulatory review and streamline project approvals to accelerate jobs and growth ; and , Steps to ensure America has the talent in place to fill existing job openings as well as to boost future job creation . Analytical Perspectives ( edit ) Employment statistics from the FRED database , comparing June 2015 and October 2009 . Many of the mathematical relationships between the variables are shown . Employment trends in key variables indexed to show relative changes in the number of persons ( starting point = 100 ) . For example , from June 2009 ( the official end of the Great Recession ) to January 2018 , the number of persons not in the labor force increased by 21 % , but the labor force only increased 4 % . CBO explanation for shortfall in employment of 2.5 million relative to a theoretical full employment level in 2015 ; it fell to 1.6 million in 2016 . Analyzing the true state of the U.S. labor market is very complex and a challenge for leading economists , who may arrive at different conclusions . For example , the main gauge , the unemployment rate , can be falling ( a positive sign ) while the labor force participation rate is falling as well ( a negative sign ) . Further , the reasons for persons leaving the labor force may not be clear , such as aging ( more people retiring ) or because they are discouraged and have stopped looking for work . The extent to which persons are not fully utilizing their skills is also difficult to determine when measuring the level of underemployment . A rough comparison of September 2014 ( when the unemployment rate was 5.9 % ) versus October 2009 ( when the unemployment rate peaked at 10.0 % ) helps illustrate the analytical challenge . The civilian population increased by roughly 10 million during that time , with the labor force increasing by about 2 million and those not in the labor force increasing by about 8 million . However , the 2 million increase in the labor force represents the net of an 8 million increase in those employed , partially offset by a 6 million decline in those unemployed . So is the primary cause of improvement in the unemployment rate due to : a ) increased employment of 8 million ; or b ) the increase in those not in the workforce , also 8 million ? Did the 6 million fewer unemployed obtain jobs or leave the workforce ? Labor market recovery following 2007 -- 2009 recession ( edit ) CBO issued a report in February 2014 analyzing the causes for the slow labor market recovery following the 2007 -- 2009 recession . CBO listed several major causes : `` To a large degree , the slow recovery of the labor market reflects the slow growth in the demand for goods and services , and hence gross domestic product ( GDP ) . CBO estimates that GDP was 71⁄2 percent smaller than potential ( maximum sustainable ) GDP at the end of the recession ; by the end of 2013 , less than one - half of that gap had been closed . With output growing so slowly , payrolls have increased slowly as well -- and the slack in the labor market that can be seen in the elevated unemployment rate and part of the reduction in the rate of labor force participation mirrors the gap between actual and potential GDP . '' `` Of the roughly 2 percentage - point net increase in the rate of unemployment between the end of 2007 and the end of 2013 , about 1 percentage point was the result of cyclical weakness in the demand for goods and services , and about 1 percentage point arose from structural factors ; those factors are chiefly the stigma workers face and the erosion of skills that can stem from long - term unemployment ( together worth about one - half of a percentage point of increase in the unemployment rate ) and a decrease in the efficiency with which employers are filling vacancies ( probably at least in part as a result of mismatches in skills and locations , and also worth about one - half of a percentage point of the increase in the unemployment rate ) . '' `` Of the roughly 3 percentage - point net decline in the labor force participation rate between the end of 2007 and the end of 2013 , about 11⁄2 percentage points was the result of long - term trends ( primarily the aging of the population ) , about 1 percentage point was the result of temporary weakness in employment prospects and wages , and about one - half of a percentage point was attributable to unusual aspects of the slow recovery that led workers to become discouraged and permanently drop out of the labor force . '' `` Employment at the end of 2013 was about 6 million jobs short of where it would be if the unemployment rate had returned to its prerecession level and if the participation rate had risen to the level it would have attained without the current cyclical weakness . Those factors account roughly equally for the shortfall . '' Comparison of employment recovery across recessions and financial crises ( edit ) One method of analyzing the impact of recessions on employment is to measure the period of time it takes to return to the pre-recession employment peak . By this measure , the 2008 -- 2009 recession was considerably worse than the five other U.S. recessions from 1970 to present . By May 2013 , U.S. employment had reached 98 % of its pre-recession peak after approximately 60 months . Employment recovery following a combined recession and financial crisis tends to be much longer than a typical recession . For example , it took Norway 8.5 years to return to its pre-recession peak employment after its 1987 financial crisis and it took Sweden 17.8 years after its 1991 financial crisis . The U.S. is recovering considerably faster than either of these countries . Share of full - time and part - time workers ( edit ) The ratio of full - time workers was 86.5 % in January 1968 and hit a historical low of 79.9 % in January 2010 . There is a long - term trend of gradual reduction in the share of full - time workers since 1970 , with recessions resulting in a decline in the full - time share of the workforce faster than the overall trend , with partial reversal during recovery periods . For example , as a result of the 2007 -- 2009 recession , the ratio of full - time employed to total employed fell from 83.1 % in December 2007 to a trough of 79.9 % in January 2010 , before steadily rising to 81.6 % by April 2016 . Stated another way , the share of part - time employed to total employed rose from 16.9 % in December 2007 to a peak of 20.1 % in January 2010 , before steadily falling to 18.4 % in April 2016 . There is a trend towards more workers in alternative ( part - time or contract ) work arrangements rather than full - time ; the percentage of workers in such arrangements rose from 10.1 % in 2005 to 15.8 % in late 2015 . This implies all of the net employment growth in the U.S. economy ( 9.1 million jobs between 2005 and 2015 ) occurred in alternative work arrangements , while the number in traditional jobs slightly declined . What job creation rate is required to lower the unemployment rate ? ( edit ) Estimates ( edit ) Estimates vary for the number of jobs that must be created to absorb the inflow of persons into the labor force , to maintain a given rate of unemployment . This number is significantly affected by demographics and population growth . For example , economist Laura D'Andrea Tyson estimated this figure at 125,000 jobs per month during 2011 . Economist Paul Krugman estimated it around 90,000 during 2012 , mentioning also it used to be higher . One method of calculating this figure follows , using data as of September 2012 : U.S. population 314,484,000 x 0.90 % annual population growth x 63 % of population is working age x 63 % work force participation rate / 12 months per year = 93,614 jobs / month . This approximates the Krugman figure . Wells Fargo economists estimated the figure around 150,000 in January 2013 : `` Over the past three months , labor force participation has averaged 63.7 percent , the same as the average for 2012 . If the participation rate holds steady , how many new jobs are needed to lower the unemployment rate ? The steady employment gains in recent months suggest a rough answer . The unemployment rate has been 7.9 percent , 7.8 percent and 7.8 percent for the past three months , while the labor force participation rate has been 63.8 percent , 63.6 percent and 63.6 percent . Meanwhile , job gains have averaged 151,000 . Therefore , it appears that the magic number is something above 151,000 jobs per month to lower the unemployment rate . '' Reuters reported a figure of 250,000 in February 2013 , stating sustained job creation at this level would be needed to `` significantly reduce the ranks of unemployed . '' Federal Reserve analysts estimated this figure around 80,000 in June 2013 : `` According to our analysis , job growth of more than about 80,000 jobs per month would put downward pressure on the unemployment rate , down significantly from 150,000 to 200,000 during the 1980s and 1990s . We expect this trend to fall to around 35,000 jobs per month from 2016 through the remainder of the decade . '' Empirical data ( edit ) During the 41 months from January 2010 to May 2013 , there were 19 months where the unemployment rate declined . On average , 179,000 jobs were created in those months . The median job creation during those months was 166,000 . International labor force size comparisons ( edit ) The U.S. civilian labor force was approximately 155 million people during October 2012 . This was the world 's third largest , behind China ( 795.5 million ) and India ( 487.6 million ) . The entire European Union employed 228.3 million . Effect of disability recipients on labor force participation measures ( edit ) The number of people receiving Social Security disability benefits ( SSDI ) increased from 7.1 million in December 2007 to 8.7 million in April 2012 , a 22 % increase . Recipients are excluded from the labor force . Economists at JPMorgan Chase & Co. and Morgan Stanley estimated this explained as much as 0.5 of the 2.0 percentage point decline in the U.S. labor - force participation rate during the period . Effects on health and mortality ( edit ) Unemployment can have adverse health effects . One study indicated that a 1 % increase in the unemployment rate can increase mortality among working - aged males by 6 % . Similar effects were not noted for women or the elderly , who had lower workforce attachment . The mortality increase was mainly driven by circulatory health issues ( e.g. , heart attacks ) . Another study concluded that : `` Losing a job because of an establishment closure increased the odds of fair or poor health by 54 % , and among respondents with no preexisting health conditions , it increased the odds of a new likely health condition by 83 % . This suggests that there are true health costs to job loss , beyond sicker people being more likely to lose their jobs . '' Extended job loss can add the equivalent of ten years to a persons age . Studies have also indicated that worsening economic conditions can be associated with lower mortality across the entire economy , with slightly lower mortality in the much larger employed group offsetting higher mortality in the unemployed group . For example , recessions might include fewer drivers on the road , reducing traffic fatalities and pollution . Effects of healthcare reform ( edit ) CBO estimated in December 2015 that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( also known colloquially as `` Obamacare '' ) would reduce the labor supply by approximately 2 million full - time worker equivalents ( measured as a combination of persons and hours worked ) by 2025 , relative to a baseline without the law . This is driven by the law 's health insurance coverage expansions ( e.g. , subsidies and Medicaid expansion ) plus taxes and penalties . With access to individual marketplaces , fewer persons are dependent on health insurance offered by employers . Job growth projections 2016 -- 2026 ( edit ) BLS forecast ranking of the top 10 fastest growing occupations over the 2016 - 2026 period is dominated by healthcare jobs . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) reported on October 24 , 2017 its projections of job growth by industry and job type over the 2016 -- 2026 period . Healthcare was the industry expected to add the most jobs , driven by demand from an aging population . The top three occupations were : personal care aides with 754,000 jobs added or a 37 % increase ; home health aids with 425,600 or 47 % ; and software developers at 253,400 or 30.5 % . BLS also reported that : `` About 9 out of 10 new jobs are projected to be added in the service - providing sector from 2016 to 2026 , resulting in more than 10.5 million new jobs , or 0.8 percent annual growth . The goods - producing sector is expected to increase by 219,000 jobs , growing at a rate of 0.1 percent per year over the projections decade . '' BLS predicted that manufacturing jobs would decline by over 700,000 over that period . Obtaining data ( edit ) Monthly jobs reports ( edit ) U.S. employment statistics are reported by government and private primary sources monthly , which are widely quoted in the news media . These sources use a variety of sampling techniques that yield different measures . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) provides a monthly `` Employment Situation Summary . '' For example , BLS reported for December 2012 that : `` Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 155,000 in December , and the unemployment rate was unchanged at 7.8 percent ... Employment increased in health care , food services and drinking places , construction , and manufacturing . '' Automatic Data Processing ( ADP ) also provides a `` National Employment Report . '' For the December 2012 period , ADP reported a 215,000 non-farm payroll increase . Several secondary sources also interpret the primary data released . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities provides a monthly `` Statement '' on the BLS Situation Summary . The CBPP wrote in January 2013 : `` ( December 2012 ) is the 34th straight month of private - sector job creation , with payrolls growing by 5.3 million jobs ( a pace of 157,000 jobs a month ) since February 2010 ; total nonfarm employment ( private plus government jobs ) has grown by 4.8 million jobs over the same period , or 141,000 a month . Total government jobs fell by 546,000 over this period , dominated by a loss of 395,000 local government jobs . '' Federal Reserve Database ( FRED ) ( edit ) The FRED database contains a variety of employment statistics organized as data series . It can be used to generate charts or download historical information . Data series include labor force , employment , unemployment , labor force participation , etc . The Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) also releases employment statistics . Some popular data series include : FRED -- Civilian Labor Force FRED -- Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate CIVPART FRED -- Civilian Unemployment Rate UNRATE FRED -- Civilian Unemployed UNEMPLOY Job creation in the U.S. is typically measured by changes in the `` Total Non-Farm '' employees . FRED -- Total Non-Farm Employment FRED has gathered many of the employment statistics on one page for easy access : FRED - Unemployment Series Unemployment rate forecasts ( edit ) The Congressional Budget Office provides an unemployment rate forecast in its long term budget outlook . During August 2012 , it projected that the unemployment rate would be 8.8 % in 2013 and 8.7 % in 2014 . CBO projected the rate would then begin falling steadily to 5.5 % by 2018 and remain around that level through 2022 . This forecast assumes annual real GDP growth will exceed 3 % between 2014 and 2018 . During December 2012 , Wells Fargo Economics forecast that the unemployment rate would be 7.8 % in 2013 and 7.6 % in 2014 . This forecast assumes real GDP growth would be 1.4 % in 2013 and 2.5 % in 2014 . Off - shoring Statistics ( edit ) The Department of Labor 's Employment and Training Administration ( ETA ) prepares an annual report on those petitioning for trade adjustment assistance , due to jobs lost from international trade . This represents a fraction of jobs actually off - shored and does not include jobs that are placed overseas initially or the collateral impact on surrounding businesses when , for example , a manufacturing plant moves overseas . During 2011 , there were 98,379 workers covered by petitions filed with ETA . The figure was 280,873 in 2010 , 201,053 in 2009 and 126,633 in 2008 . Historical unemployment rate charts ( edit ) The estimated U.S. Unemployment rate from 1800 to 1890 . All data are estimates based on data compiled by Lebergott . See limitations section below regarding how to interpret unemployment statistics in self - employed , agricultural economies . See image info for complete data . The estimated U.S. Unemployment rate from 1890 to 2010 . 1890 -- 1930 data are from Romer ( who modified Lebergott 's work after finding some errors in it ) . 1930 -- 1940 data are from Coen. 1940 -- 2009 data are from Bureau of Labor Statistics . See image info for complete data . See also ( edit ) Bureau of Labor Statistics Economy of the United States Income inequality in the United States Job Creation Index Jobs created during U.S. presidential terms Unemployment benefits in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Unemployment Rate '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 1 - month net change in employment '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ E McGaughey , ' Will Robots Automate Your Job Away ? 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Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg - Cap of $25,000 on Deductions Would Cover 32 % of Tax Cuts '' . Bloomberg. 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Board , The Editorial ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` Opinion - Fast - Food Fight '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama - Fact Sheet '' . Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Economist - The Logical Floor - December 2013 '' . The Economist . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Labor - History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Labor - Minimum Wage Laws in the States - See commentary at bottom of web page '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBO - The Effects of a Minimum - Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income - February 18 , 2014 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Jump up ^ `` Perspectives on Inequality and Opportunity from the Survey of Consumer Finances '' . Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neil Irwin ( September 2014 ) . `` You Ca n't Feed a Family with GDP '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` CBO - Understanding and Responding to Persistently High Unemployment - February 2012 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mathew Klein ( January 2014 ) . `` Is the Jobless Rate Really Falling ? '' ( PDF ) . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Victoria Stilwell ( 20 October 2014 ) . `` Bloomberg - Victoria Stillwell - Secret Job - Market Slack Complicates Fed Rate Decision -- October 20 , 2014 '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBO - The Slow Recovery of the Labor Market -- February 4 , 2014 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Jump up ^ Rampell , Catherine . `` Comparing Jobs in Recessions and Recoveries '' . Economix.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Laura D'Andrea Tyson ( July 2011 ) . `` Jobs Deficit , Investment Deficit , Budget Deficit '' . Economix . NYT . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 7 October 2012 ) . `` Opinion - Truth About Jobs '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Commentary -- Wells Fargo Commercial '' . Wellsfargo.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , The Associated ( 21 February 2013 ) . `` Economic Data Points To a Steady Fed Policy '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Aaronson and Brave ( June 2013 ) . `` Estimating the Trend in Employment Growth '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago . Jump up ^ `` FRED Database - Unemploy and Payems Data Series for January 2010 to May 2013 '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook - Country Comparison : Labor Force '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg - Disabled Americans Shrink Size of U.S. Labor Force - May 2012 '' . Bloomberg. 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Halliday - Unemployment and Mortality : Evidence from the PSID - January 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Ftp.iza.org . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Strully , KW . `` Job loss and health in the U.S. labor market '' . Demography. 46 : 221 -- 46 . doi : 10.1353 / dem. 0.0050 . PMC 2831278 . PMID 21305391 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Is It Possible that Joblessness Could Kill You , But Recessions Could Be Good For Your Health ? '' . Drexel.edu = . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How CBO Estimates the Effects of the Affordable Care Act on the Labor Market : Working Paper 2015 - 09 '' . Cbo.gov. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Employment Projections : 2016 - 26 Summary '' . BLS.gov . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Situation Summary '' . Bls.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ADP - National Employment Report for December 2012 '' . Adpemploymentreport.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Center on Budget and Policy Priorities - Statement on December Employment Report '' . Cbpp.org . January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook : Fiscal Years 2012 to 2022 -- August 2012 '' ( PDF ) . CBO . Jump up ^ Wells Fargo Economics - 2013 Economic Outlook - December 2013 Jump up ^ `` DOL - Employment and Training Administration - Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers Fiscal Year 2011 Report to the Committee on Finance of the Senate and Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives - Page 4 - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Doleta.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DOL - Employment and Training Administration - Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers Fiscal Year 2010 Report to the Committee on Finance of the Senate and Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives - Page 4 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Doleta.gov . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Employment and Training Administration . `` Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers Fiscal Year 2009 Report to the Committee on Finance of the Senate and Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . DOL . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Stanley Lebergott ( 1964 ) . Manpower in Economic Growth : The American Record since 1800 . Pages 164 -- 190 . New York : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Christina Romer ( 1986 ) . `` Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data '' , The Journal of Political Economy , 94 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Coen ( 1973 ) . `` Labor Force and Unemployment in the 1920s and 1930s : A Re-Examination Based on Postwar Experience '' , The Review of Economics and Statistics , 55 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics , Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population , 1940 to date . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Comparability '' ( 2006 ) . Employment and Earnings . Household Data Explanatory Notes , February 2006 . References ( edit ) E McGaughey , ' Will Robots Automate Your Job Away ? Full Employment , Basic Income , and Economic Democracy ' ( 2018 ) SSRN , part 2 DH Autor , ' Why Are There Still So Many Jobs ? The History and Future of Workplace Automation ' ( 2015 ) 29 ( 3 ) Journal of Economic Perspectives 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unemployment in the United States . Graphs and data BLS Chartbook on Employment Measures -- December 2016 Bloomberg - Fed Chair Janet Yellen 's Employment Dashboard - August 2015 Bureau of Labor Statistics US Unemployment Data -- Current and historical unemployment data by various demographics Historical US Unemployment Rate Chart -- interactive chart for U.S. unemployment rate data -- 1948 to present including subcategories BLS - Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey - October 2013 FRB Atlanta - Labor Force Participation Dynamics - Interactive Data Other resources Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis -- Making Sense of Unemployment Data -- February , 2016 Summers , Lawrence H. ( 2008 ) . `` Unemployment '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . ISBN 978 - 0865976658 . OCLC 237794267 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Unemployment Benefits Comparison By State Looking for Work : A History of Unemployment -- an hour - long history public radio program exploring U.S. unemployment over more than three centuries Ben Bernanke - Recent Developments in the Labor Market -- March 2012 NYT Graphic - Pay and Productivity Trends 1947 to Present Monthly Labor Review - The Compensation - Productivity Gap : A Visual Essay - January 2011 Demos - Why is Washington Reducing the Deficit Instead of Creating Jobs ? -- December 2012 Economic Policy Institute - State of Working America 12th Edition - 2012 BLS Economists Moncarz and Wolf : Service - providing occupations , offshoring and the labor market - Monthly Labor Review - December 2008 Wells Fargo Economics - 2013 Economics Outlook - December 2013 Center on Budget and Policy Priorities - December 2012 Jobs Report President 's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness - Interim Report - October 2011 Economic Report of the President -- Chapter 4 -- Jobs , Workers and Skills McKinsey Global Institute - An Economy that Works , Job Creation and America 's Future - June 2011 Congressional Research Service -- The Increase in Unemployment Since 2007 -- Is it Cyclical or Structural ? - April 2011 United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unemployment_in_the_United_States&oldid=842806824 '' Categories : Unemployment in the United States Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Español Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 20 : 21 . About Wikipedia | when did the us have the highest unemployment rate | [
"During the 1940s, the U.S Department of Labor, specifically the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), began collecting employment information via monthly household surveys. Other data series are available back to 1912. The unemployment rate has varied from as low as 1% during World War I to as high as 25% during the Great Depression. More recently, it reached peaks of 10.8% in November 1982 and 10.0% in October 2009. Unemployment tends to rise during recessions and fall during expansions. From 1948 to 2015, unemployment averaged about 5.8%. There is always some unemployment, with persons changing jobs and new entrants to the labor force searching for jobs. This is referred to as frictional unemployment. For this reason, the Federal Reserve targets the natural rate of unemployment or NAIRU, which was around 5% in 2015. A rate of unemployment below this level would be consistent with rising inflation in theory, as a shortage of workers would bid wages (and thus prices) upward.[17]"
] | [
"the Great Depression"
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3170762753229611763 | Jerry Douglas (actor) | Jerry Douglas ( actor ) - wikipedia Jerry Douglas ( actor ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( January 2018 ) Jerry Douglas Gerald Rubenstein ( 1932 - 11 - 12 ) November 12 , 1932 ( age 85 ) Chelsea , Massachusetts , United States Occupation Actor Spouse ( s ) Arlene Martel ( m . 1962 ; div. 1973 ) Kymberly Bankier ( m . 1985 ) Children Jerry Douglas ( born November 12 , 1932 ) is an American television and film actor . For 25 years Jerry Douglas reigned in fictional Genoa City as patriarch John Abbott on the daytime television serial The Young and the Restless . In 2006 , his character was killed off , however , he has made special appearances since then . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Personal life 2 Later years 3 References 4 External links Early life ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Jerry Douglas '' actor -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Douglas was born as Gerald Rubenstein in Chelsea , Massachusetts to Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe . Raised in Chelsea , Massachusetts , he attended Brandeis University to earn a degree in economics . Eight months into law school in Manhattan , he gave up the books and started auditioning . However , his lack of training frustrated him , and he eventually moved with his first wife , actress Arlene Martel , and their daughter Avra , to California . Personal life ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Jerry Douglas '' actor -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Settling in the San Fernando Valley , Douglas sold insurance by day and took acting classes at night . Although he still struggled , he received encouragement after appearing in the play , John Brown 's Body . For several years , Douglas appeared on TV shows like Mission : Impossible and The Feather and Father Gang , often playing the villain . At the same time , Martel decided to move herself and their two children -- Avra and Jodaman , to Carmel . They eventually divorced . He remarried , to Kymberly Bankier , whom he met at a Muscular Dystrophy Association event . They have been married since April 6 , 1985 and have a young son , Hunter . Later years ( edit ) In March 2006 , after 25 years on the show , Douglas departed The Young and The Restless in a storyline - dictated exit revolving around his character 's involvement in the Tom Fisher murder case . Jerry Douglas claims that former headwriter of The Young and The Restless , Lynn Marie Latham , killed his character because she could not understand why a man would run a cosmetics company . He continued to recur on the show for the next few months and was put back on contract with the show in June to play his now deceased character 's ghost . He left the show for good on August 18 , but continues to make appearances once in a while . In March 2008 he began appearing as a new character Alistair Wallingford , a drunken hack actor involved in a gaslighting plot , but was written out a few months later . In 2007 , Douglas released a CD , The Best Is Yet to Come , a collection of jazz standards , and is performing around the United States and Canada . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` JERRY DOUGLAS - GENOA CITY PATRIARCH '' . BlogTalkRadio . External links ( edit ) Jerry Douglas on IMDb VIAF : 250740134 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Douglas_(actor)&oldid=844203749 '' Categories : 1932 births American male soap opera actors American male television actors Brandeis University alumni Jewish American male actors Living people People from Chelsea , Massachusetts People from the Greater Los Angeles Area Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards No local image but image on Wikidata BLP articles lacking sources from January 2018 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 10 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played john abbott on the young and the restless | [
"Jerry Douglas (born November 12, 1932) is an American television and film actor. For 25 years Jerry Douglas reigned in fictional Genoa City as patriarch John Abbott on the daytime television serial The Young and the Restless. In 2006, his character was killed off, however, he has made special appearances since then."
] | [
"Jerry Douglas"
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6207890877132628045 | Money in the Bank (2018) | Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) - wikipedia Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) Promotional poster featuring Nia Jax and Ronda Rousey Tagline ( s ) The Irresistible Force Meets The Baddest Woman on the Planet Theme song ( s ) `` Money in the Bank '' by Jim Johnston Information Promotion WWE Brand ( s ) Raw SmackDown Sponsor ( s ) Gold Bond Ultimate WWE Champions Date June 17 , 2018 Attendance 15,214 Venue Allstate Arena City Rosemont , Illinois WWE Network event chronology NXT TakeOver : Chicago II Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) United Kingdom Championship Tournament ( 2018 ) Money in the Bank chronology Money in the Bank ( 2017 ) Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) Money in the Bank ( 2018 ) was a professional wrestling pay - per - view ( PPV ) event and WWE Network event , produced by WWE for their Raw and SmackDown brands . It took place on June 17 , 2018 , at the Allstate Arena in the Chicago suburb of Rosemont , Illinois . It was the ninth event under the Money in the Bank chronology . The card comprised eleven matches , including one match on the pre-show . In the main event , Braun Strowman won the titular ladder match on the men 's side , while Alexa Bliss won the women 's ladder match . Bliss cashed in her contract later in the night to win the Raw Women 's Championship from Nia Jax after causing a disqualification in the previous title match between Ronda Rousey and Jax . On the undercard , AJ Styles retained the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura in a Last Man Standing match , and Carmella retained the SmackDown Women 's Championship against Asuka with help from the returning James Ellsworth . Contents 1 Production 1.1 Background 1.2 Storylines 1.2. 1 Raw 1.2. 2 SmackDown 2 Event 2.1 Pre-show 2.2 Preliminary matches 2.3 Main event 3 Results 4 References 5 External links Production Background WWE 's Money in the Bank pay - per - view event centers around a match of the same name , in which multiple wrestlers use ladders to retrieve a briefcase hanging above the ring . The briefcase contains a contract that guarantees the winner a match for a world championship at any time within the next year . The contracts for 2018 specifically granted the male and female winners a match for the world championship of their respective brand . The 2018 event included two ladder matches , one for male wrestlers and one for females , each having eight participants , evenly divided between the Raw and SmackDown brands . Male wrestlers competed for a contract to grant them a match for either Raw 's Universal Championship or SmackDown 's WWE Championship , while female wrestlers competed for a contract to grant them a match for either the Raw Women 's Championship or SmackDown Women 's Championship . Storylines The card originally comprised ten matches , including one on the pre-show , that resulted from scripted storylines with results predetermined by WWE on the Raw and SmackDown brands . An impromptu eleventh match was added during the show . Storylines were produced on WWE 's weekly television shows , Monday Night Raw and SmackDown Live . Raw Qualification matches for the men 's ladder match began on May 7 on Raw . Braun Strowman defeated Kevin Owens to qualify , while Finn Bálor qualified by defeating Sami Zayn and Roman Reigns in a triple threat match , after Jinder Mahal interfered and attacked Reigns . The following week , further triple threat matches yielded two more participants : Bobby Roode defeated Baron Corbin and No Way Jose , while Owens ( standing in for Mahal , who had been injured by Reigns ) defeated Elias and Bobby Lashley after Zayn interfered and attacked Lashley . Qualification matches for the women 's ladder match also began on May 7 , with Ember Moon defeating Sasha Banks and Ruby Riott in a triple threat match to qualify . The following week , Alexa Bliss defeated Bayley and Mickie James in a triple threat match to qualify . The following week , Natalya defeated Sarah Logan , Liv Morgan , and Dana Brooke in a fatal four - way match to qualify . The final qualification match occurred on the May 28 episode of Raw , where Banks defeated Bayley , Brooke , James , Logan , Morgan , and Riott in a seven - woman gauntlet match to earn the final spot . During the NBCUniversal Upfront event on May 14 , Ronda Rousey was interviewed by Cathy Kelley . Raw Women 's Champion Nia Jax interrupted the interview and challenged Rousey to a match at Money in the Bank , putting her title on the line . Rousey accepted the challenge . The following week , both Rousey and Jax signed the contract for their match. . The following week , Jax demonstrated on an amateur wrestler that she would counter Rousey 's armbar and perform a powerbomb . On the May 7 episode of Raw , Jinder Mahal cost Roman Reigns a chance to qualify for the Money in the Bank ladder match . The following week , Reigns attacked Mahal backstage and speared him through a wall . On the May 21 episode of Raw , after Reigns and Seth Rollins defeated Mahal and Kevin Owens , Mahal attacked Reigns with a chair . A match between the two was scheduled for Money in the Bank . During a tag team match on the April 23 episode of Raw , Bobby Lashley performed a one - handed suspended vertical suplex on Sami Zayn , which Zayn claimed gave him vertigo and why he missed the Greatest Royal Rumble . At Backlash , Lashley and Braun Strowman defeated Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn . During an interview on the May 7 episode , Lashley spoke dearly about his family , including his three sisters . In response , Zayn said that Lashley was not a nice guy and promised to bring out Lashley 's sisters to tell the truth . On the May 21 episode , three men dressed up as Lashley 's sisters accused Lashley of violence . Lashley interrupted the segment and attacked the imposters along with Zayn . The following week , a match between the two was made for Money in the Bank . On the May 28 episode of Raw , Seth Rollins interrupted Elias , who was once again trying to sing for the crowd , and forced him to leave . After Rollins 's match , Elias smashed a guitar on his back . On May 31 , a match between the two for the Intercontinental Championship was made for Money in the Bank . SmackDown Qualifications for the men 's ladder match continued on SmackDown on May 8 . The Miz and Rusev qualified for the match by defeating Jeff Hardy and Daniel Bryan , respectively . The following week , Big E and Xavier Woods of The New Day defeated Cesaro and Sheamus in a tag team match , allowing one member of New Day to qualify . Samoa Joe secured the final spot by defeating Big Cass and Daniel Bryan in a triple threat match on the May 29 episode of SmackDown . Qualifications for the women 's ladder match also continued on the May 8 episode , with Charlotte Flair qualified over Peyton Royce . The following week , Becky Lynch defeated Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville in a triple threat match to qualify . On the May 15 episode , Lana and Naomi qualified for the match by defeating Billie Kay and Deville , respectively . At WrestleMania 34 , AJ Styles defeated Shinsuke Nakamura to retain the WWE Championship . After the match , Nakamura attacked Styles with a low blow , turning heel in the process . The two continued to feud through Greatest Royal Rumble and Backlash with their matches ending in draws . SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon scheduled a fourth match for Money in the Bank and promised there would a decisive winner . On the May 15 episode of SmackDown , Nakamura earned the right to choose a stipulation for the match by defeating Styles . The following week , Nakamura attacked Styles with a Kinshasa at ringside and chose a Last Man Standing match . Big Cass and Daniel Bryan had begun feuding after Cass returned from injury during the 2018 WWE Superstar Shake - up . Cass had attacked Bryan on SmackDown and eliminated him from the Greatest Royal Rumble match . Bryan then defeated Cass at Backlash , but was attacked by his opponent after the match . Bryan returned the favor on the May 15 episode of SmackDown and a house show in Germany . By injuring Cass ' leg , Bryan not only cost him his spot in an upcoming Money in the Bank qualifying match against Samoa Joe , but secured that spot for himself by defeating Jeff Hardy on the May 22 episode of SmackDown . However , when Cass returned from injury in time , the match was turned into the aforementioned triple threat match , won by Joe . After the match , Cass attacked Bryan again . On June 2 , another match between the two was made for Money in the Bank . On the May 15 episode of SmackDown , SmackDown Women 's Champion Carmella celebrated her championship reign . SmackDown General Manager Paige interrupted Carmella and scheduled a title match between her and Asuka for Money in the Bank . On the May 22 episode of SmackDown , Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson defeated The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) to become the number one contenders to face The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship at Money in the Bank . The match was scheduled for the Money in the Bank pre-show . Event Other on - screen personnel Role : Name : English commentators Michael Cole ( Raw / Men 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Corey Graves ( all matches ) Jonathan Coachman ( Raw / Women 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Tom Phillips ( SmackDown / Women 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Byron Saxton ( SmackDown / Men 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Spanish commentators Carlos Cabrera Marcelo Rodríguez German commentators Tim Haber Calvin Knie Ring announcers Greg Hamilton ( SmackDown / Men 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) JoJo ( Raw / Women 's Money In The Bank Ladder Match ) Referees Danilo Anfibio Jason Ayers Mike Chioda John Cone Dan Engler Chad Patton Charles Robinson Rod Zapata Interviewers Charly Caruso Pre-show panel Renee Young Booker T Peter Rosenberg David Otunga Pre-show During the pre-show , The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson . Harper and Rowan performed The Reckoning on Gallows to retain the title . Preliminary matches The actual pay - per - view opened with Daniel Bryan facing Big Cass . In the climax , Bryan performed a running high knee on Cass and forced him to submit with a heel hook . Next , Bobby Lashley faced Sami Zayn . In the climax , Lashley performed three delayed vertical suplexes on Zayn for the pinfall . After that , Seth Rollins defended the Intercontinental Championship against Elias . In the end , Rollins pinned Elias with a schoolboy whilst holding Elias 's tights to retain the title . In the fifth match , Ember Moon , Charlotte Flair , Alexa Bliss , Becky Lynch , Natalya , Naomi , Lana , and Sasha Banks competed in the Women 's Money in the Bank match . In the end , Lynch attempted to retrieve the briefcase only for Bliss to push the ladder causing Lynch to fall . Bliss ascended the ladder to retrieve the briefcase to win the match . Next , Roman Reigns faced Jinder Mahal , who was accompanied by an injured Sunil Singh in a wheelchair . Singh pushed Reigns into the ring post , proving his injury was fake . During the match , Reigns performed a superman punch and a spear on Singh . In the end , Reigns performed a spear on Mahal for the win . Next , Carmella defended the SmackDown Women 's Championship against Asuka . In the end , Asuka was distracted by a person masquerading as her . The masked figure revealed as a returning James Ellsworth . Carmella took advantage of the distraction and performed a Princess Kick on Asuka to retain the title . After that , AJ Styles defended the WWE Championship against Shinsuka Nakamura in a Last Man Standing match . Early in the match , Nakamura countered Styles ' Phenomenal Forearm by kicking Styles 's leg . On top of a broadcast table , Nakamura performed a Kinshasa on Styles , however , Styles stood up at a nine count . Nakamura threw Styles through a table , which was positioned in the corner in the ring , only for Styles to stand at a nine count . Styles began to target Nakamura 's leg and applied the Calf Crusher on Nakamura . Styles struck Nakamura with a chair , however , Nakamura retaliated with a low blow ; Styles stood at an eight count . At ringside , Nakamura performed a Kinshasa on Styles , who stood at a nine count . Styles performed a Phenomenal Forearm off an announce table and a Styles Clash on Nakamura off the steel steps , with Nakamura standing at a nine count . In the end , Styles attacked Nakamura with a low blow and performed a Phenomenal Forearm on Nakamura through a broadcast table . Nakamura could not stand by a ten count , thus Styles won the match and retained the title . Next , Nia Jax defended the Raw Women 's Championship against Ronda Rousey . In the end , as Rousey applied the armbar on Jax , Alexa Bliss appeared and attacked Rousey with her Money in the Bank briefcase causing a disqualification . Jax was disqualified , but retained her title . Bliss further attacked Rousey and Jax and then cashed in her Money in the Bank contract and performed a snap DDT and Twisted Bliss to win the title for a third time . Main event The main event was the men 's Money in the Bank ladder match involving Braun Strowman , Finn Bálor , The Miz , Rusev , Bobby Roode , Kevin Owens , Samoa Joe , and one member of The New Day , revealed to be Kofi Kingston . All of the participants attacked Strowman , and buried him underneath a pile of ladders . Strowman later recovered and attacked Bálor and Kingston . Joe , Owens , and Rusev placed Strowman on a table , with Owens climbing a large ladder to leap unto Strowman . Strowman broke free , climbed the ladder , and threw Owens through two tables . Joe attacked Strowman with a ladder . Bálor performed a Coup de Grâce on Roode off a ladder . Bálor ascended the ladder and attempted to retrieve the briefcase , only to be stopped by Strowman . Strowman then performed running powerslams on both Miz and Joe . In the end , as Bálor and Strowman ascended the ladder , Kingston jumped unto Strowman 's back . Strowman pushed both opponents off and retrieved the briefcase to win the match . Results No . Results Stipulations Times The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) ( c ) defeated Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson Tag team match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship 7 : 00 Daniel Bryan defeated Big Cass by submission Singles match 16 : 19 Bobby Lashley defeated Sami Zayn Singles match 6 : 35 Seth Rollins ( c ) defeated Elias Singles match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship 17 : 00 5 Alexa Bliss defeated Becky Lynch , Charlotte Flair , Ember Moon , Lana , Naomi , Natalya , and Sasha Banks Money in the Bank ladder match for a women 's championship match contract 18 : 30 6 Roman Reigns defeated Jinder Mahal ( with Sunil Singh ) Singles match 15 : 44 7 Carmella ( c ) defeated Asuka Singles match for the WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship 11 : 10 8 AJ Styles ( c ) defeated Shinsuke Nakamura Last Man Standing match for the WWE Championship 31 : 15 9 Ronda Rousey defeated Nia Jax ( c ) by disqualification Singles match for the WWE Raw Women 's Championship 11 : 05 10 Alexa Bliss defeated Nia Jax ( c ) Singles match for the WWE Raw Women 's Championship This was Bliss ' Money in the Bank cash - in match 0 : 35 11 Braun Strowman defeated Bobby Roode , Finn Bálor , Kevin Owens , Kofi Kingston , Rusev , Samoa Joe , and The Miz Money in the Bank ladder match for a world championship match contract 19 : 53 ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match P -- indicates the match took place on the pre-show References Jump up ^ `` WWE Money In The Bank 2018 `` Events Database `` CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database '' . www.cagematch.net . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Money in the Bank 2018 tickets available this Friday '' . WWE . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shields , Brian ; Sullivan , Kevin ( 2009 ) . WWE : History of WrestleMania . p. 59 . Jump up ^ Grabianowski , Ed . `` How Pro Wrestling Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Discovery Communications . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live & Televised Entertainment '' . WWE . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Vince ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Vince McMahon on Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` WWE 's ' Smackdown ' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Roman Reigns vs. Finn Balor vs. Sami Zayn in a Men 's Money in the Bank qualifier , Sasha Banks vs. Ember Moon vs. Ruby Riott in a Women 's Money in the Bank qualifier '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Seth Rollins vs. Kevin Owens for the Intercontinental Championship , Baron Corbin vs. Bobby Roode vs. No Way Jose in a Men 's MITB qualifier , Alexa Bliss vs. Bayley vs. Mickie James in a Women 's MITB qualifier '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Kurt Angle opens with `` huge announcements '' , Sami Zayn and Bobby Lashley 's sisters , WWE Money in the Bank build continues `` . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Seth Rollins vs. Jinder Mahal for the Intercontinental Championship , Gauntlet match for the final spot in the Women 's Money in the Bank match '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : WWE Universal Champion Brock Lesnar returns for the final push for the WWE Greatest Royal Rumble '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : Roman Reigns addresses the controversy over the finish to his cage match with Brock Lesnar , the final Raw push for WWE Backlash '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Backlash live review : AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura in a No DQ match for the WWE Championship , Roman Reigns vs. Samoa Joe , Carmella vs. Charlotte Flair for the Smackdown Women 's Championship , Daniel Bryan vs. Big Cass '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam . `` Seth Rollins vs. Elias for the Intercontinental Championship added to WWE MITB PPV '' . WrestleView . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Jake . `` 5 / 8 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Daniel Bryan vs. Rusev , Charlotte vs. Peyton Royce , and The Miz vs. Jeff Hardy in Money in the Bank qualifying matches '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 5 / 15 Powell 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the right to pick the stipulation for their match at MITB , Andrade Almas and Zelina Vega debut , New Day vs. Sheamus and Cesaro for a spot in the MITB match '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Jake . `` 5 / 29 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Daniel Bryan vs. Samoa Joe in a Money in the Bank match qualifier , New Day vs. The Miz , Sheamus , and Cesaro , Shinsuke Nakamura vs. Tye Dillinger , Naomi and Lana dance contest '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Jake . `` 5 / 22 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Daniel Bryan vs. Jeff Hardy for the right to face Samoa Joe in a MITB qualifier , Miz TV with New Day , Billie Kay vs. Lana , and Naomi vs. Sonya Deville in MITB match qualifiers '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WrestleMania 34 live review : AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship , Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE Universal Championship , Charlotte Flair vs. Asuka for the Smackdown Women 's Championship , Ronda Rousey and Kurt Angle vs. Triple H and Stephanie McMahon '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Greatest Royal Rumble live review : 50 - man Royal Rumble match , Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns in a cage match for the WWE Universal Championship , AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship , John Cena vs. Triple H , Undertaker vs. Rusev in a casket match '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam . `` Shane McMahon books AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship at MITB '' . WrestleView . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big Cass helped off by WWE officials in Munich , Germany during WWE Live '' . WWE . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( June 2 , 2018 ) . `` Daniel Bryan vs. Big Cass announced for MITB PPV , Updated card for PPV on June 17 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam . `` MITB Title Match moved to Kickoff Show , WWE looks at Xavier Woods vs. Kenny Omega at E3 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Money in the Bank 2018 Kickoff Show live notes : Bludgeon Brothers vs. Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson for the Smackdown Tag Titles '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Money in the Bank live review : Two MITB ladder matches , AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura in a Last Man Standing match for the WWE Championship , Nia Jax vs. Ronda Rousey for the Raw Women 's Championship '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Bludgeon Brothers def . Luke Gallows & Karl Anderson ( Kickoff Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Daniel Bryan def . Big Cass '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Bobby Lashley def . Sami Zayn '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Intercontinental Champion Seth Rollins def . Elias '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Alexa Bliss won the Women 's Money in the Bank Ladder Match '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Roman Reigns def . Jinder Mahal '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` SmackDown Women 's Champion Carmella def . Asuka '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Champion AJ Styles def . Shinsuke Nakamura ( Last Man Standing Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ronda Rousey def . Raw Women 's Champion Nia Jax via Disqualification ; Alexa Bliss cashed in her Money in the Bank contract on Nia to become the new Raw Women 's Champion '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Braun Strowman won the Men 's Money in the Bank Ladder Match '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . External links Professional wrestling portal Money in the Bank Official Website ← 2017 2018 ( 2018 ) WWE Network events WWE Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania 34 Greatest Royal Rumble Backlash Money in the Bank United Kingdom Championship Tournament Extreme Rules SummerSlam Hell in a Cell Super Show - Down Evolution Survivor Series TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs NXT TakeOver : Philadelphia TakeOver : New Orleans TakeOver : Chicago II TakeOver : Brooklyn 4 TakeOver : WarGames II WWE pay - per - view and WWE Network events Money in the Bank 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Current Royal Rumble ( 1989 -- present ) Elimination Chamber ( 2010 -- 2015 , 2017 -- present ) Fastlane ( 2015 -- present ) WrestleMania ( 1985 -- present ) Greatest Royal Rumble ( 2018 -- present ) Backlash ( 1999 -- 2009 , 2016 -- present ) Money in the Bank ( 2010 -- present ) United Kingdom Championship Tournament ( 2017 -- present ) Extreme Rules ( 2009 -- present ) SummerSlam ( 1988 -- present ) Hell in a Cell ( 2009 -- present ) Super Show - Down ( 2018 -- present ) Evolution ( 2018 -- present ) Survivor Series ( 1987 -- present ) TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs ( 2009 -- present ) NXT TakeOver ( 2014 -- present ) Former The Wrestling Classic ( 1985 ) No Holds Barred ( 1989 ) This Tuesday in Texas ( 1991 ) One Night Only ( 1997 ) Capital Carnage ( 1998 ) In Your House ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Over the Edge ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Fully Loaded ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Invasion ( 2001 ) Rebellion ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Insurrextion ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Bad Blood ( 1997 , 2003 -- 2004 ) Taboo Tuesday ( 2004 -- 2005 ) December to Dismember ( 2006 ) New Year 's Revolution ( 2005 -- 2007 ) One Night Stand ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Unforgiven ( 1998 -- 2008 ) Cyber Sunday ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Armageddon ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 2008 ) Judgment Day ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 ) The Great American Bash ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Breaking Point ( 2009 ) Fatal 4 - Way ( 2010 ) Bragging Rights ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Capitol Punishment ( 2011 ) Vengeance ( 2001 -- 2007 , 2011 ) Over the Limit ( 2010 -- 2012 ) No Way Out ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 , 2012 ) NXT Arrival ( 2014 ) King of the Ring ( 1993 -- 2002 , 2015 ) The Beast in the East ( 2015 ) Live from Madison Square Garden ( 2015 ) Night of Champions ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Cruiserweight Classic Finale ( 2016 ) Roadblock ( 2016 ) United Kingdom Championship Special ( 2017 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 2017 ) Battleground ( 2013 -- 2017 ) No Mercy ( 1999 -- 2008 , 2016 -- 2017 ) Payback ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Mae Young Classic Finale ( 2017 ) Clash of Champions ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money_in_the_Bank_(2018)&oldid=855838159 '' Categories : 2018 WWE Network events WWE Money in the Bank Professional wrestling in the Chicago metropolitan area 2018 in Illinois 2018 WWE pay - per - view events Events in Chicago June 2018 events in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano עברית Polski Português ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 05 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the smackdown tag team champions at money in the bank | [
"During the pre-show, The Bludgeon Brothers (Harper and Rowan) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson. Harper and Rowan performed The Reckoning on Gallows to retain the title.[26]\n"
] | [
"The Bludgeon Brothers"
] |
7157493340138372110 | The Royal Bank of Scotland £1 note | The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 note - wikipedia The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 note One pound ( United Kingdom ) Value £ 1 Width 128 mm Height 65 mm Security features Raised print , metallic thread , watermark , microlettering , UV feature Paper type Cotton Years of printing 1727 -- present 1987 -- present ( current design ) Obverse Design Lord Ilay Design date Reverse Design Edinburgh Castle Design date The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 note is a banknote of the pound sterling . It is the smallest denomination of banknote issued by The Royal Bank of Scotland . The current cotton note , first issued in 1987 bears an image of Lord Ilay , one of the founders of the bank , on the obverse and a vignette of Edinburgh Castle on the reverse . The £ 1 note is currently the smallest denomination of banknote issued by The Royal Bank of Scotland . The bank ceased regular production of £ 1 notes in 2001 ; the denomination is still in circulation although rarely seen in cash transactions today . Contents 1 History 2 Designs 2.1 Commemorative £ 1 notes 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : Banknotes of Scotland and Banknotes of the pound sterling In common with a number of other banks in Scotland , the Royal Bank of Scotland has retained the right to issue its own banknotes . It first issued notes in 1727 , the same year the bank was founded . The issuing of banknotes by Scottish banks was formerly regulated by the Banknote ( Scotland ) Act 1845 until it was superseded by the Banking Act 2009 . Though strictly not legal tender in Scotland , Scottish banknotes are nevertheless legal currency and are generally accepted throughout the United Kingdom . Scottish banknotes are fully backed such that holders have the same level of protection as those holding genuine Bank of England notes . In 1727 , the Royal Bank of Scotland began issuing twenty - shilling notes ( equivalent to £ 1 ) . Early banknotes were monochrome , and printed on one side only . The first twenty - shilling notes were dated 8 December 1727 and were hand - signed by a bank cashier and given a unique number . The cashier also added by hand the equivalent value in old Scots pounds -- a currency that had been abolished 20 years earlier in the Acts of Union 1707 which united the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain . Twenty shillings was equivalent to £ 12 Scots . The bank continued the custom of including the value in old Scots pounds until 1792 to encourage acceptance of its banknotes . This series of banknotes was also the first British banknote to have a royal portrait , as they featured a vignette of King George II , who had ascended to the British throne earlier that year . At the time , printing portraits was a difficult and expensive process , and including a likeness of the King served as an effective anti-counterfeiting device . The banknotes were held at the bank in bound bundles , similar to modern cheque books . When issued , the cashier would cut the note out with a wavy line ; when the note was later presented for payment , a bank clerk would verify that the note was not a counterfeit note by comparing the cut edge of the note against the shape of the counterfoil and also by checking that the serial number on the note and the counterfoil concurred . The Royal Bank 's 1826 issue of the £ 1 note displayed much more intricate detail as printing processes were improved by the introduction of steel plates , and it the first British banknote to be printed on both sides . This issue featured a portrait of King George IV , and this was the last standard - issue Royal Bank of Scotland banknote to depict a reigning monarch . It was also issued after the controversy of the Bankers ( Scotland ) Act 1826 , in which the British government attempted unsuccessfully to prohibit the issue of low - value banknotes . The Royal Bank of Scotland 's 1832 issue of £ 1 notes established the design for all the bank 's £ 1 note issues for 136 years . It featured the bank 's name surmounted by the Royal Arms of Scotland , in which the heraldic supporters of The Lion and the Unicorn flanked a portrait of King George I , commemorating his royal assent for the formation of the bank in 1727 . The note also featured illustrations of the allegorical figures of Britannia , looking out over the seas , and Plenty , holding a cornucopia . This design remained unchanged until 1968 , with only minor alterations . In 1968 , the Royal Bank 's £ 1 note design underwent its first major change to match the 1966 £ 5 note issue . For the first time , Royal Bank notes no longer bore a royal portrait ; instead , they bore an illustration of the industrialist David Dale , who had been a joint cashier of the bank 's first Glasgow office . It was also the Royal Bank 's first full - colour note , and bore the bank 's coat of arms and included a steel security strip . The Dale Series was short - lived ; in 1969 , the National Commercial Bank of Scotland merged with The Royal Bank of Scotland , and a new Interim series of notes was issued , combining designs of the banknotes from the two institutions . These notes were the first Royal Bank notes to conform to the banknote colour conventions across the UK , so that all £ 1 notes were coloured green . The front of the note featured the coat of arms of the Royal Bank of Scotland , and on the reverse was an illustration of the Forth Road Bridge . In 1987 , the Royal Bank issued its Ilay series of banknotes , named after Lord Ilay , first governor of the bank , whose portrait appears on the front of all the notes . The illustration is based on a 1744 portrait painting of Lord Ilay by Allan Ramsay . Other common design elements include the bank 's coat of arms and logo , the facade of Dundas House , the bank 's headquarters in Edinburgh , a pattern representing the ceiling of the headquarters ' banking hall , and an image of Lord Ilay as watermark . All of the Ilay series notes feature a castle on the back . On the reverse of the £ 1 note is an image of Edinburgh Castle and the National Gallery of Scotland . £ 1 notes are now rarely used . The Royal Bank was the last bank in Scotland to issue £ 1 notes , and stopped production in 2001 . In 2015 , a new series of polymer banknote was introduced by the Royal Bank , replacing its Ilay series £ 5 and £ 10 notes . Designs ( edit ) Note First issued Colour Size Design Additional information George II 1727 Black King George II Value of twenty shillings George IV 1826 Black King George IV George I 1832 Black King George I Dale 1968 Green Front : David Dale ; Back : Dundas House Interim 1968 Green Front : Royal Bank coat of arms ; Back : Forth Road Bridge Ilay Green 128 × 65 mm Front : Lord Ilay ; Back : Edinburgh Castle Information taken from The Committee of Scottish Bankers website . Design elements on the Ilay Series £ 1 note Lord Ilay portrait ( Allan Ramsay , 1744 ) Edinburgh Castle and the National Gallery Dundas House , Edinburgh Banking hall ceiling Commemorative £ 1 notes ( edit ) In 1992 , The Royal Bank of Scotland issued the first special commemorative banknote in Britain and in Europe . The first commemorative £ 1 note was issued to mark the European Council Summit that was held in Edinburgh on 8 December 1992 . Since then , the Royal Bank has issued a number of commemorative banknotes , including £ 1 notes , to mark major national events or anniversaries . Date of issue Commemoration Colour Design Additional information European Summit Green Palace of Holyroodhouse and the European flag Europe 's first commemorative banknote Centenary of the death of Robert Louis Stevenson Green Portrait of Stevenson ; a montage of characters and scenes from his books ; Stevenson 's homes in Edinburgh and on Samoa 150th anniversary of the birth of Alexander Graham Bell Purple Montage of telephones , geese , sheep and the phonetic alphabet invented by his father The first banknote in the EU to feature a hologram 1999 Inauguration of the Scottish Parliament Purple General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland ( temporary home of the Parliament ) ; plan of Enric Miralles 's new Scottish Parliament Building ( as yet unbuilt ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Current Banknotes : Royal Bank of Scotland '' . The Committee of Scottish Bankers . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take note : Scottish pounds which are worth a fiver '' . 1 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Banknote History '' . The Committee of Scottish Bankers . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish and Northern Ireland Banknotes Factsheet '' ( PDF ) . Association of Commercial Banknote Issuers . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 20 shilling note from The Royal Bank of Scotland 's first note issue , 1727 RBS Heritage Hub '' . www.rbs.com . Archived from the original on 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` £ 1 note of The Royal Bank of Scotland 1827 RBS Heritage Hub '' . www.rbs.com . Archived from the original on 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Brian ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Malachi Malagrowther and the Scottish banknote '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` £ 1 note of The Royal Bank of Scotland 1914 '' . RBS heritage hub . Royal Bank of Scotland . Archived from the original on 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Bank of Scotland 1 Pound ( 1967 series ) - exchange yours '' . Leftover Currency . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` £ 5 note of The Royal Bank of Scotland , 1966 '' . RBS Heritage Hub . The Royal Bank of Scotland , 1966 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` £ 10 note ' interim series ' , 1969 '' . RBS Heritage Hub . The Royal Bank of Scotland . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Bank of Scotland 1 Pound ( 1969 - 1970 ) - exchange yours '' . Leftover Currency . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Banknotes : 8 things you might not know '' . The Royal Bank of Scotland . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Banknote Design Features : The Royal Bank of Scotland '' . The Committee of Scottish Bankers . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish notes being withdrawn from circulation '' . HeraldScotland. 5 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commemorative notes '' . RBS Heritage Hub . The Royal Bank of Scotland . Archived from the original on 6 April 2018 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Committee of Scottish Bankers website Banknotes of the pound sterling England and Wales Bank of England Current £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 Obsolete 10 / - £ 1 Scotland Bank of Scotland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Clydesdale Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Northern Ireland Bank of Ireland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Danske Bank / Northern Bank Current £ 10 £ 20 Obsolete £ 5 £ 50 £ 100 First Trust Bank £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Ulster Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 British Crown Dependencies Guernsey pound Jersey pound Manx pound British Overseas Territories ( at parity with Sterling ) Gibraltar pound Falkland Islands pound Saint Helena pound See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Economy of the United Kingdom Sterling area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Royal_Bank_of_Scotland_ £ 1_note&oldid = 851312838 '' Categories : Banknotes of Scotland One - base - unit banknotes Royal Bank of Scotland Group Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2017 Use British English from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 12 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did scotland stop using 1 pound notes | [
"The £1 note is currently the smallest denomination of banknote issued by The Royal Bank of Scotland.[1] The bank ceased regular production of £1 notes in 2001; the denomination is still in circulation although rarely seen in cash transactions today.[2]\n"
] | [
"2001"
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7084283825690015967 | Hundred Years' War | Hundred Years ' war - wikipedia Hundred Years ' war Jump to : navigation , search Hundred Years ' War Clockwise , from top left : The Battle of La Rochelle , The Battle of Agincourt , The Battle of Patay , Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans Date 24 May 1337 -- 19 October 1453 Location France , the Low Countries , Great Britain , Iberian peninsula Result French victory House of Valois retains the French throne English claims to the French throne de facto abandoned Strengthening of the French monarchy Rise of nationalistic identities in England and France Decline of chivalry Decline of feudalism Territorial changes France acquired the English continental possessions England retained ownership of the Channel Islands and Calais Belligerents Kingdom of France County of Flanders Duchy of Burgundy Duchy of Brittany Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of Bohemia Duchy of Lorraine Republic of Genoa Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Majorca Avignon Papacy Kingdom of England Principality of Wales Lordship of Ireland Duchy of Aquitaine English Kingdom of France Duchy of Brittany Duchy of Burgundy County of Flanders County of Hainaut Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Navarre Papal States Commanders and leaders Philip VI ( 1337 - 1350 ) John II ( 1350 - 1364 ) Charles V ( 1364 - 1380 ) Charles VI ( 1380 - 1422 ) Charles VII ( 1422 - 1453 ) Edward III ( 1337 - 1377 ) Richard II ( 1377 - 1399 ) Henry IV ( 1399 - 1413 ) Henry V ( 1413 - 1422 ) Henry VI ( 1422 - 1453 ) Hundred Years ' War Edwardian phase ( 1337 -- 60 ) Cadsand Arnemuiden English Channel Sluys Saint - Omer Tournai Bergerac Auberoche Caen Blanchetaque Crécy Calais Neville 's Cross Calais Lunalonge Les Espagnols sur Mer ( Winchelsea ) Saintes Ardres Poitiers Jacquerie Chartres War of the Breton Succession Champtoceaux Vannes Hannebont Brest Morlaix Cadoret Saint - Pol - de-Léon La Roche - Derrien The Thirty Mauron Montmuran Rennes Auray Hundred Years ' War Caroline phase ( 1369 -- 89 ) Cocherel Limoges Pontvallain La Rochelle Chiset Roosebeke Hundred Years ' War Lancastrian phase ( 1415 -- 53 ) Harfleur Agincourt Valmont Rouen 2nd La Rochelle Baugé Meaux Cravant La Brossinière Verneuil St. James Orléans Herrings Loire Jargeau Meung - sur - Loire Beaugency Patay Reims Paris La Charité Compiègne Gerberoy Calais Formigny Castillon Hundred Years ' War Edwardian phase War of the Breton Succession War of the Two Peters Castilian Civil War Caroline phase Despenser 's Crusade 1383 -- 85 Crisis Lancastrian phase Armagnac -- Burgundian conflict Anglo - French wars 1202 -- 04 1213 -- 14 1215 -- 1217 1242 -- 1243 1294 -- 1303 1337 -- 1453 1496 - 98 1512 -- 14 1522 -- 26 1542 -- 46 1557 -- 59 1627 -- 29 1666 -- 67 1689 -- 97 1702 -- 13 1744 -- 48 1754 -- 63 1778 -- 83 1793 -- 1802 1803 -- 1814 1815 The Hundred Years ' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet , rulers of the Kingdom of England , against the House of Valois , rulers of the Kingdom of France , over the succession to the French throne . Each side drew many allies into the war . It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages , in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe . The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline , and the development of strong national identities in both countries . After the Norman conquest of 1066 , the kings of England were vassals of the kings of France for their possessions in France . The French kings had endeavored , over the centuries , to reduce these possessions , to the effect that , roughly , only Gascony was left to the English . The confiscation or threat of confiscating this duchy had been part of French policy to check the growth of English power , particularly whenever the English were at war with the Kingdom of Scotland , an ally of France . In 1316 , a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne . When Charles IV of France , the last king of the senior line of the House of Capet , died without sons in 1328 , his closest male relative was King Edward III of England . Through his mother , Isabella of France , Edward III was the nephew of Charles IV . Isabella claimed the French throne for her son , but the French rejected it , maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right that she did not possess . A French count , Philip of Valois , first cousin of Charles IV in the male line , succeeded to the throne as King Philip VI of France . For about nine years ( 1328 -- 1337 ) , the English had accepted the Valois succession to the French throne , but the interference of the new French king in Edward III 's war against Scotland prompted Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne . Several overwhelming English victories in the war -- especially at Crécy , Poitiers , and Agincourt -- raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph . However , the greater resources of the French monarchy precluded a complete conquest . Starting in 1429 , decisive French victories at Orléans , Patay , Formigny , and Castillon concluded the war in favour of France , with England permanently losing most of its possessions on the continent . Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces : the Edwardian War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) ; the Caroline War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) ; and the Lancastrian War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) . Local conflicts in neighbouring areas , which were contemporarily related to the war , including the War of the Breton Succession ( 1341 -- 1364 ) , the Castilian Civil War ( 1366 -- 1369 ) , the War of the Two Peters ( 1356 -- 1369 ) in Aragon , and the 1383 -- 1385 succession crisis in Portugal , were availed by the parties to advance their agendas . Later historians adopted the term `` Hundred Years ' War '' as a historiography periodization to encompass all of these events , thus constructing the longest military conflict in European history . The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors . By its end , feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops , and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies . Although primarily a dynastic conflict , the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism . The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated , and artillery became important . The war precipitated the creation of the first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire and thus helping to change their role in warfare . With respect to the belligerents , in France , civil wars , deadly epidemics , famines , and bandit free - companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically . English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture . The dissatisfaction of English nobles , resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings , became a factor leading to the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the conflict 1.1 Dynastic turmoil in France : 1314 -- 1328 1.2 The dispute over Guyenne : a problem of sovereignty 2 Beginning of the war : 1337 -- 1360 2.1 Gascony under the King of England 2.2 Franco - Scot alliance 2.3 End of homage 2.4 Outbreak , the English Channel and Brittany 2.5 Battle of Crécy and the taking of Calais 2.6 Battle of Poitiers and the Treaty of Brétigny 2.7 Reims Campaign and Black Monday 3 First peace : 1360 -- 1369 4 French ascendancy under Charles V : 1369 -- 1389 4.1 Aquitaine and Castile 4.2 1373 campaign of John of Gaunt 4.3 English turmoil 4.3. 1 1380 campaign of the Earl of Buckingham 5 Second peace : 1389 -- 1415 6 Resumption of the war under Henry V : 1415 -- 1429 6.1 Burgundy alliance and the seizure of Paris 6.1. 1 Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) 6.1. 2 Treaty of Troyes ( 1420 ) 6.1. 3 Death of Clarence ( 1421 ) 6.2 English success 7 French victory : 1429 -- 1453 7.1 Joan of Arc and French revival 7.2 Henry 's coronations and the desertion of Burgundy 7.3 French resurgence 7.4 Fall of Gascony 7.5 End of the war 8 Significance 8.1 Historical signifiance 8.2 Military significance 9 Timeline 9.1 Battles 10 Important figures 10.1 France 10.2 England 10.3 Burgundy 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Origin of the conflict ( edit ) The root causes of the conflict can be found in the demographic , economic and political crises of 14th century Europe . The outbreak of war was motivated by a gradual rise in tension between the kings of France and England about Gascony , Flanders and Scotland . The dynastic question , which arose due to an interruption of the direct male line of the Capetians , was the official pretext . Dynastic turmoil in France : 1314 -- 1328 ( edit ) Main article : English claims to the French throne The question of female succession to the French throne was raised after the death of Louis X in 1316 . Louis X left only a daughter , and his posthumous son John I lived only a few days . Philip , Count of Poitiers , brother of Louis X , asserted that women were ineligible to succeed to the French throne . Through his political sagacity he won over his adversaries and succeeded to the French throne as Philip V. By the same law that he procured , his daughters were denied the succession , which passed to his younger brother , Charles IV , in 1322 . Philip III King of France r . 1270 -- 1285 Philip IV King of France King of Navarre r . 1285 -- 1314 Charles of France Count of Valois d . 1325 Louis of France Count of Evreux ( 1276 -- 1319 ) Louis X King of France King of Navarre r . 1314 -- 1316 Philip V King of France King of Navarre r . 1316 -- 1322 Charles IV King of France King of Navarre r . 1322 -- 1328 Isabella Edward II King of England Philip VI King of France r . 1328 -- 1350 Philip of Evreux King of Navarre as Philip III r . 1328 - 1343 Joan II Queen of Navarre b . 1312 Joan III of Burgundy b . 1308 Edward III King of England b . 1312 Charles of Évreux King of Navarre as Charles II b . 1332 Philip of Burgundy b . 1323 Charles IV died in 1328 , leaving a daughter and a pregnant wife . If the unborn child was male , he would become king ; if not , Charles left the choice of his successor to the nobles . By proximity of blood , the nearest male relative of Charles IV was his nephew Edward III of England . Edward was the son of Isabella , the sister of the dead Charles IV , but the question arose whether she should be able to transmit a right to inherit that she did not herself possess . The French nobility , moreover , balked at the prospect of being ruled by Isabelle and her lover Roger Mortimer , who were widely suspected of having murdered the previous English king , Edward II . The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the University of Paris decided that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded . Thus the nearest heir through male ancestry was Charles IV 's first cousin , Philip , Count of Valois , and it was decided that he should be crowned Philip VI . In 1340 the Avignon papacy confirmed that under Salic law males should not be able to inherit through their mothers . Eventually , Edward III reluctantly recognized Philip VI and paid him homage for his French fiefs . He made concessions in Guyenne , but reserved the right to reclaim territories arbitrarily confiscated . After that , he expected to be left undisturbed while he made war on Scotland . The dispute over Guyenne : a problem of sovereignty ( edit ) Main article : Capetian - Plantagenet rivalry Further information : Peerage of France Homage of Edward I of England ( kneeling ) to Philip IV of France ( seated ) , 1286 . As Duke of Aquitaine , Edward was also a vassal to the French King . The Anglo - Norman dynasty that had ruled England since the Norman conquest of 1066 was brought to an end when Henry , the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Empress Matilda and great - grandson of William the Conqueror , became the first of the Angevin kings of England in 1154 as Henry II , inaugurating the reign of the House of Anjou . The Angevin kings directly ruled over more French territory than the kings of France . However , they still owed homage for these territories to the French king . From the 11th century onward , the Angevins had autonomy within their French domains , effectively neutralising the issue . John I of England inherited the Angevin domains from Richard I . However , Philip II acted decisively to exploit the weaknesses of John , both legally and militarily , and by 1204 had succeeded in taking control of much of the Angevin continental possessions . Following John 's reign , the Battle of Bouvines ( 1214 ) , the Saintonge War ( 1242 ) , and finally the War of Saint - Sardos ( 1324 ) , the English king 's holdings on the continent , as Duke of Aquitaine ( Guyenne ) , were limited roughly to provinces in Gascony . The dispute over Guyenne is even more important than the dynastic question in explaining the outbreak of the war . Guyenne posed a significant problem to the kings of France and England : Edward III was a vassal of Philip VI of France because of his French possessions and was required to recognize the suzerainty of the King of France over them . In practical terms , a judgment in Guyenne might be subject to an appeal to the French royal court . The King of France had the power to revoke all legal decisions made by the King of England in Aquitaine , which was unacceptable to the English . Therefore , sovereignty over Guyenne was a latent conflict between the two monarchies for several generations . During the War of Saint - Sardos , Charles of Valois , father of Philip VI , invaded Aquitaine on behalf of Charles IV and conquered the duchy after a local insurrection , which the French believed had been incited by Edward II of England . Charles IV grudgingly agreed to return this territory in 1325 . To recover his duchy , Edward II had to compromise : he sent his son , the future Edward III , to pay homage . The King of France agreed to restore Guyenne , minus Agen . But the French delayed the return of the lands , which helped Philip VI . On 6 June 1329 , Edward III finally paid homage to the King of France . However , at the ceremony , Philip VI had it recorded that the homage was not due to the fiefs detached from the duchy of Guyenne by Charles IV ( especially Agen ) . For Edward , the homage did not imply the renunciation of his claim to the extorted lands . Beginning of the war : 1337 -- 1360 ( edit ) Hundred Years ' War Edwardian phase ( 1337 -- 60 ) Cadsand Arnemuiden English Channel Sluys Saint - Omer Tournai Bergerac Auberoche Caen Blanchetaque Crécy Calais Neville 's Cross Calais Lunalonge Les Espagnols sur Mer ( Winchelsea ) Saintes Ardres Poitiers Jacquerie Chartres Main article : Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) Gascony under the King of England ( edit ) France in 1330 . France before 1214 French acquisitions until 1330 England and Guyenne / Gascony as of 1330 In the 11th century , Gascony in southwest France had been incorporated into Aquitaine ( also known as Guyenne or Guienne ) and formed with it the province of Guyenne and Gascony ( French : Guyenne - et - Gascogne ) . The Angevin kings of England became Dukes of Aquitaine after Henry II married the former Queen of France , Eleanor of Aquitaine , in 1152 , from which point the lands were held in vassalage to the French crown . By the 13th century the terms Aquitaine , Guyenne and Gascony were virtually synonymous . At the beginning of Edward III 's reign on 1 February 1327 , the only part of Aquitaine that remained in his hands was the Duchy of Gascony . The term Gascony came to be used for the territory held by the Angevin ( Plantagenet ) Kings of England in southwest France , although they still used the title Duke of Aquitaine . For the first 10 years of Edward III 's reign , Gascony had been a major point of friction . The English argued that , as Charles IV had not acted in a proper way towards his tenant , Edward should be able to hold the duchy free of any French suzerainty . This argument was rejected by the French so in 1329 the 17 - year - old Edward III paid homage to Philip VI . Tradition demanded that vassals approach their liege unarmed with heads bare . Edward protested by attending the ceremony wearing his crown and sword . Even after this pledge of homage the French continued to pressure the English administration . Gascony was not the only sore point . One of Edward 's influential advisers was Robert III of Artois . Robert was an exile from the French court , having fallen out with Philip VI over an inheritance claim . He urged Edward to start a war to reclaim France and was able to provide extensive intelligence on the French court . Franco - Scot alliance ( edit ) See also : Auld Alliance France was an ally of the Scots as English kings had for some time tried to subjugate the area . In 1295 , a treaty was signed between France and Scotland during the reign of Philip the Fair . Charles IV formally renewed the treaty in 1326 , promising Scotland that France would support the Scots if England invaded their country . Similarly , France would have Scotland 's support if its own kingdom was attacked . Edward could not succeed in his plans for Scotland if the Scots could count on French support . Philip VI had assembled a large naval fleet off Marseilles as part of an ambitious plan for a crusade to the Holy Land . However , the plan was abandoned and the fleet , including elements of the Scottish Navy , moved to the English Channel off Normandy in 1336 , threatening England . To deal with this crisis , Edward proposed that the English raise two armies , one to deal with the Scots `` at a suitable time '' , the other to proceed at once to Gascony . At the same time , ambassadors were to be sent to France with a proposed treaty for the French king . End of homage ( edit ) At the end of April 1337 , Philip of France was invited to meet the delegation from England but refused . The arrière - ban , literally a call to arms , was proclaimed throughout France starting on 30 April 1337 . Then , in May 1337 , Philip met with his Great Council in Paris . It was agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine , effectively Gascony , should be taken back into the king 's hands on the grounds that Edward III was in breach of his obligations as vassal and had sheltered the king 's ' mortal enemy ' Robert d'Artois . Edward responded to the confiscation of Aquitaine by challenging Philip 's right to the French throne . When Charles IV died , Edward had made a claim for the succession of the French throne , through the right of his mother Isabella ( Charles IV 's sister ) , daughter of Philip IV . Any claim was considered invalidated by Edward 's homage to Philip VI in 1329 . Edward revived his claim and in 1340 formally assumed the title ' King of France and the French Royal Arms ' . On 26 January 1340 , Edward III formally received homage from Guy , half - brother of the Count of Flanders . The civic authorities of Ghent , Ypres and Bruges proclaimed Edward King of France . Edward 's purpose was to strengthen his alliances with the Low Countries . His supporters would be able to claim that they were loyal to the `` true '' King of France and were not rebels against Philip . In February 1340 , Edward returned to England to try to raise more funds and also deal with political difficulties . Relations with Flanders were also tied to the English wool trade , since Flanders ' principal cities relied heavily on textile production and England supplied much of the raw material they needed . Edward III had commanded that his chancellor sit on the woolsack in council as a symbol of the pre-eminence of the wool trade . At the time there were about 110,000 sheep in Sussex alone . The great medieval English monasteries produced large surpluses of wool that were sold to mainland Europe . Successive governments were able to make large amounts of money by taxing it . France 's sea power led to economic disruptions for England , shrinking the wool trade to Flanders and the wine trade from Gascony . Outbreak , the English Channel and Brittany ( edit ) Battle of Sluys from a manuscript of Froissart 's Chronicles , Bruge , c. 1470 On 22 June 1340 , Edward and his fleet sailed from England and arrived off the Zwyn estuary in the next day . The French fleet assumed a defensive formation off the port of Sluis . The English fleet deceived the French into believing they were withdrawing . When the wind turned in the late afternoon , the English attacked with the wind and sun behind them . The French fleet was almost completely destroyed in what became known as the Battle of Sluys . England dominated the English Channel for the rest of the war , preventing French invasions . At this point , Edward 's funds ran out and the war probably would have ended were it not for the death of the Duke of Brittany precipitating a succession dispute between the duke 's half brother John of Montfort and Charles of Blois , nephew of Philip VI . In 1341 , conflict over the succession to the Duchy of Brittany began the War of the Breton Succession , in which Edward backed John of Montfort and Philip backed Charles of Blois . Action for the next few years focused around a back and forth struggle in Brittany . The city of Vannes changed hands several times , while further campaigns in Gascony met with mixed success for both sides . Battle of Crécy and the taking of Calais ( edit ) Battle of Crécy , 1346 Edward III counting the dead on the battlefield of Crécy In July 1346 , Edward mounted a major invasion across the channel , landing in Normandy 's Cotentin , at St. Vaast . The English army captured the completely unguarded Caen in just one day , surprising the French . Philip mustered a large army to oppose Edward , who chose to march northward toward the Low Countries , pillaging as he went . He reached the river Seine to find most of the crossings destroyed . He moved further and further south , worryingly close to Paris , until he found the crossing at Poissy . This had only been partially destroyed , so the carpenters within his army were able to fix it . He then continued on his way to Flanders until he reached the river Somme . The army crossed at a tidal ford at Blanchetaque , leaving Philip 's army stranded . Edward , assisted by this head start , continued on his way to Flanders once more , until , finding himself unable to outmanoeuvre Philip , Edward positioned his forces for battle and Philip 's army attacked . The Battle of Crécy was a complete disaster for the French , largely credited to the longbowmen and the French king , who allowed his army to attack before it was ready . Philip appealed to his Scottish allies to help with a diversionary attack on England . King David II of Scotland responded by invading northern England , but his army was defeated and he was captured at the Battle of Neville 's Cross , on 17 October 1346 . This greatly reduced the threat from Scotland . In France , Edward proceeded north unopposed and besieged the city of Calais on the English Channel , capturing it in 1347 . This became an important strategic asset for the English , allowing them to safely keep troops in northern France . Calais would remain under English control , even after the end of the Hundred Years ' War , until the successful French siege in 1558 . Battle of Poitiers and the treaty of Brétigny ( edit ) In 1348 , the Black Death , which had just arrived in Paris , began to ravage Europe . In 1355 , after the plague had passed and England was able to recover financially , King Edward 's son and namesake , the Prince of Wales , later known as the Black Prince , led a Chevauchée from Gascony into France , during which he pillaged Avignonet and Castelnaudary , sacked Carcassonne , and plundered Narbonne . The next year during another Chevauchée he ravaged Auvergne , Limousin , and Berry but failed to take Bourges . He offered terms of peace to King John II of France ( known as John the Good ) , who had outflanked him near Poitiers , but refused to surrender himself as the price of their acceptance . This lead to the Battle of Poitiers ( 19 September 1356 ) where his army routed the French . During the battle , the Gascon noble Jean de Grailly , captal de Buch led a mounted unit that was concealed in a forest . The French advance was contained , at which point de Grailly led a flanking movement with his horsemen cutting off the French retreat and succeeding in capturing King John and many of his nobles . With John held hostage , his son the Dauphin ( later to become Charles V ) assumed the powers of the king as regent . After the Battle of Poitiers , many French nobles and mercenaries rampaged , and chaos ruled . A contemporary report recounted : ... all went ill with the kingdom and the State was undone . Thieves and robbers rose up everywhere in the land . The Nobles despised and hated all others and took no thought for usefulness and profit of lord and men . They subjected and despoiled the peasants and the men of the villages . In no wise did they defend their country from its enemies ; rather did they trample it underfoot , robbing and pillaging the peasants ' goods ... From the Chronicles of Jean de Venette Reims campaign and Black monday ( edit ) Black Monday ( 1360 ) , hailstorms and lighting ravage the English army at Chartres Edward invaded France , for the third and last time , hoping to capitalise on the discontent and seize the throne . The Dauphin 's strategy was that of non-engagement with the English army in the field . However , Edward wanted the crown and chose the cathedral city of Reims for his coronation ( Reims was the traditional coronation city ) . However , the citizens of Reims built and reinforced the city 's defences before Edward and his army arrived . Edward besieged the city for five weeks , but the defences held and there was no coronation . Edward moved on to Paris , but retreated after a few skirmishes in the suburbs . Next was the town of Chartres . Disaster struck in a freak hailstorm on the encamped army , causing over 1,000 English deaths . This devastated Edward 's army and forced him to negotiate when approached by the French . A conference was held at Brétigny that resulted in the Treaty of Brétigny ( 8 May 1360 ) . The treaty was ratified at Calais in October . In return for increased lands in Aquitaine , Edward renounced Normandy , Touraine , Anjou and Maine and consented to reducing King John 's ransom by a million crowns . Edward also abandoned his claim to the crown of France . First peace : 1360 -- 1369 ( edit ) The French king , John II , had been held captive in England . The Treaty of Brétigny set his ransom at 3 million crowns and allowed for hostages to be held in lieu of John . The hostages included two of his sons , several princes and nobles , four inhabitants of Paris , and two citizens from each of the nineteen principal towns of France . While these hostages were held , John returned to France to try and raise funds to pay the ransom . In 1362 John 's son Louis of Anjou , a hostage in English - held Calais , escaped captivity . So , with his stand - in hostage gone , John felt honour - bound to return to captivity in England . The French crown had been at odds with Navarre ( near southern Gascony ) since 1354 , and in 1363 the Navarrese used the captivity of John II in London and the political weakness of the Dauphin to try to seize power . Although there was no formal treaty , Edward III supported the Navarrese moves , particularly as there was a prospect that he might gain control over the northern and western provinces as a consequence . With this in mind Edward deliberately slowed the peace negotiations . In 1364 , John II died in London , while still in honourable captivity . Charles V succeeded him as king of France . On 6 May 1364 , one month after the dauphin 's accession and three days before his coronation as Charles V , the Navarrese suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Cocherel . French ascendancy under Charles V : 1369 -- 1389 ( edit ) Hundred Years ' War Caroline phase ( 1369 -- 89 ) Cocherel Limoges Pontvallain La Rochelle Chiset Roosebeke Main article : Hundred Years ' War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) See also : Castilian Civil War Aquitaine and Castile ( edit ) Statue of Bertrand du Guesclin in Dinan The Franco - Castilian Navy , led by Admirals de Vienne and Tovar , managed to raid the English coasts for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years ' War . In 1366 there was a civil war of succession in Castile ( part of modern Spain ) . The forces of ruler Peter of Castile were pitched against those of his half - brother Henry of Trastámara . The English crown supported Peter and the French , Henry . French forces were led by Bertrand du Guesclin , a Breton , who rose from relatively humble beginnings to prominence as one of France 's war leaders . Charles V provided a force of 12,000 , with du Guesclin at their head , to support Trastámara in his invasion of Castile . Peter appealed to England and Aquitaine 's Black Prince for help , but none was forthcoming , forcing Peter into exile in Aquitaine . The Black Prince had previously agreed to support Peter 's claims but concerns over the terms of the treaty of Brétigny led him to assist Peter as a representative of Aquitaine , rather than England . He then led an Anglo - Gascon army into Castille . Peter was restored to power after Trastámara 's army was defeated at the Battle of Nájera . Although the Castilians had agreed to fund the Black Prince , they failed to do so . The Prince was suffering from ill health and returned with his army to Aquitaine . To pay off debts incurred during the Castille campaign , the prince instituted a hearth tax . Arnaud - Amanieu VIII , Lord of Albret had fought on the Black Prince 's side during the war . Albret , who already had become discontented by the influx of English administrators into the enlarged Aquitaine , refused to allow the tax to be collected in his fief . He then joined a group of Gascon lords who appealed to Charles V for support in their refusal to pay the tax . Charles V summoned one Gascon lord and the Black Prince to hear the case in his parlement in Paris . The Black Prince answered that he would go to Paris with sixty thousand men behind him . War broke out again and Edward III resumed the title of King of France . Charles V declared that all the English possessions in France were forfeited , and before the end of 1369 all of Aquitaine was in full revolt . With the Black Prince gone from Castile , Henry de Trastámara led a second invasion that ended with Peter 's death at the Battle of Montiel in March 1369 . The new Castilian regime provided naval support to French campaigns against Aquitaine and England . 1373 campaign of John of Gaunt ( edit ) In August 1373 , John of Gaunt , accompanied by John de Montfort , Duke of Brittany led a force of 9,000 men out from Calais on a major chevauchée . While initially successful as French forces were insufficiently concentrated to oppose them , the English began to meet further resistance as they moved south . French forces began to concentrate around the English force but , under specific orders from King Charles V , the French avoided a set battle . Instead , they fell on forces detached from the main body to raid or forage . The French shadowed the English and in October , the English found themselves being trapped against the River Allier by four separate French forces . With some difficulty , the English crossed at the bridge at Moulins but lost all their baggage and loot . The English carried on south across the Limousin plateau but the weather was turning severe . Men and horses died in great numbers and many soldiers , forced to march on foot , discarded their armour . At the beginning of December , the army finally entered friendly territory in Gascony . By the end of December they were in Bordeaux , starving , ill - equipped and having lost over half of the 30,000 horses with which they had left Calais . Although the march across France had been a remarkable feat , it was a military failure . English turmoil ( edit ) With his health continuing to deteriorate , the Black Prince returned to England in January 1371 , where by now his father Edward III was elderly and also in poor health . The prince 's illness was debilitating , and he died on 8 June 1376 . Edward III died the following year on 21 June 1377 ; he was succeeded by the Black Prince 's second son Richard II , who was still a child . The treaty at Brétigny left Edward III and England with enlarged holdings in France ; however , a small professional French army under the leadership of du Guesclin pushed the English back and , by the time of Charles V 's death in 1380 , the English only held Calais and a few other coastal cities . It was usual to appoint a regent in the case of a child monarch , but no regent was appointed for Richard II , who nominally exercised the power of kingship from the date of his accession in 1377 . However , between 1377 and 1380 , actual power was in the hands of a series of councils . The political community preferred this to a regency led by the king 's uncle , John of Gaunt , although Gaunt remained highly influential . Richard faced many challenges during his reign , including the Peasants ' Revolt led by Wat Tyler in 1381 and an Anglo - Scottish war in 1384 -- 1385 . His attempts to raise taxes to pay for his Scottish adventure and for the protection of Calais against the French made him increasingly unpopular . 1380 campaign of the Earl of Buckingham ( edit ) In July 1380 , the Earl of Buckingham commanded an expedition to France to aid England 's ally , the Duke of Brittany . The French refused battle before the walls of Troyes on 25 August , so Buckingham 's forces continued their chevauchée and in November laid siege to Nantes . However , expected support from the Duke of Brittany did not appear and , in the face of heavy losses in both men and horses , was forced to abandon the siege in January 1381 . In February 1381 , now reconciled to the regime of the new French king Charles VI , Brittany paid 50,000 francs to Buckingham for him to abandon the siege and the campaign . Second peace : 1389 -- 1415 ( edit ) Owain Glyndŵr 's Revolt Mynydd Hyddgen Tuthill Bryn Glas Shrewsbury Stalling Down Grosmont Pwll Melyn See also : Civil war between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians Assassination of Louis I , Duke of Orléans The war became increasingly unpopular with the English public largely due to the high taxes needed to sustain it . These taxes were seen as one of the reasons for the Peasants ' revolt . Richard 's increasing disinterest in the war together with his preferential treatment of a select few close friends and advisors angered an alliance of lords that included one of his uncles . This group , known as Lords Appellant , managed to successfully press charges of treason against five of Richard 's advisors and friends in the Merciless Parliament . The Lords Appellant were able to gain control of the council in 1388 and tried , unsuccessfully , to reignite the war in France . Although the will was there , the funds to pay the troops was lacking , so in the autumn of 1388 the Council agreed to resume negotiations with the French crown , beginning on 18 June 1389 with the signing of a three - year truce at Leulinghen . In 1389 , Richard 's uncle and supporter , John of Gaunt , returned from Spain and Richard was able to rebuild his power gradually until 1397 , when he reasserted his authority and destroyed the principal three among the Lords Appellant . In 1399 , after John of Gaunt died , Richard II disinherited Gaunt 's son , the exiled Henry of Bolingbroke . Bolingbroke returned to England with his supporters and deposed Richard and had himself crowned Henry IV . In Scotland , the English regime change prompted border raids that were countered by an invasion in 1402 and the defeat of a Scottish army at the Battle of Homildon Hill . A dispute over the spoils between Henry and Henry Percy , 1st Earl of Northumberland resulted in a long and bloody struggle between the two for control of northern England , resolved only with the almost complete destruction of the Percy family by 1408 . In Wales , Owain Glyndŵr was declared Prince of Wales on 16 September 1400 . He was the leader of the most serious and widespread rebellion against English authority in Wales since the conquest of 1282 -- 1283 . The rebellion was finally put down only in 1415 and resulted in Welsh semi-independence for a number of years . In the meantime , Charles VI was descending into madness , and an open conflict for power began between his cousin John the Fearless and his brother , Louis of Orléans . After Louis 's assassination , the Armagnac family took political power in opposition to John . By 1410 , both sides were bidding for the help of English forces in a civil war . In 1418 Paris was taken by the Burgundians , who massacred the Count of Armagnac and about 2,500 of his followers . Throughout this period , England confronted repeated raids by pirates that heavily damaged trade and the navy . There is some evidence that Henry IV used state - legalised piracy as a form of warfare in the English Channel . He used such privateering campaigns to pressure enemies without risking open war . The French responded in kind and French pirates , under Scottish protection , raided many English coastal towns . The domestic and dynastic difficulties faced by England and France in this period quieted the war for a decade . Henry IV of England died in 1413 and was replaced by his eldest son Henry V . The mental illness of Charles VI of France allowed his power to be exercised by royal princes whose rivalries caused deep divisions in France . Henry V was well aware of these divisions and hoped to exploit them . In 1414 while he held court at Leicester , he received ambassadors from Burgundy . Henry accredited envoys to the French king to make clear his territorial claims in France ; he also demanded the hand of Charles VI 's youngest daughter Catherine of Valois . The French rejected his demands , leading Henry to prepare for war . Resumption of the war under Henry V : 1415 -- 1429 ( edit ) Hundred Years ' War Lancastrian phase ( 1415 -- 53 ) Harfleur Agincourt Valmont Rouen 2nd La Rochelle Baugé Meaux Cravant La Brossinière Verneuil St. James Orléans Herrings Loire Jargeau Meung - sur - Loire Beaugency Patay Reims Paris La Charité Compiègne Gerberoy Calais Formigny Castillon Main article : Hundred Years ' War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) Burgundy alliance and the seizure of Paris ( edit ) Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Agincourt Fifteenth - century miniature depicting the Battle of Agincourt . In August 1415 , Henry V sailed from England with a force of about 10,500 and laid siege to Harfleur . The city resisted for longer than expected , but finally surrendered on 22 September 1415 . Because of the unexpected delay , most of the campaign season was gone . Rather than march on Paris directly , Henry elected to make a raiding expedition across France toward English - occupied Calais . In a campaign reminiscent of Crécy , he found himself outmaneuvered and low on supplies and had to fight a much larger French army at the Battle of Agincourt , north of the Somme . Despite the problems and having a smaller force , his victory was near - total ; the French defeat was catastrophic , costing the lives of many of the Armagnac leaders . About 40 % of the French nobility was killed . Henry was apparently concerned that the large number of prisoners taken were a security risk ( there were more French prisoners than there were soldiers in the entire English army ) and he ordered their deaths . Treaty of Troyes ( 1420 ) ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Troyes Clan Carmichael crest with broken spear commemorating the unseating of the Duke of Clarence . Henry retook much of Normandy , including Caen in 1417 , and Rouen on 19 January 1419 , turning Normandy English for the first time in two centuries . A formal alliance was made with the Duchy of Burgundy , which had taken Paris after the assassination of Duke John the Fearless in 1419 . In 1420 , Henry met with King Charles VI . They signed the Treaty of Troyes , by which Henry finally married Charles ' daughter Catherine of Valois and Henry 's heirs would inherit the throne of France . The Dauphin , Charles VII , was declared illegitimate . Henry formally entered Paris later that year and the agreement was ratified by the Estates - General . Death of Clarence ( 1421 ) ( edit ) On 22 March 1421 Henry V 's progress in his French campaign experienced an unexpected reverse . Henry had left his brother and presumptive heir Thomas , Duke of Clarence in charge while he returned to England . Clarence engaged a Franco - Scottish force of 5000 men , led by Gilbert Motier de La Fayette and John Stewart , Earl of Buchan at the Battle of Baugé . Clarence , against the advice of his lieutenants , before his army had been fully assembled , attacked with a force of no more than 1500 men - at - arms . He then , during the course of the battle , led a charge of a few hundred men into the main body of the Franco - Scottish army , who quickly enveloped the English . In the ensuing melée , the Scot , John Carmichael of Douglasdale , broke his lance unhorsing the Duke of Clarence . Once on the ground , the duke was slain by Alexander Buchanan . The body of the Duke of Clarence was recovered from the field by Thomas Montacute , 4th Earl of Salisbury , who conducted the English retreat . English success ( edit ) Henry V returned to France and went to Paris , then visiting Chartres and Gâtinais before returning to Paris . From there , he decided to attack the Dauphin - held town of Meaux . It turned out to be more difficult to overcome than first thought . The siege began about 6 October 1421 , and the town held for seven months before finally falling on 11 May 1422 . At the end of May , Henry was joined by his queen and together with the French court , they went to rest at Senlis . While there , it became apparent that he was ill ( possibly dysentery ) , and when he set out to the Upper Loire , he diverted to the royal castle at Vincennes , near Paris , where he died on 31 August 1422 . The elderly and insane Charles VI of France died two months later on 21 October 1422 . Henry left an only child , his nine - month - old son , Henry , later to become Henry VI . On his deathbed , Henry V had given the Duke of Bedford responsibility for English France ( as Henry VI was only an infant ) . The war in France continued under Bedford 's generalship and several battles were won . The English won an emphatic victory at the Battle of Verneuil ( 17 August 1424 ) . At the Battle of Baugé , Clarence had rushed into battle without the support of his archers . At Verneuil , the archers fought to devastating effect against the Franco - Scottish army . The effect of the battle was to virtually destroy the Dauphin 's field army and to eliminate the Scots as a significant military force for the rest of the war . French victory : 1429 -- 1453 ( edit ) Joan of Arc and French revival ( edit ) Joan of Arc ( c. 1450 -- 1500 ) The appearance of Joan of Arc at the siege of Orléans sparked a revival of French spirit , and the tide began to turn against the English . The English laid siege to Orléans in 1428 , but their force was insufficient to fully invest the city . In 1429 Joan convinced the Dauphin to send her to the siege , saying she had received visions from God telling her to drive out the English . She raised the morale of the troops , and they attacked the English redoubts , forcing the English to lift the siege . Inspired by Joan , the French took several English strongholds on the Loire . The English retreated from the Loire Valley , pursued by a French army . Near the village of Patay , French cavalry broke through a unit of English longbowmen that had been sent to block the road , then swept through the retreating English army . The English lost 2,200 men , and the commander , John Talbot , 1st Earl of Shrewsbury , was taken prisoner . This victory opened the way for the Dauphin to march to Reims for his coronation as Charles VII , on 16 July 1429 . After the coronation , Charles VII 's army fared less well . An attempted French siege of Paris was defeated on 8 September 1429 , and Charles VII withdrew to the Loire Valley . Henry 's coronations and the desertion of Burgundy ( edit ) Henry VI was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey on 5 November 1429 and king of France at Notre - Dame , in Paris , on 16 December 1431 . The first Western image of a battle with cannon : the Siege of Orléans in 1429 . Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians at the siege of Compiegne on 23 May 1430 . The Burgundians transferred her to the English , who organised a trial headed by Pierre Cauchon , Bishop of Beauvais and member of the English Council at Rouen . Joan was convicted and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431 . ( She was rehabilitated 25 years later by Pope Callixtus III . ) After the death of Joan of Arc , the fortunes of war turned dramatically against the English . Most of Henry 's royal advisers were against making peace . Among the factions , the Duke of Bedford wanted to defend Normandy , the Duke of Gloucester was committed to just Calais , whereas Cardinal Beaufort was inclined to peace . Negotiations stalled . It seems that at the congress of Arras , in the summer of 1435 , where the duke of Beaufort was mediator , the English were unrealistic in their demands . A few days after the congress ended in September , Philip III , duke of Burgundy , deserted to Charles VII , signing the Treaty of Arras that returned Paris to the King of France . This was a major blow to English sovereignty in France . The Duke of Bedford died on 14 September 1435 and was replaced by Richard Plantagenet , 3rd Duke of York . French resurgence ( edit ) The Battle of Formigny ( 1450 ) The allegiance of Burgundy remained fickle , but the English focus on expanding their domains in the Low Countries left them little energy to intervene in the rest of France . The long truces that marked the war gave Charles time to centralise the French state and reorganise his army and government , replacing his feudal levies with a more modern professional army that could put its superior numbers to good use . A castle that once could only be captured after a prolonged siege would now fall after a few days from cannon bombardment . The French artillery developed a reputation as the best in the world . By 1449 , the French had retaken Rouen . In 1450 the Count of Clermont and Arthur de Richemont , Earl of Richmond , of the Montfort family ( the future Arthur III , Duke of Brittany ) , caught an English army attempting to relieve Caen and defeated it at the Battle of Formigny . Richemont 's force attacked the English army from the flank and rear just as they were on the verge of beating Clermont 's army . Fall of Gascony ( edit ) Charles `` the Victorious '' After Charles VII 's successful Normandy campaign in 1450 , he concentrated his efforts on Gascony , the last province held by the English . Bordeaux , Gascony 's capital , was besieged and surrendered to the French on 30 June 1451 . Largely due to the English sympathies of the Gascon people , this was reversed when John Talbot and his army retook the city on 23 October 1452 . However , the English were decisively defeated at the Battle of Castillon on 17 July 1453 . Talbot had been persuaded to engage the French army at Castillon near Bordeaux . During the battle the French appeared to retreat towards their camp . The French camp at Castillon had been laid out by Charles VII 's ordnance officer Jean Bureau and this was instrumental in the French success as when the French cannon opened fire , from their positions in the camp , the English took severe casualties losing both Talbot and his son . End of the war ( edit ) Although the Battle of Castillon is considered the last battle of the Hundred Years ' War , England and France remained formally at war for another 20 years , but the English were in no position to carry on the war as they faced unrest at home . Following defeat in the Hundred Years ' War , English landowners complained vociferously about the financial losses resulting from the loss of their continental holdings ; this is often considered a major cause of the Wars of the Roses , that started in 1455 . Burgundian Wars ( 1474 -- 77 ) Neuss Héricourt Planta Grandson Morat Nancy Guinegate The Hundred Years ' War almost resumed in 1474 , when the duke Charles of Burgundy , counting on English support , took up arms against Louis XI . Louis managed to isolate the Burgundians by buying Edward IV of England off with a large cash sum and an annual pension , in an agreement signed at the Treaty of Picquigny ( 1475 ) . The treaty formally ended the Hundred Years ' War with Edward renouncing his claim to the throne of France . However , future Kings of England ( and later of Great Britain ) continued to claim the title until 1803 , when they were dropped in deference to the exiled Count of Provence , titular King Louis XVIII , who was living in England after the French Revolution . Charles the Bold , the last duke of Burgundy , was killed at the Battle of Nancy in 1477 , leaving a daughter , Mary , who lost the provinces of Artois , Flanders , Picardy and Burgundy to Louis XI 's armies . Significance ( edit ) Burgundian territories ( orange / yellow ) and limits of France ( red ) after the Burgundian War Historical signifiance ( edit ) The French victory marked the end of a long period of instability that had started with the Norman Conquest ( 1066 ) , when William the Conqueror added `` King of England '' to his titles , becoming both the vassal to ( as Duke of Normandy ) and the equal of ( as king of England ) the king of France . When the war ended , England was bereft of its Continental possessions , leaving it with only Calais on the continent . The war destroyed the English dream of a joint monarchy and led to the rejection in England of all things French , but the French language in England , which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman conquest , left many vestiges in English vocabulary . English became the official language in 1362 and French was no longer used for teaching from 1385 . National feeling that emerged from the war unified both France and England further . Despite the devastation on its soil , the Hundred Years ' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state . In England the political and financial troubles which emerged from the defeat was one major cause of the War of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) . The spread of the Black Death ( with modern borders ) Lowe ( 1997 ) argued that opposition to the war helped to shape England 's early modern political culture . Although anti-war and pro-peace spokesmen generally failed to influence outcomes at the time , they had a long - term impact . England showed decreasing enthusiasm for conflict deemed not in the national interest , yielding only losses in return for high economic burdens . In comparing this English cost - benefit analysis with French attitudes , given that both countries suffered from weak leaders and undisciplined soldiers , Lowe noted that the French understood that warfare was necessary to expel the foreigners occupying their homeland . Furthermore , French kings found alternative ways to finance the war -- sales taxes , debasing the coinage -- and were less dependent than the English on tax levies passed by national legislatures . English anti-war critics thus had more to work with than the French . Bubonic plague and warfare reduced population numbers throughout Europe during this period . France lost half its population during the Hundred Years ' War . Normandy lost three - quarters of its population , and Paris two - thirds . The population of England was reduced by 20 to 33 percent due to plague in the same period . Military significance ( edit ) In 1445 the first regular standing army in Western Europe since Roman times was organised in France partly as a solution to marauding free companies . The mercenary companies were given a choice of either joining the Royal army as compagnies d'ordonnance on a permanent basis , or being hunted down and destroyed if they refused . France gained a total standing army of around 6,000 men , which was sent out to gradually eliminate the remaining mercenaries who insisted on operating on their own . The new standing army had a more disciplined and professional approach to warfare than its predecessors . The Hundred Years ' War was a time of rapid military evolution . Weapons , tactics , army structure and the social meaning of war all changed , partly in response to the war 's costs , partly through advancement in technology and partly through lessons that warfare taught . The feudal system was slowly disintegrating throughout the hundred years war . By the war 's end , although the heavy cavalry was still considered the most powerful unit in an army , the heavily armored horse had to deal with several tactics developed to deny or mitigate its effective use on a battlefield . The English began using lightly armoured mounted troops , known as hobelars . Hobelars tactics had been developed against the Scots , in the Anglo - Scottish wars of the 14th century . Hobelars rode smaller unarmoured horses , enabling them to move through difficult or boggy terrain where heavier cavalry would struggle . Rather than fight while seated on the horse , they would dismount to engage the enemy . Timeline ( edit ) Battles ( edit ) Further information : List of Hundred Years ' War battles Important figures ( edit ) France ( edit ) Arms Historical Figure Life Notes King Philip VI 1293 -- 1350 , reigned 1328 -- 1350 Charles of Valois ' son King John II 1319 -- 1364 , reigned 1350 -- 1364 Philip VI 's son King Charles V 1338 -- 1380 , reigned 1364 -- 1380 John II 's son Bertrand du Guesclin 1320 -- 1380 Commander Louis I , Duke of Anjou 1339 -- 1384 , regent 1380 -- 1382 John II 's son King Charles VI 1368 -- 1422 , reigned 1380 -- 1422 Charles V 's son King Charles VII 1403 -- 1461 , reigned 1422 -- 1461 Charles VI 's son Joan of Arc 1412 -- 1431 Religious visionary La Hire 1390 -- 1443 Commander Jean Poton de Xaintrailles 1390 -- 1461 Commander Jean II , Duke of Alençon 1409 -- 1476 Commander Jean de Dunois 1402 -- 1468 Commander Jean Bureau 1390 -- 1463 Master Gunner Gilles de Rais 1405 -- 1440 Commander England ( edit ) Arms Historical Figure Life Notes Isabella of France 1295 -- 1358 Queen consort of England , wife of Edward II , mother of Edward III , regent of England , sister of Charles IV and daughter of Philip IV of France King Edward III 1312 -- 1377 , reigned 1327 -- 1377 Philip IV 's grandson Henry of Grosmont , 1st Duke of Lancaster 1310 -- 1361 Commander Edward , the Black Prince 1330 -- 1376 Edward III 's son John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster 1340 -- 1399 Edward III 's son King Richard II 1367 -- 1400 , reigned 1377 -- 1399 Son of the Black Prince , Edward III 's grandson King Henry IV 1367 -- 1413 , reigned 1399 -- 1413 John of Gaunt 's son , Edward III 's grandson King Henry V 1387 -- 1422 , reigned 1413 -- 1422 Henry IV 's son Catherine of Valois 1401 -- 1437 Queen consort of England , daughter of Charles VI of France , mother of Henry VI of England and by her second marriage grandmother of Henry VII John of Lancaster , 1st Duke of Bedford 1389 -- 1435 , regent 1422 -- 1435 Henry IV 's son Sir John Fastolf 1380 -- 1459 Commander John Talbot , 1st Earl of Shrewsbury 1387 -- 1453 Commander King Henry VI 1421 -- 1471 , reigned 1422 -- 1461 ( also 1422 - 1453 as king Henry II of France ) Henry V 's son Richard Plantagenet , 3rd Duke of York 1411 -- 1460 Commander Burgundy ( edit ) Arms Historical Figure Life Notes Philip the Bold , Duke of Burgundy 1342 -- 1404 , duke 1363 -- 1404 Son of John II of France John the Fearless , Duke of Burgundy 1371 -- 1419 , duke 1404 -- 1419 Son of Philip the Bold Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy 1396 -- 1467 , duke 1419 -- 1467 Son of John the Fearless See also ( edit ) Timeline of the Hundred Years ' War French military history British military history Anglo - French relations Medieval demography Second Hundred Years ' War - this is the name given by some historians to the near - continuous series of conflicts between Britain and France from 1688 to 1815 , beginning with the Glorious Revolution and ending with the Battle of Waterloo . List of battles involving France in the Middle Ages Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Flanders fought against England several times as a vassal of France , such as at Cadsand , during the Caroline War , and during Despenser 's Crusade . Jump up ^ Burgundy fought against England as a vassal of France during the Caroline War . Jump up ^ The Breton House of Blois supported the Kingdom of France and her allies against England . Jump up ^ Fought against England during Despenser 's Crusade . Jump up ^ In accordance with the Treaty of Troyes , Henry VI of England became disputed king of France in 1422 , and reigned as Henry II in the areas of France which were loyal to him . Jump up ^ The Breton House of Montfort supported the Kingdom of England and her allies against France . Brittany also adopted a policy of switching sides later in the war , allying with England several times . Jump up ^ Fought with England during Despenser 's Crusade . ^ Jump up to : Brissaud 1915 , pp. 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Previté - Orton 1978 , p. 872 Jump up ^ Bartlett 2000 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Bartlett 2000 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Gormley 2007 ( 1 ) Ohio State University Jump up ^ Harris 1994 , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 1988 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , pp. 292 -- 293 Jump up ^ Wilson 2011 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , p. 394 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 2005 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005 , pp. 304 -- 305 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , p. 180 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Prestwich 2003 , pp. 149 -- 150 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 2005 , pp. 307 -- 312 ^ Jump up to : Friar 2004 , pp. 480 -- 481 Jump up ^ R.E. Glassock . England circa 1334 in Darby 1976 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , pp. 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , pp. 233 -- 234 ^ Jump up to : Rogers 2010 , pp. 88 -- 89 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 2005 , pp. 318 -- 319 Jump up ^ Rogers 2010 , pp. 55 -- 45 Jump up ^ Grummitt 2008 , p. 1 Jump up ^ The Black Death , transl . & ed . Rosemay Horrox , ( Manchester University Press , 1994 ) , 9 . Jump up ^ Lee 1903 , p. 388 . ^ Jump up to : Le Patourel 1984 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Wilson 2011 , p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Guignebert 1930 , Volume 1 . pp. 304 -- 307 Jump up ^ de Venette 1953 , p. 66 ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 2005 , p. 326 Jump up ^ Le Patourel 1984 , p. 189 Jump up ^ `` Hail kills English troops - Apr 13 , 1360 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Le Patourel 1984 , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , p. 501 Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Ormrod 2001 , p. 384 Jump up ^ Backman 2003 , pp. 179 -- 180 -- Nobles captured in battle were held in `` Honorable Captivity '' , which recognised their status as prisoners of war and permitted ransom . Jump up ^ Britannica . Treaty of Brétigny . Retrieved 21 September 2012 Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 86 Jump up ^ Curry 2002 , pp. 69 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : Wagner 2006 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Wagner 2006 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Sumption 2009 , pp. 187 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Barber 2004 Jump up ^ Omrod 2008 ^ Jump up to : Tuck 2004 Jump up ^ Francoise Autrand . Charles V King of France in Vauchéz 2000 , pp. 283 -- 284 Jump up ^ Sumption 2009 , pp. 385 - 390 , 396 - 399 . Jump up ^ Sumption 2009 , p. 409 . Jump up ^ Sumption 2009 , p. 411 . ^ Jump up to : Baker 2000 , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Neillands 1990 , pp. 182 -- 184 ^ Jump up to : Curry 2002 , pp. 77 -- 82 Jump up ^ Mortimer 2008 , pp. 253 -- 254 Jump up ^ Mortimer 2008 , pp. 263 -- 264 Jump up ^ Bean 2008 Jump up ^ Smith 2008 Jump up ^ Sizer 2007 Jump up ^ Ian Friel . The English and War at Sea . c. 1200 - c. 1500 in Hattendorf & Unger 2003 , pp. 76 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Nolan . The Age of Wars of Religion . p. 424 ^ Jump up to : Allmand 2010 ^ Jump up to : Turchin 2003 , pp. 179 -- 180 Historical dynamics : why states rise and fall Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Harriss 2010 ^ Jump up to : Griffiths 2010 Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 , pp. 307 -- 308 ^ Jump up to : Davis 2003 , pp. 76 -- 80 ^ Jump up to : Norfolk Record Office , MC 2833 / 1 Jump up ^ Jaques 2007 , p. 777 . ^ Jump up to : Lee 1998 , pp. 145 -- 147 Jump up ^ Sumption 1991 , p. 562 Jump up ^ Nicolle 2012 , pp. 26 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : Wagner 2006 , p. 79 Jump up ^ `` Every version of the complaints put forward by the rebels in 1450 harps on the losses in France '' ( Webster 1998 , pp. 39 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Neillands 1990 , pp. 290 -- 291 ^ Jump up to : Ross 1974 , pp. 249 -- 250 Jump up ^ Janvrin & Rawlinson 2016 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Janvrin & Rawlinson 2016 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Jr & Schutz 1948 , p. 61 Jump up ^ `` Every version of the complaints put forward by the rebels in 1450 harps on the losses in France '' ( Jokinenokinen 2007 quoting Webster , Bruce . Wars of the Roses . p. 40 . ) ) Jump up ^ Lowe 1997 , pp. 147 -- 195 Jump up ^ Ladurie 1987 , p. 32 The French peasantry , 1450 -- 1660 Jump up ^ Neillands 1990 , pp. 110 -- 111 ^ Jump up to : Preston , Wise & Werner 1991 , pp. 84 -- 91 Jump up ^ Powicke 1962 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Colm McNamee . Hobelars in Rogers 2010 , pp. 267 -- 268 Jump up ^ Jones 2008 , pp. 1 -- 17 References ( edit ) Allmand , C.T ( 2010 ) . `` Henry V ( 1386 -- 1422 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 12952 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Backman , Clifford R ( 2003 ) . The Worlds of Medieval Europe . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 533527 - 9 . Baker , Denise Nowakowski , ed. ( 2000 ) . Inscribing the Hundred Years ' War in French and English Cultures . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 4701 - 4 . Barber , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Edward , prince of Wales and of Aquitaine ( 1330 -- 1376 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 8523 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Bartlett , Robert ( 2000 ) . J.M. Roberts , ed . England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075 -- 1225 . London : OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925101 - 8 . Bean , J.M.W ( 2008 ) . `` Percy , Henry , first earl of Northumberland ( 1341 -- 1408 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 21932 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Brissaud , Jean ( 1915 ) . Garner , James W. Tr , ed . History of French Public Law . The Continental Legal History series . 9 . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Brétigny '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 501 . Curry , Anne ( 2002 ) . The Hundred Years War 1337 -- 1453 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 269 - 5 . Darby , H.C. ( 1976 ) ( 1973 ) . A New Historical Geography of England before 1600 . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29144 - 5 . Davis , Paul K ( 2003 ) . Besieged : 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo 2nd . Ed . Santa Barbara CA : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 521930 - 9 . `` Encyclopædia Britannica Online '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Friar , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The Sutton Companion to Local History . Sparkford , England : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 2723 - 2 . Gormley , Larry ( 2007 ) . `` eHistory : The Hundred Years War : Overview '' . Ohio State University . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Griffiths , R.A ( 2010 ) . `` Henry VI ( 1421 -- 1471 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 12953 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Grummitt , David ( 2008 ) . The Calais Garrison : War and Military Service in England , 1436 -- 1558 . Woodbridge : The Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 398 - 7 . Guignebert , Charles ( 1930 ) . A Short History of the French People . 1 . F.G. Richmond Translator . New York : Macmilan Company . Harriss , G.L. ( September 2010 ) . `` Thomas , duke of Clarence ( 1387 -- 1421 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 27198 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Harris , Robin ( 1994 ) . Studies in History 71 : Valois Guyenne . Woodbridge , Surrey : Boydell Press . ISBN 0 - 86193 - 226 - 9 . Hattendorf , John B ; Unger , Richard W , eds. ( 2003 ) . War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Woodbridge : The Boydell Press . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 903 - 6 . Holmes , Jr , Urban T ; Schutz , Alexander H ( 1948 ) . A History of the French Language , Revised ed . Columbus , OH : Harold L. Hedrick . Jaques , Tony ( 2007 ) . `` Paris , 1429 , Hundred Years War '' . Dictionary of Battles and Sieges : P-Z . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 777 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33539 - 6 . Jokinenokinen , Anniina ( 26 Apr 2007 ) . `` Causes of the Wars of the Roses : An Overview '' . Luminarium Encyclopedia ( Online Resource . ed . ) . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jones , Robert ( 2008 ) . `` Re-thinking the origins of the Irish Hobelar '' ( PDF ) . Cardiff : Cardiff School of History and Archaeology . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Janvrin , Isabelle ; Rawlinson , Catherine ( 24 July 2016 ) . The French in London : From William the Conqueror to Charles de Gaulle . Bitter Lemon Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908524 - 66 - 9 . Lee , Cristopher ( 1998 ) . This Sceptred Isle : 55BC - 1901 . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 026133 - 8 . Ladurie , Emmanuel Le Roy ( 1987 ) . The French peasantry , 1450 -- 1660 . Translated by Sheridan , Alan . Berkeley and LA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05523 - 3 . Lee , Sidney , ed. ( 1903 ) . `` Edward the Black Prince '' . Dictionary of National Biography . Index and Epitome . Cambridge University Press . p. 388 . Lowe , Ben ( 1997 ) . Imagining Peace : History of Early English Pacifist Ideas . University Park PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01689 - 2 . Mortimer , Ian ( 2008 ) . The Fears of Henry IV : the Life of England 's Self - Made King . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84413 - 529 - 5 . Omrod , W. M ( 2008 ) . `` Edward III ( 1312 -- 1377 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 8519 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Neillands , Robin ( 1990 ) . The Hundred Years War , Revised ed . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26131 - 7 . Nicolle , David ( 2012 ) . The Fall of English France 1449 -- 53 . Colchester , Essex : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 616 - 5 . `` Sir John Fastolf ( MC 2833 / 1 ) '' . Norwich : Norfolk Record Office . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Ormrod , W Mark ( 2001 ) . Edward III . London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11910 - 7 . Le Patourel , John ( 1984 ) . Jones , Michael , ed . Feudal Empires : Norman and Plantagenet . London : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 0 - 907628 - 22 - 2 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Powicke , Michael ( 1962 ) . Military Obligation in Medieval England . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820695 - X . Preston , Richard ; Wise , Sydney F. ; Werner , Herman O. ( 1991 ) . Men in arms : a history of warfare and its interrelationships with Western society . 5th Edition . Beverley MA : Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc . ISBN 0 - 03 - 033428 - 4 . Prestwich , Michael ( 1988 ) . English Monarchs : Edward I. Berkeley and LA : University of California . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06266 - 3 . Prestwich , Michael ( 2003 ) . The Three Edwards : War and State in England 1272 -- 1377 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 203 - 60713 - 9 . Prestwich , Michael ( 2005 ) . J.M. Roberts , ed . Plantagenet England . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922687 - 0 . Previté - Orton , C.W ( 1978 ) . The shorter Cambridge Medieval History 2 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 20963 - 3 . Rogers , Clifford J , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology . Vol. 1 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533403 - 6 . Ross , Charles Derek ( 1974 ) . Edward IV . University of California Press , . pp. 249 -- 250 . Sizer , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` The Calamity of Violence : Reading the Paris Massacres of 1418 '' . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Smith , Llinos ( 2008 ) . `` Glyn Dŵr , Owain ( c. 1359 -- c. 1416 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 10816 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Sumption , Jonathan ( 1991 ) . The Hundred Years War I : Trial by Battle . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1655 - 5 . Sumption , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . Divided Houses . The Hundred Years War III . London : Faber & Faber . ISBN 9780571240128 . Tuck , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Richard II ( 1367 -- 1400 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 23499 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Turchin , Peter ( 2003 ) . Historical dynamics : why states rise and fall . Princeton : Princeton University . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11669 - 5 . Vauchéz , Andre , ed. ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of the Middle ages . Volume 1 . Cambridge : James Clark . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 282 - 6 . de Venette , Jean ( 1953 ) . Newall , Richard A , ed . The Chronicle of Jean de Venette . Translated by Birdsall , Jean . New York : Columbia University Press . Wagner , John A ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War . Westport CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32736 - X . Webster , Bruce ( 1998 ) . The Wars of the Roses . London : UCL Press . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 493 - 3 . Wilson , Derek ( 2011 ) . The Plantagenets . The Kings that made Britain . London : Quercus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85738 - 004 - 3 . Further Reading ( edit ) Corrigan , Gordon ( 2014 ) , A great and glorious adventure ; a military history of the hundred years war , Atlantic Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84887 - 927 - 0 Froissart , Jean ( 1895 ) . Macaulay , George Campbell , ed . The Chronicles of Froissart . Translated by Bourchier , John ; Lord Berners . London : Macmillan and Son . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Favier , Jean ( 1980 ) . La Guerre de Cent Ans . Paris : Fayard . ISBN 978 - 2 - 213 - 00898 - 1 . Green , David ( 2014 ) , The Hundred Years War : A People 's History . New Haven and London : Yale . ISBN 0 - 300 - 13451 - 7 Lambert , Craig L. `` Edward III 's siege of Calais : A reappraisal , '' Journal of Medieval History ( 2011 ) 37 # 3 pp 231 -- 342 Seward , Desmond ( 1999 ) , The hundred years war : The English in France 1337 -- 1453 , Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 028361 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Hundred Years ' War . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hundred Years ' War . The Hundred Years War and the History of Navarre Timeline of the Hundred Years War The Hundred Years ' War ( 1336 -- 1565 ) by Dr. Lynn H. Nelson , University of Kansas Emeritus The Hundred Years ' War information and game Jean Froissart , `` On The Hundred Years War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) '' from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook Online database of Soldiers serving in the Hundred Years War . University of Southampton and University of Reading . Hundred Years ' War Battles Chevauchées Armagnacs and Burgundians Jacquerie War of the Breton Succession Castilian Civil War GND : 4160808 - 2 HDS : 24646 NDL : 00563842 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War&oldid=804695348 '' Categories : Hundred Years ' War 14th century in France 15th century in France Anglo - French wars Wars of the Middle Ages Wars involving Scotland Wars involving Luxembourg Wars involving Portugal Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire Global conflicts Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating information from the Dictionary of National Biography Index and Epitome Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 15 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the 100 year war start and end | [
"\n\nHundred Years' War\n\n\n\nClockwise, from top left: The Battle of La Rochelle,\nThe Battle of Agincourt,\nThe Battle of Patay,\nJoan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n24 May 1337 – 19 October 1453\n\n\nLocation\nFrance, the Low Countries, Great Britain, Iberian peninsula\n\n\nResult\n\nFrench victory\n\nHouse of Valois retains the French throne\nEnglish claims to the French throne de facto abandoned\nStrengthening of the French monarchy\nRise of nationalistic identities in England and France\nDecline of chivalry\nDecline of feudalism\n\n\n\n\nTerritorial\nchanges\n\n\nFrance acquired the English continental possessions\nEngland retained ownership of the Channel Islands and Calais\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n Kingdom of France\n\n County of Flanders[1]\n Duchy of Burgundy[2]\n\n Duchy of Brittany[3]\n Kingdom of Scotland\n Kingdom of Bohemia\n Duchy of Lorraine\n Republic of Genoa\n Crown of Castile\n Crown of Aragon\n Kingdom of Majorca\n Avignon Papacy[4]\n\n Kingdom of England\n\n Principality of Wales\n Lordship of Ireland\n Duchy of Aquitaine\n English Kingdom of France[5]\n\n Duchy of Brittany[6]\n Duchy of Burgundy\n County of Flanders\n County of Hainaut\n Kingdom of Portugal\n Kingdom of Navarre\n Papal States[7]\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Philip VI (1337-1350)\n John II (1350-1364)\n Charles V (1364-1380)\n Charles VI (1380-1422)\n Charles VII (1422-1453)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Edward III (1337-1377)\n Richard II (1377-1399)\n Henry IV (1399-1413)\n Henry V (1413-1422)\n Henry VI (1422-1453)\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"24 May 1337 – 19 October 1453"
] |
-2385527717701721521 | Great American Ball Park | Great American Ball Park - wikipedia Great American Ball Park Great American Ball Park `` GABP '' Address 100 Joe Nuxhall Way Location Cincinnati , Ohio Coordinates 39 ° 5 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 24 '' W / 39.09750 ° N 84.50667 ° W / 39.09750 ; - 84.50667 Coordinates : 39 ° 5 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 24 '' W / 39.09750 ° N 84.50667 ° W / 39.09750 ; - 84.50667 Public transit Cincinnati Bell Connector Parking 850 spaces Owner Hamilton County Operator Cincinnati Reds Capacity 42,319 ( 2008 -- present ) 42,271 ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Record attendance 44,599 ( 2010 NLDS , Game 3 ) Field size Left Field -- 328 ft ( 100 m ) Left - Center -- 379 ft ( 116 m ) Center Field -- 404 ft ( 123 m ) Right - Center -- 370 ft ( 113 m ) Right Field -- 325 ft ( 99 m ) Backstop -- 55 ft ( 17 m ) Surface Perennial Ryegrass Construction Broke ground August 1 , 2000 Opened March 31 , 2003 Construction cost US $290 million ( $386 million in 2017 dollars ) Architect HOK Sport ( now Populous ) Project manager Parsons Brinckerhoff , Inc . Structural engineer Geiger / THP Ltd . Services engineer M-E Engineers , Inc . General contractor Hunt Construction Group , Inc . Main contractors RLE Construction , Inc . Tenants Cincinnati Reds ( MLB ) ( 2003 -- present ) Great American Ball Park is a baseball stadium in Cincinnati , Ohio , which is the home field of Major League Baseball 's Cincinnati Reds . It opened in 2003 , replacing Cinergy Field ( formerly Riverfront Stadium ) , their home field from 1970 to 2002 . The park 's name comes from Great American Insurance Group . The ballpark hosted the 2015 Major League Baseball All - Star Game . The Reds put in $5 million for improvements , which included two new bars and upgraded concession stands . Contents 1 History 1.1 Planning and funding 1.2 Design and construction 2 Features 3 Fan amenities 4 Screen renovations for the 2009 season 5 Notable non-baseball events 5.1 Concerts 5.2 Other events 6 Milestones and notable moments 6.1 Opening day ( March 31 , 2003 ) 6.2 Other firsts 7 Attendance records 8 Statistics 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Planning and funding ( edit ) In 1996 , Hamilton County voters passed a 1⁄2 % sales tax increase to fund the construction of new venues for both the Reds and the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Reds and the Bengals had previously shared occupancy of Cinergy Field , but by the mid-1990s , they complained that the multi-purpose stadium lacked amenities necessary for small - market professional sports teams to compete and each lobbied for venues of their own . Nearby Paul Brown Stadium broke ground in 1998 and was opened on August 19 , 2000 . Design and construction ( edit ) Great American Ball Park was built by the architectural firms Populous ( then HOK Sport ) and GBBN at a cost of approximately US $290 million . It is located on the plot of land between the former site of Cinergy Field and US Bank Arena ; it was known locally as the `` wedge '' . The limited construction space necessitated the partial demolition of Cinergy Field . It was fully demolished on December 29 , 2002 . Features ( edit ) A view of Great American Ball Park , including The Gap . The original address of Great American Ball Park was 100 Main Street . However , after the death of former pitcher and longtime broadcaster Joe Nuxhall in 2007 , the address was changed to 100 Joe Nuxhall Way . A sign bearing Nuxhall 's traditional signoff phrase `` rounding third and heading for home '' is located on the third base side exterior of the park . The Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum is adjacent to Great American Ball Park . In honor of Crosley Field , the Cincinnati Reds ' home park from 1912 to June 1970 , a monument reminiscent of the park 's infamous left field terrace was built on the main entrance plaza on Joe Nuxhall Way ; statues of Crosley - era stars Nuxhall , catcher Ernie Lombardi , first baseman Ted Kluszewski , and outfielder Frank Robinson are depicted playing an imaginary baseball game . The Gap . A 35 - foot - ( 10.7 - m ) - wide break in the stands between home plate and third base called `` The Gap '' is bridged by the concourse on each level ( see photo ) . Aligned with Sycamore Street , it provides views into the stadium from downtown and out to the skyline from within the park . The centerfield `` smokestacks '' Power Stacks . In right center field , two smokestacks , reminiscent of the steamboats that were common on the Ohio River in the 19th and early 20th centuries , flash lights , emit flames and launch fireworks to incite or respond to the home team 's efforts . When the Reds strike out a batter , fire blows out of the stacks beginning with the 2012 season ( previously , steam was spewed out following a strikeout ) . Fireworks are launched from the stacks after every Reds home run and win . The seven baseball bats featured on both smokestacks symbolize the # 14 of Pete Rose . On May 15 , 2015 , a part of the top of the right smokestack caught on fire during the 6th inning of a Reds game , caused by a loose propane valve , causing smoke to be blown across the field , several sections of seats to be evacuated , and the Cincinnati Fire Department being called to put it out . No one was injured . The Spirit of Baseball . A 50 - foot - by - 20 - foot ( 15 x 6 m ) Indiana limestone bas relief carving near the main entrance features a young baseball player looking up to the heroic figures of a batter , pitcher and fielder , all set against the background of many of Cincinnati 's landmarks , including the riverfront and Union Terminal . Local designers and artist created the piece between 2001 and 2003 with concept , design and project oversight / management by Berberich Design . The illustrative artist was Mark Riedy , the sculptors of the scale model used for fabrication were Todd Myers and Paul Brooke with fabrication by Mees Distributors . The Mosaics . Just inside the main gates off the Crosley Terrace you will find two mosaic panels measuring 16 feet wide by 10 feet high . The mosaics depict two key eras in Reds history : `` The First Nine '' , the 1869 Red Stockings who were the first professional baseball team in history with a record of 57 - 0 in their first season and `` The Great Eight '' , the famous Big Red Machine that won back - to - back World Series in 1975 and 1976 . The mosaics were created between 2001 and 2003 with concept , design and project oversight / management by Berberich Design . The illustrative artist was Mark Riedy . These mosaic panels are made of opaque glass tiles and were produced in Ravenna , Italy by SICIS . The Panoramas . Panoramas of downtown Cincinnati , Mt . Adams , the Ohio River and Northern Kentucky are visible from most of the park . View from behind home plate . The Scoreboard . At 217 feet , 9 inches ( 66.4 m ) wide , the scoreboard from Daktronics is the sixth largest in Major League Baseball , and the 15th largest in the United States out of all LED screens . The Reds paid $4 million to install a new , LED scoreboard and high definition video screen in time for the 2009 season . The scoreboard did not add any size from the previous , but added HD quality . The scoreboard clock was originally a replica of the Longines clock at Crosley Field , but has since been modified . The Toyota Tundra Home Run Deck . If a Reds player hits the `` Hit Me '' sign located between the Power Stacks located in right field , a randomly selected fan will win the red Toyota Tundra pickup truck located on top of an elevator shaft approximately 500 feet ( 150 m ) from home plate beyond the center field fence , which is valued at approximately US $31,000 . Crosley Terrace . Main article : Reds Legends of Crosley Field As a nod to Crosley Field , the Reds ' home from 1912 -- 1970 , a monument was created in front of the main entrance to highlight the park 's famous left - field terrace . Bronze statues of Crosley - era stars Joe Nuxhall , Ernie Lombardi , Ted Kluszewski , and Frank Robinson ( created by sculptor Tom Tsuchiya ) are depicted playing in an imaginary ballgame . The grass area of the terrace has the same slope as the outfield terrace at Crosley Field . 4192 Mural . A three - piece mural on the back of the scoreboard in left field depicts the bat Pete Rose used for his record - breaking 4,192 nd hit and the ball he hit in 1985 . This was replaced with new banners in 2015 as part of the All - Star Game upgrades . Great American Ball Park at night Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum . Located on the west side of Great American Ball Park on Main Street , the Hall of Fame and Museum celebrate the Reds ' past through galleries and extensive use of multimedia . The Hall of Fame has been in existence since 1958 , but did not previously have a building . Riverboat Deck . A private party area located above the batter 's eye . Center Field . The dimension of 404 feet ( 123 m ) in center field is a tribute to the same center field dimension in the Reds ' previous home , Riverfront Stadium . Riverfront Club . A glass encased restaurant on the third level of the stadium that serves upscale food and has views of the field and the river . Rose Garden . Adjacent to both the stadium and the Reds Hall of Fame is a rose garden that symbolizes Pete Rose 's record - breaking 4,192 nd hit . It was strategically placed here because the ball landed around this area in Riverfront Stadium . The garden is visible from a stairwell in the hall of fame displaying the amount of balls that Rose hit . Fan amenities ( edit ) Nursing Suite . For the 2015 season , Great American Ball Park became the first MLB ballpark to feature a suite designed exclusively as a place for mothers to feed and care for their babies . Reds COO Phil Castellini , a father of 5 , says he felt compelled to do his best to provide a worthwhile solution after stadium officials told him an increasing number of women were asking where they could nurse their children at the ballpark . The suite has 5 glider chairs , diaper - changing stations , a restroom , a kitchenette , refrigerator , lockers , and televisions showing the game . It 's located on the Suite Level near the Champions Club elevators . Screen renovations for the 2009 season ( edit ) Great American Ball Park on May 23 , 2016 for the Reds vs. Seattle Mariners After the 2008 season , all of the scoreboards in the park were replaced by new high - definition video displays . The Reds have a ten - year contract with the Daktronics company of Brookings , South Dakota , and also have contracted with Sony for the high - definition video cameras and production equipment , which will be operated from a renovated control room . A team of 25 people will be responsible for the content of the displays . The previous displays were installed by the Trans - Lux company when Great American Ball Park was built . However , Trans - Lux went bankrupt , and the team could not find replacement parts . `` We were just limping through , hoping the old scoreboard would make it to the end of the 2008 season '' , said Reds spokesman Michael Anderson . Jennifer Berger , Reds senior director of entertainment , events and production said that the Cincinnati Reds will assume the responsibility of the cost of maintaining the displays ; the fans will not have to bear the brunt of paying for them . The team expects to save money in the long term due to the displays ' increased energy efficiency . Notable non-baseball events ( edit ) Concerts ( edit ) Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Notes August 28 , 2010 Backstreet Boys -- This Is Us Tour -- -- August 4 , 2011 Paul McCartney DJ Chris Holmes On The Run Tour 41,256 / 41,256 $4,158,146 This was his first Cincinnati appearance in 18 years . June 28 , 2014 Beyoncé Jay Z N / A On the Run Tour 37,863 / 37,863 $4,250,931 July 19 , 2014 Jason Aldean Miranda Lambert Florida Georgia Line Tyler Farr Burn It Down Tour 39,196 / 39,196 $2,632,614 June 16 , 2018 Luke Bryan Sam Hunt Jon Pardi Morgan Wallen What Makes You Country Tour TBA TBA August 4 , 2018 Zac Brown Band Leon Bridges Down the Rabbit Hole Live TBA TBA Other events ( edit ) On October 31 , 2004 , President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush held a campaign rally in Great American Ball Park . On April 27 , 2008 , a memorial service for Matt Maupin was held at Great American Ball Park . Milestones and notable moments ( edit ) Opening day ( March 31 , 2003 ) ( edit ) Statistic Player ( s ) / Team First game vs. Pittsburgh Pirates First hit Ken Griffey Jr. ( a double ) First home run Reggie Sanders , Pirates First Reds home run Austin Kearns , later in the same game First ceremonial first pitch George H.W. Bush First at - bat Kenny Lofton ( a ground out ) Other firsts ( edit ) Statistic Details Date First grand slam Russell Branyan July 21 , 2003 First playoff game Game 3 NLDS October 10 , 2010 Fastest pitch ever Aroldis Chapman zipped a fastball past Pittsburgh 's Andrew McCutchen that registered 106 mph on the Great American Ball Park scoreboard . However , MLB. com 's Pitch / FX tracker clocked the throw at 105 . April 18 , 2011 Clinching division Home Run vs. Houston Astros by Jay Bruce September 28 , 2010 First inside - the - park home run by the Reds vs. Toronto Blue Jays by Drew Stubbs June 17 , 2011 Longest home run Outfielder Adam Dunn hits the longest home run in Great American Ball Park history against José Lima and the Dodgers . The distance was 535 feet . The ball landed in the Ohio River , which , because the border with Kentucky is defined as the north shore of the river , the ball landed in Kentucky . August 10 , 2004 1,000 hits Second baseman Brandon Phillips records his 1,000 th hit with a home run against the Cleveland Indians July 1 , 2011 All - Star Game Hosted American League @ National League July 14 , 2015 No - hitter Reds pitcher Homer Bailey pitched the first no - hitter in the history of Great American Ball Park , beating the San Francisco Giants 3 -- 0 . July 2 , 2013 First no - hitter by a visiting pitcher Jake Arrieta no - hit the Reds while pitching for the Chicago Cubs , who won 16 -- 0 . ( This was the most lopsided no - hitter in Major League Baseball since Aug. 4 , 1884 , when the Buffalo Bisons ' Pud Galvin threw an 18 - 0 no - hitter against the Detroit Wolverines . ) April 21 , 2016 Attendance records ( edit ) Bold indicates the winner of each game . Highest attendance at Great American Ball Park Rank Attendance Date Game result Notes 44,599 October 10 , 2010 Reds 0 , Phillies 3 2010 NLDS , Game 3 44,501 October 9 , 2012 Reds 1 , Giants 2 ( 10 ) 2012 NLDS , Game 3 44,375 October 10 , 2012 Reds 3 , Giants 8 2012 NLDS , Game 4 44,142 October 11 , 2012 Reds 4 , Giants 6 2012 NLDS , Game 5 5 43,878 March 30 , 2018 Reds 0 , Nationals 2 2018 Opening Day , regular season record 6 43,804 April 3 , 2017 Reds 3 , Phillies 4 2017 Opening Day 7 43,683 April 4 , 2016 Reds 6 , Phillies 2 2016 Opening Day 8 43,656 July 14 , 2015 National League 3 , American League 6 2015 Major League Baseball All - Star Game Statistics ( edit ) Ticket windows : 25 Concourse widths : 40 feet ( 12 m ) Escalators : 3 Passenger elevators : 14 Public restrooms : 47 ( 20 women , 20 men , 7 family ) Concession stands : 28 Parking spaces : 850 Club seats : 4,235 Suites : 63 Reds ' playoff victories : 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul E. Gossen - Experience Jump up ^ Contacts for the Great American Ballpark / Reds Stadium ( DL ) Jump up ^ Mayers Electric Helps Revive the Cincinnati Riverfront ^ Jump up to : Great American Ball Park Jump up ^ Emporis.com - Great American Ball Park Jump up ^ `` Reds Ballparks '' . Reds.com . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- Great American Insurance Group '' . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Durgy , Edwin ( 18 Oct 2011 ) . `` Former Forbes 400 Member And Cincinnati Reds Owner Carl Lindner Dies At 92 '' . Forbes . Forbes , LLC . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Great American Ball Park undergoes array of upgrades '' . MLB . MLB. 24 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cincinnati.Com : Great American Ball Park Jump up ^ Pilcher , James ( December 30 , 2002 ) . `` Stadium Goes Down in 37 Seconds '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : Pahigian , Josh , & O'Connell , Kevin . `` The Ultimate Baseball Road Trip , 2nd : A Fan 's Guide to Major League Stadiums '' . P. 201 . Lyons Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 7340 - 4 Jump up ^ Riedel , Charlie ( April 3 , 2007 ) . `` Stars , surprises part of memorable opening day '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Tim ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ballpark Quirks : The Gap highlights Great American Ballpark in Cincinnati '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Smokestack fire at Great American Ball Park put out during game '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Inc. 16 May 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leventhal , Josh ( 2006 ) . Take Me Out to the Ballpark . P. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Sony and Daktronics Pitch Ultimate HD Experience At Cincinnati Reds Great American Ball Park '' . Jump up ^ Serico , Chris ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Game - changer : Major League Baseball team creates in - stadium nursery for moms '' . Today . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Reds debut room for nursing moms '' . ESPN . ESPN Inc . Jump up ^ Murray , Sydney ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Great American Ball Park opens nursing suite '' . Cincinnati.com . Cincinnati.com . Jump up ^ Bishop , Lauren ( April 3 , 2009 ) . `` Reds Pump Up Scoreboard '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Gannett Company . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howze , Mercedes J. ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Jay Z and Beyonce brought the heat ( literally ) in Cincinnati '' . New Pittsburgh Courier . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kern , Jac ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` REVIEW : Jay Z and Beyoncé at Great American Ballpark '' . Cincinnati CityBeat . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Leventhal , Josh , Take Me Out to the Ballpark : An Illustrated Tour of Baseball Parks Past and Present . Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 513 - 4 Stupp , Dann , Opening Day at Great American Ball Park . Sports Publishing L.L.C. , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 724 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great American Ball Park . Stadium site on reds.com Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum retrosheet.org Great American Ball Park list of firsts Cincinnati Reds - Ballpark Tours Great American Ballpark Photos Great American Ball Park Seating Chart hide Events and tenants Preceded by Riverfront Stadium Home of the Cincinnati Reds 2003 -- present Succeeded by Current Preceded by AutoZone Park Host of the Civil Rights Game 2009 -- 2010 Succeeded by Turner Field Preceded by Target Field Host of the Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2015 Succeeded by Petco Park Cincinnati Reds Established in 1882 Formerly the Cincinnati Red Stockings and the Cincinnati Redlegs Based in Cincinnati , Ohio Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers Hall of Fame Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks Ballparks Bank Street Grounds League Park League Park II Palace of the Fans Crosley Field Riverfront Stadium Great American Ball Park Spring training Majestic Park Riverside Park Tinker Field Sixto Escobar Stadium Plant Field Al Lopez Field Plant City Stadium Ed Smith Stadium Goodyear Ballpark Culture Cincinnati Red Stockings Rosie Reds Mr. Red The Big Red Machine The Nasty Boys Dowd Report Lore 1999 NL Wild Card tie - breaker game 2013 NL Wild Card Game Tom Browning 's perfect game Rivalries Cleveland Indians Key personnel Owner : Robert Castellini President of Baseball Operations : Dick Williams General Manager : Nick Krall Manager : Jim Riggleman World Series Championships ( 5 ) 1919 1940 1976 1990 National League pennants ( 9 ) 1919 1939 1940 1961 1970 1972 1976 1990 AA pennants ( 1 ) 1882 Division titles ( 10 ) National League Central 1995 2012 National League West 1970 1972 1973 1976 1979 1990 Minor league affiliates Louisville Bats ( AAA ) Pensacola Blue Wahoos ( AA ) Daytona Tortugas ( A Adv . ) Dayton Dragons ( A ) Billings Mustangs ( Rookie Adv . ) Greeneville Reds ( Rookie Adv . ) AZL Reds ( Rookie ) DSL Reds ( Rookie ) Media Broadcasters Radio : WLW Reds Radio Network TV : Fox Sports Ohio Seasons ( 137 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1990 1991 1995 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Current ballparks in Major League Baseball American League East Fenway Park Oriole Park at Camden Yards Rogers Centre Tropicana Field Yankee Stadium Central Comerica Park Guaranteed Rate Field Kauffman Stadium Progressive Field Target Field West Angel Stadium Globe Life Park in Arlington Minute Maid Park Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Safeco Field National League East Citi Field Citizens Bank Park Marlins Park Nationals Park SunTrust Park Central Busch Stadium Great American Ball Park Miller Park PNC Park Wrigley Field West AT&T Park Chase Field Coors Field Dodger Stadium Petco Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Ball_Park&oldid=854686315 '' Categories : Cincinnati Reds stadiums Sports venues in Cincinnati Major League Baseball venues Sports venues completed in 2003 Baseball venues in Ohio 2003 establishments in Ohio Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 03 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of the reds stadium | [
"Great American Ball Park is a baseball stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio, which is the home field of Major League Baseball's Cincinnati Reds. It opened in 2003, replacing Cinergy Field (formerly Riverfront Stadium), their home field from 1970 to 2002.[7] The park's name comes from Great American Insurance Group.[8][9]\n"
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"Great American Ball Park"
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4803144194574208895 | Dorsalis pedis artery | Dorsalis pedis artery - wikipedia Dorsalis pedis artery Jump to : navigation , search Dorsalis pedis artery Anterior tibial artery , dorsalis pedis artery and the muscles and bones of the leg ( anterior view ) . Details Source anterior tibial artery Branches First dorsal metatarsal artery and Deep plantar artery Supplies dorsal surface of the foot Identifiers Latin arteria dorsalis pedis Dorlands / Elsevier a_61 / 12154185 TA A12. 2.16. 048 FMA 43915 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) In human anatomy , the dorsalis pedis artery ( dorsal artery of foot ) , is a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot . It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery . It terminates at the proximal part of the first intermetatarsal space , where it divides into two branches , the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery . The dorsalis pedis communicates with the plantar blood supply of the foot through the deep plantar artery . Along its course , it is accompanied by a deep vein , the dorsalis pedis vein . Palpation of the dorsalis pedis artery pulse ( edit ) The dorsalis pedis artery pulse can be palpated readily lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon ( or medially to the extensor digitorum longus tendon ) on the dorsal surface of the foot , distal to the dorsal most prominence of the navicular bone which serves as a reliable landmark for palpation . It is often examined , by physicians , when assessing whether a given patient has peripheral vascular disease . It is absent , unilaterally or bilaterally , in 2 -- 3 % of young healthy individuals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mowlavi , A ; Whiteman , J ; Wilhelmi , BJ ; Neumeister , MW ; McLafferty , R ( 2002 ) . `` Dorsalis pedis arterial pulse : palpation using a bony landmark '' . Postgraduate Medical Journal . 78 ( 926 ) : 746 -- 7 . doi : 10.1136 / pmj. 78.926. 746 . PMC 1757948 . PMID 12509693 . Jump up ^ Robertson , GS ; Ristic , CD ; Bullen , BR ( 1990 ) . `` The incidence of congenitally absent foot pulses '' . Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England . 72 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 100 . PMC 2499134 . PMID 2185683 . External links ( edit ) Gray 's s157 - `` The Arteries of the Lower Extremity '' Gray 's s160 - `` Dorsalis pedis artery '' Gray 's s95 - `` Ankle joint '' Anatomy figure : 12 : 04 - 19 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Arteries of the lower extremity shown in association with major landmarks . '' Image at umich.edu http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_17/17-3.HTM Arteries of the human leg Inferior epigastric cremasteric ♂ / round ligament ♀ Deep circumflex iliac no major branches Femoral In femoral canal superficial epigastric superficial circumflex iliac superficial external pudendal deep external pudendal ( anterior scrotal ♂ Descending genicular saphenous branch articular branches Profunda femoris medial circumflex femoral ascending descending superficial deep acetabular lateral circumflex femoral descending transverse ascending perforating Cruciate anastomosis Trochanteric anastomosis Popliteal Genicular superior genicular ( medial , lateral ) middle genicular inferior genicular ( medial , lateral ) Sural no major branches Anterior tibial tibial recurrent posterior anterior ) anterior malleolar medial lateral dorsalis pedis : tarsal ( medial , lateral ) Tibial - fibular ( Tibial - peroneal ) trunk Posterior tibial circumflex fibular medial plantar lateral plantar fibular ( peroneal ) Arches arcuate dorsal metatarsal first dorsal metatarsal deep plantar dorsal digital arteries plantar arch plantar metatarsal common plantar digital proper plantar digital Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorsalis_pedis_artery&oldid=806619220 '' Categories : Arteries of the lower limb Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Hrvatski Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 03 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do you find the dorsalis pedis pulse | [
"In human anatomy, the dorsalis pedis artery (dorsal artery of foot), is a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot. It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery. It terminates at the proximal part of the first intermetatarsal space, where it divides into two branches, the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery. The dorsalis pedis communicates with the plantar blood supply of the foot through the deep plantar artery."
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"dorsal surface of the foot"
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-2674218148248207125 | Wizards of Waverly Place (season 4) | Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 4 ) - Wikipedia Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 4 ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 4 ) Wizards of Waverly Place season four cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 27 Release Original network Disney Channel Original release November 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) -- January 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of Wizards of Waverly Place episodes The fourth and final season of Wizards of Waverly Place aired on Disney Channel from November 12 , 2010 to January 6 , 2012 . The Russo children , Alex ( Selena Gomez ) , Justin ( David Henrie ) , and Max Russo ( Jake T. Austin ) continue to compete to become the leading wizard in their magical family and begin to make difficult decisions about their futures . Maria Canals Barrera and David DeLuise co-star as their parents and Jennifer Stone co-stars as Alex 's best friend , Harper Finkle . This is the second season of the series to be broadcast in high - definition . Contents 1 Opening sequence 2 Synopsis 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Opening sequence ( edit ) Season 4 of the series features a revamped opening sequence with clips from past seasons . The opening sequence takes place in the wizard lair at the Russo home . Footage of Alex ( Selena Gomez ) and Justin Russo ( David Henrie ) is shown in the Crystal replay ball from the season premiere `` Alex Tells the World '' . Then , a spell book opens and footage of Max Russo ( Jake T. Austin ) and Harper Finkle ( Jennifer Stone ) appear . After that , footage of Theresa ( Maria Canals Barrera ) and Jerry Russo ( David DeLuise ) are shown in a cauldron . After the footage is played , Alex transports them to Times Square , with Alex waving her wand to reveal the title logo and the name of the creator . The theme song Everything Is Not What It Seems has also been remixed and sung by Selena Gomez for the fourth season of the show . Synopsis ( edit ) Alex and Justin are sent back to level one in the wizard competition after `` exposing '' wizardry in `` Alex Tells the World '' , leaving Max as the most expected to become the family wizard . In `` Alex Gives Up '' , Alex quits the competition , but eventually decides to stay in the competition in `` Journey to the Center of Mason '' to be with Mason . Before then , Harper tries to get Alex to enjoy life without wizardry . Meanwhile , Justin tries to tutor a class of delinquent wizards . In the episode , `` Three Maxes and a Little Lady '' , Alex and Justin accidentally turn Max into a little girl , Maxine , portrayed by Bailee Madison . She ends up making Alex jealous when their father prefers Maxine over Alex . Maxine remains until `` Back to Max '' . In the episode `` Everything 's Rosie for Justin '' , Justin falls in love with Rosie , a guardian angel , but at the end of `` Dancing with Angels '' she becomes an Angel of Darkness . In `` Zeke Finds Out '' , the Russos finally reveal to Zeke that they are wizards . In `` Wizard of the Year '' , Alex is crowned Wizard of the Year for saving the world from the angels of darkness , and is reinstated in the Wizards Competition . In `` Justin 's Back In '' , Justin is reinstated in the Wizard Competition , after his class of delinquent wizards passes . Meanwhile , Alex 's relationship with Mason is jeopardized again when a beast tamer , Chase Riprock , falls in love with Alex and Mason gets jealous . This results in Alex breaking up with Mason . Alex , Justin and Max then save the world from being destroyed by an asteroid . Later , Alex and Harper move into an apartment building with a secret 13th floor for wizards and other creatures in the wizard world . However , it turns out to be a trap made by Gorog to capture the wizards who live in the same floor to make them join the dark side and rule the wizard world . He is defeated and destroyed by Alex , Justin and Max who were using the Power of Three . During this , Alex and Mason get back together and , after a long time , Justin finally gets back together with Juliet . Finally , in the hour - long series finale , Alex , Justin , and Max compete in the family wizard competition . Alex wins and gains full wizardry ; Justin becomes a full wizard as well when Professor Crumbs reveals he is retiring as headmaster of WizTech and passes the position to Justin . Jerry also decides to pass down the Waverly Sub Station to Max one day since he is the only child who is not a wizard anymore . The series ends with hugging and Alex saying that they are all happy . Guest stars and recurring cast include : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Greybeck , Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , David Barrera as Carlos Cucuy , Samantha Boscarino as Lisa Cucuy , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Bridgit Mendler as Juliet van Heusen , Daniel Samonas as Dean Moriarty , Bailee Madison as Maxine Russo , Shane Harper as Fidel , Dan Benson as Zeke Beakerman , John Rubinstein as Gorog , Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Leven Rambin as Rosie , China Anne McClain as Tina , Kari Wahlgren as Helen , Cameron Sanders as Nelvis , Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous , Jackie Evancho as Herself , McKaley Miller as Talia , Valente Rodriguez as Muy Macho , and Nick Roux as Chase Riprock . Cast ( edit ) Selena Gomez as Alex Russo David Henrie as Justin Russo Jake T. Austin as Max Russo Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo David DeLuise as Jerry Russo Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Wizards of Waverly Place episodes This season consists of 27 episodes . Wizards of Waverly Place Season 4 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 80 `` Alex Tells the World '' Victor Gonzalez Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein November 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) 401 4.1 The Russos and Mason finally make it back home , but their wizard powers are still gone . While the family wants to stay quiet , Alex believes that they should take action , so she reveals that they are wizards to reporters and tells them that a group of wizards are being held captive by the government . As she urges them to spread the word , Professor Crumbs appears and tells her that everything that had happened was a test that she failed miserably and orders her to Wizard Court for exposing wizardry to the world . Justin is also ordered to attend because he exposed magic to Agent Lamwood , who was a creation from Professor Crumbs ' mind . The judges rule Alex and Justin guilty , and Professor Crumbs sentences them both to be demoted to level one in the Family Wizard Competition , making them behind Max by two levels . Meanwhile , Max sets up traps in the Sub Station for the `` government '' , but ends up falling for one of them . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest star : Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs 81 `` Alex Gives Up '' Victor Gonzalez Todd J. Greenwald November 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 27 ) 402 N / A Alex decides to give up the wizard competition to spend more time with Mason and thinks that it does not matter since Max is all the way in the lead , but Chancellor Tootietootie tells Alex that non-wizards and werewolves can not date , because the werewolf always eats the human . Max 's picture on the front of Future Wizards magazine attracts the daughter of a family of Cucuys ( mythical Latino monster ) and they invite him to a dinner party on their yacht . Alex comes up with a scheme to invite Chancellor Tootietootie to the Cucuy party in hopes of getting him to appeal the law against werewolves and mortals dating . Lisa Cucuy finds out that Mason is a werewolf and decides that she wants him instead of Max . Alex gets jealous when Lisa flirts with Mason , so Alex says embarrassing things about Mason to everyone on the yacht so that he will be mad enough to turn into a werewolf . Carlos and Julie Cucuy jump off the boat as Cucuys are scared of werewolves . Jerry jumps off after them . Alex tells Lisa that she can get off the boat the easy way or her way . Once Lisa jumps off the boat , Chancellor Tootietootie says that their case will not be appealed as by Mason turning into a werewolf proved his point that they are dangerous . In the end , Alex and Mason have to break up to be friends and Harper finishes writing her first novel based on the werewolf - wizard relationship . Jerry tries to get Harper to help him out of the water but accidentally grabs her just finished novel , which causes him to fall back into the water . Meanwhile , Justin tutors a class of delinquent wizards in an attempt to gain a level to re-enter the Wizard Competition . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie , Frank Pacheco as Felix , David Barrera as Carlos Cucuy , Roxana Brusso as Julie Cucuy , Samantha Boscarino as Lisa Cucuy , Kari Wahlgren as Helen 82 `` Lucky Charmed '' Victor Gonzalez Justin Varava December 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) 403 3.0 Harper tries teaching Alex how to live without magic , but the strain of taking responsibility for her actions instead of using magic causes a disagreement between the two best friends when Alex gets in big trouble for crashing Mr. Laritate 's car . As punishment , Alex has to clean the school 's garbage cans . Mr. Laritate forgives Alex after seeing how the crash influenced her , and Alex realizes that she will be okay without magic . Wanting to thank Harper , Alex uses Mr. Laritate 's lucky life - saving hula girl figurine , Leilani , for luck , as Mr. Laritate does . During Harper 's driving test , Alex turns into the hula girl and guides Harper through the test , knowing that she might fail . In the end , Harper passes her test . Meanwhile , Jerry wants to pass on the wizard family robe to Max , but Justin has a hard time letting go of it . Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Julio Oscar Mechoso as DMV Instructor Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 83 `` Journey to the Center of Mason '' Robbie Countryman Peter Dirksen December 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 17 ) 404 N / A After she finds out that she will lose her powers , Alex can no longer date Mason , so they decide to try being best friends instead . After watching a film at the theaters , Harper , Alex , and Mason go home , Dean , who was Alex 's Ex-Boyfriend comes and asks Alex to get back together with him . Mason gets jealous . When Dean brings a gift for Alex , Mason then asks what Alex 's relationship is with Dean , and Max tells him that Dean and Alex used to date , making Mason more jealous . Mason then turns into a werewolf and eats Dean . Alex , Justin , and Max come up with a solution to turn Justin 's toy Captain Jim Bob submarine big and go in it . They then shrink it and go into Mason 's mouth . While there , Alex , Max , and Justin see Mason 's thoughts , which are all of Alex . They get Dean out , and Alex , when Harper , Max , and Justin leave , Alex tells Dean that he was knocked out and the doctor 's solution was for them all to dress up as cows . Dean then gives her his offer once again : he wants to get back with her . Alex tells him ' no ' , and then gets back together with Mason , with deciding to get back to the Wizard Competition . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Daniel Samonas as Dean , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Shoshana Bush as Tyler 84 5 `` Three Maxes and a Little Lady '' Victor Gonzalez Richard Goodman January 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) 405 4.0 Alex joins Justin 's wizard class to try to move up in the competition . Max joins a sophisticated wizard society . They suggest he move the wizard competition up and he moves it to a few days away . Max quits the society because he finds out that they are taking advantage of him . Alex and Justin transform into Max in an attempt to change the date of the family wizard competition back to its original date and succeed . In the end of the episode they accidentally turn Max indefinitely into a little girl . Guest stars : Bailee Madison as Maxine , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Kari Wahlgren as Helen , Shane Harper as Fidel Note : Bailee Madison begins her recurring role as Maxine , the female Max in this episode . Jake T. Austin was absent in four other episodes and returns at the end of the tenth episode `` Back to Max '' . 85 6 `` Daddy 's Little Girl '' Robbie Countryman Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein January 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 21 ) 406 3.4 With Max still a little girl , their parents pay more attention to Max ( Maxine ) , and Alex becomes jealous . Justin takes Maxine to her ( Max 's ) karate class and Maxine kicks Justin 's butt . After the class , Alex decides to make Jerry 's favorite sandwich in order to win his love back , but Maxine comes along with Justin , announcing that she beat Justin in karate , and Jerry immediately falls for her cuteness again . More jealous than ever , Alex comes back with Justin to Maxine 's karate class with their parents , having a slight idea of knowing how to change Maxine back to Max . They cast spells on Maxine , Justin using the spell he used on Max that turned him into Maxine , and Alex using the reverse spell . Unfortunately , it only makes Maxine cuter , which makes her furious . Instead of going against the person she was supposed to , she demands that she kicks either Alex or Justin 's butt . Justin goes against her , but seeing that he would lose , Alex casts a spell on Justin to make him a karate master . Too fast for Maxine , Justin beats her , and Maxine is hurt ( physically ) . Jerry and Theresa rush to her side , caring for Maxine more than they care that Justin beat Maxine in karate . Justin leaves , and Alex leaves after him , heartbroken . Back at home , Jerry tells Alex that he fell for Maxine because she reminded him of Alex when she was little and they bond again . Meanwhile , Zeke thinks the Russos hate him , but really it was just Harper 's alibi in order to keep him away from the Sub Station so as not to make him suspicious about Max 's disappearance and Maxine 's appearance . Guest stars : Bailee Madison as Maxine , Dan Benson as Zeke , Lanny Joon as Sensei Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 86 7 `` Everything 's Rosie for Justin '' Victor Gonzalez Justin Varava February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) 407 3.9 Justin and his delinquent class have a wizard wand dance assessment to do which will get them back in Wiztech . A new student named Rosie joins , whom Justin falls madly in love with to later find out that she is an Angel . Meanwhile , Jerry , Teresa , and Harper try to think of ideas of how to get more people to come to their restaurant . Harper makes cards which customers get hole punched each time they buy a sandwich ; when you get 9 hole punches , they get a free sandwich . Contrary to the original purpose , one man punches his own card , demands a free sandwich , and then brings dozens of people into the restaurant , who also have pre-punched cards . Maxine uses her charming cuteness to convince the customers to not exploit her parents . Meanwhile , Justin kicks Rosie out of his class so that it does not fail the wizard dance assessment . Sympathizing , Alex gets Rosie to rejoin the class and puts a copycat spell on her so that Rosie can mimic Alex 's move and pass the class . The assessment ends in disaster when a squirrel - frog attaches itself to Alex 's foot , and Rosie reveals herself to be an angel . The class fails , but Justin starts dating Rosie . Guest stars : Bailee Madison as Maxine , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Leven Rambin as Rosie , Diane Delano as Penny , Chris Coppola as Customer , Cameron Sanders as Nelvis Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 87 8 `` Dancing with Angels '' Victor Gonzalez Richard Goodman February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) 408 4.5 Justin and Rosie start dating but when their date gets ruined , they want a second date . Alex suggests an Angel Club in Los Angeles , but Rosie says that only Angels are allowed . Maxine will not tell their parents as long as Alex brings her back an Ozzy Osbourne stone . After Justin , Harper and Alex sneak in along with Rosie , Zeedrik asks them if they are angels and they say they are . Back at the sub shop , Theresa and Jerry question Maxine to find out where Justin , Alex and Harper are , and Maxine does not say , so they force her to join a Pageant in order for her to tell them where they are . Things get bad at the angel club when Alex and Harper can not fly , until Justin secretly pulls out his wand and gives Harper flying powers . Zeedrik still questions them by giving them a test to sing while playing the harp . Though Alex , Justin , and Harper fail to do so , they are accepted as `` angels '' until the key - chain of Ozzy Osbourne 's star reverts to normal . Zeedrik believes they are really angels of darkness , causing everyone in the club to run off , even Rosie . Rosie comes back at the end of the episode to comfort Justin , but when they both look over the city , Rosie 's wings are shown to be black , the color of an angel of darkness ' wings , but Justin does not see because he is looking forward . Meanwhile , Maxine ends up winning the beauty pageant , making Jerry and Theresa celebrate . Guest stars : Bailee Madison as Maxine , Leven Rambin as Rosie , Ransford Doherty as Zeedrik Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 88 9 `` Wizards vs. Angels '' Victor Gonzalez Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) 409 -- 410 5.1 Rosie is an Angel of Darkness , and has been tricking Justin all along to make him evil . Alex finds out , with the help of Tina ( a guardian angel in training trying to earn her wings ) that Rosie is an Angel of Darkness . Justin crosses over to the dark side with Rosie , steals the `` moral compass '' , and gives it to Gorog , so Gorog can turn the compass from good to bad , so that the world will be covered in darkness and every human being will be corrupted . Rosie tries to get Justin to run away and save him , because Gorog wants to destroy him , but Justin refuses to leave , stating that he is no longer a wizard but an Angel of Darkness and breaks his wand in halves . Alex tries to convince Justin that he is a wizard , a good wizard and not an Angel of Darkness . Meanwhile , Maxine is enrolled in Tribeca Prep , since she is participating in a `` cousin exchange program . '' After her first day of school , Maxine laments that she has no friends , which leads Harper to insist Maxine have a slumber party ( which is really what Harper wants because she has never had a slumber party ) , that eventually becomes a disaster . Tina reveals that Rosie was a good angel , and her teacher however , Gorog reached her before her transport arrived and corrupted her . Alex and Tina go to the Dark Realm to save Justin . Alex borrows a pair of wings from the guardian angels . Alex takes the Moral Compass and tries to turn it to good but Justin stops her and then Rosie used her good angel side and they fly up and when they land , Justin turns the compass to good . Tina and Alex take it and run . When Rosie and Justin kiss , Rosie turns into a good angel ( with white wings ) , and Justin loses the dark wings . Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Bailee Madison as Maxine , Leven Rambin as Rosie , John Rubinstein as Gorog , China McClain as Tina , Amy Tolsky as Florence Note : This is a one - hour special . Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 89 10 `` Back To Max '' Guy Distad Todd J. Greenwald March 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) 411 3.7 Justin invites Professor Crumbs to check on his delinquent wizards class , to see how their wizard training is progressing . During the conversation , Maxine interrupts , causing Alex and Justin to panic since they do not know how to explain `` Maxine '' , and they try to find a way to turn Maxine back to Max . Meanwhile , Harper takes a role in the school 's `` Spirit of America '' play , only to be replaced by Maxine . Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Bailee Madison as Maxine , Cameron Sanders as Nelvis , LJ Benet as Little Crumbs , Jackie Evancho as Choir Girl Note : Jake T. Austin returns as Max near the end of the episode . Bailee Madison marks her final appearance as Maxine in this episode . 90 11 `` Zeke Finds Out '' David DeLuise Peter Dirksen April 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) 412 3.0 When Alex gets bored of Zeke 's failing magic tricks , she decides to use magic to make Zeke 's tricks come true . Everything goes downhill when Zeke tells Harper he believes he is a wizard and is now booking a magic act at the sub station for a kid 's birthday party . Since Justin and Harper are tired of Alex ruining things all the time , they decide to leave everything up to her . Harper , not wanting to let Zeke make a fool of himself , tells Alex to tell Zeke the truth about wizards , but she is reluctant to , as exposing wizardry to another mortal could get her kicked out of the wizard competition forever if anyone finds out . Zeke goes on with his belief that he is a `` wizard '' , but he finds out Harper is keeping a secret from him so he breaks up with her . Alex realizes what a mess she created and on the day of Zeke 's magic act , she makes Harper disappear before she can expose wizardry to Zeke , which freaks him out . The Russos really are in deep waters when Zeke is going to saw Max in half with a real saw for his next act , so Justin takes matters into his own hands and freezes everyone except for himself and Zeke . Justin tells Zeke that he is a wizard , not Zeke , and that he did everything . Still not believing him , he flashes Zeke into their lair and unveils the secret to him . They go back outside and tell Harper and Alex who are fighting , that Zeke now knows about the existence of wizards , but he promises he will never tell anyone . Zeke and Harper reconcile their relationship and Alex and Harper apologize and make up with each other . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Maurice G. Smith as Big Mitch Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 91 12 `` Magic Unmasked '' David DeLuise Justin Varava May 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 13 ) 413 2.7 When a former legendary Luchador `` Muy Macho '' visits the Sub Station , Alex finds out that she was the reason why he quit lucha libre ( wrestling ) , so she tries to make it up to him by arranging a lucha libre match with him and Jerry to restore his honor . Meanwhile , Zeke asks too many questions about wizardry , so Justin offers to grant him one magical wish if he promised he would stop questioning him about magic . Unfortunately , Zeke 's wish is to defeat Muy Macho in the match . Max pretends to like Talia 's hobbies , but does not enjoy them . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Valente Rodriguez as Muy Macho , McKaley Miller as Talia 92 13 `` Meet the Werewolves '' Victor Gonzalez David Henrie June 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 17 ) 415 4.0 When Alex asks Mason if she can meet his parents , Mason shows his fake parents and she finds out soon after . She gets upset at Mason and demands him to take her to his real parents . Mason takes her to the Autumn Moon Feast ( werewolf holiday ) to meet his parents . Soon after that Alex finds out he told his parents that she is a werewolf and is frustrated . She uses a spell to change herself and Harper into werewolves . She tries to be the worst werewolf possible in front of Mason 's parents during the feast . In the end Mason 's parents like her as a werewolf and she says to him that they do not know the real her . She begins to leave and he says that he truly loves Alex to his parents and that she is a wizard . She changes back to a wizard and Mason turns back to human form . After the parents find out they try to eat her and Mason and Alex make a near escape . Meanwhile Max makes his parents ' food taste like kid food in order to make it taste good . Afterwards Jerry and Theresa eat it , and as a result they act like little kids . Justin thinks he will have to fix it but Max comments on how he does not need help , as he will be the future family wizard . Max uses another spell on cookies to make them older , but they turn into teenagers . Finally , Justin uses a spell on a pizza to turn them back into their regular selves . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Harry Van Gorkum as Grant Greybeck , Robin Riker as Linda Greybeck , Marianne Muellerleile as Molly , Eric Zuckerman as Bill 93 14 `` Beast Tamer '' Victor Gonzalez Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein June 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 24 ) 416 4.0 When Alex , Justin and Max win four tickets to the `` Beast Bowl '' , the tickets are delivered by Beast Tamer Chase Riprock , who begins flirting with Alex and invites the group for a pre-bowl tour . Alex invites Mason to go with them but he says he can not . During the tour , despite Chase 's warnings , Justin attempts to tame the beast so that Max can have his photo taken with the beast , but both are caught and banned from the event . Chase tries to kiss Alex but she rejects him and returns to the mortal world where she finds Mason coming out a hardware store . Mason is evasive about his plans , which involve making an anniversary present for Alex , so Alex returns to the Beast Bowl. Harper tells Mason that Chase likes Alex and urges him to surprise her with the gift at the Beast Bowl . Meanwhile , Justin and Max return to the Beast Bowl disguised as beast taming clowns where they allow the beast to escape and snatch Alex who throws the whip to Chase . Chase tames the beast who drops Alex and Mason is able to reveal his gift , which is a sculpture of himself and Alex. Alex and Mason leave together , with the sculpture . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest star : Nick Roux as Chase Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 94 15 `` Wizard of the Year '' Victor Gonzalez Richard Goodman July 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 08 ) 417 3.6 Alex has been crowned Wizard of the Year after saving the world from dark angels , as well as being reinstated in the Wizard Competition , and a banquet honoring her achievement is hosted . With paparazzi in tow , Chase Riprock visits the lair to congratulate Alex . As he leaves , Keith Keith hounds them about being in a romantic relationship , to which Alex states she already has a boyfriend . Later , Mason and Alex watch his gossip segment , and to their horror , Keith Keith confirms that Chase and Alex are dating . For Alex winning Wizard of the Year , the Russo family must record a holographic video congratulating Alex . However , much to Justin 's displeasure , Justin 's video instead only contains him complaining about Alex . The night of the awards banquet , Mason stands Alex up , leaving her devastated . At the banquet , Chancellor TootieTootie tells Justin that his display of affection and pride for Alex may reinstate him into the competition , causing Justin to be frantic and do everything within his power to destroy the tape . Chase purposely invites himself to sit at the Russo 's table . However , Mason shows up late and sees Alex and Chase flirting together . A short battle ensues between Mason and Chase . Alex soon breaks up the fight , and is forced to choose either Mason or Chase . Appalled by both of their behaviors that evening , Alex chooses neither and breaks up with Mason . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie , Nick Roux as Chase , Justin Guarini as Keith Keith 95 16 `` Misfortune at the Beach '' Jody Margolin Hahn Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio July 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 24 ) 420 3.5 The Russos head to the beach on an extremely hot day , and Harper hopes to enjoy reading her book while at the beach . The Russos come across Zelzar , a fortune - telling machine . Jerry warns the kids about Zelzar -- he is from the wizard world , and a wizard 's fortune really comes true . After Max and Justin receive good fortunes , Alex decides to get a fortune despite her father 's warning . However , her fortune says , `` Say good - bye to your life . '' Alex thinks nothing of it and proceeds to enjoy the day at the beach , but comes close to life - threatening situations multiple times . Alex , Justin , Max , and Harper make a compromise with Zelzar -- if they can extract him from the machine and let him enjoy a day at the beach , he will take back Alex 's fortune . Max replaces Zelzar , and Justin is forced to drive the beach - goers away from the machine ( as Max gives out silly fortunes about his new facial hair ) ; meanwhile , the girls help Zelzar fancy his day at the beach . In the end , Zelzar reveals that while he can not take away Alex 's fortune , he can give it to the next person . The next person happens to be a little girl , who gets Alex 's fortune . However , it is revealed that a man from Random Prize Giveaway shows up , saying : `` Say good - bye to your life because we 're randomly giving you one million dollars ! '' Guest stars : Michael Carbonaro as Zelzar , John J. York as Game Show Host 96 17 `` Wizards vs. Asteroid '' Victor Gonzalez Peter Dirksen August 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 19 ) 418 3.6 When it is announced that a huge asteroid is hurtling towards the earth , the Russos decide to hide in the wizard world , but Alex , Justin , and Max change their minds and go into space to destroy the asteroid . Meanwhile , Alex finds out that she is not graduating high school , but when a small part of the asteroid hits the school , she gets a chance to graduate . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Kristina Hayes as Reporter 97 18 `` Justin 's Back In '' Guy Distad Todd J. Greenwald August 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 26 ) 419 3.2 Justin 's class of delinquent wizards has completed their studies , which means they are eligible to rejoin WizTech if they all pass their final evaluation . When they all fail , Alex suspects something is not right . The truth soon uncovered -- the class had actually passed , but the historian who checked the exams was revealed to be evil , and had lied about the exam scores . He tries to attack Justin 's class , so Justin must stop the historian , and save Alex. but one of the students in the class is able to stop him by pulling the most powerful wand in the wizard world out of a crystal ball and using it . This means that he is actually the descendant of a famous wizard who had previously been thought to have no living descendants . Justin 's class is revealed to have passed the final exam , so they are readmitted into WizTech and Justin is officially back in the family wizard competition . Meanwhile , Jerry and Theresa realize that they never saved any of Max 's childhood accomplishments , so they try to recreate them with the help of Harper . During the credits , it is revealed that Max had kept his favorite memories all along . Special guest star : Tim Conway as Cragmont Guest stars : Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Cameron Sanders as Nelvis 98 19 `` Alex the Puppetmaster '' Victor Gonzalez Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) 421 3.0 Alex and Harper decide to do a puppet show to raise money for a new apartment and Zeke and Justin help them . But Alex forgets to write the lines for the show . Harper gets mad and decides to do a show of her own and makes her puppets act like the way Alex treats her . Alex makes Justin and Zeke puppets for her show and steals Harper 's crowd which makes Harper upset . Then Alex apologizes to Harper using the puppets . Meanwhile , Talia 's parents meet Theresa and Jerry for the first time , but it does not go well . Justin puts a spell on Talia 's parents to forget they ever meet Theresa and Jerry . They meet again , but this time they end up watching a 16 - hour play together . Special guest star : Joely Fisher as Meg Robinson Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , James Urbaniak as Rob Robinson , McKaley Miller as Talia 99 20 `` My Two Harpers '' Victor Gonzalez Manny Basanese September 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 30 ) 422 3.0 Harper and Zeke spend so much time together that Alex decides to make a Harper - clone . Justin comes with lots of different ideas to save money in the sub-shop and Max starts a fast - food restaurant in the wizard world . Guest star : Dan Benson as Zeke Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 100 21 `` Wizards of Apartment 13B '' Guy Distad Justin Varava October 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 07 ) 423 3.5 Alex and Harper receive a flyer for a hotel . They meet the hotel 's owner , Dexter , who sells them Apartment 13B , which belongs to a floor for non-humans . They rent it , but Harper is forced to use a training wand that can only open things . Later at their apartment , they realize Mason lives on the floor . Mason will stop at nothing to win Alex back ; Alex tells him she does not want a boyfriend , but Mason is relentless . That night , Alex and Harper throw a party , where the whole floor comes , including Felix . Mason goes to the party and uses Harper 's wand to open Alex 's heart . However , she flirts with an ugly giant . Mason tries again , but makes Alex opens her heart to Felix . Meanwhile , Theresa and Jerry trick Justin into going to Alex 's apartment to drive him out of the house . When Justin arrives , he fixes Mason 's mistakes by resetting Harper 's wand and it is revealed that despite his actions , he misses Alex. Alex , freed from Mason 's spell , is angry at Mason , and Mason , deflated , leaves . Outside their door , Dexter turns into Gorog when no one is looking . He wants revenge . Max appears in the apartment , and when Harper and Alex kick him out , he encounters Gorog , who gives him a flyer for a free camp . Max accepts . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : John Rubinstein as Gorog , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Christopher Douglas Reed as Ogre Note : This is part 1 of a 4 - part arc and also the 100th episode . 101 22 `` Ghost Roommate '' David DeLuise Richard Goodman October 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 14 ) 424 4.1 Alex and Harper have trouble paying the apartment bills , so Dexter recommends getting a roommate . Alex and Harper find a wealthy ghost named Lucy , who they let move in . Meanwhile , Justin orders a robot to help Zeke at the sub station , as Justin is busy studying for the wizard competition . The robot is lost in transit , but Dexter ( Gorog in disguise ) makes an evil robot to spy on Justin to pass information to Gorog . While Zeke and the robot are working , the robot asks him about Justin and the wizard competition , which confuses Zeke because no one had talked about it in front of the robot . Later that night , Lucy starts crying and explains that her boyfriend Donny had disappeared sixty years prior in a plane accident . Alex tries to set Lucy up with Justin , but he makes matters worse . Later , Lucy meets Mason and they go out on a long date , which makes Alex jealous . Meanwhile , the robot again asks Zeke about the wizard world and Zeke realizes that the robot might have a secret agenda . He tells Justin , who simply does not believe him and is ignorant of the situation because of his intensive studying . Because of her jealousy , Alex helps Lucy locate Donny , who had been stranded on an island in the Bermuda Triangle . They soon reconnect , but not after Alex realizes that she can not get back home , due to heavy magnetic currents interfering with her magic . Mason goes to save Alex after he finds out that she had left for the Bermuda Triangle . The robot attacks Justin and Zeke after they find him scanning the spell book . Mason and Alex manage to get off of the island using the Bermuda shorts given to them by Justin . The robot is shown giving Gorog the spell he needed that he got from the Russos . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous , Linsey Godfrey as Lucy , Travis Caldwell as Donny , Michael Carbonaro as Robot Note : This is part 2 of a 4 - part arc . Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo , Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 102 23 `` Get Along , Little Zombie '' Victor Gonzalez Peter Dirksen October 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) 425 3.4 Alex and Harper are going to their apartment when they run into Mr. Laritate , who also lives in the hotel . Felix tells Justin he broke his wand and Justin informs him that it 's fake , because he saw batteries in it . He concludes that someone stole Felix 's wand . Dexter is showing a zombie to the hall for magical creatures while he introduces them to Alex and Harper . Mason , who will stubbornly not stop asking Alex on a date , meets them in the elevator . When Alex ignores him , Mason messes with the buttons so he can spend more time with her and they land on the second floor . Justin tells Jerry that Felix lost his wand and Jerry tells them to use the abracadoobler wand app and Felix realizes that his wand is around the area . Meanwhile , because Mason messed with the buttons , all the humans have discovered the mysterious thirteenth floor . Alex lies and tells the humans that they accidentally got into a secret open house floor for the people in the hotel . Mr. Laritate , after all the other humans left , discovers the thirteenth floor too and sees Alex , Harper , and Mason . Mr. Laritate sees the zombie , Alex explains this is a haunted house , but Mr. Laritate does not believe them . The zombie bites Mr. Laritate and turns him into a zombie . They take him to their apartment while Alex looks for a spell to turn Mr. Laritate human again . Mr. Laritate runs away and Alex , Harper , and Mason suspect he went to the substation . Professor Crumbs questions Felix , who reveals the 13th floor to them , and Crumbs denies the existence of a `` 13th floor '' , so they go to investigate . At Waverly Place they 're throwing a festival while Alex tells Jerry what happened . Alex and Mason , trying to sneak the zombie into the substation , are forced into dance . They then , after Harper causes a distraction , take Laritate to the substation and give him a medicine from the wizard world that turns Laritate human . He remembers nothing and goes outside to dance . Alex kisses him on the cheek , and Mason suggests they just be friends . Alex gets back together with Mason . Crumbs tells Felix the floor should not exist . Harper , Mason , and Alex return to the thirteenth floor . Justin tells them that the floor does not exist . Crumbs thinks that there is evil going on . Dexter then comes with dark angel wings and it is revealed he stole Felix 's wand . Dexter tricks Felix into turning to the dark side in return for the wand . Felix casts a spell that traps them all on the floor . Back at Waverly Place , Mr. Laritate is dancing while Jerry is selling chili , when Mr. Laritate gets one and gets water to get `` the burn '' out of his mouth . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Regan Burns as Everett , Jane Carr as Martha St. Claire Note : This is part 3 of a 4 - part arc . Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo , Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 103 24 `` Wizards vs. Everything '' Victor Gonzalez Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 28 ) 426 3.4 The wizards of 13th floor come out and Alex explains Dexter 's evil . Dexter reveals himself as Gorog , and that he is trying to rebuild his army of darkness . Felix uses a spell that makes all the wizards from the 13th floor go with them , so they can make them all evil , all except Alex , Justin , and Harper , who are left behind . A trashcan tells them to go through it , however Alex ends up in the room again . Justin realizes only mortals can go through it . Alex convinces Harper into going through it , Harper then arrives in the wizard lair . Gorog takes the kidnapped wizards to his evil lair , where he plans to make them evil . He tricks Hugh Normous into becoming one of the evil wizards in his army . Professor Crumbs fakes becoming evil when Gorog plans on making him evil . Harper contacts Max and tells him about Gorog . Max arrives and suggests they look for spells in the wizard books . Gorog makes the wizard army to dig a hole to the atmosphere to the wizard world , so they can take over it . Gorog also tries to trick Mason into being one of the members in his army , but Mason refuses . Gorog tricks him into joining , however . Gorog then makes Felix send a black whole to suck Alex and Justin in it . Gorog gives the kidnapped wizards their wands so they can take over the wizard world , but Crumbs refuses to let them . Felix then gets rid of Crumbs on Gorog 's order . The black hole nearly sucks Alex and Justin when Crumbs arrives at the wizard lair . Max suggests they put a black hole in the wizard lair . Max goes in and rescues Alex and Justin . Crumbs tells them to use their magic to stop Gorog . They arrive at Gorog 's lair and attempt to destroy him , but Mason tries to convince Alex to join them . Gorog also reveals Juliet ( young again ) , Justin 's ex-girlfriend , and she convinces Justin to join . Alex also surrenders , and Max is forced to as well , the three then use their combined magic to get rid of Gorog , and all the supernatural beings are freed from his influence . Juliet and Justin get back together . Alex tricks Harper into moving in the Russos ' basement by making her think all the wizards and supernatural creatures , with no home , are going to stay . Special guest stars : Gregg Sulkin as Mason , Bridgit Mendler as Juliet van Heusen Guest stars : Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , John Rubinstein as Gorog , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous , Christopher Douglas Reed as Ogre Note : This is part 4 of a 4 - part arc . Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 104 25 `` Rock Around the Clock '' Guy Distad Robert Boesel November 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) 414 3.8 The current landlord of the Russo 's building decides to sell the sub shop , evicting the Russos of the shop , as well as their apartment and lair , which contains their portal . Without the portal , the Russos will lose all contact with the Wizard world . So , the entire family ( along with Harper ) travel back to 1957 to stop Jerry 's father ( the previous owner of the shop ) from selling the shop to the landlord , so that they do not get evicted . Jerry 's father agrees not to sell the shop , and the Russos return to present day . However , they accidentally leave Harper behind when Harper is distracted by a woman with a poodle , and Harper suggests that the woman should put a picture of a poodle on her skirt , creating a poodle skirt , which were popular in the 1950s . Back in present day , the Russos ( who have not yet realized Harper 's absence ) find the sub shop obsolete , boarded up , and empty , with the subway car and the lair missing , too . The Russos realized that they have messed with the fabric of time , and something they did while time - traveling in 1957 must have created a ripple effect , and affected present day . While Alex suggests that they go back to 1957 to find out what they did wrong , Justin denies this , saying they should not solve the problem by doing exactly what caused the problem , however Theresa states that they will have to go back , when she realizes that they left Harper in 1957 . The Russos return to 1957 , where Jerry 's father reveals that he did not sell the restaurant to the landlord , however the restaurant failed to make enough business , and that he has been forced to close it . Justin realizes that when Jerry 's father lost the restaurant , he moved out of the building and since their family no longer lived in the building , the lair disappeared in present day . The Russos decide just to find Harper and go back to present day , and discover that Harper enrolled at Tribeca Prep as soon as they forgot her in 1957 , as Harper did not want to ruin her perfect attendance record . Justin , Alex , and Max go to Tribeca Prep to retrieve Harper , while Jerry and Theresa wait at the sub shop , however Harper decides to stay in the past , as she finds new popularity in 1957 that she does not experience in present day . While at Tribeca , Max introduces the high - five to several students . Alex realizes that if they make the sub shop the 1957 high school hangout , the sub shop will get better business and will not have to close . However , no one has any fun at the sub shop that night as the jukebox is broken . Just as everyone is about to leave , Max plugs his MP3 player into the jukebox and Harper uses her popularity to get the students dancing and having fun at the shop , and the business at the sub shop peaks . The Russos return to the present day , where the lair and the sub shop are back , and Jerry owns the entire building , while the landlord is now the owner of a Janitor service , instead of the building , and the high - five is now called a `` Max '' . Alex then remembers that they forgot Harper back in 1957 and they go back and get her . ( the Russos accidentally end up in 1977 twice in the episode , thanks to Justin ) Guest stars : Brendan Bradley as Hank , Carlo Michael Mancini as Lenny Hune 105 26 `` Harperella '' Victor Gonzalez Richard Goodman & Justin Varava November 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 18 ) 427 3.5 The episode begins on Waverly Place where Harper is reading a storybook to a group of children when Alex pushes her away . Alex explains that it 's a Wizard Storybook , a magical storybook that has the power of turning what the person reads real . Then Harper is teleported into the loft where Theresa , her evil ( or `` wicked '' as she referred ) stepmother calls her Harperella ( a combination of Harper and Cinderella ) and forces her to do the chores . Then her evil stepbrothers , Justin and Max come down and give her laundry to her wash . Later Harper is washing the Waverly Substation when Alex appears , as she is Harper 's fairy godmother . Alex explains to Harper that the fairy tale has to run as it 's supposed to before things can go back to the way they were and then vanishes . Then Max comes in and says that the prince charming has decided to use the Substation to be the ballroom for the royal party . Harper says that she can go to the party but her stepfamily laughs at her . Back in the loft Harper summons Alex , she uses a spell to transform Harper 's bookdress into a princess gown and glass bowls into glass slippers . They go down ( through the door ) into the street and Alex turns the hot dog stand into a carriage to take Harper to the party . There she dances with prince charming , Zeke . At the stroke of midnight she goes outside leaving her glass slipper behind . Then , to both girls ' shock , Justin , Max and Zeke ( with pig noses ) rush inside the substation being chased by the big , bad wolf , Mason . Alex realizes that some pages are missing and Cinderella and three little pigs stories were blended together . The pig - turned boys and Harper rush into the loft being chased by Mason . While Alex finds the pages Harper has to keep Mason from eating Zeke ( who built the straw house ) , Alex eventually finds the book pages in a drawer along with other book pages . Alex tries a page from Max 's favourite magic trick book then David Copperfield comes into the room and does some magic tricks which impresses Harper . But another page that Alex tried was from Justin 's science book and a caveman appeared , but the caveman has a thing for Harper . So when Harper is impressed by the magic trick he is jealous and tries to attack David Copperfield . Alex finds the right pages and the story goes back to Cinderella . Zeke Charming comes in and Theresa tries to wear the slipper but fails . Then Harper tries it and fits . She and Zeke go back to the royal party where they dance and then the story ends and the world is returned to its normality . Last but not least , Harper was back in the real world and she lived happily ever after . Finally , Alex planned that Harper and Zeke dance because they were great when they danced in romance , so they practiced but they were really bad . The ball dance is turned into a clogging dance . Special guest stars : David Copperfield as himself , Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest star : Dan Benson as Zeke Absent : David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 106 27 `` Who Will Be the Family Wizard '' Victor Gonzalez Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio ( Part 1 ) Todd J. Greenwald ( Part 2 ) January 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) 428 -- 429 9.8 During a dinner that Alex made for the family , Professor Crumbs visits to reveal that with this selfless act , the Russo children can finally have their family wizard competition . Round one of the competition is a trivia round , in which questions related to magic are asked . During this round , Harper and Zeke appear . Zeke has accidentally smelled a purple substance in the lair that caused him to turn purple . This causes a griffin to kidnap him and Harper . Alex , Justin and Max use their three time - outs to go and rescue their friends . They make it back , only to discover that they have been gone too long and have been disqualified from the competition . They all return home , where the lair disappears and they all lose their magic , thus becoming mortals . Justin and Max begin to hate Alex because of her insistence on saving Zeke and Harper resulting in them losing . Convinced that the loss of their powers has ruined the family , Jerry decides to sell the sub shop . The kids go for a day without magic , during which , slowly gaining back trust in each other as they reopen and run the shop . Suddenly , they are returned to the area of the Wizard Competition , where the host reveals that the griffin attack ( which was actually meant for Professor Crumbs ) and the weeks they went without magic were tests to test their family bond . They enter the final round of the competition , a massive labyrinth . The first out of the maze will win . Justin makes it out first and is declared the Family Wizard . However , he decides he can not accept this because Alex was about to get out first : Justin had been trapped by magical vines and Alex , near the exit , came back to help . Alex is thus declared the true family wizard . Professor Crumbs , proud of Justin 's integrity in telling the truth , declares that he is going to retire as Headmaster of Wiz - Tech and declares Justin the new headmaster , granting him full wizard powers . Considering Max is the only Russo child that does not get powers or becomes a full wizard , Jerry thus decides to one day pass down the sub shop to Max , which he happily accepts . It ends with the Russo family hugging and gathering together with Alex stating that they are all finally happy at the same time . Special guest stars : Gregg Sulkin as Mason , Bridgit Mendler as Juliet van Heusen Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie Note : This is an hour long special . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- wizards of waverly place on disney '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Sanctuary Rises + Friday Night Smackdown ! , Avalon High , NBA , Wizards of Waverly & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 13 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NBA Leads Night , Plus ' Conspiracy Theory , ' ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Gold Rush Alaska , Suite Life on Deck , Wizards of Waverly , Merlin and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' & NBA Lead Night +'Smackdown , ' ' Spartacus , ' ' Victorious , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' Lead Night , ' Merlin ' Down + ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , RAW , White Collar and Monk top weekly cable chart Posted on November 3 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska ' Ends Season on Top ; ' Merlin ' & ' Spartacus : Gods of The Arena ' Rise + ' Wizards of Waverly ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' Up , Leads Night + ' Flying Wild Alaska , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Merlin ' Dethrones ' Camelot ' ; Plus ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Say Yes To The Dress ' and More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : Thunder / Grizzlies Leads Night + ' American Restoration , ' ' Friday Night Smackdown ! ' and More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' American Restoration ' Leads Primetime Originals , ' Smackdown ' Dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' BET Awards , ' ' True Blood , ' NASCAR ' and ' Burn Notice ' Top Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : More ' Torchwood : Miracle Day , ' + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Wizards of Waverly ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Pawn Stars , ' ' The Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Top Weekly Cable Viewing -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : ' Smackdown ' Up , Tops Night ; ' Haven , ' ' Thundercats ' Steady + ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : ' Smackdown ' Tops Night ; Hurricane Irene Boosts Weather Channel + ' Haven , ' ' Thundercats ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Updated Friday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Tops Primetime ; ' Smackdown ' Falls ; ' Haven , ' ' Thundercats ' Steady & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Rain - Shortened Yankees / Tigers Tops Night + ' Haven , ' ' Clone Wars , ' ' Smackdown ! ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Cardinals / Phillies Tops Night , Plus ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Sanctuary ' Premiere ' Jessie ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : NLCS Leads Night Plus ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Make Your Mark , ' ' Jessie ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Smackdown ! ' Ties ' SpongeBob ; ' Plus ' Sanctuary , ' ' Boss , ' ' House Of Payne ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/31/friday-cable-ratings-discoverys-gold-rush-tops-cable-friday-night-smackdown-sancturary-boss-more/109085/ Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Discovery 's ' Gold Rush ' Tops Cable + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Boss ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Cable + Okla . St. / Iowa St. , ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Flying Wild Alaska ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel and Disney Junior January 2012 Highlights '' . Disney Channel Media Net . January 4 , 2012 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Wizards of Waverly Place Finale , ' ' Gold Rush ' Lead + ' Jessie , ' ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . General references `` Shows A-Z -- wizards of waverly place on disney '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . `` Wizards of Waverly Place Season 4 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . `` Wizards of Waverly Place : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) List of Wizards of Waverly Place season 4 episodes at TV.com Wizards of Waverly Place Characters Alex Russo Episodes Seasons : ( 1 4 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' Related Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex Soundtrack Video game Spellbound Disney Channel All Star Party Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wizards_of_Waverly_Place_(season_4)&oldid=853369804 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons Wizards of Waverly Place Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 08 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who gets the powers wizards of waverly place | [
"Finally, in the hour-long series finale, Alex, Justin, and Max compete in the family wizard competition. Alex wins and gains full wizardry; Justin becomes a full wizard as well when Professor Crumbs reveals he is retiring as headmaster of WizTech and passes the position to Justin. Jerry also decides to pass down the Waverly Sub Station to Max one day since he is the only child who is not a wizard anymore. The series ends with hugging and Alex saying that they are all happy.\n"
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"Alex"
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6890577931213126481 | Bronze Age | Bronze Age - wikipedia Bronze Age For other uses , see Bronze Age ( disambiguation ) . Diffusion of metallurgy in Europe and Asia Minor -- the darkest areas are the oldest . Bronze Age ↑ Chalcolithic Near East ( c. 3300 -- 1200 BC ) Anatolia , Caucasus , Elam , Egypt , Levant , Mesopotamia , Sistan , Canaan Late Bronze Age collapse South Asia ( c. 3300 -- 1200 BC ) Indus Valley Civilization Bronze Age South Asia Ochre Coloured Pottery Cemetery H Europe ( c. 3200 -- 600 BC ) Aegean ( Cycladic , Minoan , Mycenaean ) , Caucasus , Catacomb culture , Srubna culture , Beaker culture , Unetice culture , Tumulus culture , Urnfield culture , Hallstatt culture , Apennine culture , Canegrate culture , Golasecca culture , Atlantic Bronze Age , Bronze Age Britain , Nordic Bronze Age East Asia ( c. 2000 -- 300 BC ) Erlitou , Erligang , Gojoseon , Jomon , Majiayao , Mumun , Qijia , Siwa , Wucheng , Xindian , Yueshi arsenical bronze writing literature sword chariot ↓ Iron Age The Bronze Age is a historical period characterized by the use of bronze , and in some areas proto - writing , and other early features of urban civilization . The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three - age Stone - Bronze - Iron system , as proposed in modern times by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen , for classifying and studying ancient societies . An ancient civilization is defined to be in the Bronze Age either by producing bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin , arsenic , or other metals , or by trading for bronze from production areas elsewhere . Bronze itself is harder and more durable than other metals available at the time , allowing Bronze Age civilizations to gain a technological advantage . Copper - tin ores are rare , as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in Western Asia before trading in bronze began in the 3rd millennium BC . Worldwide , the Bronze Age generally followed the Neolithic period , with the Chalcolithic serving as a transition . Although the Iron Age generally followed the Bronze Age , in some areas ( such as Sub-Saharan Africa ) , the Iron Age intruded directly on the Neolithic . Bronze Age cultures differed in their development of the first writing . According to archaeological evidence , cultures in Mesopotamia ( cuneiform script ) and Egypt ( hieroglyphs ) developed the earliest viable writing systems . Contents 1 History 1.1 Near East 1.1. 1 Anatolia 1.1. 2 Egypt 1.1. 2.1 Early Bronze dynasties 1.1. 2.2 Middle Bronze dynasties 1.1. 2.3 Late Bronze dynasties 1.1. 3 Iranian Plateau 1.1. 4 Levant 1.1. 5 Mesopotamia 1.2 Asia 1.2. 1 Central Asia 1.2. 1.1 Seima - Turbino Phenomenon 1.2. 2 East Asia 1.2. 2.1 China 1.2. 2.2 Korea 1.2. 2.3 Japan 1.2. 3 South Asia 1.2. 3.1 Indus Valley 1.2. 4 Southeast Asia 1.2. 4.1 Vietnam 1.3 Europe 1.3. 1 Balkans 1.3. 2 Aegean 1.3. 2.1 Aegean Collapse 1.3. 3 Central Europe 1.3. 4 South Europe 1.3. 5 West Europe 1.3. 5.1 Atlantic Bronze Age 1.3. 5.2 Great Britain 1.3. 5.3 Ireland 1.3. 6 North Europe 1.3. 7 Caucasus 1.3. 8 Pontic -- Caspian steppe 1.4 Africa 1.4. 1 Sub-Saharan Africa 1.4. 1.1 Nubia 1.4. 2 West Africa 1.5 Americas 2 Trade 3 See also 3.1 Seafaring 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) The overall period is characterized by widespread use of bronze , though the place and time of the introduction and development of bronze technology were not universally synchronous . Human - made tin bronze technology requires set production techniques . Tin must be mined ( mainly as the tin ore cassiterite ) and smelted separately , then added to molten copper to make bronze alloy . The Bronze Age was a time of extensive use of metals and of developing trade networks ( See Tin sources and trade in ancient times ) . A 2013 report suggests that the earliest tin - alloy bronze dates to the mid-5th millennium BC in a Vinča culture site in Pločnik ( Serbia ) , although this culture is not conventionally considered part of the Bronze Age . The dating of the foil has been disputed . Near East ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Near East Western Asia and the Near East was the first region to enter the Bronze Age , which began with the rise of the Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer in the mid 4th millennium BC . Cultures in the ancient Near East ( often called one of `` the cradles of civilization '' ) practiced intensive year - round agriculture , developed a writing system , invented the potter 's wheel , created a centralized government , written law codes , city and nation states , empires , embarked on advanced architectural projects , introduced social stratification , economic and civil administration , slavery , and practiced organized warfare , medicine and religion . Societies in the region laid the foundations for astronomy , mathematics and astrology . Dates are approximate , consult particular article for details Main article : Ancient Near East § Periodization The Ancient Near East Bronze Age can be divided as following : Near East Bronze Age Divisions The archetypal Bronze Age divisions of the Near East have a well - established triadic clearness of expression . The period dates and phases below are solely applicable to the Near East and thus not applicable universally . Early Bronze Age ( EBA ) 3300 -- 2100 BC 3300 -- 3000 : EBA I 3000 -- 2700 : EBA II 2700 -- 2200 : EBA III 2200 -- 2100 : EBA IV Middle Bronze Age ( MBA ) Also , Intermediate Bronze Age ( IBA ) 2100 -- 1550 BC 2100 -- 2000 : MBA I 2000 -- 1750 : MBA II A 1750 -- 1650 : MBA II B 1650 -- 1550 : MBA II C Late Bronze Age ( LBA ) 1550 -- 1200 BC 1550 -- 1400 : LBA I 1400 -- 1300 : LBA II A 1300 -- 1200 : LBA II B ( Bronze Age collapse ) Anatolia ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age Anatolia The Hittite Empire was established in Hattusa in northern Anatolia from the 18th century BC . In the 14th century BC , the Hittite Kingdom was at its height , encompassing central Anatolia , southwestern Syria as far as Ugarit , and upper Mesopotamia . After 1180 BC , amid general turmoil in the Levant conjectured to have been associated with the sudden arrival of the Sea Peoples , the kingdom disintegrated into several independent `` Neo-Hittite '' city - states , some of which survived until as late as the 8th century BC . Arzawa in Western Anatolia during the second half of the second millennium BC likely extended along southern Anatolia in a belt that reaches from near the Turkish Lakes Region to the Aegean coast . Arzawa was the western neighbor -- sometimes a rival and sometimes a vassal -- of the Middle and New Hittite Kingdoms . The Assuwa league was a confederation of states in western Anatolia that was defeated by the Hittites under an earlier Tudhaliya I , around 1400 BC . Arzawa has been associated with the much more obscure Assuwa generally located to its north . It probably bordered it , and may even be an alternative term for it ( at least during some periods ) . Egypt ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Egypt Early Bronze Dynasties ( edit ) Egyptian Bronze Age Bronze mirror with a female human figure at the base , Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt ( 1540 -- 1296 BC ) . Sphinx - lion of Thutmose III 1479 -- 1425 BC In Ancient Egypt the Bronze Age begins in the Protodynastic period , c. 3150 BC . The archaic early Bronze Age of Egypt , known as the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt , immediately follows the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt , c. 3100 BC . It is generally taken to include the First and Second Dynasties , lasting from the Protodynastic Period of Egypt until about 2686 BC , or the beginning of the Old Kingdom . With the First Dynasty , the capital moved from Abydos to Memphis with a unified Egypt ruled by an Egyptian god - king . Abydos remained the major holy land in the south . The hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilization , such as art , architecture and many aspects of religion , took shape during the Early Dynastic period . Memphis in the Early Bronze Age was the largest city of the time . The Old Kingdom of the regional Bronze Age is the name given to the period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization in complexity and achievement -- the first of three `` Kingdom '' periods , which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley ( the others being Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom ) . The First Intermediate Period of Egypt , often described as a `` dark period '' in ancient Egyptian history , spanned about 100 years after the end of the Old Kingdom from about 2181 to 2055 BC . Very little monumental evidence survives from this period , especially from the early part of it . The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time when the rule of Egypt was roughly divided between two competing power bases : Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt and Thebes in Upper Egypt . These two kingdoms would eventually come into conflict , with the Theban kings conquering the north , resulting in the reunification of Egypt under a single ruler during the second part of the 11th Dynasty . Middle Bronze Dynasties ( edit ) The Middle Kingdom of Egypt lasted from 2055 to 1650 BC . During this period , the Osiris funerary cult rose to dominate Egyptian popular religion . The period comprises two phases : the 11th Dynasty , which ruled from Thebes and the 12th and 13th Dynasties centered on el - Lisht . The unified kingdom was previously considered to comprise the 11th and 12th Dynasties , but historians now at least partially consider the 13th Dynasty to belong to the Middle Kingdom . During the Second Intermediate Period , Ancient Egypt fell into disarray for a second time , between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom . It is best known for the Hyksos , whose reign comprised the 15th and 16th dynasties . The Hyksos first appeared in Egypt during the 11th Dynasty , began their climb to power in the 13th Dynasty , and emerged from the Second Intermediate Period in control of Avaris and the Delta . By the 15th Dynasty , they ruled lower Egypt , and they were expelled at the end of the 17th Dynasty . Late Bronze Dynasties ( edit ) The New Kingdom of Egypt , also referred to as the Egyptian Empire , lasted from the 16th to the 11th century BC . The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period . It was Egypt 's most prosperous time and marked the peak of Egypt 's power . The later New Kingdom , i.e. the 19th and 20th Dynasties ( 1292 -- 1069 BC ) , is also known as the Ramesside period , after the eleven pharaohs that took the name of Ramesses . Iranian Plateau ( edit ) Persian Bronze Age Late 3rd Millennium BC silver cup from Marvdasht , Fars , with linear - Elamite inscription . Further information : Iranian Plateau Elam was a pre-Iranic ancient civilization located to the east of Mesopotamia . In the Old Elamite period ( Middle Bronze Age ) , Elam consisted of kingdoms on the Iranian Plateau , centered in Anshan , and from the mid-2nd millennium BC , it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands . Its culture played a crucial role in the Gutian Empire and especially during the Iranic Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded it . The Oxus civilization was a Bronze Age Central Asian culture dated to c. 2300 -- 1700 BC and centered on the upper Amu Darya ( Oxus ) . In the Early Bronze Age the culture of the Kopet Dag oases and Altyndepe developed a proto - urban society . This corresponds to level IV at Namazga - Tepe . Altyndepe was a major centre even then . Pottery was wheel - turned . Grapes were grown . The height of this urban development was reached in the Middle Bronze Age c. 2300 BC , corresponding to level V at Namazga - Depe . This Bronze Age culture is called the Bactria -- Margiana Archaeological Complex ( BMAC ) . The Kulli culture , similar to those of the Indus Valley Civilisation , was located in southern Balochistan ( Gedrosia ) c. 2500 -- 2000 BC . Agriculture was the economical base of this people . At several places dams were found , providing evidence for a highly developed water management system . Master of Animals in chlorite , Jiroft culture , c. 2500 BC , Bronze Age I , National Museum of Iran Konar Sandal is associated with the hypothesized `` Jiroft culture '' , a 3rd - millennium - BC culture postulated on the basis of a collection of artifacts confiscated in 2001 . Levant ( edit ) Mediterranean Bronze Age Chalcolithic copper mine in Timna Valley , Negev Desert , Israel . Main article : Bronze Age Levant Further information : Canaan , Prehistory of the Levant , and List of archaeological periods ( Levant ) In modern scholarship the chronology of the Bronze Age Levant is divided into Early / Proto Syrian ; corresponding to the Early Bronze. Old Syrian ; corresponding to the Middle Bronze . Middle Syrian ; corresponding to the Late Bronze . The term Neo-Syria is used to designate the early Iron Age . The old Syrian period was dominated by the Eblaite first kingdom , Nagar and the Mariote second kingdom . The Akkadian conquered large areas of the Levant and were followed by the Amorite kingdoms , c. 2000 -- 1600 BC , which arose in Mari , Yamhad , Qatna , Assyria . From the 15th century BC onward , the term Amurru is usually applied to the region extending north of Canaan as far as Kadesh on the Orontes River . The earliest known Ugarit contact with Egypt ( and the first exact dating of Ugaritic civilization ) comes from a carnelian bead identified with the Middle Kingdom pharaoh Senusret I , 1971 -- 1926 BC . A stela and a statuette from the Egyptian pharaohs Senusret III and Amenemhet III have also been found . However , it is unclear at what time these monuments got to Ugarit . In the Amarna letters , messages from Ugarit c. 1350 BC written by Ammittamru I , Niqmaddu II , and his queen , were discovered . From the 16th to the 13th century BC , Ugarit remained in constant touch with Egypt and Cyprus ( named Alashiya ) . The Mitanni was a loosely organized state in northern Syria and south - east Anatolia from c. 1500 -- 1300 BC . Founded by an Indo - Aryan ruling class that governed a predominantly Hurrian population , Mitanni came to be a regional power after the Hittite destruction of Kassite Babylon created a power vacuum in Mesopotamia . At its beginning , Mitanni 's major rival was Egypt under the Thutmosids . However , with the ascent of the Hittite empire , Mitanni and Egypt made an alliance to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination . At the height of its power , during the 14th century BC , it had outposts centered on its capital , Washukanni , which archaeologists have located on the headwaters of the Khabur River . Eventually , Mitanni succumbed to Hittite , and later Assyrian attacks , and was reduced to a province of the Middle Assyrian Empire . The Israelites were an ancient Semitic - speaking people of the Ancient Near East who inhabited part of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods ( 15th to 6th centuries BC ) , and lived in the region in smaller numbers after the fall of the monarchy . The name `` Israel '' first appears c. 1209 BC , at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the very beginning of the Iron Age , on the Merneptah Stele raised by the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah . The Arameans were a Northwest Semitic semi-nomadic and pastoralist people who originated in what is now modern Syria ( Biblical Aram ) during the Late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age . Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia , where they intermingled with the native Akkadian ( Assyrian and Babylonian ) population . The Aramaeans never had a unified empire ; they were divided into independent kingdoms all across the Near East . After the Bronze Age collapse , their political influence was confined to a number of Syro - Hittite states , which were entirely absorbed into the Neo-Assyrian Empire by the 8th century BC . Mesopotamia ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Mesopotamia In Mesopotamia , the Mesopotamian Bronze Age began about 3500 BC and ended with the Kassite period ( c. 1500 BC -- c. 1155 BC ) . The usual tripartite division into an Early , Middle and Late Bronze Age is not used . Instead , a division primarily based on art - historical and historical characteristics is more common . The cities of the Ancient Near East housed several tens of thousands of people . Ur , Kish , Isin , Larsa and Nippur in the Middle Bronze Age and Babylon , Calah and Assur in the Late Bronze Age similarly had large populations . The Akkadian Empire ( 2335 -- 2154 BC ) became the dominant power in the region , and after its fall the Sumerians enjoyed a renaissance with the Neo-Sumerian Empire . Assyria was extant from as early as the 25th century BC , and became a regional power with the Old Assyrian Empire ( c. 2025 -- 1750 BC ) . The earliest mention of Babylon ( then a small administrative town ) appears on a tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad in the 23rd century BC . The Amorite dynasty established the city - state of Babylon in the 19th century BC . Over 100 years later , it briefly took over the other city - states and formed the short lived First Babylonian Empire during what is also called the Old Babylonian Period . Akkad , Assyria and Babylonia all used the written East Semitic Akkadian language for official use and as a spoken language . By that time , the Sumerian language was no longer spoken , but was still in religious use in Assyria and Babylonia , and would remain so until the 1st century AD . The Akkadian and Sumerian traditions played a major role in later Assyrian and Babylonian culture , even though Babylonia ( unlike the more militarily powerful Assyria ) itself was founded by non-native Amorites and often ruled by other non-indigenous peoples , such as Kassites , Arameans and Chaldeans , as well as its Assyrian neighbours . Asia ( edit ) Central Asia ( edit ) Seima - Turbino Phenomenon ( edit ) Main article : Seima - Turbino Phenomenon The Altai Mountains in what is now southern Russia and central Mongolia have been identified as the point of origin of a cultural enigma termed the Seima - Turbino Phenomenon . It is conjectured that changes in climate in this region around 2000 BC and the ensuing ecological , economic and political changes triggered a rapid and massive migration westward into northeast Europe , eastward into China and southward into Vietnam and Thailand across a frontier of some 4,000 miles . This migration took place in just five to six generations and led to peoples from Finland in the west to Thailand in the east employing the same metal working technology and , in some areas , horse breeding and riding . It is further conjectured that the same migrations spread the Uralic group of languages across Europe and Asia : some 39 languages of this group are still extant , including Hungarian , Finnish and Estonian . However , recent genetic testings of sites in south Siberia and Kazakhstan ( Andronovo horizon ) would rather support a spreading of the bronze technology via Indo - European migrations eastwards , as this technology was well known for quite a while in western regions . East Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) Chinese Bronze Age A Shang dynasty two - handled bronze gefuding gui ( 1600 -- 1046 BC ) . Spring and Autumn period pu bronze vessel with interlaced dragon design ( 722 -- 481 BC ) Further information : Prehistoric China , Erlitou culture , Shang dynasty , Liaoning bronze dagger culture , and List of Bronze Age sites in China The earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the Majiayao culture site ( between 3100 and 2700 BC ) , The term `` Bronze Age '' has been transferred to the archaeology of China from that of Western Eurasia , and there is no consensus or universally used convention delimiting the `` Bronze Age '' in the context of Chinese prehistory . By convention , the `` Early Bronze Age '' in China is sometimes taken as equivalent to the `` Shang dynasty '' period of Chinese prehistory ( 16th to 11th centuries BC ) , and the `` Later Bronze Age '' as equivalent to the `` Zhou dynasty '' period ( 11th to 3rd centuries BC , from the 5th century also dubbed `` Iron Age '' ) , although there is an argument to be made that the `` Bronze Age '' proper never ended in China , as there is no recognizable transition to an `` Iron Age '' . Bronze metallurgy in China originated in what is referred to as the Erlitou ( Wade -- Giles : Erh - li - t'ou ) period , which some historians argue places it within the range of dates controlled by the Shang dynasty . Others believe the Erlitou sites belong to the preceding Xia ( Wade -- Giles : Hsia ) dynasty . The U.S. National Gallery of Art defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the `` period between about 2000 BC and 771 BC , '' a period that begins with the Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of Western Zhou rule . The widespread use of bronze in Chinese metallurgy and culture dates to significantly later , probably due to Western influence . While there may be reason to believe that bronzework developed inside China separately from outside influence , the discovery of Europoid mummies in Xinjiang suggests a possible route of transmission from the West beginning in the early second millennium BC . The Shang dynasty ( also known as the Yin dynasty ) of the Yellow River Valley rose to power after the Xia dynasty around 1600 BC . While some direct information about the Shang dynasty comes from Shang - era inscriptions on bronze artifacts , most comes from oracle bones -- turtle shells , cattle scapulae , or other bones -- which bear glyphs that form the first significant corpus of recorded Chinese characters . Iron is found from the Zhou dynasty , but its use is minimal . Chinese literature dating to the 6th century BC attests knowledge of iron smelting , yet bronze continues to occupy the seat of significance in the archaeological and historical record for some time after this . Historian W.C. White argues that iron did not supplant bronze `` at any period before the end of the Zhou dynasty ( 256 BC ) '' and that bronze vessels make up the majority of metal vessels all the way through the Later Han period , or to 221 BC ( sic ? ) . The Chinese bronze artifacts generally are either utilitarian , like spear points or adze heads , or `` ritual bronzes '' , which are more elaborate versions in precious materials of everyday vessels , as well as tools and weapons . Examples are the numerous large sacrificial tripods known as dings in Chinese ; there are many other distinct shapes . Surviving identified Chinese ritual bronzes tend to be highly decorated , often with the taotie motif , which involves highly stylized animal faces . These appear in three main motif types : those of demons , of symbolic animals , and of abstract symbols . Many large bronzes also bear cast inscriptions that are the great bulk of the surviving body of early Chinese writing and have helped historians and archaeologists piece together the history of China , especially during the Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 256 BC ) . The bronzes of the Western Zhou dynasty document large portions of history not found in the extant texts that were often composed by persons of varying rank and possibly even social class . Further , the medium of cast bronze lends the record they preserve a permanence not enjoyed by manuscripts . These inscriptions can commonly be subdivided into four parts : a reference to the date and place , the naming of the event commemorated , the list of gifts given to the artisan in exchange for the bronze , and a dedication . The relative points of reference these vessels provide have enabled historians to place most of the vessels within a certain time frame of the Western Zhou period , allowing them to trace the evolution of the vessels and the events they record . Korea ( edit ) Korean Bronze Age Bronze artifacts from Daegok - ri , Hwasun , Korea Main articles : Gojoseon and Mumun Pottery Period The beginning of the Bronze Age on the peninsula is around 1000 -- 800 BC . Although the Korean Bronze Age culture derives from the Liaoning and Manchuria , it exhibits unique typology and styles , especially in ritual objects . The Mumun pottery period is named after the Korean name for undecorated or plain cooking and storage vessels that form a large part of the pottery assemblage over the entire length of the period , but especially 850 -- 550 BC . The Mumun period is known for the origins of intensive agriculture and complex societies in both the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago . The Middle Mumun pottery period culture of the southern Korean Peninsula gradually adopted bronze production ( c. 700 -- 600 ? BC ) after a period when Liaoning - style bronze daggers and other bronze artifacts were exchanged as far as the interior part of the Southern Peninsula ( c. 900 -- 700 BC ) . The bronze daggers lent prestige and authority to the personages who wielded and were buried with them in high - status megalithic burials at south - coastal centres such as the Igeum - dong site . Bronze was an important element in ceremonies and as for mortuary offerings until 100 . Japan ( edit ) Japanese Bronze Age 2nd century BC Yayoi dōtaku bronze bell . 2nd century BC Yayoi bronze spearhead . Main article : Yayoi period The Japanese archipelago experienced the introduction of bronze during the beginning of the Early Yayoi period ( ~ 300 BC ) , which saw the introduction of metalworking and agricultural practices bought in by settlers arriving from the continent . Bronze and iron smelting techniques spread to the Japanese archipelago through contact with other ancient East Asian civilizations , particularly immigration and trade from the Korean peninsula and ancient Mainland China . Iron was mainly used for agricultural and other tools , whereas ritual and ceremonial artifacts were mainly made of bronze . South Asia ( edit ) Dates are approximate , consult particular article for details Indus Valley ( edit ) Main article : Indus Valley civilization The Bronze Age on the Indian subcontinent began around 3300 BC with the beginning of the Indus Valley civilization . Inhabitants of the Indus Valley , the Harappans , developed new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper , bronze , lead and tin . The Indian Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age Vedic Period . The Late Harappan culture , which dates from 1900 -- 1400 BC , overlapped the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age ; thus it is difficult to date this transition accurately . Southeast Asia ( edit ) Vietnam ( edit ) Main article : Dong Son culture Dating back to the Neolithic Age , the first bronze drum , called the Dong Son drum , were uncovered in and around the Red River Delta regions of Northern Vietnam and Southern China . These relate to the prehistoric Dong Son Culture of Vietnam . In Ban Chiang , Thailand , ( Southeast Asia ) bronze artifacts have been discovered dating to 2100 BC . However , according to the radiocarbon dating on the human and pig bones in Ban Chiang , some scholars propose that the initial Bronze Age in Ban Chiang was in late 2nd millennium . In Nyaunggan , Burma , bronze tools have been excavated along with ceramics and stone artifacts . Dating is still currently broad ( 3500 -- 500 BC ) . Ban Non Wat , excavated by Charles Higham , was a rich site with over 640 graves excavated that gleaned many complex bronze items that may have had social value connected to them . Ban Chiang , however , is the most thoroughly documented site while having the clearest evidence of metallurgy when it comes to Southeast Asia . With a rough date range of late 3rd millennium BC to the first millennium AD , this site alone has various artifacts such as burial pottery ( dating from 2100 -- 1700 BC ) , fragments of Bronze , copper - base bangles , and much more . What 's interesting about this site , however , is n't just the old age of the artifacts but the fact that this technology suggested on - site casting from the very beginning . The on - site casting supports the theory that Bronze was first introduced in Southeast Asia as fully developed which therefore shows that Bronze was actually innovated from a different country . Some scholars believe that the copper - based metallurgy was disseminated from northwest and central China via south and southwest areas such as Guangdong province and Yunnan province and finally into southeast Asia around 1000 BC . Archaeological research in Northern Vietnam indicates an increase in rates of infectious disease following the advent of metallurgy ; skeletal fragments in sites dating to the early and mid-Bronze Age evidence a greater proportion of lesions than in sites of earlier periods . There are a few possible implications of this . One is the increase contact with bacterial and / or fungal pathogens due to increased population density and land clearing / cultivation . The other one is decreased levels of immunocompetence in the Metal age due to changes in diet caused by agriculture . The last is that there may have been an emergence of infectious disease in the Da But period that evolved into a more virulent form in the metal period . Archaeology also suggests that Bronze Age metallurgy may not have been as significant a catalyst in social stratification and warfare in Southeast Asia as in other regions , social distribution shifting away from chiefdom - states to a heterarchical network . Data analyses of sites such as Ban Lum Khao , Ban Na Di , Non Nok Tha , Khok Phanom Di , and Nong Nor have consistently led researchers to conclude that there was no forentrenched hierarchy . Europe ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age in Europe A few examples of named Bronze Age cultures in Europe in roughly relative order . Dates are approximate , consult particular article for details The chosen cultures overlapped in time and the indicated periods do not fully correspond to their estimated extents . Balkans ( edit ) The oldest securely dated tin bronze artefact are found in the heart of the Balkans in Serbia . A tin bronze foil from the Pločnik ( archaeological site ) are dated to 4650 BC . The foil are not the only tin bronze artefact from the fifth millennium BC . 14 other artefacts from Serbia and Bulgaria are dated to before 4000 BC . The recent discoveries indicate that early tin bronze was more common than previously thought , and developed independently in Europe 1500 years before the first tin bronze alloys in the Near East . The production of complex tin bronzes lasted for c. 500 years in the Balkans . Shortly before the end of the fifth millennium BC , there are no longer evidence for production of tin bronze . This coincides with the collapse of large cultural complexes in the Balkans . Tin bronze would be reintroduced to the area again some 1500 years later . Aegean ( edit ) Aegean Bronze Age Bronze Age copper ingot found in Crete Main article : Aegean Civilization The Aegean Bronze Age began around 3200 BC , when civilizations first established a far - ranging trade network . This network imported tin and charcoal to Cyprus , where copper was mined and alloyed with the tin to produce bronze . Bronze objects were then exported far and wide , and supported the trade . Isotopic analysis of tin in some Mediterranean bronze artifacts suggests that they may have originated from Great Britain . Knowledge of navigation was well developed at this time , and reached a peak of skill not exceeded ( except perhaps by Polynesian sailors ) until 1730 when the invention of the chronometer enabled the precise determination of longitude . The Minoan civilization based in Knossos on the island of Crete appears to have coordinated and defended its Bronze Age trade . Illyrians are also believed to have roots in the early Bronze Age . Ancient empires valued luxury goods in contrast to staple foods , leading to famine . Aegean collapse ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age collapse Bronze Age collapse theories have described aspects of the end of the Age in this region . At the end of the Bronze Age in the Aegean region , the Mycenaean administration of the regional trade empire followed the decline of Minoan primacy . Several Minoan client states lost much of their population to famine and / or pestilence . This would indicate that the trade network may have failed , preventing the trade that would previously have relieved such famines and prevented illness caused by malnutrition . It is also known that in this era the breadbasket of the Minoan empire , the area north of the Black Sea , also suddenly lost much of its population , and thus probably some capacity to cultivate crops . Drought and famine in Anatolia may have also led to the Aegean Collapse by disrupting trade networks , and therefore preventing the Aegean from accessing bronze and luxury goods . The Aegean Collapse has been attributed to the exhaustion of the Cypriot forests causing the end of the bronze trade . These forests are known to have existed into later times , and experiments have shown that charcoal production on the scale necessary for the bronze production of the late Bronze Age would have exhausted them in less than fifty years . The Aegean Collapse has also been attributed to the fact that as iron tools became more common , the main justification for the tin trade ended , and that trade network ceased to function as it did formerly . The colonies of the Minoan empire then suffered drought , famine , war , or some combination of those three , and had no access to the distant resources of an empire by which they could easily recover . The Thera eruption occurred around the Aegean Collapse , 110 km ( 68 mi ) north of Crete . Speculation include a tsunami from Thera ( more commonly known today as Santorini ) destroyed Cretan cities . A tsunami may have destroyed the Cretan navy in its home harbour , which then lost crucial naval battles ; so that in the LMIB / LMII event ( c. 1450 BC ) the cities of Crete burned and the Mycenaean civilization took over Knossos . If the eruption occurred in the late 17th century BC ( as most chronologists now think ) then its immediate effects belong to the Middle to Late Bronze Age transition , and not to the end of the Late Bronze Age ; but it could have triggered the instability that led to the collapse first of Knossos and then of Bronze Age society overall . One such theory highlights the role of Cretan expertise in administering the empire , post-Thera . If this expertise was concentrated in Crete , then the Mycenaeans may have made political and commercial mistakes in administering the Cretan empire . Archaeological findings , including some on the island of Thera , suggest that the centre of Minoan Civilization at the time of the eruption was actually on Thera rather than on Crete . According to this theory , the catastrophic loss of the political , administrative and economic centre by the eruption as well as the damage wrought by the tsunami to the coastal towns and villages of Crete precipitated the decline of the Minoans . A weakened political entity with a reduced economic and military capability and fabled riches would have then been more vulnerable to human predators . Indeed , the Santorini Eruption is usually dated to c. 1630 BC , while the Mycenaean Greeks first enter the historical record a few decades later , c. 1600 BC . Thus , the later Mycenaean assaults on Crete ( c. 1450 BC ) and Troy ( c. 1250 BC ) are revealed as mere continuations of the steady encroachments of the Greeks upon the weakened Minoan world . Central Europe ( edit ) See also : Bronze Age in Southeastern Europe and Bronze Age in Romania Central European Bronze Age Jenišovice cup Grenoble cuirass Mycenaean sword found in Romania Bronze Age weaponry and ornaments In Central Europe , the early Bronze Age Unetice culture ( 1800 -- 1600 BC ) includes numerous smaller groups like the Straubing , Adlerberg and Hatvan cultures . Some very rich burials , such as the one located at Leubingen with grave gifts crafted from gold , point to an increase of social stratification already present in the Unetice culture . All in all , cemeteries of this period are rare and of small size . The Unetice culture is followed by the middle Bronze Age ( 1600 -- 1200 BC ) Tumulus culture , which is characterised by inhumation burials in tumuli ( barrows ) . In the eastern Hungarian Körös tributaries , the early Bronze Age first saw the introduction of the Mako culture , followed by the Otomani and Gyulavarsand cultures . The late Bronze Age Urnfield culture ( 1300 -- 700 BC ) is characterized by cremation burials . It includes the Lusatian culture in eastern Germany and Poland ( 1300 -- 500 BC ) that continues into the Iron Age . The Central European Bronze Age is followed by the Iron Age Hallstatt culture ( 700 -- 450 BC ) . Important sites include : Biskupin ( Poland ) Nebra ( Germany ) Vráble ( Slovakia ) Zug - Sumpf , Zug , Switzerland The Bronze Age in Central Europe has been described in the chronological schema of German prehistorian Paul Reinecke . He described Bronze A1 ( Bz A1 ) period ( 2300 -- 2000 BC : triangular daggers , flat axes , stone wrist - guards , flint arrowheads ) and Bronze A2 ( Bz A2 ) period ( 1950 -- 1700 BC : daggers with metal hilt , flanged axes , halberds , pins with perforated spherical heads , solid bracelets ) and phases Hallstatt A and B ( Ha A and B) . South Europe ( edit ) The Apennine culture ( also called Italian Bronze Age ) is a technology complex of central and southern Italy spanning the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age proper . The Camuni were an ancient people of uncertain origin ( according to Pliny the Elder , they were Euganei ; according to Strabo , they were Rhaetians ) who lived in Val Camonica -- in what is now northern Lombardy -- during the Iron Age , although human groups of hunters , shepherds and farmers are known to have lived in the area since the Neolithic . Located in Sardinia and Corsica , the Nuragic civilization lasted from the early Bronze Age ( 18th century BC ) to the 2nd century AD , when the islands were already Romanized . They take their name from the characteristic nuragic towers , which evolved from the pre-existing megalithic culture , which built dolmens and menhirs . The nuraghe towers are unanimously considered the best preserved and largest megalithic remains in Europe . Their effective use is still debated : some scholars considered them as monumental tombs , others as Houses of the Giants , other as fortresses , ovens for metal fusion , prisons or , finally , temples for a solar cult . Around the end of the 3rd millennium BC , Sardinia exported towards Sicily a Culture that built small dolmens , trilithic or polygonal shaped , that served as tombs as it has been ascertained in the Sicilian dolmen of `` Cava dei Servi '' . From this region they reached Malta island and other countries of Mediterranean basin . The Terramare was an early Indo - European civilization in the area of what is now Pianura Padana ( northern Italy ) before the arrival of the Celts , and in other parts of Europe . They lived in square villages of wooden stilt houses . These villages were built on land , but generally near a stream , with roads that crossed each other at right angles . The whole complex denoted the nature of a fortified settlement . Terramare were widespread in the Pianura Padana ( specially along the Panaro river , between Modena and Bologna ) and in the rest of Europe . The civilization developed in the Middle and Late Bronze Age , between the 17th and the 13th centuries BC . The Castellieri culture developed in Istria during the Middle Bronze Age . It lasted for more than a millennium , from the 15th century BC until the Roman conquest in the 3rd century BC . It takes its name from the fortified boroughs ( Castellieri , Friulian cjastelir ) that characterized the culture . The Canegrate culture developed from the mid-Bronze Age ( 13th century BC ) till the Iron Age in the Pianura Padana , in what are now western Lombardy , eastern Piedmont and Ticino . It takes its name from the township of Canegrate where , in the 20th century , some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects were found . The Canegrate culture migrated from the northwest part of the Alps and descended to Pianura Padana from the Swiss Alps passes and the Ticino . The Golasecca culture developed starting from the late Bronze Age in the Po plain . It takes its name from Golasecca , a locality next to the Ticino where , in the early 19th century , abbot Giovanni Battista Giani excavated its first findings ( some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects ) . Remains of the Golasecca culture span an area of c. 20,000 square kilometers south to the Alps , between the Po , Sesia and Serio rivers , dating from the 9th to the 4th century BC . West Europe ( edit ) Atlantic Bronze Age ( edit ) Main article : Atlantic Bronze Age Atlantic Bronze Age Ceremonial giant dirk ( 1500 -- 1300 BC ) . Golden helmet ( Leiro , Galicia ) The Atlantic Bronze Age is a cultural complex of the period of approximately 1300 -- 700 BC that includes different cultures in Portugal , Andalusia , Galicia and the British Isles . It is marked by economic and cultural exchange . Commercial contacts extend to Denmark and the Mediterranean . The Atlantic Bronze Age was defined by a number of distinct regional centres of metal production , unified by a regular maritime exchange of some of their products . Great Britain ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age Britain In Great Britain , the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from around 2100 to 750 BC . Migration brought new people to the islands from the continent . Recent tooth enamel isotope research on bodies found in early Bronze Age graves around Stonehenge indicate that at least some of the migrants came from the area of modern Switzerland . Another example site is Must Farm , near Whittlesey , which has recently been host to the most complete Bronze Age wheel ever to be found . The Beaker culture displayed different behaviours from the earlier Neolithic people , and cultural change was significant . Integration is thought to have been peaceful , as many of the early henge sites were seemingly adopted by the newcomers . The rich Wessex culture developed in southern Britain at this time . Additionally , the climate was deteriorating ; where once the weather was warm and dry it became much wetter as the Bronze Age continued , forcing the population away from easily defended sites in the hills and into the fertile valleys . Large livestock farms developed in the lowlands and appear to have contributed to economic growth and inspired increasing forest clearances . The Deverel - Rimbury culture began to emerge in the second half of the Middle Bronze Age ( c. 1400 -- 1100 BC ) to exploit these conditions . Devon and Cornwall were major sources of tin for much of western Europe and copper was extracted from sites such as the Great Orme mine in northern Wales . Social groups appear to have been tribal but with growing complexity and hierarchies becoming apparent . The burial of the dead ( which , until this period , had usually been communal ) became more individual . For example , whereas in the Neolithic a large chambered cairn or long barrow housed the dead , Early Bronze Age people buried their dead in individual barrows ( also commonly known and marked on modern British Ordnance Survey maps as tumuli ) , or sometimes in cists covered with cairns . The greatest quantities of bronze objects in England were discovered in East Cambridgeshire , where the most important finds were recovered in Isleham ( more than 6500 pieces ) . Alloying of copper with zinc or tin to make brass or bronze was practised soon after the discovery of copper itself . One copper mine at Great Orme in North Wales , extended to a depth of 70 meters . At Alderley Edge in Cheshire , carbon dates have established mining at around 2280 to 1890 BC ( at 95 % probability ) . The earliest identified metalworking site ( Sigwells , Somerset ) is much later , dated by Globular Urn style pottery to approximately the 12th century BC . The identifiable sherds from over 500 mould fragments included a perfect fit of the hilt of a sword in the Wilburton style held in Somerset County Museum . Ireland ( edit ) See also : Atlantic Bronze Age The Bronze Age in Ireland commenced around 2000 BC , when copper was alloyed with tin and used to manufacture Ballybeg type flat axes and associated metalwork . The preceding period is known as the Copper Age and is characterised by the production of flat axes , daggers , halberds and awls in copper . The period is divided into three phases : Early Bronze Age ( 2000 -- 1500 BC ) , Middle Bronze Age ( 1500 -- 1200 BC ) , and Late Bronze Age ( 1200 -- c. 500 BC ) . Ireland is also known for a relatively large number of Early Bronze Age burials . One of the characteristic types of artifact of the Early Bronze Age in Ireland is the flat axe . There are five main types of flat axes : Lough Ravel ( c. 2200 BC ) , Ballybeg ( c. 2000 BC ) , Killaha ( c. 2000 BC ) , Ballyvalley ( c. 2000 -- 1600 BC ) , Derryniggin ( c. 1600 BC ) , and a number of metal ingots in the shape of axes . North Europe ( edit ) Main article : Nordic Bronze Age Bronze artifacts Assorted Celtic bronze castings dating from the Bronze Age . The Bronze Age in Northern Europe spans the entire 2nd millennium BC ( Unetice culture , Urnfield culture , Tumulus culture , Terramare culture , Lusatian culture ) lasting until c. 600 BC . The Northern Bronze Age was both a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history , c. 1700 -- 500 BC , with sites that reached as far east as Estonia . Succeeding the Late Neolithic culture , its ethnic and linguistic affinities are unknown in the absence of written sources . It is followed by the Pre-Roman Iron Age . Even though Northern European Bronze Age cultures were relatively late , and came into existence via trade , sites present rich and well - preserved objects made of wool , wood and imported Central European bronze and gold . Many rock carvings depict ships , and the large stone burial monuments known as stone ships suggest that shipping played an important role . Thousands of rock carvings depict ships , most probably representing sewn plank built canoes for warfare , fishing and trade . These may have a history as far back as the neolithic period and continue into the Pre-Roman Iron Age , as shown by the Hjortspring boat . There are many mounds and rock carving sites from the period . Numerous artifacts of bronze and gold are found . No written language existed in the Nordic countries during the Bronze Age . The rock carvings have been dated through comparison with depicted artifacts . Caucasus ( edit ) Arsenical bronze artifacts of the Maykop culture in the North Caucasus have been dated around the 4th millennium BC . This innovation resulted in the circulation of arsenical bronze technology over southern and eastern Europe . Pontic -- caspian steppe ( edit ) The Yamna culture is a Late Copper Age / Early Bronze Age culture of the Southern Bug / Dniester / Ural region ( the Pontic steppe ) , dating to the 36th -- 23rd centuries BC . The name also appears in English as Pit - Grave Culture or Ochre - Grave Culture . The Catacomb culture , c. 2800 -- 2200 BC , comprises several related Early Bronze Age cultures occupying what is presently Ukraine . The Srubna culture was a Late Bronze Age ( 18th -- 12th centuries BC ) culture . It is a successor to the Yamna and the Poltavka culture . Africa ( edit ) Sub-Saharan Africa ( edit ) See also : Copper metallurgy in Africa Iron and copper smelting appeared around the same time in most parts of Africa . As such , most African civilizations outside of Egypt did not experience a distinct Bronze Age . Evidence for iron smelting appears earlier or at the same time as copper smelting in Nigeria c. 900 -- 800 BC , Rwanda and Burundi c. 700 -- 500 BC and Tanzania c. 300 BC . There is a longstanding debate about whether the development of both copper and iron metallurgy were independently developed in sub-Saharan Africa or were introduced from the outside across the Sahara Desert from North Africa or from the Indian Ocean . Evidence for theories of independent development and for outside introduction are scarce and subject to active scholarly debate . Scholars have suggested that both the relative dearth of archeological research in sub-Saharan Africa as well as long standing prejudices have limited or biased our understanding of pre-historic metallurgy on the continent . One scholar characterized the state of historical knowledge as such : `` To say that the history of metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa is complicated is perhaps an understatement . '' Nubia ( edit ) The Bronze Age in Nubia , started as early as 2300 BC . Copper smelting was introduced by Egyptians to the Nubian city of Meroë , in modern - day Sudan , around 2600 BC . A furnace for bronze casting has been found in Kerma that is dated to 2300 -- 1900 BC . West Africa ( edit ) Copper smelting took place in West Africa prior to the appearance of iron smelting in the region . Evidence for copper smelting furnaces was found near Agadez , Niger that has been dated as early as 2200 BC . However , evidence for copper production in this region before 1000 BC is debated . Evidence of copper mining and smelting has been founded at Akjoujt , Mauretania that suggests small scale production c. 800 to 400 BC . Americas ( edit ) See also : Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America The Moche civilization of South America independently discovered and developed bronze smelting . Bronze technology was developed further by the Incas and used widely both for utilitarian objects and sculpture . A later appearance of limited bronze smelting in West Mexico ( see Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica ) suggests either contact of that region with Andean cultures or separate discovery of the technology . The Calchaquí people of Northwest Argentina had bronze technology . Trade ( edit ) Trade and industry played a major role in the development of the ancient Bronze Age civilizations . With artifacts of the Indus Valley Civilization being found in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt , it is clear that these civilizations were not only in touch with each other but also trading with each other . Early long - distance trade was limited almost exclusively to luxury goods like spices , textiles and precious metals . Not only did this make cities with ample amounts of these products extremely rich but also led to an inter-mingling of cultures for the first time in history . Trade routes were not only over land but also over water . The first and most extensive trade routes were over rivers such as the Nile , the Tigris and the Euphrates which led to growth of cities on the banks of these rivers . The domestication of camels at a later time also helped encourage the use of trade routes over land , linking the Indus Valley with the Mediterranean . This further led to towns sprouting up in numbers any and everywhere there was a pit - stop or caravan - to - ship port . See also ( edit ) Human timeline Life timeline Middle Bronze Age migrations ( Ancient Near East ) Namazga V and Altyndepe Oxhide ingot Seafaring ( edit ) Dover Bronze Age Boat -- the earliest known seagoing plank - built vessel Ferriby Boats Langdon Bay hoard -- see also Dover Museum Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Iron In Africa : Revising The History : Unesco . Portal.unesco.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bronze was independently discovered in the Maykop culture of the North Caucasus as early as the mid-4th millennium BC , which makes them the producers of the oldest known bronze . However , the Maykop culture only had arsenical bronze . Other regions developed bronze and its associated technology at different periods . Jump up ^ Radivojevic , M ; Rehren , T ; Kuzmanovic - Cvetkovic , J ; Jovanovic , M ; Northover , JP ( 2013 ) . `` Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia , c. 6500 years ago '' . Antiquity. 87 ( 338 ) : 1030 -- 1045 . doi : 10.1017 / S0003598X0004984X . Jump up ^ Sljivar , D. ; Boric , D. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Context is everything : comments on Radivojevic et al. ( 2013 ) '' . Antiquity. 88 ( 342 ) : 1310 -- 1315 . doi : 10.1017 / s0003598x00115480 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Radivojevic , M. ; Rehren , Th. ; Kuzmanovic - Cvetkovic , J. ; Jovanovic , M. ( 2014 ) . `` Context is everything indeed : a response to Sljivar and Boric '' . Antiquity. 88 ( 342 ) : 1315 -- 1319 . doi : 10.1017 / s0003598x00115492 . Jump up ^ The Near East period dates and phases are unrelated to the bronze chronology of other regions of the world . Jump up ^ Piotr Bienkowski , Alan Ralph Millard ( editors ) . Dictionary of the ancient Near East . Page 60 . Jump up ^ Amélie Kuhr . The Ancient Near East , c. 3000 -- 330 BC . Page 9 . Jump up ^ Killebrew , Ann E. ( 2013 ) , `` The Philistines and Other `` Sea Peoples '' in Text and Archaeology `` , Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and biblical studies , Society of Biblical Lit , 15 , p. 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 721 - 8 , archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 03 , retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . Quote : `` First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero ( 1896 ) , the somewhat misleading term `` Sea Peoples '' encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka , Sherden , Shekelesh , Teresh , Eqwesh , Denyen , Sikil / Tjekker , Weshesh , and Peleset ( Philistines ) . ( Footnote : The modern term `` Sea Peoples '' refers to peoples that appear in several New Kingdom Egyptian texts as originating from `` islands '' ( tables 1 -- 2 ; Adams and Cohen , this volume ; see , e.g. , Drews 1993 , 57 for a summary ) . The use of quotation marks in association with the term `` Sea Peoples '' in our title is intended to draw attention to the problematic nature of this commonly used term . It is noteworthy that the designation `` of the sea '' appears only in relation to the Sherden , Shekelesh , and Eqwesh . Subsequently , this term was applied somewhat indiscriminately to several additional ethnonyms , including the Philistines , who are portrayed in their earliest appearance as invaders from the north during the reigns of Merenptah and Ramesses Ill ( see , e.g. , Sandars 1978 ; Redford 1992 , 243 , n . 14 ; for a recent review of the primary and secondary literature , see Woudhuizen 2006 ) . Hencefore the term Sea Peoples will appear without quotation marks . ) '' Jump up ^ The End of the Bronze Age : Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca . 1200 B.C. , Robert Drews , p48 -- 61 Quote : `` The thesis that a great `` migration of the Sea Peoples '' occurred ca . 1200 B.C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions , one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III . Yet in the inscriptions themselves such a migration nowhere appears . After reviewing what the Egyptian texts have to say about ' the sea peoples ' , one Egyptologist ( Wolfgang Helck ) recently remarked that although some things are unclear , `` eins ist aber sicher : Nach den agyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer ' Volkerwanderung ' zu tun . '' Thus the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation . '' ^ Jump up to : Karin Sowada and Peter Grave . Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Old Kingdom . Jump up ^ Lukas de Blois and R.J. van der Spek . An Introduction to the Ancient World . Page 14 . Jump up ^ Hansen , M.H. ( 2000 ) . A comparative study of thirty city - state cultures : An investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre . Copenhagen : Det Kongelike Danske Videnskabernes Selskab . Page 68 . Jump up ^ Othmar Keel and Christoph Uehlinger . Gods , goddesses , and images of God in ancient Israel , 1998 . Page 17 ( cf . `` The first phase ( Middle Bronze Age IIA ) runs roughly parallel to the Egyptian Twelfth Dynasty '' ) Jump up ^ Bruce G. Trigger . Ancient Egypt : a social history . 1983 . Page 137 . ( cf ... `` for the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period it is the Middle Bronze Age '' . ) Jump up ^ Dalton , O.M. , Franks , A.W. , & Read , C.H. ( 1905 ) . The treasure of the Oxus : With other objects from ancient Persia and India . London : British Museum . Jump up ^ V.M. Masson , The Bronze Age in Khorasan and Transoxiana , chapter 10 in A.H. Dani and Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson ( eds . ) , History of civilizations of Central Asia , volume 1 : The dawn of civilization : earliest times to 700 BC Jump up ^ Possehl , G.L. ( 1986 ) . Kulli : An exploration of ancient civilization in Asia . Durham , N.C : Carolina Academic Press Jump up ^ Piggott , S. ( 1961 ) . Prehistoric India to 1000 B.C. Baltimore : Penguin Book . Jump up ^ Mogens Herman Hansen ( 2000 ) . A Comparative Study of Thirty City - state Cultures : An Investigation , Volume 21 . p. 57 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ under Shamshi - Adad I Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel . `` Ethnicity and origin of the Iron I settlers in the Highlands of Canaan : Can the real Israel stand up ? . '' The Biblical archaeologist 59.4 ( 1996 ) : 198 -- 212 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel . The archaeology of the Israelite settlement . Jerusalem : Israel Exploration Society , 1988 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel , and Nadav Naʼaman , eds . From nomadism to monarchy : archaeological and historical aspects of early Israel . Yad Izhak Ben - Zvi , 1994 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel . `` The archaeology of the United Monarchy : an alternative view . '' Levant 28.1 ( 1996 ) : 177 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel , and Neil Asher Silberman . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts . Simon and Schuster , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Keys , David ( January 2009 ) . `` Scholars crack the code of an ancient enigma '' . BBC History Magazine . 10 ( 1 ) : 9 . ^ Jump up to : White , Joyce ; Hamilton , Elizabeth ( 2009 ) . `` The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand : New Perspectives '' . Journal of World Prehistory. 22 : 357 -- 397 . doi : 10.1007 / s10963 - 009 - 9029 - z . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) C. Lalueza - Fox et al. 2004 . Unravelling migrations in the steppe : mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians Jump up ^ ( 2 ) C. Keyser et al. 2009 . Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people . Human Genetics . Jump up ^ Martini , I. Peter ( 2010 ) . Landscapes and Societies : Selected Cases . Springer . p. 310 . ISBN 90 - 481 - 9412 - 1 . Jump up ^ Higham , Charles ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations . Infobase Publishing . p. 200 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4640 - 9 . Jump up ^ The archaeological term `` Bronze Age '' was first introduced for Europe in the 1830s and soon extended to the Near East . By the 1860s , there was some debate as to whether the term should be extended to China ( John Lubbock , Prehistoric Times ( 1868 ) , cited after The Athenaeum No. 2121 , 20 June 1868 , p. 870 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Thorp , China in the Early Bronze Age : Shang Civilization , University of Pennsylvania Press ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` '' Without entering on the vexed question whether or not there ever was a bronze age in any part of the world distinguished by the sole use of that metal , it is a fact that in China and Japan to the present day , in the midst of an iron age , bronze is in constant use for cutting instruments , either alone or in combination with steel . '' The Rectangular Review , Volume 1 ( 1871 ) , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Chang , K.C. : `` Studies of Shang Archaeology '' , pp. 6 -- 7 , 1 . Yale University Press , 1982 . Jump up ^ Chang , K.C. : `` Studies of Shang Archaeology '' , p. 1 . Yale University Press , 1982 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching Chinese Archaeology , Part Two -- NGA '' . Nga.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Li - Liu ; The Chinese Neolithic , Cambridge University Press , 2005 . Shang and Zhou Dynasties : The Bronze Age of China Heilbrunn Timeline Retrieved May 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jan Romgard ( 2008 ) . `` Questions of Ancient Human Settlements in Xinjiang and the Early Silk Road Trade , with an Overview of the Silk Road Research Institutions and Scholars in Beijing , Gansu , and Xinjiang '' ( PDF ) . Sino - Platonic Papers ( 185 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Thorp , R.L. ( 2005 ) . China in the early bronze age : Shang civilization . Philadelphia : Univ. of Pennsylvania Press . Jump up ^ Barnard , N. : `` Bronze Casting and Bronze Alloys in Ancient China '' , p. 14 . The Australian National University and Monumenta Serica , 1961 . Jump up ^ White , W.C. : `` Bronze Culture of Ancient China '' , p. 208 . University of Toronto Press , 1956 . Jump up ^ Erdberg , E. : `` Ancient Chinese Bronzes '' , p. 20 . Siebenbad - Verlag , 1993 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , E.L. : `` Sources of Western Zhou History '' , pp. xv -- xvi . University of California Press , 1982 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , E.L. `` Sources of Western Zhou History '' , pp. 76 -- 83 . University of California Press , 1982 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , E.L. `` Sources of Western Zhou History '' , p. 107 Jump up ^ Carter J. Eckert , el. , `` Korea , Old and New : History '' , 1990 , pp. 9 Jump up ^ `` 1000 BC to 300 AD : Korea Asia for Educators Columbia University '' . Afe.easia.columbia.edu . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Bronze from Ban Chiang , Thailand : A view from the Laboratory '' ( PDF ) . Museum.upenn.edu . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Higham , C. , Higham , T. , Ciarla , R. , Douka , K. , Kijngam , A. , & Rispoli , F. ( 2011 ) . The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia. ( 4 ) Journal of world prehistory , 24 ( 4 ) , 227 -- 274 . Jump up ^ `` Nyaunggan City -- Archaeological Sites in Myanmar '' . Myanmartravelinformation.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Higham , C.F.W. ( 2011 ) . `` The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia : New insight on social change from Ban Non Wat '' . Cambridge Archaeological Journal . 21 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 389 . doi : 10.1017 / s0959774311000424 . Jump up ^ Higham , C. ; Higham , T. ; Ciarla , R. ; Douka , K. ; Kijngam , A. ; Rispoli , F. ( 2011 ) . `` The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia '' . Journal of world prehistory. 24 ( 4 ) : 227 -- 274 . doi : 10.1007 / s10963 - 011 - 9054 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Oxenham , M.F. ; Thuy , N.K. ; Cuong , N.L. ( 2005 ) . `` Skeletal evidence for the emergence of infectious disease in bronze and iron age northern Vietnam '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 126 ( 4 ) : 359 -- 376 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 20048 . PMID 15386222 . Jump up ^ White , J.C. ( 1995 ) . `` Incorporating Heterarchy into Theory on Socio ‐ political Development : The Case from Southeast Asia '' . Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association . 6 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 123 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.522. 1061 . doi : 10.1525 / ap3a. 1995.6. 1.101 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , D.J.W. ( 2003 ) . `` Further evidence of heterarchy in Bronze Age Thailand '' . Current Anthropology. 44 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 306 . doi : 10.1086 / 367973 . Jump up ^ `` Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia , c. 6500 years ago '' ( PDF ) . Antiquity http://journals.cambridge.org/AQY . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 01 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ancient Greece '' . British Museum . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Carl Waldman , Catherine Mason . Encyclopedia of European peoples : Volume 1 . 2006 . Page 524 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , H.O. ( 1990 ) . Expectations of life : A study in the demography , statistics , and history of world mortality . New York : Springer - Verlag . Page 228 . Jump up ^ Drews , R. ( 1993 ) . The end of the Bronze Age : Changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca . 1200 B.C. Princeton , N.J : Princeton University Press Jump up ^ Neer , Richard T. ( 2012 ) . Greek Art and Archaeology . New York , New York , USA : Thames and Hudson Inc. p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 28877 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cities on the Sea. , Swiny , S. , Hohlfelder , R.L. , & Swiny , H.W. ( 1998 ) . Res maritimae : Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean from prehistory to late antiquity : proceedings of the Second International Symposium `` Cities on the Sea '' , Nicosia , Cyprus , October 18 -- 22 , 1994 . Atlanta , Ga : Scholars Press . Jump up ^ Creevey , B. ( 1994 ) . The forest resources of Bronze Age Cyprus Jump up ^ A. Bernard Knapp , Steve O. Held and Sturt W. Manning . The prehistory of Cyprus : Problems and prospects . Jump up ^ Lockard , Craig A. ( 2009 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions : To 600 . Wadsworth Pub Co . Page 96 . Jump up ^ Piccolo , Salvatore , op . cit. , pp. 1 onwards . Jump up ^ Hall and Coles , p. 81 -- 88 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , W. ( 1997 ) . Bronze Age Copper Mining in Britain and Ireland . Shire Publications Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0321 - 8 . Jump up ^ Timberlake , S. and Prag A.J.N.W. ( 2005 ) . The Archaeology of Alderley Edge : Survey , excavation and experiment in an ancient mining landscape . Oxford : John and Erica Hedges Ltd. p. 396 . Jump up ^ Tabor , Richard ( 2008 ) . Cadbury Castle : A hillfort and landscapes . Stroud : The History Press . pp. 61 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4715 - 5 . Jump up ^ Waddell ; Eogan . Jump up ^ Philip L. Kohl . The making of bronze age Eurasia . Page 58 . Jump up ^ Gimbutas ( 1973 ) . `` The Beginning of the Bronze Age in Europe and the Indo - Europeans 3500 -- 2500 BC '' . Journal of Indo - European Studies . 1 : 177 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Duncan E. ; van der Merwe , Nikolaas J. ( 1994 ) . `` Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa : A Review of Recent Research '' . The Journal of African History . 35 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 36 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853700025949 . JSTOR 182719 . ^ Jump up to : Childs , S. Terry ( 2008 ) . `` Metallurgy in Africa '' . In Selin , Helaine . Encyclopaedia of the History of Science , Technology , and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures . Netherlands : Springer . pp. 1596 -- 1601 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 4425 - 0 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holl , Augustin F.C. ( 2009 ) . `` Early West African Metallurgies : New Data and Old Orthodoxy '' . Journal of World Prehistory. 22 : 415 -- 438 . doi : 10.1007 / s10963 - 009 - 9030 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alpern , Stanley B. ( 2005 ) . `` Did They or Did n't They Invent It ? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa '' . History in Africa . 32 : 41 -- 94 . doi : 10.1353 / hia. 2005.0003 . JSTOR 20065735 . Jump up ^ Killick , David ( 2009 ) . `` Cairo to Cape : The Spread of Metallurgy Through Eastern and Southern Africa '' . Journal of World Prehistory. 22 : 399 -- 414 . doi : 10.1007 / s10963 - 009 - 9025 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chirikure , Shadreck ( 2010 ) . `` On Evidence , Ideas and Fantasy : The Origins of Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa : Thoughts on É . Zangato & A.F.C. Holl 's `` On the Iron Front '' `` . Journal of African Archaeology. 8 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 28 . doi : 10.3213 / 1612 - 1651 - 10156 . JSTOR 43135498 . Jump up ^ Chirikure , Shadreck ( 2010 ) . `` On Evidence , Ideas and Fantasy : The Origins of Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa : Thoughts on É . Zangato & A.F.C. Holl 's `` On the Iron Front '' `` . Journal of African Archaeology. 8 ( 1 ) : 25 . doi : 10.3213 / 1612 - 1651 - 10156 . JSTOR 43135498 . ^ Jump up to : Childs , S. Terry ; Killick , David ( 1993 ) . `` Indigenous African Metallurgy : Nature and Culture '' . Annual Review of Anthropology. 22 : 317 -- 337 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. anthro. 22.1. 317 . JSTOR 2155851 . Jump up ^ Killick , David ; van der Merwe , Nikolaas J. ; Gordon , Robert B. ; Grebenart , Danilo ( 1988 ) . `` Reassessment of the Evidence for Early Metallurgy in Niger , West Africa '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 15 : 367 -- 3944 . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 4403 ( 88 ) 90036 - 2 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El bronce y el horizonte medio '' . lablaa.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Antonio Gutierrez . `` Inca Metallurgy '' . Incas.homestead.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ambrosetti , El bronze de la región calchaquí , Buenos Aires , 1904. ( 5 ) , accessed 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Kristiansen , Kristian ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Connected Histories : the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500 - 1100 bc '' . Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society . 81 : 361 -- 392 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) Figueiredo , Elin ( 2010 ) . `` Smelting and Recycling Evidences from the Late Bronze Age habitat site of Baioes '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Archaeological Science . 37 ( 7 ) : 1623 -- 1634 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2010.01. 023 . hdl : 10451 / 9795 . Eogan , George ( 1983 ) The hoards of the Irish later Bronze Age , Dublin : University College , 331p. , ISBN 0 - 901120 - 77 - 4 Hall , David and Coles , John ( 1994 ) Fenland survey : an essay in landscape and persistence , Archaeological report 1 , London : English Heritage , 170 p. , ISBN 1 - 85074 - 477 - 7 Pernicka , E. , Eibner , C. , Öztunah , Ö. , Wagener , G.A. ( 2003 ) `` Early Bronze Age Metallurgy in the Northeast Aegean '' , In : Wagner , G.A. , Pernicka , E. and Uerpmann , H-P . ( eds ) , Troia and the Troad : scientific approaches , Natural science in archaeology , Berlin ; London : Springer , ISBN 3 - 540 - 43711 - 8 , p. 143 -- 172 Piccolo , Salvatore ( 2013 ) . Ancient Stones : The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily . Abingdon ( GB ) : Brazen Head Publishing , ISBN 978 - 09565106 - 2 - 4 , Waddell , John ( 1998 ) The prehistoric archaeology of Ireland , Galway University Press , 433 p. , ISBN 1 - 901421 - 10 - 4 Siklosy et al. ( 2009 ) : Bronze Age volcanic event recorded in stalagmites by combined isotope and trace element studies . Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry , 23 / 6 , 801 -- 808 . doi : 10.1002 / rcm. 3943 Roberts , B.W. ; Thornton , C.P. ; Pigott , V.C. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of Metallurgy in Eurasia '' . Antiquity. 83 : 112 -- 122 . Further reading ( edit ) Childe , V.G. ( 1930 ) . The bronze age . New York : The Macmillan Company . Fong , Wen , ed. ( 1980 ) . The great bronze age of China : an exhibition from the People 's Republic of China . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0 - 87099 - 226 - 0 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Kelleher , Bradford ( 1980 ) . Treasures from the Bronze Age of China : An exhibition from the People 's Republic of China , the Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 87099 - 230 - 9 . Wagner , Donald B. ( 1993 ) . Iron and Steel in Ancient China . Leiden , Netherlands ; New York : E.J. Brill . Kuijpers , M.H.G. ( 2008 ) . Bronze Age metalworking in the Netherlands ( c. 2000 - 800 BC ) : A research into the preservation of metallurgy related artefacts and the social position of the smith . Leiden : Sidestone Press . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 02 . Müller - Lyer , F.C. ; Lake , E.C. ; Lake , H.A. ( 1921 ) . The history of social development . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . Pittman , Holly ( 1984 ) . Art of the Bronze Age : southeastern Iran , western Central Asia , and the Indus Valley . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87099 - 365 - 7 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 17 . Higham , C.F.W. ( 2011 ) . `` The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia : New insight on social change from Ban Non Wat '' . Cambridge Archaeological Journal . 21 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 389 . doi : 10.1017 / s0959774311000424 . External links ( edit ) Look up bronze age in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bronze Age . Library resources about Bronze Age Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` Bronze Age '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Links to the Bronze Age in Europe and beyond Commented web index , geographically structured ( private website ) Bronze Age Experimental Archeology and Museum Reproductions Umha Aois -- Reconstructed Bronze Age metal casting Umha Aois -- ancient bronze casting videoclip `` Галичский клад '' ( Ancient bronze idol 13 Cent B.C. ) ( in Russian ) . Northern Russia . Archived from the original on 8 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Aegean and Balkan Prehistory articles , site - reports and bibliography database concerning the Aegean , Balkans and Western Anatolia Li ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Evidence that a West - East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age '' ( PDF ) . BMC Biology . 8 : 15 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7007 - 8 - 15 . PMC 2838831 . PMID 20163704 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 18 . `` The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand : New Perspectives '' Human Timeline ( Interactive ) -- Smithsonian , National Museum of Natural History ( August 2016 ) . Seafaring Divers unearth Bronze Age hoard off the coast of Devon Bronze Age ↑ Holocene epoch Bronze Age Abashevo culture Aegean civilization Andronovo culture Apennine culture Atlantic Bronze Age BMAC Bronze Age Britain Bronze Age Europe Catacomb culture Chinese Bronze Age Cycladic culture Deverel -- Rimbury culture Elp culture Ewart Park Phase Ezero culture Glazkov culture Argaric culture Hallstatt culture Helladic period Indus Valley Civilisation Lusatian culture Minoan civilization Mumun pottery period Mycenaean Greece Nordic Bronze Age Ordos culture Penard Period South - Western Iberian Bronze Srubna culture Tagar culture Terramare culture Trzciniec Tumulus culture Unetice culture Urnfield culture Wessex culture Wilburton - Wallington Phase Bronze Age ( North Caucasus and Transcaucasia ) Kurgan Koban Kura -- Araxes Shulaveri - Shomu Colchian Trialeti Maykop culture Leyla - Tepe culture Jar - Burial Khojaly -- Gadabay ↓ Iron Age Prehistoric Asia Paleolithic Homo erectus georgicus Japanese Paleolithic Java Man List of Paleolithic sites in China Paleolithic Mesopotamia Natufian culture Peking Man Riwat Soanian Sangiran South Asian Stone Age Ubeidiya Xiaochangliang Neolithic Fertile Crescent Early Neolithic settlements Khiamian culture Trialetian culture Nemrikian culture Zarzian culture Neolithic China Neolithic Tibet Neolithic Korea Neolithic Revolution Neolithic South Asia Ohalo Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( Mesopotamia ) Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( Mesopotamia ) Chalcolithic Daimabad Halaf culture Uruk period Bronze Age Andronovo culture Bactria -- Margiana Archaeological Complex Bronze Age Anatolia Bronze Age Caucasus Bronze Age China Bronze Age India Bronze Age Korea Bronze Age Levant List of Bronze Age sites in China Seima - Turbino phenomenon List of archaeological periods List of time periods Three - age system Stone Age Prehistoric technology Stone tool Flint tool Paleolithic Lower Paleolithic Middle Paleolithic Upper Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Middle Stone Age Later Stone Age Epipaleolithic Pre-Pottery Neolithic Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Neolithic Revolution Continent Asia China India Japan Africa Europe Poland Nordic British Bronze Age Bronze Bronze Age collapse Continent Africa Asia Bronze Age Levant Europe Atlantic Bronze Age Chalcolithic Nordic Bronze Age Bronze Age in Romania Iron Age History of ferrous metallurgy Iron meteorite Metallurgy Continent Africa Asian China India Europe British Pre-Roman Roman Germanic Scandinavia List of archaeological periods List of time periods GND : 4008357 - 3 HDS : 8013 NDL : 00570287 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&oldid=854486335 '' Categories : Bronze Age Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2012 CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . 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About Wikipedia | when did the bronze age start in china | [
"Bronze metallurgy in China originated in what is referred to as the Erlitou (Wade–Giles: Erh-li-t'ou) period, which some historians argue places it within the range of dates controlled by the Shang dynasty.[36] Others believe the Erlitou sites belong to the preceding Xia (Wade–Giles: Hsia) dynasty.[37] The U.S. National Gallery of Art defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the \"period between about 2000 BC and 771 BC,\" a period that begins with the Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of Western Zhou rule.[38] \n"
] | [
"about 2000 BC"
] |
-5484386512879506815 | John Carroll Lynch | John Carroll Lynch - wikipedia John Carroll Lynch Jump to : navigation , search John Carroll Lynch Lynch in 2017 ( 1963 - 08 - 01 ) August 1 , 1963 ( age 54 ) Boulder , Colorado , US Alma mater The Catholic University of America Occupation Actor , film director Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Brenda Wehle ( m . 1997 ) John Carroll Lynch ( born August 1 , 1963 ) is an American actor and director . He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in Fargo . He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey , as well as on American Horror Story : Freak Show and American Horror Story : Cult as Twisty the Clown . His films include Face / Off , Gran Torino , Shutter Island , Ted 2 , The Invitation , and Zodiac . Most recently , he portrayed McDonald 's co-founder Maurice McDonald in The Founder . He made his directorial debut with the 2017 film Lucky . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Lynch was born August 1 , 1963 , in Boulder , Colorado . He attended Regis Jesuit High School in Denver . He studied theater at The Catholic University of America , graduating with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1986 . Career ( edit ) Lynch was a member of the Guthrie Theater company . He starred in several productions , toured with the company and worked there for over eight seasons . Lynch made his feature film debut in Grumpy Old Men ( 1993 ) . He gained notice starring as Norm Gunderson in the Coen brothers ' film Fargo ( 1996 ) . His other notable films are Face / Off ( 1997 ) , Bubble Boy ( 2001 ) , Gothika ( 2003 ) , Things We Lost in the Fire ( 2007 ) , Gran Torino ( 2008 ) , Shutter Island ( 2010 ) , Paul ( 2011 ) and Crazy , Stupid , Love . ( 2011 ) . He portrayed Arthur Leigh Allen in Zodiac ( 2007 ) and the first establisher of McDonald 's , Mac McDonald , in The Founder ( 2016 ) . Lynch has an extensive career in television . He appeared in ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey . He has also been a regular cast member on series such as Close to Home , Carnivàle , Body of Proof and Seasons 4 , 5 and 7 of American Horror Story . Personal life ( edit ) Lynch has been married to actress Brenda Wehle since 1997 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Grumpy Old Men Moving Man 1995 The Cure Skipper # 1 Credited as John Lynch Beautiful Girls Frank Womack Fargo Norm Gunderson Feeling Minnesota Cop 1997 Volcano Stan Olber 1997 Face / Off Prison Guard Walton 1998 Mercury Rising Martin Lynch 1998 The Naked Man Sticks ' Driver 1998 Restaurant John English 1999 Anywhere but Here Jack Irwin 1999 Pushing Tin Doctor Freeze 1999 Freak Weather Ed 2000 Gone in 60 Seconds Impound Manager Uncredited 2001 Bubble Boy Mr. Livingston 2002 The Good Girl Jack Field 2002 Bug Wallace Gregory 2002 Three Days of Rain Dinner Guest 2003 Gothika Sheriff Ryan 2003 Confidence Leon Ashby Catch That Kid Mr. Hartmunn 2005 Mozart and the Whale Gregory 2005 Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World Stewart 2007 Full of It Mr. Leonard 2007 Zodiac Arthur Leigh Allen 2007 Things We Lost in the Fire Howard Glassman 2008 Gran Torino Barber Martin 2009 Love Happens Walter Sympathy for Delicious Evangelist Carroll Shutter Island Deputy Warden McPherson Hesher Larry 2011 Paul Moses Buggs 2011 Crazy , Stupid , Love . Bernie Riley 2012 Lay the Favorite Dave Greenberg 2013 The Pretty One Frank 2014 Camp X-Ray Col. James Drummond 2015 Hot Pursuit Captain Emmett 2015 Ted 2 Tom Jessup 2015 The Invitation Pruitt 2016 Miracles from Heaven Pastor Scott 2016 Jackie Lyndon B. Johnson 2016 The Founder Mac McDonald 2017 Lucky N / A Directorial debut 2017 Anything Early Landry 2018 Private Life Charlie 2018 White Orchid Sheriff Mann Post-production 2018 The Highwaymen Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Frasier Actor playing Franklin Episode : `` The Show Where Diane Comes Back '' Murder One Officer Carl Bickley Episode : `` Chapter Thirteen '' The Client Frank Episode : `` Damn Yankees '' Voice from the Grave Prosecutor O'Gane Television film A Friend 's Betrayal Mr. Franks Television film 1996 , 1997 Life 's Work District Attorney Agee / Crazy Larry 2 episodes 1997 -- 2004 The Drew Carey Show Steve Carey 72 episodes 1997 The Practice Dr. Robert Larson Episode : `` Search and Seizure '' 1997 The Visitor Joe York Episode : `` Going Home '' 1998 From the Earth to the Moon Robert R. Gilruth 2 episodes 1999 Star Trek : Voyager Gerald Moss Episode : `` 11 : 59 '' 1999 Late Last Night Sgt. Van Wyck Television film 1999 Tuesdays with Morrie Walter Moran Television film 2000 The Fugitive Raynor Episode : `` Pilot '' 2000 The West Wing Jack Episode : `` Galileo '' 2001 Gideon 's Crossing Sonny Green Episode : `` The Race '' 2002 Live from Baghdad John Holliman Television film 2003 The Brotherhood of Poland , New Hampshire Mayor Garrett Shaw 7 episodes 2005 -- 2006 Close to Home Steve Sharpe 21 episodes 2005 Carnivàle Varlyn Stroud 12 episodes 2005 American Dad ! Mr. Simms ( voice ) Episode : `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' 2007 -- 2008 K - Ville Captain James Embry 11 episodes 2007 Big Love Officer Chuck Tuttle 2 episodes 2009 Lie to Me Mr. Reed Episode : `` Truth or Consequences '' 2009 Monk Kurt Pressman Episode : `` Happy Birthday , Mr. Monk '' 2009 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Buddy Arnold Episode : `` Bloodsport '' 2010 -- 2012 The Glades Mike Ogletree 2 episodes How to Make It in America Larry Episode : `` Keep on Truck'n '' 2011 -- 2013 Body of Proof Bud Morris 26 episodes 2013 Do No Harm Will Hayes 10 episodes 2013 -- 2014 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Ned Dooley 2 episodes 2014 House of Lies Gil Selby 2 episodes 2014 The Americans Fred 6 episodes 2014 Manhattan Daniel Ellis 2 episodes 2014 -- 2015 American Horror Story : Freak Show Twisty the Clown 5 episodes 2014 Us & Them Ed Episode : `` Coeds & Carburetors '' 2015 -- 2016 American Horror Story : Hotel John Wayne Gacy 2 episodes 2015 The Walking Dead Eastman Episode : `` Here 's Not Here '' 2016 -- 2017 Turn : Washington 's Spies James Rivington 6 episodes 2016 Billions Mr. Gilbert Episode : `` The Punch '' 2017 American Horror Story : Cult Twisty the Clown 2 episodes 2017 Channel Zero : The No - End House John Sleator 6 episodes 2018 Crawford Owen Upcoming series Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result Ref . 2016 42nd Saturn Awards Best Guest Starring Role on Television The Walking Dead Nominated 2017 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Supporting Actor The Invitation Nominated Camerimage Directors ' Debuts Competition Lucky Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Most Promising Filmmaker Nominated Haifa International Film Festival Carmel Award for Best Film Nominated Fedeora Award - Directors of Tomorrow Won Locarno Festival Golden Leopard Nominated Price of the Ecumenical Jury Won 22nd Satellite Awards Special Achievement Award for Best First Feature Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Rovi via The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( S ) ome sources cite May 11 , 1961 '' , per `` John Carroll Lynch Biography ( 1963 ? - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni Relations : Arts & Entertainment '' . The Catholic University of America . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch lands juicy role in ' Freak Show ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Guthrie Theater . Archived from the original on 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Wehle Biography ( ( ? ) - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DIRECTORS ' DEBUTS COMPETITION '' . Camerimage.pl . Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carmel Competition - International Film Competition 2017 '' . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Best Israeli Feature Film Award -- `` The Testament '' `` . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Locarno Festival on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . External links ( edit ) John Carroll Lynch on IMDb VIAF : 58811189 LCCN : no2005039010 GND : 1140027840 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Carroll_Lynch&oldid=825346538 '' Categories : 1963 births American male film actors American male television actors Catholic University of America alumni Living people Male actors from Boulder , Colorado Male actors from Denver 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 21 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the clown on american horror story freak show | [
"John Carroll Lynch (born August 1, 1963)[1][2] is an American actor and director. He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in Fargo. He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character's cross-dressing brother, Steve Carey, as well as on American Horror Story: Freak Show and American Horror Story: Cult as Twisty the Clown. His films include Face/Off, Gran Torino, Shutter Island, Ted 2, The Invitation, and Zodiac. Most recently, he portrayed McDonald's co-founder Maurice McDonald in The Founder. He made his directorial debut with the 2017 film Lucky."
] | [
"John Carroll Lynch"
] |
-6316929372690272370 | Contiguous United States | Contiguous United States - wikipedia Contiguous United States Jump to : navigation , search `` CONUS '' redirects here . For the sea snail , see Conus . This shows the contiguous United States and in insets at the lower left , the two states that are not contiguous The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states plus Washington , D.C. ( federal district ) , on the continent of North America . The term excludes the non-contiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii and all off - shore United States territories and possessions , which are American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The greatest distance ( on a great circle route ) entirely within the 48 contiguous states is 2,802 miles ( 4,509 km , between Florida and the State of Washington ) ; the greatest north - south line is 1,650 miles ( 2,660 km ) . Together , the 48 contiguous states and Washington , D.C. occupy a combined area of 3,119,884.69 square miles ( 8,080,464.3 km ) , which is 1.58 % of the total surface area of Earth . Of this area , 2,959,064.44 square miles ( 7,663,941.7 km ) is contiguous land , composing 83.65 % of total U.S. land area , similar to the area of Australia . Officially , 160,820.25 square miles ( 416,522.5 km ) of the contiguous United States is water area , composing 62.66 % of the nation 's total water area . The contiguous United States would be placed 5th in the list of sovereign states and dependencies by area ; the total area of the country , including Alaska and Hawaii , ranks fourth . Brazil is the only country that is larger in total area than the contiguous United States , but smaller than the entire United States , while Russia , Canada and China are the only three countries larger than both . The 2010 census population of this area was 306,675,006 , comprising 99.33 % of the nation 's population , and a density of 103.639 inhabitants / sq mi ( 40.015 / km ) , compared to 87.264 / sq mi ( 33.692 / km ) for the nation as a whole . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other terms 1.1 Continental United States 1.2 CONUS and OCONUS 1.3 The lower 48 1.4 Zone of the Interior 2 Terms used in the non-contiguous states 2.1 Alaska 2.2 Hawaii 3 Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States 4 List of contiguous U.S. states 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links Other terms ( edit ) While conterminous U.S. has the precise meaning of contiguous U.S. ( both adjectives meaning `` sharing a common boundary '' ) , other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity . Continental United States ( edit ) Because Alaska is also on the North American continent , the term continental United States would also include that state , so the term is sometimes qualified with the explicit inclusion or exclusion of Alaska to resolve any ambiguity . The term was in use prior to the admission of Alaska and Hawaii as states of the United States and at that time usually excluded outlying territories of the United States . However , even before Alaska became a state , it was sometimes included within the `` Continental U.S. '' CONUS and OCONUS ( edit ) CONUS , a technical term used by the U.S. Department of Defense , General Services Administration , NOAA / National Weather Service , and others , has been defined both as the continental United States , and as the 48 contiguous states . The District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part of CONUS . OCONUS is derived from CONUS with O for outside added , thus referring to Outside of Continental United States ( OCONUS ) . The lower 48 ( edit ) The term lower 48 is also used to refer to the conterminous United States . The National Geographic style guide recommends the use of contiguous or conterminous United States instead of lower 48 when the 48 states are meant , unless used in the context of Alaska . Zone of the Interior ( edit ) During World War II , the first four numbered Air Forces of the USAAF were said to be assigned to the Zone of the Interior by the American military organizations of the time -- the future states of Alaska and Hawaii , then each only territories of the Union , were respectively covered by the Eleventh Air Force and Seventh Air Force during WW II . Terms used in the non-contiguous States ( edit ) Both Alaskans and Hawaiians have unique labels for the contiguous United States because of their own locations relative to them . Alaska ( edit ) Main article : Outside ( Alaska ) Alaska became the 49th state of the United States on January 3 , 1959 . Alaska is on the northwest end of the North American continent , but separated from the rest of the United States Pacific coast by the Canadian province of British Columbia . In Alaska , given the ambiguity surrounding the usage of continental , the term `` continental United States '' is almost unheard of when referring to the contiguous 48 states . Several other terms have been used over the years . The term Lower 48 has , for many years , been a common Alaskan equivalent for `` contiguous United States '' ; today , more Alaskans use the term `` Outside '' , though a few persons may use `` Outside '' to refer to any location not within Alaska . Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States on August 21 , 1959 . It is the southernmost and so far , the latest state to join the Union . Not part of any continent , Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean , about 2,200 miles ( 3,500 km ) from North America and almost halfway to Asia . In Hawaii and overseas American territories , for instance , the terms the Mainland or U.S. Mainland are often used to refer to the continental United States . Non-contiguous areas within the contiguous United States ( edit ) Apart from off - shore US islands , a few continental portions of the contiguous US are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada . Point Roberts , Washington ; Elm Point , Minnesota ; and the Northwest Angle in Minnesota are three such places . Alburgh , Vermont , is not directly connected by land , but is accessible by road via bridges from within Vermont and from New York . List of contiguous U.S. States ( edit ) The 48 contiguous United States are : Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. ( the U.S. capital , also referred to as the District of Columbia ) is distinct from the state of Washington . See also ( edit ) Extreme points of the United States Mainland Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United Airlines website '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Contiguous United States : The 48 adjoining states and the District of Columbia . ^ Jump up to : Random House ( 1991 ) . Random House Webster 's College Dictionary . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 40110 - 5 . Jump up ^ These maps show the contiguous 48 states and D.C. , but not Alaska and Hawaii . `` Military Bases in the Contiguous United States '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . `` Soil Moisture Regimes of the Contiguous United States '' . U.S. Department of Agriculture . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Line in America ! '' . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HowStuffWorks `` Geography of the United States - Geography '' `` . Geography.howstuffworks.com . March 30 , 2008 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data - 2010 Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ * `` National Geographic Style Manual '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . The continental United States comprises the 48 contiguous , or coterminous , states plus Alaska . `` United Cargo website '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Continental United States : The 48 adjoining states , Alaska and District of Columbia . `` Alaska Airlines website '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . The Continental U.S. includes the lower 48 states as well as the State of Alaska , unless otherwise specified . Inland Marine and Transportation Insurance . 1949 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . In the absence of any such statement , Alaska probably would be regarded as a part of the continental United States . ( before statehood ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy Style Guide '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . CONUS - `` Continental United States '' CONUS refers to the 48 contiguous states . Jump up ^ Internal Revenue Code . 2007 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . the term `` United States mainland '' means the continental United States ( not including Alaska ) . `` ... outside the continental United States ( includes Alaska and Hawaii , as well as Canada and all foreign countries ) ... `` Equimax candidate listing '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abstract of the 1900 Census ( 1904 ) , p. xiii '' ( PDF ) . The area ... is continental United States , by which is meant that part of the United States lying on the continent of North America south of the Canadian boundary . It thus excludes Alaska and the recent insular accessions of Hawaii , Porto Rico ( sic ) , the Philippine Islands , Guam , Samoa ... Jump up ^ `` ... merchandise to foreign countries from continental United states , Puerto Rico , and the territories of Alaska and Hawaii . '' United States Foreign Trade ( 1950 - 1953 ) Jump up ^ `` In the absence of any such statement , Alaska probably would be regarded as a part of the continental United States . '' Inland Marine and Transportation Insurance ( 1949 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Per Diem Rates ( CONUS and OCONUS ) '' . United States General Services Administration . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Navy Style Guide '' . CONUS - `` Continental United States . '' CONUS refers to the 48 contiguous states . It is not synonymous with United States . CONUS is acceptable on first reference . `` CONUS '' seems to be used primarily by the American military and the Federal government and those doing business with them . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Army Terms '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . `` OCONUS : Outside Continental United States Jump up ^ `` National Geographic Style Manual : conterminous , or contiguous , continental , continental United States '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Use contiguous , or conterminous , for the 48 states . The continental United States comprises the 48 contiguous , or conterminous , states plus Alaska . Jump up ^ `` National Geographic Style Manual : Alaska '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . The continental United States includes Alaska. ( ) In Alaska context , lower forty - eight or lower 48 may be used . Do not hyphenate lower 48 as an adjective . The term outside may be put in quotes on first reference if ambiguous . To distinguish the 48 states from the 49 or 50 , use contiguous or conterminous . Jump up ^ `` Learn to Speak Alaskan - Alaskan Language Tips - Princess Lodges '' . princesslodges.com . Jump up ^ `` ALASKA : State Profile '' . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ski '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` What are some things Alaska does differently from the contiguous states ? - Quora '' . quora.com . Jump up ^ Edles , Laura Desfor ( 2003 ) . `` ' Race , ' ' Ethnicity , ' and ' Culture ' in Hawai'i : The Myth of the ' Model Minority ' State '' . In Loretta I. Winters and Herman L. DeBose ( ed . ) New Faces in a Changing America : Multiracial Identity in the 21st Century . SAGE Publications . p. 241 . ISBN 9780761923008 . Jump up ^ Ross , Oakland ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Orphans of the atlas '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Contiguous United States . Definition of continental Definition of contiguous Definition of coterminous and conterminous Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contiguous_United_States&oldid=818520443 '' Categories : Subdivisions of the United States Metropolitan or continental parts of states Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Македонски မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 01 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which two states in the united states of america are not connected to the other 48 states | [
"The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states plus Washington, D.C. (federal district), on the continent of North America.[1] The term excludes the non-contiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii and all off-shore United States territories and possessions, which are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[2][3]",
"The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states plus Washington, D.C. (federal district), on the continent of North America.[1] The term excludes the non-contiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii and all off-shore United States territories and possessions, which are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[2][3]"
] | [
"Alaska",
"Hawaii"
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8364207816057678116 | Mandal Commission | Mandal Commission - wikipedia Mandal Commission This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Mandal Commission , or the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission ( SEBC ) , was established in India on 1 January 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai with a mandate to `` identify the socially or educationally backward classes '' of India . It was headed by the late B.P. Mandal an Indian parliamentarian , to consider the question of reservations for people to redress caste discrimination , and used eleven social , economic , and educational indicators to determine backwardness . In 1980 , based on its rationale that OBCs ( `` Other backward classes '' ) identified on the basis of caste , economic and social indicators comprised 52 % of India 's population , the Commission 's report recommended that members of Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) be granted reservations to 27 per cent of jobs under the Central government and public sector undertakings , thus making the total number of reservations for SC , ST and OBC to 49 % . Though the report had been completed in 1983 , the V.P. Singh government declared its intent to implement the report in August 1990 , leading to widespread student protests . It was thereafter provided a temporary stay order by the Supreme court , but implemented in 1992 in the central government . Contents 1 Setting up the Mandal Commission 2 Reservation policy 2.1 Social 2.2 Educational 2.3 Economic 2.4 Weighting indicators 3 Observations and findings 4 Recommendations 5 Implementation 6 Protest 7 Criticisms 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Setting up the Mandal Commission ( edit ) . Appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes in India every 10 years , for the purpose of Articles 15 ( Prohibition of Discrimination on grounds of religion , race , caste , sex or place of birth ) . The First Backward Classes Commission had a broad - based membership , the Second Commission seemed to be shaped on partisan lines , composed of members only from the backward castes . Of its five members , four were from the OBCs ; the remaining one , L.R. Naik , was from the Dalit community , and the only member from the scheduled castes in the Commission . It is popularly known as the Mandal Commission for its chairman being B.P. Mandal . Reservation policy ( edit ) The Mandal Commission adopted various methods and techniques to collect the necessary data and evidence . In order to identify who qualified as an `` other backward class , '' the commission adopted eleven criteria which could be grouped under three major headings : social , educational and economic . 11 criteria were developed to identify OBCs . Social ( edit ) Castes / classes considered as socially backward by others , Castes / classes which mainly depend on manual labour for their livelihood , Castes / classes where at least 25 per cent females and 10 per cent males above the state average get married at an age below 17 years in rural areas and at least 10 per cent females and 5 per cent males do so in urban areas . Castes / classes where participation of females in work is at least 25 per cent above the state average . Educational ( edit ) Castes / classes where the number of children in the age group of 5 -- 15 years who never attended school is at least 25 per cent above the state average . Castes / classes when the rate of student drop - out in the age group of 5 -- 15 years is at least 25 per cent above the state average , Castes / classes amongst whom the proportion of matriculates is at least 25 per cent below the state average , Economic ( edit ) Castes / classes where the average value of family assets is at least 25 per cent below the state average , Castes / classes where the number of families living in kuccha houses is at least 25 per cent above the state average , Castes / classes where the source of drinking water is beyond half a kilometre for more than 50 per cent of the households , Castes / classes where the number of households having taken consumption loans is at least 25 per cent above the state average . Weighting indicators ( edit ) As the above three groups are not of equal importance for the purpose , separate weightage was given to indicators in each group . All the Social indicators were given a weightage of 3 points each , ' educational indicators were given a weightage of 2 points each and economic indicators were given a weightage of 1 point each . Economic , in addition to Social and Educational Indicators , were considered important as they directly flowed from social and educational backwardness . This also helped to highlight the fact that socially and educationally backward classes are economically backward also . Thus , the Mandal Commission judged classes on a scale from 0 to 22 . These 11 indicators were applied to all the castes covered by the survey for a particular state . As a result of this application , all castes which had a score of 50 % ( i.e. 11 points ) were listed as socially and educationally backward and the rest were treated as ' advanced ' . Observations and findings ( edit ) The commission estimated that 52 % of the total population of India ( excluding SCs and STs ) , belonging to 3,743 different castes and communities , were ' backward ' . The number of backward castes in Central list of OBCs has now increased to 5,013 ( without the figures for most of the Union Territories ) in 2006 as per National Commission for Backward Classes . Figures of caste-wise population are not available beyond . So the commission used 1931 census data to calculate the number of OBCs . The population of Hindu OBCs was derived by subtracting from the total population of Hindus , the population of SC and ST and that of forward Hindu castes and communities , and it worked out to be 52 per cent . Assuming that roughly the proportion of OBCs amongst non-Hindus was of the same order as amongst the Hindus , the population of non-Hindu OBCs was considered as 52 per cent . Assuming that a child from an advanced class family and that of a backward class family had the same intelligence at the time of their birth , then owing to vast differences in social , cultural and environmental factors , the former will beat the latter by lengths in any competitive field . Even if an advanced class child 's intelligence quotient was much lower compared to the child of backward class , chances are that the former will still beat the latter in any competition where selection is made on the basis of ' merit ' . In fact , what we call ' merit ' in an elitist society is an amalgam of native endowments and environmental privileges . A child from an advanced class family and that of a backward class family are not ' equals ' in any fair sense of the term and it will be unfair to judge them by the same yard - stick . The conscience of a civilised society and the dictates of social justice demand that ' merit ' and ' equality ' are not turned into a fetish and the element of privilege is duly recognised and discounted for when ' unequal ' are made to run the same race . To place the amalgams of open caste conflicts in proper historical context , the study done by Tata institute of Social Sciences Bombay observes . `` The British rulers produced many structural disturbances in the Hindu caste structure , and these were contradictory in nature and impact ... . Thus , the various impacts of the British rule on the Hindu caste system , viz. , near monopolisation of jobs , education and professions by the literati castes , the Western concepts of equality and justice undermining the Hindu hierarchical dispensation , the phenomenon of Sanskritization , ∅ genteel reform movement from above and militant reform movements from below , emergence of the caste associations with a new role set the stage for the caste conflicts in modern India . Two more ingredients which were very weak in the British period , viz. , politicisation of the masses and universal adult franchise , became powerful moving forces after the Independence . Recommendations ( edit ) The introduction to the Recommendations section in the report presents the following argument : As the Commission had concluded that 52 per cent of the country 's population comprised OBCs , it initially argued that the percentage of reservations in public services for backward classes should also match that figure . However , as this would have gone against the earlier judgement of the Supreme Court of India which had laid down that reservation of posts must be below 50 per cent , the proposed reservation for OBCs had to be fixed at a figure , which when added to 22.5 per cent for SCs and STs , remains below the cap of 50 per cent . In view of this legal constraint the Commission was obliged to recommend a reservation of 27 per cent only for backward castes . Implementation ( edit ) In December 1980 , the Mandal Commission submitted its Report which described the criteria it used to indicate backwardness , and stated its recommendations in light of its observations and findings . By then , the Janata government had fallen. The following Congress governments under Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi were not willing to act on the Report due to its politically contentious nature . After being neglected for 10 years , the Report was accepted by the National Front government led by V.P. Singh . On August 7 , 1990 , the National Front government declared that it would provide 27 per cent reservations to `` socially and educationally backward classes '' for jobs in central services and public undertaking . Having released the Government Order on 13 August , V.P. Singh announced its legal implementation in his Independence Day speech two days later . That same year in September , a case was brought before the Supreme Court of India which challenged the constitutional validity of the Government Order for the implementation of the Mandal Report recommendations . Indra Sawhney , the petitioner in this case , made three principal arguments against the Order : The extension of reservation violated the Constitutional guarantee of equality of opportunity . Caste was not a reliable indicator of backwardness . The efficiency of public institutions was at risk . The five - judge Bench of the Supreme Court issued a stay on the operation of the Government Order of 13 August till the final disposal of the case . On 16 November 1992 , the Supreme Court , in its verdict , upheld the government order , being of the opinion that caste was an acceptable indicator of backwardness . Thus , the recommendation of reservations for OBCs in central government services was finally implemented in 1992 . However , as reported by the Times of India on 26 December 2015 , only 12 per cent of the employees under central government ministries and statutory bodies are members of the Other Backward Classes . The data shows that out of 79,483 posts , employees from the OBCs occupied only 9,040 of them . Protest ( edit ) A decade after the commission gave its report , V.P. Singh , the Prime Minister at the time , tried to implement its recommendations in 1989 . The criticism was sharp and colleges across the country held massive protests against it . On 19 September 1990 , Rajiv Goswami , a student of Deshbandhu College , Delhi , committed self - immolation in protest of the government 's actions . His act made him the face of the Anti-Mandal agitation then . This further sparked a series of self - immolations by other upper - caste college students like him , whose own hopes of getting a government job were now at threat , and led to a formidable student movement against job reservations for Backward Castes in India . Altogether , nearly 200 students committed self - immolations ; of these , 62 students succumbed to their burns . The first student protestor who died due to self - immolation was Surinder Singh Chauhan on 24 September 1990 . Across northern India , normal business was suspended . Shops were kept closed , and schools and colleges were shut down by student agitators . They attacked government buildings , organised rallies and demonstrations and clashed with the police . Incidents of police firing was reported in six states during agitation , claiming more than 50 lives . However , according to Ramchandra Guha , the agitation did not gain as much traction in southern India as it did in the North due to certain reasons . Firstly , people in the South were more agreeable to the implementation of the Mandal report recommendations as affirmative action programmes had long been in existence there . Furthermore , while in the South the upper castes constituted less than 10 per cent of the population , the figure in the North was in excess of 20 per cent . Lastly , as the region had a thriving industrial sector , the educated youth in the South were not as dependent on government employment as those in the North . Criticisms ( edit ) * * NFHS Survey estimated only Hindu OBC population . Total OBC population derived by assuming Muslim OBC population in same proportion as Hindu OBC population The National Sample Survey puts the figure at 32 % . There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBC 's in India , with census data compromised by partisan politics . It is generally estimated to be sizeable , but lower than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or and National Sample Survey . There is also a debate about the estimation logic used by the Mandal Commission for calculating OBC population . Yogendra Yadav , psephologist turned politician , agrees that there is no empirical basis to the Mandal figure . According to Yadav , `` It is a mythical construct based on reducing the number of SC / ST , Muslims and others and then arriving at a number . '' Yadav argues that government jobs were availed to those who by their own means had got higher education , and that reservation for OBC 's was only one of the many recommendations of the Mandal Commission , which largely remain unimplemented after 25 years . The National Sample Survey 's 1999 -- 2000 round estimated around 36 percent of the country 's population as belonging to the Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) . The proportion falls to 32 per cent on excluding Muslim OBCs . A survey conducted in 1998 by National Family Health Statistics ( NFHS ) puts the proportion of non-Muslim OBCs as 29.8 per cent LR Naik , the only Dalit member in the Mandal Commission refused to sign the Mandal recommendations . Naik argued that intermediate backward classes are relatively powerful , while depressed backward classes , or most backward classes ( MBCs ) remain economically marginalised . Critics of the Mandal Commission argue that it is unfair to accord people special privileges on the basis of caste , even in order to redress traditional caste discrimination . They argue that those that deserve the seat through merit will be at a disadvantage . They reflect on the repercussions of unqualified candidates assuming critical positions in society ( doctors , engineers , etc . ) . As the debate on OBC reservations spreads , a few interesting facts which raise pertinent question are already apparent . To begin with , is there any clear idea what proportion of our population is OBC ? According to the Mandal Commission ( 1980 ) it is 52 percent . According to 2001 Indian Census , out of India 's population of 1,028,737,436 the Scheduled Castes comprise 166,635,700 and Scheduled Tribes 84,326,240 , that is 16.2 % and 8.2 % respectively . There is nocoss data on OBCs in the census . However , according to National Sample Survey 's 1999 -- 2000 round around 36 per cent of the country 's population is defined as belonging to the Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) . The proportion falls to 32 per cent on excluding Muslim OBCs . A survey conducted in 1998 by National Family Health Statistics ( NFHS ) puts the proportion of non-Muslim OBCs as 29.8 per cent . The NSSO data also shows that already 23.5 per cent of college seats are occupied by OBCs . That 's just 8.6 per cent short of their share of population according to the same survey . Other arguments include that entrenching the separate legal status of OBCs and SC / STs will perpetuate caste differentiation and encourage competition among communities at the expense of national unity . They believe that only a small new elite of educated Dalits , Adivasis , and OBCs benefit from reservations , and that such measures do n't do enough to lift the mass of people out of poverty . See also ( edit ) Forward Castes Mandal Commission protests of 1990 Reservation in India Dalit Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gehlot , N.S. ( 1998 ) . Current Trends in Indian Politics . Deep & Deep Publications . pp. 264 -- 265 . ISBN 9788171007981 . ^ Jump up to : Bhattacharya , Amit . `` Who are the OBCs ? '' . Archived from the original on 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 19 . Times of India , 8 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mandal commission report - salient features and summary '' ( PDF ) . http://www.simplydecoded.com . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sunday-story-mandal-commission-report-25-years-later/ Jump up ^ Maheshwari , Shriram ( 1991 ) . The Mandal Commission and Mandalisation : A Critique . Concept Publishing Company . pp. 18 -- 26 . ISBN 9788170223382 . Jump up ^ `` Redesigning reservations : Why removing caste - based quotas is not the answer '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Mandal Commission '' ( PDF ) . simplydecoded.com . ^ Jump up to : Agrawal , S.P. ; Aggarwal , J.C. ( 1991 ) . Educational and Social Uplift of Backward Classes : At what Cost and How ? : Mandal Commission and After . Concept Publishing Company . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 9788170223399 . Jump up ^ `` BC , DC or EC ? What lies ahead of the census - hazard lists and multiple definitions could pose hurdles in establishing identity during the caste count '' . Jump up ^ `` OBCs : Who are they ? - Reservation policy for OBCs : Who would benefit and what are the costs involved '' . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Time to curb number of backward castes '' . Jump up ^ `` The Muslim OBCs And Affirmative Action - SACHAR COMMITTEE REPORT '' . Jump up ^ `` SECC 2011 : Why we are headed for Mandal 2 and more quotas before 2019 '' . Jump up ^ Ramaiah , A ( 6 June 1992 ) . `` Identifying Other Backward Classes '' ( PDF ) . Economic and Political Weekly . pp. 1203 -- 1207 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 December 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mandal Commission report , Vol I , pp 23 Jump up ^ Mandal Commission report , Vol I , pp 31 ^ Jump up to : Mandal Commission Report , Vol. 1 , Recommendations . pp. 57 -- 60 . Jump up ^ `` How VP Singh Stirred a Hornet 's Nest With the Mandal Commission '' . The Quint . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Guha , Ramchandra ( 2017 ) . India After Gandhi : 10th Anniversary Edition . New Delhi : Picador India . pp. 602 -- 604 . ISBN 9789382616979 . ^ Jump up to : `` Case analysis of Indira Sawhney v. UOI '' . Legal Bites - Law And Beyond . 2016 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years after Mandal , less than 12 % OBCs in central govt jobs - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Mandal vs Mandir '' . Jump up ^ `` The Telegraph - Calcutta : Frontpage '' . www.telegraphindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Anu ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Mandal memories '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Negi , S.S. ( 10 June 2006 ) . `` Reply to SC daunting task for government '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Anand , Arun ( 24 May 2007 ) . `` What is India 's population of other backward classes ? '' . Yahoo ! News India . Archived from the original on 27 June 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/36-population-is-obc-not-52-106050801060_1.html Jump up ^ http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/let-s-have-an-index-to-measure-how-disadvantaged-an-individual-is-yogendra-yadav-1439668620.html Jump up ^ 36 % population is OBC , not 52 % . South Asian Free Media Association ( 8 May 2006 ) . Retrieved on 2006 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Mandal 's True Inheritors '' . The Times of India . 12 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Population '' . Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Archived from the original on 26 May 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 36 % population is OBC , not 52 % '' . South Asian Free Media Association . 8 May 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 27 . References ( edit ) Ramaiah , A ( 6 June 1992 ) . `` Identifying Other Backward Classes '' ( ( 2 ) ) pp. 1203 -- 1207 . Economic and Political Weekly . URL accessed on 05 Dec 2013 . Complete Text of the Mandal Commission Report External links ( edit ) Reserving the deserving , genesis of a debate The Skimming of the creamy layer Countercurrents Youth for Equality Diluting Mandal from S.S. Gill , Secretary , Mandal Commission . Supporting reservations Late Mr Rajiv Gandhi 's Speech on Mandal Commission Indian commissions Permanent Agricultural Costs and Prices Agriculture Atomic Energy Backward Classes Cattle Competition Consumer Disputes Redressal Cooperation with UNESCO Delimitation Denotified , Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes Election Electricity Regulation Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector Farmers Finance Forward Markets Human Resources for Health Human Rights Investment Knowledge Labour Law Minorities Minority Educational Institutions Pay Planning Protection of Child Rights Public Service Railway Safety Safai Karamcharis Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Statistics University Grants Women Vigilance Ad hoc Administrative Reforms Gadgil Kalelkar Kapur Khosla Laththa Commission Liberhan Mandal Mukherjee Nanavati Narendran Ranganath Misra ( Minorities ) Sarkaria Shah States Reorganisation Category List Caste in India Caste and reservation Caste Caste system in India Caste politics in India Caste - related violence in India Reservation in India Court Cases related to Reservation IIT reservation policy Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu History Communal Award Poona Pact Mandal Commission protests of 1990 Namantar Andolan 2006 anti-reservation protests 1996 Bathani Tola Massacre 2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra 2008 Gurjjar agitation Patidar agitation Jat agitation Maratha Kranti Morcha Bhima Koregaon protests April 2018 protests Terms Dalit Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ( SC and ST ) Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) Forward classes Affirmative action Creamy layer Untouchability Gramanya Commissions Kalelkar Commission Mandal Commission National Commission for Backward Classes Laws Atrocities Act Organisations Bahujan Samaj Party Dalit Panther Justice Party Ranvir Sena Lists Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Other Backward Classes Including Muslim OBC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandal_Commission&oldid=860455971 '' Categories : Indian commissions and inquiries Reservation in India 1979 in India Desai administration V.P. Singh administration Other Backward Classes Political terminology in India Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use British English from April 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2018 , at 20 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who was the pm when the report of mandal commission was initially implemented | [
"The Mandal Commission, or the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (SEBC), was established in India on 1 January 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai [1] with a mandate to \"identify the socially or educationally backward classes\" of India.[2] It was headed by the late B.P. Mandal an Indian parliamentarian, to consider the question of reservations for people to redress caste discrimination, and used eleven social, economic, and educational indicators to determine backwardness. In 1980, based on its rationale that OBCs (\"Other backward classes\") identified on the basis of caste, economic and social indicators comprised 52% of India's population, the Commission's report recommended that members of Other Backward Classes (OBC) be granted reservations to 27 per cent of jobs under the Central government and public sector undertakings, thus making the total number of reservations for SC, ST and OBC to 49%.[3][1]\n"
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"Morarji Desai"
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1024498803566199609 | Big Cat Rescue | Big Cat Rescue - wikipedia Big Cat Rescue Jump to : navigation , search Big Cat Rescue Date opened November 4 , 1992 ; 25 years ago ( 1992 - 11 - 04 ) ( as Wildlife on Easy Street ) Location Tampa , Florida , U.S. Website bigcatrescue.org Big Cat Rescue is an animal sanctuary near Tampa , Florida , United States , devoted to rescuing and housing exotic felines , rehabilitating injured or orphaned native wild cats , and ending the private trade and ownership of exotic cats via educational outreach and legislation . As of August 2015 , the center is home to 19 big cats and 67 small cats . Big Cat Rescue has sheltered binturongs , bobcats , caracals , civets , cougars , Geoffroy 's cats , leopards , lions , lynxes , ocelots , sand cats , servals , and tigers . The sanctuary is located on 67 acres ( 27 ha ) in the Citrus Park area of North Tampa . In 2014 , Big Cat Rescue received over 27,000 visitors . Big Cat Rescue began operating in 1992 , and bills itself as `` the largest accredited sanctuary in the world dedicated entirely to abused and abandoned big cats . '' It is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit , accredited by the Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries and is a member of World Animal Protection . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Conservation 3 Rescues 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Big Cat Rescue started on November 4 , 1992 . The sanctuary was previously known as Wildlife on Easy Street , which featured a bed and breakfast experience that allowed guests to spend the night with a young wild cat in their cabin . According to the sanctuary , this part of its history was a misguided effort to aid captive conservation and animal welfare of privately owned animals . The company became a nonprofit in 1995 . In September 2000 , Wildlife on Easy Street applied to the Association of Zoos and Aquariums for accreditation as a Certified Related Facility . The application was denied in March 2001 for various reasons , including concerns about the amount of visitor contact with the cats , lack of any trained zoological professionals on staff , insufficient formal veterinary programs and unfinished perimeter fencing . The sanctuary has ceased physical encounters of any kind between the public and cats housed there in 2003 . In 2013 , following a 2011 lawsuit , Joe Schreibvogel , aka `` Joe Exotic '' , whose family runs the GW Exotic Animal Park , was ordered to pay Big Cat Rescue $1 million for using confusingly similar trademarked materials . A story by Tampa television station WTSP in 2011 discussed numerous concerns raised by critics about the way Big Cat Rescue operated , including lack of transparency , animal law violations resulting in USDA citations , inadequate fencing that could potentially result in animal escapes , and describing animals taken in by the sanctuary as being rescued from poor conditions while in reality they were kept and raised properly and in a loving home . The story included criticism from Joe Schreibvogel , who at the time was suing Big Cat Rescue . In October 2014 , Big Cat Rescue was issued a warning by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission for letting a leopard into an enclosure that was insufficiently secured for this species , which could have resulted in an escape . The warning was issued after a complaint by Vernon Yates , a trapper and director of Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation , Inc . Baskin responded that the cage was compliant with law when it was built . Conservation ( edit ) One of the main goals of Big Cat Rescue is to end ownership and trade of exotic felines in the private sector entirely . Big Cat Rescue claims that permit systems are not effective at ensuring animal welfare and campaigns for a total ban of private ownership of big cats regardless of keeping conditions . The center is part of the International Tiger Coalition , which is dedicated to stopping the trade of tiger parts . In 2005 , Big Cat Rescue published an action plan to end all captive keeping of all exotic cats , including animals in AZA - accredited zoos bred for conservation . According to the plan , Big Cat Rescue wanted interstate transport of big cats for any reason ( including conservation breeding programs ) to end by 2012 , display of large exotic cats in zoos to end by 2013 and keeping of any exotic cats ( including smaller species ) in zoos to be discontinued by 2015 . In 2015 , owner Carole Baskin began campaigning for the passage of a bill in the United States Congress called The Big Cat Public Safety Act ( H.R. 3546 ) that would ban all future keeping of all large cat species in the United States , with zoos certified by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums , as well as certain sanctuaries , universities , wildlife rehabilitators , and traveling circuses being exempt . Rescues ( edit ) In January 2011 , the center received attention for its rescue of `` Skip '' , a bobcat , who had likely been hit by a car on Florida State Road 46 and had a crushed pelvis . Fans of Skip who watched his recovery on Ustream organized on Facebook , calling themselves `` Skipaholics '' . These fans contributed money for cameras , cat beds , and other equipment . Skip died in September 2012 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Big Cat Rescue Corp '' . Animal Care Information System . USDA . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Credentials '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finances '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Janson , Mary Lou ; Foster , Lee ( April 12 , 1998 ) . `` Strange Bedfellows At Tampa 's Wildlife On Easy Street '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LaPeter Anton , Leonora ( November 11 , 2007 ) . `` The Big Cat Fight '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History & Evolution of Big Cat Rescue '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AZA Denied WOES Application for Certification '' . June 2001 . p. 12 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` History & Evolution of Big Cat Rescue '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knittle , Andrew ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Joe Exotic ' Ordered to Pay Florida Animal Sanctuary $1 million '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Deeson , Mike ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` 10 News Investigators Raise Questions About Big Cat Rescue '' . WTSP . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Complaint Filed Against Big Cat Rescue over Leopard '' . The Tampa Tribune . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Captive Wildlife Inspections Form '' ( PDF ) . Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 -- via worldpeacemeet.com . Jump up ^ `` Why Regulations Do n't Work '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Regulations Do n't Work and Big Cat Bans are Needed '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` International Tiger Coalition '' . Big Cat Rescue . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 20 Yr Plan '' . 2005 - 10 - 30 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2005 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 3546 '' . Congress.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Arin ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` There Are More Captive Tigers In The U.S. Than In The Wild Worldwide . This Bill Could Change That '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snow , Christine ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Injured Bobcat Rescued Along S.R. 46 Licking Wounds at Tampa Facility '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tataris , Anna ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` Bobcat Recovery Streaming Online '' . Bay News 9 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skip the Bobcat Rescue '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website YouTube channel Zoos of Florida Zoos Big Cat Rescue Brevard Zoo Butterfly World Center for Great Apes Central Florida Zoo and Botanical Gardens Flamingo Gardens Gulf Breeze Zoo Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens Jungle Island Key West Butterfly and Nature Conservatory Lowry Park Zoo Monkey Jungle Naples Zoo Palm Beach Zoo Santa Fe College Teaching Zoo St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park Zoo Miami Aquariums Clearwater Marine Aquarium Dolphin Research Center Florida Aquarium Key West Aquarium Marineland of Florida Miami Seaquarium Mote Marine Laboratory Sea Life Orlando Aquarium St. Lucie County Aquarium Tarpon Springs Aquarium The Seas with Nemo & Friends ( in Epcot ) Animal theme parks Busch Gardens Tampa Discovery Cove Disney 's Animal Kingdom Gatorland Green Meadows Petting Farm Lion Country Safari SeaWorld Orlando Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Cat_Rescue&oldid=815577320 '' Categories : Cat conservation organizations Environmental organizations based in Florida Felids Organizations based in Tampa , Florida Tourist attractions in Tampa , Florida Wildlife sanctuaries of the United States Zoos in Florida 1992 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Tampa Bay articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 18 : 07 . About Wikipedia | how many members are in the big cat rescue | [
"Big Cat Rescue is an animal sanctuary near Tampa, Florida, United States, devoted to rescuing and housing exotic felines, rehabilitating injured or orphaned native wild cats, and ending the private trade and ownership of exotic cats via educational outreach and legislation. As of August 2015, the center is home to 19 big cats and 67 small cats.[1] Big Cat Rescue has sheltered binturongs, bobcats, caracals, civets, cougars, Geoffroy's cats, leopards, lions, lynxes, ocelots, sand cats, servals, and tigers.[citation needed]",
"Big Cat Rescue is an animal sanctuary near Tampa, Florida, United States, devoted to rescuing and housing exotic felines, rehabilitating injured or orphaned native wild cats, and ending the private trade and ownership of exotic cats via educational outreach and legislation. As of August 2015, the center is home to 19 big cats and 67 small cats.[1] Big Cat Rescue has sheltered binturongs, bobcats, caracals, civets, cougars, Geoffroy's cats, leopards, lions, lynxes, ocelots, sand cats, servals, and tigers.[citation needed]"
] | [
"19 big cats",
"67 small cats"
] |
-8855239176026596261 | Boston Red Sox | Boston Red Sox - wikipedia Boston Red Sox Jump to : navigation , search `` Red Sox '' redirects here . For other uses , see Red Sox ( disambiguation ) . Boston Red Sox 2018 Boston Red Sox season Established in 1901 Based in Boston since 1901 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1901 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers 6 8 9 14 26 27 34 45 42 Colors Red , Blue , White Name Boston Red Sox ( 1908 -- present ) Boston Americans ( 1901 -- 1907 ) Other nicknames The Sox The BoSox The Olde Towne Team Ballpark Fenway Park ( 1912 -- present ) Huntington Avenue Grounds ( 1901 -- 1911 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 8 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 AL Pennants ( 13 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 East Division titles ( 9 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Front office Owner ( s ) Fenway Sports Group ( John Henry ( Principal Owner ) , Tom Werner ( Chairman ) , Sam Kennedy ( President and CEO ) ) Manager Alex Cora General Manager Dave Dombrowski ( acting ) President of Baseball Operations Dave Dombrowski The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The Red Sox have won eight World Series championships and have played in twelve . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The `` Red Sox '' name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , around 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the `` Boston Red Stockings '' , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . Boston was a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the `` Curse of the Bambino '' after its alleged beginning with the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86 - year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's `` mad dash '' in 1946 , the `` Impossible Dream '' of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2013 World Series , they became the first team to win three World Series trophies in the 21st century , including championships in 2004 and 2007 . Red Sox history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports . The Boston Red Sox are owned by Fenway Sports Group , which also owns Liverpool F.C. of the Premier League in England . The Red Sox are consistently one of the top MLB teams in average road attendance , while the small capacity of Fenway Park prevents them from leading in overall attendance . From May 15 , 2003 to April 10 , 2013 , the Red Sox sold out every home game -- a total of 820 games ( 794 regular season ) for a major professional sports record . Neil Diamond 's `` Sweet Caroline '' has become an anthem for the Red Sox . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nickname 2 History 2.1 1901 -- 1919 : The Golden Era 2.2 Sale of Babe Ruth and Aftermath ( 1920 -- 38 ) 2.3 1939 -- 1960 : The Ted Williams Era 2.4 1960s : Yaz and the Impossible Dream 2.5 1970s : The Red Hat Era 2.5. 1 1975 2.5. 2 1978 pennant race 2.6 1986 World Series and Game Six 2.7 1988 -- 1991 : Morgan Magic 2.8 1992 -- 2001 : Mixed Results 2.9 2002 -- present : John Henry era 2.9. 1 2002 -- 03 2.9. 2 `` The Idiots '' : 2004 World Series Championship 2.9. 3 2007 : World Series Championship 2.9. 4 2008 -- 2012 : Injuries and Collapses 2.9. 5 Boston Strong : 2013 World Series Champions 2.9. 6 Recent Years 3 Current roster 4 Uniform 5 Spring training 5.1 Truck Day 5.2 JetBlue Park 6 Rivalry with the Yankees 7 Radio and television 8 Retired numbers 9 Baseball Hall of Famers 9.1 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 10 Minor league affiliations 11 Other notable seasons and team records 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Nickname The name Red Sox , chosen by owner John I. Taylor after the 1907 season , refers to the red hose in the team uniform beginning 1908 . Sox had been previously adopted for the Chicago White Sox by newspapers needing a headline - friendly form of Stockings , as `` Stockings Win ! '' in large type would not fit on a page . The team name `` Red Sox '' had previously been used as early as 1888 by a ' colored ' team from Norfolk , Virginia . The Spanish language media sometimes refers to the team as Medias Rojas , a translation of `` red socks '' . The official Spanish site uses the variant `` Los Red Sox '' . The Red Stockings nickname was first used by a baseball team by the Cincinnati Red Stockings , who were members of the pioneering National Association of Base Ball Players . Managed by Harry Wright , Cincinnati adopted a uniform with white knickers and red stockings and earned the famous nickname , a year or two before hiring the first fully professional team in 1869 . When the club folded after the 1870 season , Wright was hired by Boston businessman Ivers Whitney Adams to organize a new team in Boston , and he did , bringing three teammates and the `` Red Stockings '' nickname along ( Most nicknames were then only nicknames , neither club names nor registered trademarks , so the migration was informal ) . The Boston Red Stockings won four championships in the five seasons of the new National Association , the first professional league . When a new Cincinnati club was formed as a charter member of the National League in 1876 , the `` Red Stockings '' nickname was commonly reserved for them once again , and the Boston team was referred to as the `` Red Caps '' . Other names were sometimes used before Boston officially adopted the nickname `` Braves '' in 1912 ; the club eventually left Boston for Milwaukee and is now playing in Atlanta , Georgia . The Red Sox logo worn on uniforms in 1908 , announcing the team 's first official nickname In 1901 , the upstart American League established a competing club in Boston . ( Originally , a team was supposed to be started in Buffalo , but league ownership at the last minute removed that city from their plans in favor of the expansion Boston franchise . ) For seven seasons , the AL team wore dark blue stockings and had no official nickname . They were simply `` Boston '' , `` Bostonians '' or `` the Bostons '' ; or the `` Americans '' or `` Boston Americans '' as in `` American Leaguers '' , Boston being a two - team city . Their 1901 -- 1907 jerseys , both home , and road , just read `` Boston '' , except for 1902 when they sported large letters `` B '' and `` A '' denoting `` Boston '' and `` American . '' Newspaper writers of the time used other nicknames for the club , including `` Somersets '' ( for owner Charles Somers ) , `` Plymouth Rocks '' , `` Beaneaters '' , the `` Collinsites '' ( for manager Jimmy Collins ) `` , and `` Pilgrims . '' For years many sources have listed `` Pilgrims '' as the early Boston AL team 's official nickname , but researcher Bill Nowlin has demonstrated that the name was barely used , if at all , during the team 's early years . The origin of the nickname appears to be a poem entitled `` The Pilgrims At Home '' written by Edwin Fitzwilliam that was sung at the 1907 home opener ( `` Rory O'More '' melody ) . This nickname was commonly used during that season , perhaps because the team had a new manager and several rookie players . John I. Taylor had said in December 1907 that the Pilgrims `` sounded too much like homeless wanderers . '' The National League club in Boston , though seldom called the `` Red Stockings '' anymore , still wore red trim . In 1907 , the National League club adopted an all - white uniform , and the American League team saw an opportunity . On December 18 , 1907 , Taylor announced that the club had officially adopted red as its new team color . The 1908 uniforms featured a large icon of a red stocking angling across the shirt front . For 1908 , the National League club returned to wearing red trim , but the American League team finally had an official nickname , and would remain the `` Red Sox '' for good . The name is often shortened to `` Bosox '' or `` BoSox '' , a combination of `` Boston '' and `` Sox '' ( similar to the `` ChiSox '' in Chicago or the minor league `` PawSox '' of Pawtucket ) . Sportswriters sometimes refer to the Red Sox as the Crimson Hose and the Olde Towne Team . Recently , media have begun to call them the `` Sawx '' casually , reflecting how the word is pronounced with a New England accent . However , most fans simply refer to the team as the `` Sox '' when the context is understood to mean Red Sox . The formal name of the entity which owns the team is `` Boston Red Sox Baseball Club Limited Partnership '' . The name shown on the door on Yawkey Way , `` Boston American League Baseball Company '' , is historical , predating the formation of the limited partnership on May 26 , 1978 . The entrance also figures in Robert B. Parker 's Spenser - and - baseball novel Mortal Stakes . History Main article : History of the Boston Red Sox 1901 -- 1919 : the golden ERA The 1901 Boston Americans team photograph In 1901 , the minor Western League , led by Ban Johnson , declared its equality with the National League , then the only major league in baseball . Johnson changed the name of the league to the American League , leading teams in his league to be christened with the unofficial nickname `` Americans '' . This was especially true in the case of the new Boston franchise , which would not adopt an official nickname until 1908 . The Americans logo , 1901 -- 07 The upstart league placed franchises in Baltimore , Maryland and Buffalo . After looking at his new league , Ban Johnson decided that he would need a team in Boston to compete with the National League team there , and so cancelled the Buffalo club 's franchise , offering one to a new club in Boston . The Boston franchise was purchased in 1903 by Milwaukee publisher , George Brumder who sold the team one year later . Playing their home games at Huntington Avenue Grounds , the Boston franchise finished second and third before capturing their first pennant in 1903 and repeating the next year . Those teams were led by manager and star third baseman Jimmy Collins , outfielders Chick Stahl , Buck Freeman , and Patsy Dougherty , and pitcher Cy Young , who in 1901 won the pitching Triple Crown with 33 wins ( 41.8 % of the team 's 79 games ) , 1.62 ERA and 158 strikeouts . His 1901 to 1904 seasons rank among the best four - year runs ever . In 1903 , Boston participated in the first modern World Series , going up against the Pittsburgh Pirates . The Pirates were heavily favored as they had won the NL pennant by 61⁄2 games . Aided by the modified chants of `` Tessie '' by the Royal Rooters fan club and by its stronger pitching staff , the Americans managed to overcome the odds , and win the best - of - nine series five games to three . Iconic photo of the Huntington Avenue Grounds before the first modern World Series game The 1904 club was almost as good as the previous team , but due to the surprise emergence of the New York Highlanders , the Boston club found itself in a tight pennant race through the last games of the season . A predecessor to what would become a storied rivalry , this race featured such controversial moves as the trade of Patsy Dougherty to the Highlanders for Bob Unglaub . The climax of the season occurred on the last , dramatic doubleheader at the Highlanders ' home stadium , Hilltop Park . In order to win the pennant , the Highlanders needed to win both games . With Jack Chesbro , the Highlanders ' 41 - game winner , on the mound , and the score tied 2 -- 2 with a man on third in the top of the ninth , a spitball got away from Chesbro and Lou Criger scored the go - ahead run on one of the most famous wild pitches in history . The Huntington Avenue Grounds during a game . Note building from which the famous 1903 `` bird 's - eye '' photo was taken . Unfortunately , the NL champion New York Giants declined to play any postseason series , fearing it would give their New York rivals credibility ( they had expected the Highlanders to win ) , but a sharp public reaction led the two leagues immediately to make the World Series a permanent championship , starting in 1905 . These successful times soon ended , however , as Boston lost 100 games in 1906 . However , several new star players helped the newly renamed Red Sox improve almost immediately . A season pass for the 1906 season . By 1909 , legendary center fielder Tris Speaker had become a fixture in the Boston outfield , and the team worked their way to third place . However , the Red Sox would not win the pennant again until their 105 - win 1912 season , finishing with a club record . 691 winning percentage . Anchored by an outfield considered to be among the finest in the game -- Tris Speaker , Harry Hooper and Duffy Lewis -- and superstar pitcher Smoky Joe Wood , the Red Sox beat the New York Giants 4 -- 3 -- 1 in the classic 1912 World Series best known for Snodgrass 's Muff . From 1913 to 1916 the Red Sox were owned by Joseph Lannin , who signed Babe Ruth , soon the best - known and one of the best players ever . Another 101 wins in 1915 propelled the Red Sox to the 1915 World Series , where they beat the Philadelphia Phillies four games to one . Following the 1915 season , Tris Speaker was traded to the Cleveland Indians . His departure was more than compensated for , however , by the emergence of star pitcher Babe Ruth . The Red Sox went on to win the 1916 World Series , this time defeating the Brooklyn Robins . In 1918 , Babe Ruth led his team to another World Series championship , this time over the Chicago Cubs . Sale of Babe Ruth and aftermath ( 1920 -- 38 ) Babe Ruth in 1915 . Harry Frazee bought the Red Sox from Joseph Lannin in 1916 for about $500,000 . A couple of notable trades involving Harry Frazee and the Yankees occurred before the Babe Ruth sale . On December 18 , 1918 , outstanding outfielder Duffy Lewis , pitcher Dutch Leonard ( who had posted a modern record 0.96 ERA in 1914 ) , and pitcher Ernie Shore were traded to the Yankees for pitcher Ray Caldwell , Slim Love , Roxy Walters , Frank Gilhooley and $15,000 . As all three players were well regarded in Boston -- Lewis had been a key player on the 1910s championship teams , Shore had famously relieved Babe Ruth and retired 27 straight , and Leonard had only four years before setting a modern record for earned run average -- this trade was regarded as a poor one in Boston . Then , on July 13 , 1919 , submarine - style pitching star Carl Mays was traded to the Yankees for Bob McGraw , Allan Russell and $40,000 . Mays would go on to have several good years for the Yankees , but had been a discipline problem for the Red Sox . On December 26 , 1919 , Frazee sold Babe Ruth , who had played the previous six seasons for the Red Sox , to the rival New York Yankees ( Ruth had just broken the single - season home run record , hitting 29 in 1919 . ) Legend has it that Frazee did so in order to finance the Broadway play No , No , Nanette . That play did not actually open on Broadway until 1925 , but as Leigh Montville discovered during research for his book , The Big Bam : The Life and Times of Babe Ruth , No , No , Nanette had originated as a non-musical stage play called My Lady Friends , which opened on Broadway in December 1919 . My Lady Friends had , indeed , been financed by the Ruth sale to the Yankees . During that period , the Red Sox , Yankees and Chicago White Sox had a détente ; they were called `` Insurrectos '' because their actions antagonized league president Ban Johnson . Although Frazee owned the Boston Red Sox franchise , he did not own Fenway Park ( it was owned by the Fenway Park Trust ) , making his ownership a precarious one ; Johnson could move another team into the ballpark . His club was in debt , but Frazee felt the need to purchase its playing site ( which he did in 1920 ) . Further , providing the Yankees with a box office attraction would help that mediocre club , which had sided with him against Johnson and `` the Loyal Five '' clubs . Finally , Ruth was considered a serious disciplinary problem , a reputation he amply confirmed while playing for the Yankees . Frazee moved Ruth to stabilize Red Sox finances and cut distractions . It was a straight sale , no players in return . New York achieved great success after acquiring Ruth and several other very good players . The sale of Babe Ruth came to be viewed as the beginning of the Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry , considered the `` Greatest Rivalry on Earth '' by American sports journalists . The Boston Red Sox logo ( 1931 -- 1932 ) After deciding to get out of baseball , Frazee began selling many of his star players . In the winter of 1920 , Wally Schang , Waite Hoyt , Harry Harper and Mike McNally were traded to the Yankees for Del Pratt , Muddy Ruel , John Costello , Hank Thormahlen , Sammy Vick and cash . The following winter , iron man shortstop Everett Scott , and pitchers Bullet Joe Bush and Sad Sam Jones were traded to the Yankees for Roger Peckinpaugh ( who would be immediately shipped to the Washington Senators ) , Jack Quinn , Rip Collins , Bill Piercy and $50,000 . On July 23 , 1922 , Joe Dugan and Elmer Smith were traded to the Yankees for Elmer Miller , Chick Fewster , Johnny Mitchell , and Lefty O'Doul , who was at the time a mediocre pitching prospect . Acquiring Dugan helped the Yankees edge the St. Louis Browns in a tight pennant race , and the resulting uproar helped create a June 15 trading deadline that went into effect the next year . Perhaps an even more outrageous deal was the trade of Herb Pennock , occurring in early 1923 . Pennock was traded by the Red Sox to the Yankees for Camp Skinner , Norm McMillan , George Murray and $50,000 . The loss of so much talent sent the Red Sox into free fall , even with the money Frazee earned from the trades . During the 1920s and early 1930s , they were fixtures in the second division , never finishing closer than 20 games out of first . The losses only mounted when Frazee sold the team to Bob Quinn in 1923 . During an eight - year period from 1925 to 1932 , the Red Sox averaged over 100 losses per season , bottoming out in 1932 with a record of 43 - 111 , still the worst record in franchise history . One of the few bright spots on these teams was Earl Webb , who set the all - time mark for most doubles in a season in 1931 with 67 . The BoSox ' fortunes began to change in 1933 when Tom Yawkey bought the team . Yawkey acquired pitcher Wes Ferrell and one of the greatest pitchers of all - time , Lefty Grove , making his team competitive once again in the late thirties . He also acquired Joe Cronin , an outstanding shortstop and manager and slugging first baseman Jimmie Foxx whose 50 home runs in 1938 would stand as a club record for 68 years . Foxx also drove in a club record 175 runs . 1939 -- 1960 : the Ted Williams ERA Ted Williams In 1939 , the Red Sox purchased the contract of outfielder Ted Williams from the minor league San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League , ushering in an era of the team sometimes called the `` Ted Sox . '' Williams consistently hit for both high power and high average , and is generally considered one of the greatest hitters of all time . The right - field bullpens in Fenway were built in part for Williams ' left - handed swing , and are sometimes called `` Williamsburg . '' Before this addition , it was over 400 feet ( 120 m ) to right field . He served two stints in the United States Marine Corps as a pilot and saw active duty in both World War II and the Korean War , missing at least five full seasons of baseball . His book The Science of Hitting is widely read by students of baseball . He is currently the last player to hit over . 400 for a full season , batting . 406 in 1941 . Williams feuded with sports writers his whole career , calling them `` The Knights of the Keyboard '' , and his relationship with the fans was often rocky as he was seen spitting towards the stands on more than one occasion . With Williams , the Red Sox reached the 1946 World Series , but lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games in part because of the use of the `` Williams Shift '' , a defensive tactic in which the shortstop would move to the right side of the infield to make it harder for the left - handed - hitting Williams to hit to that side of the field . Some have claimed that he was too proud to hit to the other side of the field , not wanting to let the Cardinals take away his game . His performance may have also been affected by a pitch he took in the elbow in an exhibition game a few days earlier . Either way , in his only World Series , Williams gathered just five singles in 25 at - bats for a . 200 average . The Cardinals won the 1946 Series when Enos Slaughter scored the go - ahead run all the way from first base on a base hit to left field . The throw from Leon Culberson was cut off by shortstop Johnny Pesky , who relayed the ball to the plate just a hair too late . Some say Pesky hesitated or `` held the ball '' before he turned to throw the ball , but this has been disputed . Along with Williams and Pesky , the Red Sox featured several other star players during the 1940s , including second baseman Bobby Doerr and center fielder Dom DiMaggio ( the younger brother of Joe DiMaggio ) . The Red Sox narrowly lost the AL pennant in 1948 and 1949 . In 1948 , Boston finished in a tie with Cleveland , and their loss to Cleveland in a one - game playoff ended hopes of an all - Boston World Series . Curiously , manager Joseph McCarthy chose journeyman Denny Galehouse to start the playoff game when the young lefty phenom Mel Parnell was available to pitch . In 1949 , the Red Sox were one game ahead of the New York Yankees , with the only two games left for both teams being against each other , and they lost both of those games . Logo used by the Boston Red Sox in the 1950s The 1950s were viewed as a time of tribulation for the Red Sox . After Williams returned from the Korean War in 1953 , many of the best players from the late 1940s had retired or been traded . The stark contrast in the team led critics to call the Red Sox ' daily lineup `` Ted Williams and the Seven Dwarfs . '' Jackie Robinson was even worked out by the team at Fenway Park , however it appeared that owner Tom Yawkey did not want an African American player on his team at that time . Willie Mays also tried out for Boston and was highly praised by team scouts . In 1955 , Frank Malzone debuted at third base and Ted Williams hit . 388 at the age of 38 in 1957 , but there was little else for Boston fans to root for . Williams retired at the end of the 1960 season , famously hitting a home run in his final at - bat as memorialized in the John Updike story `` Hub fans bid Kid adieu . '' The Red Sox finally became the last Major League team to field an African American player when they promoted infielder Pumpsie Green from their AAA farm team in 1959 . 1960s : Yaz and the Impossible Dream Main article : The Impossible Dream ( 1967 ) The 1960s also started poorly for the Red Sox , though 1961 saw the debut of Carl `` Yaz '' Yastrzemski , Williams ' replacement in left field , who developed into one of the better hitters of a pitching - rich decade . Red Sox fans know 1967 as the season of the `` Impossible Dream . '' The slogan refers to the hit song from the popular musical play `` Man of La Mancha '' . 1967 saw one of the great pennant races in baseball history with four teams in the AL pennant race until almost the last game . The BoSox had finished the 1966 season in ninth place , but they found new life with Yastrzemski as the team went to the 1967 World Series , only to lose the Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . Yastrzemski won the American League Triple Crown ( the most recent player to accomplish such a feat until Miguel Cabrera did so in 2012 ) , hitting . 326 with 44 home runs and 121 RBIs . He finished one vote short of a unanimous MVP selection , as a Minnesota sportswriter placed Twins center fielder César Tovar first on his ballot . But the Red Sox lost the series -- again to the St. Louis Cardinals , in seven games . Legendary pitcher Bob Gibson stymied the Red Sox winning three games . The bullpen car used by the Red Sox An 18 - year - old Bostonian rookie named Tony Conigliaro slugged 24 home runs in 1964 . `` Tony C '' became the youngest player in Major League Baseball to hit his 100th home run , a record that stands today . He was struck just above the left cheek bone by a fastball thrown by Jack Hamilton of the California Angels on Friday , August 18 , 1967 and sat out the entire next season with headaches and blurred vision . Although he did have a productive season in 1970 , he was never the same . 1970s : the Red hat ERA Although the Red Sox were competitive for much of the late 1960s and early 1970s , they never finished higher than second place in their division . The closest they came to a divisional title was 1972 , when they lost by a half - game to the Detroit Tigers . The start of the season was delayed by a players ' strike , and the Red Sox had lost one more game to the strike than the Tigers had . Games lost to the strike were not made up . The Red Sox went to Detroit with a half - game lead for the final series of the season , but lost the first two of those three and were eliminated from the pennant race . The Red Sox won the AL pennant in 1975 . The 1975 Red Sox were as colorful as they were talented , with Yastrzemski and rookie outfielders Jim Rice and Fred Lynn , veteran outfielder Dwight Evans , catcher Carlton Fisk , and pitchers Luis Tiant and eccentric junkballer Bill `` The Spaceman '' Lee . Fred Lynn won both the American League Rookie of the Year award and the Most Valuable Player award , a feat which had never previously been accomplished , and was not duplicated until Ichiro Suzuki did it in 2001 . In the 1975 American League Championship Series , the Red Sox swept the Oakland A 's . In the 1975 World Series , they faced the heavily favored Cincinnati Reds , also known as The Big Red Machine . Luis Tiant won games 1 and 4 of the World Series but after five games , the Red Sox trailed the series 3 games to 2 . Game 6 at Fenway Park is considered among the greatest games in postseason history . Down 6 -- 3 in the bottom of the eighth inning , Red Sox pinch hitter Bernie Carbo hit a three - run homer into the center field bleachers off Reds fireman Rawly Eastwick to tie the game . In the top of the eleventh inning , right fielder Dwight Evans made a spectacular catch of a Joe Morgan line drive and doubled off Ken Griffey at first base to preserve the tie . In the bottom of the twelfth inning , Carlton Fisk hit a deep fly ball which sliced towards the left field foul pole above the Green Monster . As the ball sailed into the night , Fisk waved his arms frantically towards fair territory , seemingly pleading with the ball not to go foul . The ball complied , and bedlam ensued at Fenway as Fisk rounded the bases to win the game for the Red Sox 7 -- 6 . The Red Sox lost game 7 , 4 -- 3 even though they had an early 3 -- 0 lead . Starting pitcher Bill Lee threw a slow looping curve which he called a `` Leephus pitch '' or `` space ball '' to Reds first baseman Tony Pérez who hit the ball over the Green Monster and across the street . The Reds scored the winning run in the 9th inning . Carlton Fisk said famously about the 1975 World Series , `` We won that thing 3 games to 4 . '' 1978 pennant race In 1978 , the Red Sox and the Yankees were involved in a tight pennant race . The Yankees were 14 ⁄ games behind the Red Sox in July , and on September 10 , after completing a 4 - game sweep of the Red Sox ( known as `` The Boston Massacre '' ) , the Yankees tied for the divisional lead . On September 16 the Yankees held a 3 ⁄ game lead over the Red Sox , but the Sox won 11 of their next 13 games and by the final day of the season , the Yankees ' magic number to win the division was one -- with a win over Cleveland or a Boston loss to the Toronto Blue Jays clinching the division . However , New York lost 9 -- 2 and Boston won 5 -- 0 , forcing a one - game playoff to be held at Fenway Park on Monday , October 2 . The most remembered moment from the game was Bucky Dent 's 7th inning three - run home run in off Mike Torrez just over the Green Monster , giving the Yankees their first lead . The dejected Boston manager , Don Zimmer , gave Mr. Dent a new middle name which lives on in Boston sports lore to this day , uttering three words as the ball sailed over the left - field wall : `` Bucky F * * king Dent ! '' Reggie Jackson provided a solo home run in the 8th that proved to be the difference in the Yankees ' 5 -- 4 win , which ended with Yastrzemski popping out to Graig Nettles in foul territory with Rick Burleson representing the tying run at third . Although Dent became a Red Sox demon , the Red Sox would get retribution in 1990 when the Yankees fired Dent as their manager during a series at Fenway Park . 1986 World Series and game six Carl Yastrzemski retired after the 1983 season , during which the Red Sox finished sixth in the seven - team AL East , posting their worst record since 1966 . However , in 1986 , it appeared that the team 's fortunes were about to change . The offense had remained strong with Jim Rice , Dwight Evans , Don Baylor and Wade Boggs . Roger Clemens led the pitching staff , going 24 -- 4 with a 2.48 ERA , and had a 20 - strikeout game to win both the American League Cy Young and Most Valuable Player awards . Clemens became the first starting pitcher to win both awards since Vida Blue in 1971 . Despite spending a month and a half on the disabled list in the middle of the season , left - hander Bruce Hurst went 13 - 8 , striking out 167 and pitching four shutout games . Boston sportswriters that season compared Clemens and Hurst to Don Drysdale and Sandy Koufax from the 1960s Los Angeles Dodgers . The Red Sox won the AL East for the first time in 11 seasons , and faced the California Angels in the ALCS . The teams split the first two games in Boston , but the Angels won the next two home games , taking a 3 -- 1 lead in the series . With the Angels poised to win the series , the Red Sox trailed 5 -- 2 heading into the ninth inning of Game 5 . A two - run homer by Baylor cut the lead to one . With two outs and a runner on , and one strike away from elimination , Dave Henderson homered off Donnie Moore to put Boston up 6 -- 5 . Although the Angels tied the game in the bottom of the ninth , the Red Sox won in the 11th on a Henderson sacrifice fly off Moore . The Red Sox then found themselves with six - and seven - run wins at Fenway Park in Games 6 and 7 to win the American League title . The Red Sox faced a heavily favored New York Mets team that had won 108 games in the regular season in the 1986 World Series . Boston won the first two games in Shea Stadium but lost the next two at Fenway , knotting the series at 2 games apiece . After Bruce Hurst recorded his second victory of the series in Game 5 , the Red Sox returned to Shea Stadium looking to garner their first championship in 68 years . However , Game 6 would go down as one of the most devastating losses in club history . After pitching seven strong innings , Clemens was lifted from the game with a 3 -- 2 lead . Years later , Manager John McNamara said Clemens was suffering from a blister and asked to be taken out of the game , a claim Clemens denied . The Mets then scored a run off reliever and former Met Calvin Schiraldi to tie the score 3 -- 3 . The game went to extra innings , where the Red Sox took a 5 -- 3 lead in the top of the 10th on a solo home run by Henderson , a double by Boggs and an RBI single by second baseman Marty Barrett . After recording two outs in the bottom of the 10th , a graphic appeared on the NBC telecast hailing Barrett as the Player of the Game and Bruce Hurst as World Series MVP . A message even appeared briefly on the Shea Stadium scoreboard congratulating the Red Sox as world champions . After so many years of abject frustration , Red Sox fans around the world could taste victory . With the count at two balls and one strike , Mets catcher Gary Carter hit a single . It was followed by singles by Kevin Mitchell and Ray Knight . With Mookie Wilson batting , a wild pitch by Bob Stanley tied the game at 5 . Wilson then hit a slow ground ball to first ; the ball rolled through Bill Buckner 's legs , allowing Knight to score the winning run from second . Bill Buckner after his infamous error during Game 6 of the 1986 World Series While Buckner was singled out as responsible for the loss , many observers -- as well as both Wilson and Buckner -- have noted that even if Buckner had fielded the ball cleanly , the speedy Wilson probably would still have been safe , leaving the game - winning run at third with two out . Many observers questioned why Buckner was in the game at that point considering he had bad knees and that Dave Stapleton had come in as a late - inning defensive replacement in prior series games . It appeared as though McNamara was trying to reward Buckner for his long and illustrious career by leaving him in the game . After falling behind 3 -- 0 , the Mets then won Game 7 , concluding the devastating collapse and feeding the myth that the Red Sox were `` cursed . '' This World Series loss had a strange twist : Red Sox General Manager Lou Gorman was vice-president , player personnel , of the Mets from 1980 to 1983 . Working under Mets ' GM Frank Cashen , with whom Gorman served with the Orioles , he helped lay the foundation for the Mets ' championship . 1988 -- 1991 : Morgan magic The Red Sox returned to the postseason in 1988 . With the club in fourth place midway through the 1988 season at the All - Star break , manager John McNamara was fired and replaced by Walpole , Massachusetts , resident and longtime minor - league manager Joe Morgan on July 15 . Immediately the club won 12 games in a row , and 19 of 20 overall , to surge to the AL East title in what would be referred to as Morgan Magic . But the magic was short - lived , as the team was swept by the Oakland Athletics in the ALCS . Ironically , the MVP of that Series was former Red Sox pitcher and Baseball Hall of Fame player Dennis Eckersley , who saved all four wins for Oakland . Two years later , in 1990 , the Red Sox would again win the division and face the Athletics in the ALCS . However , the outcome was the same , with the A 's sweeping the ALCS in four straight . In 1990 , Yankees fans started to chant `` 1918 ! '' to taunt the Red Sox . The demeaning chant would echo at Yankee Stadium each time the Red Sox were there . Also , Fenway Park became the scene of Bucky Dent 's worst moment as a manager , although it was where he had his greatest triumph . In June , when the Red Sox swept the Yankees during a four - game series at Fenway Park , the Yankees fired Dent as their manager . Red Sox fans felt retribution to Dent being fired on their field , but the Yankees used him as a scapegoat . However , Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe severely criticized Yankees Owner George Steinbrenner for firing Dent -- his 18th managerial change in as many years since becoming owner -- in Boston and said he should `` have waited until the Yankees got to Baltimore '' to fire Dent . He said that `` if Dent had been fired in Seattle or Milwaukee , this would have been just another event in an endless line of George 's jettisons . But it happened in Boston and the nightly news had its hook . '' `` The firing was only special because ... it 's the first time a Yankee manager -- who was also a Red Sox demon -- was purged on the ancient Indian burial grounds of the Back Bay . '' 1992 -- 2001 : mixed Results The Red Sox hosting a home game against the Atlanta Braves in July 2001 . Tom Yawkey died in 1976 , and his wife Jean R. Yawkey took control of the team until her death in 1992 . Their initials are shown in two stripes on the left field wall in Morse code . Upon Jean 's death , control of the team passed to the Yawkey Trust , led by John Harrington . The trust sold the team in 2002 , concluding 70 years of Yawkey ownership . In 1994 , General Manager Lou Gorman was replaced by Dan Duquette , a Massachusetts native who had worked for the Montreal Expos . Duquette revived the team 's farm system , which during his tenure produced players such as Nomar Garciaparra , Carl Pavano and David Eckstein . Duquette also spent money on free agents , notably an 8 - year , $160 million deal for Manny Ramírez after the 2000 season . The Red Sox won the newly realigned American League East in 1995 , finishing seven games ahead of the Yankees . However , they were swept in three games in the ALDS by the Cleveland Indians . Their postseason losing streak reached 13 straight games , dating back to the 1986 World Series . Roger Clemens tied his major league record by fanning 20 Detroit Tigers on September 18 , 1996 in what would prove to be one of his final appearances in a Red Sox uniform . After Clemens had turned 30 and then had four seasons , 1993 -- 96 , which were by his standards mediocre at best , Duquette said the pitcher was entering `` the twilight of his career '' . Clemens went on to pitch well for another ten years and win four more Cy Young Awards . Out of contention in 1997 , the team traded closer Heathcliff Slocumb to Seattle for catching prospect Jason Varitek and right - handed pitcher Derek Lowe . Prior to the start of the 1998 season , the Red Sox dealt pitchers Tony Armas , Jr. and Carl Pavano to the Montreal Expos for pitcher Pedro Martínez . Martínez became the anchor of the team 's pitching staff and turned in several outstanding seasons . In 1998 , the team won the American League Wild Card , but again lost the American League Division Series to the Indians . In 1999 , Duquette called Fenway Park `` economically obsolete '' and , along with Red Sox ownership , led a push for a new stadium . On the field , the 1999 Red Sox were finally able to overturn their fortunes against the Indians . Cleveland took a 2 -- 0 series lead , but Boston won the next three games behind strong pitching by Derek Lowe , Pedro Martínez and his brother Ramón Martínez . Game 4 's 23 -- 7 win by the Red Sox was the highest - scoring playoff game in major league history . Game 5 began with the Indians taking a 5 -- 2 lead after two innings , but Pedro Martínez , nursing a shoulder injury , came on in the fourth inning and pitched six innings without allowing a hit while the team 's offense rallied for a 12 -- 8 win behind two home runs and seven RBIs from outfielder Troy O'Leary . After the ALDS victory , the Red Sox lost the American League Championship Series to the Yankees , four games to one . The one bright spot was a lopsided win for the Red Sox in the much - hyped Martinez - Clemens game . 2002 -- present : John Henry ERA 2002 -- 03 Main articles : 2002 Boston Red Sox season and 2003 Boston Red Sox season In 2002 , the Red Sox were sold by Yawkey trustee and president Harrington to New England Sports Ventures , a consortium headed by principal owner John Henry . Tom Werner served as executive chairman , Larry Lucchino served as president and CEO , and serving as vice chairman was Les Otten . Dan Duquette was fired as GM of the club on February 28 , with former Angels GM Mike Port taking the helm for the 2002 season . A week later , manager Joe Kerrigan was fired and was replaced by Grady Little . While nearly all offseason moves were made under Duquette , such as signing outfielder Johnny Damon away from the Oakland Athletics , the new ownership made additions such as outfielder Cliff Floyd and relief pitcher Alan Embree . Nomar Garciaparra , Manny Ramírez , and Floyd all hit well , while Pedro Martínez put up his usual outstanding numbers . Derek Lowe , newly converted into a starter , won 20 games -- becoming the first player to save 20 games and win 20 games in back - to - back seasons . After failing to reach the playoffs , Port was replaced by Yale University graduate Theo Epstein . Epstein , raised in Brookline , Massachusetts , and just 28 at the time of his hiring , became the youngest general manager in MLB history . The Red Sox celebrate their clinching of the 2003 AL Wild Card with a victory over the Baltimore Orioles . The 2003 team was known as the `` Cowboy Up '' team , a nickname derived from first baseman Kevin Millar 's challenge to his teammates to show more determination . In the 2003 American League Division Series , the Red Sox rallied from a 0 -- 2 series deficit against the Athletics to win the best - of - five series . Derek Lowe returned to his former relief pitching role to save Game 5 , a 4 -- 3 victory . The team then faced the Yankees in the 2003 American League Championship Series . In Game 7 , Boston led 5 -- 2 in the eighth inning , but Pedro Martínez allowed three runs to tie the game . The Red Sox could not score off Mariano Rivera over the last three innings and eventually lost the game 6 -- 5 when Yankee third baseman Aaron Boone hit a solo home run off of Tim Wakefield . Some placed the blame for the loss on manager Grady Little for failing to remove starting pitcher Martínez in the 8th inning after some observers believe he began to show signs of tiring . Others credited Little with the team 's successful season and dramatic come - from - behind victory in the ALDS . Nevertheless , Boston 's management did not renew Little 's contract , and hired former Philadelphia Phillies manager Terry Francona . `` The Idiots '' : 2004 World Series championship Main articles : 2004 Boston Red Sox season , 2004 American League Division Series , 2004 American League Championship Series , and 2004 World Series During the 2003 -- 04 offseason , the Red Sox acquired another ace pitcher , Curt Schilling , and a closer , Keith Foulke . Due to some midseason struggles with injuries , management shook up the team at the July 31 trading deadline as part of a four - team trade . The Red Sox traded the team 's popular , yet oft - injured , shortstop Nomar Garciaparra and outfielder Matt Murton to the Chicago Cubs , and received first baseman Doug Mientkiewicz from the Minnesota Twins , and shortstop Orlando Cabrera from the Montreal Expos . In a separate transaction , the Red Sox acquired center fielder Dave Roberts from the Los Angeles Dodgers . Following the trades , the club won 22 out of 25 games and qualified for the playoffs as the AL Wild Card . Players and fans affectionately referred to the players as `` the Idiots '' , a term coined by Damon and Millar during the playoff push to describe the team 's eclectic roster and devil - may - care attitude toward their supposed `` curse . '' Boston began the postseason by sweeping the AL West champion Anaheim Angels in the ALDS . In the third game of the series , David Ortiz hit a walk - off two - run homer in the 10th inning to win the game and the series to advance to a rematch of the previous year 's ALCS in the ALCS against the Yankees . The ALCS started very poorly for the Red Sox , as they lost the first three games ( including a crushing 19 - 8 home loss in game 3 ) . In Game 4 , the Red Sox found themselves facing elimination , trailing 4 -- 3 in the ninth with Mariano Rivera in to close for the Yankees . After Rivera issued a walk to Millar , Roberts came on to pinch run and promptly stole second base . He then scored on an RBI single by Bill Mueller , sending the game into extra innings . The Red Sox went on to win the game on a two - run home run by Ortiz in the 12th inning , who also made the walk - off hit in the 14th inning of game 5 . The comeback continued with a victory from an injured Schilling in game 6 . Three sutures being used to stabilize the tendon in Schilling 's right ankle bled throughout the game , famously making his sock appear bloody red . The Red Sox completed their historic comeback in game 7 with a 10 -- 3 defeat of the Yankees . Ortiz , who had the game - winning RBIs in Games 4 and 5 , was named ALCS Most Valuable Player . The Red Sox joined the 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs and 1975 New York Islanders as the only professional sports teams in history at the time to win a best - of - seven games series after being down three games to none . The 2009 -- 10 Philadelphia Flyers ( against the Boston Bruins ) and the 2013 -- 14 Los Angeles Kings ( against the San Jose Sharks ) would also accomplish the feat . The Red Sox swept the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2004 World Series . The Red Sox never trailed throughout the series ; Mark Bellhorn hit a game - winning home run off Pesky 's Pole in game 1 , and Schilling pitched another bloodied - sock victory in game 2 , followed by similarly masterful pitching performances by Martinez and Derek Lowe . It was the Red Sox ' first championship in 86 years . Manny Ramírez was named World Series MVP . To add a final , surreal touch to Boston 's championship season , on the night of Game 4 a total lunar eclipse colored the moon red over Busch Stadium . The Red Sox earned many accolades from the sports media and throughout the nation for their incredible season , such as in December , when Sports Illustrated named the Boston Red Sox the 2004 Sportsmen of the Year . 2007 : World Series championship Main article : 2007 Boston Red Sox season Pitchers ( left -- right ) Josh Beckett , Jon Lester , Éric Gagné , pitching coach John Farrell and Curt Schilling , prior to a Red Sox game at Seattle in August 2007 2007 season final standing The 2005 AL East would be decided on the last weekend of the season , with the Yankees coming to Fenway Park with a one - game lead in the standings . The Red Sox won two of the three games to finish the season with the same record as the Yankees , 95 -- 67 . However , a playoff was not needed , as the loser of such a playoff would still make the playoffs as a Wild Card team . As the Yankees had won the season series , they were awarded the division title , and the Red Sox competed in the playoffs as the Wild Card . Boston failed to defend their championship , and was swept in three games by the eventual 2005 World Series champion Chicago White Sox in the first round of the playoffs . In 2006 David Ortiz broke Jimmie Foxx 's single season Red Sox home run record by hitting 54 homers . However , Boston failed to make the playoffs after compiling a 9 -- 21 record in the month of August due to several injuries in club 's roster . Theo Epstein 's first step toward restocking the team for 2007 was to pursue one of the most anticipated acquisitions in baseball history . On November 14 , MLB announced that Boston had won the bid for the rights to negotiate a contract with Japanese Nippon Professional Baseball superstar pitcher Daisuke Matsuzaka . Boston placed a bid of $51.1 million to negotiate with Matsuzaka and completed a 6 - year , $52 million contract after they were announced as the winning bid . The Red Sox moved into first place in the AL East by mid-April and never relinquished their division lead . Initially , rookie second baseman Dustin Pedroia under - performed , hitting below . 200 in April . Manager Terry Francona refused to bench him and his patience paid off as Pedroia eventually won the AL Rookie of the Year Award for his performance that season , which included 165 hits and a . 317 batting average . On the mound , Josh Beckett emerged as the ace of the staff with his first 20 - win season , as fellow starting pitchers Schilling , Matsuzaka , Wakefield and Julián Tavárez all struggled at times . Relief pitcher Hideki Okajima , another recent arrival from the NPB , posted an ERA of 0.88 through the first half and was selected for the All - Star Game . Okajima finished the season with a 2.22 ERA and 5 saves , emerging as one of baseball 's top relievers . Minor league call - up Clay Buchholz provided a spark on September 1 by pitching a no - hitter in his second career start . The Red Sox captured their first AL East title since 1995 . Victorious Red Sox players being honored at the White House by President George W. Bush . The Red Sox swept the Angels in the ALDS . Facing the Cleveland Indians in the ALCS , the Red Sox fell in games 2 , 3 , and 4 before Beckett picked up his second victory of the series in game 5 , starting a comeback . The Red Sox captured their twelfth American League pennant by outscoring the Indians 30 -- 5 over the final three games . The Red Sox faced the Colorado Rockies in the 2007 World Series , and swept the Rockies in four games . In Game 4 , Wakefield gave up his spot in the rotation to a recovered Jon Lester , who gave the Red Sox an impressive start , pitching 52⁄3 shutout innings . Key home runs late in the game by third baseman Mike Lowell and pinch - hitter Bobby Kielty secured the Red Sox ' second title in four years , as Lowell was named World Series MVP . 2008 -- 2012 : injuries and collapses The Red Sox began their season by participating in the third opening day game in MLB history to be played in Japan , where they defeated the Oakland A 's in the Tokyo Dome . On May 19 , Jon Lester threw the 18th no - hitter in team history , defeating the Kansas City Royals 7 -- 0 . Down the stretch , outfielder Manny Ramirez became embroiled in controversy surrounding public incidents with fellow players and other team employees , as well as criticism of ownership and not playing , which some claimed was due to laziness and nonexistent injuries . The front office decided to move the disgrunted outfielder at the July 31 trade deadline , shipping him to the Dodgers in a three - way deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates that landed them Jason Bay to replace him in left field . With Ramirez gone , and Bay providing a new spark in the lineup , the Red Sox improved vastly and made the playoffs as the AL Wild Card . The Red Sox defeated the Angels in the 2008 ALDS three games to one . The Red Sox then took on their AL East rivals the Tampa Bay Rays in the ALCS . Down three games to one in the 5th game of the ALCS , Boston mounted a comeback from trailing 7 - 0 in the 7th inning to win 8 - 7 . They tied the series at 3 games apiece with a game 6 victory before losing game 7 , 3 -- 1 , thus becoming the eighth team in a row since 2000 to fail to repeat as world champions . The Red Sox returned to postseason play the following season , but were swept by the Los Angeles Angels in three games . In 2011 , the Red Sox collapsed in the month of September losing 11 of 14 , reminiscent of 1978 and destroying their playoff aspirations . In December 2011 , Bobby Valentine was hired as a new manager . The 2012 season marked the centennial of Fenway Park , and on April 20 , past and present Red Sox players and coaches assembled to celebrate the park 's anniversary . However , the collapse that they endured in September 2011 carried over into the season . The Red Sox struggled throughout the season due to injuries , inconsistent play , and off - field news . finished 69 -- 93 for their first losing season since 1997 , and their worst season since 1965 . The Massachusetts State House displaying a banner in honor of the Red Sox 's 2013 World Series appearance Boston strong : 2013 World Series champions Main article : 2013 Boston Red Sox season Boston , which finished last in the American League East with a 69 -- 93 record in 2012 -- 26 games behind the Yankees , became the 11th team in major league history to go from worst in the division to first the next season when it clinched the A.L. East division title on September 20 , 2013 . Many credit the team 's turnaround with the hiring of manager John Farrell , the former Red Sox pitching coach under Terry Francona from 2007 to 2010 . As a former member of the staff , he had the respect of influential players such as Lester , Pedroia , and Ortiz . But there were other moves made in the offseason by general manager Ben Cherington who targeted `` character '' players to fill the team 's needs . These acquisitions included veteran catcher David Ross , Jonny Gomes , Mike Napoli , and Shane Victorino . While some questioned these players as `` re-treads '' , it was clear that Cherington was trying to move past 2011 -- 2012 by bringing in `` clubhouse players '' . Essential to the turnaround , however , was the pitching staff . With ace veteran John Lackey coming off Tommy John surgery and both Jon Lester and Clay Buchholz returning to their prior form , this allowed the team to rely less on their bullpen . Everything seemed in danger of collapsing , however , when both closers , Joel Hanrahan and Andrew Bailey , went down early with season - ending injuries . Farrell gave the closing job to Koji Uehara on June 21 who delivered with a 1.09 ERA and an MLB record 0.565 WHIP . On September 11 , the 37 - year - old right - hander set a new Red Sox record when he retired 33 straight batters . Other reasons include the trade deadline acquisition of pitcher Jake Peavy when the Red Sox were in second place in the AL East , the depth of the bench with players such as Mike Carp and rookies Jackie Bradley , Jr. and Xander Bogaerts , and the re-emergence of players such as Will Middlebrooks and Daniel Nava . On September 28 , 2013 , the team secured home field advantage throughout the American League playoffs when their closest competition , the Oakland Athletics , lost . The next day , the team finished the season going 97 -- 65 , the best record in the American League and tied with the St. Louis Cardinals for the best record in baseball . They proceeded to defeat the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2013 World Series , four games to two . The Red Sox became the first team since the 1991 Minnesota Twins to win the World Series a year after finishing in last place , and the second overall . The 2012 Red Sox ' . 426 winning percentage was the lowest for a team in a season prior to a World Series championship . Patch worn by the Boston Red Sox in memory of Boston Marathon bombing victims Throughout the season , the Red Sox players and organization formed a close association with the city of Boston and its people in relation to the Boston Marathon bombings that occurred on April 15 , 2013 . On April 20 , the day after the alleged bombers were captured , David Ortiz gave a pre-game speech following a ceremony honoring the victims and the local law enforcement , in which he stated , `` This is our fucking city ! And nobody is going to dictate our freedom ! Stay strong ! '' For the entirety of the season , the team wore an additional arm patch that exhibited the Red Sox `` B '' logo and the word `` Strong '' within a blue circle . The team also hung up in the dugout a custom jersey that read `` Boston Strong '' with the number 617 , representing the city of Boston 's area code . On many occasions during the season , victims of the attack and law enforcement involved were given the honor of throwing the ceremonial first pitch . Following their victory in the 2013 World Series , the first one clinched at home in Fenway Park since 1918 , Red Sox players Jonny Gomes and Jarrod Saltalamacchia performed a ceremony during the team 's traditional duck boat victory parade , in which they placed the World Series trophy and the custom 617 jersey on the Boston Marathon finish line on Boylston Street , followed by a moment of silence and a singing of God Bless America . This ceremony helped the city `` reclaim '' its spirit that was lost after the bombing . Overall , the Red Sox team and organization played a role in the healing process after the tragedy , owing to the team 's unifying effect on the city . Recent years Following the 2013 championship , the team finished last in the AL East during 2014 with a record of 71 -- 91 , and again in 2015 with a record of 78 -- 84 . On September 20 , 2015 , David Ortiz hit his 500th career home run off Matt Moore in Tropicana Field becoming the 27th player in MLB history to achieve that prestigious milestone ; in November 2015 , Ortiz announced that the 2016 season would be his last . The Red Sox had a record of 93 -- 69 and won their division in 2016 , with six American League All - Stars , the AL Cy Young Award winner in Rick Porcello , and the runner - up for the AL Most Valuable Player Award , Mookie Betts . Rookie Andrew Benintendi established himself in the Red Sox ' outfield , and Steven Wright emerged as one of the year 's biggest surprises . The Red Sox grabbed the lead in the AL East early and held on to it throughout the year , which included many teams honoring Ortiz throughout the season . Despite the success , the team lost five of their last six games of the regular season and were swept in the ALDS by the eventual American League Champion Cleveland Indians . The following season , the Red Sox once again finished with a record of 93 - 69 and repeated as division champions in 2017 . The Red Sox went 5 - 5 in their last ten games and were taken out by the Houston Astros in four games . Following the end of the season , the Red Sox would fire their manager , John Farrell ( manager ) and would sign former player , Alex Cora to a 3 - year deal . Current roster Boston Red Sox roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 22 Rick Porcello 24 David Price 57 Eduardo Rodríguez 41 Chris Sale Bullpen 32 Matt Barnes 37 Heath Hembree 61 Brian Johnson 56 Joe Kelly 66 Bobby Poyner 39 Carson Smith 76 Héctor Velázquez Closer 46 Craig Kimbrel Catchers 3 Sandy León 23 Blake Swihart 7 Christian Vázquez Infielders 11 Rafael Devers 12 Brock Holt 18 Mitch Moreland 36 Eduardo Núñez Outfielders 16 Andrew Benintendi 50 Mookie Betts 19 Jackie Bradley Jr . 28 J.D. Martinez Designated hitters 13 Hanley Ramírez Pitchers 78 Jalen Beeks 79 Ty Buttrey 29 Roenis Elías 66 Williams Jerez 62 Austin Maddox 31 Drew Pomeranz 63 Robby Scott 67 Chandler Shepherd 47 Tyler Thornburg 64 Marcus Walden 44 Brandon Workman 35 Steven Wright Infielders 2 Xander Bogaerts 5 Tzu - Wei Lin 15 Dustin Pedroia 59 Sam Travis Manager 20 Alex Cora Coaches 86 Brian Bannister ( assistant pitching ) 58 Andy Barkett ( assistant hitting ) 53 Craig Bjornson ( bullpen / catching ) 87 Mike Brenly ( bullpen catcher ) 52 Carlos Febles ( third base ) 82 Tom Goodwin ( first base / outfield ) 51 Tim Hyers ( hitting ) 60 Dana LeVangie ( pitching ) 88 Mani Martinez ( bullpen catcher ) 10 Ron Roenicke ( bench ) 84 Ramón Vázquez ( coach ) 60 - day disabled list 40 Marco Hernández 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated April 8 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Uniform Main article : Logos and uniforms of the Boston Red Sox Spring training A spring training game at JetBlue Park Main article : Boston Red Sox spring training home Truck day The unofficial beginning of the spring training season for the Red Sox is Truck Day , the day a tractor - trailer filled with equipment leaves Fenway Park bound for the Sox spring training facility in Florida . JetBlue Park Main article : jetBlue Park at Fenway South In October 2008 , the Lee County commission voted 3 -- 1 to approve an agreement with the Red Sox to build a new spring - training facility for the team in south Lee County . On November 1 , 2008 , the Red Sox signed an agreement with Lee County intended to keep their spring training home in the Fort Myers area for 30 more years . In April 2009 , it was announced that the new stadium would be located on a 126 - acre lot north of Southwest Florida International Airport . In March 2011 , it was announced that the new field would be named JetBlue Park at Fenway South . The park was named JetBlue Park after JetBlue Airlines , which has maintained major operations at Boston 's Logan International Airport since 2004 . Many characteristics of the stadium have been taken from Fenway Park , including a 37 - foot ( 11 m ) Green Monster wall in left field . Included in the wall is a restored version of the manual scoreboard that was housed at Fenway for almost 30 years , beginning in the 1970s . The field dimensions are identical to those at Fenway . Rivalry with the Yankees Main article : Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry The Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry is one of the oldest , most famous and fiercest rivalries in professional sports . For over 100 years , the Red Sox and New York Yankees have been rivals . The rivalry is often a heated subject of conversation in the Northeastern United States . Since the inception of the wild card team and an added Division Series , every playoffs has featured one or both of the American League East rivals and they both have squared off in the American League Championship Series three times , with the Yankees winning twice in 1999 and 2003 and the Sox winning in 2004 . In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular - season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The teams also finished tied for first in 1978 , when the Yankees won a high - profile one - game playoff for the division title . The 1978 division race is memorable for the Red Sox having held a 14 - game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . In 2003 , The Red Sox lost in game 7 of the AL Championship series on Aaron Boone 's walk off home run. Similarly , the 2004 AL Championship Series is notable for the Yankees leading 3 games to 0 and ultimately losing a best of seven series . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in baseball history that a team has come back from a 0 -- 3 deficit to win a series . The rivalry is often termed `` the best '' and `` greatest rivalry in all of sports . '' Games between the two teams often generate a great deal of interest and get extensive media coverage , including being broadcast on national television . Radio and television See also : List of Boston Red Sox broadcasters Currently , the flagship radio station of the Red Sox is WEEI - FM / 93.7 . Joe Castiglione , in his 25th year as the voice of the Red Sox , serves as the lead play - by - play announcer , along with Dave O'Brien and Jon Rish . Some of Castiglione 's predecessors include Curt Gowdy , Ken Coleman , and Ned Martin . He has also worked with play - by - play veterans Bob Starr and Jerry Trupiano . Many stations throughout New England and beyond pick up the broadcasts . All Red Sox telecasts not shown nationally on Fox or ESPN are seen on New England Sports Network ( NESN ) , until 2015 with Don Orsillo calling play - by - play and Jerry Remy , former Red Sox second baseman , as color analyst . At the start of the 2016 season , Dave O'Brien took over the play - by - play duties . During Remy 's recovery from cancer , former Red Sox players Dennis Eckersley and Dave Roberts have alternated doing color commentary . NESN became exclusive in 2006 ; before then , games were shown on such local stations as the original WHDH - TV , WNAC - TV ( now the current WHDH ) , WBZ - TV , WSBK - TV , WLVI , WABU , and WFXT at various points in team history . Retired numbers See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers Ted Williams LF Retired May 29 , 1984 Joe Cronin SS Mgr , GM Retired May 29 , 1984 Bobby Doerr 2B Coach Retired May 21 , 1988 Carl Yastrzemski LF , 1B , DH Retired August 6 , 1989 Carlton Fisk Retired September 4 , 2000 Johnny Pesky SS , 3B Mgr , Coach Retired September 23 , 2008 Jim Rice LF , DH Coach Retired July 28 , 2009 Pedro Martínez RHP Retired July 28 , 2015 Wade Boggs 3B Retired May 26 , 2016 David Ortiz DH , 1B Retired June 23 , 2017 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 The Red Sox used to publish on their website and their annual media guides three official requirements for a player to have his number retired : Election to the National Baseball Hall of Fame At least 10 years played with the Red Sox Finished his career with the club . These requirements were reconsidered after the election of Carlton Fisk to the Hall of Fame in 2000 ; who met the first two requirements but played the second half of his career with the White Sox . As a means of meeting the criteria , then - GM Dan Duquette hired Fisk for one day as a special assistant , which allowed Fisk to technically finish his career with the Red Sox . In 2008 , the Red Sox made an `` exception '' by retiring # 6 for Johnny Pesky . Pesky neither spent ten years as a player nor was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame ; however , Red Sox ownership cited `` ... his versatility of his contributions -- on the field , off the field , ( and ) in the dugout ... '' , including as a manager , scout , and special instructor and decided that the honor had been well - earned . Pesky spent 57 years with the Red Sox organization ; as a minor league player ( 1940 - 1941 ) , major league player ( 1942 , 1946 -- 1952 ) , minor league manager ( 1961 -- 1962 , 1990 ) , major league manager ( 1963 -- 1964 , 1980 ) , broadcaster ( 1969 -- 1974 ) , major league coach ( 1975 -- 1984 ) , and as a special instructor and assistant general manager ( 1985 -- 2012 ) . In 2015 , the Red Sox chose to forgo the official criteria and retire Pedro Martínez 's # 45 . Martínez only spent 7 of his 18 seasons in Boston . In justifying the number 's retirement , Red Sox principal owner John Henry stated , `` To be elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame upon his first year of eligibility speaks volumes regarding Pedro 's outstanding career , and is a testament to the respect and admiration so many in baseball have for him . '' After which , the official criteria no longer appeared on the team website nor future media guides . In 2017 , less than eight months after he played the final game of his illustrious career , David Ortiz had his # 34 retired by the Red Sox . Ortiz will not be eligible for election to the Hall of Fame until 2022 . Ortiz is the only Red Sox player to have won three World Series championships since the issuance of jersey numbers starting in 1931 . The number 42 was officially retired by Major League Baseball in 1997 , but Mo Vaughn was one of a handful of players to continue wearing # 42 through a grandfather clause . He last wore it for the team in 1998 . In commemoration of Jackie Robinson Day , MLB invited players to wear the number 42 for games played on April 15 , Coco Crisp ( CF ) , David Ortiz ( DH ) , and DeMarlo Hale ( Coach ) did that in 2007 and again in 2008 . Starting in 2009 , MLB had all uniformed players for all teams wear # 42 for Jackie Robinson Day . While not officially retired , the Red Sox have not issued several numbers since the departure of prominent figures who wore them , specifically : 21 : Roger Clemens RHP ( 1984 -- 1996 ) . 33 : Jason Varitek C ( 1997 -- 2011 ) ; retired as member of Red Sox . 49 : Tim Wakefield RHP ( 1995 -- 2011 ) ; retired as member of Red Sox . There has also been debate in Boston media circles and among fans about the potential retiring of Tony Conigliaro 's number 25 . Nonetheless , since Conigliaro 's last full season in Boston , 1970 , the number has continued to be issued to individuals , including players Orlando Cepeda , Steve Renko , Mark Clear , Ed Romero , Don Baylor , Larry Parrish , Jack Clark , Jeff Russell , Troy O'Leary , Jeremy Giambi , Ellis Burks , Adam Hyzdu , Mike Lowell , Jackie Bradley , Jr. , Kyle Kendrick and Rajai Davis ; coach Dwight Evans , and manager Bobby Valentine . Until the late 1990s , the numbers originally hung on the right - field facade in the order in which they were retired : 9 -- 4 -- 1 -- 8 . It was pointed out that the numbers , when read as a date ( 9 / 4 / 18 ) , marked the eve of the first game of the 1918 World Series , the last championship series that the Red Sox won before 2004 . After the facade was repainted , the numbers were rearranged in numerical order . In 2012 , the numbers were rearranged again in chronological order of retirement ( 9 , 4 , 1 , 8 , 27 , 6 , 14 ) followed by Robinson 's 42 . As additional numbers are retired ( e.g. : Pedro 's 45 , Boggs 's 26 , Papi 's 34 ) , Robinson 's 42 is moved to the right so it remains the right-most number hanging . Baseball Hall of famers Boston Red Sox Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Luis Aparicio Wade Boggs Lou Boudreau Jesse Burkett Orlando Cepeda Jack Chesbro Jimmy Collins Joe Cronin Andre Dawson Bobby Doerr Dennis Eckersley Rick Ferrell * Carlton Fisk * Jimmie Foxx * Lefty Grove * Rickey Henderson Harry Hooper Waite Hoyt Ferguson Jenkins George Kell Heinie Manush Juan Marichal Pedro Martínez * Herb Pennock * Tony Pérez Jim Rice Red Ruffing Babe Ruth Tom Seaver Al Simmons John Smoltz Tris Speaker Dick Williams Ted Williams Carl Yastrzemski Cy Young Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Red Sox cap insignia . * Wears Red Sox cap on Hall of Fame plaque , but spent more time on other teams Ford C frick Award recipients Boston Red Sox Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Curt Gowdy Bob Murphy Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Red Sox . Minor league affiliations Main article : List of Boston Red Sox minor league affiliates Level Team League Location Triple - A Pawtucket Red Sox International League Pawtucket , Rhode Island Double - A Portland Sea Dogs Eastern League Portland , Maine Class A-Advanced Salem Red Sox Carolina League Salem , Virginia Class A Greenville Drive South Atlantic League Greenville , South Carolina Class A-Short Season Lowell Spinners New York -- Penn League Lowell , Massachusetts Rookie GCL Red Sox Gulf Coast League Fort Myers , Florida DSL Red Sox Dominican Summer League Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Other notable seasons and team records Main article : List of Boston Red Sox team records Nomar Garciaparra hit . 372 in 2000 , the club record for a right - handed hitter . David Ortiz in 2005 had 47 home runs and 148 RBIs . He also had many game winning and timely hits and came in second in the MVP voting to the New York Yankees ' Alex Rodriguez . David Ortiz had a franchise record - breaking 2006 season with 54 home runs in the regular season On April 22 , 2007 , Manny Ramírez , J.D. Drew , Mike Lowell , and Jason Varitek hit four consecutive home runs in the 3rd inning off 10 pitches from Chase Wright of the New York Yankees in his second Major League start and his fourth above Single - A ball . This was the fifth time in Major League history , and first time in Red Sox history this feat has occurred . Notable is that J.D. Drew had previously contributed to a four consecutive home run sequence on September 18 , 2006 ( coincidentally also the second batter in the sequence ) while with the Los Angeles Dodgers . Additionally , then - Red Sox manager Terry Francona 's father , Tito Francona , also was a part of such a four consecutive home run sequence for the Cleveland Indians in 1963 . The overall regular season winning percentage since club inception in 1901 is . 516 , a record of 8595 -- 8065 for games played through July 9 , 2008 . They started 2007 with winning percentage of . 512 ( 8444 -- 7960 ) . On September 1 , 2007 , Clay Buchholz no - hit the Baltimore Orioles in his second Major League start . He is the first Red Sox rookie and 17th Red Sox pitcher to throw a no - hitter . On September 22 , 2007 , with a victory over the Tampa Bay Devil Rays , the Red Sox clinched a spot in the postseason for the fourth time in five years , the first time in club history this has happened . Also , with this postseason berth , manager Terry Francona becomes the first manager in team history to lead the club to three playoff appearances . Between May 15 , 2003 and April 10 , 2013 , the Red Sox sold out every home game . The 820 game streak is a record for all major American sports , narrowly passing the Portland Trail Blazers record of 814 between 1977 and 1995 . The previous major league baseball record had been held by the Cleveland Indians , who sold out 455 games between June 12 , 1995 and April 2 , 2001 . ( The team 's definition of a sellout : `` The criteria used for a sellout at Fenway Park have been the same since the early 1990s , '' Kennedy said in an e-mail . `` Our policy is simple and straightforward , and is used by many MLB clubs ( and other sports teams around the country ) . A sellout occurs when the number of tickets distributed to spectators is equal to or greater than the seating capacity at Fenway Park . ( The 2008 seating capacity is 36,984 for day games and 37,400 for night games . ) '' That is : a sellout only covers ticket sales , not spectators in physical seats . ) On May 21 , 2011 , the Red Sox played against the Chicago Cubs at Fenway Park for the first time since the 1918 World Series ( they had faced each other at Chicago 's Wrigley Field in 2005 ) . Both teams wore uniforms that match the style worn in 1918 . In 2016 , David Ortiz set all - time records for most home runs and RBI in a player 's final MLB season . Ortiz finished the season with 38 homers , which surpassed Dave Kingman 's 35 in 1986 , and 127 RBI , which surpassed Shoeless Joe Jackson 's 123 in 1920 . See also Baseball portal Boston portal Boston Red Sox all - time roster List of Boston Red Sox team records List of Boston Red Sox award winners List of Boston Red Sox managers List of Boston Red Sox coaches List of World Series champions List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts Tony Conigliaro Award The Jimmy Fund Fever Pitch -- a film covering the 2004 Boston Red Sox championship run from a fan - based point of view . Game 6 -- a film covering the Red Sox 's ultimately unsuccessful 1986 World Series championship run . Red Sox Rule -- a 2008 book written by Michael Holley . Notes Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Red Sox unveil ' retro roadies '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Bodley , Hal ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Sport 's ultimate rivalry ; Yanks - Red Sox epic battles go way back '' . USA Today . p. 3C . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Attendance Report -- 2007 '' . ESPN . November 1 , 2007 . Retrieved November 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Tigers 7 , Red Sox 2 '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Top five most loyal MLB fan bases '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Vosk , Stephanie ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Another mystery of the Diamond , explained at last '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Start of the Red Sox '' . New - York Tribune . August 27 , 1888 . Retrieved 25 November 2012 . Jump up ^ From George V. Tuohey ( 1897 ) . A History of the Boston Baseball Club : A concise and accurate history of Base Ball from its inception . Boston , Massachusetts : M.F. Quinn & Co. p. 64 . Jump up ^ Nowlin 's follow - up article in The National Pastime . Apparently this originated with a writer for the Washington Post during 1906 , and by 1907 it started to be retroactively applied to the 1903 club , even by Boston newspapers . Jump up ^ `` The Boston Pilgrims Did Exist '' . Celebrateboston.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Colin McEnroe at the Hartford Courant '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox News RedSox.com : News '' . Boston Red Sox . MLB . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Business Entity Summary ID Number : L86001121 '' . Office of the Secretary of State of Massachusetts , Corporations Division . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.lussierphoto.com/2011/01/03/boston-american-league-baseball-company/ Jump up ^ The Milwaukee Sentinel , April 16 , 1981 , `` Where is the bronze giantess , Germania ? '' By Jay Joslyn Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` Cy Young Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` Dutch Leonard Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Duffy Lewis '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Mays '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , p. 31 Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year League Leaders & Records for Home Runs -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Montville , Leigh ( 2006 ) . The Big Bam : The Life and Times of Babe Ruth . Random House . pp. 161 -- 64 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : MLB -- When the Yankees nearly moved to Boston '' . Static.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Wally Schang BaseballLibrary.com '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Everett Scott BaseballLibrary.com '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Elmer Smith BaseballLibrary.com '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Pennock Statistics -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` Jimmie Foxx Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Williams Statistics -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` Carl Yastrzemski Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Awards & Rolaids Relief Award Winners -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 1990 , pp. 145 -- 147 ^ Jump up to : Cafardo , Nick ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` Dent Dumped by Yankees '' . The Boston Globe . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` Roger Clemens Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Page 2 : Is Clemens the Antichrist ? '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( October 28 , 1986 ) . `` SPORTS OF THE TIMES ; Babe Ruth Curse Strikes Again '' . The New York Times . p . D33 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Bruce ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` Lou Gorman , Whose Red Sox Lost to Mets , Dies at 82 '' . The New York Times . p . B8 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( September 25 , 1990 ) . `` Pennant Chases in East Still Flying High , West All but Flagged '' . The Washington Post . p . E3 . Yankees fans had taunted the Red Sox all weekend with chants of ' 1918 , 1918 ! ' -- the last time Boston won the World Series -- and the Red Sox are not allowed by long - suffering New Englanders to forget the pain they have wrought with years of excruciating near misses . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy , Dan ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` His Back Was Against the Wall '' . The Boston Globe . p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Site of The Boston Red Sox : Ballpark : Fenway Facts '' . Boston Red Sox . MLB . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` David Eckstein Statistics -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens putting Cooperstown on hold '' . Jump up ^ Kahn , Joseph P. ( September 24 , 2003 ) . `` Rallying Cry Spurs Sox To Finish Ride '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( 23 October 2003 ) . `` Boston Globe , Little unsure he wants job '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` Going , going , gone '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Drew 's game - winning hit keeps Red Sox alive in ALCS '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Down by 7 -- 0 , Red Sox Force a Game 6 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ringolsby , T. ( September 21 , 2013 ) . Worst to first finishes becoming more coming . Mlb.com . retrieved from http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130921&content_id=61302802 Jump up ^ Browne , I. ( September 20 , 2013 ) . Numerous reasons for Red Sox 's Turnaround . Mlb.com retrieved from http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130920&content_id=61186228 Jump up ^ The Uehara Phenomenon http://hardballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/10/18/the-uehara-phenomenon/ Jump up ^ Browne , I. ( September 19 , 2013 ) . Uehara hit the ground running as Boston 's closer . Mlb.com retrieved from http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130919&content_id=61080784&vkey=news_bos&c_id=bos Jump up ^ Browne , I. ( September 20 , 2013 ) . Numerous reasons for Red Sox 's Turnaround . Mlb.com retrieved from http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130920&content_id=61186228&vkey=news_bos&c_id=bos Jump up ^ Brown , I. ( September 28 , 2013 ) . Red Sox secure home - field advantage throughout playoffs . Retrieved from http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article/bos/red-sox-secure-home-field-advantage-throughout-playoffs?ymd=20130928&content_id=62065434 Jump up ^ Browne , I. ( September 29 , 2013 ) . As playoffs loom , Sox get in final tune - up . Retrieved from http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/mlb/gameday/index.jsp?gid=2013_09_29_bosmlb_balmlb_1 Jump up ^ `` World Series 2013 Schedule : Where and When to Catch Remaining Games '' . Bleacher Report . 26 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael ( November 2 , 2013 ) . `` Boston Red Sox parade reclaims marathon finish line '' . CNN . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moroney , Tom and Linskey , Annie ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Red Sox Homage to April Bomb Victims Drives World Series Win '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karlamangla , Soumya ( November 2 , 2013 ) . `` Boston celebrates Red Sox win , remembers marathon bombings '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston fans converge on bombing site '' . Fox Sports . October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael ( November 2 , 2013 ) . `` Saturday 's Boston Red Sox victory parade to heal city 's marathon wounds '' . CNN . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Papi confirms he will retire after 2016 season '' . MLB.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Boston Red Sox Schedule and Results '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Boston Red Sox Schedule and Results '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox Hire Alex Cora '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Signs of spring arrive '' . The News - Press . Fort Myers , Florida . February 9 , 2009 . p. 27 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 -- via newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Healey , Tim ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Red Sox fans show support on annual Truck Day '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox to stay in Fort Myers for 30 more springs '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Charlie Whitehead ( 2009 - 04 - 28 ) . `` A home run : Lee commissioners choose Watermen - Pinnacle as site for new Red Sox spring home - Naples Daily News '' . Naplesnews.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue puts stamp on Red Sox Complex '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon . `` Sox new facility to be named JetBlue Park -- Boston Red Sox Blog -- ESPN Boston '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Abraham , Peter ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Red Sox announce spring training ticket prices at new JetBlue Park '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` Here they go again ... ; Red Sox vs. Yankees : Bitter enemies clash with Series on line '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : DiGiovanna , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` They Love to Hate Each Other ; Red Sox and Yankees carry bitter rivalry into championship series that starts tonight '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` A World Series ticket ; Sox complete comeback , oust Yankees for AL title '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 177 -- 179 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 175 Jump up ^ http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/yankees/curse-boonebinoshot-11th-history-sox-article-1.518448 Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Back From Dead , Red Sox Bury Yanks and Go to Series '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Rieber , Anthony ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bruins ' fall brings back memories of 2004 '' . Newsday . p. 68 . The 2004 Yankees ... are the only baseball team in history to lead a postseason series 3 -- 0 and not win it . Jump up ^ Lee , Tony ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Cubs , Cardinals Must Emulate Yankees , Red Sox to Rekindle Rivalry '' . NESN . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The New York Times ; The Boston Globe ( 2004 ) . The rivals : the Boston Red Sox vs. the New York Yankees : an inside history ( 1st ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 33616 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Tim ( July 10 , 2011 ) . `` Two nations , over the air : Portrait of a rivalry in radio waves '' . The Boston Globe . p . K12 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jorge L. ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees vs. Red Sox : Long - running drama '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers from redsox.com '' . Jump up ^ 2014 Boston Red Sox Media Guide ( PDF ) . 2014 . p. 416 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Leigh ( 2001 ) . The Red Sox Fan Handbook . Swordsmith Books . p. 208 . ISBN 1 - 931013 - 03 - 9 . Jump up ^ Vega , Michael ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Pesky makes honor roll '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Mastrodonato , Jason ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Red Sox to retire Pedro Martínez 's No. 45 at Fenway Park on July 28 '' . Boston Herald . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers from redsox.com '' . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ 2015 Boston Red Sox Media Guide ( PDF ) . 2015 . pp. 376 -- 379 . Jump up ^ 2016 Boston Red Sox Media Guide ( PDF ) . 2016 . pp. 353 -- 356 . Jump up ^ `` Sox to retire Papi 's number tonight vs. Angels '' . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox All - Time Uniform Numbers '' . Jump up ^ Dzen , Gary ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` Sox to retire Rice 's number tonight '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shuman , Cary ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` Effort Being Renewed to Retire Tony Conigliaro 's Red Sox Jersey '' . Lynn Journal . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couture , Jon ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` What ifs not enough to retire Tony C 's number 25 '' . South Coast Today . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` Nomar Garciaparra Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com . `` David Ortiz Statistics -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sox tie mark with four straight homers redsox.com : News '' . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Teams and Baseball Team Encyclopedias -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com -- Blogs -- Rob Neyer Blog Jump up ^ Livingstone , Seth ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Happy Birthday : Fenway Park turns 100 years old '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon . `` Red Sox 's sellout streak ends '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` Red Sox to set MLB sellout record '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 14 , Boston Red Sox 6 '' . Retrosheet . Retrosheet.org . June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Vega , Michael ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Red Sox to `` turn back the clock '' on Saturday against the Cubs `` . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` David Ortiz breaks Dave Kingman 's final - season HR record with 36th '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ortiz sets mark for most RBIs in final season '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . References Nowlin , Bill ; Prime , Jim ( 2005 ) . Feud : The Red Sox , The Yankees , and the Struggle of Good versus Evil . Rounder Books . ISBN 1 - 57940 - 111 - 2 . Stout , Glenn ; Johnson , Richard A. ( 2000 ) . Red Sox Century . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 395 - 88417 - 9 . Frommer , Harvey ; Frommer , Frederic J. ( 2004 ) . Red Sox vs. Yankees : The Great Rivalry . Sports Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 767 - 8 . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 1990 ) . The Curse of the Bambino . New York : Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 24887 - 0 . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 2005 ) . Reversing the Curse . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 51748 - 0 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Red Sox . Boston Red Sox official website Season - by - Season Records Boston Red Sox Video at ESPN Video Archive 2004 World Series win in the Newseum archive of front page images from 2004 - 10 - 28 . Boston Red Sox Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. Henry Tom Werner President and CEO : Sam Kennedy President of Baseball Operations : Dave Dombrowski General Manager : Vacant Manager : Alex Cora World Series Championships ( 8 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 League Pennants ( 13 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 Division championships ( 9 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Minor league affiliates AAA Pawtucket Red Sox AA Portland Sea Dogs A Adv . Salem Red Sox Greenville Drive Short A Lowell Spinners Rookie GCL Red Sox DSL Red Sox Broadcasting Television New England Sports Network ( NESN ) Radio WEEI - FM Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Dave O'Brien Jerry Remy Joe Castiglione Tim Neverett Uri Berenguer Juan Oscar Baez Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Achievements Preceded by None ( First ) Philadelphia Athletics 1911 Boston Braves 1914 Chicago White Sox 1917 Florida Marlins 2003 St. Louis Cardinals 2006 San Francisco Giants 2012 World Series championships 1903 1912 1915 & 1916 1918 2007 2013 Succeeded by New York Giants 1905 Philadelphia Athletics 1913 Chicago White Sox 1917 Cincinnati Reds 1919 Chicago White Sox 2005 Philadelphia Phillies 2008 San Francisco Giants 2014 Principal owners of the Boston Red Sox franchise Charles Somers Henry Killilea John I. Taylor & Jimmy McAleer John I. Taylor & Joseph Lannin Joseph Lannin Harry Frazee Bob Quinn Tom Yawkey Jean R. Yawkey JRY Trust John W. 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Henry Tom Werner Sports teams Boston Red Sox ( MLB ) Liverpool F.C. ( Premier League ) Roush Fenway Racing † ( NASCAR ) ( 50 % ) Salem Red Sox † ( Carolina League ) Sports venues Anfield Fenway Park Sports channels New England Sports Network ( 80 % ) † - These properties are owned by NESV through the Fenway Sports Group subsidiary . All other listed properties are directly owned by NESV . Laureus Spirit of Sport Award winners 2005 : Boston Red Sox 2006 : Valentino Rossi 2007 : FC Barcelona 2008 : Dick Pound 2009 : No award 2010 : No award 2011 : European Ryder Cup Team 2012 : No award 2013 : No award 2014 : Afghanistan national cricket team 2015 : Yao Ming 2016 : Johan Cruyff 2017 : Leicester City F.C. 2018 : No award Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Red_Sox&oldid=833909189 '' Categories : Boston Red Sox Major League Baseball teams Grapefruit League Baseball teams established in 1901 Baseball teams in Boston Professional baseball teams in Massachusetts Laureus World Sports Awards winners 1901 establishments in Massachusetts Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 00 : 12 . 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"\n\nBoston Red Sox\n\n\n 2018 Boston Red Sox season\n\n\nEstablished in 1901\n\n\nBased in Boston since 1901\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam logo\nCap insignia\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league affiliations\n\n\n\n\n\nAmerican League (1901–present)\n\nEast Division (1969–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRetired numbers\n\n\n\n1\n4\n6\n8\n9\n14\n26\n27\n34\n45\n42\n\n\n\n\n\nColors\n\n\n\n\n\nRed, Blue, White[1]\n\n \n\n\n\nName\n\n\n\n\n\nBoston Red Sox (1908–present)\nBoston Americans (1901–1907)\n\n\n\n\n\nOther nicknames\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Sox\nThe BoSox\nThe Olde Towne Team\n\n\n\n\n\nBallpark\n\n\n\n\n\nFenway Park (1912–present)\nHuntington Avenue Grounds (1901–1911)\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league titles\n\n\nWorld Series titles (8)\n\n\n\n1903\n1912\n1915\n1916\n1918\n2004\n2007\n2013\n\n\n\n\n\nAL Pennants (13)\n\n\n\n1903\n1904\n1912\n1915\n1916\n1918\n1946\n1967\n1975\n1986\n2004\n2007\n2013\n\n\n\n\n\nEast Division titles (9)\n\n\n\n1975\n1986\n1988\n1990\n1995\n2007\n2013\n2016\n2017\n\n\n\n\n\nWild card berths (7)\n\n\n\n1998\n1999\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2008\n2009\n\n\n\n\n\nFront office\n\n\nOwner(s)\nFenway Sports Group (John Henry (Principal Owner), Tom Werner (Chairman), Sam Kennedy (President and CEO))\n\n\nManager\nAlex Cora\n\n\nGeneral Manager\nDave Dombrowski (acting)\n\n\nPresident of Baseball Operations\nDave Dombrowski\n\n"
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-6148425682434999125 | List of Pokémon Trading Card Game sets | List of Pokémon Trading card Game sets - wikipedia List of Pokémon Trading card Game sets Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( September 2017 ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This is a list of Pokémon Trading Card Game sets which is a collectible card game first released in Japan in 1996 . As of September 2017 , there are 74 card sets released in America and 68 in Japan . The sets are generally broken into two lists ; One for the first line of Wizards of the Coast cards , and the second after Nintendo 's acquisition of the card game after Wizards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Wizards of the Coast 1.1 First Generation Sets 1.1. 1 Pokémon Demo Game Plastic Pack 1.1. 2 Base Set 1.1. 3 Jungle 1.1. 4 Fossil 1.1. 5 Base Set 2 1.1. 6 Team Rocket 1.1. 7 Gym Heroes 1.1. 8 Gym Challenge 1.2 Second Generation Sets 1.2. 1 Neo Genesis 1.2. 2 Neo Discovery 1.2. 3 Southern Islands 1.2. 4 Neo Revelation 1.2. 5 Neo Destiny 1.2. 6 Legendary Collection 1.2. 7 Expedition Base Set 1.2. 8 Aquapolis 1.2. 9 Skyridge 2 The Pokémon Company 2.1 Third Generation Sets 2.1. 1 EX Ruby and Sapphire 2.1. 2 EX Sandstorm 2.1. 3 EX Dragon 2.1. 4 EX Team Magma V.S. Team Aqua 2.1. 5 EX Hidden Legends 2.1. 6 EX Fire Red and Leaf Green 2.1. 7 EX Team Rocket Returns 2.1. 8 EX Deoxys 2.1. 9 EX Emerald 2.1. 10 EX Unseen Forces 2.1. 11 EX Delta Species 2.1. 12 EX Legend Maker 2.1. 13 EX Holon Phantoms 2.1. 14 EX Crystal Guardians 2.1. 15 EX Dragon Frontiers 2.1. 16 EX Power Keepers 2.2 Fourth Generation Sets 2.2. 1 Diamond and Pearl Base Set 2.2. 2 Diamond and Pearl -- Mysterious Treasures 2.2. 3 Diamond and Pearl -- Secret Wonders 2.2. 4 Diamond and Pearl -- Great Encounters 2.2. 5 Diamond and Pearl -- Majestic Dawn 2.2. 6 Diamond and Pearl -- Legends Awakened 2.2. 7 Diamond and Pearl -- Stormfront 2.2. 8 Platinum Base Set 2.2. 9 Platinum -- Rising Rivals 2.2. 10 Platinum -- Supreme Victors 2.2. 11 Platinum -- Arceus 2.2. 12 HeartGold SoulSilver Base Set 2.2. 13 HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Unleashed 2.2. 14 HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Undaunted 2.2. 15 HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Triumphant 2.2. 16 Call of Legends 2.3 Japanese Pokémon Heartgold and Soulsilver sets 2.3. 1 Heartgold and Soulsilver Collection 2.3. 2 Heartgold and Soulsilver special decks 2.3. 3 Heartgold and Soulsilver Revived Legends 2.3. 4 Lost Link Mini-Series 2.4 Fifth Generation Sets 2.4. 1 Black and White -- Base Set 2.4. 2 Black and White -- Emerging Powers 2.4. 3 Black and White -- Noble Victories 2.4. 4 Black and White -- Next Destinies 2.4. 5 Black and White -- Dark Explorers 2.4. 6 Black and White -- Dragons Exalted 2.4. 7 Black and White -- Boundaries Crossed 2.4. 8 Black and White -- Plasma Storm 2.4. 9 Black and White -- Plasma Freeze 2.4. 10 Black and White -- Plasma Blast 2.4. 11 Black and White -- Legendary Treasures 2.5 Sixth Generation Sets 2.5. 1 Generations 2.6 Seventh Generation Sets 3 Promotional cards 4 External links 5 References Wizards of the Coast ( edit ) When the series first launched in English in late 1998 , Wizards of the Coast handled publishing . First generation sets ( edit ) Pokémon Demo Game plastic pack ( edit ) The Pokémon Demo Game pack was the earliest Pokémon card pack to be produced in the English Pokémon TCG . This card pack was printed and distributed in December 1998 to select retailers and at Magic : The Gathering ( MTG ) trading card shows as a limited production run . This Pokémon pack consists of 24 Base Set shadowless cards and an instruction manual . The remaining Pokémon Demo Game packs were given to guests and vendors at the annual E3 ( Electronic Entertainment Expo ) event which was held from May 13 -- 15 in 1999 . This Pokémon Demo Game pack is considered the `` Holy Grail '' within the Pokémon trading card game because it was the very first introduction of the Pokémon trading cards within the United States . This Pokémon pack is limited in quantity and predates all other Pokémon Set cards including the 1st edition Base Set cards making these packs extremely rare and valuable . It is estimated that between 100 - 200 of these Pokémon Demo Game packs remain unopened . The first ever Demo Game pack to be issued a PSA certification number was Demo Game pack # 24287143 making it the default earliest known package of English Pokémon cards to remain sealed in existence . Base set ( edit ) The Base Set , released on January 9 , 1999 in the United States , is the 1st set of 102 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the only one so far not to have a set logo or symbol ( with the exception of the error `` no symbol '' Jungle set cards ) . It is one of few sets to include Fighting , Fire , Grass , Lightning , Psychic and Water Energy cards , now commonly known as basic Energy cards . The set also contained Double Colorless Energy , the first Special Energy card . The set is one of the more well - rounded sets available , with a mixed amount of Pokémon of all types , and includes only Pokémon from the original 150 . Some of the more popular examples are Charizard , Blastoise , Venusaur and Pikachu . The set 's four main theme decks were based on four different strategies ( offensive , defensive , tactic and speed ) . This set also had a 2 - player starter set , containing two half - sized decks and a play mat with no intended strategy . The `` 1st issue '' print and a few of the following ( `` 2nd issue '' ) prints have a slightly different design than the standard `` unlimited '' ( `` 3rd issue '' ) prints . These early prints are generally brighter in color , use a thinner font , have the year 1999 appear twice in the copyright notice and lack the shadow around the pictures . Because of this , these cards are known as `` shadowless '' cards among collectors . Since not many prints were printed as `` shadowless '' , these cards are rarer than the `` unlimited '' print . Cards printed right before the release of Base Set 2 have the year 2000 included in their copyright notices . These cards are known as `` 4th issue '' cards , and are also rarer than the `` unlimited '' print . Certain `` 4th issue '' cards have slightly brighter color than the other prints . Jungle ( edit ) Jungle was the first expansion set in the United States , adding new Pokémon and one Trainer to the bunch , and was released on June 16 , 1999 . After being a very small set in Japan , the English set started the trend of having alternate holographic and non-holographic editions of rare cards , effectively doubling the number of rares in the set . Some cards featured were Pikachu , Gloom , and Victreebel . Unlike base , it had 2 preconstructed decks . The expansion symbol resembles a Vileplume and it has 64 cards . During the production some of the jungle holos were printed without the jungle symbol . These holos sell for higher than the amount normal jungle holos sell for . All 16 holos from the set have the no symbol error . The rarest card in the first edition jungle set is a 1st edition promo `` Ivy Pikachu '' , which was mistakenly printed with the set . There are rumored to be only one in 10 booster boxes . Fossil ( edit ) Fossil , released on October 8 , 1999 , is the 3rd set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Fossil contains the fewest cards of any standard set in the card game ( 62 ) . Future sets would often use a gimmick to differentiate its cards from other sets . Base set 2 ( edit ) Base Set 2 is a compilation of selected cards from the previous Base Set And Jungle sets . Wizards of the Coast had a trend of releasing these compilation sets for most of the trading card game series they sold . This set , containing 130 cards , replaced the previous Base set , and all energy cards printed between base set 2 's release and the gym heroes set were printed as base set 2 cards . Its symbol is a Pokéball with a 2 running through it . Team Rocket ( edit ) Team Rocket , released in April 2000 , is the 4th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . The title refers to a criminal organization from the video games Pokémon Red , Blue , and Yellow , and also features the trio of Rockets known as Jessie , James , and Meowth , who relentlessly follow the protagonists in the anime . Its symbol is the R , which is the Team Rocket organization 's symbol and can be seen on practically everything that comes from them . This set introduced the Dark Pokémon , Pokémon corrupted and controlled by the Team Rocket organization . After the release of this set , Dark Pokémon would not show a strong presence until the set 's sequel released four years later , Team Rocket Returns . This is also the first set to include a card exclusive to the English - language version , though it was eventually released for the Japanese counterpart , as well . As part of a promotion , an American - only Dark Raichu can be found in this set , though it is the rarest card , as a `` secret '' card that numbered above the regular set number : `` 83 / 82 '' . The card was also available in Australian sets . Gym Heroes ( edit ) Brock 's Onix Gym Heroes , released in June 2000 , is the 5th set of 132 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is an amphitheatre with a black stage and white tiers . Its name comes from the Gym Leaders it focuses around and how these first four Gym Leaders have relatively optimistic and carefree personalities compared to those featured in Gym Challenge . This set also introduced a card layout change , eliminating the flavor text and stacking the weakness / resistance / level to fit the Gym Leader 's headshot / badge . This is the first set to have Owner 's Pokémon , the owners being the Gym Leaders of the various Pokémon Gyms around Kanto . While Sabrina and Blaine are also represented in this set , the most attention is paid to the first four met in the video games : Brock , Misty , Lt. Surge , and Erika . Each of their Pokémon reflect their favorite Pokémon types , as well as Pokémon they have been seen carrying in the TV show . For example , Brock specializes in the Rock - type , so a lot of his cards in the card game are Rock Pokémon . However , in the anime , he also carried a Vulpix , a Fire - type , which is also included in this set . Owner 's Pokémon must be evolved from a Pokémon of the same owner , which also proved to be unpopular , as the element of mixing and matching cards from different sets is lost . Additionally , some of the `` Rare '' cards had little or no value in play , such as Misty 's Tentacool , which is incapable of doing damage and is overshadowed by a better version of `` Uncommon '' rarity . However , Owner 's Pokémon have been sporadically released in Japan , though except for those within EX Team Magma vs Team Aqua , none have been translated into English . This set was originally released with theme decks that contained cards not found in the main set in Japan , releasing in the odd rarities for Basic Pokémon . This set is also the first set to introduce Stadium cards , trainers that stay in play until another Stadium card comes into play . Gym Challenge ( edit ) Gym Challenge , released in July 2000 , is the 6th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its expansion symbol is an amphitheatre with a white stage and black tiers , the inverse of the Gym Heroes symbol . It also has a set of 132 cards . Its name comes from the four Gym Leaders it focuses on ( Sabrina , Koga , Blaine , and Giovanni ) . Second generation sets ( edit ) Neo Genesis ( edit ) Chikorita Neo Genesis , released in October 2000 , is the 8th set of 111 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is a pair of stars , one in front of the other . Neo is Greek for `` new '' , and Genesis is Greek for `` birth '' or `` beginning '' . Neo Genesis features second - generation Pokémon that come from the region of Johto and is the first set to do so . With it comes two new Pokémon types : Darkness and Metal , each with their own Energy cards . The design on the cards have also changed , now looking closer to the Japanese version . The hit points displayed on the upper - right is now smaller , and its color has changed from red to black . The statistics on the bottom of the card now have dune - shaped indentations in the background immediately behind each stat . The text reading `` Basic Pokémon '' is now directly under the HP ( Hit Points ) instead of the upper - left corner . The information about the Pokémon directly below the illustration is now in a parallelogram instead of a rectangle . Neo Genesis is considered by some to be like a second Base Set , bringing in a new stable of Pokémon and a new feel to the game . It was particularly well liked among players for introducing many cards that helped reduce the amount of random luck involved with the game , such as Professor Elm and Cleffa . Neo Genesis is still considered by fans familiar with the history of the game to be one of the best sets ever released . Two cards from this set were banned from tournament play : Sneasel and Slowking . It was at this point the 2 different play formats were realized : Unlimited ( allowing all cards to be played ) , and Limited where only the Neo Genesis cards could be played ( this limited format would go through a few changes where as more sets were released where the rules were changed to `` Neo Genesis and newer cards are allowed to be played in official tournaments '' this would later be changed to be `` only the 8 most recent sets are legal for tournament play '' ) . At this point the idea of `` proxy '' cards became frequent at tournaments where an older card could be used as a placeholder for a card a player only had a single print of . Neo Discovery ( edit ) Neo Discovery , released in June 2001 , is the 9th set of 75 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is a Mayan temple . While the architectural structure of the ruins is ambiguous in the video games Pokémon Gold , Silver , and Crystal , in Pokémon 3 : The Movie , they seem to be of Central or South American origin . Neo Discovery premieres many second - generation Pokémon into the card game , such as Smeargle , Politoed , and Wobbuffet . In a way , this makes it a counterpart to the Jungle set ( which introduced another third of the original 150 Pokémon ) . The Unown are a Pokémon themed on the English alphabet . At the time of Neo Discovery 's release , there were 26 types , one for each letter . ( Later , Unown ? and Unown ! would be introduced , bringing the total to 28 . ) Neo Discovery introduced nine of these Pokémon into the card game . Each could affect the game in different ways related to a word starting with the letter the Unown represents . Unown `` O '' is associated with the word observe , and this application in the card game is done through `` observing '' the opponent 's deck . Southern islands ( edit ) Southern Islands is a set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . In Japan , it was released at the same time as Gym 2 , while in America it came after Neo Discovery and before Neo Revelation . This set 's symbol is a palm tree . Though it is often considered the 10th set , it was actually a promotional set , sold as a complete collection in the form of a specially - packaged box ( rather than as booster packs ) . The mini-set only contains a total of 18 cards . When arranged in the correct way , every illustration used in this set forms a single larger image . Neo Revelation ( edit ) Shining Gyarados Neo Revelation , released in October 2001 , is the 11th set of 64 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is a representation of the departure of Suicune , Entei and Raikou from the Burned Tower . As of the release of this set , there were at least one card of each of the 251 Pokémon , including the elusive Celebi . This set finishes the second generation with Pokémon like Porygon2 , Misdreavus , and Raikou . In a way , this makes it a counterpart to the Fossil set ( which rounded out the original set of 151 Pokémon ) . It also includes three more of the Unown introduced in Neo Discovery . Most importantly , this set was the debut of the Shining Pokémon . Shining Pokémon are extremely powerful , but no more than one of each kind is allowed in a deck . This tradition was short - lived , however , as the Shining Pokémon were present only until the following set , Neo Destiny . However , Pokémon - star cards , which function almost identically to Shining Pokémon , were introduced in a later set known as EX Team Rocket Returns . Neo Destiny ( edit ) Neo Destiny , released in February 2002 , is the 12th set of 105 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is a blue sparkle above a white sparkle , possibly referring to the Dark and Light Pokémon within this set . This set almost completes the Unown alphabet started in Neo Discovery ( R was left out , but was eventually given a card in another set years later . J was also left out , being a Promo ) . This set is the second set with an emphasis on Dark Pokémon , though unlike its predecessor , Team Rocket , these Dark Pokémon do n't seem to have any influences . In this set and only this set , they are counterbalanced by Light Pokémon . Whereas Dark Pokémon have low hit points ( health ) and do a lot of damage , Light Pokémon have high Hit Points and have attacks and other abilities that revolve around support , such as healing damage . Perhaps the reason why Light Pokémon have not seen an appearance after this set is because many of its moves benefit the user and the opponent equally , thus requiring the user to set the situation up for maximum gain while preventing the opponent from doing so . Also , Light Pokémon do not normally inflict much damage , a disadvantage in a game whose objective is to cause as much damage as possible . Legendary Collection ( edit ) The Legendary Collection , released in May 2002 , is the 13th set of 110 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . The set 's symbol is a medal . The Legendary Collection is the sequel to Base Set 2 , made up entirely of reprints from the first four sets : Base Set , Jungle , Fossil , and Team Rocket . Its purpose is to make these cards legal in tournament play ; otherwise , these cards would be considered `` too old . '' Thus , some people could claim this set to be a third `` Base Set '' . The Legendary Collection is the first set to have a parallel set whose only difference is that shiny foil is printed on the entire front of the card except for its illustration ( this is n't done in the regular set ) . Strangely , even though this set is an amalgamation of four sets , this set contains fewer cards than any of the following three . Expedition Base set ( edit ) Expedition Base Set , released in September 2002 , is the 14th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is a Poké Ball drawn to look like a lower - case `` e '' . At 165 cards ( 330 if its parallel set is included ) , Expedition is the largest set ever in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . It is the first to use the e-Reader : By scanning a dot code found on the bottom of all of the cards and the sides of some , the e-Reader can display patterns , produce sounds , or other various novelties . However , none of these features are required for play . Subsequent sets , up until EX Hidden Legends , would also be compatible with the e-Reader . Because of its completely new format , this was thought to be a good time to balance the card game with less powerful versions of previously printed cards . For example , Energy Removal 2 serves an identical purpose to Energy Removal from the Base Set , except a coin must be flipped to determine if the effects are successful . However , this set also introduces the Supporter card , a type of Trainer card that now dominates competitive play . Aquapolis ( edit ) Aquapolis , released in January 2003 , is the 15th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and consists of 186 cards . Its symbol is a skyline within a water droplet . This set is the second of three to extensively use the e-Reader . Aquapolis introduces minigames playable by scanning in dot codes from multiple cards ( in any order ) . These mini-games are usually very simple , and more often than not , each Pokémon whose card has been scanned in will play some role in the mini-game . While Technical Machines were dabbled upon in Expedition , Aquapolis is the set to make use of them . Technical Machines would be released sparingly from this point onward . The Aquapolis set was also the first Pokémon TCG set to utilize the `` Crystal Type '' Poké - power . This power was written on the Aquapolis cards Kingdra , Lugia , and Nidoking , all of which are holofoil . It essentially allows the player to attach a basic energy card to the Pokémon and have it become that type for the turn . Note that this power does not allow the player to attach an additional energy card per turn . Of the 186 cards , the first 32 were designated with an `` H '' before the number . The 33rd card started at number `` 1 . '' Thus , the number sequence only goes up to 147 ( the 3 `` Crystal Types '' take the number to 150 / 147 ) . In addition , there were 4 cards that received 2 versions : Golduck ( 50a , 50b ) , Drowzee ( 74a , 74b ) , Mr. Mime ( 95a , 95b ) , and Porygon ( 103a , 103b ) . These cards are identical except for the data they show when swiped through the e-Reader . Skyridge ( edit ) Skyridge , released in May 2003 , is the 16th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Its symbol is a pair of mountains with a halo around the taller one . This is the last set published by Wizards of the Coast and has 182 cards . This set is the last of three to extensively use the e-Reader . Skyridge continues Aquapolis ' tradition of minigames playable by scanning in dot codes from multiple cards . The Skyridge set was also the second and last set to contain Pokémon with the `` Crystal Type '' Poké - power . Characters in this set to use it were Celebi , Charizard , Crobat , Golem , Ho - oh , and Kabutops . These cards normally carry a much higher trade value on eBay and other online retailers than normal cards from this set . However , even normal cards from Skyridge are more valuable than normal cards from other sets , due to the fact that Skyridge booster packs were very hard to find compared to other sets . The numbering system for Skyridge is similar to that of Aquapolis . The first 32 cards begin with an `` H '' and the 33rd card starts the numbering at `` 1 '' , and thus the number only goes up to 144 . The 6 `` Crystal Types '' take it to 150 / 144 . There are no `` a '' and `` b '' versions in Skyridge as there were in Aquapolis . The Pokémon Company ( edit ) In July 2003 , The Pokémon Company took the place of Wizards of the Coast as publisher for the cards . The first set published by Pokémon USA , Inc. was EX Ruby and Sapphire . Third generation sets ( edit ) All of the Third Generation sets have `` EX '' in their name ; this comes from the Pokémon - ex present in these sets . EX Ruby and Sapphire ( edit ) Torchic EX Ruby and Sapphire , released in July 2003 , is the 17th set of 109 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . This set was the first set to be adapted into English by Pokémon USA , Inc. after the card game 's rights transferred back from Wizards of the Coast . Its symbol is a jewel with a brilliant cut , viewed from above . It is named after the video games Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire . This set introduces third - generation Pokémon and continues to be scannable by the e-Reader . However , the dot codes on the left side of the card are gone , replaced with a single dot code on the bottom . Unlike the cards in Expedition , Aquapolis , and Skyridge , however , this dot code produces only where to find the Pokémon in the video games instead of completely original Pokédex information . This set yet again changes the layout of the cards ; except for the dot code at the bottom ( which is now absent ) , it is exactly the same as the Japanese layout and is the format used up to this day . This set is also the first to have Pokémon - ex , Pokémon who are stronger than usual , but the rewards are doubled if a player can take one down . During its release , these Pokémon were exceedingly useful , but as more cards were released , the card game became increasingly stacked against Pokémon - ex . EX Sandstorm ( edit ) EX Sandstorm , released on September 18 , 2003 , is the 18th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 2nd set released by Pokémon USA Inc . Its symbol is a pair of fossils : the Claw Fossil and the Root Fossil from the video games Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire . It has a set of 100 cards . The Sandstorm name comes from the fact that the player must retrieve these fossils in the video game from within a sandstorm . EX Sandstorm also continues to introduce third - generation Pokémon into the card game , with many desert - themed Pokémon , such as Cacnea and Vibrava , and thereof unrelated Pokémon , such as Zangoose and Sableye . This set brings back the Mysterious Fossil from the Fossil set and expands on it with the Claw Fossil , which can be made into Anorith , and the Root Fossil , which can be made into Lileep . The Mysterious Fossil plays the same role as before , which is to evolve it into Omanyte , Kabuto , or Aerodactyl . Other Pokémon from older generations return , such as Xatu from the second generation and Psyduck from the first . EX Dragon ( edit ) EX Dragon , released in November 2003 , is the 19th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 3rd set released by Pokémon USA . The set 's symbol is a crosshair . This set numbers up to 97 cards , but there are 100 with the 3 secret cards , and its main emphasis is Dragon Pokémon . These usually appear as Colorless - type Pokémon , but they tend to use two or more different types of Energy ( an example is Salamence , which uses Fire and Water Energy ) . Many of the Pokémon in EX Dragon made their debut in the set . Salamence , Flygon and Altaria are three of the Dragon Pokémon in the set -- others , such as Latios , Latias , Dragonite and Rayquaza appear as Pokémon - EX . EX Dragon is the first set in the third generation of the Pokémon Trading Card Game to be based on Dragon Pokémon ; the other set , EX Dragon Frontiers , is the penultimate set of the same generation . EX Team Magma vs. Team Aqua ( edit ) EX Team Magma V.S. Team Aqua , released in March 2004 , is the 20th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 4th set released by Pokémon USA . The set 's symbol is a maroon `` X '' that 's slightly slanted , somewhat like a cut or a scar . This set contains 95 cards and was the last set to feature e-Reader compatibility . EX hidden Legends ( edit ) EX Hidden Legends , released in June 2004 , is the 21st set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 5th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a trapezoid with six equally - spaced smaller dots surrounding it . This entire setup is within a solid white irregular hexagon . The Hidden Legends part refers to Regirock , Regice , and Registeel , Legendary Pokémon hidden away in stone structures . This set contains 101 different cards This set revolves around three concepts : Regirock , Regice , and Registeel , as mentioned above ; Jirachi , a Legendary Pokémon with the power of wishes ; and Pokémon 4Ever with the presence of Dark Celebi . This set also continues to introduce Pokémon into the card game . In addition to the Pokémon above , Beldum and its evolution line makes its debut . EX Fire Red and Leaf Green ( edit ) EX Fire Red and Leaf Green , released in September 2004 , is the 22nd set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 6th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is an emblem of a black Pokéball . It came out around the time the Nintendo video games , Pokémon Fire Red and Leaf Green were released . The set had some extra cards : 113 / 112 Charmander , Box Topper ; 114 / 112 Articuno ex , Secret ex ; 115 / 112 Moltres ex , Secret ex ; and 116 / 112 Zapdos ex , Secret ex . EX Team Rocket Returns ( edit ) EX Team Rocket Returns , released in November 2004 , is the 23rd set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 7th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is an emblem of Team Rocket , a shield - like shape with a black bold R in the center . It has a set of 109 . This emblem for Team Rocket is unusual as it appears nowhere else ; the purpose of this emblem is probably to distinguish this set from the former Team Rocket set . This set also introduced Dark Pokémon Team Rocket as a criminal organization -- its members , the Pokémon it controls , and the techniques it uses for world domination are all part of this set 's theme . The Returns part is an indication that it 's a sequel set to the Team Rocket set released four years earlier . This set introduced star Pokémon , which are shiny just like those of the Neo Revelations set . Only one of these Pokémon with the star symbol on the card next to the name may be present in a deck . EX Deoxys ( edit ) EX Deoxys , released in February 2005 , is the 24th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 8th set released by Pokémon USA . The set 's symbol is a shooting star and has 107 cards . The set is named after the Pokémon Deoxys and also features Rayquaza , both of which were the featured legendary Pokémon in the seventh Pokémon movie , Pokémon : Destiny Deoxys . While the Pokémon in this set have little , if anything , to do with either of these two Pokémon , the set 's Trainer cards feature people and places involved with astronomy in the Pokémon Ruby , Sapphire , and Emerald video games . EX Emerald ( edit ) EX Emerald , released in May 2005 , is the 25th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 9th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a gemstone , presumably an emerald . It has a set of 106 cards . Nintendo released six 15 - card packs , known as Quick Construction Packs -- one pack for each type of Basic Energy . The set is also composed of Japanese promos that were never brought outside Japan . Because of this , and the fact that most promos are viewed as `` unplayable '' in the competitive scene , this set was largely ignored , with exceptions to Medicham ex . EX Unseen Forces ( edit ) EX Unseen Forces , released in August 2005 , is the 26th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 10th set released by Pokémon USA . The set 's symbol is a black silhouette of Ho - Oh 's wing , superimposed on a white silhouette of Lugia 's wing . it is a set of 115 cards , plus 2 secret cards ( including the box topper ) , plus 28 Unowns . The set , which in Japan was named `` GoldenSky and SilverSea '' , is set in Johto , and is the first set by Pokémon USA to mainly consist of Pokémon from the Pokémon Gold and Silver games , released in 2001 . EX Unseen Forces is known for having more Pokémon - ex than any other set to date , with a total of fourteen ( including one box topper and one secret rare card ) . EX Delta Species ( edit ) EX Delta Species , released in October 2005 , is the 27th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 11th set released by Pokémon USA . It contains 113 different cards . While this set was released after EX Legends hit in Japan , it was released before Legend Maker in English - language territories . The set , which in Japan was named `` Researching Tower of Holon '' , is set in the research centre , Holon . Its logo / symbol is Holon Tower , a tower with a broad top floor . This set introduces `` delta species '' Pokémon , which are unusual types . ( For example , Tyranitar would typically be a Dark - or Fighting - type Pokémon , but Tyranitar δ is a Metal / Fire dual - typed Pokémon . ) It also introduces the staff of Holon Tower and their Pokémon . The Holon staff appears in the form of Supporter cards , all of which require a card to be discarded in order for them to be used , and Holon 's Pokémon , which can be used as either Pokémon or as Energy cards . EX LEGEND Maker ( edit ) EX Legend Maker , released in February 2006 , is the 28th set of 92 cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 12th set released by Pokémon USA . The set , which in Japan was named `` Eidolon Forest '' , is set in a forest in the middle of nowhere . Its symbol is a stylized forest , a white egg - shaped area with three black acute isosceles triangles . It received the name Legend Maker due to the inclusion of Mew . Due to a mix - up with translations , this was supposed to be released before EX Delta Species , but was delayed until February 2006 in English - language territories . This is considered by many to be a very good set , for several reasons -- possibly for its similarity with Jungle and Fossil original expansions , or possibly for its exclusion of the complicated Delta Species Pokémon . EX Holon Phantoms ( edit ) EX Holon Phantoms , released in May 2006 , is the 29th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 13th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is the Holon symbol , with three triangles around the sides . The set , which in Japan was named `` Holon Phantom '' , is set in an undeveloped area of Holon . It marks the return of Delta Species Pokémon , after they debuted in EX Delta Species . This set contains 110 Cards in total . The back of the cards from this set has a lighter back than other sets . EX Crystal Guardians ( edit ) EX Crystal Guardians , released in July 2006 , is the 30th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 14th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a sliver of a crystal . 100 cards are included in this set release . EX Dragon Frontiers ( edit ) EX Dragon Frontiers , released in November 2006 , is the 31st set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 15th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a pair of black mountains on a circular white background . It is a set of 101 cards. The set is based on an unknown set of islands far away , inhabited primarily by Dragon Pokémon . This set marks the final appearance of Delta Species Pokémon , and , strangely , almost every single Pokémon card is Delta Species . There are even `` Delta Star '' Pokémon , Mew and Charizard , whose type depends on their alternate color ( Shiny form ) , which is , in this case , Water and Dark , respectively . This set introduces a new mechanic : Shockwave and Imprison markers . These markers are similar to special conditions , save that they can be applied to benched Pokémon and that they do n't go away when the Pokémon retreats . Only three cards in the set use these markers , however : two Pokémon place the markers , and one Pokémon can remove them . EX power Keepers ( edit ) EX Power Keepers , released in February 2007 , is the 32nd set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game . The symbol for this set is a road leading to a vanishing horizon on which the sun is either rising or setting . It is a set of 108 cards . It is the first set since EX Emerald to be released only outside Japan , and the first since EX Unseen Forces not to include Delta Species Pokémon . The set is loosely based on the Hoenn Elite Four , as all four members ( Drake , Glacia , Phoebe and Sidney ) have their own Stadium cards , and the Pokémon EX are all Pokémon owned by members of the Elite Four . The set also consists of several reprints of cards from older sets , and is the last third - generation set . Fourth generation sets ( edit ) All of the Fourth Generation sets have the words `` Diamond and Pearl '' , `` Platinum '' , `` HeartGold SoulSilver '' , or `` Legends '' in their names ; this comes from the Pokémon Diamond , Pokémon Pearl , Pokémon Platinum , Pokémon HeartGold and Pokémon SoulSilver video games present in these sets . Diamond and Pearl Base set ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl Base Set , released in May 2007 , is the 33rd set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 17th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a circle in an upside - down pentagon . it is a set of 130 cards . The set is the first in English - language territories to include fourth - generation Pokémon ; namely , those that first featured in the Pokémon Diamond and Pearl video games on the Nintendo DS . Several new rules were introduced to the Pokémon Trading Card Game with the release of Diamond & Pearl Base Set in Japan , and several changes have been made to the format of the cards ; some of these changes were included on previous card formats , and others are brand new . One such change is the introduction of Pokémon LV. X , replacing the retired Pokémon - ex and Pokémon - `` star '' cards . This is also the first set in which Pokémon classified as Poison type in the video game series would be identified as Psychic rather than Grass type and the first set to include Pokémon cards with `` energy-less attacks '' denoted by a transparent effect where energy requirements would normally be . Basic Dark and Steel Energy cards are introduced in this set . Three holographic Pokémon cards from this set were released in tin sets a few weeks prior to the set 's launch . These tins included a Tyranitar tin featuring a Turtwig , a Camerupt tin featuring a Chimchar and a Milotic tin featuring a Piplup . Diamond and Pearl -- Mysterious Treasures ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl -- Mysterious Treasures , released in August 2007 , is the 34th set of cards in the Pokemon Trading Card Game and the 18th set released by Pokemon USA . Its symbol is a shiny jewel . The set introduces the Sinnoh Legendary trio , Uxie , Mesprit , and Azelf , as well as the fourth - generation Fossil Pokémon Rampardos and Bastiodon , both featured in their respective theme decks . The set also introduces `` Pokémon with Item '' cards , Pokémon cards with held items that work similarly to the Poké - Body mechanic . For this particular set , all held items are the berries found in the Pokémon Diamond and Pearl games . The set includes three new Pokémon LV. X and has a total of 124 cards . It is also the first set to include a secret card since EX Holon Phantoms . Diamond and Pearl -- Secret Wonders ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl -- Secret Wonders released in November 2007 , is the 35th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 19th set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a whirlpool . The set includes several more `` Pokémon with Item '' cards : Pokémon cards with integrated Pokémon Tools , which include specific items from the Pokémon Diamond and Pearl games , such as the Moon Stone and Reaper Cloth evolution items . The set also includes two new Pokémon LV. X. and has 132 cards . Hidden treasures Set of 123 was created in 2007 Diamond and Pearl -- great Encounters ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl -- Great Encounters is the 36th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 20th set released by Pokémon USA , released in February 2008 and is the second - smallest Diamond and Pearl set to date , with 106 cards . Its symbol is a triskelion inside a hexagon . The set introduces Darkrai , an event Pokémon and legendary Pokémon featured alongside Dialga and Palkia in Pokémon : The Rise of Darkrai . The set also features four more Pokémon LV. X . Diamond and Pearl -- Majestic Dawn ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl -- Majestic Dawn , released in May 2008 is the 37th set of cards in the Pokémon Trading Card Game and the 21st set released by Pokémon USA . Its symbol is a rising sun coming over a hill , hence the name Majestic Dawn . It is the smallest Diamond and Pearl set to date with 100 cards . This set introduces Leafeon and Glaceon as two new evolutions of Eevee and includes four more Pokémon LV. X . Diamond and Pearl -- Legends Awakened ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl -- Legends Awakened is the 38th set of cards of the Trading Card Game and the 22nd released by Pokémon USA , and was released in August 2008 . The set reintroduces Technical Machines to the Trading Card Game and includes the last of the Pokémon card variants of Pokémon first seen in Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Video Games ( excluding unreleased Shaymin and Arceus ) . The set includes seven Pokémon LV. X , more than any set thus far . Many great decks came out of LA LV. X cards , a prominent one being AMU . It is the fourth - largest set in the history of the TCG with 146 cards . Diamond and Pearl -- Stormfront ( edit ) Diamond and Pearl -- Stormfront is the 39th set of cards of the Trading Card Game and the 23rd released by Pokémon USA , and was released in November 2008 . Its symbol is a circle with a lightning bolt running through it . It is a set of 100 cards . The set reintroduced Pokémon of alternate coloration ( better known as shiny Pokémon ) and was the first set of the Diamond and Pearl series to reprint three `` classic '' cards from the first Trading Card Game expansions . The set includes eight Pokémon LV. X , two of which were also released as promotional cards . It also introduced trainer cards that can be used with another one at the same time . Platinum Base set ( edit ) Platinum Base Set is the 40th set of cards of the Trading Card Game and the 24th released by Pokémon USA . It was released on October 13 , 2008 in Japan and in the United States on February 11 , 2009 . It introduces the never - before - seen Pokémon Shaymin and includes a new Trainer - specific variant of Pokémon known as Pokémon SP . The set also includes a new mechanic called the Lost Zone , which acts as a second discard pile but one from which players can not retrieve cards . It features two theme decks , one built around Shaymin , `` Flourish '' , and the other around Renegade Pokémon Giratina , `` Rebellion '' . Platinum includes six Pokémon LV. X , two of which are Shaymin ( one of Land Forme and one of Sky Forme ) , and 127 cards in total . The set includes 6 secret cards . Two of the Pokémon LV. X were released as promotional reprints with new artwork on March 2 , 2009 . The new Pokémon SP includes Team Galactic Pokémon like Dialga G . Platinum -- rising Rivals ( edit ) Platinum -- Rising Rivals is the 41st set of cards of the Trading Card Game and the 25th released by Pokémon USA . It is a set of 114 cards not including the 6 secret holo foil cards of the Pokémon Rotom . It expands on the recent creation of Pokémon SP ( trainer - owned Pokémon ) with Gym Leader 's Pokémon and Elite Four 's Pokémon . It was released on December 26 , 2008 in Japan . It was released in the US on May 16 , 2009 . the cards from this set include : Luxray GL LV. X , Lucian 's Assignment , Gallade 4 LV. X , and a new version of Infernape LV. X . It was not reprinted , this Infernape is now in SP form , with different attacks and a Poke - Power . Some other LV. X include Alakazam LV. X and Snorlax LV. X . It also includes some hidden rares which are remakes of original cards from the first sets . They have as much value as a LV. X . They include : the original Pikachu , Surfing Pikachu , and Flying Pikachu . A main Pokémon from this set is Rotom , which has many unique forms : Wash , Mow , Fan , Heat , and Frost Rotom . Platinum -- Supreme Victors ( edit ) Platinum -- Supreme Victors is the 42nd set of cards of the Trading Card Game and the 26th released by Pokémon USA . It was released on March 6 , 2009 in Japan and was released in the United States on August 19 , 2009 . It is a set of 147 cards . Its symbol is of 2 connected upside - down triangles . This set contains Frontier Brain Pokémon as well as the Champion 's Pokémon . New LV. X Pokémon , like , Rayquaza C LV . X and Charizard G LV . X are also included . Platinum -- Arceus ( edit ) Platinum -- Arceus is the 43rd set of cards of the Trading Card Game and the 27th released by Pokémon USA . Contains 99 different cards . It was released on July 5 , 2008 in Japan and was released in North America on November 4 , 2009 . This set marks the TCG debut of the final Generation IV Pokémon , Arceus . All the Arceus Pokémon cards have a special rule printed on them which allows you to have any number of Pokémon with the name `` Arceus '' in your deck , as opposed to the normal 4 - per deck rule . Six additional new Lv. Xs were included in this expansion , three of which being different forms of Arceus Lv . X , the other three being Gengar Lv . X , Salamence Lv . X and Tangrowth Lv . X . This expansion also marked the continuation of the `` Shining '' Pokémon which were featured through the Platinum booster series . Each of these cards had a different collector number sequence than the other cards in the expansion , which were Bagon ( SH10 ) Ponyta ( SH11 ) and Shinx ( SH12 ) . HeartGold SoulSilver Base set ( edit ) HeartGold SoulSilver Base Set is based on the Pokémon video games of the same title . This set has over 123 cards in it . It includes the new Pokémon Prime cards , which replace Lv. Xs . This set also features 2 Legend Pokémon which are one Pokémon made up of 2 cards . They are Ho - oh and Lugia . It has an Alph Lithograph in it . This set has 3 theme decks . HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Unleashed ( edit ) HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Unleashed is the second Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver . The set has a total of 95 cards , including Tyranitar ( Prime ) , Steelix ( Prime ) , Crobat ( Prime ) , Kingdra ( Prime ) , Lanturn ( Prime ) , Ursaring ( Prime ) , Entei and Raikou LEGEND , Raikou and Suicine LEGEND , and Suicine and Entei LEGEND . The set also features a Secret Rare card '' Alph Lithograph . This one , unlike the one in the previous set , HGSS , allows the player to shuffle his deck . There are 4 versions of Alph Lithograph . HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Unleashed is the first set to feature dual - Legend cards , which consist of two Pokémon on the same two - card Legend . However , these Pokémon , when Knocked Out , allow the opponent to draw 2 Prize Cards rather than 1 . The set features Chaos Control ( Tyranitar ) and Steel Sentinel ( Steelix ) decks . HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Undaunted ( edit ) HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Undaunted is the third Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver . The set has a total of 90 cards , including Raichu ( Prime ) , Houndoom ( Prime ) , Espeon ( Prime ) , Umbreon ( Prime ) , Scizor ( Prime ) , Slowking ( Prime ) , Rayquaza and Deoxys LEGEND and Kyogre and Groudon LEGEND . The set also features a Secret Rare card : Alph Lithograph . This one allows the player to return any stadium in play to its owner 's hand . Heartgold and Soulsilver Undaunted continues the trend of dual - Legend cards , Legend cards depicting 2 Pokémon that allow the opponent to draw 2 prize cards when Knocked Out . The starter decks for HGSS Undaunted are Nightfall , a dark / metal type deck featuring Umbreon , and Daybreak , a grass / psychic type deck featuring Espeon . With HGSS Undaunted came out there were two changes to the Starter Deck packaging : they now contain an additional booster pack from the set as well as a cardboard deckbox which can hold a 60 - card unsleeved deck . HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Triumphant ( edit ) HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Triumphant is the Fourth Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver . The set has a total of 102 cards , including Absol ( Prime ) , Celebi ( Prime ) , Gengar ( Prime ) , Electrode ( Prime ) , Mew ( Prime ) , Magnezone ( Prime ) , Yanmega ( Prime ) , Machamp ( Prime ) , Darkrai / Cresselia LEGEND and Dialga / Palkia LEGEND . The set also features a Secret Rare card : Alph Lithograph . This one , unlike the ones in the previous sets , allows the player to look at all of their face down prize cards . Heartgold and Soulsilver Triumphant continues the trend of dual - Legend cards , Legends depicting 2 Pokémon that allow the opponent to draw 2 prize cards when Knocked Out . The starter decks for HGSS Triumphant are Royal Guard , a Psychic / Fighting type deck featuring Nidoking , and Verdant Frost , a grass / water type deck featuring Mamoswine . It is speculated to be the last Heartgold and Soulsilver set in America . The set contains cards from the Japanese set `` Clash at the Summit '' and the mini-set Lost Link . One card missing from the set is the Stadium `` Lost World '' which introduced a new win condition to the game in Japan . The card , along with the other cards missing from the Lost Link set were released in the next expansion , Call of Legends . Call of Legends ( edit ) Call of Legends is a stand - alone English set of reprints and previously unreleased cards . Contains 95 different cards . Due to the extended time period between HeartGold and SoulSilver -- Triumphant and the release of the 5th generation of Pokémon video games this set was released as a filler set . It contains reprints from the HeartGold and SoulSilver sets , as well as the remaining cards from the Japanese Lost Link set . In addition , it contains cards of legendary Pokémon in shiny and non-shiny forms . The shiny Pokémon are also known as Shiny Legendaries , and for example Shiny Suicune is number SL11 . There are a total of 11 shiny Legendaries . Japanese Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver sets ( edit ) When the Heartgold and Soulsilver Pokémon trading card lineup was released in Japan , it was done differently from in America . It also had an abnormally long waiting period in between the first and second sets . HeartGold and SoulSilver Collection ( edit ) Heartgold and Soulsilver Collection is the first Japanese set based on the Heartgold and Soulsilver games . It has 140 cards in total , including the following special cards : Alph Lithograph , Ursaring Prime , Crobat Prime , Typhlosion Prime , Meganium Prime , Blissey Prime , Donphan Prime , Ampharos Prime , Feraligatr Prime , Lugia LEGEND , and Ho - Oh LEGEND . Starting from this set , the Trainer cards in Japan have been renamed Goods cards . It has been renamed in America as HeartGold SoulSilver , or HS . HeartGold and SoulSilver special decks ( edit ) The Heartgold and Soulsilver special decks were released in between the releases of the first and second Heartgold and Soulsilver sets . Expert Deck : Leafeon vs. Metagross is a set of two 60 - card decks ( 120 different cards ) with a CD for online play . In addition to being more powerful than most theme decks , the Leafeon and Metagross decks have special cards that were n't released in any other Japanese sets . There are also Battle Starter decks , which were released with special cards only available to their specific deck . The decks are named Offense ( fire types ) , Defense ( grass types ) , Speed ( electric types ) , and Skill ( water types ) . HeartGold and SoulSilver Revived Legends ( edit ) Heartgold and Soulsilver Revived Legends is the second Japanese set based on the Heartgold and Soulsilver games . It has 80 cards , including the following special cards : Tyranitar Prime , Steelix Prime , Lanturn Prime , Kingdra Prime , Entei & Raikou LEGEND , Suicune & Entei LEGEND , Raikou & Suicune LEGEND , and Alph Lithograph . It has been renamed HS Unleashed in the United States . Lost Link mini-series ( edit ) Lost Link is a mini-set that features Mew Prime , Absol Prime , Gengar Prime , Darkrai and Cresselia LEGEND , and Magnezone Prime . The set has a total of 40 cards . In Japan , it was released on April 16 . Though the boosters have 8 cards rather than 11 in Japan , they cost less than regular boosters . The special feature of the series is that it includes a Stadium called Lost World , which has a revolutionary effect . However , the mini-set will not be released in America , but instead will be combined with the cards from the Japanese set Clash at the Summit , to make HS Triumphant , which was released in America in early November . Fifth generation sets ( edit ) All of the Fifth Generation sets have the words `` Black and White '' in their names ; this comes from the Pokémon Black and Pokémon White video games present in these sets . The first set was released on April 6 , 2011 and included codes that allowed purchasers to play online with an identical deck . Black and White -- Base set ( edit ) Black and White -- Base Set is the first Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black and White . The set has a total of 115 cards , introducing 69 new Pokémon to the TCG , including special full card art versions of Reshiram and Zekrom as well as a hidden rare foil Pikachu . Starting in this set , all non-Pokémon , non-energy cards now have the `` Trainer '' designation . Trainers are now divided into Trainer - Item ( representing old trainer cards ) , Trainer - Supporter , and Trainer - Stadium ( though there were no Stadium in this set ) . The set features Blue Assault ( Samurott ) , Green Tornado ( Serperior ) , and Red Frenzy ( Emboar ) starter decks . Black and White -- Emerging Powers ( edit ) Black and White -- Emerging Powers is the second Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black and White . The set has a total of 98 cards , introducing 31 new Pokémon to the TCG , including special full card art versions of Thundurus and Tornadus . This set features the highly anticipated `` Pokémon Catcher '' Item card . The first Item card since Gust of Wind that lets a player switch their opponent 's active Pokémon , without the opponent choosing the new active . On the release date , the card , an uncommon in the set , was going for upwards of $15.00 on popular buy / sell site TrollandToad.com . The set features Toxic Tricks ( Scolipede ) and Power Play ( Krookodile ) starter decks . Black and White -- Noble Victories ( edit ) Black and White -- Noble Victories is the third Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black and White . This set introduces the final Pokémon from the 5th generation to the card game , aside from the event - exclusive Pokémon ; Keldeo , Meloetta and Genesect . It features the Victory Pokémon Victini , as well as introduces the new Fossil Pokémon , Tirtouga and Archen . Full art cards in this set include Victini , Cobalion , Terrakion , Virizion and the first full art Trainer card , N. The set also includes a hidden rare Meowth . The set features Fast Daze ( Accelgor ) and Furious Knights ( Escavalier ) starter decks . Black and White -- Next Destinies ( edit ) Black and White -- Next Destinies is the fourth Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black and White . Starting from this set , Pokémon from the previous generations were reintroduced and a new type of cards , the Pokémon - EX cards were introduced ( with Shaymin , Reshiram , Kyurem , Zekrom , Mewtwo and Regigigas EX ) . Also included are 4 Secret Rare cards , depicting cards from previous sets , but was reprint as `` shiny '' ; Emboar ( Black & White ) , Chandelure ( Noble Victories ) , Zoroark ( Black & White ) , and Hydreigon ( Noble Victories ) . The starter decks for this set are Explosive Edge ( Reshiram ) and Voltage Vortex ( Zekrom ) , which includes the fourth printing of the Reshiram and Zekrom cards from `` Black and White Base Set '' . 1 card from this expansion , Shiftry ( Black & White -- Next Destinies , 72 / 99 ) , was banned from all Pokémon Organized Play Expanded format events from September 15 , 2015 onward . Black and White -- Dark Explorers ( edit ) Black and White -- Dark Explorers is the fifth Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black and White . This is the second set to reintroduce Pokémon from the previous generations and Pokémon - EX cards ( which are Entei , Raikou , Tornadus , Darkrai , Groudon , Kyogre ) to the card game . There are again , 3 Secret Rare cards ( `` shiny '' ) which were reprinted from earlier sets : Archeops ( Noble Victories ) , Gardevoir ( Next Destinies ) , and a golden Pokémon Catcher ( Emerging Powers ) . The starter decks for this set are : Raiders ( Cofagrigus ) , and Shadows ( Zoroark ) . Black and White -- Dragons Exalted ( edit ) Black and White -- Dragons Exalted is the sixth Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black and White . This is the set to officially introduce the Dragon Pokémon type to the Trading Card Game , and the third set to reintroduce Pokémon from the previous generations . The Pokémon - EX cards in this set are Terrakion , Mew , Ho - Oh , Registeel , and the brand new Dragon type EXs , Rayquaza , and Giratina . Also in this set are 4 Secret Rare cards ( `` shiny '' ) which were reprinted from earlier sets : Reuniclus ( Black and White ) , Serperior ( Black and White ) , Krookodile ( Black and White ) , and Rayquaza ( which was exclusive to the English sets ) . The starter theme decks are : DragonSnarl ( Hydreigon ) , and DragonSpeed ( Garchomp ) . Black and White -- Boundaries Crossed ( edit ) Black and White -- Boundaries Crossed is the first Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 , and the seventh overall of the Black and White series . This set officially introduces the Pokémon ; both Black and White Kyurem , Landorus in its Therian form , Meloetta , and Keldeo , and continuing the trend of reintroducing Pokémon from the previous generations . The Pokémon - EX cards in this set are Celebi , Keldeo ( in Resolution form ) , Cresselia , Landorus ( in Therian form ) , Black Kyurem , and White Kyurem . A new special holofoil Item card , known as Ace Spec cards , was also introduced starting from this set ( there are 4 of them in this set ) . Again , 4 Secret Rare cards ( `` shiny '' ) , reprinted from earlier sets , were included in this set : Golurk ( Dragons Exalted ) , Terrakion ( Noble Victories ) , Altaria ( Dragons Exalted ) , and a golden Rocky Helmet ( Noble Victories ) , and finally , we have 3 new full art supporters ; Bianca ( reprinted from Emerging Powers ) , Cheren ( reprinted from Emerging Powers and / or Dark Explorers ) , and Skyla . The theme decks are : IceShock ( Black Kyurem ) , and ColdFire ( White Kyurem ) . Black and White -- Plasma Storm ( edit ) Black and White -- Plasma Storm is the second Pokémon trading card game set based on the Pokémon games , Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 , and the eighth overall of the Black and White series . It is based on the Japanese set , Plasma Gale ( BW7 ) . This set continues reintroducing Pokémon from the previous generations . The Pokémon - EX cards in this set are Moltres EX , Victini EX , Articuno EX , Zapdos EX , Cobalion EX and Lugia EX . The Ace Spec cards returned in this set . Also , this set focuses around Team Plasma . Black and White -- Plasma Freeze ( edit ) Black and White -- Plasma Freeze is the ninth English , and eighth Japanese , expansion from the Black & White series , and is the second Team Plasma Set . It features Thundurus - EX , Tornadus - EX and Deoxys - EX . A new Ace - Spec was added ( rock guard ) . The Black and White Plasma Freeze has more than 110 cards . Black and White -- Plasma Blast ( edit ) Black and White -- Plasma Blast is the third Team Plasma Set in Pokémon Black and White series . The new Pokémon - EX are Genesect - EX , Dialga - EX , Palkia - EX , Virizion - EX , Jirachi - EX , and Kyurem - EX . Plasma Blast is the first set to have only 11 Pokémon EX Cards , because there is no Full Art version of Kyurem - EX . There is an all new Full Art Supporter which is Iris . In Japanese Plasma Blast is Megalo Cannon , ( BW10 ) . The entire set all together has 101 cards . Black and White -- Legendary Treasures ( edit ) Black and White -- Legendary Treasures is the 11th and final release for Pokémon Black and White . Released on November 6 , 2013 in the United States , this set has 115 cards plus 25 RC ( `` Radiant Collection '' ) cards . There are ten returning Pokémon - EX cards , including Mewtwo - EX , Darkrai - EX , and Keldeo - EX , and two new Pokémon - EX cards , Chandelure - EX and Excadrill - EX . The 25 `` Radiant Collection '' cards will have a special coating and foil patterns , in addition to having their own numbering and rarity scheme . Sixth generation sets ( edit ) The sixth generation sets have `` XY '' in their names . This comes from the sixth generation video games Pokémon X and Pokémon Y . Generation Set No . Name Release date Details XY February 5 , 2014 It featured the three starters of the Kalos Region ( Chespin , Fennekin , and Froakie ) with 60 - card decks built around each , released on November 8 , 2013 , prior to the sets ' release . It introduced Fairy - type cards , and the Basic Energy to go along with that , being the first new type addition after 2012 's Dragon - type . Flashfire May 7 , 2014 It introduced 12 new Trainer cards , five new Pokémon - EX , and three new Mega Evolutions to the game . Furious Fists August 13 , 2014 It introduced 10 new Trainer cards , two new Mega Evolutions , and five new Pokémon - EX to the game . Phantom Forces November 5 , 2014 It brings 122 new cards to the card game , including a new mechanic called `` Spirit Link '' that allows Mega Pokémon to evolve without ending the player 's turn . It also introduces six new Pokémon - EX cards , and two new Mega Evolutions to the game . `` New in the Pokémon TCG - Pokémon TCG : XY -- Phantom Forces '' . Pokémon TCG : XY -- Phantom Forces . < / ref > The card `` Lysandre 's Trump Card '' ( numbered 99 / 119 and 118 / 119 ) , was banned from all sanctioned Pokémon Organized Play events from June 15 , 2015 onward . 5 Primal Clash February 4 , 2015 It brings 164 new cards to the card game , along with the introduction of Primal Reversions with Primal Kyogre - EX and Primal Groudon - EX , as seen in Pokémon Omega Ruby and Pokémon Alpha Sapphire . Primal Clash also introduces twelve new Pokémon - EX , such as Sharpedo - EX , Trevenant - EX , Wailord - EX , and Camerupt - EX . 6 Roaring Skies May 6 , 2015 It includes 110 new cards and 11 new Pokémon - EX , including 4 new Mega Evolution Pokémon , and 9 new Full Art Rare Ultra Pokémon - EX cards . 7 Ancient Origins August 12 , 2015 It brings 100 new cards to the thriving trading card franchise , alongside the release of the Djinn - based Pokémon , Hoopa . Ancient Origins also introduces 14 new Pokémon - EX , including the three Secret Full Art Pokémon - EX cards of Primal Groudon , Primal Kyogre and Mega Rayquaza , all in their respective Shiny ( alternative colour palette ) forms . 8 BREAKthrough November 4 , 2015 This set brings 164 new cards and introduces a new type of Evolution called BREAK which gives an additional Attack or Ability to a Pokémon while retaining its previous Attacks and Ability . 9 BREAKpoint February 3 , 2016 It continues to introduce Pokémon BREAK cards , such as Greninja and Luxray . It also features Full Art Trainer cards of Misty and Skyla from previous generations . 10 Fates Collide May 2 , 2016 Lugia and Delphox are featured as Pokémon BREAK cards , and Alakazam and Genesect as Pokémon - EX . 11 Steam Siege August 3 , 2016 It is the last set to feature the card style used from `` Black & White '' to `` XY '' , as the following set features the style of the original Base Set . It features the Mythical Pokémon of Kalos ; Volcanion and Magearna . It contains six new Pokémon - EX , seven new Pokémon BREAK , as well as bringing back an older mechanic , dual types , which was last seen in the HS -- Triumphant set . 12 Evolutions November 2 , 2016 This set ushers the end of Pokémon TCG -- XY series . The cards were reprints of the Base Set cards and also included some new Pokémon - EX and Trainer cards . Generations ( edit ) Generations is an extra set in the X and Y series of Pokémon cards . This set features many reprints from recent and older sets , including the First and Second Generations . Slowpoke is a reprint from Fossil and the Tauros card uses the artwork from Jungle . Pokémon - EX and Pokémon BREAK are also printed with similar style to the First Generation Sets . Seventh generation sets ( edit ) The seventh generation sets have Sun & Moon in their name . This comes from the seventh generation video games Pokémon Sun and Moon . Generation Set No . Name Release date Details Sun & Moon February 3 , 2017 This set introduced the new mechanics `` Pokémon - GX '' cards and the new Alolan variants of Pokémon . It focuses on the two main Legendary Pokémon of the `` Pokémon Sun and Moon '' video games ; Solgaleo and Lunala . It continues to introduce new Full Art Secret Rare Trainer cards and debuting the new Secret Rare basic Energy cards . Guardians Rising May 5 , 2017 This set provides more Alolan Pokémon cards . It also provides more Pokémon - GX cards , such as Lycanroc - GX and Kommo - o - GX , and Pokémon - GX of the Guardian deities ; Tapu Koko - GX and Tapu Lele - GX . Burning Shadows August 4 , 2017 This set introduces more Alolan Pokémon cards and Pokémon - GX cards , such as Tapu Bulu - GX , Ho - Oh - GX , Necrozma - GX and Marshadow - GX . It also features Full Art Secret Rare Trainer cards of the Trial Captains and Team Skull members from the `` Pokémon Sun and Moon '' video games . Crimson Invasion November 3 , 2017 This set debuts the new Ultra Beasts as Pokémon - GX cards , such as Nihilego - GX , Buzzwole - GX and Guzzlord - GX . Sun & Moon -- Shining Legends is an extra set in the Sun & Moon series of Pokémon cards . It was released on October 6 , 2017 , however , Pokémon Center Online had already released them if players pre-ordered from the website . This set brings back the Shining mechanics from the Second Generation sets ( Neo series ) , with the Legendary Pokémon . Promotional cards ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Throughout the course of the Trading Card Game , there have been many promotional cards released . There have been many error cards as well . Promotional cards have a star that indicates that they are promotional , and the `` expansion '' symbol is a five - pointed black star has the word `` PROMO '' written across as white or cloudy crystal . The first promotional set consisted of 53 cards in all with a 54th being a holographic Ancient Mew ( which is not recognized as a promo card due to its nonconforming layout ) . 53 of the cards vary between holographic and normal , and encompass Pokémon and Trainer cards alike . The most famous of these is likely the card `` Birthday Pikachu '' , for its uniqueness and scarcity . The second promotional set , called Best of Game , was also released by Wizards of the Coast . It included reverse holographic reprints of Hitmonchan and Electabuzz from the Base Set , Rocket 's Hitmonchan and Rocket 's Mewtwo from Gym Challenge , and Professor Elm from Neo Genesis . In addition , there were four new cards : Rocket 's Sneasel and Rocket 's Scizor from the Pokémon * VS Japanese expansion ; and Dark Ivysaur and Dark Venusaur from the Pokémon Web Japanese expansion . Many were taken directly from Japanese cards , though there were a few that simply had alternate art of regular expansion cards . Most were obtainable through league or tournament play , while others were mail - in offers , or exclusive to certain retailers . There have also been `` box toppers '' , special or secret cards that are included at the top of the booster packs in a booster box , as well as various `` jumbo '' cards , Skyridge for example , approximately four times the size of a regular card , and obviously not legal in play . Under Nintendo 's publishing house , the third promotional set consisted of 40 cards . The release of these cards coincided with the Pokémon Organized Play ( POP ) packs , and as a result , are less well documented . They were obtainable in two - card booster packs , given for winning tournaments . The fourth promotional set , also under Nintendo , has been running since the release of Diamond & Pearl Base Set , and are better marketed by Pokémon USA , Inc . External links ( edit ) Pokémon Organized Play ( POP ) and Pokémon official website Pokémon TCG Sets catalog TCG page on Bulbapedia , the Pokémon encyclopedia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.pojo.com/pokemon/error_cards/index.shtml Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Card Search '' . pokebeach.com . Jump up ^ Ebay . `` Pokemon Card Error and Misprint List / Guide '' . Rockcarolina85 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) . http://reviews.ebay.ca/Pokemon-Card-Error-and-Misprint-List-Guide-UPDATED-2012?ugid=10000000143920845 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Card Search '' . pokebeach.com . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Card Search '' . pokebeach.com . Jump up ^ http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/home/F_Pokemon_EX_Emerald.html Archived June 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon TCG : HS -- Unleashed '' . pokemon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ' Unleashed ' Set List '' . Pokebeach.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Electrode and Black Belt from `` Triumphant '' ( October 13th , 2010 ) `` TCG News `` PokéBeach '' . Pokebeach.com. 2010 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retrieved October 20 , 2010 '' . Pokebeach.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retrieved October 20 , 2010 '' . Pokebeach.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Retrieved October 20 , 2010 '' . Pokebeach.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Retrieved October 20 , 2010 '' . Pokebeach.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Retrieved June 19 , 2010 '' . Pokebeach.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Retrieved October 18 , 2010 '' . Pokebeach.com. 2010 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Shiftry Banned from Expanded Format '' . Official Pokemon Website . Pokémon / Nintendo . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Seedhouse , Alex ( 21 September 2013 ) . `` Pokémon X & Y 's Fairy - type to shortly expand Trading Card Game '' . Nintendo Insider . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ong , Larry ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Pokemon X & Y Trading Card Game : TCG Expansion ' Flashfire ' Out in May '' . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Seedhouse , Alex ( 4 July 2014 ) . `` Pokémon TCG : XY - Furious Fists expansion launching in August '' . Nintendo Insider . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lysandre 's Trump Card Banned '' . Official Pokemon Website . Pokémon / Nintendo . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon TCG : XY Expansion Primal Clash Out Next Month '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` XY -- Roaring Skies '' . Pokemon.com . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua . `` Pokemon TCG Fates Collide Release Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Kalajian , Robert . `` Pokemon TCG : XY Steam Siege Launches August 3rd '' . Purple Pawn . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sun & Moon -- Crimson Invasion '' . The Pokémon Company International . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sun & Moon -- Guardians Rising '' . The Pokémon Company International . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sun & Moon -- Burning Shadows '' . The Pokémon Company International . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sun & Moon -- Crimson Invasion '' . The Pokémon Company International . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= List_of_Pokémon_Trading_Card_Game_sets&oldid = 808628316 '' Categories : Pokémon Trading Card Game Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles that may be too long from September 2017 Articles that may contain original research from May 2017 All articles that may contain original research Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Română Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 02 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many sets of pokemon cards are there | [
"This is a list of Pokémon Trading Card Game sets which is a collectible card game first released in Japan in 1996. As of September 2017, there are 74 card sets released in America and 68 in Japan.",
"This is a list of Pokémon Trading Card Game sets which is a collectible card game first released in Japan in 1996. As of September 2017, there are 74 card sets released in America and 68 in Japan."
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"74 card sets released in America",
"68 in Japan"
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7874241054583765907 | Criminal Minds (season 13) | Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) - wikipedia Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) Promotional poster Starring Joe Mantegna Matthew Gray Gubler A.J. Cook Kirsten Vangsness Aisha Tyler Daniel Henney Adam Rodriguez Paget Brewster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 5 Release Original network CBS Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 12 List of Criminal Minds episodes The thirteenth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on April 7 , 2017 , by CBS with an order of 22 episodes . The season premiered on September 27 , 2017 in a new time slot at 10 : 00PM on Wednesday when it had been at 9 : 00PM on Wednesday since its inception . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Special guest star 1.3 Recurring cast 1.4 Guest cast 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) The entire main cast from the previous season will return for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . Following the cancellation of Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders , it was announced that Daniel Henney ( Matt Simmons ) would join the cast this season as a series regular . Main cast ( edit ) Joe Mantegna as David Rossi Matthew Gray Gubler as Spencer Reid A.J. Cook as Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia Aisha Tyler as Dr. Tara Lewis Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons Adam Rodriguez as Luke Alvez Paget Brewster as Emily Prentiss Special guest star ( edit ) Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan Recurring cast ( edit ) Josh Stewart as William LaMontagne Jr . Kelly Frye as Kristy Simmons Declan Whaley as David Simmons Guest cast ( edit ) Bodhi Elfman as Peter Lewis / Mr. Scratch Tracie Thoms as Monica Walker Jamie Kennedy as Floyd Feylinn Ferell Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Criminal Minds was renewed for a thirteenth season with an episode order of 22 episodes on April 7 , 2017 . It was announced that the season would begin to air on September 27 , 2017 . The entire main cast from the previous season will return for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . Matthew Gray Gubler will be directing the seventeenth episode of the season and it is said to be `` the spookiest episode of Season 13 '' and will involve clowns . On August 10 , 2017 , it was revealed that Aisha Tyler will make her television directing debut and direct the sixth episode of the season . On August 12 , 2017 it was revealed that Erica Messer and Kirsten Vangsness will be co-writing the eleventh episode of the season , which will be the fourth episode they have co-written together . On October 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Adam Rodriguez will make his Criminal Minds directing debut and direct the sixteenth episode of the season . Casting ( edit ) Shemar Moore will reprise his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode . On June 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Damon Gupton had been let go from the show after one season . CBS said his departure was `` part of a creative change on the show '' . On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced that Daniel Henney , who was a series regular on Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders as Matt Simmons , would join the main show as a series regular for the thirteenth season . On October 12 , 2017 , it was announced that Shemar Moore would reprise his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode of the season ( `` Lucky Strikes '' ) as his character returns to help Penelope Garcia get through a tough time . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Criminal Minds episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 278 `` Wheels Up '' Glenn Kershaw Breen Frazier September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1301 7.00 When escaped serial killer Peter Lewis ( Bodhi Elfman ) launches a devastating final assault on the BAU and takes one of their own as a hostage , Garcia brings in former International Response Team member Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) to help apprehend Lewis before more lives are lost . 279 `` To a Better Place '' Diana C. Valentine Bruce Zimmerman October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1302 6.17 When suitcases containing human remains are found throughout Naples , Florida , the BAU returns from their bureau - dictated vacation to find a connection between the victims before the killer takes another life . Meanwhile , Reid learns about a condition to his reinstatement and the team officially welcomes Simmons into the fold . 280 `` Blue Angel '' Sharat Raju Christopher Barbour October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1304 5.87 When two businessmen are emasculated in Detroit , Michigan , the BAU investigates a connection between the victims only to discover a family secret that changes the course of the case . Meanwhile , Simmons finds himself bonding with an escort involved in the case . 281 `` Killer App '' Alec Smight Stephanie SenGupta October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1303 5.94 When a workplace shooting in Silicon Valley claims the lives of three employees , the BAU works with the Department of Homeland Security to determine if the shooting was personal and why the victims were targeted . Meanwhile , Prentiss confronts Alvez about the events surrounding his final confrontation with Peter Lewis . 282 5 `` Lucky Strikes '' Tawnia McKiernan Jim Clemente October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 1306 5.91 When a Florida prostitute is found dead with both legs and several fingers missing , the BAU sets out to determine if cannibalistic serial killer Floyd Feylinn Ferell ( Jamie Kennedy ) has embarked on another spree or if a copycat killer is responsible . Meanwhile , former SSA Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) helps Garcia when she becomes overwhelmed by memories of a ten - year - old trauma . 283 6 `` The Bunker '' Aisha Tyler Karen Maser November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1305 TBD 284 7 `` Dust and Bones '' Marcus Stokes Erica Meredith November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1307 TBD 285 8 `` Neon Terror '' Bethany Rooney Erik Stiller November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 1308 TBD 286 9 `` False Flag '' Joe Mantegna Breen Frazier TBA 1309 TBD 287 10 `` Submerged '' Rob Bailey Bruce Zimmerman TBA 1310 TBD 288 11 `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' Simon Mirren Erica Messer & Kirsten Vangsness TBA 1311 TBD 289 12 `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' Christoph Schrewe Karen Maser TBA 1312 TBD 290 13 `` Cure '' Glenn Kershaw Christopher Barbour TBA 1313 TBD 291 14 `` Miasma '' TBA TBA TBA 1314 TBD 292 15 `` TBA '' TBA TBA TBA 1315 TBD 293 16 `` TBA '' Adam Rodriguez Stephanie SenGupta TBA 1316 TBD 294 17 `` TBA '' Matthew Gray Gubler TBA TBA 1317 TBD 295 18 `` TBA '' Joe Mantegna TBA TBA 1318 TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wheels Up '' September 27 , 2017 1.3 / 5 7.00 1.1 4.15 2.4 11.15 `` To a Better Place '' October 4 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.17 1.1 3.98 2.2 10.15 `` Blue Angel '' October 11 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.87 1.0 3.82 2.1 9.68 `` Killer App '' October 18 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.94 1.1 3.87 2.1 9.81 5 `` Lucky Strikes '' October 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.91 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` The Bunker '' November 8 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Dust and Bones '' November 15 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Neon Terror '' November 22 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` False Flag '' TBA TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Renewed For Season 13 By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Angelica , Patricia ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Replicator , season 13 , writers ' strike , USC : an exclusive interview with Harry Bring , the LLPOS of Criminal Minds '' . Criminal Minds Brasil . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gupton , Damon ( @ DamonGupton ) ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` wanted to let you know I appreciate this as I just lost my job . You throwing out the 1st pitch is pure class and a monumental image . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Daniel Henney Of ' Beyond Borders ' Joins Mothership Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vick , Megan ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When Bull , S.W.A.T. , The Big Bang Theory and More CBS Shows Premiere '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on X-Files , Riverdale , Supergirl , Supernatural , Chuck , NCIS , Elementary and More '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Today starts 1305 prep . Director : Aisha Tyler Writer : Karen Maser `` The Bunker '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Then you will be happy to watch Ep 1311 to be written by the fabulous @ ecmess & @ Vangsness . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` # 1316 . It will be written by Stephanie Sengupta . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds Adds Beyond Borders ' Daniel Henney as Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Shemar Moore Set for Encore , to Help Garcia With ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # CM1305 ) `` The Bunker '' `` . The Futon Critic . October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # CM1307 ) `` Dust and Bones '' `` . The Futon Critic . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # CM1308 ) `` Neon Terror '' `` . The Futon Critic . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` 1309 Day One of Preparation . '' False Flag '' Directed by : @ JoeMantegna Written by : Breen Frazier '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Location Scout 1310 . `` Submerged '' Written by : Bruce Zimmerman Directed by : Rob Bailey '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Prep day one 1311 Director : Simon Mirren Writers : @ ecmess @ Vangsness `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` 1312 Karen Maser Christoph Schrewe `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' 1313 Chris Barbour Glenn Kershaw `` Cure '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Miasma '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Yes he is . 1317 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Yes . 1318 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Criminal Minds on IMDb Criminal Minds at TV.com ( hide ) Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Matt Simmons Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Penelope Garcia Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Minds_(season_13)&oldid=808552666 '' Categories : Criminal Minds 2017 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 15 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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"The thirteenth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on April 7, 2017, by CBS with an order of 22 episodes.[1][2] The season premiered on September 27, 2017 in a new time slot at 10:00PM on Wednesday when it had been at 9:00PM on Wednesday since its inception."
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-7156000808226879294 | Black Country | Black Country - wikipedia Black Country Jump to : navigation , search `` Yam Yam '' redirects here . For other uses , see Yam yam . For other uses , see Black Country ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Flag of the Black Country , with colours representing Elihu Burritt 's description of the region as `` black by day and red by night '' , adopted July 2012 The metropolitan boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell and Walsall highlighted within the West Midlands metropolitan county Coordinates : 52 ° 32 ′ N 2 ° 2 ′ W / 52.533 ° N 2.033 ° W / 52.533 ; - 2.033 The Black Country is a region of the West Midlands in England , west of Birmingham , and commonly refers to all or part of the four Metropolitan Boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell , Walsall and Wolverhampton . During the Industrial Revolution , it became one of the most industrialised parts of Britain with coal mines , coking , iron foundries , glass factories , brickworks and steel mills producing a high level of air pollution . The 14 - mile ( 23 km ) road between Wolverhampton and Birmingham was described as `` one continuous town '' in 1785 . The first trace of `` The Black Country '' as an expression dates from the 1840s . The name is believed to come from the soot from the heavy industries that covered the area , although the 30 - foot - thick ( 10 metre ) coal seam close to the surface is another possible origin . Although the heavy polluting industry that gave the region its name has long since disappeared , a sense of shared history and tradition in the area has kept the term in use . In addition , the regeneration of the area by local and national government has brought official recognition to the region and has , to some extent , defined its boundary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extent 1.1 Local government 1.2 Cultural and industrial definition 1.3 Geological definitions 2 Toponymy 3 History 4 Geology and landscape 5 Symbols 6 Economy 7 Dialect and accent 8 Brewing 9 Media 10 South Staffordshire Railway 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Extent ( edit ) South Staffordshire in 1911 . The Black Country region , as indicated on the map , lies to the west and north - west of the city of Birmingham The Black Country has no single set of defined boundaries . Some traditionalists have tended to define it as `` the area where the coal seam comes to the surface -- so West Bromwich , Oldbury , Blackheath , Cradley Heath , Old Hill , Bilston , Dudley , Tipton , Wednesfield and parts of Halesowen , Wednesbury and Walsall but not Wolverhampton , Stourbridge and Smethwick or what used to be known as Warley '' . There are records from the 18th century of shallow coal mines in Wolverhampton , however . Others have included areas slightly outside the coal field which were associated with heavy industry . Today it commonly refers to the majority or all of the four Metropolitan Boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell , Walsall and Wolverhampton although it is said that `` no two Black Country men or women will agree on where it starts or ends '' . Local government ( edit ) Official use of the name came in 1987 with the Black Country Development Corporation , an urban development corporation covering the metropolitan boroughs of Sandwell and Walsall , which was disbanded in 1998 . The Black Country Consortium ( founded in 1999 ) and the Black Country Local Enterprise Partnership ( founded in 2011 ) both define the Black Country as the four metropolitan boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell , Walsall and Wolverhampton , an approximate area of 138 square miles ( 360 km ) . Cultural and industrial definition ( edit ) The borders of the Black Country can be defined by using the special cultural and industrial characteristics of the area . Areas around the canals ( the cut ) which had mines extracting mineral resources and heavy industry refining these are included in this definition . Cultural parameters include unique or characteristic foods such as Groaty pudding , Grey Peas and Bacon , faggots , gammon or pork hocks and pork scratchings ; Black Country Humour ; and the Black Country dialect . Geological definitions ( edit ) Mining the thick coal seam at one of the Earl of Dudley 's pits in the 1870s The Black Country Society defines the Black Country 's borders as the area on the thirty foot coal seam , regardless the depth of the seam . This definition includes West Bromwich and Oldbury , which had many deep pits , and Smethwick . The thick coal that underlies Smethwick was not mined until the 1870s and Smethwick has retained more Victorian character than most West Midland areas . Sandwell Park Colliery 's pit was located in Smethwick and had ' thick coal ' as shown in written accounts from 1878 and coal was also heavily mined in Hamstead further east . Smethwick and Dudley Port were described as `` a thousand swarming hives of metallurgical industries '' by Samuel Griffiths in 1872 . The Black Country Society excludes Wolverhampton ( West Midlands conurbation ) and Stourbridge geologically but includes them culturally , linguistically and in terms of heavy industry as both had iron and steel works , manufacturing industries and contributed enormously to the region . Warley is also included , despite lacking industry and canals , as housing for industrial workers in Smethwick and Oldbury was built there . Another geological definition , the seam outcrop definition , only includes areas where the coal seam is shallow making the soil black at the surface . Some coal mining areas to the east and west of the geologically defined Black Country are therefore excluded by this definition because the coal here is too deep down and does not outcrop . The seam outcrop definition excludes areas in North Worcestershire and South Staffordshire . Since the geological definitions are narrower and exclude many areas which are culturally and industrially similar to the rest of the Black Country , they are irritants to those now wishing to extend the area known as the Black Country for social or commercial reasons . This is the basis for much of the controversy over definitions . Toponymy ( edit ) The first recorded use of the term `` the Black Country '' may be from a toast given by a Mr Simpson , town clerk to Lichfield , addressing a Reformer 's meeting on 24 November 1841 , published in the Staffordshire Advertiser . He describes going into the `` black country '' of Staffordshire - Wolverhampton , Bilston and Tipton . In published literature , the first reference dates from 1846 and occurs in the novel Colton Green : A Tale of the Black Country by the Reverend William Gresley , who was then a prebendary of Lichfield Cathedral . He introduces the area as `` that dismal region of mines and forges , commonly called ' the Black Country ' '' , implying that the term was already in use . Gresley 's opening paragraph stated `` The scene of this story lies in that part of Staffordshire to which the constant exhumation of its mineral resources has long since given the well - known name of the Black Country '' , implying that the original Black Country may not have included Dudley which was in Worcestershire . He also stated that the ' Black Country was twenty miles in length ' , which is also at odds with the ' restricted coalfield ' version propsed by the Black Country Society . The phrase was used again , though as a description rather than a proper noun , by the Illustrated London News in an 1849 article on the opening of the South Staffordshire Railway . An 1851 guidebook to the London and North Western Railway included an entire chapter entitled `` The Black Country '' , including an early description : In this Black Country , including West Bromwich , Dudley , Darlaston , Bilston , Wolverhampton and several minor villages , a perpetual twilight reigns during the day , and during the night fires on all sides light up the dark landscape with a fiery glow . The pleasant green of pastures is almost unknown , the streams , in which no fishes swim , are black and unwholesome ; the natural dead flat is often broken by high hills of cinders and spoil from the mines ; the few trees are stunted and blasted ; no birds are to be seen , except a few smoky sparrows ; and for miles on miles a black waste spreads around , where furnaces continually smoke , steam engines thud and hiss , and long chains clank , while blind gin horses walk their doleful round . From time to time you pass a cluster of deserted roofless cottages of dingiest brick , half swallowed up in sinking pits or inclining to every point of the compass , while the timbers point up like the ribs of a half decayed corpse . The majority of the natives of this Tartarian region are in full keeping with the scenery -- savages , without the grace of savages , coarsely clad in filthy garments , with no change on weekends or Sundays , they converse in a language belarded with fearful and disgusting oaths , which can scarcely be recognised as the same as that of civilized England . -- Samuel Sidney , Rides on Railway This work was also the first to explicitly distinguish the area from nearby Birmingham , noting that `` On certain rare holidays these people wash their faces , clothe themselves in decent garments , and , since the opening of the South Staffordshire Railway , take advantage of cheap excursion trains , go down to Birmingham to amuse themselves and make purchases '' . The geologist Joseph Jukes made it clear in 1858 that he felt the meaning of the term was self - explanatory to contemporary visitors , remarking that `` It is commonly known in the neighbourhood as the ' Black Country ' , an epithet the appropriateness of which must be acknowledged by anyone who even passes through it on a railway '' . Jukes based his Black Country on the seat of the great iron manufacture , which for him was geographically determined by the ironstone tract of the coalfield rather than the thick seam , running from Wolverhampton to Bloxwich , to West Bromwich , to Stourbridge and back to Wolverhampton again . A travelogue published in 1860 made the connection more explicit , calling the name `` eminently descriptive , for blackness everywhere prevails ; the ground is black , the atmosphere is black , and the underground is honeycombed by mining galleries stretching in utter blackness for many a league '' . An alternative theory for the meaning of the name is proposed as having been caused by the darkening of the local soil due to the outcropping coal and the seam near the surface . It was however the American diplomat and travel writer Elihu Burritt who brought the term `` the Black Country '' into widespread common usage with the third , longest and most important of the travel books he wrote about Britain for American readers , his 1868 work Walks in The Black Country and its Green Borderland . Burritt had been appointed United States consul in Birmingham by Abraham Lincoln in 1864 , a role that required him to report regularly on `` facts bearing upon the productive capacities , industrial character and natural resources of communities embraced in their Consulate Districts '' and as a result travelled widely from his home in Harborne , largely on foot , to explore the local area . Burritt 's association with Birmingham dated back 20 years and he was highly sympathetic to the industrial and political culture of the town as well as being a friend many of its leading citizens , so his portrait of the surrounding area was largely positive . He was the author of the famous early description of the Black Country as `` black by day and red by night '' , adding appreciatively that it `` can not be matched , for vast and varied production , by any other space of equal radius on the surface of the globe '' . Burritt used the term to refer to a wider area than its common modern usage , however , devoting the first third of the book to Birmingham , which he described as `` the capital , manufacturing centre , and growth of the Black Country '' , and writing `` plant , in imagination , one foot of your compass at the Town Hall in Birmingham , and with the other sweep a circle of twenty miles ( 30 km ) radius , and you will have , ' the Black Country '' . However he also described a ' Black Country proper ' including Wolverhampton , Dudley , and several smaller towns . Bilston - born Samuel Griffiths , in his 1876 Griffiths Guide to the Iron Trade of Great Britain , stated `` The Black Country commences at Wolverhampton , extends a distance of sixteen miles to Stourbridge , eight miles to West Bromwich , penetrating the northern districts through Willenhall to Bentley , The Birchills , Walsall and Darlaston , Wednesbury , Smethwick and Dudley Port , West Bromwich and Hill Top , Brockmoor , Wordsley and Stourbridge . As the atmosphere becomes purer , we get to the higher ground of Brierley Hill , nevertheless here also , as far as the eye can reach , on all sides , tall chimneys vomit forth great clouds of smoke '' . He also stated that `` Wolverhampton is considered to be The Capital of the Black Country '' , as well as `` The Capital of the Iron Trade in the Black Country '' . History ( edit ) The Oak House , West Bromwich . A Yeoman Farmer 's house dating from the late 16th or early 17th century , it represents a rare surviving building from the pre-industrial Black Country A few Black Country places such as Wolverhampton , Bilston and Wednesfield are mentioned in Anglo - Saxon charters and chronicles and the forerunners of a number of Black Country towns and villages such as Cradley , Dudley , Smethwick , and Halesowen are included in the Domesday Book of 1086 . At this early date , the area was mostly rural . A monastery was founded in Wolverhampton in the Anglo - Saxon period and a castle and priory was built at Dudley during the period of Norman rule . Another religious house , Premonstratensian Abbey of Halesowen , was founded in the early 13th century . A number of Black Country villages developed into market towns and boroughs in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries , notably Dudley , Walsall and Wolverhampton . Coal mining was carried out for several centuries in the Black Country , starting from medieval times , and metalworking was important in the Black Country area as early as the 16th century spurred on by the presence of iron ore and coal in a seam 30 feet ( 9 m ) thick , the thickest seam in Great Britain , which outcropped in various places . Many people had an agricultural smallholding and supplemented their income by working as nailers or smiths , an example of a phenomenon known to economic historians as proto - industrialisation and by the 1620s `` Within ten miles ( 16 km ) of Dudley Castle there were 20,000 smiths of all sorts '' . In 1642 at the start of the Civil War , Charles I failed to capture the two arsenals of Portsmouth and Hull , which although in cities loyal to Parliament were located in counties loyal to him . As he had failed to capture the arsenals , Charles did not possess any supply of swords , pikes , guns , or shot ; all these the Black Country could and did provide . From Stourbridge came shot , from Dudley cannon . Numerous small forges which then existed on every brook in the north of Worcestershire turned out successive supplies of sword blades and pike heads . It was said that among the many causes of anger Charles had against Birmingham was that one of the best sword makers of the day , Robert Porter , who manufactured swords in Digbeth , Birmingham , refused at any price to supply swords for `` that man of blood '' ( A Puritan nickname for King Charles ) , or any of his adherents . As an offset to this sword - cutler and men like him in Birmingham , the Royalists had among their adherents Colonel Dud Dudley , who had invented a means of smelting iron by the use of coke , and who claimed he could turn out `` all sorts of bar iron fit for making of muskets , carbines , and iron for great bolts '' , both more cheaply , more speedily and more excellent than could be done in any other way . His method was employed on the King 's behalf . A Black Country scene from the 1870s including coal mines , mineral railways , furnaces and factories . An important milestone in the establishment of Black Country industry came when John Wilkinson set up an iron works at Bradley near Bilston . In 1757 he started making iron there by coke - smelting rather than using charcoal . His example was followed by others and iron making spread rapidly across the Black Country . Another important development of the 18th century was the construction of canals to link the Black Country mines industries to the rest of the country . Between 1768 and 1772 a canal was constructed by James Brindley starting in Birmingham through the heart of the Black Country and eventually leading to the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal . By the 19th century or early 20th century , many villages had their characteristic manufacture , but earlier occupations were less concentrated . Some of these concentrations are less ancient than sometimes supposed . For example , chain making in Cradley Heath seems only to have begun in about the 1820s , and the Lye holloware industry is even more recent . The ironworks of W. Barrows and Sons , Tipton . Canals were of crucial importance in the development of Black Country industry . Prior to the Industrial Revolution , coal and limestone were worked only on a modest scale for local consumption , but during the Industrial Revolution by the opening of canals , such as the Birmingham Canal Navigations , Stourbridge Canal and the Dudley Canal ( the Dudley Canal Line No 1 and the Dudley Tunnel ) opened up the mineral wealth of the area to exploitation . Advances in the use of coke for the production in iron enabled iron production ( hitherto limited by the supply of charcoal ) to expand rapidly . By Victorian times , the Black Country was one of the most heavily industrialised areas in Britain , and it became known for its pollution , particularly from iron and coal industries and their many associated smaller businesses . This led to the expansion of local railways and coal mine lines . The line running from Stourbridge to Walsall via Dudley Port and Wednesbury closed in the 1960s , but the Birmingham to Wolverhampton line via Tipton is still a major transport route . The anchors and chains for the ill - fated liner RMS Titanic were manufactured in the Black Country in the area of Netherton . Three anchors and accompanying chains were manufactured ; and the set weighed in at 100 tons . The centre anchor alone weighed 12 tons and was pulled through Netherton on its journey to the ship by 20 Shire horses . Glass cones where glass was made and worked were once a common sight in Dudley and Stourbridge . This example , now a museum , is situated near Stourbridge In 1913 , the Black Country was the location of arguably one of the most important strikes in British trade union history when the workers employed in the area 's steel tube trade came out for two months in a successful demand for a 23 shilling minimum weekly wage for unskilled workers , giving them pay parity with their counterparts in nearby Birmingham . This action commenced on 9 May in Wednesbury , at the Old Patent tube works of John Russell & Co. Ltd. , and within weeks upwards of 40,000 workers across the Black Country had joined the dispute . Notable figures in the labour movement , including a key proponent of Syndicalism , Tom Mann , visited the area to support the workers and Jack Beard and Julia Varley of the Workers ' Union were active in organising the strike . During this confrontation with employers represented by the Midlands Employers ' Federation , a body founded by Dudley Docker , the Asquith Government 's armaments programme was jeopardised , especially its procurement of naval equipment and other industrial essentials such as steel tubing , nuts and bolts , destroyer parts , etc . This was of national significance at a time when Britain and Germany were engaged in the Anglo - German naval arms race that preceded the outbreak of the First World War . Following a ballot of the union membership , a settlement of the dispute was reached on 11 July after arbitration by government officials from the Board of Trade led by the Chief Industrial Commissioner Sir George Askwith , 1st Baron Askwith . One of the important consequences of the strike was the growth of organised labour across the Black Country , which was notable because until this point the area 's workforce had effectively eschewed trade unionism . The area had earlier gained widespread notoriety for its hellish appearance . Charles Dickens 's novel The Old Curiosity Shop , written in 1841 , described how the area 's local factory chimneys `` Poured out their plague of smoke , obscured the light , and made foul the melancholy air '' . In 1862 , Elihu Burritt , the American Consul in Birmingham , described the region as `` black by day and red by night '' , because of the smoke and grime generated by the intense manufacturing activity and the glow from furnaces at night . Early 20th century representations of the region can be found in the Mercian novels of Francis Brett Young , most notably My Brother Jonathan ( 1928 ) . Chain making , once a major Black Country industry , as demonstrated at the Black Country Living Museum . Carol Thompson the curator `` The Making of Mordor '' at Wolverhampton Art Gallery in the last quarter of 2014 stated that J.R.R. Tolkien 's description of the grim region of Mordor `` resonates strongly with contemporary accounts of the Black Country '' , in his famed novel The Lord of the Rings . Indeed , in the Elvish Sindarin language , Mor - Dor means Dark ( or Black ) Land . It is also claimed by one Black Country scholar ( Peter Higginson ) that the character of Bilbo Baggins may have been based on Tolkien 's observation of Mayor Ben Bilboe of Bilston in The Black Country , who was a Communist and Labour Party member from the Lunt in Bilston . But the scholarly evidence for this is still questionable . The 20th century saw a decline in coal mining in the Black Country , with the last colliery in the region -- Baggeridge Colliery near Sedgley -- closing on 2 March 1968 , marking the end of an era after some 300 years of mass coal mining in the region , though a small number of open cast mines remained in use for a few years afterwards . As the heavy industry that had named the region faded away , in the 1970 's a museum , called the Black Country Living Museum started to take shape on derelict land near to Dudley . Today this museum demonstrates Black Country crafts and industry from days gone by and includes many original buildings which have been transported and reconstructed at the site . Geology and landscape ( edit ) A dark seam of coal is clearly visible on the sides of Doultons Clay Pit , in Saltwells Wood to the south of Netherton The history of industry in the Black Country is connected directly to its underlying geology . Much of the region lies upon an exposed coalfield forming the southern part of the South Staffordshire Coalfield where mining has taken place since the Middle Ages . There are , in fact several coal seams , some of which were given names by the miners . The top , thin coal seam is known as Broach Coal . Beneath this lies successively the Thick Coal , Heathen Coal , Stinking Coal , Bottom Coal and Singing Coal seams . Other seams also exist . The Thick Coal seam was also known as the `` Thirty Foot '' or `` Ten Yard '' seam and is made up of a number of beds that have come together to form one thick seam . Interspersed with the coal seams are deposits of iron ore and fireclay . The Black Country coal field is bounded on the north by the Bentley Fault , to the north of which lies the Cannock Chase Coalfield . Around the exposed coalfield , separated by geological faults , lies a concealed coalfield where the coal lies at much greater depth . A mine was sunk between 1870 and 1874 over the eastern boundary of the then known coal field in Smethwick and coal was discovered at a depth of over 400 yards . In the last decade of the 19th century , coal was discovered beyond the western boundary fault at Baggeridge at a depth of around 600 yards . A broken ridge runs across the Black Country in a north - westerly direction from Rowley Regis through Dudley , Wrens Nest and Sedgley , separating the Black Country into two regions . This ridge forms part of a major watershed of England with streams to the north taking water to the Tame and then via the Trent into the North Sea whilst to the south of the ridge , water flows into the Stour and thence to the Severn and the Bristol Channel . At Dudley and Wrens Nest , limestone was mined . This rock formation was formed in the Silurian period and contain many fossils . One particular fossilized creature , the trilobite Calymene blumenbachii , was so common that it became known as the `` Dudley Bug '' or `` Dudley Locust '' and was incorporated into the coat - of - arms of the County Borough of Dudley . Symbols ( edit ) In recent years the Black Country has seen the adoption of symbols and emblems with which to represent itself . The first of these to be registered was the Black Country tartan in 2009 , designed by Philip Tibbetts from Halesowen . In 2008 the idea of a flag for the region was first raised . After four years of campaigning a competition was successfully organised with the Black Country Living Museum . This resulted in the adoption of the Flag of the Black Country as designed by Gracie Sheppard of Redhill School in Stourbridge and was registered with the Flag Institute in July 2012 . The flag was unveiled at the museum on 14 July 2012 as part of celebration in honour of the 300th anniversary of the erection of the first Newcomen atmospheric engine . Following this it was agreed by the museum and Black Country society for 14 July to be recognised as Black Country Day to celebrate the areas role in the Industrial Revolution . The day was marked by Department for Communities and Local Government in 2013 and following calls to do more in 2014 more events were planned around the region . Black Country Day takes place on 14 July each year , originally organised by Steven Edwards . Originally in March , the day was later moved to 14 July - the anniversary of the invention of the Newcomen steam engine . Economy ( edit ) The heavy industry which once dominated the Black Country has now largely gone . The 20th century saw a decline in coal mining and the industry finally came to an end in 1968 with the closure of Baggeridge Colliery near Sedgley . Clean air legislation has meant that the Black Country is no longer black . The area still maintains some manufacturing , but on a much smaller scale than historically . Chainmaking is still a viable industry in the Cradley Heath area where the majority of the chain for the Ministry of Defence and the Admiralty fleet is made in modern factories . Much but not all of the area now suffers from high unemployment and parts of it are amongst the most economically deprived communities in the UK . This is particularly true in parts of the metropolitan boroughs of Sandwell , Walsall and Wolverhampton . According to the Government 's 2007 Index of Deprivation ( ID 2007 ) , Sandwell is the third most deprived authority in the West Midlands region , after Birmingham and Stoke - on - Trent , and the 14th most deprived of the UK 's 354 districts . Wolverhampton is the fourth most deprived district in the West Midlands , and the 28th most deprived nationally . Walsall is the fifth most deprived district in the West Midlands region , and the 45th most deprived in the country . Dudley fares better , but still has pockets of deprivation . Overall Dudley is the 100th most deprived district of the UK , but the second most affluent of the seven metropolitan districts of the West Midlands , with Solihull coming top . As with many urban areas in the UK , there is also a significant ethnic minority population in parts : in Sandwell , 22.6 per cent of the population are from ethnic minorities , and in Wolverhampton the figure is 23.5 per cent . However , in Walsall 84.6 per cent of the population is described as white , while in Dudley 92 per cent of the population is white . Resistance to mass immigration in the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s led to the slogan `` Keep the Black Country white ! '' . The Black Country suffered its biggest economic blows in the late 1970s and early 1980s , when unemployment soared largely because of the closure of historic large factories including the Round Oak Steel Works at Brierley Hill and the Patent Shaft steel plant at Wednesbury . Unemployment rose drastically across the country during this period as a result of the Thatcher government 's neo-liberal economic policies ; later , in an implicit acknowledgement of the social problems this had caused , these areas were designated as Enterprise Zones , and some redevelopment occurred . Round Oak and the surrounding farmland was developed as the Merry Hill Shopping Centre and Waterfront commercial and leisure complex , while the Patent Shaft site was developed as an industrial estate . Unemployment in Brierley Hill peaked at more than 25 % -- around double the national average at the time -- during the first half of the 1980s following the closure of Round Oak Steel Works , giving it one of the worst unemployment rates of any town in Britain . The Merry Hill development between 1985 and 1990 managed to reduce the local area 's unemployment dramatically , however . The Black Country Living Museum in Dudley recreates life in the Black Country in the early 20th century , and is a popular tourist attraction . On 17 February 2012 the museum 's collection in its entirety was awarded Designation by Arts Council England ( ACE ) . Designation is a mark of distinction that celebrates unique collections of national and international importance . The fouir metropolitan boroughs of the Black Country form part of the Birmingham metropolitan economy , the second largest in the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the government announced the creation of the Black Country Enterprise Zone . The zone includes 5 sites in Wolverhampton and 14 in Darlaston . The i54 business park in Wolverhampton is the largest of the 19 sites ; its tenants include Jaguar Land Rover . The largest site in Darlaston is that of the former IMI James Bridge Copper Works . Dialect and accent ( edit ) Main article : Black Country dialect The traditional Black Country dialect , known as `` Black Country Spake '' ( as in `` Where 's our Spake Gone '' a 2014 - 16 lottery funded project to preserve and document the dialect ) preserves many archaic traits of Early Modern English and even Middle English and can be very confusing for outsiders . Thee , Thy and Thou are still in use , as is the case in parts of Yorkshire and Lancashire . `` ' Ow B'ist , '' or `` Ow b'ist gooin '' ( How are you / how are you going ) , to which typical responses would be `` Bostin ah kid '' ( Bostin means `` Bursting '' , and implies being filled with good , and `` Ah Kid '' ( our kid ) is a term of endearment ) or `` ' Bay too bah , '' ( `` I be not too bad '' / I 'm not too bad ) . Ai n't is in common use as when `` I have n't seen her '' becomes `` I ay sid ' er . '' Black Country dialect often uses `` ar '' where other parts of England use `` yes '' ( this is common as far away as Yorkshire ) . Similarly , the local version of `` you '' is pronounced / ˈjaʊ / YOW , rhyming with `` now . '' The local pronunciation includes `` goo '' ( elsewhere `` go '' ) or `` gewin ' '' is similar to that elsewhere in the Midlands . It is quite common for broad Black Country speakers to say `` ' agooin ' '' where others say `` going . '' A woman is a `` wench '' , a man is a `` mon '' , a nurse is a `` nuss '' and home is `` wom '' . An apple is an `` opple '' . Other examples are `` code '' for the word cold , and `` goost '' for the word Ghost . A Sofa becomes a `` sofie '' , and a Fag ( cigarette ) , a `` fake '' . Seen becomes `` Sid '' . Put together , `` I just sid a Goost , so I bist gooin to sit on ma sofie and have a fake '' ( I have just seen a ghost , so I am going to sit upon my sofa and have a cigarette ) Some idioms link to local landmarks , some quite recent , such as saying a woman of loose morals is `` a wench what goos up t'back a Rackhams '' ( `` a woman who goes behind the Rackham 's Department Store in Birmingham '' ) , as this area was once connected with prostitution . Food may be called `` fittle '' ( after victuals or `` vittles '' ) , so `` Bostin fittle '' is `` good food '' . One participant in the `` Where 's our Spake Gone '' project related the following : `` Day say yom call oos rabbits up ere . I say We day , dey say yow say `` Tah rah rabbits '' . Weem say Tah - Ra a bit , un to dem , it sound like weem calling dem rabbits . '' ( `` They say you call us rabbits there , I said we do n't , ( but ) they say you say `` Tah Rah Rabbits '' . We say `` Tah Rah A bit '' ( Tah Rah for a little while ) and to them , it sounds like we are calling them rabbits. `` ) The dialect has local differences , and sounds and phrases differ across the towns ; often people can mishear a word or phrase and write it down wrong as in `` shut charow up , '' which actually is `` shut ya row up , '' so one has to be careful when hearing words and phrases . Brewing ( edit ) See also : List of breweries in the Black Country The Black Country is notable for its small breweries and brewpubs which , unlike most in Britain , continued brewing their own beer alongside larger breweries which opened in the Industrial Revolution . Small breweries and brewpubs in the Black Country include Bathams in Brierley Hill , Holdens in Woodsetton , Sarah Hughes in Sedgley and the Old Swan Inn ( Ma Pardoe 's ) in Netherton . They produce light and dark mild ales , as well as malt - accented bitters and seasonal strong ales . Media ( edit ) The Black Country is home to one television station Made in Birmingham and three region wide radio stations -- BBC WM , Free Radio and Free Radio 80s . Both Free Radio ( formerly Beacon Radio ) and Free Radio 80s ( formerly Beacon 303 , Radio WABC & Gold ) have broadcast since 1976 from transmitters at Turner 's Hill and Sedgley , with the studios which were previously located in Wolverhampton being moved to Oldbury and Birmingham respectively . The area also has three other radio stations which only officially cover part of the region . Black Country Radio ( born from a merger of 102.5 The Bridge and BCCR ) who are based in Stourbridge , Signal 107 who broadcast from Wolverhampton and Ambur Radio who broadcast from Walsall . The Express and Star is one of the region 's two daily newspapers , publishing eleven local editions from its Wolverhampton headquarters and its five district offices ( for example the Dudley edition is considerably different in content from the Wolverhampton or Stafford editions ) . It is the biggest selling regional paper in the UK . Incidentally , the Express and Star , traditionally a Black Country paper , has expanded to the point where they sell copies from vendors in Birmingham city centre . The Black Country Mail -- a local edition of the Birmingham Mail -- is the region 's other daily newspaper . Its regional base is in Walsall town centre . Established in 1973 , from a site in High Street , Cradley Heath , the Black Country Bugle has also contributed to the region 's history . It started as a fortnightly publication , but due to its widespread appeal , now appears on a weekly basis . It is now located above the Dudley Archives and Local History Centre on Tipton Road , Dudley . South Staffordshire Railway ( edit ) South Staffordshire Line See also ( edit ) Pays Noir ( in French meaning `` Black country '' ) , referring to Sillon industriel , a similar early industrial region in Belgium . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Black Country Flag Design -- Officially Registered '' . Black Country Museum . 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What or where is the Black Country ? '' . Blackcountrysociety.co.uk . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` What and where is the Black Country ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Peter M. ( 2009 ) . Industrial Enlightenment : Science , technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands , 1760 -- 1820 . Manchester : Manchester University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 7770 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jones , Peter M. ( 2009 ) . `` Birmingham and the West Midlands '' . Industrial Enlightenment : Science , technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands , 1760 -- 1820 . Manchester : Manchester University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 7770 - 2 . The notion of the Black Country , that is to say , a rectangle of territory bounded by Wolverhampton and Walsall to the north and Smethwick , Halesowen and Stourbridge to the south , is also an anachronism , since the expression can not be traced back beyond the 1840s Jump up ^ `` RR Angerstein 's Illustrated Travel Diary 1753 - 55 '' Jump up ^ Parsons , Harold ( 1986 ) . Portrait of the Black Country . London : Robert Hale . ISBN 0709025742 . ^ Jump up to : Palliser , D.M. ( 1976 ) . The Staffordshire Landscape . London : Hodder and Staunton . ISBN 0340129948 . Jump up ^ `` Official Black Country history website , featuring content supplied by the metropolitan boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell and Walsall , and the City of Wolverhampton '' . Blackcountryhistory.org . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham and the Black Country are neighbouring areas located in the English West Midlands ... The Black Country has no agreed physical or political boundaries being defined instead of what is it is not , and primarily , by its residents , in opposition to the neighbouring large city of Birmingham '' ( Clark 2013 , p. 140 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Enterprise Zones : only one piece of the economic regeneration puzzle '' . London Chamber of Commerce and Industry . July 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Us - BCLEP '' . Black Country LEP . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Jokes '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Chitham , Edward ( 2009 ) . The Black Country . Amblerley Publications . p. 152 . Jump up ^ http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/robertburden/Sandwell.htm Jump up ^ http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/articles/BlackCountry2.htm Jump up ^ `` Reform dinner at Lichfield '' . Staffordshire Advertiser. 27 November 1841 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Upton , Chris ( 18 November 2011 ) . `` And so it came to pass ... '' Birmingham Post . Trinity Mirror Midlands . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Gavin ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` ' Black Country ' in print over twenty years before Elihu Burritt '' . Black Country Bugle . Staffordshire Newspapers Limited . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Sidney , Samuel . `` Rides on Railways '' . AJH Computer Services . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://distinctlyblackcountry.org.uk/ Jump up ^ Mugridge , Stuart ( 2007 ) . `` Mapping The Black Country '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh , Peter T. ( Sep 2013 ) . `` Burritt , Elihu ( 1810 -- 1879 ) , peace campaigner and American consul '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Gordon ( 23 February 2006 ) . `` ' Ackle ' -- a word causing some hassle ! '' . Black Country Bugle . Staffordshire Newspapers . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press Pack '' ( pdf ) . Black Country Living Museum . p. 3 . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ian , Walden ( 29 July 2007 ) . `` Keeping history alive ; Ian Walden , Director of The Black Country Living Museum in Dudley , explains why he thinks Birmingham and the West Midlands needs more of a vision '' . Birmingham Post . Trinity Mirror Midlands . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnsby , George J. ( 1985 ) . The origins of Wolverhampton to 1085 . Wolverhampton Borough Council . ISBN 0905654064 . Jump up ^ Hemingway , John ( 2006 ) . An Illustrated Chronicle of the Castle and Barony of Dudley 1070 - 1757 . Dudley : The Friends of Dudley Castle . ISBN 9780955343803 . Jump up ^ `` Houses of Premonstratensian canons : Abbey of Halesowen British History Online '' . www.british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` History of Saltwells Local Nature Reserve '' . Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Dudley 1854 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ John William Willis - Bund . The Civil War in Worcestershire , 1642 -- 1646 : And the Scotch Invasion of 1615 , Birmingham : The Midland Educational Company , ltd. , 1905 , pp. 4 , 5 , 88 Jump up ^ Joan Zuckerman , Geoffrey Eley . The Birmingham Heritage , Taylor & Francis , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 85664 - 875 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85664 - 875 - 5 . p. 34 Jump up ^ Paget - Tomlinson , Edward W. ( 2006 ) ( 1978 ) . The Illustrated History of Canal & River Navigations . Landmark Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84306 - 207 - 0 . Jump up ^ G. Askwith , Industrial Problems and Disputes ( New York : Harcourt , Brace & Co. , 1920 ) ^ Jump up to : BBC staff ( 20 September 2014 ) . `` Was the Lord of the Rings inspired by Black Country industry ? '' . BBC . Retrieved March 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Closing of Baggeridge '' . Blackcountrysociety.co.uk . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coal and Iron '' . maps.nls.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cameron , D.G. `` Mineral Resource Information for Development Plans '' . www.bgs.ac.uk . British Geological Survey . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Murchison , Roderick ( 1839 ) . The Silurian System . London : John Murray . pp. 463 -- 479 . ^ Jump up to : Jukes , Joseph Beete ( 1859 ) . The South Staffordshire coal - field . London : Longman , Green , Longman and Roberts . Jump up ^ Chapman , Nigel ( 2009 ) . South Staffordshire Coalfield . Stroud : Amberley Publishing Limited . ISBN 9781848689718 . Jump up ^ `` Sinking of Baggeridge '' . www.blackcountrysociety.co.uk . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The most fossiliferous place in the United Kingdom ! '' . www.dudley.gov.uk . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Black Country gets its own tartan BBC NEWS , 12 January 2009 Jump up ^ Reference : WR3278 Scottish Tartan World Register Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Scottish Register of Tartans Jump up ^ `` Flying the Flag for the Black Country '' . Express & Star . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Flag for the Black Country '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Budding artists invited to design official Black Country flag '' . Dudley News . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Flag '' . British County Flags . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country -- UK Flag Registry '' . Flag Institute . 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Flag Design -- Officially Registered '' . Black Country Living Museum . April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Day '' . British County Flags . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country flag flies high in Whitehall '' . Department for Communities and Local Government . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's fly the flag for the Black Country Day '' . Express & Star . 3 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Day 2014 '' . Express & Star . 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ http://brierleyhillnesstoolkit.wordpress.com/my-brierley-hill-street-interviews/facts-and-stats/ Jump up ^ `` Arts Council Designation Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New ' enterprise zones ' announced around England '' . BBC News Online . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More than 350 jobs to be created at site '' . Express & Star . 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff and Agencies Wolverhampton researches Black Country dialect Guardian Unlimited , 27 January 2003 Jump up ^ http://www.freeradio.co.uk/listen-free-radio-80s/ Jump up ^ http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/mcamaps/MCAs.htm Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 25 August 2010 ) . `` Regional newspaper ABCs : Two evening papers buck downward trend Media guardian.co.uk '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . References ( edit ) Dudley , Dudd ( 1854 ) ( 1665 ) , Bagnall , John N. , ed. , Dud Dudley 's Metallum Martis : or , Iron made with pit - coale , sea - coale , &c : and with the same fuell to melt and fine imperfect mettals , and refine perfect mettals ( reprint ed . ) , London Clark , Urszula ( 2013 ) , Language and Identity in Englishes , Routledge , pp. 92 -- 94 , 140 , ISBN 9781135904807 Further reading ( edit ) Raybould , T.J. ( 1973 ) . The Economic Emergence of the Black Country : A Study of the Dudley Estate . Newton Abbot : David & Charles . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 5995 - 9 . Rowlands , M.B. ( 1975 ) . Masters and Men in the West Midlands metalware trades before the industrial revolution . Manchester : Manchester University Press . Gale , W.K.V. ( 1966 ) . The Black Country Iron Industry : a technical history London : The Iron and Steel Institute . Higgs , L. ( 2004 ) A Description of Grammatical Features and Their Variation in the Black Country Dialect Schwabe Verlag Basel . Led Zeppelin ( 1975 ) . `` Black Country Woman '' , Physical Graffiti . Webster , L. ( 2012 ) Lone Wolf : memoirs in the form of short stories . Dudley : Kates Hill Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904552 - 42 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Black Country Dialect ( `` Ow we spake '' ) Black Country Dialect The Black Country 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article BBC Black Country BBC website for Dudley , Sandwell , Walsall and Wolverhampton Black Country History Catalogue of Museums and Archives in the Black Country Black Country Living Museum Website Black Country Society Ceremonial county of West Midlands Metropolitan districts City of Birmingham City of Coventry City of Wolverhampton Metropolitan Borough of Dudley Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell Metropolitan Borough of Solihull Metropolitan Borough of Walsall Major settlements Aldridge Bilston Birmingham Blackheath Bloxwich Brierley Hill Brownhills Coventry Cradley Heath Darlaston Dudley Fordbridge Halesowen Oldbury Rowley Regis Smethwick Solihull Stourbridge Sutton Coldfield Tipton Walsall Wednesbury West Bromwich Willenhall Wolverhampton See also : West Midlands Rivers River Blythe River Cole River Penk River Rea Smestow Brook River Sherbourne River Sow River Sowe River Stour River Tame Canals Birmingham Canal Navigations Shropshire Union Canal Staffordshire & Worcestershire Worcester & Birmingham Topics Places Population of major settlements Parliamentary constituencies SSSIs Country houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II * listed buildings Conservation areas History Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Museums Black Country Birmingham Airport Coventry / Bedworth Urban Area Transport for West Midlands West Midlands conurbation West Midlands Combined Authority Mayor of the West Midlands Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent Europe United Kingdom England Varieties by common name Barrovian Black Country Brummie Bristolian Cheshire Cockney `` Mockney '' Cornish Cumbrian East Anglian East Midlands Essex Estuary Geordie Kentish Lancastrian Mackem Mancunian Multicultural London Norfolk Northern Pitmatic Potteries Received Pronunciation Scouse Southern Suffolk Sussex West Country `` Mummerset '' West Midlands Yorkshire Varieties by geographic location East of England Essex Norfolk Suffolk East Midlands North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Manchester Merseyside Sunderland Tyneside Yorkshire South Kent Thames Estuary ; London Multicultural London Sussex West Country Bristol Cornwall Dorset West Midlands Black Country Birmingham Stoke - on - Trent Northern Ireland Mid Ulster Ulster Scots Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin D4 South - West Cork Supraregional Ulster Channel Islands Alderney Guernsey Jersey Elsewhere Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta North and South America United States Varieties by common name African American Appalachian Boston Cajun California Chicago ; Detroit ; Great Lakes Chicano Mid-Atlantic Philadelphia ; South Jersey Baltimorese General American High Tider Maine Miami Midland Midwestern New England New Mexican New York Old Southern Pacific Northwest Pennsylvania Dutch Pittsburghese Rhode Island Southern Texan Upper Midwestern Western Vermont Yat Yeshivish Yooper Varieties by geographic location Delaware Valley ; Mid-Atlantic Pennsylvania Dutch Philadelphia ; South Jersey Baltimore Midland Midwest Great Lakes ; Inland North Upper Midwest Upper Peninsula of Michigan New England Boston Maine Rhode Island Vermont New York City ; Northeastern New Jersey New York Latino North South Acadiana Appalachia Chesapeake ; Pamlico Miami New Orleans Texas West California New Mexico Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Cape Breton Newfoundland Lunenburg Standard Ottawa Valley Pacific Northwest Quebec Caribbean Bahamas Barbados Dominican Republic Jamaica Puerto Rico Trinidad Elsewhere Bermuda Falkland Islands Guyana Oceania Australia Aboriginal Broad ; Strine General South Australian Torres Strait West Australian Elsewhere Fiji New Zealand Palau Solomon Islands Other continents Africa Cameroon Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Sierra Leone South Africa White Cultivated General Broad Cape Flats Black Indian Uganda Asia Bangladesh Brunei Burma or Myanmar Hong Kong India Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Country&oldid=810213983 '' Categories : Black Country Areas of the West Midlands ( county ) History of the West Midlands ( county ) Coal mining regions in England Culture in the West Midlands ( region ) Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates EngvarB from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Latina Nederlands Polski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 23 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the black country name come from | [
"The 14-mile (23 km) road between Wolverhampton and Birmingham was described as \"one continuous town\" in 1785.[4] The first trace of \"The Black Country\" as an expression dates from the 1840s.[5] The name is believed to come from the soot from the heavy industries that covered the area, although the 30-foot-thick (10 metre) coal seam close to the surface is another possible origin."
] | [
"believed to come from the soot from the heavy industries that covered the area, although the 30-foot-thick (10 metre) coal seam close to the surface is another possible origin"
] |
-8324408179455416582 | Muppet Babies | Muppet Babies - wikipedia Muppet Babies Jump to : navigation , search For the reboot , see Muppet Babies ( 2018 TV series ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Muppet Babies First and second season title card Also known as Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies Genre Animated series Created by Jim Henson Based on The Muppets by Jim Henson Developed by Jeffrey Scott Written by Jeffrey Scott Sindy McKay Larry Swerdlove Hank Saroyan J.R. Young Voices of Greg Berg Barbara Billingsley Dave Coulier ( Season 3 -- 8 ) Katie Leigh Howie Mandel ( Season 1 -- 2 ) Laurie O'Brien Russi Taylor Frank Welker Theme music composer Hank Saroyan Rob Walsh Opening theme `` Muppet Babies '' Ending theme `` Muppet Babies '' ( Instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Rob Walsh ( Season 1 -- 6 ) Robert Irving ( Season 7 -- 8 ) Hank Saroyan ( Season 7 -- 8 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 107 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Lee Gunther ( Season 1 -- 5 ) Margaret Loesch ( Season 1 -- 7 ) Jim Henson ( Season 5 -- 7 ) Michael K. Frith ( Season 7 -- 8 ) Joe Taritero ( Season 7 -- 8 ) Producer ( s ) John Ahern ( Season 1 -- 5 ) Bob Richardson ( Season 1 -- 7 ) Robert Shellhorn ( Season 5 -- 6 ) Roy Allen Smith ( Season 7 -- 8 ) Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Marvel Productions The Jim Henson Company Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network CBS Audio format Mono ( 1984 -- 86 ) CBS Stereosound ( 1987 -- 91 ) Original release September 15 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 15 ) -- November 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 22 ) Chronology Preceded by The Muppets Take Manhattan Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies , commonly known by the shortened title Muppet Babies , is an American animated television series that aired from September 15 , 1984 to November 2 , 1991 on CBS . The show portrays childhood versions of the Muppets living together in a nursery under the care of a human woman called Nanny . Nanny appears in almost every episode , but her face is never visible , only the babies ' view of her pink skirt , purple sweater , and distinctive green and white striped socks is shown . The idea of presenting the Muppets as children first appeared in a dream sequence in The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) , released two months before Muppet Babies debuted , in which Miss Piggy imagined what it would be like if she and Kermit the Frog had grown up together . Muppet Babies was produced by The Jim Henson Company and Marvel Productions . The rights are now held by The Walt Disney Company , which separately acquired both the Muppets characters and Marvel . Although the episodes were 30 minutes ( including commercials ) , it was typically shown in 60 and even 90 minute blocks during the peak of its popularity . Outside the United States , the show was distributed by Walt Disney Television . A reboot of Muppet Babies premiered on Disney Junior in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Characters 3 Episodes 4 Cast 4.1 Additional voices and performances 5 Crew 6 Production history 7 Syndication 8 Music 9 Merchandise 9.1 Comics 9.2 Home media releases 9.2. 1 Distribution 10 VHS release 10.1 Other appearances 10.2 Cameos 11 Reception 11.1 Awards and nominations 12 2018 reboot 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Overview ( edit ) The Muppet Babies live in a large nursery watched over by Nanny , who is seen only from the shoulders down . The babies ' imaginary games transition from the nursery into scenes that become `` real '' to the babies , such as finding themselves aboard a pirate ship or in the land of Oz . Often these fantasies are filled with stock footage scenes or live - action clips from popular movies such as Star Wars , Ghostbusters , and Indiana Jones . Each episode contains a related musical number . When the pretend game becomes too perilous , or when an interruption occurs ( often in the form of Nanny checking in or the imaginary game straying too far from its original premise ) , the scene dissolves and they find themselves in the nursery once more . The central idea of each episode is the power of imagination . Sometimes the babies use their imagination to solve a problem ( when Nanny 's newspaper is accidentally ruined , the babies write their own newspaper to replace it ) , but occasionally their imaginations run away with them ( overhearing Nanny 's phone call to the garbage collector to help her decide which armchair to donate to charity leads the babies to fear that one of them ( which was thought to be Fozzie ) is going to be thrown away ) . Other frequent themes involve the babies coming up with new ways to play with old toys , imagining what life will be like when they are adults , or facing common childhood firsts such as a visit to the dentist or a new addition to the family . Nanny is the voice of reason , congratulating them on their creativity or soothing their fears . Characters ( edit ) The series stars Kermit the Frog , Miss Piggy , Fozzie Bear , Animal , Scooter , Skeeter , Rowlf the Dog , and Gonzo as the main muppets . Dr. Bunsen Honeydew and Beaker made regular appearances as did Camilla in the form of Gonzo 's stuffed baby chick . In the final two seasons , Bean Bunny and Statler and Waldorf began making regular appearances . Several Muppets made guest appearances including Janice as an older preteen , and Kermit 's nephew , Robin , a young tadpole . The Muppet Baby character Skeeter , Scooter 's twin sister , only appeared in this series , and was never a live - action Muppet . This was done because the producers wanted another female character added to the cast . Despite this , Skeeter was always voiced by a male actor ( first Howie Mandel , and later Frank Welker ) . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Muppet Babies episodes Cast ( edit ) Greg Berg -- Baby Fozzie , Baby Scooter , Dr. Julius Strangepork ( archive footage , ep. 107 ) Barbara Billingsley -- Nanny Dave Coulier ( 1986 -- 1991 ) -- Baby Animal , Baby Bunsen , Baby Bean Bunny , Baby Janice , Uncle Statler and Waldorf , Camilla ( occasionally ) , Himself ( ep. 91 ) Katie Leigh -- Baby Rowlf , Mrs. Mitchell Howie Mandel ( 1984 -- 1985 ) -- Baby Skeeter , Baby Animal , Baby Bunsen Laurie O'Brien -- Baby Piggy Russi Taylor -- Baby Gonzo , Baby Robin , Aunt Fanny , and Camilla ( occasionally ) Frank Welker -- Baby Kermit , Baby Beaker , Baby Skeeter ( 1986 -- 1991 ) , Camilla , Irma / Charlie ( ep. 12 ) , The Chief Inspector of Scotland Yard ( ep. 31 ) , Polly the parrot ( ep. 38 ) , Adult Kermit ( looped dialogue , ep. 45 ) , Bosko the Snowman ( ep. 100 ) Additional voices and performances ( edit ) Jered Barclay - Bob Bergen - Link Hogthrob ( archive footage , ep. 107 ) Phillip Clark - Peter Cullen -- Smoggy the Bear ( ep. 33 ) , Football - Playing Bear ( ep. 33 ) Brian Cummings - Pat Fraley - Announcer Barry Gordon - Jim Henson - Dr. Teeth ( archive footage , ep. 61 ) , Kermit the Frog ( archive footage , ep. 45 ) Irv Immerman - Paul Kirby - Derek McGrath - Tony Pope - Hal Rayle - Miss Piggy ( archive footage , ep. 107 ) Neilson Ross - Steve Schatzberg - Hal Smith - Bob Towers - Crew ( edit ) Hank Saroyan -- Executive in Charge of Series , Voice Director , Story Editor , Song Producer , Composer Production history ( edit ) In 1984 , The Muppets Take Manhattan , the third full - length Muppet film , debuted . The film included a fantasy sequence in which Miss Piggy imagined what growing up with Kermit would have been like . While Piggy sang , baby versions of Rowlf , Fozzie , Scooter , and Gonzo acted as backup singers . The live - action sequence was so popular that The Jim Henson Company turned the idea into a half - hour cartoon program . In order for 107 episodes to be produced , Henson and Marvel hired two companies : the Japanese - based Toei Animation for Seasons 1 -- 3 and five episodes of Season 4 , and the Korean - based AKOM Productions for Episode six of Season 4 through Season 7 , both of which also animated G.I. Joe and The Transformers for Marvel Productions and Sunbow Productions . Muppet Babies proved highly popular and ran on CBS from 1984 to 1991 , a total of seven seasons . At the height of its popularity it ran in two or three episode blocks . Even after the conclusion of the series , it had remained so popular that CBS continued to air reruns of the series until the fall of 1992 . For a brief run in the second season , the program became Muppets , Babies & Monsters , and a second half - hour was dedicated to a new show called Jim Henson 's Little Muppet Monsters . This show featured live action puppets and cartoons starring the adult Muppet characters . The program lasted three weeks before Jim Henson pulled the plug , despite 18 episodes having been made . The show then reverted to an hour of Muppet Babies ; however , a portion of the Little Muppet Monsters theme could still be heard in the show 's end credits for the remainder of its run . Muppet Babies later expanded to 90 minutes after CBS pulled The Garbage Pail Kids before it even aired due to controversy . It is noted for starting a trend of relaunching popular cartoon characters as younger versions of themselves . This trend can be seen in numerous TV series such as A Pup Named Scooby - Doo , The Flintstone Kids , Baby Felix , Tiny Toon Adventures ( the main characters actually are parodies of the Looney Tunes . The Looney Tunes themselves are their instructors ) , Tom and Jerry Kids and Jungle Cubs ( based on characters from Walt Disney 's animated film The Jungle Book ) as well as merchandise items such as Baby Snoopy , Baby ( Betty ) Boop , Disney Babies , Baby Hello Kitty , Care Bear Cubs , and Baby Garfield . In recent years , Baby Looney Tunes , Sesame Beginnings and Baby Mario continued the concept . The show was a critical success during its time on the air : the show won four consecutive Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Animated Program , 1985 -- 88 , and won a Humanitas Prize for Children 's Animation in 1985 . Muppet Babies was voted `` Top Cartoon of the Childhood Days '' by the Irvin Hall newspaper 's weekly review of the Pennsylvania State University in 2007 . Syndication ( edit ) The series entered local syndication in 1989 , and ran until 1992 . Syndication rights were sold to Nickelodeon ( 1992 -- 1999 ) and Odyssey Network ( 1999 -- 2001 ) . Music ( edit ) Approximately 100 of the songs were co-written by Alan O'Day and Janis Liebhart , with the exception of the theme song and `` Rocket To The Stars '' which were written by Hank Saroyan and Rob Walsh , and Dream for Your Inspiration , written by Scott Brownlee . The song that played during the end credits was laughingly titled `` Hank in the Box '' in deference to Hank Saroyan . Merchandise ( edit ) In the mid-1980s PVC Muppet Babies toys were available as prizes in McDonald 's ' Happy Meals . Each non-articulated character came with a wheeled vehicle . Some time later , special Christmas stuffed versions of the Muppet Babies were available in Happy Meals , too . In 1992 , after the last aired Muppet Babies episode in 1991 , an episode book collection of Muppet Babies was produced from the book company Grolier . It was called The Muppet Babies Press Books . The book talked mostly about character traits and learning for young children . It was produced and ended in 1992 . There were two Muppet Babies LP records produced and released on Parker Bros. / Columbia records . Both albums were produced by Hank Saroyan and Rob Walsh and featured extended versions of songs from certain Muppet Babies episodes . The first album , `` Rocket To The Stars '' was also a fully produced stereo story - adventure starring the Muppet Babies characters in which the songs were woven into the all new story written by Saroyan . The second album was strictly more fully produced longer versions of songs from the show . BMG released a CD version of the first album when it bought Henson . The CD was renamed `` Rock It To The Stars '' , likely due to Parker Bros. / Columbia records owning the name `` Rocket to the Stars '' . Songs -- Rocket To The Stars : Muppet Babies theme , Merry - G0 - Round , Sleep Rockin ' , Dream For Your Inspiration , Good Things Happen in the Dark , Camilla , Rocket To The Stars , Practice Makes Perfect , Be What You Wanna Be , I Ca n't Help Being a Star , Closing Theme . A second , music only Muppet Babies LP , `` Music Is Everywhere '' was also produced . Songs : ( side one ) Music Is Everywhere , Table For One , Wocka Wocka Wocka , Snow White Blues , Wishes Have A Way , Best Friends , Runnin ' Out Of Time ( side two ) We Love Cartoons , Show Us The Real You . Amadogus , Semi-Weirdo , Art Is For Your Heart , Playin ' In The City , TV Maniacs . Comics ( edit ) From 1985 until 1989 , Marvel Comics produced a monthly comic book of the Muppet Babies with their Star Comics imprint , drawn by Marie Severin . The series lasted for twenty - six issues . The back - up stories on the last two issues , # 25 ( May 1989 ) and # 26 ( July 1989 ) , were drawn by Nate Butler . In 1992 , Harvey Comics acquired the rights to produce Muppet Babies comics and produced a further 3 issues ( restarting at issue # 1 ) . The Muppet Babies also appeared in Star Comics Digest ( also known as Star Comics Magazine ) . This comic was printed in digest size format , and features a number of reprinted short stories in each issue . The series itself lasted for thirteen issues from 1986 until 1988 . It should be noted that the Muppet Babies appeared in some , but not all the issues . Other short stories contained in Star Comics Digest included Madballs , Heathcliff , the Care Bears , and Top Dog . Home Media Releases ( edit ) Although not every Muppet Babies episode was released on VHS , a number of them were released between 1993 and 1995 . One series released on VHS called `` Yes I Can '' included three videos , which featured two Muppet Babies episodes inside . The series focused on Robin the Frog , who asks his uncle Kermit for assistance in different chores he was struggling with such as cleaning his room or doing homework . Kermit would lead off into a Muppet Babies episode which told of a similar situation . Sometimes , he would give examples about achieving Robin 's trouble . For example , in one Yes I Can video , Robin is worried about making new friends , and Kermit tells him that sharing is an example of having a good friendship , which leads directly to a Muppet Babies episode . There have been no plans announced of any DVD releases of Muppet Babies . One possible reason is that clips from other TV shows and movies ( such as Star Trek , Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope , The $25,000 Pyramid , Raiders of the Lost Ark and * batteries not included ) were used extensively in imagination sequences , closet opening scenes , and scenes on the TV in the nursery and thus could pose difficulties in terms of resolving possible copyright issues . In 2003 , four episodes were made available , in uncut form , as bonus DVDs with 10 - inch Muppet Babies plush toys , The Daily Muppet , Eight Take Away One Equals Panic , Piggy 's Hyper - Activity Book , and Gonzo 's Video Show . Distribution ( edit ) United States : Kids Klassics , Jim Henson Video , Muppet Home Video , Sony Wonder ( Video Buddy releases ) , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment United Kingdom : Children 's Video Library , Palace Video , Buena Vista Home Video , Columbia Tristar Home Video , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Australia / New Zealand : Communications and Entertainment Limited , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment VHS Release ( edit ) There are 18 VHS releases in all U.S. 1st Releases ( 4 ) : Muppet Babies : Be My Valentine Episode 407 : My Muppet Valentine Muppet Babies : Explore With Us Episode 610 : The New Adventures of Kermo Polo Episode 801 : The Transcontinental Whoo - Whoo Muppet Babies : Time to Play Episode 708 : Muppet Babies : The Next Generation Episode 502 : Beauty and the Schnoz Muppet Babies : Let 's Build Episode 603 : Six - to - Eight Weeks Episode 808 : Eight Flags Over the Nursery ' U.S. 2nd releases ' Yes I Can ' Release ( 3 ) : Muppet Babies : Yes I Can Learn Episode 306 : Kermit Goes to Washington Episode 805 : Nice to Have Gnome You Muppet Babies : Yes I Can Help Episode 113 : Good , Clean Fun Episode 802 : Get Me to the Perch on Time Muppet Babies : Yes I Can Be A Friend Episode 204 : The Great Cookie Robbery Episode 301 : Pigerella McDonald 's Releases ( 4 ) : Episode 308 : The Daily Muppet Episode 207 : I Want My Muppet TV ! and Episode 110 : Gonzo 's Video Show Episode 206 : Snow White and the Seven Muppets Episode 210 : The Great Muppet Cartoon Show Video Buddy Interactive Releases ( 3 ) Episode 105 : Scooter 's Hidden Talent Episode 108 : What Do You Want to Be When You Grow Up ? Episode 209 : What 's New at the Zoo ? UK Releases ( 2 ) ( works on any VCR ) : Muppet Babies : Close Encounters of the Frog Kind and Dental Hyjinks Episode 109 : Close Encounters of the Frog Kind Episode 102 : Dental Hyjinks Muppet Babies : Gonzo 's Video Show and Noisy Neighbors Episode 110 : Gonzo 's Video Show Episode 101 : Noisy Neighbors Australia Releases ( 2 ) ( works on any VCR ) : Muppet Babies : I Want My Muppet T.V 1985 , Snow White and the Seven Muppets , Once Upon an Egg Timer Episode 207 : I Want My Muppet TV ! Episode 206 : Snow White and the Seven Muppets Episode 201 : Once Upon an Egg Timer Muppet Babies : Muppet Babies : Raiders of the Lost Muppet , Dental Hyjinks Episode 104 : Raiders of the Lost Muppet Episode 102 : Dental Hyjinks Total 25 VHS Release Episodes in order : Episode 101 : Noisy Neighbors Episode 102 : Dental Hyjinks Episode 104 : Raiders of the Lost Muppet Episode 105 : Scooter 's Hidden Talent Episode 108 : What Do You Want to Be When You Grow Up ? Episode 110 : Gonzo 's Video Show Episode 113 : Good , Clean Fun Episode 201 : Once Upon an Egg Timer Episode 204 : The Great Cookie Robbery Episode 206 : Snow White and the Seven Muppets Episode 207 : I Want My Muppet TV ! Episode 209 : What 's New at the Zoo ? Episode 210 : The Great Muppet Cartoon Show Episode 301 : Pigerella Episode 306 : Kermit Goes to Washington Episode 308 : The Daily Muppet Episode 407 : My Muppet Valentine Episode 502 : Beauty and the Schnoz Episode 603 : Six - to - Eight Weeks Episode 610 : The New Adventures of Kermo Polo Episode 708 : Muppet Babies : The Next Generation Episode 801 : The Transcontinental Whoo - Whoo Episode 802 : Get Me to the Perch on Time Episode 805 : Nice to Have Gnome You Episode 808 : Eight Flags Over the Nursery Other appearances ( edit ) Baby Kermit , Piggy , and Gonzo made small appearances in the drug prevention TV special ( later released on home video ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) . When the rest of the characters met the cats , Murray Hare , and the rest of the characters that they sang from Jefferson Starship and more of the songs from Muppet Babies - Out of this Rockin ' Town World . A live - action version of all the characters except Skeeter also appeared in A Muppet Family Christmas ( 1987 ) in the form of a home movie , which the adult Muppets watched during the Christmas Party . The segment was cut out of the home video releases because the rights to `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' could not be obtained . Skeeter in her adult form was featured in the `` Family Reunions '' issues of The Muppet Show comics . Cameos ( edit ) In the film Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) , Sally Field 's daughter is seen watching an episode of Muppet Babies . In an episode of Robot Chicken , `` Schindler 's Bucket List '' ( 2011 ) , we learn what happened to Skeeter from Muppet Babies when she comes back from the grave to kill the other Muppets . Reception ( edit ) In January 2009 , IGN named Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies as the 31st best in the Top 100 Best Animated TV Shows . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Daytime Emmy Awards Won award for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ( presented to Margaret Loesch , Lee Gunther , Jim Henson , Bob Richardson , Hank Saroyan , John Gibbs and Jeffrey Scott ) Won award for Outstanding Film Sound Editing ( presented to Richard C. Allen , Robert T. Gillis , Richard Bruce Elliott , Michael L. DePatie , Michael Tomack and Ron Fedele ) ( 1985 ) Nominated for Outstanding Music Direction and Composition ( Robert J. Walsh ) Nominated for Outstanding Film Sound Editing ( Robert T. Gillis , Allison Cobb , Michael Tomack , Michael L. DePatie , Ron Fedele , Richard Bruce Elliott , and Richard C. Allen ) Won award for Outstanding Animated Program ( presented to Jim Henson , Margaret Loesch , Lee Gunther , Bob Richardson , John Gibbs and Jeffrey Scott ) ( 1986 ) Nominated for Outstanding Film Sound Mixing ( Bill Thiederman , Bob Minkler and Lee Minkler ) ( 1986 ) Won award for Outstanding Animated Program ( presented to Jim Henson , Margaret Loesch , Lee Gunther , Bob Richardson , Robert Shellhorn and Jeffrey Scott ) ( 1987 ) Won award for Outstanding Animated Program ( presented to Margaret Loesch , Lee Gunther , Jim Henson , Bob Richardson , John Ahern and Robert Shellhorn ) ( 1988 ) Won award for Outstanding Film Sound Editing ( presented to Al Breitenbach , Ron Fedele , Richard C. Allen , Steven D. Williams and Kenneth R. Burton ) Won award for Outstanding Film Sound Mixing ( presented to Jeffrey J. Haboush and Greg P. Russell ) Nominated for Outstanding Animated Program ( presented to Margaret Loesch , Jim Henson , Bob Richardson , John Ahern , Karen Peterson , Rudy Cataldi , Al Kouzel , Chuck Downs , Hank Saroyan , Sindy McKay and Larry Swerdlove ) Nominated for Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Series ( Barbara Billingsley ) ( 1989 ) Nominated for Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Series ( Barbara Billingsley ) ( 1990 ) 2018 reboot ( edit ) Main article : Muppet Babies ( 2018 TV series ) A reboot of the series premiered on Disney Junior on March 23 , 2018 . As opposed to the traditional animation of the original show the reboot instead uses CGI , but still will be targeted to children ages 4 -- 7 with each episode consisting of two 11 - minute stories . Disney Junior , Disney Consumier Products and Interactive Media 's Content & Media group , and The Muppets Studio are co-producing the show . Tom Warburton , creator of Cartoon Network 's Codename : Kids Next Door , will serve as the executive producer while former SpongeBob SquarePants writer Eric Shaw will serve as the story editor . See also ( edit ) List of animated spinoffs from prime time shows Sesame Beginnings References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Animation Industry Finding Cost Of Laughter Is In Serious Trouble '' . Orlando Sentinel . May 11 , 1988 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Awards Jump up ^ `` Top 100 animated series '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Barbara Takes Drama Emmy '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ https://www.laughingplace.com/w/news/2018/01/25/disney-junior-creates-summer-penguin-muppet-babies/ Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Muppet Babies ' Reboot Begins Production at Disney Junior '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Muppet Babies Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies at the Big Cartoon DataBase Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies on IMDb Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies at TV.com Muppet Babies ( comic book ) The Muppets The Muppets Studio Characters Kermit the Frog Miss Piggy Fozzie Bear Gonzo Rowlf the Dog Scooter Pepe the King Prawn Rizzo the Rat Animal Walter Sam Eagle Dr. Bunsen Honeydew Beaker Swedish Chef Statler and Waldorf Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem Cast performers Current Bill Barretta Dave Goelz Eric Jacobson Peter Linz David Rudman Matt Vogel Former Kevin Clash Brian Henson Jane Henson Jim Henson John Henson Richard Hunt Jerry Juhl Kathryn Mullen Jerry Nelson Frank Oz Steve Whitmire Television Series Sam and Friends ( 1955 -- 1961 ) The Muppet Show ( 1976 -- 1981 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 1991 ) Little Muppet Monsters ( 1985 ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) Muppets Tonight ( 1996 -- 1998 ) The Muppets ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Muppet Babies ( 2018 ) Segments The Jimmy Dean Show ( `` Rowlf the Dog '' , 1963 -- 65 ) The Mike Douglas Show ( 1966 -- 79 ) The Ed Sullivan Show ( including The Great Santa Claus Switch , 1966 -- 71 ) NBC 's Saturday Night ( The Land of Gorch , 1975 -- 76 ) Specials Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1969 ) The Muppets on Puppets ( 1970 ) The Great Santa Claus Switch ( 1970 ) The Frog Prince ( 1971 ) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen ( 1972 ) The Muppets Valentine Show ( 1974 ) The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go Hollywood ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go to the Movies ( 1981 ) The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show ( 1982 ) Rocky Mountain Holiday ( 1983 ) The Muppets : A Celebration of 30 Years ( 1986 ) A Muppet Family Christmas ( 1987 ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) The Earth Day Special ( 1990 ) The Muppets at Walt Disney World ( 1990 ) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson ( 1990 ) Mr. Willowby 's Christmas Tree ( 1995 ) Studio DC : Almost Live ( 2008 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( 2013 ) Films Feature The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Muppets from Space ( 1999 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Television The Christmas Toy ( 1986 ) It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie ( 2002 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Direct - to - video Muppet Classic Theater ( 1994 ) Kermit 's Swamp Years ( 2002 ) Music Albums The Muppet Show ( 1977 ) The Muppet Show 2 ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie : Original Soundtrack Recording ( 1979 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper : The Original Soundtrack ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan : The Original Soundtrack ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1992 ) Ol ' Brown Ears is Back ( 1993 ) Muppet Beach Party ( 1993 ) Kermit Unpigged ( 1994 ) The Muppet Treasure Island : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1996 ) The Muppet Show : Music , Mayhem , and More ( 2002 ) Best of the Muppets featuring The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) The Muppets : A Green and Red Christmas ( 2006 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Muppets : The Green Album ( 2011 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Songs `` Rainbow Connection '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Mahna Mahna '' `` When the River Meets the Sea '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` Man or Muppet '' Web series Statler and Waldorf : From the Balcony ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Muppets Kitchen with Cat Cora ( 2010 ) Video games Muppet Adventure : Chaos at the Carnival ( 1989 ) Muppets Inside ( 1996 ) Muppet RaceMania ( 2000 ) Muppet Monster Adventure ( 2000 ) Spy Muppets : License to Croak ( 2003 ) Muppets Party Cruise ( 2003 ) Disney Universe ( 2011 ) The Muppets Movie Adventures ( 2014 ) Other media Muppet * Vision 3D ( 1991 -- present ) Muppet Mobile Lab ( 2007 -- present ) The Muppets Present ... Great Moments in American History ( 2016 -- present ) Comics series Before You Leap Puppet Heap The Jim Henson Company Creature Shop Fraggle Rock characters Sesame Workshop Sesame Street Muppets Muppets portal Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children 's Animated Program Muppet Babies ( 1985 ) Muppet Babies ( 1986 ) Muppet Babies ( 1987 ) Muppet Babies ( 1988 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1989 ) Beetlejuice / The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1990 ) Tiny Toon Adventures ( 1991 ) Rugrats ( 1992 ) Tiny Toon Adventures ( 1993 ) Rugrats ( 1994 ) Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1995 ) Animaniacs ( 1996 ) Animaniacs ( 1997 ) Arthur ( 1998 ) Arthur ( 1999 ) Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain ( 2000 ) Arthur ( 2001 ) Madeline ( 2002 ) Rugrats ( 2003 ) Little Bill ( 2004 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2005 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2006 ) Arthur ( 2007 ) Curious George ( 2008 ) WordWorld ( 2009 ) Curious George ( 2010 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2011 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2012 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2013 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2014 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2015 ) Niko and the Sword of Light ( 2016 ) Children 's programming on CBS in the 1980s First - run animated series The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle ( 1979 -- 81 ) The All New Popeye Hour ( 1978 -- 83 ) Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids ( 1972 -- 84 ) Tarzan and the Super 7 ( 1978 -- 80 ) The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ( 1980 -- 82 ) Drak Pack ( 1980 ) The Tarzan / Lone Ranger Adventure Hour ( 1980 -- 82 ) Blackstar ( 1981 ) The Kwicky Koala Show ( 1981 ) Trollkins ( 1981 -- 82 ) Gilligan 's Planet ( 1982 -- 83 ) Pandamonium ( 1982 -- 83 ) Meatballs & Spaghetti ( 1982 -- 83 ) The Dukes ( 1983 ) The Biskitts ( 1983 -- 84 ) Saturday Supercade ( 1983 -- 86 ) Dungeons & Dragons ( 1983 -- 85 ) The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show ( 1983 -- 86 ) The Get Along Gang ( 1984 -- 85 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 91 ) Pole Position ( 1984 ) Inspector Gadget ( 1985 -- 86 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 1985 -- 87 ) The Wuzzles ( 1985 ) Hulk Hogan 's Rock ' n ' Wrestling ( 1985 -- 87 ) Wildfire ( 1986 ) Galaxy High ( 1986 -- 87 ) Teen Wolf ( 1986 -- 87 ) Hello Kitty 's Furry Tale Theater ( 1987 -- 88 ) Mighty Mouse : The New Adventures ( 1987 -- 88 ) Popeye and Son ( 1987 -- 88 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1986 -- 88 ) The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy ( 1988 -- 90 ) Superman ( 1988 ) Garfield and Friends ( 1988 -- 95 ) Dink , the Little Dinosaur ( 1989 -- 91 ) The California Raisin Show ( 1989 -- 90 ) Rude Dog and the Dweebs ( 1989 -- 90 ) First - run live - action series Captain Kangaroo ( 1955 -- 84 ) In the News ( 1971 -- 86 ) 30 Minutes ( 1978 -- 82 ) CBS Saturday Film Festival ( 1971 -- 78 ; 1982 -- 84 ) Benji , Zax & the Alien Prince ( 1983 ) Pryor 's Place ( 1984 -- 85 ) Little Muppet Monsters ( 1985 ) CBS Storybreak ( 1985 -- 87 ) Pee - wee 's Playhouse ( 1986 -- 91 ) Hey Vern , It 's Ernest ! ( 1988 -- 89 ) Rebroadcasts The Bugs Bunny Show / Road Runner Show ( 1968 -- 71 ; 1975 -- 78 ; 1978 -- 85 ) Shazam ! Speed Buggy He - Man and the Masters of the Universe Shirt Tales Land of the Lost The Transformers Kidd Video Schedules 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 Related topics Garbage Pail Kids The Young Astronauts Animation in the United States in the television era Modern animation in the United States Children 's programming on CBS in the 1990s First - run animated series Dink , the Little Dinosaur ( 1989 -- 91 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 92 ) The California Raisin Show ( 1989 -- 90 ) Garfield and Friends ( 1988 -- 95 ) Rude Dog and the Dweebs ( 1989 -- 90 ) The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy ( 1988 -- 91 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 -- 96 ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( 1990 -- 91 ) Mother Goose and Grimm ( 1991 -- 93 ) Back to the Future ( 1991 -- 93 ) Where 's Waldo ? 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( 1996 -- 97 ) The New Adventures of Zorro ( 1997 - 99 ) Anatole ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Dumb Bunnies ( 1998 -- 99 ) Flying Rhino Junior High ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Birdz ( 1998 -- 99 ) Mythic Warriors ( 1998 -- 2000 ) New Tales from the Cryptkeeper ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Blaster 's Universe ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Rescue Heroes ( 1999 -- 2000 ) First - run live - action series Pee - wee 's Playhouse ( 1986 -- 91 ) Riders in the Sky ( 1991 ) The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys ( 1992 ) Beakman 's World ( 1993 -- 98 ) Fudge ( 1995 ) Bailey Kipper 's P.O.V. ( 1996 -- 97 ) Secrets of the Cryptkeeper 's Haunted House ( 1996 -- 97 ) The New Ghostwriter Mysteries ( 1997 ) Wheel 2000 ( 1997 -- 98 ) The Weird Al Show ( 1997 ) The Sports Illustrated for Kids Show ( 1997 ) In the News ( 1997 -- 98 ) Rebroadcasts Inspector Gadget ( 1991 -- 92 ) Cyber C.O.P.S. 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"\nGreg Berg – Baby Fozzie, Baby Scooter, Dr. Julius Strangepork (archive footage, ep. 107)\nBarbara Billingsley – Nanny\nDave Coulier (1986–1991) – Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen, Baby Bean Bunny, Baby Janice, Uncle Statler and Waldorf, Camilla (occasionally), Himself (ep. 91)\nKatie Leigh – Baby Rowlf, Mrs. Mitchell\nHowie Mandel (1984–1985) – Baby Skeeter, Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen\nLaurie O'Brien – Baby Piggy\nRussi Taylor – Baby Gonzo, Baby Robin, Aunt Fanny, and Camilla (occasionally)\nFrank Welker – Baby Kermit, Baby Beaker, Baby Skeeter (1986–1991), Camilla, Irma/Charlie (ep. 12), The Chief Inspector of Scotland Yard (ep. 31), Polly the parrot (ep. 38), Adult Kermit (looped dialogue, ep. 45), Bosko the Snowman (ep. 100)\n"
] | [
"Barbara Billingsley"
] |
5939737934623061533 | Wonder (Palacio novel) | Wonder ( Palacio novel ) - wikipedia Wonder ( Palacio novel ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wonder Author R.J. Palacio Cover artist Tad Carpenter Language English , Spanish , Catalan , Japanese , German , Hebrew , French , Portuguese , Danish , Serbian , Arabic , Norwegian , Icelandic , Swedish , Dutch , Italian , Finnish , Korean , Chinese , Polish , Greek , Romanian , Slovenian Subject Prejudice Self - acceptance Middle school Friendship Bullying Genre Children 's novel Publisher Alfred A. Knopf Publication date February 14 , 2012 Pages 311 Awards Maine Student Book Award Vermont 's Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children 's Book Award Mark Twain Award Hawaii 's Nene Award Junior Young Reader 's Choice Award ISBN 0375869026 OCLC 726819876 Wonder is a children 's novel by Raquel Jaramillo , under the pen name of R.J. Palacio , published on February 14 , 2012 . It has been sold in more than five million copies . Palacio wrote Wonder after an incident where she and her three - year - old son were waiting in line to buy ice cream . Her son noticed a girl with a severe facial deformity and started to cry . Fearing he would react badly , Palacio attempted to remove her son from the situation so as not to upset the girl or her family but ended up worsening the situation . Natalie Merchant 's song `` Wonder '' made her realize that the incident could teach her son a valuable lesson . Palacio was inspired by Merchant 's lyrics and she began writing . She named the book directly after the song , and used the song 's chorus as the prologue of the first chapter . The book has a released spin - off , 365 Days of Wonder : Mr. Browne 's Book of Precepts . In August 2015 , the book Auggie and Me was published . A film adaptation was released in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Main characters 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Awards 4 Film adaptation 5 Related books 5.1 Auggie and Me 5.2 365 Days of Wonder 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) August Pullman is a homeschooled fifth - grader living in North River Heights in Upper Manhattan with his parents . He has a medical condition , often equated with Treacher Collins syndrome , that has caused him to have many surgeries . Due to this , August has been homeschooled by his mother ; however , wanting him to experience a larger world , his parents enroll him into Beecher Middle School for the start of fifth grade . August has a sister , Via , who is older than him and cares for him , even though she believes that he is in control of her life . On his first day of school , August tries not to raise awareness of himself . Despite his efforts , the other kids still look at him , and a student , whom Mr. Tushman selected to be friends with August , named Julian immediately antagonizes him for his appearance , comparing him to Darth Sidious and asking him whether he was in a fire . However , August 's hopes for the school year are raised slightly when he kindles a friendship with classmates Jack and Summer , both of whom defend him from Julian 's taunts . The situation comes to a head on Halloween when August , disguised in a costume , overhears Jack joining in with the bullying . August feels betrayed and fakes illness in order to return home . As August isolates himself from his classmates and parents , Via 's frustration grows , added on by years of feeling ignored by her family . Returning to school , August tries to ignore Jack and talks about the incident with Summer . She gives Jack a clue and he realizes that August overheard his comments . He punches Julian in the face for calling August a ' freak ' and is quickly suspended from school for a short while . Over the Christmas break , Jack attempts to make it up to August . As the school year progresses , the bullying August faces become more serious . Julian manipulates his friends into turning against August and Jack and begins leaving mean notes in their lockers . In addition , Julian 's mother voices her concerns over August 's attendance at the school , commenting that his appearance may be too much of a burden for the students to handle . Via confides in her mother that she does n't want August to attend her school play , as she was finding comfort in nobody at her new school knowing about him . August overhears Via discussing this with their mother , and he storms out of the room . When Via eventually comes to find him , it is the sad news that their elderly dog , Daisy , has passed away . August , overcome with emotion , grieves . When the main actress in Via 's school play pretends to be sick , Via takes on the role of the female lead . Her family celebrates by taking her out for dinner . At the end of the school year , the students are invited on a three - day school trip to a nature reserve . August is initially concerned about going . However upon hearing that Julian will not be attending , August decides to join his friends on the trip . August has fun until the last night , when he and Jack go to the woods and are attacked by seventh graders who start to beat them , only to be saved by Julian 's friends . With the summer vacation fast approaching , August is informed that Julian will not be returning to Beecher Prep for the next grade . The Pullman family get a new puppy , whom they call ' Bear ' . At the graduation ceremony , August is awarded the ' Henry Ward Beecher Medal ' for being ' notable or exemplary in certain areas throughout the school year ' . Incredibly proud of her son , August 's mother comments that he is a ' wonder ' . Main characters ( edit ) August `` Auggie '' Pullman : The main character . His face is deformed due to a type of `` bulofacial dysotosis '' , along with other facial malformations . He faces many difficulties when he goes into his first year of middle school after being schooled by his parents for many years . In the end , he is able to make new friends and accept himself for who he is . Olivia `` Via '' Pullman : August 's older sister . She talks about Auggie and the hardships of being a sister of someone who is deformed in Part 2 . She truly cares for Auggie and will always defend him . Often , Via feels jealous of the attention Auggie receives because of his deformity . She often scolds herself and feels guilty for feeling this way . Summer Dawson : One of Auggie 's first and best friends . She sits next to him at lunch on the first day of school when no one else would . She does n't care what the other students think of Auggie and is always very kind to him . Isabel and Nate Pullman : Auggie and Via 's parents . They care deeply about Auggie and Via , but due to Auggie 's problems , Via is often unintentionally left out . Isabel and Nate work with Auggie to make sure going to private school instead of being homeschooled is ultimately his decision . Jack Will : A tough city boy and August 's best friend . Mr. Tushman asked Jack , Charlotte , and Julian to give August a tour of Beecher Prep . At first , Jack did not want to be friends with Auggie because of his facial deformity . He thought it would prevent him from being friends with the `` popular kids . '' He first pretended to be friends with Auggie and was devastated when August found out , but they become friends again . Later , he comes to genuinely appreciate August for who he is . Julian Albans : He dislikes Auggie and convinces the other students that if they touch him , they will develop `` The Plague . '' He bullied Auggie and told most of the grade to isolate him , and Jack Will for becoming friends with Auggie . At the end of the story , Julian 's parents take him out of Beecher , as they say , they do n't feel Beecher Prep is an `` inclusion school '' and they think Auggie should n't have been admitted . Justin : Via 's boyfriend . He is somewhat shocked by Auggie 's appearance but is very kind to him . He has a main part in `` Our Town '' with Via at their high school . In his part in the book , he does n't use proper punctuation because he thinks it takes too long to write . He also mentions that he has `` tics , '' especially when he is nervous and describes them as `` hard blinks '' and `` the occasional head pull . '' This leads the reader to believe that he has a form of Tourette 's syndrome . Justin also gets to meet Via 's parents . Charlotte Cody : She is a smart 5th grader and one of August 's friends . Despite being nice by waving to Auggie and telling Jack about the `` boy war '' she never truly is friends with August as she never sits with Auggie or truly sides with Jack . Edward `` Eddie '' Johnson : He is a 7th grader who bullies August when he goes to a sleepaway camp . Mr. Browne : Auggie 's first teacher in 5th grade at Beecher Prep school . As he makes precepts for the class to ponder , Auggie is marvelled at these precepts . Mr. Browne wants to give Auggie a good year at Beecher . Bear : August and Via 's second dog that they got after the camping trip that Auggie went on , as a replacement for Daisy . Darth Daisy `` Daisy '' : Via and August 's first dog , who goes by `` Daisy . '' She was an old dog , and at the end of the book dies . August 's family then decides to get a new dog named Bear . Miranda Navas : Via 's friend . Via , Miranda , and Ella were friends . Miranda had recently cut her hair into a bob and dyed it pink , and dressed in a manner that she would have never dressed before . Via is shocked by Miranda 's new look , and the two former friends slowly drift apart . Miranda took care of August and thought of him as her own `` little brother ; '' when she went to summer camp immediately previous to the events in the book , Miranda lied and told everyone August was her brother . She was the one who gave him his astronaut helmet he would wear to conceal his face , and they would also sing `` Space Oddity '' by David Bowie together , and she would call him `` Major Tom '' after the astronaut in the song . Mr. Lawrence Tushman : The director of Beecher Prep . He is extremely welcoming and positive towards Auggie throughout the course of the school year . He tries his hardest to make him feel welcome at school . He delivers an important speech at graduation where he says `` if every single person in this room made it a rule that wherever you are , whenever you can , you will try to act a little kinder than is necessary - the world would be a better place . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2016 ) The book received positive reviews from critics . The parent resource Common Sense Media gave Wonder four out of five stars , calling it a `` Moving , uplifting tale about a disfigured boy with inner beauty '' . Entertainment Weekly said : `` In a wonder of a debut , Palacio has written a crackling page - turner filled with characters you ca n't help but root for . '' New York Times called it , `` Rich and memorable ... It 's Auggie and the rest of the children who are the real heart of ' Wonder , ' and Palacio captures the voices of girls and boys , fifth graders , and teenagers , with equal skill . '' . Awards ( edit ) `` Wonder '' was on The New York Times Best Seller list and was also on the Texas Bluebonnet Award master list . The book was the winner of the 2014 Maine Student Book Award , Vermont 's Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children 's Book Award , the 2015 Mark Twain Award , Hawaii 's 2015 Nene Award , and the Junior Young Reader 's Choice Award for 2015 . In Illinois , it won both the Bluestem and Caudill Awards in 2014 . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Wonder ( film ) A film adaptation directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Steve Conrad starring Julia Roberts and Owen Wilson as Isabel and Nate Pullman respectively , and Jacob Tremblay as August Pullman was released on November 17 , 2017 by Lionsgate . Related Books ( edit ) Auggie and Me ( edit ) Auggie and Me is not a sequel but a companion book to Wonder ( although `` The Julian Chapter '' serves as one ) . It contains three stories , each telling the events of Wonder from different perspectives . The first story , called `` The Julian Chapter '' , is from the point of view of school bully Julian where he explains why he mistreats Auggie and if he will change . The second -- called Pluto -- focuses on August Pullman 's life before Beecher Prep and is set in the point of view of Christopher , Auggie 's oldest friend . The third is called Shingaling and is from the point of view of Auggie 's classmate , Charlotte who in Wonder is nice but not kind enough to Auggie and focuses on things that were going on between some of the girls in Auggie 's year like Ximena Chin , Summer Dawson , and Maya Markowitz . 365 Days of Wonder ( edit ) In Wonder , Mr. Browne made a precept for every month . 365 Days of Wonder states 365 different precepts collected by Mr. Browne . It also has thoughts and opinions by Mr. Browne after every ' month ' in the book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Palacio , Raquel J. `` Formats and Editions of Wonder '' . Worldcat.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder ( Book , 2012 ) '' . WorldCat.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder ' What It 's Like To Have Kids Stare At You ? '' . New York Times . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Milliot ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` PRH Has Stable 2017 '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A ' Wonder ' - filled day : Best - selling author surprises Ann Arbor elementary student '' . MLive.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Alter , Alexandra ( Feb 13 , 2014 ) . `` R.J. Palacio 's ' Wonder ' Spins Off Two Follow - Up Books '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auggie & Me '' . ^ Jump up to : Palacio , R.J. ( 2012 ) . Wonder ( 1st ed . ) . ( s.l. ) : Alfred A. Knopf Books for Young Readers . ISBN 0375869026 . Jump up ^ The Dormouse ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Wonder by R.J. Palacio - review '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Chilton , Martin ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Wonder by R.J Palacio : review '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Barbara Schultz . `` Wonder Book Review '' . `` Common Sense Media '' . Jump up ^ Taylor , Ihsan . `` Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Bluebonnet Award Annotated 2013 - 2014 Master List '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Book Award Winners Announced at Maine Reading Conference '' . Maine.gov. 2014 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder ' Selected as 2015 Nene Award Winner '' . Mauinow.com. 2015 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` YRCA 2015 '' . Pnla.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Champagne Library Illinois Award Winners '' . External links ( edit ) Children 's literature portal RJ Palacio 's website Review in The Guardian Awards Preceded by The Unwanteds Mark Twain Award 2015 Succeeded by Escape from Mr. Lemoncello 's Library Preceded by Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever Junior Young Reader 's Choice Award 2015 Succeeded by N / a Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_(Palacio_novel)&oldid=836927059 '' Categories : American children 's novels Debut novels Novels set in schools 2012 American novels 2012 children 's books Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from February 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2017 All articles needing style editing Use dmy dates from February 2016 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles to be expanded from February 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Português Simple English Tiếng Việt 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 17 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the author of wonder the book | [
"Wonder is a children's novel by Raquel Jaramillo, under the pen name of R. J. Palacio,[3] published on February 14, 2012. It has been sold in more than five million copies.[4]"
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"Raquel Jaramillo, under the pen name of R. J. Palacio"
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5345240895163634372 | Great Pyramid of Giza | Great Pyramid of Giza - wikipedia Great Pyramid of Giza Jump to : navigation , search The Great Pyramid of Giza Owner Khufu Location Giza pyramid complex , Giza , Egypt Coordinates 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Ancient name Khufu 's Horizon Architect Hemiunu Constructed c. 2580 -- 2560 BC ( 4th dynasty ) Type True pyramid Height 146.7 metres ( 481 ft ) or 280 Egyptian Royal cubits 138.8 metres ( 455 ft ) ( contemporary ) Base 230.34 metres ( 756 ft ) or 440 Egyptian Royal cubits Volume 2,583,283 cubic metres ( 91,227,778 cu ft ) Slope 51 ° 52 ' ± 2 ' UNESCO World Heritage Site Part of Memphis and its Necropolis -- the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur Criteria Cultural : i , iii , vi Reference 86 - 002 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) Location of Great Pyramid of Giza Related media on Wikimedia Commons ( edit on Wikidata ) The Great Pyramid of Giza ( also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops ) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza , Egypt . It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , and the only one to remain largely intact . Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu , Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 - to 20 - year period concluding around 2560 BC . Initially at 146.5 metres ( 481 feet ) , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man - made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years . Originally , the Great Pyramid was covered by limestone casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface ; what is seen today is the underlying core structure . Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base . There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid 's construction techniques . Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place . There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid . The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished . The so - called Queen 's Chamber and King 's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure . The main part of the Giza complex is a set of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu ( one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile ) , three smaller pyramids for Khufu 's wives , an even smaller `` satellite '' pyramid , a raised causeway connecting the two temples , and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles . Transparent view of Khufu 's pyramid from SE . Taken from a 3d model Contents ( hide ) 1 History and description 2 Materials 2.1 Casing stones 2.2 Construction theories 3 Interior 3.1 Queen 's Chamber 3.2 Grand Gallery 3.3 King 's Chamber 3.4 Modern entrance 4 Pyramid complex 5 Boats 6 Looting 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links History and description Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World Egyptologists believe the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu ( often Hellenized as `` Cheops '' ) and was constructed over a 20 - year period . Khufu 's vizier , Hemiunu ( also called Hemon ) is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid . It is thought that , at construction , the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian Royal cubits tall ( 146.5 metres ( 480.6 ft ) ) , but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion , its present height is 138.8 metres ( 455.4 ft ) . Each base side was 440 cubits , 230.4 metres ( 755.9 ft ) long . The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes . The volume , including an internal hillock , is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres ( 88,000,000 cu ft ) . Based on these estimates , building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day . Additionally , since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks , completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour , day and night . The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880 -- 82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Almost all reports are based on his measurements . Many of the casing - stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision . Based on measurements taken on the north - eastern casing stones , the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide ( 1 / 50 of an inch ) . Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th - century stereopticon card photo The pyramid remained the tallest man - made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , unsurpassed until the 160 - metre - tall ( 520 ft ) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300 . The accuracy of the pyramid 's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length . The base is horizontal and flat to within ± 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) . The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points ( within four minutes of arc ) based on true north , not magnetic north , and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc . The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 Egyptian Royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base . The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 Egyptian Royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 % ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) . Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion . Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' . Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments . They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building . In 2013 , rolls of papyrus called the Diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered limestone and other construction materials from Tora to Giza . Materials The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries . The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river . The largest granite stones in the pyramid , found in the `` King 's '' chamber , weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan , more than 800 km ( 500 mi ) away . Traditionally , ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them wooden wedges , which were then soaked with water . As the water was absorbed , the wedges expanded , causing the rock to crack . Once they were cut , they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid . It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone , 8,000 tonnes of granite ( imported from Aswan ) , and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid . Casing stones Casing stone in the British Museum . At completion , the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white `` casing stones '' -- slant - faced , but flat - topped , blocks of highly polished white limestone . These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 51⁄2 palms to give the required dimensions . Visibly , all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today . In AD 1303 , a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones , which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An - Nasir Nasir - ad - Din al - Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo . Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo , not far from Giza . These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures . Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones , which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site . Nevertheless , a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid , and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries . Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres . He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core , but a mistake was made , and the casing was built with a different orientation . Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being `` equal to opticians ' work of the present day , but on a scale of acres '' and `` to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work ; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible '' . It has been suggested it was the mortar ( Petrie 's `` cement '' ) that made this seemingly impossible task possible , providing a level bed , which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly . Construction theories Main article : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the Great Pyramid . On display at the Musée du Louvre . Many alternative , often contradictory , theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid 's construction techniques . Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged , lifted , or even rolled into place . The Greeks believed that slave labour was used , but modern discoveries made at nearby workers ' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers . Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy , consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men , divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each , which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers . One mystery of the pyramid 's construction is its planning . John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions , laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1 - to - 1 scale . He writes that `` such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means '' . He also argues for a 14 - year time - span for its construction . A modern construction management study , in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists , estimated that the total project required an average workforce of about 14,500 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000 . Without the use of pulleys , wheels , or iron tools , they used critical path analysis methods , which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years . Interior Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid . The inner line indicates the pyramid 's present profile ; the outer line indicates the original profile . The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north , 17 metres ( 56 ft ) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres ( 23.9 ft ) east of the centre line of the pyramid . From this original entrance , there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres ( 3.1 ft ) high and 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide , which goes down at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 '' through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it . After 105.23 metres ( 345.2 ft ) , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres ( 29.0 ft ) to the lower Chamber , which appears not to have been finished . There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber ; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber . Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber , but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid . 28.2 metres ( 93 ft ) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage . Originally concealed with a slab of stone , this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage . The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres ( 129 ft ) long , as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery . The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite , each about 1.5 metres ( 4.9 ft ) long . One must use the Robbers ' Tunnel ( see below ) to access the Ascending Passage . At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole cut in the wall . This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage . Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the `` Queen 's Chamber '' . The passage is 1.1 m ( 3'8 `` ) high for most of its length , but near the chamber there is a step in the floor , after which the passage is 1.73 metres ( 5.7 ft ) high . Queen 's Chamber Richard Pococke 's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754 . The `` Queen 's Chamber '' is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres ( 18.9 ft ) north to south , 5.23 metres ( 17.2 ft ) east to west , and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres ( 20.4 ft ) above the floor . At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres ( 15.3 ft ) high . The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters . In the north and south walls of the Queen 's Chamber there are shafts , which , unlike those in the King 's Chamber that immediately slope upwards ( see below ) , are horizontal for around 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) before sloping upwards . The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer , Waynman Dixon , who believed a shaft similar to those in the King 's Chamber must also exist . He was proved right , but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen 's Chamber , their purpose is unknown . At the end of one of his shafts , Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite ( a type of rock ) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose . Both objects are currently in the British Museum . The shafts in the Queen 's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed , Upuaut 2 . After a climb of 65 m ( 213 ft ) , he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone `` doors '' with two eroded copper `` handles '' . Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which , in September 2002 , drilled a small hole in the southern door , only to find another door behind it . The northern passage , which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns , was also found to be blocked by a door . Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project . Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society 's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it , they instead used a fibre - optic `` micro snake camera '' that could see around corners . With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002 , and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it . They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint . They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper `` handles '' embedded in the door , and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes . They also found the reverse side of the `` door '' to be finished and polished , which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris , but rather for a more specific reason . Grand Gallery The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage , but is 8.6 metres ( 28 ft ) high and 46.68 metres ( 153.1 ft ) long . At the base it is 2.06 metres ( 6.8 ft ) wide , but after 2.29 metres ( 7.5 ft ) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres ( 3.0 in ) on each side . There are seven of these steps , so , at the top , the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide . It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery , so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet . The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery , rather than resting on the block beneath it , in order to prevent cumulative pressure . At the upper end of the Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers . The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837 -- 1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J.S. Perring , who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder . The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side , 51 centimetres ( 20 in ) wide , leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide between them . In the shelves there are 54 slots , 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery . These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf . The purpose of these slots is not known , but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery , which is the same width as the Ascending Passage , has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage . This , in turn , has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended , to completely fill the Ascending Passage . At the top of the Grand Gallery , there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres ( 3.3 ft ) in height and width , in which can be detected four slots , three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises . Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now - vanished doors . In 2017 , scientists from the Scan Pyramids Project discovered a large cavity above the Grand Gallery , using muon radiography that can detect cosmic rays . Its length is at least 30 metres ( 98 ft ) and its cross-section is similar to that of the Grand Gallery . It was detected using three different technologies : nuclear emulsion films , scintillator hodoscopes , and gas detectors . The purpose of the cavity is not known and it is not accessible but according to Zahi Hawass it may have been a gap used in the construction of the Grand Gallery . The Japanese research team disputes this , however , saying that the huge void is completely different from the construction spaces previously identified . King 's Chamber Sarcophagus in the King 's chamber The `` King 's Chamber '' is 20 Egyptian Royal cubits or 10.47 metres ( 34.4 ft ) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres ( 17.17 ft ) north to south . It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres ( 19 feet 2 inch ) above the floor . 0.91 m ( 3.0 ft ) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls ( one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid ) . The purpose of these shafts is not clear : they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies , yet one of them follows a dog - leg course through the masonry , indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them . They were long believed by Egyptologists to be `` air shafts '' for ventilation , but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king 's spirit to the heavens . The King 's Chamber is entirely faced with granite . Above the roof , which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons , are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers . The first four , like the King 's Chamber , have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above , but the final chamber has a pointed roof . Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber . From lower to upper , the chambers are known as `` Davison 's Chamber '' , `` Wellington 's Chamber '' , `` Nelson 's Chamber '' , `` Lady Arbuthnot 's Chamber '' , and `` Campbell 's Chamber '' . It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King 's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber . As the chambers were not intended to be seen , they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons ' marks painted on them . One of the stones in Campbell 's Chamber bears a mark , apparently the name of a work gang . The entrance of the Pyramid The only object in the King 's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus , one corner of which is broken . The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage , which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place . Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber , the sarcophagus is roughly finished , with saw - marks visible in several places . This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period . Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead . Modern entrance Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers ' Tunnel , a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al - Ma'mun 's workmen using a battering ram . The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres ( 89 ft ) , then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage . It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage , which alerted them to the need to turn left . Unable to remove these stones , however , the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage . It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point , but access is usually forbidden . Pyramid complex Main article : Giza pyramid complex Map of Giza pyramid complex -- `` Pyramid of Khufu '' refers to the Great Pyramid . The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids . The Pyramid Temple , which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres ( 171 ft ) north to south and 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east to west , has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving . There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple . The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el - Samman ; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated . The basalt blocks show `` clear evidence '' of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in length , capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) per minute . John Romer suggests that this `` super saw '' may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) . He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil , cutting sand , emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks , which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it . On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids , popularly known as the Queens ' Pyramids . Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone . Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , sister - wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu . Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition , the burial was intact , though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty . Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915 . Aerial photography , taken from Eduard Spelterini 's balloon on 21 November 1904 The Giza pyramid complex , which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure , is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall , the Wall of the Crow . Mark Lehner has discovered a worker 's town outside of the wall , otherwise known as `` The Lost City '' , dated by pottery styles , seal impressions , and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre ( 2520 -- 2494 BC ) and Menkaure ( 2490 -- 2472 BC ) . Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby , including what appears to have been a thriving port , suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called `` galleries '' may not have been for the pyramid workers after all , but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port . In light of this new discovery , as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived , Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries . In the early 1970s , the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau . This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu , which he identified with an artisans ' settlement . Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu 's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death . A worker 's cemetery used at least between Khufu 's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990 . Boats Main article : Khufu ship There are three boat - shaped pits around the pyramid , of a size and shape to have held complete boats , though so shallow that any superstructure , if there ever was one , must have been removed or disassembled . In May 1954 , the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el - Mallakh discovered a fourth pit , a long , narrow rectangle , still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons . Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood , the longest 23 metres ( 75 ft ) long , the shortest 10 centimetres ( 0.33 ft ) . These were entrusted to a boat builder , Haj Ahmed Yusuf , who worked out how the pieces fit together . The entire process , including conservation and straightening of the warped wood , took fourteen years . The result is a cedar - wood boat 43.6 metres ( 143 ft ) long , its timbers held together by ropes , which is currently housed in a special boat - shaped , air - conditioned museum beside the pyramid . During construction of this museum , which stands above the boat pit , a second sealed boat pit was discovered . It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat . Looting Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Although succeeding pyramids were smaller , pyramid - building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom . However , as authors Brier and Hobbs claim , `` all the pyramids were robbed '' by the New Kingdom , when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley , now known as the Valley of the Kings , began . Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself `` is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom '' , before the Arab caliph Abdullah al - Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820 . I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid `` a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out , which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations '' . Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo 's door was added . He adds : `` If this highly speculative surmise be correct , it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones '' , in order to explain why al - Ma'mun could not find the entrance . He also discusses a story told by Herodotus . Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies . Edwards notes that the pyramid had `` almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus '' and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored . He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides . See also Djedi Project Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids Index of Egypt - related articles List of archaeoastronomical sites by country List of Egyptian pyramids List of largest monoliths including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths List of tallest freestanding structures Pyramid inch Pyramidion Pyramidology The Upuaut Project References ^ Jump up to : `` By themselves , of course , none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe . '' -- Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Shaw ( 2003 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Levy ( 2005 ) , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Petrie ( 1883 ) Jump up ^ I.E.S. Edwards ( 1986 ) ( 1947 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . p. 285 . 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Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza . Cairo : Government Press . SURVEY OF EGYPT Paper No. 39 . Collins , Dana M. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Cremin , Aedeen ( 2007 ) . Archaeologica . Frances Lincoln . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2822 - 1 . Edwards , I.E.S. ( 1986 ) ( 1962 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . Max Parrish . Gahlin , Lucia ( 2003 ) . Myths and Mythology of Ancient Egypt . Anness Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84215 - 831 - 7 . Hassan , Selim ( 1960 ) . The Great Pyramid of Khufu and its Mortuary Chapel With Names and Titles of Vols . I-X of the Excavations at Giza ( PDF ) . Ministry of Culture and National Orientation , Antiquities Department of Egypt . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2013 . Jackson , K. ; Stamp , J. ( 2002 ) . Pyramid : Beyond Imagination . Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza . BBC Worldwide Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 48803 - 3 . Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Levy , Janey ( 2005 ) . The Great Pyramid of Giza : Measuring Length , Area , Volume , and Angles . Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 6059 - 5 . Lepre , J.P. ( 1990 ) . The Egyptian Pyramids : A Comprehensive , Illustrated Reference . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 461 - 2 . Lightbody , David I ( 2008 ) . Egyptian Tomb Architecture : The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism . British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4073 - 0339 - 0 . Oakes , Lorana ; Lucia Gahlin ( 2002 ) . Ancient Egypt . Hermes House . ISBN 1 - 84309 - 429 - 0 . Petrie , Sir William Matthew Flinders ( 1883 ) . The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Field & Tuer . ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0709 - 8 . Romer , John ( 2007 ) . The Great Pyramid : Ancient Egypt Revisited . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87166 - 2 . Scarre , Chris ( 1999 ) . The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World . Thames & Hudson , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05096 - 5 . Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Siliotti , Alberto ( 1997 ) . Guide to the pyramids of Egypt ; preface by Zahi Hawass . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0763 - 4 . Smyth , Piazzi ( 1978 ) . The Great Pyramid . Crown Publishers Inc . ISBN 0 - 517 - 26403 - X . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 2007 ) . Egypt : How a lost civilization was rediscovered . BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 52257 - 7 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2001 ) . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1703 - 1 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2003 ) . The Pyramids : Their Archaeology and History . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 171 - 8 . Wirsching , Armin ( 2009 ) . Die Pyramiden von Giza -- Mathematik in Stein gebaut ( 2nd ed . ) . Books on Demand . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 2355 - 8 . Library resources about Great Pyramid of Giza Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading Cooper , Roscoe , Vicki Teague Cooper , Carolyn Croll , Diana Craig Patch , and Tehon Atha. 1997 . The Great Pyramid : An Interactive Book . London : British Museum Press . Der Manuelian , Peter . 2017 . Digital Giza : Visualizing the Pyramids . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Grajetzki , Wolfgang. 2006 . The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt : History , Archaeology and Society . Bristol , UK : Golden House . Hawass , Zahi A. 2006 . Mountains of the Pharaohs : The Untold Story of the Pyramid Builders . Cairo : American University in Cairo Press . Nell , Erin and Clive Ruggles. 2014 . `` The Orientations of the Giza Pyramids and Associated Structures . '' Journal for the History of Astronomy 45 , no . 3 : 304 -- 60 . Oppenheim , Adela , Dieter Arnold , and Kei Yamamoto. 2015 . Ancient Egypt Transformed : The Middle Kingdom . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . Petrie , W.M. Flinders. 2006 . The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Worcester , UK : Yare Egyptology . Rossi , Corinna , and Laura Accomazzo. 2005 . The Pyramids and the Sphinx . English ed . Cairo : American University in Cairo Press . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Giza . Pyramids at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Building the Khufu Pyramid `` The Giza Plateau Mapping Project '' . Oriental Institute . Records Preceded by Red Pyramid World 's tallest structure c. 2570 BC − 1300 AD 146.6 m Succeeded by Lincoln Cathedral Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Nyuserre Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology Mathematics and art Concepts Algorithm Catenary Fractal Golden ratio Plastic number Hyperboloid structure Minimal surface Paraboloid Perspective Camera lucida Camera obscura Projective geometry Proportion Architecture Human Symmetry Tessellation Wallpaper group Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton Jean Metzinger Danseuse au café L'Oiseau bleu Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C. Escher Circle Limit III Print Gallery Relativity Reptiles Waterfall Contemporary Martin and Erik Demaine Scott Draves Jan Dibbets John Ernest Helaman Ferguson Peter Forakis Bathsheba Grossman George W. Hart Desmond Paul Henry John A. Hiigli Anthony Hill Charles Jencks Garden of Cosmic Speculation Robert Longhurst István Orosz Hinke Osinga Hamid Naderi Yeganeh A Bird in Flight Boat Tony Robbin Oliver Sin Hiroshi Sugimoto Daina Taimina Roman Verostko Theorists Ancient Polykleitos Canon Vitruvius De architectura Renaissance Luca Pacioli De divina proportione Piero della Francesca De prospectiva pingendi Leon Battista Alberti De pictura De re aedificatoria Sebastiano Serlio Regole generali d'architettura Andrea Palladio I quattro libri dell'architettura Albrecht Dürer Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion Romantic Frederik Macody Lund `` Ad Quadratum '' Jay Hambidge `` The Greek Vase '' Samuel Colman `` Nature 's Harmonic Unity '' Modern Owen Jones The Grammar of Ornament Ernest Hanbury Hankin The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art G.H. Hardy A Mathematician 's Apology George David Birkhoff Aesthetic Measure Douglas Hofstadter Gödel , Escher , Bach Nikos Salingaros The ' Life ' of a Carpet Publications Journal of Mathematics and the Arts Organizations Ars Mathematica The Bridges Organization European Society for Mathematics and the Arts Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science Institute For Figuring Museum of Mathematics Related topics Droste effect Mathematical beauty Patterns in nature Sacred geometry Memphis and the Memphis pyramid complex City Memphis Abu Rawash Pyramid of Djedefre Giza Giza pyramid complex Great Pyramid of Giza Pyramid of Khafre Pyramid of Menkaure Sphinx Zawyet el'Aryan Abusir Abu Gorab Saqqara Step Pyramid Pyramid of Unas Mastabet el - Fara'un Serapeum Pyramid of Teti Imhotep Museum Dahshur Bent Pyramid Red Pyramid Black Pyramid Mazghuna See also Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Lepsius list of pyramids Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) VIAF : 247198851 LCCN : sh85057002 GND : 4093545 - 0 SUDOC : 027326578 BNF : cb11939303h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=833168445 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Former world 's tallest buildings Giza Plateau Khufu Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Buildings and structures in Giza Tourist attractions in Egypt Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using infobox pyramid using locally defined parameters Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with Curlie links Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 88 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 01 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was buried in the great pyramid of giza | [
"Egyptologists believe the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (often Hellenized as \"Cheops\") and was constructed over a 20-year period. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu (also called Hemon) is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid.[2] It is thought that, at construction, the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian Royal cubits tall (146.5 metres (480.6 ft)), but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion, its present height is 138.8 metres (455.4 ft). Each base side was 440 cubits, 230.4 metres (755.9 ft) long. The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes. The volume, including an internal hillock, is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres (88,000,000 cu ft).[3]"
] | [
"the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (often Hellenized as \"Cheops\")"
] |
4145143076900869312 | What You Won't Do for Love (song) | What You Wo n't Do for Love ( song ) - wikipedia What You Wo n't Do for Love ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' U.S. red heart - shaped vinyl limited edition Single by Bobby Caldwell from the album Bobby Caldwell B - side `` Love Wo n't Wait '' Released December 1978 Recorded 1978 Genre Blue - eyed soul smooth jazz R&B quiet storm Length 4 : 45 Label Clouds ( U.S. ) TK ( international ) Songwriter ( s ) Bobby Caldwell , Alfons Kettner Producer ( s ) Ann Holloway Bobby Caldwell singles chronology `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' ( 1978 ) `` My Flame '' ( 1979 ) `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' ( 1978 ) `` My Flame '' ( 1979 ) `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' is a blue - eyed soul - styled single written by Bobby Caldwell with Alfons Kettner , which Caldwell recorded for his eponymous debut album , released in 1978 by Clouds Records domestically and by TK Records internationally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording 2 Release 3 Personnel 4 Chart history 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Covers 5.1 Go West 5.2 Boyz II Men 5.3 Other cover versions 6 Samples 7 Interpolations 8 Soundtrack appearances 9 References 10 External links Recording ( edit ) After gaining a reputation in Miami clubs as a talented musician , Caldwell was signed to an exclusive contract with TK Records in 1978 by TK Records president Henry Stone . Heading to the studio , Caldwell recorded his first album , which was given a redo after Stone felt the album was good but `` did n't have a hit '' . Caldwell returned to the studio and came up with the final product , which included `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' . The song 's horn arrangement was written and recorded by Miami arranger Mike Lewis . Release ( edit ) Caldwell wanted the song to be the sixth track on the album since he figured the song 's second track , `` My Flame '' , which featured him playing guitar , would be the hit . However , TK Records felt confident that `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' would be the breakout hit . When it was released to R&B radio , TK Records did its best to shield Caldwell 's identity ( Caucasian ) hoping not to alienate its predominantly black audience . However , when Caldwell began making performances live on stage , it only increased demand . The song would become Caldwell 's most successful single and also his signature song , reaching number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 6 on the Hot Selling Soul Singles chart , and number 10 on the Easy Listening chart . According to the broadcast of American Top 40 for the week ending February 3 , 1979 , the week in which the song debuted at # 38 on the Top 40 , a heart - shaped pressing of the single was the most expensive single up to that point . The heart - shaped single was originally released as a promotional item only , but public demand led to 50,000 copies being pressed in time for Valentine 's Day 1979 with a retail price of $7.98 -- about the price of a full LP album at the time . The single was also available on standard round vinyl as well . Personnel ( edit ) Bobby Caldwell -- lead and backing vocals , keyboards Benny Latimore -- keyboards Steve Mealy -- guitar Richie Valesquez -- bass guitar Harold Seay -- drums Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 -- 79 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 16 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 24 UK ( OCC ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 10 US Billboard R&B 6 US Cash Box Top 100 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Canada 128 US Billboard Hot 100 59 US Cash Box 88 Covers ( edit ) Go West ( edit ) Go West recorded a version on their 1992 album Indian Summer that was released as a single . Year Song UK Singles chart US Billboard AC `` What You Wo n't Do For Love '' 15 Year - end charts Chart ( 1993 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 100 Boyz II Men ( edit ) The vocal group Boyz II Men released a cover of the song on their 2004 album Throwback , Vol. 1 , featuring rapper MC Lyte . Year Song Hot R&B Singles `` What You Wo n't Do For Love '' 60 Other cover versions ( edit ) Peabo Bryson and Natalie Cole , on We 're the Best of Friends ( 1979 ) Roy Ayers , on No Stranger to Love ( 1980 ) Dionne Warwick , on Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) Phyllis Hyman , on Living All Alone ( 1986 ) Peter Mann ( 1992 ) ( as `` Do For Love '' ) Luciano , on Do n't Get Crazy ( 1994 ) ( as `` Got A Thing For You '' ) Montell Jordan ( unreleased , played on the soundtrack of New York Undercover ) Intro , on New Life ( 1995 ) Hiram Bullock , on Carrasco ( 1997 ) Tupac Shakur , on RU Still Down ? ( Remember Me ) ( 1997 ) Victor Wooten , on What Did He Say ? ( 1997 ) Goldie , on Ring of Saturn ( 1998 ) Michael Bolton , on Timeless : The Classics Vol. 2 ( 1999 ) Fuel ( 2002 ) ( as `` Do 4 Love '' ) Jay R , on Soul in Love ( 2008 ) Daniel Evans featuring Snake Davis , on No Easy Way ( 2010 ) Jessie Ware , on Devotion ( 2012 ) ( bonus track only ) Lina Nikol , on Your Love ( 2015 ) Junior Boys , on Big Black Coat ( 2016 ) Elliott Yamin also performed the song as a contestant on American Idol Season 5 in 2006 . Barry Black also performed the song as a contestant on The Voice Season 5 in 2012 . Samples ( edit ) `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' has been sampled on the following songs , among others : Aaliyah - `` Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' ( Vocal Interpolation ) Mona Lisa - `` Just Wanna Please U '' Alfonzo Blackwell - `` Love No Limit '' Charles Hamilton - `` Where I 've Been '' Charles Hamilton - `` Him '' Esham - `` 24 / 7 '' DJ Rashad - Ghetto Tekz Runnin It Guru - `` Something in the Past '' Kool G Rap - `` Blowin ' up in the World '' Luniz - `` Playa Hata '' ( Vocal and Audio Sample ) Mary J. Blige - `` Love No Limit '' ( Uncredited ) Master P - `` If I Could Change '' Tatyana Ali - `` Boy You Knock Me Out '' ( Audio Sample ) 2Pac - `` Do for Love '' ( Vocal Sample ) 2Pac - `` Heaven Ai n't Hard 2 Find '' 2Pac - `` What I Wo n't Do For Love '' ( Unreleased ) Young Zee - `` Everybody Get High '' DJ Jazzy Jeff - `` My Soul 's Not 4 Sale ( feat . Raheem DeVaughn ) '' Sa - Deuce - `` Do n't waste my time '' Foesum - `` In the Wind '' Z - Ro - `` So Much '' Brown Eyed Soul - `` Candy '' Obeth Pacatang - cover version ( Live The Breakout ) Jessie Ware - cover version Interpolations ( edit ) Songs with vocal interpolations of `` What You Wo n't Do For Love '' include the following : Afroman - `` Do for Bud '' Mariah Carey , Da Brat & Elephant Man - `` Got a Thing 4 You '' Max B featuring French Montana - `` Do 4 Drugs '' Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) Caldwell 's recording of the song was featured in the film Donnie Brasco ( 1997 ) . The song was featured in a 2014 commercial for the Mitsubishi Outlander Sport . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` American Top 40 , '' Week Ending February 3 , 1979 , replayed February 8 , 2014 , SiriusXM Radio Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 7 April 1979 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 4 May 1979 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , March 24 , 1979 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles ( 1979 ) '' . RPM . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 29 , 1979 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Do n't Get Crazy by Luciano Album Listen for Free on Myspace '' . Myspace.com. 1995 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` 2014 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport TV Spot , ' New Beauty ' Song Bobby Caldwell '' . iSpot.tv . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Boyz II Men Nathan Morris Shawn Stockman Wanya Morris Marc Nelson Michael McCary Studio albums Cooleyhighharmony II Evolution Nathan Michael Shawn Wanya Full Circle Throwback , Vol. 1 The Remedy Motown : Hitsville USA Love Twenty Collide Compilation albums Christmas Interpretations The Remix Collection The Ballad Collection Legacy : The Greatest Hits Collection Winter / Reflections Covered : Winter The Millennium Collection : The Best of Boyz II Men Singles `` Motownphilly '' `` It 's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday '' `` Uhh Ahh '' `` Please Do n't Go '' `` End of the Road '' `` In the Still of the Nite ( I 'll Remember ) '' `` Let It Snow '' `` I 'll Make Love to You '' `` On Bended Knee '' `` Thank You '' `` Water Runs Dry '' `` One Sweet Day '' `` Brokenhearted '' `` Hey Lover '' `` 4 Seasons of Loneliness '' `` A Song for Mama '' `` Doin ' Just Fine '' `` I Will Get There '' `` Pass You By '' `` Thank You in Advance '' `` The Color of Love '' `` Relax Your Mind '' `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` Just My Imagination '' `` War '' `` Mercy Mercy Me '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' `` Iris '' `` If You Leave Me Now '' Related topics Discography Babyface The Package Tour Total Package Tour Book Peabo Bryson Studio albums Peabo ( 1976 ) Reaching for the Sky ( 1977 ) Crosswinds ( 1978 ) We 're the Best of Friends ( 1979 ) Paradise ( 1980 ) I Am Love ( 1981 ) Born to Love ( 1983 ) Straight from the Heart ( 1984 ) Live album Live & More ( 1980 ) with Roberta Flack Singles `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Let the Feeling Flow '' ( 1981 ) `` Tonight , I Celebrate My Love '' ( 1983 ) `` If Ever You 're in My Arms Again '' ( 1984 ) `` Without You '' ( 1987 ) `` Show & Tell '' ( 1989 ) `` Can You Stop the Rain '' ( 1991 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' ( 1992 ) `` By the Time This Night Is Over '' ( 1993 ) Related articles Discography Book : Peabo Bryson Natalie Cole Studio albums Inseparable ( 1975 ) Natalie ( 1976 ) Unpredictable ( 1977 ) Thankful ( 1977 ) I Love You So ( 1979 ) We 're the Best of Friends ( 1979 ) Do n't Look Back ( 1980 ) Happy Love ( 1981 ) Unforgettable -- A Musical Tribute to Nat King Cole ( 1983 ) I 'm Ready ( 1983 ) Dangerous ( 1985 ) Everlasting ( 1987 ) Good to Be Back ( 1989 ) Unforgettable ... with Love ( 1991 ) Take a Look ( 1993 ) Holly & Ivy ( 1994 ) Stardust ( 1996 ) Snowfall on the Sahara ( 1999 ) The Magic of Christmas ( 1999 ) Ask a Woman Who Knows ( 2002 ) Leavin ' ( 2006 ) Still Unforgettable ( 2008 ) Caroling , Caroling : Christmas with Natalie Cole ( 2008 ) Natalie Cole en Español ( 2013 ) Compilation albums The Natalie Cole Collection ( 1987 ) Live albums Natalie Live ! ( 1978 ) Singles `` This Will Be '' `` Inseparable '' `` Sophisticated Lady ( She 's a Different Lady ) '' `` I 've Got Love on My Mind '' `` Our Love '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' ( with Peabo Bryson ) `` I Live for Your Love '' `` Pink Cadillac '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Miss You Like Crazy '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Unforgettable '' ( with Nat King Cole ) `` A Smile Like Yours '' `` Day Dreaming '' Filmography Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Freak City ( 1999 ) De-Lovely ( 2004 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) The Real Housewives of Miami ( 2011 ) The Real Housewives of New York City ( 2011 ) Related articles Discography Nat King Cole ( father ) Maria Cole ( mother ) Carole Cole ( sister ) Eddie Cole ( paternal uncle ) Ike Cole ( paternal uncle ) Freddy Cole ( paternal uncle ) Lionel Cole ( paternal first cousin ) Book : Natalie Cole Go West Peter Cox Richard Drummie Studio albums Go West Bangs & Crashes Dancing on the Couch Indian Summer futurenow 3D Singles `` We Close Our Eyes '' `` Call Me '' `` Goodbye Girl '' `` Eye to Eye '' `` Do n't Look Down '' `` True Colours '' `` I Want to Hear It from You '' `` Do n't Look Down -- The Sequel '' `` The King Is Dead '' `` From Baltimore to Paris '' `` King of Wishful Thinking '' `` Faithful '' `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' `` Still in Love '' `` Tracks of My Tears '' `` We Close Our Eyes '' ( remix ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_You_Won%27t_Do_for_Love_(song)&oldid=837487319 '' Categories : 1978 singles Debut singles 2004 songs Smooth jazz songs Boyz II Men songs Songs written by Bobby Caldwell 1978 songs 1992 singles Go West ( band ) songs Chrysalis Records singles TK Records singles Blue - eyed soul songs Phyllis Hyman songs Quiet storm songs Peabo Bryson songs Natalie Cole songs Jessie Ware songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 04 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings i came back to let you know | [
"\n\n\"What You Won't Do for Love\"\n\n\n\nU.S. red heart-shaped vinyl limited edition\n\n\n\nSingle by Bobby Caldwell\n\n\nfrom the album Bobby Caldwell\n\n\nB-side\n\"Love Won't Wait\"\n\n\nReleased\nDecember 1978\n\n\nRecorded\n1978\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nBlue-eyed soul\nsmooth jazz\nR&B\nquiet storm\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n4:45\n\n\nLabel\nClouds (U.S.)\nTK (international)\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nBobby Caldwell, Alfons Kettner\n\n\nProducer(s)\nAnn Holloway\n\n\nBobby Caldwell singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"What You Won't Do for Love\"\n(1978)\n\"My Flame\"\n(1979)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"What You Won't Do for Love\"\n(1978)\n\"My Flame\"\n(1979)\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Bobby Caldwell"
] |
1477604713705249113 | NCIS (season 15) | NCIS ( season 15 ) - wikipedia NCIS ( season 15 ) NCIS ( season 15 ) Season 15 U.S. DVD cover Starring Mark Harmon Pauley Perrette Sean Murray Wilmer Valderrama Emily Wickersham Brian Dietzen Duane Henry Rocky Carroll David McCallum Maria Bello Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network CBS Original release September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) -- May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 14 List of NCIS episodes The fifteenth season of the American police procedural drama NCIS premiered on September 26 , 2017 , in the same time slot as in the previous seasons , Tuesdays at 8 PM . The season premiere was watched by 17.42 milion viewers , picking up two months after Gibbs and McGee were last seen fighting a group of rebels in Paraguay and focused on the aftermath of those events . The season concluded on May 22 , 2018 and contained 24 episodes . NCIS revolves around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service , which conducts criminal investigations involving the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps . The series was renewed for fourteenth and fifteenth seasons by CBS on Monday , February 29 , 2016 . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest appearances 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Reception 5 Home media 6 Ratings 7 References Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Mark Harmon as Leroy Jethro Gibbs , NCIS Supervisory Special Agent ( SSA ) assigned to Washington 's Navy Yard Pauley Perrette as Abigail Sciuto , Forensic Specialist attached to NCIS Sean Murray as Timothy McGee , NCIS Senior Special Agent , second in command Wilmer Valderrama as Nicholas `` Nick '' Torres , NCIS Special Agent Emily Wickersham as Ellie Bishop , NCIS Special Agent Brian Dietzen as Dr. Jimmy Palmer , Assistant Medical Examiner for NCIS Duane Henry as Clayton Reeves , SIS Senior Officer , NCIS International Desk Agent Rocky Carroll as Leon Vance , NCIS Director David McCallum as Dr. Donald Mallard , Chief Medical Examiner for NCIS Maria Bello as Dr. Jacqueline `` Jack '' Sloane , NCIS Special Agent and operational psychologist ( episode 4 -- 24 ) Recurring ( edit ) Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell , Former FBI Senior Special Agent Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo Sr. ( Tony DiNozzo 's father ) Jack Conley as Danny Sportelli , Metro P.D. Detective Sergeant Margo Harshman as Delilah Fielding , Department of Defense intelligence analyst ( McGee 's wife ) French Stewart as Paul Triff , imprisoned serial killer Laura San Giacomo as Dr. Grace Confalone Marco Sanchez as Alejandro Rivera Pej Vahdat as Nigel Hakim , British Humanitarian Sumalee Montano as Nicole Taggart , NCIS Special Agent Diona Reasonover as Kasie Hines , Forensic Scientist attached to NCIS Naomi Grace as Kyla Vance ( Leon Vance 's Daughter ) Hilliary Ward as Jessica Shaeffer , Defense Attorney Guest appearances ( edit ) Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts , JAG Captain from Falls Church Muse Watson as Mike Franks , deceased Senior Special Agent for NCIS ( Gibbs ' old boss ) Drew Carey as John Ross , retired Marine Sergeant Kevin Pollak as Albert Hathaway , convicted Investment Advisor Dan Lauria as Morgan Cade , Emergency Room Guard Trevor Donovan as Thomas Bucker , Navy Commander Susan Blakely as Candence Darwin , Ducky 's friend Gwendoline Yeo as NCIS Special Agent Joanna Wright Jake Busey as Whit Dexter , Radio Host Mike Wolfe as himself Peter Jason as Robert King , Biological Weapons Specialist Production ( edit ) Maria Bello 's first season as a regular The series was renewed for fourteenth and fifteenth seasons by CBS on Monday , February 29 , 2016 . It was announced that Jennifer Esposito , who portrayed NCIS agent Alexandra Quinn , had departed and would be replaced by Maria Bello as Agent Jackie Sloane -- a new series regular , beginning with episode 15 : 5 . Bello inked a three - year deal to remain with show through until the end of its seventeenth season . Production began in July 2017 with the rest of cast members returning . Showrunners Frank Cardea and George Schenck ( in their first full season at the helm ) wanted to focus Season 15 around a `` good mystery and more stand - alone episodes than two or three - parters . '' But noted that they would n't shy away from multi-part episodes if the story was deemed worth it . As to Quinn 's departure , Special Agent Torres ( Wilmer Valderrama ) states in 15 : 1 ( `` House Divided '' ) that Quinn is now on leave taking care of her mother ; this coincides with a running story - arc her character has maintained for some time . The specific turnover point between Quinn & Sloane 's characters occurs at the end of 15 : 4 , when Bello 's character premieres . In another central casting announcement , TV Line reported on October 4 , 2017 , that founding NCIS actress Pauley Perrette will be leaving the role of `` Abby Sciuto '' after the conclusion of season fifteen . Perrette 's final episode was episode 22 , which aired on May 8 , 2018 . Also , in this episode , Duane Henry ( Clayton Reeves ) was written off the show . NCIS was renewed for a sixteenth season on April 13 , 2018 , following a deal with Mark Harmon to return for an additional two years . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 331 `` House Divided '' Tony Wharmby Steven D. Binder September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 1501 13.29 The NCIS team continues their search for Gibbs and McGee two months after they went missing fighting rebels in Paraguay ; Vance and Torres are summoned to a congressional hearing regarding the fallout from the Paraguay mission . 332 `` Twofer '' James Whitmore , Jr . Scott Williams October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1502 13.50 The team investigates the murder of a Navy lieutenant , whose body is found hidden at a local cemetery ; Gibbs and McGee must pass a psychiatric evaluation by Dr. Grace Confalone before officially resuming work . 333 `` Exit Strategy '' Terrence O'Hara Christopher J. Waild October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1503 13.30 While on a stakeout with Metro P.D. , Torres ' partner mysteriously vanishes , with the subsequent investigation leading NCIS to uncover new evidence from a decade - old murder . Also , Ducky 's friend ( Susan Blakely ) presents him with a new opportunity during his guest lecture series . 334 `` Skeleton Crew '' Rocky Carroll Jennifer Corbett October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 1504 12.85 Director Vance welcomes NCIS Special Agent Sloane ( Maria Bello ) , a forensic psychologist he lobbied to transfer from California , to headquarters . Also , in the midst of a storm that has shut down Washington , D.C. and knocked out power , the NCIS team investigates the kidnapping of a sailor , which sends Torres and Bishop out to sea to track evidence . 335 5 `` Fake It ' Til You Make It '' Thomas J. Wright David J. North October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 1506 13.30 After Reeves sees a friend from an AA meeting get kidnapped , the NCIS team discovers the primary suspect disappeared two days ago with confidential military information . Meanwhile , an embarrassing photo from McGee 's teenage years becomes a popular meme . 336 6 `` Trapped '' Bethany Rooney Brendan Fehily October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 1505 12.11 After a petty officer is found murdered on a golf course , McGee spends hours on the victim 's ham radio trying to locate a key witness . Also , Palmer asks his co-workers to donate to a charity that builds playgrounds for kids of all abilities , and Torres surprises them with his generosity . 337 7 `` Burden of Proof '' Dennis Smith Gina Lucita Monreal November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 1507 13.47 After a convicted felon swears the NCIS agency framed him for murder a decade ago , Gibbs begins his own investigation , starting with a new autopsy by Ducky . Also , Senior FBI Agent Fornell ( Joe Spano ) joins the team , since he was the lead investigator in the original joint FBI and NCIS case . 338 8 `` Voices '' Tony Wharmby Steven D. Binder November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 1508 13.08 After voices inside a woman 's head lead her to the body of a contractor suspected of corruption , the team is requested to use her to figure out what happened only to find she may be hiding more than she realizes ; McGee and Delilah disagree about finding out their child 's gender . 339 9 `` Ready or Not '' Terrence O'Hara Scott Williams November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 1509 12.54 The team tracks an elusive international arms dealer who recently murdered an MI5 officer ; Abby races Delilah to the hospital when her labor starts three weeks early . Things gets more complicated when the arms dealer shows up at the same hospital Delilah and McGee are in . 340 10 `` Double Down '' Alrick Riley Christopher J. Waild December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 1510 12.58 While Sloane and Torres protect a Congressman ( and one of Gibbs ' friends ) in Afghanistan , the team investigates when his son suffers a damaging fall . 341 11 `` High Tide '' Tony Wharmby David J. North & Steven D. Binder January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 1512 14.10 Torres and Bishop go undercover as a criminal couple available for hire , during an NCIS sting operation tracking illegal drug - running out of the Norfolk civilian marina . 342 12 `` Dark Secrets '' Bethany Rooney George Schenck & Frank Cardea January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 1511 14.24 After a seemingly happy and successful Navy Lieutenant appears to have taken her own life , Gibbs and the team conduct a thorough investigation , interviewing family and friends from her past and present . 343 13 `` Family Ties '' Rocky Carroll Brendan Fehily January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 1513 13.97 After McGee and Torres visit the home of a high schooler who witnessed a hit and run , her parents flee with their daughter , leaving NCIS in the lurch . Also , Vance 's daughter is arrested for shoplifting . 344 14 `` Keep Your Friends Close '' Mark Horowitz Gina Lucita Monreal February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 1514 13.90 After the body of a missing Navy commander is found , Vance orders Gibbs and the team to work with former FBI Agent Tobias `` T.C. '' Fornell , the private investigator who was hired to locate him . Also , Bishop and Torres interview convicted investment advisor Albert Hathaway ( Kevin Pollak ) when the victim is linked to his highly publicized trial . The episode ends in a cliffhanger , as Gabriel Hicks 's lawyers ' car is blown up , leaving Sloane in the middle of the road , unconscious . 345 15 `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' Thomas J. Wright Jennifer Corbett February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 1515 12.45 NCIS strikes a deal with convicted murderer Paul Triff ( French Stewart ) , giving him a 48 - hour furlough at his former residence , now McGee 's home , in exchange for information that can convict his former cellmate , Gabriel Hicks , the murderer who deceived Gibbs and Fornell 346 16 `` Handle with Care '' Alrick Riley Scott J. Jarrett & Matthew R. Jarrett March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 1516 12.92 Gibbs and the team work to clear the name of retired Marine Sergeant John Ross ( Drew Carey ) when cyanide is found in one of the hundreds of care packages he sends to active - duty Marines 347 17 `` One Man 's Trash '' Michael Zinberg Scott Williams March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 1517 13.26 Gibbs and Ducky see an antique war stick on television that could be the missing murder weapon to a 16 - year - old cold case . Mike Wolfe guest stars as himself 348 18 `` Death from Above '' Rocky Carroll Christopher J. Waild March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 1518 11.94 The NCIS headquarters are evacuated after the team discovers bomb materials on the roof of the squad room ; the team reads the first draft of Ducky 's book . 349 19 `` The Numerical Limit '' Leslie Libman David J. North & Steven D. Binder April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 1519 12.23 Gibbs is granted protective custody of a 10 - year - old orphaned refugee , Elena , when an NCIS case reveals she is the target of a violent gang . 350 20 `` Sight Unseen '' Bethany Rooney Brendan Fehily April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 1520 11.58 NCIS searches for a petty officer suspected of assault who escapes when the sheriff transporting him crashes into a lake . Also , Torres works closely with Annie Barth ( Marilee Talkington ) , a key blind witness who heard vital evidence needed to solve the case . 351 21 `` One Step Forward '' James Whitmore , Jr . Gina Lucita Monreal May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 1521 12.35 A daughter begs Gibbs to investigate her mother 's murder because she believes the police convicted the wrong man . Abby receives a hard - to - get reservation at a new restaurant that is cold like an igloo . The episode ends in a cliffhanger , with a mugger cornering Abby and Reeves in an alley , pulling a gun and demanding money . Reeves hands over his wallet , but Abby offers to help , instead of giving up her purse . A single gunshot sounds . 352 22 `` Two Steps Back '' Michael Zinberg Jennifer Corbett May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 1522 15.08 When evidence reveals an NCIS team member is a hitman 's latest target , the team must search through old case files to determine who is seeking vengeance . Reeves dies from injuries sustained in the gunfight with the mugger ; he instinctively protected Abby , who ends up in the hospital . The mugger was hired by Robert King ( see episode 6x21 `` Toxic '' ) , who held a grudge against Abby since his arrest , and Abby privately brings him to justice . Looking over Reeves 's dead body in the autopsy room , Abby vows to carry on his wish to start a charity in his native London , deciding to leave NCIS to do so . Note : This is the final appearance by Pauley Perrette & Duane Henry as NCIS series regulars . 353 23 `` Fallout '' Terrence O'Hara Teleplay by : David J. North & Christopher J. Waild Story by : Christopher J. Waild May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 1523 12.71 While Gibbs attends the memorial service for a friend who was lost at sea , he discovers that the deceased , Navy Captain Phillip Brooks ( Don Lake ) , has been hiding in a fallout shelter after his boat was attacked and he swam to shore . Meanwhile , the NCIS team has to come to terms with the reality of losing a fellow agent . 354 24 `` Date with Destiny '' Tony Wharmby Scott Williams & George Schenck & Frank Cardea May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 1524 12.07 While on a blind date set up by McGee and Delilah , Sloane encounters a random man who she recognizes as one of her captors from her deployment in Afghanistan and gets arrested for attacking the unidentified man . Meanwhile , the NCIS team investigates a naval destroyer for a potential bomb threat . The bomb threat is later revealed to be a false report given by the captain 's son in order to spend more time with his father . Vance , Sloane , and McGee investigate the identity of Sloane 's captor , and learn that the unidentified man is Nigel Hakim ( Pej Vahdat ) , a British humanitarian worker attached to the British embassy . After replaying an audio recording for a Marine officer who was captured with Sloane , they properly identify Hakim as the captor . While Sloane attempts to assassinate Hakim , Gibbs intervenes and offers his assistance in apprehending him . Sloane 's efforts are proven to be futile when the team learns that Hakim had already left the country on another plane . The episode ends in a cliffhanger when unknown to the team , Hakim has already kidnapped Vance . Reception ( edit ) Season 15 was praised for its sharp cases and bringing new life into characters and series , with Matt Carter of CarterMatt.com citing `` the arrival of Maria Bello and the creative direction of the new showrunners ; this has been the best season overall since season 10 '' as chief reasons for this revival . Sara Netzley of Entertainment Weekly said , in reference to the positive changes , `` now here 's the show we 've enjoyed for years , '' noting that it was `` dark and twisty . '' giving it an ' A ' rating . It received both a fresh critic and audience rating on Rotten Tomatoes . As well as scoring an 8.9 average rating on TV.com and a 8.1 rating on IMDB - both significant upticks from the previous season . Season 15 of NCIS was CBS 's most watched and highest rated drama on their network for another year . Whilst being the most watched drama nationally , beating out NBC 's megahit This Is Us ( TV series ) and ABC 's The Good Doctor ( TV series ) , it also finished as the 6th most watched television program overall for 2017 / 18 season . Home media ( edit ) A DVD and BluRay of the fifteenth season of NCIS was announced for August 21 , 2018 . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` House Divided '' September 26 , 2017 1.6 / 6 13.29 0.9 4.13 2.5 17.42 `` Twofer '' October 3 , 2017 1.4 / 5 13.50 0.8 3.89 2.2 17.40 `` Exit Strategy '' October 10 , 2017 1.4 / 6 13.30 0.8 3.79 2.2 17.40 `` Skeleton Crew '' October 17 , 2017 1.4 / 5 12.85 0.8 4.13 2.2 16.98 5 `` Fake It ' til You Make It '' October 24 , 2017 1.4 / 5 13.30 0.7 3.84 2.1 17.14 6 `` Trapped '' October 31 , 2017 1.2 / 5 12.11 0.8 3.85 2.0 15.96 7 `` Burden of Proof '' November 7 , 2017 1.5 / 6 13.47 0.7 3.98 2.2 17.45 8 `` Voices '' November 14 , 2017 1.5 / 6 13.08 0.8 3.65 2.3 16.74 9 `` Ready or Not '' November 21 , 2017 1.4 / 5 12.54 0.6 3.54 2.0 16.01 10 `` Double Down '' December 12 , 2017 1.4 / 5 13.08 0.6 3.65 2.0 16.74 11 `` High Tide '' January 2 , 2018 1.5 / 6 14.10 0.8 3.87 2.3 17.98 12 `` Dark Secrets '' January 9 , 2018 1.5 / 6 14.24 0.8 3.95 2.3 18.13 13 `` Family Ties '' January 23 , 2018 1.5 / 6 13.97 0.8 4.20 2.3 18.17 14 `` Keep Your Friends Close '' February 6 , 2018 1.5 / 6 13.90 0.8 4.11 2.3 18.01 15 `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' February 27 , 2018 1.2 / 5 12.45 0.9 4.26 2.1 16.72 16 `` Handle with Care '' March 6 , 2018 1.4 / 6 12.92 0.8 4.43 2.2 17.35 17 `` One Man 's Trash '' March 13 , 2018 1.5 / 6 13.26 0.7 4.02 2.2 17.28 18 `` Death From Above '' March 27 , 2018 1.3 / 5 11.94 0.8 4.35 2.1 16.29 19 `` The Numerical Limit '' April 3 , 2018 1.3 / 5 12.23 0.7 3.73 2.0 15.87 20 `` Sight Unseen '' April 17 , 2018 1.2 / 4 11.58 0.7 3.76 1.9 15.15 21 `` One Step Forward '' May 1 , 2018 1.2 / 5 12.35 0.8 TBD 2.0 TBD 22 `` Two Steps Back '' May 8 , 2018 1.6 / 7 15.08 0.9 4.32 2.5 19.40 23 `` Fallout '' May 15 , 2018 1.3 / 5 12.71 TBD TBD TBD TBD 24 `` Date with Destiny '' May 22 , 2018 1.3 / 5 12.07 0.7 3.83 2.0 15.90 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maria Bello Joins ' NCIS ' as Series Regular for Season 15 '' . Jump up ^ Cohn , Paulette . `` NCIS Bosses Frank Cardea and George Schenck on the Season 14 Finale and What Lies Ahead '' . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` NCIS : Yes , Pauley Perrette Is Truly Leaving -- Find Out When '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` NCIS ' Pauley Perrette Wraps 15 - Year Run , Shares Photos From Set '' . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` CBS Renews ' NCIS ' For Season 16 '' . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' The Flash ' returns lower , series low for ' Lethal Weapon ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bull ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Voice ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' Splitting Up Together ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NCIS and Absentia face off in TV Madness 2018 round 1 '' . March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` NCIS Vets Named New Showrunners '' . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS ' recap : Gibbs and Fornell lock horns over an old case '' . Jump up ^ `` NCIS : Season 15 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` NCIS '' . TV.com . Jump up ^ `` NCIS ( TV Series 2003 -- ) '' -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` CBS 2017 - 18 Season Ratings ( updated 6 / 9 / 18 ) - canceled TV shows - TV Series Finale '' . June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Final same - day total viewer averages for 2017 - 18 : ' Sunday Night Football ' No. 1 for 7th straight year '' . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : NCIS : Naval Criminal Investigative Service : The Fifteenth Season : Maria Bello , Rocky Carroll , Mark Harmon , David McCallum : Movies & TV '' . www.amazon.com . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings - 2017 / 18 Season * Updated 27th January 2018 * '' . January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings - 2017 / 18 Season * Updated 22nd March 2018 * '' . March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Roseanne ' Returns on Top '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . NCIS franchise NCIS Characters Leroy Jethro Gibbs Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Ziva David Cast list Episodes Introductory `` Ice Queen '' Season 1 `` Yankee White '' Season 2 `` Twilight '' Season 3 `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' `` Under Covers '' `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' Season 4 `` Grace Period '' `` Angel of Death '' Season 5 `` Requiem '' Season 6 `` Last Man Standing '' `` Aliyah '' Season 7 `` Truth or Consequences '' `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Season 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' `` Freedom '' `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' `` One Last Score '' `` Baltimore '' Season 9 `` Nature of the Beast '' `` Enemy on the Hill '' `` Devil 's Triangle '' `` Newborn King '' `` Housekeeping '' `` A Desperate Man '' `` Life Before His Eyes '' `` Secrets '' `` Psych Out '' `` Need to Know '' `` The Tell '' `` The Good Son '' `` The Missionary Position '' `` Rekindled '' `` Playing with Fire '' `` Up in Smoke '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 10 `` Extreme Prejudice '' `` Recovery '' `` Phoenix '' `` Lost at Sea '' `` The Namesake '' `` Shell Shock ( Part I ) '' `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' `` Gone '' `` Devil 's Trifecta '' `` You Better Watch Out '' `` Shabbat Shalom '' `` Shiva '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Canary '' `` Hereafter '' `` Detour '' `` Prime Suspect '' `` Seek '' `` Squall '' `` Chasing Ghosts '' `` Berlin '' `` Revenge '' `` Double Blind '' `` Damned If You Do '' Season 11 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Past , Present , and Future '' `` Under the Radar '' `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' `` Once a Crook '' `` Oil & Water '' `` Better Angels '' `` Alibi '' `` Gut Check '' `` Devil 's Triad '' Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Related Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva David captivity storyline Other media Home video releases Soundtrack NCIS : Los Angeles Characters G. Callen Kensi Blye Sam Hanna Episodes Introductory Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Notable episodes `` Identity '' `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' Other media Home video releases NCIS : New Orleans Characters Episodes Season 1 `` Boom Boom '' ( theme song ) Related JAG Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCIS_(season_15)&oldid=856592558 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons NCIS ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Magyar Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 09 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5311238050384145925 | 2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game | 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game - wikipedia 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 5 6 7 8 9 10 American League 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 0 National League 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 Date July 17 , 2018 Venue Nationals Park City Washington , DC Managers A.J. Hinch ( HOU ) Dave Roberts ( LAD ) MVP Alex Bregman ( HOU ) Attendance 43,843 First pitch James McCloughan Television Fox ( United States ) MLB International ( outside of the United States ) TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci ( Fox ) Dan Shulman and Buck Martinez ( MLB International ) Radio ESPN Radio Radio announcers Jon Sciambi and Chris Singleton ← 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2019 → The 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was the 89th Major League Baseball All - Star Game . The game was hosted by the Washington Nationals and was played at Nationals Park on July 17 , 2018 . It was televised nationally by Fox . The American League beat the National League 8 -- 6 , in 10 innings . The host city was announced on April 6 , 2015 , by Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred ; it was the fifth All - Star Game in Washington , D.C. , and the first since 1969 , when the second Washington Senators hosted . It was also the first time that the Nationals had hosted the All - Star Game , and the first time that the Nationals franchise had hosted it since 1982 , when the franchise played as the Montreal Expos . The two leagues came into the game with identical 43 -- 43 -- 2 records and both had scored exactly 361 runs each in All - Star Game history . The game also broke a home run record , as ten home runs were hit in the game ; the previous record being six . All but one run was scored by way of a home run . This is the second consecutive game the AL has won in the 10th inning . The national rating for the game was 5.2 , down from 6.5 in 2017 . Contents 1 Fan balloting 1.1 Starters 1.2 Final roster spot 2 Rosters 2.1 National League 2.2 American League 2.2. 1 Roster notes 3 Game summary 3.1 Starting lineup 3.2 Line score 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Fan balloting ( edit ) Starters ( edit ) Balloting began on June 1 and ended on July 5 . As in previous games , the top vote - getters at each position will be the selected starters for their respective positions , barring any suspensions , injuries or other issues . The reserve players are picked in a more convoluted way involving fan votes , players , and Commissioner 's Office . For the fourth year , voting was conducted online exclusively . The results were announced on July 8 . Final roster spot ( edit ) After the rosters were finalized , a second ballot of five players per league was created for the All - Star Final Vote to determine the 32nd and final player of each roster . The online balloting was conducted from July 8 through July 11 . The winners of the All - Star Final Vote were Jean Segura of the American League 's Seattle Mariners and Jesús Aguilar of the National League 's Milwaukee Brewers . National League Player Team Pos . Jesús Aguilar Brewers 1B Brandon Belt Giants 1B Matt Carpenter Cardinals 3B Max Muncy Dodgers 1B Trea Turner Nationals SS American League Player Team Pos . Andrew Benintendi Red Sox OF Eddie Rosario Twins OF Jean Segura Mariners SS Andrelton Simmons Angels SS Giancarlo Stanton Yankees OF Rosters ( edit ) National League ( edit ) Elected starters Position Player Team All - Star Games Willson Contreras Cubs 1B Freddie Freeman Braves 2B Javier Báez Cubs 3B Nolan Arenado Rockies SS Brandon Crawford Giants OF Nick Markakis Braves OF Matt Kemp Dodgers OF Bryce Harper Nationals 6 Reserves Position Player Team All - Star Games Yadier Molina Cardinals 9 Buster Posey Giants 6 J.T. Realmuto Marlins 1B Jesús Aguilar Brewers 1B Paul Goldschmidt Diamondbacks 6 1B Joey Votto Reds 6 2B Ozzie Albies Braves 2B Scooter Gennett Reds 3B Eugenio Suárez Reds SS Trevor Story Rockies OF Charlie Blackmon Rockies OF Lorenzo Cain Brewers OF Christian Yelich Brewers Pitchers Player Team All - Star Games Patrick Corbin Diamondbacks Jacob deGrom Mets Sean Doolittle Nationals Mike Foltynewicz Braves Zack Greinke Diamondbacks 5 Josh Hader Brewers Brad Hand Padres Kenley Jansen Dodgers Jeremy Jeffress Brewers Jon Lester Cubs 5 Miles Mikolas Cardinals Aaron Nola Phillies Max Scherzer Nationals 6 Ross Stripling Dodgers Felipe Vázquez Pirates American League ( edit ) Elected starters Position Player Team All - Star Games Wilson Ramos Rays 1B José Abreu White Sox 2B José Altuve Astros 6 3B José Ramírez Indians SS Manny Machado Orioles OF Mookie Betts Red Sox OF Mike Trout Angels 7 OF Aaron Judge Yankees DH J.D. Martinez Red Sox Reserves Position Player Team All - Star Games Salvador Pérez Royals 6 Yan Gomes Indians 1B Mitch Moreland Red Sox 2B Jed Lowrie Athletics 2B Gleyber Torres Yankees 3B Alex Bregman Astros SS Francisco Lindor Indians SS Jean Segura Mariners OF Michael Brantley Indians OF Shin - Soo Choo Rangers OF Mitch Haniger Mariners OF George Springer Astros DH Nelson Cruz Mariners 6 Pitchers Player Team All - Star Games Trevor Bauer Indians José Berríos Twins Aroldis Chapman Yankees 5 Gerrit Cole Astros Edwin Díaz Mariners J.A. Happ Blue Jays Joe Jiménez Tigers Craig Kimbrel Red Sox 7 Corey Kluber Indians Charlie Morton Astros Chris Sale Red Sox 7 Luis Severino Yankees Blake Snell Rays Blake Treinen Athletics Justin Verlander Astros 7 Roster notes ( edit ) Trevor Bauer was named as the roster replacement for Justin Verlander due to Verlander starting on Sunday . Yadier Molina was named as the roster replacement for Buster Posey due to injury . Jed Lowrie was named as the roster replacement for Gleyber Torres due to injury . Ross Stripling was named as the roster replacement for Miles Mikolas due to Mikolas starting on Sunday . Zack Greinke was named as the roster replacement for Jon Lester due to Lester starting on Sunday . Jeremy Jeffress was named as the roster replacement for Sean Doolittle due to injury . Blake Snell was named as the roster replacement for Corey Kluber due to injury . Charlie Morton was named as the roster replacement for Aroldis Chapman due to injury . Salvador Pérez was named starter in place of Wilson Ramos due to injury . Yan Gomes was named as the roster replacement for Wilson Ramos due to injury . # : Indicates player would not play ( replaced as per reference notes above ) . Game summary ( edit ) Starting lineup ( edit ) National Order Player Team Position Javier Báez Cubs 2B Nolan Arenado Rockies 3B Paul Goldschmidt Diamondbacks DH Freddie Freeman Braves 1B 5 Matt Kemp Dodgers LF 6 Bryce Harper Nationals CF 7 Nick Markakis Braves RF 8 Brandon Crawford Giants SS 9 Willson Contreras Cubs Max Scherzer Nationals American Order Player Team Position Mookie Betts Red Sox RF José Altuve Astros 2B Mike Trout Angels CF J.D. Martinez Red Sox DH 5 José Ramírez Indians 3B 6 Aaron Judge Yankees LF 7 Manny Machado Orioles SS 8 José Abreu White Sox 1B 9 Salvador Pérez Royals Chris Sale Red Sox Line score ( edit ) Tuesday , July 17 , 2018 8 : 23 pm ( EDT ) Nationals Park in Washington , D.C. Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 American League 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 0 National League 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 Starting pitchers : AL : Chris Sale NL : Max Scherzer WP : Edwin Díaz ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ross Stripling ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : J.A. Happ ( 1 ) Home runs : AL : Aaron Judge ( 1 ) , Mike Trout ( 1 ) , Jean Segura ( 1 ) , Alex Bregman ( 1 ) , George Springer ( 1 ) NL : Willson Contreras ( 1 ) , Trevor Story ( 1 ) , Christian Yelich ( 1 ) , Scooter Gennett ( 1 ) , Joey Votto ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,843 . Time : 3 : 34 . Umpires : HP -- Ted Barrett ( crew chief ) ; 1B -- Jim Reynolds ; 2B -- Alfonso Márquez ; 3B -- Andy Fletcher ; LF -- Mike Muchlinski ; RF -- Cory Blaser ; Replay Official -- Marvin Hudson See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball All - Star Games Major League Baseball All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award All - Star Futures Game Home Run Derby References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nationals Park draws 2018 All - Star Game '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Asheville , North Carolina . April 7 , 2015 . p . C3 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 -- via newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Double TV coverage set for Cards - Cubs game Sunday '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Ballot '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Voting ends July 5 , 2018 at 11 : 59 p.m. ET . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Game roster rules FAQ '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riveting All - Stars earn their stripes for DC trip '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/news/final-vote-has-two-asg-spots-up-for-grabs/c-284892562 Jump up ^ Adler , David . `` Segura , Aguilar win MLB Final Vote '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 8 : 15 p.m. Sun : Five Indians , one Pirate make all - star squads '' . Tribtoday.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Langosch , Jenifer ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Yadier Molina added to NL All - Star team '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` Lowrie named to first All - Star team '' . MLB.com . July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stripling added to NL All - Star team '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greinke to replace Lester on NL All - Star roster '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeffress becomes fifth Brewer on All - Star team '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snell , Morton named to AL All - Star roster '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salvy replacing Ramos as AL 's starting catcher '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tribe catcher Gomes added to AL All - Star team '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Umpires , coaches & official scorers announced for 2018 All - Star Game '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Chesterton , Eric ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` MLB unveiled the 2018 All - Star Game uniforms , and they 're spectacular '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . `` Check Out New Era 's Eye - Popping Hat Collection For 2018 MLB All - Star Game '' . NESN . July 14 , 2018 . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Major League Baseball All - Star Game Games 1930s -- 1940s 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1959 2 1960 1960 2 1961 1961 2 1962 1962 2 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Players American League All - Stars National League All - Stars Events Futures Game ( All - time roster ) Home Run Derby Legends & Celebrity Softball Game Results and Awards Results MVPs Records See also Managers Broadcasters Final Vote Venues Arch Ward 2 -- Two All - Star Games were played these seasons . Italics indicate future games . 2018 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Houston Los Angeles Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Miami New York Philadelphia Washington NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 2018 MLB draft 2018 All - Star Game NL Central tie - breaker NL West tie - breaker 2018 World Series Fox Major League Baseball Related programs The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) MLB Whiparound Major League Baseball Game of the Week Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Related articles DirecTV N3D FoxBox FoxTrax Scooter Television contracts ( cable ) MLB Network World Series television ratings National coverage Fox ( 1996 -- present ) FS1 ( 2014 -- present ) FS2 ( 2014 -- present ) Fox Deportes ( 2012 -- present ) Fox Family Channel ( 2001 ) Fox Sports Net ( 1997 -- 1999 ) FX ( 1997 ) FSN affiliates Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) Midwest ( St. Louis Cardinals ) North ( Minnesota Twins ) Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) South ( Atlanta Braves ) Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) YES Network ( New York Yankees ) Former FSN affiliates Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998 -- 2007 ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998 -- 2006 ) Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) FSN Northwest ( Seattle Mariners ; 2004 - 2011 ) Fox / MyTV O&O Stations New York City : WNYW 5 ( Yankees , 1999 -- 2001 ) , WWOR 9 ( N.Y. Giants , 1951 -- 1957 ; Brooklyn Dodgers , 1950 -- 1957 ; Mets , 1962 -- 1998 ; Yankees , 2005 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles : KTTV 11 ( Dodgers , 1958 -- 1992 ) , KCOP 13 ( Dodgers , 2002 -- 2005 ; Angels , 2006 -- 2012 ) Chicago : WFLD 32 ( White Sox , 1968 -- 1972 , 1982 -- 1989 ) Philadelphia : WTXF 29 ( Phillies , 1983 -- 1989 ) Dallas -- Fort Worth : KDFW 4 & KDFI 27 ( Texas Rangers , 2001 -- 2009 ) San Francisco -- Oakland : KTVU 2 ( Giants , 1961 -- 2007 ; Athletics , 1973 -- 1974 ) , KICU 36 ( Athletics , 1999 -- 2008 ) Boston : WFXT 25 ( Red Sox , 2000 -- 2002 ) Washington , D.C. : WTTG 5 ( Senators , 1948 -- 1958 ) , WDCA 20 ( Nationals , 2005 -- 2008 ) Houston : KRIV 26 ( Astros , 1979 -- 1982 ) , KTXH 20 ( Astros , 1983 -- 1997 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Detroit : WJBK 2 ( Tigers , 1953 -- 1974 ; 2007 ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul : KMSP 9 ( Twins , 1979 -- 1988 , 1998 -- 2002 ) , WFTC 29 ( Twins , 1990 -- 1992 , 2005 -- 2010 ) Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Key figures Kenny Albert Dick Bremer Thom Brennaman Joe Buck Joe Davis Aaron Goldsmith Mike Joy Justin Kutcher Josh Lewin Tom McCarthy Mel Proctor John Rooney Dave Sims Dick Stockton Daron Sutton Matt Vasgersian Rich Waltz Color commentators Rod Allen Bob Brenly Joe Girardi Mark Grace Mark Gubicza Rex Hudler Eric Karros Steve Lyons Rick Manning Tim McCarver José Mota A.J. Pierzynski Harold Reynolds Frank Robinson Ken Singleton John Smoltz Jeff Torborg Tom Verducci Guest commentators Bret Boone David Cone Terry Francona Luis Gonzalez Ozzie Guillén Al Leiter David Ortiz A.J. Pierzynski Lou Piniella Jimmy Rollins Nick Swisher Field reporters Erin Andrews Curt Menefee Chris Myers Ken Rosenthal Studio hosts Greg Amsinger Kevin Burkhardt Chip Caray Brian Kenny Keith Olbermann Patrick O'Neal Chris Rose Rob Stone Jeanne Zelasko Studio analysts Eric Byrnes Keith Hernandez Raúl Ibañez Gabe Kapler Kevin Kennedy Kevin Millar C.J. Nitkowski Dan Plesac Billy Ripken Pete Rose Mark Sweeney Frank Thomas Mitch Williams Dontrelle Willis Dave Winfield Lore Regular season 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Philip Humber 's perfect game ( 2012 ) Postseason games The Flip Play ( 2001 ) Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry The 53 - Minute 7th Inning ( 2015 ) World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty ( 2001 ) Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction ( 2013 ) The End of The Curse ( 2016 ) Game 5 of the 2017 World Series ( 2017 ) Curses Curse of the Bambino Curse of the Billy Goat Curse of Rocky Colavito World Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 AL Championship Series 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Championship Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 AL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Division Series 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2014 2016 2018 2020 All - Star Game 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Music `` At Last '' `` Con te partirò '' `` Golden Autumn Day '' `` The Golden Age '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' `` On Top '' `` The Rising '' Scott Schreer `` The Scientist '' `` Stuck in a Moment You Ca n't Get Out Of '' `` Time of Your Life '' `` Walk On '' Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio Play - by - play Charley Steiner ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Jon Miller ( 1998 -- 2010 ) Dan Shulman ( 2002 -- present ) Gary Thorne ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Jon Sciambi ( 2010 -- present ) Analysts Kevin Kennedy ( 1998 ) Dave Campbell ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Chris Singleton ( 2011 -- present ) Studio hosts Joe D'Ambrosio ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Marc Kestecher ( 2008 -- present ) AL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 AL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 AL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 All - Star Game 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 World Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Related programs ESPN Major League Baseball Major League Baseball Game of the Week Sunday Night Baseball Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Lore 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Death of Osama bin Laden Grand Slam Single Tie - breaker games 1998 NL Wild Card 1999 NL Wild Card 2007 NL Wild Card 2008 AL Central 2009 AL Central 2013 AL Wild Card 2018 NL Central 2018 NL West Divisional Series games The Flip Play `` The Bug Game '' Roy Halladay 's postseason no - hitter `` The Illegal Slide Game '' `` The 53 - Minute 7th Inning '' World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction End of the Curse of the Billy Goat Chicago Cubs Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Curse of the Billy Goat New York Yankees Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Related articles Major League Baseball on the radio Home Run Derby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game&oldid=865019066 '' Categories : Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2018 Major League Baseball season Baseball in Washington , D.C. 2018 in sports in Washington , D.C. 21st century in Washington , D.C. Sports competitions in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 04 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the date of the 2018 mlb all star game | [
"The 2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 89th Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The game was hosted by the Washington Nationals and was played at Nationals Park on July 17, 2018. It was televised nationally by Fox. The American League beat the National League 8–6, in 10 innings.\n"
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7864233249728468012 | House of Cards (season 6) | House of Cards ( season 6 ) - wikipedia House of Cards ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search House of Cards ( season 6 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States Release Original network Netflix Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of House of Cards episodes The sixth and final season of the American political drama web television series House of Cards was confirmed by Netflix on December 4 , 2017 , and is scheduled to be released in late 2018 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of thirteen episodes each , the sixth season will consist of only eight . The season will not include former lead actor Kevin Spacey , who was fired from the show due to sexual misconduct allegations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Returning cast members 2.2 New cast members 3 References 4 External links Production ( edit ) On October 11 , 2017 , The Baltimore Sun reported that House of Cards had been renewed for a sixth season and that filming would begin by the end of October 2017 . On October 18 , 2017 , production of the sixth season of House of Cards appeared to be already in progress , without an official renewal announcement by Netflix , when a gunman opened fire near a House of Cards set outside Baltimore . Production company Media Rights Capital and Netflix stated that production on the show was not impacted by the shooting . Production on the series was shut down on October 30 , 2017 , following the sexual assault allegations towards Kevin Spacey by actor Anthony Rapp , who publicly stated that Spacey had made a sexual advance on him in 1986 , when he was 14 years old . Netflix announced its decision to cancel the series , after the upcoming sixth season . Multiple sources stated that the decision to end the series was made prior to Rapp 's accusation , but the announcement nevertheless caused suspicions for its timing . The following day , Netflix and MRC announced that production on the season would be suspended indefinitely , in order to review the current situation and to address any concerns of the cast and crew . On November 3 , 2017 , Netflix announced that they will no longer be associated with Spacey in any capacity whatsoever . On December 4 , 2017 , Ted Sarandos , Netflix 's chief content officer , announced that production would restart in 2018 with Robin Wright in the lead , without Spacey 's involvement , and revealed that the sixth and final season of the show would consist of eight episodes . On January 31 , 2018 , House of Cards resumed production , with new cast members including Diane Lane and Greg Kinnear , who were later joined by Australian actor Cody Fern in a regular role . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of House of Cards characters Robin Wright ( Claire Underwood ) Michael Kelly ( Doug Stamper ) Jayne Atkinson ( Cathy Durant ) Returning cast members ( edit ) The following cast members will star in the sixth season of the series : Robin Wright as Claire Underwood Michael Kelly as Douglas `` Doug '' Stamper Jayne Atkinson as Catherine `` Cathy '' Durant Patricia Clarkson as Jane Davis Constance Zimmer as Janine Skorsky Derek Cecil as Seth Grayson Campbell Scott as Mark Usher Boris McGiver as Tom Hammerschmidt New cast members ( edit ) On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Diane Lane and Greg Kinnear will play siblings on the sixth season of the series . Australian actor Cody Fern was added a few days later , in a regular role . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` The first trailer for ' House of Cards ' final season is here -- and it 's all about Claire Underwood '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Erika ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards renewed for sixth season , filming to begin by end of October '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ; Strause , Jackie ; Sandberg , Bryn ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Production Not Impacted by Active Shooter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Cancels ' House Of Cards ' , Says It 's `` Deeply Troubled '' Over Kevin Spacey Claims `` . Deadline . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix to cancel House of Cards in wake of Kevin Spacey allegations '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards cancelled as fallout continues for Spacey '' . CBC News . Associated Press . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Though the decision to end the series was announced on Monday , the decision to end the series was made several months ago , according to a person with knowledge of the situation who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the decision . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' House Of Cards ' : Production On Netflix Series Suspended Indefinitely Following Kevin Spacey Allegations '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards : Kevin Spacey Fired '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Abbreviated ' House Of Cards ' Season 6 Sans Kevin Spacey To Start Production In 2018 , Netflix 's Ted Sarandos Says '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Resumes Production , Diane Lane and Greg Kinnear Join Final Season '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Adds ' American Crime Story ' Alum Cody Fern for Season 6 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Diane Lane , Greg Kinnear Join Cast as Final Season Production Resumes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of House of Cards episodes on IMDb ( hide ) House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Episodes Season 1 `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Characters Frank Underwood Claire Underwood List of politicians See also Awards and nominations Related House of Cards ( novel ) House of Cards ( UK TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Cards_(season_6)&oldid=840199656 '' Categories : Upcoming television seasons House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 10 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does season 6 start of house of cards | [
"The sixth and final season of the American political drama web television series House of Cards was confirmed by Netflix on December 4, 2017, and is scheduled to be released in late 2018.[1] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of thirteen episodes each, the sixth season will consist of only eight. The season will not include former lead actor Kevin Spacey, who was fired from the show due to sexual misconduct allegations."
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-1415074554050230214 | Rap God | Rap God - wikipedia Rap God Jump to : navigation , search `` Rap God '' Single by Eminem from the album The Marshall Mathers LP 2 Released October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2012 , at Effigy Studios , Ferndale , Michigan Genre Hip hop Length 6 : 03 Label Aftermath Shady Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Marshall Mathers Bigram Zayas Matthew Delgiorno Stephen Hacker Douglas Davis Richard Walters Dania Birks Juana Burns Juanita Lee Fatima Shaheed Kim Nazel Producer ( s ) DVLP Filthy ( co . ) Eminem singles chronology `` Survival '' ( 2013 ) `` Rap God '' ( 2013 ) `` The Monster '' ( 2013 ) `` Survival '' ( 2013 ) `` Rap God '' ( 2013 ) `` The Monster '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` Rap God '' on YouTube `` Rap God '' is a song by American rapper Eminem . The song premiered via YouTube , on October 14 , 2013 , and was released in the US on October 15 , 2013 as the third single from Eminem 's eighth studio album , The Marshall Mathers LP 2 ( 2013 ) . It contains references to previous conflicts in Eminem 's career , as well as to other rappers ' conduct . The song received very positive reviews , with critics praising Eminem 's lyrical ability and rapping speed . The song entered the Guinness World Records as the hit single which contains the most words ( which includes 1,560 words ) , , which it still holds , but it was then overtaken as song with the most words by MC Harry Shotta 's song `` Animal '' ( which includes 1771 words , but was not a hit single ) in the 2017 edition of Guinness . It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance , but lost to Kendrick Lamar 's `` i '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Controversy 6 Awards and nominations 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References Composition ( edit ) The song references a line from the first Marshall Mathers LP , on the song `` I 'm Back '' , where he talks about the Columbine High School massacre , rapping `` Seven kids from Columbine ; Put ' em all in a line , add an AK - 47 , a revolver , and a nine . '' The verse was censored when originally released , and is included in `` Rap God '' to test public reaction . Eminem references the Lewinsky scandal in order to demonstrate his longevity as a dominant force in the rap industry , thus establishing himself as an `` immortal god '' . Additional references include a conflict between Fabolous and Ray J , Heavy D & the Boyz , planking , The Walking Dead , J.J. Fad 's 1988 song `` Supersonic '' , Tupac Shakur , Run DMC , Pharaohe Monch , Rakim , N.W.A , Eazy - E , Dr. Dre , DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Busta Rhymes , Lakim Shabazz and the 2008 Hotstylz song `` Lookin Boy '' . `` Rap God '' Eminem raps 97 words in 15 seconds - an average of 6.5 words per second - which he describes as `` supersonic speed '' ( 7 - 22 ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . In the verse that begins at 4 : 26 , Eminem raps 97 words in 15 seconds -- an average of 6.5 words per second -- which he describes as `` supersonic speed '' : Uh , sama lamaa duma lamaa you assuming I 'm a human What I got ta do to get it through to you I 'm superhuman Innovative and I 'm made of rubber So that anything you say is ricocheting off of me and it 'll glue to you I 'm devastating , more than ever demonstrating How to give a motherfuckin ' audience a feeling like it 's levitating Never fading , and I know the haters are forever waiting For the day that they can say I fell off , they 'd be celebrating ' Cause I know the way to get ' em motivated I make elevating music , you make elevator music ... -- Eminem , `` Rap God '' The song 's production was handled by American hip hop producer Bigram Zayas , professionally known as Develop or DVLP ; he has produced songs for rappers such as The Diplomats , Rick Ross and most notably Lil Wayne . The song was co-produced with Matthew `` Filthy '' Delgiorno . The song 's recording session took place at Effigy Studios in Michigan , with brothers Mike and Joe Strange working with Eminem on mixing and engineering the record . Joe Strange also contributed additional keyboarding and programming . On October 14 , 2013 , DVLP tweeted that the beat was two years old , made in November 2011 , and that Eminem recorded the song in 2012 . The song entered the 2015 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records in which Eminem is commended for the most words in a hit single , ' Rap God ' , totalling 1,560 words in 6 minutes , 4 seconds . Music video ( edit ) On November 21 , 2013 , Eminem tweeted the trailer for the music video , directed by Rich Lee , and announced it would be released on November 27 , 2013 . On November 27 , 2013 as scheduled , the music video was released on Vevo at 12 : 00pm ET . Eminem parodied Max Headroom in the music video . There are also references to The Matrix , The Walking Dead , Hellraiser and the video games Pong , Portal and Super Mario Bros. in the video . The video received three nominations at MTV Video Music Awards 2014 in the categories `` Best Art Direction '' , `` Best Editing '' , `` Best Visual Effects '' . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Rap God '' was met with acclaim from music critics . Critics praised the song 's lyrical content and rapping speed . Per Lijas of Time gave the song a positive review , stating that `` the world can expect an immortal recording '' based on `` Rap God '' and the album 's lead single , `` Berzerk '' . Jim Farber of the Daily News compared the song to The Marshall Mathers LP , stating that the song `` revives the super-sick humor of that era , which comes as a relief after all the internalizations and ruminating of Em 's more recent work '' . Kory Grow of Rolling Stone also gave the song a positive review , praising that instead of `` giving his chorus to an R&B crooner like Rihanna or the New Royales ' Liz Rodrigues '' , `` he instead delivers a straight rap refrain about feeling like a rap deity . His verses recall hip - hop history ... as much as his own history '' . Nick Hill of Contact Music praised the song 's rhyming and lyrical content . He exclaimed that the verse beginning at 4 : 20 best displays Eminem 's rapping abilities . Conversely , Consequence of Sound stated that , although the flow of the verses is impressive , the lyricism `` falls victim to dated references ( ... ) and the tired technique of using other rapper 's monikers to complete rhymes . '' They also noted that beat is `` pedestrian at best '' , and that altogether the song `` ( lacks ) the commercial appeal '' of `` Berzerk '' . Complex ranked the song number 14 on their list of the 50 best songs of 2013 . They commented saying , `` ' Rap God ' is another entry in the `` Oh My God , This Guy Raps Better Than Anyone On The Planet '' category . Eminem has been adding chapters in that book for over a decade now , so it 's easy to sit back with your arms crossed and look unimpressed . '' Rolling Stone positioned the song at number 15 on their list of the 100 best songs of 2013 . They elaborated saying , `` Eminem rolls out a six - minute argument for his immortal hip - hop genius , and it 's pretty convincing . ( ... ) For pure word - scrambling , syllable - stringing pyrotechnics , no one can touch him . '' Complex also named Eminem 's third verse the third best rap verse of 2013 . They said , `` Within the seemingly never - ending verbal waterfall , Em touches on just about anything he could , should or would : his underground origins , the criticisms of his lyrics , the positive power his words have had for so many , and pop culture references . It 's all done with impeccable technical tact , including a brief section of triple time mayhem . In other words , this verse captures exactly why the man 's become a Rap God . '' Commercial Performance ( edit ) The song debuted at number five on the UK Singles Chart and at number one on the UK R&B Chart , despite its late release . It replaced `` Berzerk '' , his first single from the album at that position . In the United States , it debuted at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . With the R&B component removed it debuted at number one on the Rap Songs chart . It also debuted at number one on the Digital Songs chart , with over 270,000 downloads sold . `` Rap God '' was Eminem 's seventh top 10 start on the Hot 100 , pushing him past Lil Wayne ( six ) for the most among men in the chart 's 55 - year history . Since its release , the song has been certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA. and has sold 1,896,000 copies in United States as of September 2017 . Controversy ( edit ) In January 2015 , TMZ reported that Chicago - based hip hop trio Hotstylz were suing Eminem and Shady Records for the amount of $8 million , for using a 25 - second sample mid-track from their song `` Lookin ' Boy '' , without their permission . In September 2015 , a 15 - year - old boy in Fresno , California was arrested for making terrorist threats by sharing on Instagram the Columbine - related lyrics to `` I 'm Back '' . The police thought that he had taken the lyrics to `` Rap God '' and added his own material on the end , as the latter interpolates some lyrics of the former . Awards and nominations ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Eminem Year Ceremony Award Result 2014 World Music Awards World 's Best Song Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Best Art Direction Nominated Best Editing Won Best Visual Effects Nominated 2015 Grammy Awards Best Rap Performance Nominated Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 45 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 65 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 14 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 5 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 30 France ( SNEP ) 23 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 33 Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 Italy ( FIMI ) 39 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 53 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 46 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 31 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 65 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 1,896,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States October 15 , 2013 Digital download Shady , Aftermath , Interscope References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Eminem - Rap God '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most words in a hit single '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Shotta receives full Guinness World Record recognition '' . UFK . AEI Group Ltd . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 57th Grammy Nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Emimem strikes again with ' Rap God ' single '' . The Detroit News . MediaNews Group . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Markman , Rob ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's ' Rap God ' Decoded : What He 's Really Saying On Venomous Track '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem 's ' Rap God ' Debuts As Latest Cut Off Of ' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 ' '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem Declares Himself a ' Rap God ' '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Oh Good , Eminem References Monica Lewinsky In His New Song ' Rap God ' '' . Uproxx . Uproxx Media . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chai , Barbara ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem Drops ' Rap God ' Single '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rap God '' . Rap Genius . October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lobenfeld , Claire ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem -- `` Rap God '' `` . Stereogum . Spin Media . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Listen to Eminem 's new song `` Rap God '' , which is anything but godly `` . Consequence of Sound . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Markman , Rob ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's New Track Proves He 's ' A God , ' Too '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hill , Nick ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem Drops The Ferocious ' Rap God ' Showing Why He Is The Best ! '' . Contact Music . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Acuna , Kirsten ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Here 's What Eminem is Saying During His ' Supersonic Speed ' Verse In New Song ' Rap God ' '' . Business Insider . Business Insider Inc . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Markman , Rob ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's Thanks ' Rap God ' Producer For One Of The ' Illest Beats ' He 's Heard '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem `` The Marshall Mathers LP 2 '' Album Credits Released `` . HipHopDX. 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / its_dvlp : # RapGod track is 2 YEARS old '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Metallica , One Direction , Eminem , Among New Adds to Guinness World Records '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Dan . `` Eminem Teases `` Rap God '' Video `` . XXL Magazine . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory . `` Eminem Embraces Hip - Hop History in ' Rap God ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 MTV Video Music Awards Nominations : Get The Full List '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lijas , Per ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's New ' Rap God ' is Divine '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's ' Rap God ' is throwback to rapper 's playful prime : music review '' . Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` Listen to Eminem 's new song `` Rap God '' , which is anything but godly `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Insanul Ahmed . `` Eminem `` Rap God '' - The 50 Best Songs of 2013 - Complex `` . Complex . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem , `` Rap God '' `` . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Adam Fleischer . `` Eminem `` Rap God '' ( Verse 3 ) - The 13 Best Rap Verses of 2013 - Complex `` . Complex . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 10 - 26 Top 40 Official Singles Chart UK Archive '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 10 - 26 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lawson and OneRepublic take on Miley Cyrus for Number 1 '' . Officialcharts.com. 2013 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 10 - 19 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive '' . Official Charts. 2013 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Lorde 's ' Royals ' Is Hot 100 's Ruler For Fourth Week '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Sued By Chicago Rappers Hot Stylz Over ' Rap God ' Lyrics '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Rappers Hotstylz To Sue Eminem For $8 Million Over Sample In ' Rap God ' '' . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mays , Mackenzie ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Boy , 15 , arrested in Instagram post that closed San Joaquin Memorial High '' . Fresno Bee . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eminem -- Rap God '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eminem -- Rap God '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eminem -- Rap God '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Urban . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Eminem -- Rap God '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 42 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Classifiche -- Top Digital -- Classifica settimanale WK 42 del 2013 '' . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana ( in Italian ) . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eminem -- Rap God '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Charts -- R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations - 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Eminem -- Rap God '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eminem -- Rap God '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Rap God in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Rap God - Single '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . ( hide ) Eminem songs Discography Production discography Awards and nominations D12 singles discography Bad Meets Evil discography Slim Shady EP `` Just Do n't Give a Fuck '' The Slim Shady LP `` My Name Is '' `` Role Model '' `` Guilty Conscience '' The Marshall Mathers LP `` The Real Slim Shady '' `` The Way I Am '' `` Stan '' The Eminem Show `` Without Me '' `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' `` Superman '' `` Sing for the Moment '' `` Business '' 8 Mile soundtrack `` Lose Yourself '' Encore `` Just Lose It '' `` Mosh '' `` Encore '' `` Like Toy Soldiers '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Ass Like That '' Curtain Call : The Hits `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Shake That '' Eminem Presents : The Re-Up `` You Do n't Know '' `` Jimmy Crack Corn '' Relapse `` Crack a Bottle '' `` We Made You '' `` 3 a.m. '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Beautiful '' Refill `` Forever '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Elevator '' `` Music Box '' Recovery `` Not Afraid '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` No Love '' `` Space Bound '' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 `` Berzerk '' `` Survival '' `` Rap God '' `` The Monster '' `` Headlights '' SHADYXV `` Guts Over Fear '' `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' Southpaw soundtrack `` Phenomenal '' `` Kings Never Die '' Collaborations `` Dead Wrong '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Watcher '' `` Renegade '' `` Rock City '' `` Hellbound '' `` Rap Name '' `` Shit Hits the Fan '' `` One Day at a Time '' `` Welcome 2 Detroit '' `` Smack That '' `` Touchdown `` Drop the World '' `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' `` That 's All She Wrote '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Writer 's Block '' `` Throw That '' `` My Life '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Numb '' `` Calm Down '' `` Best Friend '' `` The Hills '' ( Remix ) `` No Favors '' `` Revenge '' Other songs `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Kim '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` White America '' `` ' Till I Collapse '' `` The Warning '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Bad Guy '' `` Rhyme or Reason '' `` Legacy '' `` So Far ... '' `` Campaign Speech '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rap_God&oldid=809100660 '' Categories : 2013 singles Eminem songs Songs written by Eminem Aftermath Entertainment singles Shady Records singles Interscope Records singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Sampling controversies Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Urban Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for ItalyFIMI Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 03 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many words are in rap god by eminem | [
"The song entered the Guinness World Records as the hit single which contains the most words (which includes 1,560 words),[2] , which it still holds, but it was then overtaken as song with the most words by MC Harry Shotta's song \"Animal\" (which includes 1771 words, but was not a hit single) in the 2017 edition of Guinness.[3] It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance, but lost to Kendrick Lamar's \"i\".[4]"
] | [
"1,560"
] |
1798425094307092467 | List of That '70s Show characters | List of that ' 70s show characters - Wikipedia List of that ' 70s show characters It has been suggested that Eric Forman , Jackie Burkhart , Michael Kelso , Steven Hyde , Donna Pinciotti , Fez ( That ' 70s Show ) , Kitty Forman and Red Forman be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2018 . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for stand - alone lists . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` List of That ' 70s Show characters '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters appearing in the series That ' 70s Show . Contents 1 Main characters 2 Recurring characters 3 Intended recurring roles 4 Notable Guest Stars 5 References Main characters ( edit ) Eric Forman ( portrayed by Topher Grace ) : The protagonist ; Eric is a nice guy , generally geeky , physically slight , and somewhat clumsy . He is a smart - aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor . He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them , making Hyde like a brother . His father , Red , is always hard on him . Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti . He decides to become a teacher after high school , and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa , and returns at the series finale , reuniting with Donna . Jackie Burkhart ( portrayed by Mila Kunis ) : The youngest member of the group , Jackie starts the series as the pretty , rich , spoiled , selfish , conceited , annoying , and immature girl . She makes thoughtless and superficial comments , which occasionally turns out to be correct . As the series progresses , after her wealthy father is jailed and her mother ( first played by Eve Plumb in an early episode , and later , permanently , by Brooke Shields ) abandons Point Place , Jackie becomes less self - centered and is forced to take a job . She becomes more needy of genuine love and affection . Partly as a result of these changes , she and Donna become better friends . By the end of the series , Jackie has dated three of the four males of the original group : Kelso , Hyde , and Fez . Michael Kelso ( portrayed by Ashton Kutcher ) : The dim - witted pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks . He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie wants to marry him and he is n't ready , so he runs away to California with Donna in the Season 4 finale . His best friend is Fez . He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season . He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong . He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago , and leaves the series during the eighth and final season . He only appears in five episodes during season eight , including the series finale . Steven Hyde ( portrayed by Danny Masterson ) : Eric 's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group . By the end of season one , Kitty Forman prevails on her husband to allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother ( played by Katey Sagal ) and living in squalor . Hyde has a witty , blunt , and sarcastic sense of humor , and a rebellious personality . He is also smart and realistic , and the other group members often ask for his advice . Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons , they eventually part and in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha , who , unknown to Hyde was still wed to her first husband ( Sam McMurray ) when she married him . As Donna points out in `` My Fairy King '' , that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married . In the seventh season , Hyde meets his biological father ( William Barnett , played by Tim Reid ) , a wealthy black businessman . Hyde gets an attractive , straight - laced step - sister from this newfound relationship . Barnett , who owns a chain of record stores , makes Hyde first the manager , and later the owner , of the Point Place store . Donna Pinciotti ( portrayed by Laura Prepon ) : Eric 's longtime girlfriend ( and briefly fiancée ) . Donna is intelligent , good - looking , and a feminist . Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series , they become friends . Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons ( despite their break - up during season 4 ) . She has brief romances with Casey , Michael 's brother , and with Randy during the final season and quickly ends it . She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show 's finale . Fez ( portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama ) : The foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones seem to be out of control . His secret country of origin is one of the longest - running gags on the show . He is sweet , friendly , perverted , gullible , and rather odd . He enjoys eating candy , drinking beer , and looking at pornography . His best friend is Michael Kelso , and he shares a `` younger brother '' type relationship with Hyde and Eric . He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them . Initially , he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls , but during the eighth season he becomes a ladies ' man . He is in love with Jackie throughout the series , but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple . Kitty Forman ( portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp ) : Eric 's mother and Red 's wife , Kitty is a cheerful , doting , often oversolicitous mother , who can turn cold and assertive when pushed too far . A nurse and former smoker , she drinks far too much . Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause . She is also an overly nurturing mother figure to Eric 's friends , especially Fez and Hyde . Red Forman ( portrayed by Kurtwood Smith ) : Kitty 's husband , Eric 's and Laurie 's father , and Hyde 's adoptive father . Red is a Navy combat veteran , having served in World War II and the Korean War . Impatient , short - tempered , often mean - spirited and constantly threatening to stick his foot up his son ( Eric ) 's ass , he occasionally displays a soft side . His hobbies include working with his power tools , drinking beer , watching television , reading the newspaper , hunting , and fishing . Midge Pinciotti ( portrayed by Tanya Roberts ) : Bob 's wife , Donna 's mother , and Kitty 's best friend . Midge was the sexy neighborhood mom Eric and his male friends fantasized about when coming of age . Although often dim - witted , she is also a kind - hearted woman who develops feminist ideals . She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season , however , returns during the sixth and seventh seasons in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite . Bob Pinciotti ( portrayed by Don Stark ) : Midge 's husband , Donna 's father . Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard , which invariably irritates Red . Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear . He eats constantly , even in bed . Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies ' man . His best friend is Red , even though Red sees him as a nuisance . He usually takes the brunt of Red 's abuse in a jolly manner . Laurie Forman ( portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly / Christina Moore ) : Eric 's beautiful but evil older sister . Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her father . She is promiscuous , often seen with various men , mainly Eric 's friend Kelso , who cheats on his girlfriend , Jackie . Eric , Hyde , and Donna often mock her promiscuity . Laurie has a strained relationship with her mother , who , unlike Red , sees Laurie for what she really is . Laurie leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth , somewhat chastened . At one point , she genuinely seeks out a loving relationship , rather than merely a physical one , with Kelso , who is dumbfounded . She also becomes attached to a baby for whom she is babysitting , and feels quasi-maternal pangs , which soon disappear . In season five , she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported . In season six , due to Kelly 's health issues , Laurie was portrayed by a different actress , Christina Moore . Leo ( portrayed by Tommy Chong ) : A hippie , and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked . Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II , where he was awarded a Purple Heart . Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy - going attitude in most things , business included . He disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five 's `` The Battle of Evermore '' when the gang goes on a mission to find him , but with no luck . He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show 's end . In season 8 , he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves . Randy Pearson ( portrayed by Josh Meyers ) : The newest member of the group , Randy is introduced in the final season . Tall and handsome , he is laid back , polite , and forms a friendship with Red who is impressed at Randy 's skill at fixing things . While Hyde , Jackie , Donna , and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group , Fez does not . Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight , causing Kitty to be infuriated with both of them . Donna eventually breaks up with him , and reconciles with Eric when he returns in the last episode of the series . Recurring characters ( edit ) Suzy Simpson ( played by Alyson Hannigan ) appears in three episodes of season 6 . She is Kelso 's buddy from the police academy who is also attracted to him . Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso . However , when Fez reveals that Kelso 's having a Baby with another Woman and Kelso reveals that Fez is married , she is furious and wants nothing to do with them . Angie Barnett ( played by Megalyn Echikunwoke ) is Steven Hyde 's half - sister . Hyde did not know he had a sister until the 7th season . Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major . Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father 's record store , but Angie did not always like working with him . She dated Kelso , which sometimes annoyed Hyde . Angie got her name because , in the seventh season , all episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs , and `` Angie '' was a song by the Stones . Annette Berkardt ( played by Jessica Simpson ) was Michael Kelso 's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5 . She acts and talks very similar to Jackie , constantly bossing Kelso around . Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie , or `` Blackie . '' Despite this , Jackie and Annette hated each other . Once at The Hub , Jackie said to Annette `` I did not know they let ' slutballs ' in here '' . Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay . Later in the episode , when Annette and Kelso were kissing , Jackie yelled `` Get off my boyfriend ! '' to Annette , even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up . This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie . Beatrice Dorothy `` Bea '' Sigurdson ( née Heprage ; played by Betty White ) is Kitty Forman 's mother . Bea seems like a friendly old lady , but is cold and critical , especially of Kitty . She appeared in a few episodes in season five , often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux - friendly manner . She was widowed in `` Your Time is Gonna Come '' when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies . She shows little emotion after her husband 's death but Kitty does catch her crying in a bedroom . Bea stays with the Formans for a while after Burt 's death , causing Kitty considerable stress . Bernice Rose Forman ( née Larson ; played by Marion Ross ) is Red Forman 's mother . Bernice resented Kitty and was always mean to her . Kitty revealed it was because Red married her instead of an attractive and wealthy woman he once dated who Bernice liked . She appeared in the episodes `` Sunday , Bloody Sunday '' , `` The Best Christmas Ever '' and `` Grandma 's Dead '' of season 1 , and in a flashback in the episode `` Halloween '' of season two . In the episode `` Grandma 's Dead '' she dies in Eric 's car while he is driving her home after Eric tells her off for her treatment of his mother . Brooke Leslie Rockwell ( played by Shannon Elizabeth ) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric 's class . The summer after Kelso 's graduation , she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant . Initially , Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child 's life . Eventually , Kelso convinced her to give him another chance . Brooke gave birth to their daughter , Betsy in 1979 . Steven James `` Bud '' Hyde Jr. ( played by Robert Hays ) is Steven Hyde 's stepfather . Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic . Until the end of the 6th season , Steven Hyde thought Bud was his biological father . Bud Hyde abandoned Steven when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this . They temporarily reconciled in season 3 , with Hyde even moving in with him . However , he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna -- forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house . Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again . ( Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde 's car . ) Bertrum Wayne `` Burt '' Sigurdson ( played by Tom Poston ) is Kitty Forman 's father . He is often seen avoiding his wife , Bea . In one episode , he bought an ostrich farm , which was right next to a coyote farm . The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house . Burt died in the episode Your Time is Gonna Come . Caroline `` Crazy Caroline '' Dupree ( played by Allison Munn ) was Fez 's girlfriend in season 3 . Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid . She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her , when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so . Caroline was once found hiding in the men 's bathroom looking for Fez . Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her . Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season . She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate , and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez 's Barry White album ( Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez 's knowledge , but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez ) . Caroline appeared again in `` Sheer Heart Attack '' . Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman , so he called Caroline . Later in the episode , Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in . This , as always , made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously . Casey ( played by Luke Wilson ) is Michael Kelso 's brother who was in the military . Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna Pinciotti . During their relationship , there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior , such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey . Donna 's father , Bob , felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore . Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna , so Eric wanted them to break up . When Red Forman and Bob were discussing Casey 's negative influence with Donna and Casey , Casey broke up with Donna , deciding the conflict with Bob and Red to be too much hassle . Donna felt that she and Casey were in love , but Casey felt `` I love you '' is just something you could say and do not have to really mean . Michael Kelso said that his brother Casey got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them . During the summer of 1979 , Casey was teaching physical education at Eric 's old high school , and Eric was in Casey 's class . He likes to call Eric `` Foreplay '' . his last appearance was in the Season 7 episode `` 2120 So . Michigan Ave . '' Charlie Richardson ( played by Bret Harrison ) is the son of one of Red 's war buddies . Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win `` Eric 's '' goldfish in an egg toss . Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of Season 7 . Before the beginning of Season 8 , Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died . The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor . The original idea was to have Charlie stay on the show the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric , but the actor got an offer for his own show so they killed his character off . Christine St. George ( played by Mary Tyler Moore ) is a talk show host of What 's Up Wisconsin . In the episode `` Sweet Lady '' , Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine 's co-host on the show . She persistently tries to get the job , but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead . After a few episodes , Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her . Earl ( played by Robert Clendenin ) is a friend of Red 's who worked for Red at Price Mart . Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job , so Red fired him . After that , Earl sued Red for wrongful termination , however , Earl arrived too late to his own hearing , so the judge ruled in favor of Red . Later , Earl got a job working at a fast food restaurant , where he is again fired for his poor work ethic ( this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant 's food while on work ) . Earl appears in the episodes `` Red Fired Up '' , `` Roller Disco '' and `` Radio Daze '' . Edna Hyde ( played by Katey Sagal ) is Steven Hyde 's biological mother . She is only in the Season 1 episodes `` Career Day '' , `` Prom Night '' , and `` Punk Chick '' , though she only appears in `` Career Day '' . She plays a large part in `` Career Day '' , playing opposite Hyde when on Career Day , he has to help her in the kitchen ( she was the school chef , `` Gross Edna '' at the time ) . In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as : In Prom Night Edna : `` They 're all gon na laugh at you ! '' ( a prom night reference to the 1976 film , Carrie ) Steven : `` Shut up ma , you 're makin ' the night too damn special ! '' In Punk Chick Steven : `` It 's still my suitcase ! '' Edna : `` Nothing in this house is yours ! '' Steven : `` Shut up ! '' Edna then ran off and abandoned Hyde , and is not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde claims that his biological parents got back together and ran off . After Hyde 's abandonment , Kitty prevailed upon Red to let the squalor - ridden Hyde live with the Formans . Fenton , also known as Clerk in Season 5 , ( played by Jim Rash ) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a `` half - off sale , a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez 's ass look like an oil painting '' in Fez 's own words . In the fifth season , he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna 's engagement ring . He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season , which later became Fez and Jackie 's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago . At first , Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez , but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter , and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were `` life partners '' , he let them have it . Though Fenton does not state this explicitly , his frequent innuendos about men , his lack of experience with women , his mannerisms and affect overtly imply he is gay . Whenever he sees Fez , he says `` Oh , It 's you '' in a contemptuous way . Neither Fenton nor Fez will specifically explain the reason for their mutual hostility and dislike to Eric , despite his increasing curiosity . Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie , who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud . However , very shortly thereafter , she carelessly floods both their apartment and Fenton 's apartment directly underneath after falling asleep while running the bathtub . Hilary Robinson ( played by Lara Everly ) is Fez 's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8 . Fez tried to impress her by trying to look cool which intimidated her , but when Jackie explained to her who Fez really was , she fell in love with him . Fez and Hilary dated for a few weeks , before Hilary suddenly decided to become a nun and left Fez . Jack Burkhart ( played by Paul Kreppel ) is the father of Jackie Burkhart . After his arrest for bribery and embezzlement , he was sent to jail . Jackie ceased being a rich , privileged girl . Joanne Stupac ( played by Mo Gaffney ) is a girlfriend of Bob Pinciotti , who appears in Seasons 4 and 5 . She met Bob at the supermarket when Bob , being unable to cook , was about to buy a dozen TV dinners . Joanne decided to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy the TV dinners . She does not get along well with Red . When Red and Joanne first met , they got into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad . Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to work there to put coupons in the dog food bags . Eric would eventually lose that job after Joanne broke up with Bob . Mitch Miller ( played by Seth Green ) is a student in the same class as Eric . Mitch had a feud with Fez and because of this conflict , Mitch published a photo of Fez and Kelso kissing each other in the school newspaper . Mitch had a crush on Donna Pinciotti , and one time Donna went to a wedding with Mitch . Eric was angered when Mitch embarrassed Donna , and Eric and Mitch agreed to fight each other the next day at 5 : 15 PM . Not wanting to fight , Mitch persuaded Eric not to fight with him by offering him a French - made GI Joe called `` GI Jacques '' . Mitch has a father , Charlie Miller , played by Fred Willard . Nina Jo Bartell ( played by Joanna Canton ) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who worked with him at the DMV . Fez lost his virginity to her , but it went badly , so she suggested they needed to do it more often to get better . They broke up a while later because Nina thought he was too needy . Officer Phillip Otis Kennedy II ( played by James Avery ) is Kelso 's training officer when he joins the police force . He appears mostly in the 6th season , playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso . Pam Burkhart ( played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6 ) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6 . Once a serious business lady , she fled to Mexico when Jackie 's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie . Pam Macy ( played by Jennifer Lyons ) is a classmate of the main characters of the show . She has been mentioned in more episodes than she appeared , mostly by Michael Kelso . She appeared in the episodes `` Prom Night '' , `` Romantic Weekend '' , and `` It 's a Wonderful life '' . In `` Prom Night '' , Michael took Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie . In `` Romantic Weekend '' , Kelso was about to have sex with Pam but was unable to perform , telling his friends `` The buffer would n't buff '' . Pam told the whole school , which caused everyone to tease Kelso about it . Pastor Dave ( played by Kevin McDonald ) , Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church . He is overly cheerful and ( incorrectly ) thinks he is up to date with the trends , and is `` hip and cool '' . He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices , and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he 'll go away . Dave is good friends with Kitty , who helps with the church fundraisers , and has an uneasy friendship with Red ( mostly because Red is not used to having friends ) . His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less - pure side of Dave , as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer , and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays ( he later rejoins as the pastor again ) . He appears primarily in Season 3 and 4 , but has a few cameos in Season 2 . Rhonda ( played by Cynthia Lamontagne ) Often called Big Rhonda by her classmates , she was a recurring character during season 4 . She was Fez 's girlfriend during this season . When she and Fez were stuck in the school during a tornado , he was about to have sex with Big Rhonda , but after the tornado was gone , she did not want to anymore . She broke up with Fez after she choked him after he wanted to get to third base , which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso . Like Fez , she loves candy . She treats Eric with relentless contempt but was genuinely fond of Fez . She also physically intimidated tiny Jackie by threatening to wrestle her after Jackie gets rude with her . The episode `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' featured an alternate timeline , where Rhonda went to the prom with Eric ( in this timeline , Eric and Donna were never in a relationship ) , and they remained together until her dumped her . Eric mentions that the two only had sex three times . Later in the same episode , she is seen at their 10 - year reunion but now as a trim , beautiful , and sexy woman , which Rhonda claims came from being dumped by Eric which led her to lose weight thanks to Jane Fonda workout tapes and to become a fitness instructor herself . She thanks him for this . It was also mentioned in the season three episode `` Kitty 's Birthday '' that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured . Roy Keen ( played by Jim Gaffigan ) is the kitchen manager of the Holliday Hotel who employed Eric , Hyde , and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel 's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6 . The character serves as the replacement of Leo who was written out during season 5 , although he had been absent for several episodes . It was mentioned by Hyde that Roy was like a father figure when his father abandoned him . Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low and he goes days without washing his hands . Roy served in the Vietnam War , once describing Eric as `` scrawny , but strong ... like the Vietcong '' . He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people . At one time he got the impression a woman was in love with him , after she insulted him when he got her some butter , and hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers . He once mentioned he was living with a woman , but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret . It is revealed in the season 6 episode `` A Legal Matter '' that he was a police cadet who was oust of the police academy for shooting a police horse . Samantha Hyde ( played by Judy Tylor ) is Hyde 's wife during season 8 . They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas . The two barely knew each other when they got married . Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde . In the episode `` My Fairy King '' , Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else . After this , Hyde and Samantha 's relationship ended . Schatzie is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy . Schatzie was in several episodes of season 5 , was absent for all of season 6 , then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7 . Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose . `` Schatzie '' is German and means `` little treasure '' or `` darling '' ( diminutive of `` Schatz '' ) . Timmy Thompson ( played by Paul Connor ) is an incredibly annoying fellow high - school student of the gang who always embarrasses someone with loud comments meant for everyone around to hear , that start with `` Heeey ... '' , such as : `` Heeey , Forman and Donna got a motel room and they 're going to do it ! '' `` Heeey , I 'm taking off my pants ! '' `` Heeey , Forman 's on a date with his mom ! '' `` Heeey , Donna 's showed her ass ! '' ( while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera ) . He only has real dialogue in the episode `` Burning Down The House '' . William James `` WB '' Barnett ( played by Tim Reid ) is Steven Hyde 's biological father . Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons , where Kitty discovers that Steven 's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee . Sometimes people call William Barnett by his initials , WB . Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves , a chain of record stores . Barnett put Steven in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter ( and Hyde 's half sister ) , Angie . Barnett is black , which Hyde believes explains his `` coolness , afro and suspicion of the man '' ( it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated `` I do n't know , because they do n't want me to know '' ) . WB 's last on - screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty - first episode of the eighth season , `` Love of My Life '' ( WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season , `` Son and Daughter '' ) . Intended recurring roles ( edit ) Several characters on the series were written as recurring , but made only one appearance . Among them : Tina Pinciotti ( played by Amanda Fuller ) was the younger sister of regular Donna Pinciotti . She first appeared in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' , but made no appearances following that , except for a brief mention in the episode `` Vanstock '' . A similar situation occurred with unseen Valerie Pinciotti . The two are later written out with no explanation , as demonstrated in the season seven premiere , when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge 's only child . Valerie Pinciotti was the older never - seen sister of Donna Pinciotti and Tina Pinciotti , who in `` Eric 's Birthday '' was said to be away at college but never mentioned again . Matthew and Rebecca Erdman ( played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt ) were the prudish host parents of Fez . They first appeared in `` Drive - In '' and convince Fez the rock they detest is diabolical by playing a KISS album backwards . Fez 's host parents make no further appearances in the show . Buddy Morgan ( played by Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) was introduced in `` Eric 's Buddy '' , and was intended to become a recurring character . However , the introduction of homosexual Buddy as a love interest for Eric ( at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna ) did not go over well with audiences , and Buddy was cut from the show . Melissa ( played by Reagan Gomez - Preston ) appeared in `` Hyde Gets the Girl '' as a potential love interest for Hyde . She was intended to become his on - off girlfriend . Patty ( played by Lindsay Sloane ) appeared in two episodes in the series ' second season . She is introduced in `` Eric Gets Suspended '' along with her best friend , Mary ( played by Melissa Joan Hart ) . The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez . Hyde initially pairs with Mary , and Fez with Patty ; but in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates because he is hitting it off with Patty . Patty then returned in `` Eric and Kitty 's Night Out '' . In the episode , Fez and Patty become boyfriend and girlfriend . Patty 's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character 's appearance in the series . However , with no explanation in the show Patty is not seen or mentioned again . Notable Guest Stars ( edit ) Paul Anka Curtis Armstrong Jim Beaver Charo Erika Christensen Alice Cooper Shae D'Lyn Roger Daltrey Ashley Drane Eliza Dushku Alexis Dziena Jamie Farr Adrienne Frantz Amy Adams Monty Hall Valerie Harper Jenilee Harrison Isaac Hayes Mitch Hedberg Carolyn Hennesy Howard Hesseman Josh Holloway Richard Karn Richard Kline Christopher Knight Don Knotts Lindsay Lohan Justin Long Gavin MacLeod Christopher Masterson Alex Nevil Keri Lynn Pratt Ethan Peck Jack Riley Connie Sawyer French Stewart Betty White Barry Williams Billy Dee Williams References ( edit ) hide That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Seasons 5 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_Show_characters&oldid=856104361 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Wisconsin Lists of American sitcom television characters That ' 70s Show characters Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from August 2018 All articles to be merged Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from September 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2009 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 22 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays hyde's dad on that 70s show | [
"Steven Hyde (portrayed by Danny Masterson): Eric's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group. By the end of season one, Kitty Forman prevails on her husband to allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother (played by Katey Sagal) and living in squalor. Hyde has a witty, blunt, and sarcastic sense of humor, and a rebellious personality. He is also smart and realistic, and the other group members often ask for his advice. Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons, they eventually part and in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha, who, unknown to Hyde was still wed to her first husband (Sam McMurray) when she married him. As Donna points out in \"My Fairy King\", that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married. In the seventh season, Hyde meets his biological father (William Barnett, played by Tim Reid), a wealthy black businessman. Hyde gets an attractive, straight-laced step-sister from this newfound relationship. Barnett, who owns a chain of record stores, makes Hyde first the manager, and later the owner, of the Point Place store."
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"Tim Reid"
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3549252798550230802 | List of Saved by the Bell characters | List of Saved by the Bell characters - wikipedia List of Saved by the Bell characters The American television sitcom Saved by the Bell , that aired on NBC from 1989 to 1993 , follows a group of six high school students and their principal , Mr. Belding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Zack Morris 1.2 Kelly Kapowski 1.3 Samuel `` Screech '' Powers 1.4 A.C. Slater 1.5 Jessie Spano 1.6 Lisa Turtle 1.7 Mr. Belding 1.8 Tori Scott 2 Bayside faculty 2.1 Mrs. Culpepper 2.2 Mr. Dewey 2.3 Doctor Mertz 2.4 Mr. Dickerson 2.5 Mrs. Simpson 2.6 Coach Sonski 2.7 Mr. Tuttle 2.8 Ms. Wentworth 3 Bayside students 3.1 Violet Ann Bickerstaff 3.2 Ginger 3.3 Rhonda Robistelli 3.4 `` Big '' Pete Stonebreaker 3.5 Louise 3.6 Moose 3.7 Maxwell Nerdstrom 3.8 Ox 4 Belding family 4.1 Rod Belding 4.2 Mrs. ( Becky ) Belding 4.3 Penny Belding 4.4 Zack Belding 5 Morris family 5.1 Derek Morris 5.2 Melanie Morris 6 Kapowski family 6.1 Frank Kapowski 6.2 Billy Kapowski 6.3 Kyle Kapowski 6.4 Nicki Kapowski 6.5 Harry Bannister 7 Slater family 7.1 Maj . Martin Slater 7.2 J.B. Slater 8 Jessie Spano 's stepfamily 8.1 Leslie 8.2 Eric Tramer 9 Turtle Family 9.1 Mr. Turtle 9.2 Judy Turtle 10 Powers Family 10.1 Roberta Powers 10.2 Kimberly 11 Malibu Sands employees 11.1 Stacey Carosi 11.2 Leon Carosi 12 The Max 's employees 12.1 Max 12.2 Jeff Hunter 13 Miscellaneous characters 13.1 James the Actor 13.2 Frank and Laura Benton 13.3 Kevin the Robot 14 References Main characters ( edit ) Zack Morris ( edit ) Main article : Zack Morris Kelly Kapowski ( edit ) Kelly Kapowski ( portrayed by Tiffani Amber Thiessen ) is the most popular girl in school and is head cheerleader and captain of the volleyball , swim , and softball teams . Though a good student and role model , Kelly did find herself sentenced to detention on a couple of occasions . She is also a big fan of George Michael . She also is the love interest and later wife of Zack Morris . In contrast with her friends , she came from a more modest working class family and her father went through periods of unemployment . At the start of Kelly 's freshman year , Zack had been trying to go out with her for as long as she could remember . For a while , a feud began between Zack and fellow student A.C. Slater over who would be her boyfriend , which caused her great stress , but a lot of fun at the same time . Kelly blushed numerous times when both Zack and Slater would hit on her , especially when it was done in front of other students . During her sophomore year , Slater conceded defeat to Zack and she and Zack began dating , whereas Slater thereupon pursued his interest in Jessie Spano . The following school year marked the end of their relationship . Zack wanted to go steady with Kelly , but she is not sure at first . She thought it over but by the time she decided to accept Zack 's offer , he had become infatuated with a young school nurse . That turned out to be a dead - end , but when he tried to apologize to Kelly and get her back , she brushed him off . However , they were back together in the following episode ( `` Breaking Up is Hard to Undo '' ) . Kelly began working at The Max as a waitress and fell for her boss , Jeff Hunter ( Patrick Muldoon ) , much to Zack 's disappointment . This caused her and Zack to break up . Kelly dated Jeff for a while , until he is caught at an 18 - and - over club ( The Attic ) with another girl . Subsequently , Kelly and Zack became closer friends , though they dated other people . While vacationing in Palm Springs for Jessie Spano 's father 's wedding , Zack and Kelly flirted with the possibility of getting together again but ended up remaining friends . In her senior year , she is once again pursued by Zack to accompany him to the prom . She agrees , and they get back together . As graduation approached , Kelly stated she could not afford to go to an out - of - state university and instead would attend community college . She and her friends graduated from Bayside High in 1993 and went their separate ways . In Saved by the Bell : The College Years , Kelly is accepted into California University on a scholarship , joining Zack , Slater , and Screech as suitemates . She also became the new roommate of Leslie Burke and Alex Taber . While at Cal . U. , Kelly engaged in an affair with her anthropology professor , Jeremiah Lasky . Zack makes a final attempt to win her over when she decides to go on a `` Semester on the Sea '' program through the Mediterranean for three months . Zack proposed to Kelly , and she accepted . Without much support from their families , Zack and Kelly had planned to get married in Las Vegas in Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas . The couple managed to bring Slater , Screech , and Lisa Turtle with them for the event . Just prior to the exchange of vows at the ceremony at a cheap wedding chapel , Zack 's parents showed up and stopped the wedding . They told Zack and Kelly that they would give them the wedding of their dreams . A few days later , Zack and Kelly had an elaborate outdoor wedding in the Las Vegas area . Lisa and Jessie stood as bridesmaids while Screech and Slater stood as groomsmen . The newlyweds then went on a honeymoon . When Zack and Slater made guest appearances on Saved by the Bell : The New Class a few years later , Slater asked Zack how `` the Mrs . '' ( meaning Kelly ) is doing , Zack replied , `` Good . '' Samuel `` Screech '' Powers ( edit ) Samuel `` Screech '' Powers ( portrayed by Dustin Diamond ) is one of only two characters to appear as a series regular from the beginning of the franchise to its end . He appeared in Good Morning , Miss Bliss ; Saved by the Bell ; Saved by the Bell : The College Years ; and Saved by the Bell : The New Class . Screech is seen as the geek of his peer group . While he is clearly intelligent and a high academic achiever , he lacks common sense and social skills . His friends , who are more conventionally attractive and `` cooler '' than he is , like him anyway and always include him in their plans . In Good Morning , Miss Bliss , Screech is much like he is in all of his other incarnations , only younger . He mentions he has a brother in one episode , but this was written out of all subsequent continuity . In Saved by the Bell , Screech is the only child of an unseen father and an Elvis - obsessed mother ( guest star Ruth Buzzi ) . In addition , he has a dog named Hound Dog , and a robot pal named Kevin , whom he built and programmed himself and who exhibits artificial intelligence . He often exhibits low self - esteem when it comes to girls , in contrast to his more popular friends . During his years at Bayside High , Screech frequently pursues classmate Lisa Turtle and is consistently turned down by her . However , she does agree to date him in one episode , only to spoil the date by talking through the movie . She also attends senior prom with him , because she is moved by both his honesty about how hurt he is that no one wants to go to the prom with him and impressed when Screech says he will stand by an earlier promise not to ask her to the prom . It is revealed in one episode that Screech is of Italian ancestry . Screech does eventually end up with a girlfriend , Violet Anne Bickerstaff ( played by the then unknown Tori Spelling ) , and dates her for several episodes , even managing to win back the support of her upper - class parents after losing it on a disastrous dinner date . Violet is then never seen again , without any explanation . Screech is frequently roped into scams by his best friend , Zack . As a running gag , he often unwittingly sabotages them . In spite of all his faults , Screech is well liked by his friends . Upon graduating , Screech and his friends Zack , Slater , and Kelly , attend California University in Saved by the Bell : The College Years . Screech remains there until his sophomore year , when he begins a work - study program at his alma mater , Bayside High , alongside Principal Richard Belding . In Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas , Screech attends Zack and Kelly 's wedding . He served as Zack 's best man in the wedding along with Slater . This is mentioned in an episode of Saved by the Bell : The New Class , which aired around the time of the movie 's release . From season two in Saved by the Bell : The New Class , Screech is initially in the role as Belding 's administrative assistant as part of a work - study program . Screech retains the same bumbling tendencies he did as a teenager , often irritating Belding and leading to his new what - did - I - do catachcall `` Zoinks ! '' ( an utterance originally made famous by Shaggy Rogers from Scooby - Doo ) . However , Screech remains at Bayside in this capacity until the end of the series . Mr. Belding leaves to pursue a new job at the University of Chattanooga at the end of the series . It 's implied that Screech will take over as Principal but the series ends without showing this happening . A.C. Slater ( edit ) Albert Clifford `` A.C. '' Slater ( portrayed by Mario Lopez ) is a popular jock who excelled in most sports ( particularly football and amateur wrestling ) . An Army brat , he is an outsider , having transferred to Bayside in the first filmed episode ( which aired later as a flashback ) . A.C. mentions that he has been to Bolivia , Italy , Iceland , and Berlin among other places . He becomes the school 's star athlete , excelling as a wrestler and the quarterback of the football team , but does not excel in the class room . His father , Martin ( a Major in the U.S. Army ) , appears in two episodes . His mother , Lorraine , however , is not in any episodes . He also has a younger sister named J.B. whom Zack briefly began dating , much to Slater 's chagrin . In the season four episode `` Love Machine , '' his ex-girlfriend from Berlin visits and calls him by his real name , `` Albert Clifford `` . Much like Voorhies , Lopez was able to captivate the show 's producers into casting him into a role that was originally written to be Caucasian . This issue of Slater 's ethnicity is addressed in `` Slater 's War '' from The College Years , where it is revealed that 25 years earlier A.C. 's father changed his last name from Sanchez to Slater so he could get into the military academy . Although the episode reveals that A.C. does not fluently understand Spanish , A.C. is seen speaking broken Spanish to the kitchen staff of the Malibu Sands Beach club . At the start of freshman year in Saved by the Bell , Slater arrives as a transfer student , immediately making an enemy of Zack Morris by attempting to make a move on Kelly Kapowski . Both boys end up in detention after schemes to be with Kelly backfire on both of them . While in detention , Slater reveals to Zack that he had transferred in and out of various schools throughout his life due to his father being a Major in the army . Their mutual understanding of a father putting something else before his son would serve as the ice breaker between the two ( Zack 's own father was too busy with his job and never paid attention to him or his academics ) . By the end of the first season , Zack and Slater find themselves bonding over similar social standing , popularity among women , and athletic ability . During Season 2 , the rivalry between the two is toned down , and they begin to become friends . Slater grew into the habit of calling Zack `` Preppie '' which he at first intended as an ongoing insult , but once they became friends , Slater used the term as an affectionate nickname for Zack . Slater goes on to date feminist Jessie Spano on and off for the remainder of High School . Throughout the course of the show , Slater and Zack compete for many other girls which often puts a strain on their friendship ( one instance culminated in a brawl between the two during their senior year ) . In the end though , their friendship is more important to them than any girl that would possibly come between them . In Saved by the Bell : The College Years , Slater is accepted into California University , along with Zack , Screech , and Kelly as suite mates and begins dating Alex Taber , one of Kelly 's roommates . While there , Slater continues his passion for wrestling and works in the University 's main restaurant . Along with Screech , Slater serves as Zack 's best man at his wedding to Kelly in Las Vegas in Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas . Slater makes two return guest appearances in Saved by the Bell : The New Class , firstly in `` Goodbye , Bayside '' Part 2 , along with Zack and Lisa when a millionaire alumnus J. Walter McMillan plans to buy the school and tear it down for the purpose of constructing a condo , and in `` Fire at the Max : Part 2 '' , where he reminisces on fond memories he had with his friends at the diner , after it was accidentally burned down by student Ryan Parker , who forgot to turn off the Christmas lights . Jessie Spano ( edit ) Jessica `` Jessie '' Myrtle Spano ( portrayed by Elizabeth Berkley ) is a lifelong friend of Zack , Screech , Lisa and Kelly . She and Zack live next door to each other , and Zack regularly visits Jessie by climbing through her window . Her parents are divorced . She lives with her mother , who remarried in the third season , providing Jessie with a stepbrother , Eric ( played by Joshua Hoffman ) from New York City , seen in only two episodes . Jessie 's father is the owner and manager of the Marriott Desert Sands resort . He also becomes remarried in the hour - long `` Palm Springs Weekend '' episode , to a much younger woman with whom Jessie did not initially get along and was against marrying . She eventually accepted Leslie for who she was and becomes friends with her ( Jessie 's father is played by George McDaniel , and her new stepmother , Leslie , is played by Barbra Brighton ) . Jessie is portrayed as a liberal ( she critiqued then - president George H.W. Bush ) , with strong feminist views . She is often the first to speak up when she feels something is unjust . Although seen as intelligent , Jessie has a somewhat neurotic streak . Jessie is the class president . In a close election , she initially lost to Zack . However , Zack used underhanded techniques to win the election in order to get a free trip to Washington , D.C. , but upon realizing that being class president would be a much better fit for his friend Jessie , Zack stepped down from office , naming Jessie the president . Jessie remains president for the remainder of her time at Bayside . From sophomore year until the end of the series , Jessie dates athlete A.C. Slater in an `` opposites attract '' relationship , which causes friction between the both of them . Slater 's pet name for Jessie is `` Mama . '' Jessie and Slater 's relationship is put to the test several times over the course of the series . Jessie also has a brief romantic encounter with Zack when the two are forced to endure a kissing scene in a school play . Additionally , she has a crush on one - time character Graham ( played by David Kreigel ) , with whom she spends cut day . ( This last encounter ultimately leads to her and Slater 's break up ) . Most notable is Jessie 's struggle with addiction to over-the - counter caffeine pills , in the episode entitled `` Jessie 's Song . '' Pressure from school and social obligations , and her desire to be accepted into Stanford University , drive Jessie to take caffeine pills in order to stay awake . Eventually she gets hooked on the pills and has a breakdown as Zack comes to her rescue . Another ongoing issue is Jessie 's height . She often considers herself too tall , and has therefore developed a bit of an insecurity complex , especially when it comes to shorter boys , and sometimes superficially judges men based on their height . Additionally , she is known as Jessie `` Legs '' Spano to some . Jessie would later stop judging men based on their height when she begins dating Slater . In an early episode , Jessie reveals that she attended dance camp as a child . As such , she is an experienced dancer . Jessie is also on the swim team . Jessie later joins Kelly and Lisa as cheerleaders ( because , according to Jessie , it looks good to colleges ) . Before graduation , Jessie has her hopes pinned on becoming valedictorian , but ultimately loses out to Screech . However , Screech realizes how important it is to her , and concedes the honor to Jessie . Jessie soon realizes just how much valedictorian meant to Screech and gives it back to him . After graduation , Jessie goes off to attend Columbia University . In Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas , Jessie , with Lisa , returns as one of Kelly 's bridesmaids at Zack and Kelly 's wedding in Las Vegas . This was her final appearance to date in the show . Lisa Turtle ( edit ) Lisa Marie Turtle ( portrayed by Lark Voorhies ) is the rich girl of the group , whose parents both worked as physicians . She is frequently seen wearing designer clothing . In her first appearance in Good Morning , Miss Bliss , Lisa plays a more secondary role than she later would in the later incarnations of the series . She attends John F. Kennedy Junior High with Zack Morris and Samuel `` Screech '' Powers . Throughout her high school years in Saved by the Bell , Lisa spends most of her time fighting off the affections of Screech , who is relentless in pursuing her ( and eventually wins at least one date with her ) and has been doing so since they were in Kindergarten . Despite her irritation with Screech , she values him as a friend , and eventually comes to admire Screech 's nobility when he abdicates his position as the class valedictorian in favor of Jessie Spano , who had a slightly lower grade point average than he did , but valued the position more . Lisa even went to the senior prom with Screech when she felt sorry that no one would go with him , when he promised to respect her comfort zone and not ask her , but she decided that she wants him to be her prom date . Most of Lisa 's time is spent in the company of schoolmates and fellow cheerleaders Kelly Kapowski and Jessie Spano . Unlike the rest of her friends , Lisa does not have a long - term relationship during high school ( despite having countless dates ) , although she has a short term romance with Zack Morris in the episode `` The Bayside Triangle , '' much to the chagrin of Screech . To keep his friendship with Screech , Zack must break up with Lisa . However , this is forgotten about in following episodes . `` Screech 's Spaghetti Sauce '' involves Screech on a date with a girl who is impressed by him , causing Lisa to be in a state of disbelief . Upon graduating , Lisa is accepted into the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City . Lisa only makes one guest appearance in Saved by the Bell : The College Years when she visits her former classmates Zack , Screech , Kelly , and A.C. Slater at California University in the episode `` Wedding Plans '' , after hearing of Zack and Kelly 's engagement . In Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas , Lisa and Jessie were Kelly 's bridesmaids for her wedding to Zack . Lisa returns to Bayside High along with Zack and Slater in `` Goodbye Bayside : Part 2 '' ( from Saved by the Bell : The New Class ) , where they are reunited with Screech ( now working at Bayside on a work - study program ) and their principal Mr. Belding when the school is under threat of being torn down by an alumnus . Mr. Belding ( edit ) Mr. Richard Belding ( portrayed by Dennis Haskins ) is the principal of Bayside High School . In his first appearance in the pilot of Good Morning , Miss Bliss , Mr. Belding 's first name was Gerald , and the character was played by Oliver Clark . Other than Miss Bliss , the character of Mr. Belding was the only one carried over when the show began production . The character also appeared in Saved by the Bell : The New Class and guest starred in `` A Thanksgiving Story '' ( from Saved by the Bell : The College Years ) . He is one of only two characters to remain from the beginning of the franchise until the end ( the other being Samuel `` Screech '' Powers ) . Mr. Belding 's name is a pun referencing the onomatopoeia `` ding '' that comes from a bell , ( a `` bell ding '' ) . His signature catchphrase is `` Hey , hey , hey , hey ! What is going on here ? '' , usually uttered after finding out about something ridiculous occurring at the school . Mr. Belding 's most frequent nemesis is Zack Morris ; however , throughout the series , it is abundantly clear the two like and respect each other , arguably because in `` Save the Max '' it is revealed that when Belding was a student himself he was a disc jockey and one who would rebel against school authority , prompting the comment that he was `` the Zack Morris of the 1960s '' . On at least one occasion , Belding has even called Zack Morris `` the son ( he ) never had '' . A small joke was also that Belding was open about his past failures with women prior to his marriage , such as when he was in the U.S. Army and in love with a North Vietnamese girl , where `` even she was with the enemy ! '' Belding 's family has appeared in the series on many occasions . The most frequent appearances were by his infant son , named in honor of Zack . When Belding 's wife ( Becky ) went into labor in an elevator , Zack Morris , along with classmate Tori Scott , helped deliver him . Much of Belding 's humor comes from his attempts to make jokes , sing or being generally tricked and scammed by Zack . Despite Zack 's ideas that he knew Belding inside and out , occasionally Belding would reveal that he had other ideas to deal with issues , thus outfoxing Zack . He also was against the Bayside - Valley High prank war and in spite of his best efforts to call a truce with Valley High 's principal , the war continued until then end of the cheerleading competition when one of the students from Valley was exposed . Belding also has a small rivalry with fellow teacher Mr. Tuttle , who was also in line for the position of Principal at Bayside . He also had a friendly rivalry with Brandon Tartikoff over courtship of Belding 's wife , but Tartikoff accepted that he got the short end of the straw and accepted the eventual presidency of NBC ( thus implicitly breaking the fourth wall , since Tartikoff actually was president of NBC at the time ) while Mr. Belding was `` happily married and got to be principal of a school of great kids . '' Belding remains the one constant between all the series and in the second season of The New Class , he is reunited with Bayside High alumnus Samuel `` Screech '' Powers , who is studying to become a teacher . Screech becomes Mr. Belding 's administrative assistant until the end of the series , when Belding decides to take a job as dean of a College in Tennessee . In 2012 , Dennis Haskins reprised his role as Mr. Belding on the hit Nickelodeon series Victorious in the episode `` April Fools Blank '' . Tori Scott ( edit ) Tori Scott ( portrayed by Leanna Creel ) arrives at Bayside during senior year , making an immediate enemy of Zack Morris by parking her motorcycle in his usual parking space on her first day . Eventually , things thaw between Tori and Zack and they later begin dating , but broke up in the episode `` The Will '' due to Zack 's sexist behavior . After the episode `` School Song , '' Tori is never seen or mentioned again . Bayside faculty ( edit ) Mrs. Culpepper ( edit ) Mrs. Culpepper is the school 's de facto art teacher ( although she is seen teaching history during Cut Day ) and made appearances in both junior year and senior year . She is always involved in comical situations in which she bumps into lockers and mistakes inanimate objects for living things due to her bad eyesight . At one point she even accidentally made Mr. Belding think she is in love with him ; when he talked to her about her `` crush '' she became completely flustered , and later punched him the face for continuing to `` reassure '' her that he had no romantic designs towards her . Mr. Dewey ( edit ) Mr. Dewey ( Patrick Thomas O'Brien ) is a math teacher who also oversaw detention . He represented the archetypal down - on - his - luck , more - bored - than - the - kids , depressed teacher but seemed to be respected by the kids on the grounds that nothing they did bothered or registered very much with him . He spoke in a monotonous voice , is sarcastic , always wore glasses , and once auditioned for American Gladiators . Mr. Dewey also appeared in the New Class . Doctor Mertz ( edit ) Dr. Mertz ( Avery Schreiber ) is a science teacher that seems to want the students to enjoy his class , giving out awards such as a molecule hat to Screech . His Science test stresses Kelly because she has concert tickets that she wo n't get to use if she fails . Zack hoping to get on Kelly 's good side arranges for Screech to tutor Kelly . The plan backfires when Kelly develops romantic feelings for Screech . Kelly manages to pass Dr. Mertz 's test but finds that without the need for a tutor , she and Screech really do not have much in common . Mr. Dickerson ( edit ) Played by Raf Mauro , Dickerson is a history teacher known for his unfriendly demeanor and an impossible midterm that no student had passed in three years , something he seems to be very proud of . In the episode `` The Fabulous Belding Boys , '' Dickerson has a nervous breakdown and is replaced by the very popular Rod Belding . Mrs. Simpson ( edit ) Mrs. Simpson ( Pamela Kosh ) is the nearly deaf , British - accented teacher who taught English class . She also appeared at the beginning of junior year and embarrassed Kelly and Zack by referring to them as `` Bayside 's Most Beloved Couple '' just a short while after they broke up . She said she did n't like Zack , and once wore a hearing aid that she discarded because the titular bell caused painful sound waves to assault her . She also made an appearance in the pilot episode of The New Class . Coach Sonski ( edit ) Coach Sonski ( played by comedian Monty Hoffman ) is the wrestling coach at Bayside High . He is overweight with a testosterone - laden personality , and has been shown to be a sexist ( mainly in `` Hold Me Tight '' ) . He depends on Slater as his star athlete . Coach Sonski is also shown as Bayside 's auto shop instructor in the episode where Jessie 's new stepbrother comes to California . He retains his sense of humor as well as his macho attitude throughout the episodes , though he once confessed to watching Oprah because he is `` sensitive to dames '' . Mr. Tuttle ( edit ) Tuttle ( portrayed by Jack Angeles ) is an enthusiastic , overweight teacher ( perhaps a foil for the thin , dour Mr. Dewey ) . He is well - liked by the students but had a mutually unfriendly relationship with Mr. Belding , stemming largely from Tuttle having been runner - up to Belding when Bayside had chosen a new principal . He also served as a leader in the local teacher 's union , a driver 's education teacher , and a music teacher . Ms. Wentworth ( edit ) Ms. Wentworth ( portrayed by Carol Lawrence ) is the Social Studies teacher during sophomore year who piqued Zack 's interest in his family heritage by assigning a family research project . She also taught the class about subliminal advertising , which led to a predictably hair - brained scheme from Zack . Ms. Wentworth is one of Bayside 's more enthusiastic and unorthodox teachers . Like Mr. Tuttle , she is one of the few teachers who genuinely seems to like Zack , and seems to be popular with her students , because she is serious about her job but treats them nicely and has a good sense of humor . Bayside students ( edit ) Violet ann Bickerstaff ( edit ) Violet ( Tori Spelling ) is a nerdy character ( appearing in 3 episodes in seasons 2 and 3 ) who was originally dating Maxwell Nerdstrom , but she dumped him in favor of Screech ( whom she commonly addresses by his real name `` Samuel '' ) , as Maxwell had treated her poorly . In her first appearance , she knocks over Screech 's mother 's statue of Elvis Presley . This leads to a moneymaking scheme by the gang to get $250 for a new statue . Violet comes from an upper class family who disapproves of her relationship with Screech , mainly due to the fact he is from a lower class , despite the fact he and Violet share many common interests . In another episode , Violet is shown to have a beautiful singing voice , but is too shy to sing solo for Bayside 's abysmal school choir until Screech supports her . She then quits the choir after Screech embarrasses her at a disastrous dinner with her folks , but when he comes out and sings her opposite , saving the day for her it convinces the Bickerstaffs that he is a good guy , and they say they no longer object to him dating their daughter . Ginger ( edit ) Ginger ( portrayed by Bridgette Wilson ) is a pretty but vacuous blonde ( appearing in five season 4 episodes ) who dates Zack a few times , but annoys him because she has little to say beyond asking him if she has lipstick on her teeth . Rhonda robistelli ( edit ) Rhonda ( portrayed by Kirsten Holmquist ) is Bayside 's resident tomboy . She is a tall , lanky girl with disheveled blond hair ( appearing in 3 first - season episodes ) . She and Zack have one date , during which she forcibly plants a kiss on his lips . Rhonda also tries to join the cheerleading squad in `` Save That Tiger '' and tries out for the team when one of the regulars is injured right before the big competition against Valley . Her audition is clumsy and the girls eventually talk Jessie into taking the spot . `` Big '' pete Stonebreaker ( edit ) Pete Stonebreaker ( Bryan Cooper ) is one of the tallest nerds at Bayside ( appearing in two episodes in seasons 3 and 4 ) who made his first appearance in an episode during the Malibu Sands storyline as a volleyball player when Screech was trying to recruit some members to replace Gary , an injured volleyball player . He seems to be a leader amongst the nerds , and has been able to fit in socially at times with more popular students . Louise ( edit ) Louise ( Lara Lyon ) is a nerdy Bayside student with blonde hair in pigtails and horn - rimmed glasses ( appearing in 3 episodes in seasons 2 and 4 ) who is sometimes shown as a friend of Screech 's . She enrolls in the Army JROTC program at Bayside after Zack convinces her that in the US Army men outnumber women . She is placed on Zack 's `` nerd team '' in a physical competition to compete against Slater 's better qualified team . Zack learns a lesson about leadership when he must encourage his team to realize their potential , which included telling Louise she could climb a rope . She returns in the episode `` 1 - 900 - Crushed '' , where she confides she has feelings for the jock `` Moose '' , whose feelings are mutual , but she worries about the mismatched relationship . She is the queen bee of the school 's nerd clique , and Zack goes out on a date with her during his campaign to earn the nod for writing the new school song , knowing she would convince Bayside 's geeks and dweebs to vote for him . Slater tells another high - ranking geek that Zack 's `` date '' with Louise could set a precedent where other popular guys begin dating geek girls , which inspired the geeks to cast their votes in the song contest for Screech 's entry . Moose ( edit ) Moose ( portrayed by Mark Clayman ) is a very dumb and childlike jock , much like his fellow football teammate Ox ( appearing in two episodes in seasons 2 and 4 ) . He is seen dating Louise in the episode `` 1 - 900 - Crushed '' , and also has a minor speaking role in the episode `` Student - Teacher Week . '' Maxwell Nerdstrom ( edit ) Nerdstrom ( portrayed by Jeffrey Asch ) is a rich nerd ( appearing in two episodes in seasons 2 and 4 ) who is Violet Bickerstaff 's boyfriend and treats her rather poorly , although he does buy her a gold - plated pocket protector . His poor treatment of her is one of the factors in her becoming Screech 's girlfriend . While most of the nerds comport themselves with a bumbling dignity at most , Nerdstrom goes above and beyond , behaving as a pompous , stuck - up geek . He defeats Zack in a game of poker , but gets his comeuppance in the end . Perhaps Maxwell 's most noted accomplishment at Bayside is mistakenly kissing Screech 's dog , `` Hound Dog '' believing him to be Jessie , to everybody 's delight . He is later humiliated when Screech pointed out that Maxwell kissed his dog and tells Maxwell to stay out of Violet 's life . Ox ( edit ) Ox ( Troy Fromin ) is a member of the Bayside football team and an archetypal `` dumb jock '' ( appearing in nine episodes in seasons 3 and 4 ) who pals around with Slater when Slater is without his friends . Despite being a jock , he dates a female nerd , and is often shown to be gentler and more sensitive than his size and oafish behavior would suggest . He is among the students who get drunk senior year at the toga party . A similar character named `` Moose '' also appeared on the show , however . Belding family ( edit ) Rod Belding ( edit ) Rod Belding ( portrayed by Ed Blatchford ) is Mr. Belding 's brother and steps in as a substitute teacher during junior year , after Mr. Dickerson has a mental breakdown . He initially makes a hip impression on the students because of his happy - go - lucky attitude , world - weary demeanor , and tales of defying authority and schoolwork . Rod arranges to take the students on the rafting trip for their annual class trip ( ruining Mr. Belding 's plans to visit Yosemite Park ) and attempts to teach them about it . Mr. Belding is overshadowed by his brother 's connection with the students , which is evident in a minor confrontation they have when Mr. Belding tells his brother he is not to be teaching the kids whitewater rafting on official class time . After Zack accuses him of being jealous of Rod , he soon finds out what he 's really like on the inside . During a confrontation with the brothers , Rod tries to skip out of the trip just to meet a stewardess named Inga . Mr. Belding is furious that Rod would abandon his commitment to the students and orders him never to come back to Bayside . Rod leaves as Zack ducks behind some lockers to avoid his sight . Not wanting to upset his students , Mr. Belding claims that Rod is ill . However , when he offers to chaperone the trip instead , the students happily and gratefully accept . Zack , who had secretly overheard the incident , tells his principal that `` we got the better Belding . '' Mrs. ( Becky ) Belding ( edit ) Becky Belding , Mr. Belding 's wife ( portrayed by Louan Gideon ) , is featured in the episode `` Earthquake ! '' , in which she , Zack and Tori get stuck in an elevator after a minor earthquake . During the time in the elevator she goes into labor and gives birth to the Beldings ' son with the help of Zack , who becomes the baby 's namesake . Penny Belding ( edit ) Richard Belding 's niece ( portrayed by Jodi Peterson ) is blonde and bubbly , but no one wants to date her as she is related to the Principal . During Zack 's sophomore year at Bayside , he earns himself a Saturday school detention . In order to be released from serving time and to be able to attend Kelly 's upcoming party , he signs a treaty with Mr. Belding agreeing to take Penny out on a date on Friday in lieu of serving his sentence . After making this agreement , Kelly informs Zack that her birthday party would also be that Friday , since the Max was booked on Saturday . In order to make Kelly 's party , Zack trains Screech to imitate him , so that he could take Penny out on the date instead ; this works out well because Penny is attracted to Screech , but she angers Kelly when she says that she is hot for `` Zack , '' thinking that was who Screech was . Zack Belding ( edit ) Richard and Becky Belding 's son , born when Zack , Mrs. Belding , and Tori get stuck in an elevator . He also appears in two episodes of Saved by the Bell : The New Class . Morris family ( edit ) Derek Morris ( edit ) Derek Morris ( portrayed by John Sanderford ) is the father of Zack . He is a businessman who spends little time with his son . He is very strict and opposed at first for Zack to marry Kelly in the TV Movie Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas Until a phone call from Slater changed his mind . Melanie Morris ( edit ) Melanie Rhonda Morris ( portrayed by Melody Rogers ) is the mother of Zack . She 's more fresh and less strict than her husband Derek . She adores Zack but still she knows some of her son 's tricks . She supported Zack 's marriage but could n't do much to aid him in order to respect her husband , in the TV movie Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas . Kapowski family ( edit ) Frank Kapowski ( edit ) Frank Kapowski ( portrayed by John Mansfield ) is the father of Kelly and her six other siblings . Kind and loving , he worked at a defense plant , but is laid off in the season two premiere `` The Prom '' . He is also seen at Zack and Kelly 's wedding in Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas giving Kelly away , and at the reception with his wife and two of Kelly 's younger brothers . Billy Kapowski ( edit ) Billy Kapowski is Kelly 's baby brother , whom she places in the care of her friends in the episode `` The Babysitters '' so that she could have her cheerleading picture taken for the school yearbook . Zack is often left alone with Billy as the others make excuses or have other commitments to attend to . Because of this , Billy and Zack bond quickly to the point where Zack distrusts anyone else to care for the baby . He is forced , however , to allow Jessie and Lisa to look after him in their Home Economics / Parenthood class . They lose track of Billy when Screech goes to fetch Billy for Zack but mistakes a doll for the baby . The gang eventually find him in Mr. Belding 's office , and at the end of the episode he speaks his first word : `` Zack . '' Kyle Kapowski ( edit ) Another brother of Kelly 's , he disrupts the end of one of Kelly and Zack 's dates . Kyle later dumps water on Zack from the second floor of their house after Kelly decided against going steady . Nicki Kapowski ( edit ) Nicki Kapowski ( portrayed by Laura Mooney ) is Kelly 's tomboyish little sister who develops a crush on Zack . She becomes convinced that Zack feels the same way after he mixes up her phone call with Kelly 's ( while running the `` Teen Line '' ) . Although she is only thirteen and in the seventh grade , she nonetheless shows up at Bayside High to visit Zack , sporting a more feminine look and demanding a kiss . After trying various ploys to turn her off ( including dressing up like a geek and trying to gross her out with a pet spider ) , Zack finally has to tell her the truth : he is n't interested in her ; he is in love with Kelly . More angry than hurt , she insults Zack for trying to scare her away instead of having the courage to tell a thirteen - year - old girl how he really feels . Harry Bannister ( edit ) Harry Bannister ( portrayed by Dean Jones is Kelly 's grandfather from the movie Saved by the Bell : Hawaiian Style . He invites Kelly and her friends to stay at `` The Hawaiian Hideaway '' , a rustic hotel in Hawaii . However , someone else is out to buy his land and build a hotel / resort complex , and the gang has to save it . Slater family ( edit ) Maj . Martin Slater ( edit ) Major Martin Slater ( Gerald Castillo ) is A.C. 's strict but loving father , who is frequently transferred due to Army obligations . Although he wants his son to attend West Point and enter the military as he himself had done , he eventually changes his views when he sees that Slater wants to attend college on a wrestling scholarship and figure things out from there . He is more frequent in the first season than any of the others . It is later revealed in `` Saved by the Bell : The College Years '' that Martin 's last name was actually `` Sanchez , '' causing an embarrassed A.C. Slater to realize his father concealed his Latino heritage ( presumably simple due to his decidedly non-Latino appearance ) to avoid rampant bigotry as he entered the military . J.B. Slater ( edit ) J.B. is Slater 's younger sister . She shows up suddenly to visit A.C. and Zack develops a crush on her . This makes A.C. angry as he knows how big a womanizer Zack is , and forbids them from seeing each other . Once J.B. learns of this , she confronts Slater angrily and tells him to butt out of her love life . He eventually accepts that she will be dating his best friend and thus would n't be so bad . He still warns Zack to `` treat her right '' . She does not appear in any other episodes besides `` Slater 's Sister . '' Jessie Spano 's stepfamily ( edit ) Leslie ( edit ) Leslie ( Barbra Brighton ) is the aerobics instructor ( in the two - part season 3 episode `` Palm Springs Weekend '' ) as well as Jessie 's future step - mom . Although Zack makes a pass at her in the beginning of the episode , the gang later finds out Leslie is marrying Jessie 's dad . Jessie refers to her future step - mom as an `` aerobics bimbo '' , insults and lies to her , and asks her dad flat - out to not marry her . Her father firmly says he loves Leslie and is marrying her , period . Jessie then refuses to attend the wedding . At the end of the episode , however , Zack convinces Jessie to do the right thing and they arrive ( though slightly late ) to the wedding on a golf cart , where Jessie apologizes and Leslie forgives her . Eric Tramer ( edit ) Eric Tramer ( Josh Hoffman ) is Jessie 's stepbrother from New York ( in the two - part season 3 episode `` The Wicked Stepbrother '' ) . At first excited to have a new stepbrother , Jessie quickly grows to dislike his rough , confrontational and offensive personality . Eric causes trouble and conflict at Bayside , particularly with Zack who feels threatened by the new prankster bad - boy , even going so far as to offer up Mr. Belding 's car for auto shop class dissection to get Zack into trouble . However , after a punch and a speech from Jessie ( after he said she was `` just a chick '' ) , he reforms his ways , entirely reassembles Belding 's car , and apologizes to all . He was planning to return to New York City , but the gang , particularly Lisa , who had developed feelings for him , convinces him to remain at Bayside . Turtle family ( edit ) Mr. Turtle ( edit ) Mr. Turtle ( Henry Brown ) appears in the episode `` The Lisa Card '' . He was Lisa 's father , who gave Lisa her first credit card for ' emergencies only , ' however , she spends nearly $400 on clothes with the credit card . At the end of the episode , she confesses that she spent the emergency credit card balance on clothes , and Mr. Turtle forces her to pay the credit card off herself . Judy Turtle ( edit ) Lisa 's mother Judy Turtle ( Susan Beaubian ) appeared in two episodes of the series , `` Operation Zack '' and `` Drinking and Driving '' . In `` Operation Zack '' , she is Zack 's doctor after he accidentally breaks his leg when Mr. Belding bumps into him in the locker room . In `` Drinking and Driving '' , Lisa crashed her car after getting drunk at a party , and has to deal with the repercussions of her actions , including telling Judy what she did to her car . Powers family ( edit ) Roberta Powers ( edit ) Roberta Powers ( Ruth Buzzi ) appeared in the episode `` House Party '' . She is Screech 's mom , who is a huge Elvis fan . In the episode , she trusts Screech to be home alone for a weekend and gives him a long list of rules to abide by . Her favorite Elvis statue gets broken by Screech 's girlfriend , Violet , and the gang has to throw a party to raise money for the statue replacement . Kimberly ( edit ) Kimberly ( who was uncredited ) is Screech 's cousin who appeared in the episode `` The Aftermath '' . She was one of Zack 's blind dates , which was intended to cheer Zack up after his rough breakup with Kelly . Slater , Jessie , and Lisa start wondering how Screech is related to her , due to the strong dissimilarities in their appearances , until Screech tells them she is adopted . Malibu Sands employees ( edit ) Stacey Carosi ( edit ) Stacey Carosi ( portrayed by Leah Remini , appearing in six episodes of season 3 ) . She works for her father , Leon Carosi , at the Malibu Sands beach resort as a staff manager , in charge of all of the other members . Zack Morris is quickly smitten with her , and is disappointingly shocked to learn that she is the daughter of his boss . Throughout the summer , she and Zack progress from flirtation to hostility to eventual romance , marked by their kiss under the fireworks during the Fourth of July celebration . Leon Carosi ( edit ) Leon Carosi ( portrayed by Ernie Sabella ) is Stacey 's father , who takes a strong dislike to Zack due to his constant snarky remarks and attempted courting of his daughter . He is also the gang 's greedy boss for the summer . He also is very narcissistic , pompous and sometimes bumbling and thinks highly of himself and his daughter . However , despite his dislike of Zack , he eventually warms up to him towards the end of Zack 's summer employment and says he approves of Zack and Stacey dating . He is similar to Mr. Belding who is always trying to get rid of Zack . The Max 's employees ( edit ) Max ( edit ) Max is the owner of The Max ( played by Ed Alonzo , in 20 episodes during the first two seasons ) . He often advises the students of Bayside on their choices and dilemmas , and re-inforces his points with magic tricks . He is also the gang 's friend . Jeff Hunter ( edit ) Jeff Hunter ( played by Patrick Muldoon ) has a brief tenure ( in three episodes of season 3 ) as the Max 's manager who likes Kelly Kapowski . As a result , Zack and Kelly break up , allowing Jeff and Kelly to begin a relationship . Unfortunately , very soon afterwards Jeff 's infidelity was revealed when he is seen dancing with and kissing a girl at an over-18 club known as The Attic . Kelly breaks up with him as a result . Miscellaneous characters ( edit ) James the actor ( edit ) James ( portrayed by Mark Blankfield ) is an out - of - work actor who takes a job as a waiter at the Max ( appearing in two episodes in seasons 2 and 3 ) . He claims that he was a student at acting school . Most of the work he seems to get as an actor on the show is in the employ of Zack . In the season 3 episode `` S.A.T. 's , '' Zack hires James to do a double role as Stanley Alan Taylor ( S.A.T. ) , who orders Mr. Belding to lighten up Zack 's workload after his grades have dropped , then to play an admissions officer for Harvard who acts snooty and elitist to everyone . In the season 2 episode `` Rent - a-Pop , '' Zack hired James to impersonate his father after Belding demanded he meet with him as a condition to go on a ski trip in order to report on Zack 's failing grades ; to which Zack was convinced his real father would not let him go if he knew the truth . Zack then has to hire James again to play Mr. Belding after his real father accepts a letter to meet Belding once more , where James falsifies Zack 's grades as spectacular . James the Actor also made two appearances on Saved By the Bell : The New Class . Frank and Laura Benton ( edit ) Frank and Laura Benton ( Stephen Mendel and Jennifer McComb ) are a homeless father and daughter , respectively ( in the two - part season 3 episode `` Home for Christmas '' ) , who catches the eye of Zack and the gang around Christmas time . Laura , who works in a department store with Kelly , seems to be a tentative love interest for Zack ; she is very shy around Zack about her homelessness . Zack , Slater and Screech get Frank to a hospital when he passes out at the mall from hunger , and then they find out he is Laura 's father . Laura 's boss accuses her of stealing a suit jacket that Kelly set aside to buy , so Frank would have an outfit that he could wear to job interviews . Later , Laura 's boss apologizes and gives Laura the jacket for free . Eventually , the Morris family takes in the Bentons until they could `` get back on their feet . '' Kevin the robot ( edit ) Kevin the Robot ( operated and voiced by Mike Lavelle ) was a creation of Screech 's with artificial intelligence ( appearing in three episodes during seasons 1 and 2 ) , who lives in Screech 's room and usually dishes out advice and witty remarks . His appearances include him as Screech 's assistant when Screech is doing a magic show ; and as assistant hall monitor when Screech is nominated for the post by his classmates , to make up for forgetting Screech 's birthday . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dennis Haskins : Timing to blame for ' Saved by the Bell ' reunion delay '' . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0761438/ Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0737083/ This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) hide Saved by the Bell Episodes Characters Zack Morris Films Hawaiian Style Wedding in Las Vegas Related series Good Morning , Miss Bliss The College Years The New Class episodes Miscellaneous The Unauthorized Saved by the Bell Story Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Saved_by_the_Bell_characters&oldid=849757522 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Saved by the Bell Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 04 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played lisa turtle mom on saved by the bell | [
"Lisa's mother Judy Turtle (Susan Beaubian) appeared in two episodes of the series, \"Operation Zack\" and \"Drinking and Driving\". In \"Operation Zack\", she is Zack's doctor after he accidentally breaks his leg when Mr. Belding bumps into him in the locker room. In \"Drinking and Driving\", Lisa crashed her car after getting drunk at a party, and has to deal with the repercussions of her actions, including telling Judy what she did to her car.\n"
] | [
"Susan Beaubian"
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7896646878919858721 | Small business | Small business - wikipedia Small business hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Small businesses on Dalrymple Street in Greenock , Scotland Small businesses are privately owned corporations , partnerships , or sole proprietorships that have fewer employees and / or less annual revenue than a regular - sized business or corporation . Businesses are defined as `` small '' in terms of being able to apply for government support and qualify for preferential tax policy varies depending on the country and industry . Small businesses range from fifteen employees under the Australian Fair Work Act 2009 , fifty employees according to the definition used by the European Union , and fewer than five thousand employees , to qualify for many U.S. Small Business Administration programs . While small businesses can also be classified according to other methods , such as annual revenues , shipments , sales , assets , or by annual gross or net revenue or net profits , the number of employees is one of the most widely used measures . Small businesses in many countries include service or retail operations such as convenience stores , small grocery stores , bakeries or delicatessens , hairdressers or tradespeople ( e.g. , carpenters , electricians ) , restaurants , guest houses , photographers , very small - scale manufacturing , and Internet - related businesses such as web design and computer programming . Some professionals operate as small businesses , such as lawyers , accountants , dentists and medical doctors ( although these professionals can also work for large organizations or companies ) . Small businesses vary a great deal in terms of size , revenues and regulatory authorization , both within a country and from country to country . Some small businesses , such as a home accounting business , may only require a business license . On the other hand , other small businesses , such as day cares , retirement homes and restaurants serving liquor are more heavily regulated , and may require inspection and certification from various government authorities . Contents 1 Characteristics 1.1 Relationship with entrepreneurship 1.2 Size definitions 1.3 Demographics 1.4 Franchise businesses 1.5 Retailers ' cooperative 2 Advantages 3 Challenges 3.1 Bankruptcy 3.2 Social responsibility 3.3 Job quality 3.4 Cyber crime 4 Marketing 5 Contribution to the economy 6 Sources of funding 7 Business networks and advocacy groups 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Small businesses in the Central Zone of São Paulo . Researchers and analysts of small or owner - managed businesses generally behave as if nominal organizational forms ( e.g. , partnership , sole - trader , or corporation ) , and the consequent legal and accounting boundaries of owner - managed firms are consistently meaningful . However , owner - managers often do not delineate their behavior to accord with the implied separation between their personal and business interests . Lenders also often contract around organizational ( corporate ) boundaries by seeking personal guarantees or accepting privately held assets as collateral . Because of this behavior , researchers and analysts may wish to be cautious in the way they assess the organizational types and implied boundaries in contexts relating to owner - managed firms . These include analyses that use traditional accounting disclosures , and studies that view the firm as defined by some formal organizational structure . Relationship with entrepreneurship ( edit ) Portici di Sottoripa , Genova , Italy Galleries tend to form clusters of small business owners over time . The term `` entrepreneur '' is often conflated with the term `` small business '' or used interchangeably with this term . While most entrepreneurial ventures start out as a small business , not all small businesses are entrepreneurial in the strict sense of the term . Many small businesses are sole proprietor operations consisting solely of the owner , or they have a small number of employees , and many of these small businesses offer an existing product , process or service , and they do not aim at growth . In contrast , entrepreneurial ventures offer an innovative product , process or service , and the entrepreneur typically aims to scale up the company by adding employees , seeking international sales , and so on , a process which is financed by venture capital and angel investments . Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to lead a business in a positive direction by proper planning , to adapt to changing environments and understand their own strengths and weakness . Spectacular success stories stem from small businesses that expanded in growth . Examples would be Microsoft , Genentech , and Federal Express which all embody the sense of new venture creation on small business . Size definitions ( edit ) The legal definition of `` small business '' varies by country and by industry . In addition to number of employees , methods used to classify small companies include annual sales ( turnover ) , value of assets and net profit ( balance sheet ) , alone or as a combination of factors . In the United States , the Small Business Administration establishes small business size standards on an industry - by - industry basis , but generally specifies a small business as having fewer than five hundred employees for manufacturing businesses and less than $7.5 million in annual receipts for most non manufacturing businesses . The definition can vary by circumstance -- for example , a small business having fewer than twenty - five full - time equivalent employees with average annual wages below $50,000 qualifies for a tax credit under the health care reform bill Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . By comparison , a medium - sized business or mid-sized business has fewer than five hundred employees in the US . The European Union generally defines a small business as one that has fewer than fifty employees and either turnover or balance sheet less than € 10 m. but the European Commission is undertaking a review of this definition . By comparison , a medium - sized business has fewer than 250 employees and either turnover less than € 50 m. or balance sheet less than € 43 m . In Australia , a small business is defined by the Fair Work Act 2009 as one with fewer than fifteen employees . By comparison , a medium - sized business or mid-sized business has fewer than two hundred employees . In South Africa , the National Small Business Amendment Act ( Act 26 of 2003 ) defines businesses in a variety of ways using five categories previously established by the National Small Business Act ( Act 102 of 1996 ) , namely , standard industrial sector and subsector classification , size of class , equivalent of paid employees , turnover and asset value excluding fixed property . Small businesses are usually not dominant in their field of operation . The table below serves as a useful guide to business size nomenclature . Business size definitions ( by number of employees ) AUS US CAN EU Minute / Micro 1 - 2 1 - 6 1 - 4 < 10 Small < 15 < 250 1 - 99 < 50 Medium < 200 < 500 100 - 499 < 250 Large < 500 < 1000 > 500 < 1000 Enterprise > 500 > 1000 N / A > 1000 Most cells reflect sizes not defined in legislation Some definitions are multi-parameter , e.g. , by industry , revenue or market share Demographics ( edit ) In 2016 a study that examined the demographic of small business owners was published . The study showed that the median American small business owners were above the age of 50 . The ages were distributed as : 51 % over 50 years old , 33 % between the ages 35 -- 49 , and 16 % being under the age of 35 . As for sex : 55 % were owned by males , 36 % by females , and 9 % being equal ownership of both males and females . As for race : 72 % were white / Caucasian , 13.5 % were Latinos , 6.3 % were African American , 6.2 % were Asian , and 2 % as other . As for educational background : 39 % had obtained a bachelor 's degree or higher , 33 % had some college background , and 28 % received at least a high school diploma . The United States census data for the years 2014 and 2015 shows the women 's ownership share of small businesses by firm size . The data explains percentages owned by women along with the number of employees including the owner . Generally , the smaller the business , the more likely to be owned by a woman . The data shows that about 22 % of small businesses with 100 - 500 employees were owned by women , a percentage that rises the smaller the business . 41 % of businesses with just 2 - 4 employees were run by women , and in businesses with just one person , that person was a woman 51 % of the time . Franchise businesses ( edit ) Franchising is a way for small business owners to benefit from the economies of scale of the big corporation ( franchiser ) . McDonald 's and Subway are examples of a franchise . The small business owner can leverage a strong brand name and purchasing power of the larger company while keeping their own investment affordable . However , some franchisees conclude that they suffer the `` worst of both worlds '' feeling they are too restricted by corporate mandates and lack true independence . It is an assumption that small business are just franchisees , but the truth is many franchisers are also small businesses , Although considered to be a successful way of doing business , literature has proved that there is a high failure rate in franchising as well , especially in UK , where research indicates that out of 1658 franchising companies operating in 1984 , only 601 remained in 1998 , a mere 36 % . Retailers ' cooperative ( edit ) A retailers ' cooperative is a type of cooperative which employs economies of scale on behalf of its retailer members . Retailers ' cooperatives use their purchasing power to acquire discounts from manufacturers and often share marketing expenses . They are often recognized as `` local groups '' because they own their own stores within the community . It is common for locally owned grocery stores , hardware stores , and pharmacies to participate in retailers ' cooperatives . Ace Hardware , True Value , and NAPA are examples of a retailers ' cooperative . Retail cooperatives also allow consumers to supply their own earnings and gain bargaining power outside of the business sector . Retail cooperatives mainly reside within small communities where local businesses are often shut down . Advantages ( edit ) Small business in Bursa , Turkey . One of the claimed advantages of small business owners is the ability to serve market niches not served by mass production industries . Consider how few major corporations would be willing to deal the risks and uncertainty that small antique store deals with : buying and selling non-standardized items and making quick assessments of the value of rare items . Many small businesses can be started at a low cost and on a part - time basis , while a person continues a regular job with an employer or provides care for family members in the home . In developing countries , many small businesses are sole - proprietor operations such as selling produce at a market stall or preparing hot food to sell on the street , that provide a small income . In the 2000s , a small business is also well suited to Internet marketing ; because , it can easily serve specialized niches , something that would have been more difficult prior to the Internet revolution which began in the late 1990s . Internet marketing gives small businesses the ability to market with smaller budgets . Adapting to change is crucial in business and particularly small business ; not being tied to the bureaucratic inertia associated with large corporations , small businesses can respond to changing marketplace demand more quickly . Small business proprietors tend to be in closer personal contact with their customers and clients than large corporations , as small business owners see their customers in person each week . One study showed that small , local businesses are better for a local economy than the introduction of new chain stores . By opening up new national level chain stores , the profits of locally owned businesses greatly decrease and many businesses end up failing and having to close . This creates an exponential effect . When one store closes , people lose their jobs , other businesses lose business from the failed business , and so on . In many cases , large firms displace just as many jobs as they create . Independence is another advantage of owning a small business . A small business owner does not have to report to a supervisor or manager . In addition , many people desire to make their own decisions , take their own risks , and reap the rewards of their efforts . Small business owners possess the flexibility and freedom to making their own decisions within the constraints imposed by economic and other environmental factors . However , entrepreneurs have to work for very long hours and understand that ultimately their customers are their bosses . Several organizations in the United States also provide help for the small business sector , such as the Internal Revenue Service 's Small Business and Self - Employed One - Stop Resource . Small businesses ( often carried out by family members ) adjust quicker to the changing conditions ; however , they are closed to the absorption of new knowledge and employing new labor from outside . Challenges ( edit ) Small businesses often face a variety of problems , some of which are related to their size . A frequent cause of bankruptcy is under capitalization . This is often a result of poor planning rather than economic conditions . It is a common `` rule of thumb '' that the entrepreneur should have access to a sum of money at least equal to the projected revenue for the first year of business in addition to his or her anticipated expenses . For example , if the prospective owner thinks that he or she will generate $100,000 in revenues in the first year with $150,000 in start - up expenses , then he or she should have not less than $250,000 available . Start - up expenses are often grossly underestimated adding to the burden of the business . Failure to provide this level of funding for the company could leave the owner liable for all of the company 's debt should he or she end up in bankruptcy court , under the theory of under capitalization . In addition to ensuring that the business has enough capital , the small business owner must also be mindful of contribution margin ( sales minus variable costs ) . To break even , the business must be able to reach a level of sales where the contribution margin equals fixed costs . When they first start out , many small business owners under price their products to a point where even at their maximum capacity , it would be impossible to break even . Cost controls or price increases often resolve this problem . In the United States , some of the largest concerns of small business owners are insurance costs ( such as liability and health ) , rising energy costs , taxes , and tax compliance . In the United Kingdom and Australia , small business owners tend to be more concerned with excessive governmental red tape . Contracting fraud has been an ongoing problem for small businesses in the United States . Small businesses are legally obligated to receive a fair portion ( 23 percent ) of the total value of all the government 's prime contracts as mandated by the Small Business Act of 1953 . Since 2002 , a series of federal investigations have found fraud , abuse , loopholes , and a lack of oversight in federal small business contracting , which has led to the diversion of billions of dollars in small business contracts to large corporations . Another problem for many small businesses is termed the ' Entrepreneurial Myth ' or E-Myth . The mythic assumption is that an expert in a given technical field will also be expert at running that kind of business . Additional business management skills are needed to keep a business running smoothly . Some of this misunderstanding arises from the failure to distinguish between small business managers as entrepreneurs or capitalists . While nearly all owner - managers of small firms are obliged to assume the role of capitalist , only a minority will act as entrepreneur . The line between an owner - manager and an entrepreneur can be defined by whether or not their business is growth oriented . In general , small business owners are primarily focused on surviving rather than growing ; therefore , not experiencing the five stages of the corporate life cycle ( birth , growth , maturity , revival , and decline ) like an entrepreneur would . Another problem for many small businesses is the capacity of much larger businesses to influence or sometimes determine their chances for success . Business networking and social media has been used as a major tool by small businesses in the UK , but most of them just use a `` scatter - gun '' approach in a desperate attempt to exploit the market which is not that successful . Over half of small firms lack a business plan , a tool that is considered one of the most important factors for a venture 's success . Business planning is associated with improved growth prospects . Funders and investors usually require a business plan . A plan also serves as a strategic planning document for owners and CEOs , which can be used as a `` bible '' for decision - making An international trade survey indicated that the British share of businesses which are exporting rose from 32 % in 2012 to 39 % in 2013 . Although this may seem positive , in reality the growth is slow , as small business owners shy away from exporting due to actual and perceived barriers . Learning the basics of a foreign language could be the solution to open doors to new trade markets , it is a reality that not all foreign business partners speak English . China is stated to grow by 7.6 % in 2013 and still sadly 95 % of business owners who want to export to China have no desire and no knowledge to learn their local language . Bankruptcy ( edit ) When small business fails , the owner may file for bankruptcy . In most cases , this can be handled through a personal bankruptcy filing . Corporations can file bankruptcy , but if it is out of business and valuable corporate assets are likely to be repossessed by secured creditors , there is little advantage to going to the expense of a corporate bankruptcy . Many states offer exemptions for small business assets so they can continue to operate during and after personal bankruptcy . However , corporate assets are normally not exempt ; hence , it may be more difficult to continue operating an incorporated business if the owner files bankruptcy . Researchers have examined small business failures in some depth , with attempts to model the predictability of failure . Social responsibility ( edit ) Small businesses can encounter several problems related to engaging in corporate social responsibility , due to characteristics inherent in their size . Owners of small businesses often participate heavily in the day - to - day operations of their companies . This results in a lack of time for the owner to coordinate socially responsible efforts , such as supporting local charities or not - for - profit activities . Additionally , a small business owner 's expertise often falls outside the realm of socially responsible practices , which contributing to a lack of participation . Small businesses also face a form of peer pressure from larger forces in their respective industries , making it difficult to oppose and work against industry expectations . Furthermore , small businesses undergo stress from shareholder expectations . Because small businesses have more personal relationships with their patrons and local shareholders , they must also be prepared to withstand closer scrutiny if they want to share in the benefits of committing to socially responsible practices or not . Job quality ( edit ) While small businesses employ over half the workforce in the US and have been established as a main driving force behind job creation , the quality of the jobs these businesses create has been called into question . Small businesses generally employ individuals from the Secondary labour market . As a result , in the U.S. , wages are 49 % higher for employees of large firms . Additionally , many small businesses struggle or are unable to provide employees with benefits they would be given at larger firms . Research from the U.S. Small Business Administration indicates that employees of large firms are 17 % more likely to receive benefits including salary , paid leave , paid holidays , bonuses , insurance , and retirement plans . Both lower wages and fewer benefits combine to create a job turnover rate among U.S. small businesses that is three times higher than large firms . Employees of small businesses also must adapt to the higher failure rate of small firms , which means that they are more likely to lose their job due to the firm going under . In the U.S. 69 % of small businesses last at least two years , but this percentage drops to 51 % for firms reaching five years in operation . The U.S. Small Business Administration counts companies with as much as $35.5 million in sales and 1,500 employees as `` small businesses '' , depending on the industry . Outside government , companies with less than $7 million in sales and fewer than five hundred employees are widely considered small businesses . Cyber crime ( edit ) Main article : Cyber crime Cyber crime in the business world can be broken down into 4 main categories . They include loss of reputation and consumer confidence , cost of fixing the issue , loss of capital and assets , and legal difficulties that can come from these problems . Loss of reputation and consumer confidence can be impacted greatly after one attack . Many small businesses will struggle to gain confidence and trust in their customers after being known for having problems prior . Cost of fixing the cyber attack would require experts outside of their field to further the investigation and find the problem . Being down for a business means losing money at the same time . This could halt the online operations and mean the business could potentially be down for a long period of time . Loss of capital and assets ties well in with the cost of fixing the issue . During a cyber attack , a business may lose their funds for that business . Worst - case scenario , a business may actually lose all their working capital and funds . The legal difficulties involved with cyber crime can become pricy and hurt the business itself for not having standard security measures and standards . Security not only for the business but more importantly the customer should be number one priority when dealing with security protocol . The monetary dollar damage caused by cyber crime in 2016 equalled out to be over 1.33 billion dollars in the United States alone . In 2016 , California alone had over 255 million dollars reported to the IC3 . The average company this year in the United States amounted to 17.36 million dollars in cyber crime attacks . Certain cyber attacks can vary on how long it takes to solve a problem . It can take upwards to 69 days for an average everyday attack on a business . The types of attacks include viruses and malware issues . Employee activities within the workspace can also render a cyber attack . Employees using mobile devices or remote work access off the job makes it easier for a cyber attack to occur . Marketing ( edit ) Although small businesses have close relationships with their existing customers , finding new customers and reaching new markets is a major challenge for small business owners . Small businesses typically find themselves strapped for time to do marketing , as they have to run the day - to - day aspects of the business . To create a continual stream of new business and find new clients and customers , they must work on marketing their business continuously . Low sales ( result of poor marketing ) is one of the major reasons of small business failure . Common marketing techniques for small business include business networking ( e.g. , attending Chamber of Commerce events or trade fairs ) , `` word of mouth '' promotion by existing customers , customer referrals , Yellow pages directories , television , radio , and outdoor ads ( e.g. , roadside billboards ) , print ads , and Internet marketing . TV ads can be quite expensive , so they are normally intended to create awareness of a product or service . Another means by which small businesses can advertise is through the use of `` deal of the day '' websites such as Groupon and Living Social . These Internet deals encourage customers to patronize small businesses . Example of keyword analysis based on market competition . Many small business owners find internet marketing more affordable . Google AdWords and Yahoo ! Search Marketing are two popular options of getting small business products or services in front of motivated web searchers . Social media has also become an affordable route of marketing for small business . It is a fraction of the cost of traditional marketing and small businesses are able to do it themselves or find small social marketing agencies that they can hire out for a small fee . Statistically , social media marketing has a higher lead - to - close rate than traditional media . Successful online small business marketers are also adept at utilizing the most relevant keywords in their website content . Advertising on niche websites that are frequented by potential customers can also be effective , but with the long tail of the Internet , it can be time intensive to advertise on enough websites to garner an effective reach . Creating a business website has become increasingly affordable with many do - it - yourself programs now available for beginners . A website can provide significant marketing exposure for small businesses when marketed through the Internet and other channels . Some popular services are WordPress , Joomla Squarespace , Wix and EXAI . Social media has proven to be very useful in gaining additional exposure for many small businesses . Many small business owners use Facebook and Twitter as a way to reach out to their loyal customers to give them news about specials of the day or special coupons , generate repeat business and reach out to new potential clients . The relational nature of social media , along with its immediacy and twenty - four - hour presence lend intimacy to the relationships small businesses can have with their customers , while making it more efficient for them to communicate with greater numbers . Facebook ads are also a very cost - effective way for small businesses owners to reach a targeted audience with a very specific message . In addition to the social networking sites , blogs have become a highly effective way for small businesses to position themselves as experts on issues that are important to their customers . This can be done with a proprietary blog and / or by using a back - link strategy wherein the marketer comments on other blogs and leaves a link to the small business ' own website . Posting to a blog about the company 's business or service area regularly can increase web traffic to a company website . Marketing plan Market research -- To produce a marketing plan for small businesses , research needs to be done on similar businesses , which should include desk research ( done online or with directories ) and field research . This gives an insight in the target group 's behavior and shopping patterns . Analyzing the competitor 's marketing strategies makes it easier for small business to gain market share . Marketing mix -- Marketing mix is a crucial factor for any business to be successful . Especially for a small business , examining a competitor 's marketing mix can be very helpful . An appropriate market mix , which uses different types of marketing , can help to boost sales . Product life cycle -- After the launch of the business , crucial points of focus should be the growth phase ( adding customers , adding products or services , and / or expanding to new markets ) and working towards the maturity phase . Once the business reaches maturity stage , an extension strategy should be in place . Re-launching is also an option at this stage . Pricing strategy should be flexible and based on the different stages of the product life cycle . Promotion techniques -- It is preferable to keep promotion expenses as low as possible . ' Word of mouth ' , ' email marketing ' , ' print - ads ' in local newspapers etc. can be effective . Channels of distribution -- Selecting an effective channel of distribution may reduce the promotional expenses as well as overall expenses for a small business . Contribution to the economy ( edit ) In the US , small businesses ( fewer than five hundred employees ) account for more than half the non-farm , private GDP and around half the private sector employment . Regarding small business , the top job provider is those with fewer than ten employees , and those with ten or more but fewer than twenty employees comes in as the second , and those with twenty or more but fewer than one hundred employees comes in as the third ( interpolation of data from the following references ) . The most recent data shows firms with fewer than twenty employees account for slightly more than 18 % of the employment . According to `` The Family Business Review , '' `` There are approximately seventeen million sole - proprietorship in the US . It can be argued that a sole - proprietorship ( an unincorporated business owned by a single person ) is a type of family business '' and `` there are twenty - two million small businesses ( fewer than five hundred employees ) in the US and approximately 14,000 big businesses . '' Also , it has been found that small businesses created the newest jobs in communities , `` In 1979 , David Birch published the first empirical evidence that small firms ( fewer than 100 employees ) created the most new jobs '' , and Edmiston claimed that `` perhaps the greatest generator of interest in entrepreneurship and small business is the widely held belief that small businesses in the United States create most new jobs . The evidence suggests that small businesses indeed create a substantial majority of net new jobs in an average year . '' The U.S. Small Business Administration has found small businesses have created two - thirds of net new private sector jobs in the US since 2007 . Local businesses provide competition to each other and also challenge corporate giants . Of the 5,369,068 employer firms in 1995 , 78.8 percent had fewer than ten employees , and 99.7 percent had fewer than five hundred employees . Sources of funding ( edit ) Small businesses in Biloela , Central Queensland , Australia , 1949 Small businesses use various sources available for start - up capital : Self - financing by the owner through cash savings , equity loan on his or her home , and or other assets Loans or financial gifts from friends or relatives Grants from private foundations , government or other sources Private stock issue Forming partnerships Angel investors Loans from banks , credit unions , or other financial institutions SME finance , including collateral - based lending and venture capital , given sufficiently sound business venture plans Some small businesses are further financed through credit card debt -- usually a poor choice , given that the interest rate on credit cards is often several times the rate that would be paid on a line of credit at a bank or a bank loan . Recent research suggests that the use of credit scores in small business lending by community banks is surprisingly widespread . Moreover , the scores employed tend to be the consumer credit scores of the small business owners rather than the more encompassing small business credit scores that include data on the firms as well as on the owners . Many owners seek a bank loan in the name of their business ; however , banks will usually insist on a personal guarantee by the business owner . In the United States , the Small Business Administration ( SBA ) runs several loan programs that may help a small business secure loans . In these programs , the SBA guarantees a portion of the loan to the issuing bank , and thus , relieves the bank of some of the risk of extending the loan to a small business . The SBA also requires business owners to pledge personal assets and sign as a personal guarantee for the loan . The 8 ( a ) Business Development Program assists in the development of small businesses owned and operated by African Americans , Hispanics , and Asians . Canadian small businesses can take advantage of federally funded programs and services . See Federal financing for small businesses in Canada ( grants and loans ) . On October 2010 , Alejandro Cremades and Tanya Prive founded the first equity crowdfunding platform for small businesses in history as an alternative source of financing . The platform operates under the name of Rock The Post . Business networks and Advocacy groups ( edit ) Small businesses often join or come together to form organizations to advocate for their causes or to achieve economies of scale that larger businesses benefit from , such as the opportunity to buy cheaper health insurance in bulk . These organizations include local or regional groups such as Chambers of Commerce and independent business alliances , as well as national or international industry - specific organizations . Such groups often serve a dual purpose , as business networks to provide marketing and connect members to potential sales leads and suppliers , and also as advocacy groups , bringing together many small businesses to provide a stronger voice in regional or national politics . In the case of independent business alliances , promoting the value of locally owned , independent business ( not necessarily small ) through public education campaigns is integral to their work . The largest regional small business group in the United States is the Council of Smaller Enterprises , located in Greater Cleveland . United Kingdom trade and Investment ( www.ukti.gov.in ) gives out research in different markets around the world , also research in program planning and promotional activities to exporters . The BEXA ( British Exporters Association ) role is to connect new exporters to expert services , it can provide details about regional export contacts , who could be made informally to discuss issues . Trade associations and all major banks could often provide links to international groups in foreign markets , some could also help set up joint venture , trade fairs etc . A number of youth organizations , including 4 - H , Junior Achievement , and Scouting have special interactive programs and training to help young people run their own small business under adult supervision . See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal American Independent Business Alliance Big business Distributism Federation of Small Businesses Home business Independent telephone company Localism ( politics ) versus Transnational corporations Market capitalization National Federation of Independent Business S corporation Small Business Administration Small Business Commissioner Small Business Innovation Research ( SBIR ) Small business software Small Business Technology Transfer ( STTR ) Small is Profitable Small office / home office Small - scale Project Management Small start units References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Shailer , Gregory E.P. ( 1 September 1993 ) . `` The irrelevance of organisational boundaries of owner - managed firms '' . Small Bus Econ. 5 ( 3 ) : 229 -- 237 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01531920 -- via link.springer.com . Jump up ^ Driessen , Martyn P. ; Zwart , Peter S. ( 2010 ) . `` The role of the entrepreneur in small business success : the Entrepreneurship Scan '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The economics of small business finance : The roles of private equity and debt markets in the financial growth cycle '' . Journal of Banking & Finance . 22 ( 6 - 8 ) : 613 -- 673 . 1998 - 08 - 01 . doi : 10.1016 / S0378 - 4266 ( 98 ) 00038 - 7 . ISSN 0378 - 4266 . Jump up ^ Small Business Administration . Summary of Size Jump up ^ Dilger , Robert Jay ( April 17 , 2018 ) . Small Business Size Standards : A Historical Analysis of Contemporary Issues ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Small Business Health Care Tax Credit for Small Employers . IRS . ^ Jump up to : European Commission , What is an SME ? accessed 18 October 2017 Jump up ^ European Commission , Directorate - General for Internal Market , Industry , Entrepreneurship and SMEs Revision of the EU SME Definition : Inception Impact Assessment , accessed 18 October 2017 Jump up ^ Banking Association South Africa , Small Business Definition , accessed 18 October 2017 Jump up ^ Small Businesses joined by Facebook . Steve Kaplan. 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Surprising Demographics of Small Business Owners '' . Small Business Labs . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ * Healeas , S. Purdy , D. Stanworth , C. Watson , A. 2004 . Franchising as small business growth strategy : A resource based view organisational development : International small business journal , 22 ( 6 ) , pp 539 - 599 ^ Jump up to : Network , University of Nebraska - Lincoln Web Developer . `` Types of Cooperatives Nebraska Cooperative Development Center '' . ncdc.unl.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Fox , W.F. ; Murray , M.N. ( 2004 ) . `` Do Economic Effects Justify the Use of Fiscal Incentives ? '' . Southern Economic Journal . 71 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 92 . doi : 10.2307 / 4135311 . Jump up ^ Longenecker , Justin G. ; Carlos W. Moore ; J. William Petty ; Leslie E. Palich ( 2008 ) . Small business management : launching and growing entrepreneurial ventures ( 14th ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 768 . ISBN 0 - 324 - 56972 - 6 . OCLC 191487420 . Jump up ^ `` Small Business and Self - Employed One - Stop Resource '' . Irs.gov. 2010 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Walczak , D. ; Voss , G. `` New Possibilities of Supporting Polish SMEs within the Jeremie Initiative Managed by BGK '' . Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences . 4 ( 9 ) : 759 . Jump up ^ `` Surveying Businesses on Tax Compliance Costs '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Small Business : The Art Of The Start '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Shailer , G. Capitalists and Entrepreneurs in Owner - managed Firms . International Small Business Journal 12 ( 3 ) April - June 1994 : 33 -- 41 . Jump up ^ http://media.proquest.com/media/pq/classic/doc/3121621781/fmt/pi/rep/NONE?hl=&cit:auth=Armstrong,%20Craig%20E&cit:title=Competence%20or%20flexibility?%20Survival%20and%20growth%20implications%20of%20...&cit:pub=Journal%20of%20Strategy%20and%20Management&cit:vol=6&cit:iss=4&cit:pg=377&cit:date=2013&ic=true&cit:prod=ABI/INFORM%20Complete&_a=ChgyMDE&_s=isTHBF+8fhiXE4YF6oLH5yZLbn0=#statusbar=1&zoom=110 Jump up ^ Coleman , A. , 2013 . Targeting networking and social media ; how to win new business effectively . The Guardian , ( online ) 27 November . Available at https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2013/nov/27/targeted-networking-social-media-business ( accessed 15 March 2014 ) Jump up ^ Richbell , S.M. ; Wardle , P. ; Watts , H.D. ( 2006 ) . `` Owner - managers and Business Planning in the Small Firm '' . International Small Business Journal . 24 ( 5 ) : 496 -- 514 . doi : 10.1177 / 0266242606067275 . Jump up ^ `` Profitable Tactics Using Internet Marketing For Small Business '' . Jump up ^ e.g. , Shailer , G. 1989 , The Predictability of Small Enterprise Failures : Evidence and Issues , International Small Business Journal , Vol. 7 , No. 4 , July - September , pp. 54 - 58 . Jump up ^ A list of examples is available at ICSB . ^ Jump up to : Lepoutre , Jan , and Hoyehnusy Ezekiel `` Investigating the Impact of Firm Size on Small Business Social Responsibility : A Critical Review . '' Journal of Business Ethics 67.3 ( 2006 ) : 257 - 273 . JSTOR . Web . 3 Jan. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : United States . Small Business Administration . `` Frequently Asked Questions . '' Frequently Asked Question About Small Business . SBA Office of Advocacy , Jan. 2011 . Web . 21 Mar. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Edmiston , Kelley . `` The Role of Small and Large Businesses in Economic Development . '' Economic Review 92.2 ( 2007 ) : 73 - 97 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 18 Mar. 2012 . Jump up ^ Hope , John B. ; Mackin , Patrick C. ( 2007 ) . `` The Relationship Between Employee Turnover and Employee Compensation in Small Business '' . Small Business Research Summary. 308 : 1 -- 44 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Ways Cyber Crime Can Hurt Your Small Business '' . Business Know - How . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Topic : U.S. companies and cyber crime '' . www.statista.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Why Small Businesses Fail : Top 10 Reasons and Best 50 Solutions '' . millforbusiness.com. 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Needham , Dave ( 1996 ) . Business for Higher Awards . Heinemann . Jump up ^ Kotler , Philip ( 2007 ) . Principles of Marketing . Pearson . Jump up ^ The Small Business Economy - A Report to the President : 2001 pg. 84 - Table A. 3 ( the last time data was granular enough for the figures for fewer than 10 employees was 1998 ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy : The Small Business Economy 2008 , A Report to the President '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Small Business Facts : Small Business Job Creation Deconstructed '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Advocacy - U.S. SBA - Characteristics of Small Business Employees and Owners '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Surprising Use of Credit Scoring in Small Business Lending by Community Banks and the Attendant Effects on Credit Availability and Risk '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 8 ( a ) Business Development '' . SBA.gov . Jump up ^ `` Equity Crowdfunding '' . Equity Crowdfunding . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crowdfunding comes to small businesses '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ STEVE LOHR Special to The New York Times ( 1980 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Steve Lohr , `` Small - Business Forces Unite ; Meeting Drafts Proposals For Carter Memories of Earlier Gatherings Small - Business Forces Unite '' , The New York Times , Special , Jan. 15 , 1980 , Business & Finance , Page D1 `` . Select.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Senior , Norah . `` Small businesses need to see exporting as a viable option and ' think global ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ American Business BSA Merit Badge Guide , 22 Jun 2015 . Works cited Birch , D. ( 1979 ) . The job generation process . Unpublished Report , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , prepared for the Economic Development Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce , Washington D.C. Birch , David ( 1987 ) , Job Creation in America , How our smallest companies put the most people to work , The Free Press , New York Edmiston , Kelly ( 2010 ) . `` The Role of Small and Large Businesses in Economic Development '' . Economic Review . 1 : 1 -- 93 . Shanker , Melissa Carey , and Joseph H. Astrachan . `` Family Business Review . '' Sage Publication 9.2 ( 1996 ) : 1 - 123 . Print . External links ( edit ) Business.usa.gov , official website for business - related activities in the USA Federation of Small Business , UK - based resource for small business owners . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_business&oldid=853937190 '' Categories : Small business Business terms Business models Business occupations Entrepreneurship Management occupations Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use British English from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from January 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2015 Western culture - centric Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans فارسی Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 22 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many employees are in a small business | [
"Small businesses are privately owned corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships that have fewer employees and/or less annual revenue than a regular-sized business or corporation. Businesses are defined as \"small\" in terms of being able to apply for government support and qualify for preferential tax policy varies depending on the country and industry. Small businesses range from fifteen employees under the Australian Fair Work Act 2009, fifty employees according to the definition used by the European Union, and fewer than five thousand employees, to qualify for many U.S. Small Business Administration programs. While small businesses can also be classified according to other methods, such as annual revenues, shipments, sales, assets, or by annual gross or net revenue or net profits, the number of employees is one of the most widely used measures.\n"
] | [
"fewer than five thousand"
] |
1583009971827914007 | Lake Michigan | Lake Michigan - wikipedia Lake Michigan Jump to : navigation , search Lake Michigan Landsat image Map of Great Lakes ( Lake Michigan in darker blue ) Location United States Group Great Lakes Coordinates 44 ° N 87 ° W / 44 ° N 87 ° W / 44 ; - 87 Coordinates : 44 ° N 87 ° W / 44 ° N 87 ° W / 44 ; - 87 Lake type Glacial Primary inflows Fox River , Grand River , Menominee River , Milwaukee River , Muskegon River , Kalamazoo River , St. Joseph River Primary outflows Straits of Mackinac , Chicago River , Calumet River Basin countries United States Max. length 307 mi ( 494 km ) Max . width 118 mi ( 190 km ) Min . width 91 mi ( 146 km ) Surface area 22,404 sq mi ( 58,030 km ) Average depth 279 ft ( 85 m ) Max . depth 923 ft ( 281 m ) Water volume 1,180 cu mi ( 4,900 km ) Residence time 99 years Shore length 1,400 mi ( 2,300 km ) plus 238 mi ( 383 km ) for islands Surface elevation 577 ft ( 176 m ) Islands see list Settlements see # Cities References Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States . The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U.S. and Canada . It is the second - largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third - largest by surface area , after Lake Superior and Lake Huron ( and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia ) . To the east , its basin is conjoined with that of Lake Huron through the wide Straits of Mackinac , giving it the same surface elevation as its easterly counterpart ; the two are technically a single lake . Lake Michigan is shared , from west to east , by the U.S. states of Wisconsin , Illinois , Indiana , and Michigan . Ports along its shores include Chicago ; Milwaukee ; Green Bay , Wisconsin ; Gary , Indiana ; and Muskegon , Michigan . The word `` Michigan '' originally referred to the lake itself , and is believed to come from the Ojibwe word michi - gami meaning `` great water '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Statistics and bathymetry 2.2 Cities 2.3 Connection to ocean and open water 2.4 Beaches 2.5 Ferries 2.6 Islands 2.7 Parks 2.8 Lighthouses 3 Hydrology 3.1 Drinking water 4 Fishing 4.1 Commercial fisheries 4.2 Sports fishing 5 Shipping 5.1 Port of Chicago 5.2 Tourism and recreation 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Lake Chicago Some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians . Their culture declined after 800 AD , and for the next few hundred years , the region was the home of peoples known as the Late Woodland Indians . In the early 17th century , when western European explorers made their first forays into the region , they encountered descendants of the Late Woodland Indians : the Chippewa ; Menominee ; Sauk ; Fox ; Winnebago ; Miami ; Ottawa ; and Potawatomi . The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan , possibly in 1634 or 1638 . In the earliest European maps of the region , the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of `` Michigan '' , named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes . Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow , open - water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron , and the combined body of water is sometimes called Michigan -- Huron ( also Huron -- Michigan ) . The Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route . Located on the southern side of the Straits is the town of Mackinaw City , Michigan , the site of Fort Michilimackinac , a reconstructed French fort founded in 1715 , and on the northern side is St. Ignace , Michigan , site of a French Catholic mission to the Indians , founded in 1671 . In 1673 , Jacques Marquette , Louis Joliet and their crew of five Métis voyageurs followed Lake Michigan to Green Bay and up the Fox River , nearly to its headwaters , in their search for the Mississippi River , cf . Fox -- Wisconsin Waterway . The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island , a British colonial and early American military base and fur trade center , founded in 1781 . With the advent of European exploration into the area in the late 17th century , Lake Michigan became part of a line of waterways leading from the Saint Lawrence River to the Mississippi River and thence to the Gulf of Mexico . French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities , such as Green Bay , on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries . In the 19th century , Lake Michigan played a major role in the development of Chicago and the Midwestern United States west of the lake . For example , 90 % of the grain shipped from Chicago traveled east over Lake Michigan during the antebellum years , and only rarely falling below 50 % after the Civil War and the major expansion of railroad shipping . The first person to reach the deep bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump , a scientist at the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee . Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition . In 2007 , a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley , professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College . This formation lies 40 feet ( 12 m ) below the surface of the lake . One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon . So far the formation has not been authenticated . Geography ( edit ) Lake Michigan bathymetric map . The deepest point is marked with `` × '' . Lake Michigan basin Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States ; the others are shared with Canada . It lies in the region known as the American Midwest . Statistics and Bathymetry ( edit ) Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 sq. mi ( 58,026 km ) ; ( 13,237 square miles , 34,284 km lying in Michigan state , 7,358 square miles , 19,056 km in Wisconsin , 234 square miles , 606 km in Indiana , & 1,576 square miles , 4,079 km in Illinois ) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area ( Lake Baikal , in Russia , is larger by water volume ) , and the fifth - largest lake in the world . It is the larger half of Lake Michigan -- Huron , which is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area . It is 307 miles ( 494 km ) long by 118 miles ( 190 km ) wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles ( 2,640 km ) long . The lake 's average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet ( 279 ft ; 85 m ) , while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet ( 923 ft ; 281 m ) . It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles ( 4,918 km3 ) of water . Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay . Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay . Its deepest region , which lies in its northern - half , is called Chippewa Basin ( named after prehistoric Lake Chippewa ) and is separated from South Chippewa Basin , by a relatively shallower area called the Mid Lake Plateau . Cities ( edit ) The Milwaukee lakefront Twelve million people live along Lake Michigan 's shores , mainly in the Chicago and Milwaukee metropolitan areas . The economy of many communities in northern Michigan and Door County , Wisconsin is supported by tourism , with large seasonal populations attracted by the beauty and recreational opportunities offered by Lake Michigan . Seasonal residents often have summer homes along the waterfront and return home for the winter . The southern tip of the lake near Gary , Indiana is heavily industrialized . Cities on the shores of Lake Michigan include : Illinois Chicago Evanston Glencoe Highland Park Kenilworth Lake Forest Lake Bluff North Chicago Waukegan Wilmette Winnetka Zion Indiana East Chicago Gary Hammond Michigan City Portage Porter Whiting Michigan Benton Harbor Bridgman Charlevoix Douglas Elberta Escanaba Ferrysburg Frankfort Gladstone Glenn Grand Beach Grand Haven Harbor Springs Holland Ludington Mackinaw City Manistee Manistique Menominee Michiana Muskegon New Buffalo Norton Shores Pentwater Petoskey Saugatuck St. Joseph Shoreham South Haven Traverse City Wisconsin Algoma Cudahy Fox Point Green Bay Kenosha Kewaunee Manitowoc Milwaukee Mequon Oconto Port Washington Racine Sheboygan Shorewood South Milwaukee Sturgeon Bay Two Rivers Whitefish Bay Connection to ocean and open water ( edit ) Sunset at Nordhouse Dunes The Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway opened the Great Lakes to ocean - going vessels . Wider ocean - going container ships do not fit through the locks on these routes , and thus shipping is limited on the lakes . Despite their vast size , large sections of the Great Lakes freeze in winter , interrupting most shipping . Some icebreakers ply the lakes . The Great Lakes are also connected by the Illinois Waterway to the Gulf of Mexico via the Illinois River ( from Chicago ) and the Mississippi River . An alternate track is via the Illinois River ( from Chicago ) , to the Mississippi , up the Ohio , and then through the Tennessee - Tombigbee Waterway ( combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals ) , to Mobile Bay and the Gulf . Commercial tug - and - barge traffic on these waterways is heavy . Pleasure boats can also enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York . The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie ( at Buffalo , NY ) and at the south side of Lake Ontario ( at Oswego , NY ) . Beaches ( edit ) Sand dune on Lake Michigan at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Saugatuck Dunes State Park Lake Michigan has many beaches . The region is often referred to as the `` Third Coast '' of the United States , after those of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean . The sand is often soft and off - white , known as `` singing sands '' because of the squeaking noise ( caused by high quartz content ) it emits when walked upon . Some beaches have sand dunes covered in green beach grass and sand cherries , and the water is usually clear and cool , between 55 and 80 ° F ( 13 and 27 ° C ) , even in the late summer months . However , because prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east , there is a flow of warmer water to the Michigan shore in the summer . The sand dunes located on the east shore of Lake Michigan are the largest freshwater dune system in the world . In fact , in multiple locations along the shoreline , the dunes rise several hundred feet above the lake surface . Large dune formations can be seen in many state parks , national forests and national parks along the Indiana and Michigan shoreline . Some of the most expansive and unique dune formations can be found at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore , Saugatuck Dunes State Park , Warren Dunes State Park , Hoffmaster State Park , Silver Lake State Park , Ludington State Park , and Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore . Small dune formations can be found on the western shore of Lake Michigan at Illinois Beach State Park and moderate sized dune formations can be found in Kohler - Andrae State Park and Point Beach State Forest in Wisconsin . A large dune formation can be found in Whitefish Dunes State Park in Wisconsin in the Door Peninsula . Lake Michigan beaches in Northern Michigan are the only place in the world , aside from a few inland lakes in that region , where one can find Petoskey stones , the state stone . The beaches of the western coast and the northernmost part of the east coast are often rocky , with some sandy beaches due to local conditions ; while the southern and eastern beaches are typically sandy and dune - covered . This is partly because of the prevailing winds from the west ( which also cause thick layers of ice to build on the eastern shore in winter ) . The Chicago city waterfront is composed of parks , beaches , harbors and marinas , and residential developments connected by the Chicago Lakefront Trail . Where there are no beaches or marinas , stone or concrete revetments protect the shoreline from erosion . The Chicago lakefront is quite walkable ; it is possible to stroll past parks , beaches , and marinas for about 24 miles ( 39 km ) between the city 's southern and northern limits along the lake . Ferries ( edit ) SS Badger operates ferry services between Manitowoc and Ludington Two passenger and vehicle ferries operate ferry services on Lake Michigan , both connecting Wisconsin on the western shore with Michigan on the east . From May to October , the historic steam ship , SS Badger , operates daily between Manitowoc , Wisconsin , and Ludington , Michigan , connecting U.S. Highway 10 between the two cities . The Lake Express , established in 2004 , carries passengers and vehicles across the lake between Milwaukee , Wisconsin , and Muskegon , Michigan . Islands ( edit ) Big Sable Point , Michigan The Beaver Island archipelago in Charlevoix County , Michigan , includes Beaver Island , Garden Island , Grape Island , Gull Island , Hat Island , High Island , Hog Island , Horseshoe Island , Little Island , Pismire Island , Shoe Island , Squaw Island , Trout Island , and Whiskey Island . The Fox Islands in Leelanau County , Michigan , consist of North Fox Island and South Fox Island . The Manitou Islands , North Manitou Island and South Manitou Island , are in Leelanau County , Michigan . Islands within Grand Traverse Bay include Bassett Island , Bellow Island , and Marion Island . Islands south of the Garden Peninsula in Delta County , Michigan include Gravelly Island , Gull Island , Little Gull Island , Little Summer Island , Poverty Island , Rocky Island , St. Martin Island , and Summer Island . Islands in Big Bay de Noc in Delta County , Michigan include Round Island , Saint Vital Island , and Snake Island . Islands in Little Bay de Noc in Delta County , Michigan include Butlers Island and Sand Island . Wilderness State Park in Emmet County , Michigan contains Temperance Island and Waugoshance Island . Epoufette Island , Gravel Island , Little Hog Island , and Naubinway Island are located in Mackinac County , Michigan , in the area of Epoufette , Michigan and Naubinway , Michigan . Green Island and St. Helena Island are in the vicinity of the Mackinac Bridge , in Mackinac County , Michigan . Islands surrounding the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin include Chambers Island , Fish Island , Gravel Island , Spider Island , Horseshoe Island , the Sister Islands , Detroit Island , Green Island , Hog Island , Pilot Island , Plum Island , Rock Island , the Strawberry Islands and Washington Island . The northern half of the peninsula is technically an island itself , due to the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal . Northerly Island is a 91 - acre ( 37 ha ) man - made island in Chicago . It is the home of the Adler Planetarium , the former site of Meigs Field , and the current site of the temporary concert venue Charter One Pavilion each summer . Other islands included Fisherman Island in Charlevoix County , Michigan and Ile aux Galets in Emmet County , Michigan . Plum Island ( Wisconsin ) is an island at the western shore of Lake Michigan in the southern part of the town of Washington in Door County , Wisconsin . Parks ( edit ) Lake view from the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore , with people climbing uphill Chicago 's North Avenue Beach , Lincoln Park Lake Michigan and the Chicago skyline from Portage , Indiana Eichelman Park in Kenosha , Wisconsin with Lake Michigan in the background The National Park Service maintains the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore and Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore . Parts of the shoreline are within the Hiawatha National Forest and the Manistee National Forest . The Manistee National Forest section of the shoreline includes the Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness . The Lake Michigan division of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge is also within the lake . There are numerous state and local parks located on the shores of the lake or on islands within the lake . A partial list follows . Chicago Park District Beaches Duck Lake State Park Fayette Historic State Park Fisherman 's Island State Park Grand Haven State Park Grand Mere State Park Harrington Beach State Park Holland State Park Hoffmaster State Park Illinois Beach State Park Indian Lake State Park Indiana Dunes State Park Kohler - Andrae State Park Lake Park , Milwaukee Ludington State Park Leelanau State Park Mears State Park Muskegon State Park Newport State Park Orchard Beach State Park Peninsula State Park Racine Zoo Saugatuck Dunes State Park Silver Lake State Park Traverse City State Park Terry Andrae State Park Van Buren State Park Warren Dunes State Park White Shoal Light ( Michigan ) Wells State Park Wilderness State Park Lighthouses ( edit ) Illinois lighthouses Indiana lighthouses Michigan lighthouses Wisconsin lighthouses Hydrology ( edit ) The Milwaukee Reef , running under Lake Michigan from a point between Milwaukee and Racine to a point between Grand Haven and Muskegon , divides the lake into northern and southern basins . Each basin has a clockwise flow of water , deriving from rivers , winds , and the Coriolis effect . Prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east , producing a moderating effect on the climate of western Michigan . There is a mean difference in summer temperatures of 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit ( 2 to 5 degrees Celsius ) between the Wisconsin and Michigan shores . Hydrologically Michigan and Huron are the same body of water ( sometimes called Lake Michigan - Huron ) , but are normally considered distinct . Counted together , it is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area . The Mackinac Bridge is generally considered the dividing line between them . Both lakes are part of the Great Lakes Waterway . Historic High Water The lake fluctuates from month to month , with the highest lake levels typically experienced in the summer . The normal high - water mark is 2.00 feet ( 0.61 m ) above datum 577.5 ft ( 176.0 m ) . In the summer of 1986 , Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their highest level during the period during which records have been kept , at 5.92 ft ( 1.80 m ) above datum . The high water records began in February 1986 and lasted through the year , ending with January 1987 . Water levels ranged from 3.67 ft ( 1.12 m ) to 5.92 feet ( 1.80 m ) above Chart Datum . On February 21 , 1986 , the waters neared the all - time maximum for the period during which records have been kept . Historic Low Water Lake levels tend to be the lowest in winter . The normal low water mark is 1.00 foot ( 0.30 m ) below datum 577.5 ft ( 176.0 m ) . In the winter of 1964 , Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their lowest level at 1.38 feet ( 0.42 m ) below datum . As with the highwater records , monthly low water records were set each month from February 1964 through January 1965 . During this twelve - month period water levels ranged from 1.38 feet ( 0.42 m ) to 0.71 feet ( 0.22 m ) below Chart Datum . In January 2013 , Lake Michigan 's monthly mean water levels dipped to an all - time low of 576.2 ft ( 175.6 m ) , reaching their lowest ebb since record keeping began in 1918 . The lakes were 29 in ( 0.74 m ) below their long - term average and had declined 17 inches since January 2012 . Keith Kompoltowicz , chief of watershed hydrology for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ' district office in Detroit , explained that biggest factors leading to the lower water levels in 2013 were a combination of the `` lack of a large snowpack '' in the winter of 2011 / 2012 coupled with very hot and dry conditions in the summer of 2012 . Drinking water ( edit ) Lake Michigan , like the other Great Lakes , supplies drinking water to millions of people in bordering areas . The lakes are collectively administered by the state and provincial governments adjacent to them pursuant to the Great Lakes Compact . Environmental problems can still plague the lake . Steel mills and refineries operate near the Indiana shoreline . The Chicago Tribune reported that BP is a major polluter , dumping thousands of pounds of raw sludge into the lake every day from its Whiting , Indiana , oil refinery . In March 2014 BP 's Whiting refinery was responsible for spilling more than 1,600 US gallons ( 6,100 l ) of oil into the lake . Fishing ( edit ) Lake Michigan is home to a wide variety of fish species and other organisms . It was originally home to lake whitefish , lake trout , yellow perch , panfish , largemouth bass , smallmouth bass and bowfin , as well as some species of catfish . As a result of improvements to the Welland Canal in 1919 , an invasion of sea lampreys and overharvesting , there has been a decline in native lake trout populations , ultimately causing an increase in the population of another invasive species , the alewife . As a result , salmonids , including various strains of brown trout , steelhead ( rainbow trout ) , coho and chinook salmon , were introduced as predators in order to decrease the alewife population . This program was so successful that the introduced population of trout and salmon exploded , resulting in the creation of a large sport fishery for these introduced species . Lake Michigan is now stocked annually with steelhead , brown trout , and coho and chinook salmon , which have also begun natural reproduction in some Lake Michigan tributaries . However , several introduced invasive species , such as lampreys , round goby , zebra mussels and quagga mussels , continue to cause major changes in water clarity and fertility , resulting in knock - on changes to Lake Michigan 's ecosystem , threatening the vitality of native fish populations . Commercial fisheries ( edit ) Fisheries in inland waters of the United States are small compared to marine fisheries . The largest fisheries are the landings from the Great Lakes , worth about $13 million in 2003 . Michigan 's commercial fishery today consists mainly of 150 tribe - licensed commercial fishing operations through the Chippewa - Ottawa Resource Authority ( CORA ) and tribes belonging to the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission ( GLIFWC ) , which harvest 50 percent of the Great Lakes commercial catch in Michigan waters , and 45 state - licensed commercial fishing enterprises . The prime commercial species is the lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) . The annual harvest declined from an average of 11 million pounds ( 5,000,000 kg ) from 1981 through to 1999 to more recent annual harvests of 8 to 9.5 million pounds ( 3,600,000 to 4,300,000 kg ) . The price for lake whitefish dropped from $1.04 / lb. to as low as $. 40 / lb during periods of high production . Sports fishing ( edit ) Sports fishing includes salmon , whitefish , smelt , lake trout and walleye being major catches . In the late 1960s , successful stocking programs for Pacific salmon led to the development of Lake Michigan 's charter fishing industry . Shipping ( edit ) Like all of the Great Lakes , Lake Michigan is today used as a major mode of transport for bulk goods . In 2002 , 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved via the Lakes . This was , in order of volume : iron ore , grain and potash . The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry . There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo , but most container vessels can not pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide . The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years . Port of Chicago ( edit ) Main article : Port of Chicago The Port of Chicago , operated by the Illinois International Port District , has grain ( 14 million bushels ) and bulk liquid ( 800,000 barrels ) storage facilities along Lake Calumet . The central element of the Port District , Calumet Harbor , is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Lake Michigan beach at Holland State Park Tourism and recreation ( edit ) Tourism and recreation are major industries on all of the Great Lakes : A few small cruise ships operate on Lake Michigan , including a couple of sailing ships . Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes , such as yachting , sea kayaking , diving , kitesurfing and lake surfing . The Great Lakes Circle Tour , a designated scenic road system , connects all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River . Great Lakes passenger steamers have been operating since the mid-1800s . Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands , including Beaver Island and Bois Blanc Island ( Michigan ) . Currently , two car ferry services traverse Lake Michigan from around April to November : the SS Badger , a steamer from Ludington , Michigan , to Manitowoc , Wisconsin , and the Lake Express , a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon , Michigan . See also ( edit ) Ohio Street Beach , downtown Chicago Beaver Island Chicago beaches Chicago River Door Peninsula Green Bay Jardine Water Purification Plant Lake Michigan Shore AVA Leelanau Peninsula Little Traverse Bay Milwaukee River Port of Milwaukee Washington Island References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Michigan '' . Great-lakes.net. 2009 - 06 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wright 2006 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Shorelines of the Great Lakes Archived 2015 - 04 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Map '' . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality . 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Superior Watershed Partnership Projects '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bogue 1985 , pp. 7 -- 13 Jump up ^ http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1733d4.jpg Jump up ^ `` Colonial Fort Michilimackinac '' . Mighty Mac . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bogue 1985 , pp. 14 -- 16 Jump up ^ Shelak 2003 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Cronon , William ( 1991 ) . Nature 's Metropolis : Chicago and the Great West . New York , NY : W.W. Norton and Company . p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Variations In Sediment Accumulation Rates And The Flux Of Labile Organic Matter In Eastern Lake Superior Basins '' . The Journal of Great Lakes Research . 1989 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Flesher , John ( 2007 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Possible mastodon carving found on rock '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Flesher , John ( 2007 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Rock brings history to surface ( pictures ) '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1996 . Bathymetry of Lake Michigan . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5B85627 ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 23 ) . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1999 . Bathymetry of Lake Huron . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5G15XS5 ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 23 ) . ( only small portion of this map ) Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1999 . Global Land One - kilometer Base Elevation ( GLOBE ) v. 1 . Hastings , D. and P.K. Dunbar . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V52R3PMS ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 16 ) . Jump up ^ `` About Our Great Lakes : Tour '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory ( GLERL ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 05 , US EPA , REG . `` Geophysical Lake Michigan - US EPA '' . US EPA . Jump up ^ `` Chart : 14901 Edition : 15 Edition Date : August 2006 Clear Dates : NM -- 12 / 17 / 2011 LNM -- 12 / 6 / 2011 '' ; `` Soundings in feet and fathoms '' . NOAA . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/michiganlarge.jpg Jump up ^ `` Bathymetry of Lake Michigan '' . www.ngdc.noaa.gov . Jump up ^ http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/explore/coastal-communities/economic-vitality-and-the-great-lakes/ Jump up ^ `` NOAA Great Lakes Region '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Sea Grant Coastwatch '' . Coastwatch.msu.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Hilton 2002 , pp. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ `` Schedule and Fares '' . SS Badger . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes ; September 2009 ; US Army Corps of Engineers , Detroit District Jump up ^ `` The Weather History for February 21st '' . Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History . National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bivins , Larry ( 3 April 2013 ) . `` Low Great Lakes water levels plague shipping , recreation '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Flesher , John ( 5 February 2013 ) . `` Two Great Lakes hit lowest water levels since record keeping began nearly a century ago '' . Vancouver Sun . Archived from the original on 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hawthorne , Michael . `` BP gets break on dumping in lake '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Hawthorne , Michael . `` BP raises estimate of Lake Michigan oil spill '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ NOAA / NMFS : ( 2004 ) Fisheries of the United States , 2003 Archived 2007 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Michigan Commercial Fisheries Marketing and Product Development ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Sea Grant . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Dan ( 2009 ) . Charter Fishing in Michigan : A Profile of Customers and Economic Impacts ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Sea Grant . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( November 2007 ) . `` Calumet Harbor , IL and IN '' . Retrieved on July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Circle Tour '' . Great-lakes.net. 2005 - 07 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) Bogue , Margaret Beattie ( 1985 ) . Around the Shores of Lake Michigan : A Guide to Historic Sites . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 10004 - 9 . Hilton , George Woodman ( 2002 ) . Lake Michigan Passenger Steamers . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4240 - 5 . Hyde , Charles K. ; Mahan , Ann ; Mahan , John ( 1995 ) . The Northern Lights : Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 814325 - 54 - 4 . Oleszewski , Wes ( 1998 ) . Great Lakes Lighthouses , American and Canadian : A Comprehensive Directory / Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses . Gwinn : Avery Color Studios , Inc . ISBN 0 - 932212 - 98 - 0 . Penrod , John ( 1998 ) . Lighthouses of Michigan . Berrien Center : Pernod / Hiawatha . ISBN 978 - 0 - 942618 - 78 - 5 . Penrose , Laurie ; Penrose , Bill ( 1999 ) . A Traveler 's Guide to 116 Michigan Lighthouses . Petoskey : Friede Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 923756 - 03 - 1 . Shelak , Benjamin J. ( 2003 ) . Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan . Big Earth Publishing . ISBN 1 - 931599 - 21 - 1 . Wagner , John L. ( 1998 ) . Michigan Lighthouses : An Aerial Photographic Perspective . East Lansing : John L. Wagner . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880311 - 01 - 1 . Wright , John W. , ed. ( 2006 ) . The New York Times Almanac . Editors and reporters of The New York Times ( 2007 ed . ) . New York , New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303820 - 6 . Wright , Larry ; Wright , Patricia ( 2006 ) . Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia ( Hardback ed . ) . Erin : Boston Mills Press . ISBN 1 - 55046 - 399 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Michigan . Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Lake Michigan . Geographic data related to Lake Michigan at OpenStreetMap EPA 's Great Lakes Atlas Great Lakes Coast Watch Michigan DNR map of Lake Michigan Official Michigan DNR Freshwater Fishing Regulations Bathymetry of Lake Michigan `` Michigan , Lake '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Anderson , William P. ( 1911 ) . `` Michigan , Lake '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Lighthouses Bibliography on Michigan lighthouses Interactive map of lighthouses in area ( northern Lake Michigan ) Interactive map of lighthouses in area ( southern Lake Michigan ) Terry Pepper on lighthouses of the western Great Lakes Wagner , John L. , Beacons Shining in the Night , Michigan lighthouse bibliography , chronology , history , and photographs , Clarke Historical Library , Central Michigan University Great Lakes of North America Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago Bays and Waterways Detroit River Erie Canal French River Georgian Bay Great Lakes Waterway Green Bay Lake George Lake Kagawong Lake Manitou Lake Nicolet Manitou Passage Lake Mindemoya Munuscong Lake Niagara River Nipigon River North Channel Potagannissing Bay St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sault Ste . Marie Canal Soo Locks Straits of Mackinac Trent -- Severn Waterway Welland Canal Islands Detroit River Michigan ( state ) ( in Lake Huron , part of Isle Royale National Park ) Ontario Historic geology Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Maumee Mackinac Falls Midcontinent Rift System Niagara Escarpment Wisconsin glaciation Government Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers Great Lakes Commission Great Lakes Fishery Commission International Joint Commission Related topics Basin Bays of the Great Lakes Great Lakes region Great Lake ships Lake - effect snow Lake Michigan -- Huron Marine protected areas Megalopolis Native American tribes ( US ) Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Settlements Great Lakes museum and historic ships Lake freighter Tall ships Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes Treaties Northern Michigan Central cities Alpena Cadillac Charlevoix Gaylord Petoskey Traverse City Counties Alcona Alpena Antrim Arenac Benzie Charlevoix Cheboygan Clare Crawford Emmet Gladwin Grand Traverse Iosco Kalkaska Lake Leelanau Manistee Missaukee Montmorency Ogemaw Osceola Oscoda Otsego Presque Isle Roscommon Wexford Geography Au Sable River Cheboygan River Elk River watershed Grand Traverse Bay Houghton Lake Inland Waterway Leelanau Peninsula Lake Charlevoix Lake Huron Lake Michigan Little Traverse Bay Manistee River Straits of Mackinac Thunder Bay Walloon Lake Transportation Charlevoix Municipal Airport Cherry Capital Airport Great Lakes Central Railroad Lake State Railway Mackinac Bridge Pellston Regional Airport SS Badger Economy East Jordan Iron Works Georgia - Pacific Holcim Lafarge Cement Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company Michigan wine USG Corporation Weyerhaeuser Michigan Central Michigan Southeast Michigan Upper Peninsula West Michigan Upper Peninsula of Michigan Central cities Escanaba Hancock Houghton Iron Mountain Iron River Marquette Menominee Munising Sault Ste . Marie St. Ignace Counties Alger Baraga Chippewa Delta Dickinson Gogebic Houghton Iron Keweenaw Luce Mackinac Marquette Menominee Ontonagon Schoolcraft Geography Copper Country Gogebic Range Grand Island Keweenaw Peninsula Keweenaw Waterway Lake Superior Lake Huron Lake Michigan Menominee River Mount Arvon Pictured Rocks Porcupine Mountains St. Marys River Straits of Mackinac Transportation Chippewa County Airport Delta County Airport Ford Airport Gogebic -- Iron County Airport Houghton County Airport Mackinac Bridge International Bridge International Rail Bridge Portage Lake Lift Bridge Sawyer International Airport Soo Locks Economy Cleveland - Cliffs Inc . Copper mining in Michigan Verso Corporation Michigan Central Michigan Northern Michigan Southeast Michigan West Michigan VIAF : 315125114 GND : 4281497 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Michigan&oldid=838428573 '' Categories : Lake Michigan Lakes of Illinois Lakes of Indiana Lakes of Michigan West Michigan Northern Michigan Lakes of Wisconsin Borders of Wisconsin Borders of Michigan Borders of Indiana Borders of Illinois Lakes of Door County , Wisconsin Lakes of Cook County , Illinois Lakes of Lake County , Illinois Bodies of water of LaPorte County , Indiana Lakes of Muskegon County , Michigan Lakes of Berrien County , Michigan Lakes of Grand Traverse County , Michigan Lakes of Manistee County , Michigan Lakes of Leelanau County , Michigan Great Lakes Lakes of Kewaunee County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Milwaukee County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Brown County , Wisconsin Lakes of Kenosha County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Manitowoc County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Ozaukee County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Oconto County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Racine County , Wisconsin Lakes of Sheboygan County , Wisconsin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 粵語 中文 76 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 23 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how wide is lake michigan at its widest point | [
"Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 sq.mi (58,026 km2); (13,237 square miles, 34,284 km2 lying in Michigan state,[2] 7,358 square miles, 19,056 km2 in Wisconsin, 234 square miles, 606 km2 in Indiana, & 1,576 square miles, 4,079 km2 in Illinois) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area (Lake Baikal, in Russia, is larger by water volume), and the fifth-largest lake in the world. It is the larger half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. It is 307 miles (494 km) long by 118 miles (190 km) wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles (2,640 km) long. The lake's average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet (279 ft; 85 m), while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet (923 ft; 281 m).[2][20] It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles (4,918 km³) of water. Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay. Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay. Its deepest region, which lies in its northern-half, is called Chippewa Basin (named after prehistoric Lake Chippewa) and is separated from South Chippewa Basin, by a relatively shallower area called the Mid Lake Plateau.[21][22]"
] | [
"118 miles (190 km)"
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4166276102638378825 | NBA All-Star Game records | NBA All - Star game records - wikipedia NBA All - Star game records Jump to : navigation , search For NBA regular season records , see NBA regular season records . For NBA playoff and Finals records , see NBA post-season records . This article lists all - time leading figures achieved in the NBA All - Star Game in every major statistical category recognized by the league . This includes statistical records set by individuals in single All - Star games and over the course of their careers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Individual 1.1 MVPs 1.2 All - Star selections 1.3 Scoring 1.4 Minutes 1.5 Rebounds 1.6 Assists 1.7 Field goals 1.8 Free throws 1.9 Three - point shooting 1.10 Steals 1.11 Blocks 1.12 Triple doubles 2 Team 2.1 Scoring 2.2 Field goals 2.3 Three - point field goals 2.4 Free throws 2.5 Rebounds 2.6 Assists 2.7 Steals 2.8 Blocks 3 All - Star Weekend records 4 Other records 5 References 6 External links Individual ( edit ) Bob Pettit was named MVP of the NBA All - Star Game four times and holds the All - Star single - game record for rebounds with 27 . MVPs ( edit ) Most awards 4 by Bob Pettit ( 1 shared award ) ( 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1962 ) 4 by Kobe Bryant ( 1 shared award ) ( 2002 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 ) Most consecutive awards 2 by Bob Pettit ( 1 shared title ) ( 1958 , 1959 ) 2 by Russell Westbrook ( 2015 , 2016 ) All - Star selections ( edit ) Most selections 19 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive selections 17 by Kobe Bryant Most games played 18 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most games started 15 by Kobe Bryant Scoring ( edit ) Most points per game -- career ( 3 games min . ) 28.7 by Anthony Davis Most points -- career 314 by LeBron James Most points -- game 52 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most points -- half 30 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most points -- quarter 20 by Glen Rice ( 1997 ) 20 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Minutes ( edit ) Most minutes -- career 449 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most minutes -- game 42 by Oscar Robertson ( 1964 ) 42 by Bill Russell ( 1964 ) 42 by Jerry West ( 1964 ) 42 by Nate Thurmond ( 1967 ) Most minutes per game 32.7 by Bob Pettit Rebounds ( edit ) Most rebounds -- career 197 by Wilt Chamberlain Most offensive rebounds -- career 44 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds -- career 98 by Tim Duncan Most rebounds -- game 27 by Bob Pettit ( 1962 ) Most rebounds per game 16.2 by Bob Pettit Most offensive rebounds -- game 10 by Kobe Bryant ( 2011 ) Most defensive rebounds -- game 19 by Dikembe Mutombo ( 2001 ) Most rebounds -- half 16 by Bob Pettit ( 1962 ) 16 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 ) Most rebounds -- quarter 10 by Bob Pettit ( 1962 ) Assists ( edit ) Most assists -- career 127 by Magic Johnson Most assists -- game 22 by Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) Most assists per game 13.3 by Chris Paul Most assists -- half 13 by Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) Most assists -- quarter 9 by John Stockton ( 1989 ) Field goals ( edit ) Highest field goal percentage -- career . 833 by Brandon Roy Most field goals made -- career 129 by LeBron James Most field goals made -- game 26 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals made -- half 15 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals made -- quarter 10 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals attempted -- career 238 by Kobe Bryant Most field goals attempted -- game 39 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals attempted -- half 22 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals attempted -- quarter 15 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Free throws ( edit ) Highest free throw percentage -- career 1.000 by Archie Clark 1.000 by Gary Payton 1.000 by Clyde Drexler Most free throws made -- career 78 by Elgin Baylor Most free throws made -- game 12 by Elgin Baylor ( 1962 ) 12 by Oscar Robertson ( 1965 ) Most free throws made -- half 10 by Zelmo Beaty ( 1966 ) Most free throws made -- quarter 9 by Zelmo Beaty ( 1966 ) 9 by Julius Erving ( 1978 ) Most free throws attempted -- career 98 by Elgin Baylor 98 By Oscar Robertson Most free throws attempted -- game 16 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1962 ) Most free throws attempted -- half 12 by Zelmo Beaty ( 1966 ) Most free throws attempted -- quarter 11 by Julius Erving ( 1978 ) Three - point shooting ( edit ) Highest three point percentage -- career . 600 by Glen Rice Most three point field goals made -- career 31 by LeBron James Most three point field goals made -- game 9 by Paul George ( 2016 ) Most three point field goals made -- half 7 by Russell Westbrook ( 2016 ) Most three point field goals attempted -- career 90 by LeBron James Most three point field goals attempted -- game 19 by Paul George ( 2016 ) Most three point field goals attempted -- half 11 by Kevin Durant ( 2014 ) 11 by Paul George ( 2016 ) Steals ( edit ) Most steals -- career 38 by Kobe Bryant Most steals per game 3.2 by Rick Barry Most steals -- game 8 by Rick Barry ( 1975 ) Most steals -- half 5 by Larry Bird ( 1986 ) Most steals -- quarter 4 by Fred Brown ( 1976 ) 4 by Larry Bird ( 1986 ) 4 by Isiah Thomas ( 1989 ) Blocks ( edit ) Most blocks -- career 31 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most blocks per game 2.0 by Alonzo Mourning Most blocks -- game 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 1980 ) Most blocks -- half 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 1980 ) 4 by Michael Jordan ( 1988 ) 4 by Hakeem Olajuwon ( 1994 ) Most blocks -- quarter 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 1980 ) Triple doubles ( edit ) Michael Jordan -- 14 points , 11 rebounds , 11 assists in 26 minutes ( 1997 ) LeBron James -- 29 points , 12 rebounds , 10 assists in 32 minutes ( 2011 ) Dwyane Wade -- 24 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists in 33 minutes ( 2012 ) Kevin Durant -- 21 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists in 27 minutes ( 2017 ) Team ( edit ) Scoring ( edit ) Most points -- team 196 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most points -- both teams 374 ( 2017 ) Most points in a half -- team 104 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most points in a half -- both teams 189 ( 2017 ) Most points in a quarter -- team 53 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) 53 by East All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most points in a quarter -- both teams 101 ( 2017 ) Fewest points -- team 75 by East All - Stars ( 1953 ) Fewest points -- both teams 154 ( 1953 ) Largest margin of victory 40 ( 153 -- 113 ) by West All - Stars ( 1992 ) Smallest margin of victory 1 ( 124 -- 123 ) by East All - Stars ( 1965 ) 1 ( 108 -- 107 ) by West All - Stars ( 1971 ) 1 ( 125 -- 124 ) by West All - Stars ( 1977 ) 1 ( 111 -- 110 ) by East All - Stars ( 2001 ) Field goals ( edit ) Highest field goal percentage -- team 0.653 ( 64 / 98 ) by West All - Stars ( 1992 ) Highest field goal percentage -- both teams 0.578 ( 162 / 280 ) ( 2017 ) Lowest field goal percentage -- team 0.292 ( 35 / 120 ) by West All - Stars ( 1966 ) Lowest field goal percentage -- both teams 0.362 ( 59 / 163 ) ( 1953 ) Most field goals made -- team 84 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most field goals made -- both teams 162 ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a half -- team 43 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a half -- both teams 83 ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a quarter -- team 22 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a quarter -- both teams 42 ( 2017 ) Fewest field goals made -- team 25 by East All - Stars ( 1953 ) Fewest field goals made -- both teams 59 ( 1953 ) Most field goals attempted -- team 149 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted -- both teams 286 ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a half -- team 79 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a half -- both teams 148 ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter -- team 41 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter -- both teams 77 ( 2016 ) Fewest field goals attempted -- team 66 by East All - Stars ( 1953 ) Fewest field goals attempted -- both teams 162 ( 1953 ) Three - point field goals ( edit ) Most three - point field goals made -- team 31 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most three - point field goals made -- both teams 51 ( 2016 ) Most three - point field goals attempted -- team 80 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most three - point field goals attempted -- both teams 139 ( 2016 ) Free throws ( edit ) Highest free throw percentage -- team 1.000 ( 18 / 18 ) by West All - Stars ( 1973 ) 1.000 ( 9 / 9 ) by East All - Stars ( 2014 ) 1.000 ( 4 / 4 ) by East All - Stars ( 2017 ) Highest free throw percentage -- both teams 0.875 ( 7 / 8 ) ( 2017 ) Lowest free throw percentage -- team 0.364 ( 4 / 11 ) by West All - Stars ( 2004 ) Lowest free throw percentage -- both teams 0.500 ( 16 / 32 ) ( 2004 ) 0.500 ( 11 / 22 ) ( 2007 ) 0.500 ( 14 / 28 ) ( 2008 ) Most free throws made -- team 40 by East All - Stars ( 1959 ) Most free throws made -- both teams 71 ( OT ) ( 1987 ) 70 ( 1961 ) Most free throws made in a half -- team 26 by East All - Stars ( 1959 ) Most free throws made in a half -- both teams 36 ( 1961 ) Most free throws made in a quarter -- team 19 by East All - Stars ( 1986 ) Most free throws made in a quarter -- both teams 27 ( 1986 ) Fewest free throws made -- team 1 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Fewest free throws made -- both teams 4 ( 2016 ) Most free throws attempted -- team 57 by West All - Stars ( 1970 ) Most free throws attempted -- both teams 95 ( 1956 ) Most free throws attempted in a half -- team 31 by East All - Stars ( 1959 ) Most free throws attempted in a half -- both teams 57 ( 1962 ) Most free throws attempted in a quarter -- team 25 by West All - Stars ( 1970 ) Most free throws attempted in a quarter -- both teams 33 ( 1962 ) 33 ( OT ) ( 1993 ) Fewest free throws attempted -- team 2 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Fewest free throws attempted -- both teams 7 ( 2016 ) Rebounds ( edit ) Most rebounds recorded -- team 83 by East All - Stars ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded -- both teams 151 ( 1960 ) Most rebounds recorded in a half -- team 51 by East All - Stars ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded in a half -- both teams 98 ( 1962 ) 98 ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded in a quarter -- team 30 by West All - Stars ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded in a quarter -- both teams 58 ( 1966 ) Fewest rebounds recorded -- team 37 by West All - Stars ( 1983 ) Fewest rebounds recorded -- both teams 89 ( 1983 ) Assists ( edit ) Most assists -- team 60 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most assists -- both teams 103 ( 2017 ) Most assists in a half -- team 34 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most assists in a half -- both teams 57 ( 2017 ) Most assists in a quarter -- team 19 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most assists in a quarter -- both teams 29 ( 2017 ) Fewest assists -- team 15 by West All - Stars ( 1965 ) Fewest assists -- both teams 37 ( 1964 ) Steals ( edit ) Most steals -- team 24 by East All - Stars ( 1989 ) Most steals - both teams 40 ( 1989 ) Blocks ( edit ) Most blocks -- team 16 by West All - Stars ( 1980 1OT ) 12 by West All - Stars ( 1994 ) Most blocks -- both teams 25 ( 1980 1OT ) 21 ( 1994 ) All - Star Weekend records ( edit ) Most Skills Challenge Contests won 2 by Dwyane Wade ( 2006 , 2007 ) 2 by Steve Nash ( 2005 , 2010 ) 2 by Damian Lillard ( 2013 , 2014 ) Most consecutive Skills Challenge Contests won 2 by Dwyane Wade ( 2006 , 2007 ) 2 by Damian Lillard ( 2013 , 2014 ) Most Slam Dunk Contests won 3 by Nate Robinson ( 2006 , 2009 , 2010 ) Most consecutive Slam Dunk Contests won 2 by Michael Jordan ( 1987 , 1988 ) 2 by Jason Richardson ( 2002 , 2003 ) 2 by Nate Robinson ( 2009 , 2010 ) 2 by Zach LaVine ( 2015 , 2016 ) Most Three - Point Shootout Contests won 3 by Larry Bird ( 1986 , 1987 , 1988 ) 3 by Craig Hodges ( 1990 , 1991 , 1992 ) Most consecutive Three - Point Shootout Contests won 3 by Larry Bird ( 1986 , 1987 , 1988 ) 3 by Craig Hodges ( 1990 , 1991 , 1992 ) Youngest Slam Dunk Contest Champion Kobe Bryant ( 7003674400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 169 days ) Youngest Three - Point Shootout Contest Champion Kyrie Irving ( 7003763500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 330 days ) Youngest Skills Challenge Contest Champion Karl - Anthony Towns ( 7003739500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 90 days ) Other records ( edit ) Attendance 108,713 for the 2010 NBA All - Star Game which was held in Cowboys Stadium at Arlington , Texas -- the largest attendance in history for any basketball game . Youngest All - Star Game MVP LeBron James ( 7003772100000000000 ♠ 21 years , 51 days ) Oldest All - Star Game MVP Shaquille O'Neal ( 7004134950000000000 ♠ 36 years , 346 days ) Youngest Rising Stars Challenge MVP Kyrie Irving ( 7003727700000000000 ♠ 19 years , 338 days ) References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) http://NBA.com/history http://www.nbahoopsonline.com NBA All - Star Games All - Star Weekend Rising Stars Challenge Shooting Stars Competition Skills Challenge Three - Point Contest Slam Dunk Contest H-O-R-S-E Competition Celebrity Game Legends Classic All - Star Game MVP Award Records List of NBA All - Stars Vote leaders Head coaches Broadcasters TV ratings D - League All - Star Game WNBA All - Star Game 1950s 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_All-Star_Game_records&oldid=814555935 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 14 : 39 . About Wikipedia | most points in an nba all star game | [
"\nMost points – team\n\n196 by West All-Stars (2016)\n\n\nMost points – both teams\n\n374 (2017)\n\n\nMost points in a half – team\n\n104 by West All-Stars (2016)\n\n\nMost points in a half – both teams\n\n189 (2017)\n\n\nMost points in a quarter – team\n\n53 by West All-Stars (2016)\n53 by East All-Stars (2017)\n\n\nMost points in a quarter – both teams\n\n101 (2017)\n\n\nFewest points – team\n\n75 by East All-Stars (1953)\n\n\nFewest points – both teams\n\n154 (1953)\n\n\nLargest margin of victory\n\n40 (153–113) by West All-Stars (1992)\n\n\nSmallest margin of victory\n\n1 (124–123) by East All-Stars (1965)\n1 (108–107) by West All-Stars (1971)\n1 (125–124) by West All-Stars (1977)\n1 (111–110) by East All-Stars (2001)\n\n\n"
] | [
"196"
] |
-9121232489001588606 | 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles | 2015 Wimbledon Championships -- men 's singles - wikipedia 2015 Wimbledon Championships -- men 's singles Men 's Singles 2015 Wimbledon Championships Champion Novak Djokovic Runner - up Roger Federer Final score 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women seniors WC Doubles men women ← 2014 Wimbledon Championships 2016 → Main article : 2015 Wimbledon Championships Novak Djokovic was the defending champion , and successfully defended his title by beating Roger Federer in a rematch of the 2014 final , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 . The title was Djokovic 's third at Wimbledon and ninth Grand Slam singles title overall , as well as his second major win of the year . Federer was vying to become the first man to win Wimbledon eight times . Federer became the first male player in the Open Era to reach 10 finals at a single Grand Slam . 2002 champion Lleyton Hewitt played in his final Wimbledon appearance , losing to Jarkko Nieminen ( who was also playing in his final Wimbledon ) in five sets in the first round . In the second round , 102nd - ranked Germany 's Dustin Brown upset world number ten Rafael Nadal , who had won Wimbledon in 2008 and 2010 . Brown previously defeated Nadal at the 2014 Gerry Weber Open in Halle , the only other time the two had played each other . This marked the fourth straight year in which Nadal suffered an early - round exit from the tournament while losing to a player ranked 100 or lower : He had previously lost to Lukas Rosol ( ranked 100th at the time ) in 2012 , Steve Darcis ( 135th ) in 2013 , and Nick Kyrgios ( 144th ) in 2014 . This was the first major since the 2002 US Open where Spaniard David Ferrer ( world number eight ) did not participate in as he withdrew with an elbow injury that occurred in the lead up tournament at the 2015 Queen 's Club Championships . This ended Ferrer 's streak of 50 consecutive Grand Slam appearances . This is also the first Grand Slam main draw appearance for future three - time Masters 1000 champion and world number 3 Alexander Zverev . Contents 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 Nationalities in the field 5 References 6 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Novak Djokovic ( Champion ) 02 . Roger Federer ( Final ) 03 . Andy Murray ( Semifinals ) 04 . Stan Wawrinka ( Quarterfinals ) 05 . Kei Nishikori ( Second round , withdrew due to a calf injury ) 06 . Tomáš Berdych ( Fourth round ) 07 . Milos Raonic ( Third round ) 08 . David Ferrer ( Withdrew with an elbow injury ; replaced by Luca Vanni ) 09 . Marin Čilić ( Quarterfinals ) 10 . Rafael Nadal ( Second round ) 11 . Grigor Dimitrov ( Third round ) 12 . Gilles Simon ( Quarterfinals ) 13 . Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( Third round ) 14 . Kevin Anderson ( Fourth round ) 15 . Feliciano López ( Second round ) 16 . David Goffin ( Fourth round ) 17 . John Isner ( Third round ) 18 . Gaël Monfils ( Third round ) 19 . Tommy Robredo ( First round ) 20 . Roberto Bautista Agut ( Fourth round ) 21 . Richard Gasquet ( Semifinals ) 22 . Viktor Troicki ( Fourth round ) 23 . Ivo Karlović ( Fourth round ) 24 . Leonardo Mayer ( Third round ) 25 . Andreas Seppi ( Third round ) 26 . Nick Kyrgios ( Fourth round ) 27 . Bernard Tomic ( Third round ) 28 . Pablo Cuevas ( First round ) 29 . Guillermo Garcia - Lopez ( First round ) 30 . Fabio Fognini ( Second round ) 31 . Jack Sock ( First round ) 32 . Dominic Thiem ( Second round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Novak Djokovic 6 6 6 9 Marin Čilić Novak Djokovic 7 6 6 21 Richard Gasquet 6 Stan Wawrinka 6 6 9 21 Richard Gasquet 6 6 11 Novak Djokovic 7 6 6 6 Roger Federer 6 7 Vasek Pospisil 5 Andy Murray 6 7 6 Andy Murray 5 5 Roger Federer 7 7 6 12 Gilles Simon 5 Roger Federer 6 7 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round N Djokovic 6 6 6 P Kohlschreiber N Djokovic 6 6 6 J Nieminen 6 6 11 J Nieminen WC L Hewitt 6 6 0 9 N Djokovic 6 6 6 Q P-H Herbert 6 6 10 27 B Tomic H Chung 6 6 8 Q P-H Herbert 6 6 J-L Struff 6 6 27 B Tomic 7 6 7 27 B Tomic 6 6 6 N Djokovic 6 6 6 6 7 24 L Mayer 7 7 6 14 K Anderson 7 7 5 T Kokkinakis 6 6 24 L Mayer 6 7 6 PR J Tipsarević M Granollers 6 M Granollers 6 6 6 24 L Mayer 6 M İlhan 7 6 6 6 14 K Anderson 6 7 6 J Janowicz 6 7 M İlhan 7 6 L Pouille 5 6 14 K Anderson 6 7 6 6 14 K Anderson 6 7 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 M Čilić 6 6 7 Q H Moriya 6 9 M Čilić 6 7 7 A Haider - Maurer R Berankis 6 6 6 5 R Berankis 6 5 9 M Čilić 7 6 6 6 12 WC M Ebden 6 6 6 17 J Isner 6 7 7 10 B Rola WC M Ebden 6 G Soeda 6 17 J Isner 6 7 6 17 J Isner 7 6 6 9 M Čilić 6 6 7 28 P Cuevas 7 6 WC D Kudla 6 5 WC D Kudla 6 6 6 6 WC D Kudla 6 7 6 T Gabashvili 6 6 7 A Zverev 6 6 A Zverev 6 6 9 WC D Kudla 6 6 6 6 J Souza S Giraldo 7 6 S Giraldo 6 6 6 S Giraldo w / o S Bolelli 7 6 5 K Nishikori 5 K Nishikori 6 6 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round S Wawrinka 6 7 7 J Sousa 5 6 S Wawrinka 6 6 7 V Estrella Burgos 5 6 6 6 V Estrella Burgos 5 B Becker 7 S Wawrinka 6 6 6 M Kližan 6 7 11 F Verdasco F Verdasco 6 6 6 13 F Verdasco 5 6 5 6 6 D Sela 6 32 D Thiem 7 7 32 D Thiem 6 6 6 S Wawrinka 7 7 6 19 T Robredo 16 D Goffin 6 6 Q J Millman 6 6 6 Q J Millman 7 6 D Young 7 M Baghdatis 6 6 6 6 M Baghdatis 5 6 6 6 M Baghdatis WC L Broady 5 6 6 6 16 D Goffin 6 6 6 M Matosevic 7 6 WC L Broady 6 Q H Zeballos 6 16 D Goffin 7 6 6 16 D Goffin 7 6 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 11 G Dimitrov 6 6 6 F Delbonis 0 11 G Dimitrov 7 6 7 L Lacko 7 6 S Johnson 6 6 S Johnson 6 6 6 6 11 G Dimitrov Q K de Schepper 7 6 6 21 R Gasquet 6 6 6 Q J-P Smith 6 6 6 Q K de Schepper 0 Q L Saville 21 R Gasquet 6 6 6 21 R Gasquet 6 6 6 21 R Gasquet 7 6 6 7 26 N Kyrgios 6 6 7 26 N Kyrgios 5 7 6 D Schwartzman 0 6 26 N Kyrgios 7 6 6 J Mónaco 6 6 6 J Mónaco 6 PR F Mayer 26 N Kyrgios 5 7 7 6 D Lajović 6 7 M Raonic 7 5 6 PR T Haas 6 6 6 PR T Haas 0 7 6 D Gimeno - Traver 6 6 7 M Raonic 6 6 6 7 7 M Raonic 6 6 7 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round LL L Vanni 7 WC J Ward 6 6 6 6 WC J Ward 6 7 6 J Veselý 7 7 6 J Veselý 6 6 P Lorenzi 6 6 WC J Ward 6 6 6 V Pospisil 7 6 7 6 V Pospisil 6 6 8 Q V Millot 6 6 7 6 V Pospisil 6 6 6 T Smyczek 30 F Fognini 6 30 F Fognini 6 6 6 V Pospisil 6 6 6 6 22 V Troicki 6 6 6 22 V Troicki 6 7 Q A Nedovyesov 6 22 V Troicki 6 6 6 PR R Štěpánek 5 6 6 A Bedene 6 A Bedene 7 6 6 22 V Troicki 6 7 6 Q D Brown 6 7 6 Q D Brown 6 6 Y-h Lu 6 5 Q D Brown 7 6 6 T Bellucci 10 R Nadal 5 6 10 R Nadal 6 6 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 J-W Tsonga 7 6 6 6 G Müller 6 7 6 13 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 D Istomin A Ramos A Ramos 6 6 13 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 6 A Dolgopolov 7 6 6 23 I Karlović 7 7 7 WC K Edmund 6 A Dolgopolov 7 7 11 Q E Ymer 7 6 23 I Karlović 5 6 6 6 13 23 I Karlović 6 6 6 7 23 I Karlović 6 7 25 A Seppi 6 6 6 A Murray 7 6 5 6 WC B Klein 25 A Seppi 6 6 6 6 S Stakhovsky 6 6 6 7 B Ćorić 6 7 B Ćorić 7 6 9 25 A Seppi 6 R Haase 6 6 6 A Murray 6 6 6 Q A Falla 6 R Haase M Kukushkin 6 A Murray 6 6 6 A Murray 6 7 6 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 6 T Berdych 6 6 7 7 J Chardy 7 6 6 6 T Berdych 6 6 6 F Krajinović 6 6 5 WC N Mahut WC N Mahut 7 6 7 6 T Berdych 6 6 7 E Gulbis 6 6 P Andújar 6 0 6 L Rosol 7 6 7 L Rosol 6 6 6 P Andújar 6 7 6 P Andújar 6 7 6 29 G García - López 6 6 5 6 T Berdych 18 G Monfils 6 6 7 12 G Simon 6 6 6 P Carreño Busta 5 18 G Monfils 7 6 7 A Mannarino 6 6 6 6 A Mannarino 6 5 Q M Berrer 7 0 18 G Monfils 6 6 6 Q Y Sugita 6 6 12 G Simon 6 7 6 B Kavčič 7 6 7 B Kavčič 7 PR N Almagro 5 12 G Simon 6 6 6 6 12 G Simon 6 6 7 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 15 F López 6 7 6 S Darcis 6 15 F López 5 6 6 Q N Basilashvili 6 7 6 Q N Basilashvili 7 6 6 F Bagnis 6 Q N Basilashvili 6 0 B Paire 6 6 6 20 R Bautista Agut 7 6 6 M Youzhny B Paire 6 6 R Bemelmans 6 20 R Bautista Agut 6 6 6 20 R Bautista Agut 6 6 7 20 R Bautista Agut 31 J Sock 6 R Federer 6 6 6 S Groth 6 6 6 S Groth 7 6 7 M Jaziri 6 6 6 5 J Duckworth 5 6 J Duckworth 7 6 7 S Groth 7 S Querrey 7 6 6 R Federer 6 6 6 6 Q I Sijsling 5 S Querrey D Džumhur R Federer 6 6 6 R Federer 6 6 6 Flag Icon Key List of National Flags Nationalities in the field ( edit ) North America ( 10 ) South America ( 11 ) Europe ( 82 ) Oceania ( 11 ) Asia ( 12 ) Africa ( 2 ) Canada ( 2 ) Argentina ( 6 ) Austria ( 2 ) Australia ( 11 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) South Africa ( 1 ) Dominican Republic ( 1 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Belgium ( 3 ) Israel ( 1 ) Tunisia ( 1 ) United States ( 7 ) Colombia ( 2 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 1 ) Japan ( 4 ) Uruguay ( 1 ) Bulgaria ( 1 ) Kazakhstan ( 2 ) Croatia ( 3 ) South Korea ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 4 ) Chinese Taipei ( 1 ) Finland ( 1 ) Turkey ( 1 ) France ( 12 ) Uzbekistan ( 1 ) Georgia ( 1 ) Germany ( 8 ) Italy ( 5 ) Latvia ( 1 ) Lithuania ( 1 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Netherlands ( 2 ) Poland ( 1 ) Portugal ( 1 ) Russia ( 2 ) Serbia ( 5 ) Slovakia ( 2 ) Slovenia ( 2 ) Spain ( 12 ) Sweden ( 1 ) Switzerland ( 2 ) Ukraine ( 2 ) United Kingdom ( 6 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 12 July 2015 ) . `` Wimbledon 2015 : Novak Djokovic beats Roger Federer in final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Wertheim , Jon ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` 2002 champ Lleyton Hewitt honored in loss at 17th and final Wimbledon '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ubha , Ravi ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wimbledon 2015 : Rafael Nadal upset by Dustin Brown '' . CNN . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Main draw Wimbledon men 's singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2015 ATP World Tour `` 2014 2016 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Chennai ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Zagreb ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Memphis ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Casablanca ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Nice ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Kuala Lumpur ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Valencia ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP World Tour Finals , London ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Wimbledon_Championships_ -- _Men % 27s_Singles&oldid = 850177126 '' Categories : 2015 Wimbledon Championships Wimbledon Championship by year -- Gentlemen 's Singles Hidden categories : Pages using infobox tennis tournament year footer with an unknown event Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 04 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played in the men's semi final in wimbledon in 2015 | [
"Quarterfinals\nSemifinals\nFinal\n 1\n Novak Djokovic\n6\n6\n6\n\n\n9\n Marin Čilić\n4\n4\n4\n\n\n1\n Novak Djokovic\n77\n6\n6\n\n\n\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n62\n4\n4\n\n\n4\n Stan Wawrinka\n4\n6\n6\n4\n9\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n6\n4\n3\n6\n11\n1\n Novak Djokovic \n77\n610\n6\n6\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n61\n712\n4\n3\n\n\n Vasek Pospisil\n4\n5\n4\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n5\n5\n4\n\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer \n7\n7\n6\n\n\n12\n Gilles Simon\n3\n5\n2\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n",
"Quarterfinals\nSemifinals\nFinal\n 1\n Novak Djokovic\n6\n6\n6\n\n\n9\n Marin Čilić\n4\n4\n4\n\n\n1\n Novak Djokovic\n77\n6\n6\n\n\n\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n62\n4\n4\n\n\n4\n Stan Wawrinka\n4\n6\n6\n4\n9\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n6\n4\n3\n6\n11\n1\n Novak Djokovic \n77\n610\n6\n6\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n61\n712\n4\n3\n\n\n Vasek Pospisil\n4\n5\n4\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n5\n5\n4\n\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer \n7\n7\n6\n\n\n12\n Gilles Simon\n3\n5\n2\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n",
"Quarterfinals\nSemifinals\nFinal\n 1\n Novak Djokovic\n6\n6\n6\n\n\n9\n Marin Čilić\n4\n4\n4\n\n\n1\n Novak Djokovic\n77\n6\n6\n\n\n\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n62\n4\n4\n\n\n4\n Stan Wawrinka\n4\n6\n6\n4\n9\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n6\n4\n3\n6\n11\n1\n Novak Djokovic \n77\n610\n6\n6\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n61\n712\n4\n3\n\n\n Vasek Pospisil\n4\n5\n4\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n5\n5\n4\n\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer \n7\n7\n6\n\n\n12\n Gilles Simon\n3\n5\n2\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n",
"Quarterfinals\nSemifinals\nFinal\n 1\n Novak Djokovic\n6\n6\n6\n\n\n9\n Marin Čilić\n4\n4\n4\n\n\n1\n Novak Djokovic\n77\n6\n6\n\n\n\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n62\n4\n4\n\n\n4\n Stan Wawrinka\n4\n6\n6\n4\n9\n21\n Richard Gasquet\n6\n4\n3\n6\n11\n1\n Novak Djokovic \n77\n610\n6\n6\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n61\n712\n4\n3\n\n\n Vasek Pospisil\n4\n5\n4\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n3\n Andy Murray\n5\n5\n4\n\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer \n7\n7\n6\n\n\n12\n Gilles Simon\n3\n5\n2\n\n\n2\n Roger Federer\n6\n7\n6\n\n\n"
] | [
"Novak Djokovic",
"Richard Gasquet",
"Andy Murray",
"Roger Federer"
] |
4013315636935634044 | Infamy Speech | Infamy speech - wikipedia Infamy speech Roosevelt delivers the speech to Congress . Behind him are Vice President Henry A. Wallace ( left ) and Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn . To the right , in uniform in front of Rayburn , is Roosevelt 's son James , who escorted his father to the Capitol . President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt The Infamy Speech was a speech delivered by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a Joint Session of the US Congress on December 8 , 1941 , one day after the Empire of Japan 's attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , and the Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire . The name derives from the first line of the speech : Roosevelt describing the previous day as `` a date which will live in infamy '' . The speech is also commonly referred to as the `` Pearl Harbor Speech '' . Within an hour of the speech , Congress passed a formal declaration of war against Japan and officially brought the U.S. into World War II . The address is one of the most famous of all American political speeches . Contents 1 Commentary 2 Impact and legacy 3 Media 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Commentary ( edit ) A first draft of the Infamy Speech , with changes by Roosevelt FDR Pearl Harbor speech Entire speech . ( 3.1 MB , ogg / Vorbis format ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The wreckage of the USS Arizona ablaze after the attack The Infamy Speech was brief , running to just a little over seven minutes . Secretary of State Cordell Hull had recommended that the President devote more time to a fuller exposition of Japanese - American relations and the lengthy , but unsuccessful , effort to find a peaceful solution . However , Roosevelt kept the speech short in the belief that it would have a more dramatic effect . His revised statement was all the stronger for its emphatic insistence that posterity would forever endorse the American view of the attack . It was intended not merely as a personal response by the President , but as a statement on behalf of the entire American people in the face of a great collective trauma . In proclaiming the indelibility of the attack , and expressing outrage at its `` dastardly '' nature , the speech worked to crystallize and channel the response of the nation into a collective response and resolve . The first paragraph of the speech was carefully worded to reinforce Roosevelt 's portrayal of the United States as the innocent victim of unprovoked Japanese aggression . The wording was deliberately passive . Rather than taking the active voice -- i.e. , `` Japan attacked the United States '' -- Roosevelt chose to put in the foreground the object being acted upon , namely the United States , to emphasize America 's status as a victim . The theme of `` innocence violated '' was further reinforced by Roosevelt 's recounting of the ongoing diplomatic negotiations with Japan , which the president characterized as having been pursued cynically and dishonestly by the Japanese government while it was secretly preparing for war against the United States . Roosevelt consciously sought to avoid making the sort of more abstract appeal that had been issued by President Woodrow Wilson in his own speech to Congress in April 1917 , when the United States entered World War I. Wilson laid out the strategic threat posed by Germany and stressed the idealistic goals behind America 's participation in the war . During the 1930s , however , American public opinion turned strongly against such themes , and was wary of , if not actively hostile to , idealistic visions of remaking the world through a `` just war '' . Roosevelt , therefore , chose to make an appeal aimed more at the gut level -- in effect , an appeal to patriotism , rather than to idealism . Nonetheless , he took pains to draw a symbolic link with the April 1917 declaration of war ; when he went to Congress on December 8 , 1941 , he was accompanied by Edith Bolling Wilson , President Wilson 's widow . The `` infamy framework '' adopted by Roosevelt was given additional resonance by the fact that it followed the pattern of earlier narratives of great American defeats . The Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 and the sinking of the USS Maine in 1898 had both been the source of intense national outrage , and a determination to take the fight to the enemy . Defeats and setbacks were on each occasion portrayed as being merely a springboard towards an eventual and inevitable victory . As Professor Sandra Silberstein observes , Roosevelt 's speech followed a well - established tradition of how `` through rhetorical conventions , presidents assume extraordinary powers as the commander in chief , dissent is minimized , enemies are vilified , and lives are lost in the defense of a nation once again united under God '' . Roosevelt expertly employed one of the three terms defined by the ancient Sophists as essential to their definition of rhetoric . Coming from over two thousand years ago , the idea of kairos , which relates to speaking in a timely manner , makes this speech powerful and rhetorically important . Delivering his speech on the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor , Roosevelt presented himself as immediately ready to face this issue , indicating its importance to both him and the nation . As Campbell notes in Deeds Done in Words : Presidential Rhetoric and the Genres of Governance , war rhetoric is similar to inaugural rhetoric in that the speaker utilizes their speech to inform their audience that now is the necessary time for them to take charge . In this sense , the timing of the speech in coordination with Roosevelt 's powerful war rhetoric allowed the immediate and almost unanimous approval of Congress to go to war . Essentially , Roosevelt 's speech and timing extended his executive powers to not only declaring war but also making war , a power that constitutionally belongs to Congress . The overall tone of the speech was one of determined realism . Roosevelt made no attempt to paper over the great damage that had been caused to the American armed forces , noting ( without giving figures , as casualty reports were still being compiled ) that `` very many American lives have been lost '' in the attack . However , he emphasized his confidence in the strength of the American people to face up to the challenge posed by Japan , citing the `` unbounded determination of our people '' . He sought to re-assure the public that steps were being taken to ensure their safety , noting his own role as `` Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy '' ( the United States Air Force was at this time part of the U.S. Army ) and declaring that he had already `` directed that all measures be taken for our defense '' . Roosevelt also made a point of emphasizing that `` our people , our territory and our interests are in grave danger '' and highlighted reports of Japanese attacks in the Pacific between Hawaii and San Francisco . In so doing , he sought to silence the isolationist movement which had campaigned so strongly against American involvement in the war in Europe . If the territory and waters of the continental United States -- not just outlying possessions such as the Philippines -- was seen as being under direct threat , isolationism would become an unsustainable course of action . Roosevelt 's speech had the desired effect , with only one Representative ( Jeannette Rankin ) voting against the declaration of war he sought ; the wider isolationist movement collapsed almost immediately . The speech 's `` infamy '' line is often misquoted as `` a day that will live in infamy '' . However , Roosevelt quite deliberately chose to emphasize the date -- December 7 , 1941 -- rather than the day of the attack , a Sunday , which he mentioned only in the last line when he said , `` ... Sunday , December 7th , 1941 , ... '' . He sought to emphasize the historic nature of the events at Pearl Harbor , implicitly urging the American people never to forget the attack and memorialize its date . Notwithstanding , the term `` day of infamy '' has become widely used by the media to refer to any moment of supreme disgrace or evil . Impact and legacy ( edit ) Roosevelt 's speech had an immediate and long - lasting impact on American politics . Thirty - three minutes after he finished speaking , Congress declared war on Japan , with only one Representative , Jeannette Rankin , voting against the declaration . The speech was broadcast live by radio and attracted the largest audience in US radio history , with over 81 percent of American homes tuning in to hear the President . The response was overwhelmingly positive , both within and outside of Congress . Judge Samuel Irving Rosenman , who served as an adviser to Roosevelt , described the scene : It was a most dramatic spectacle there in the chamber of the House of Representatives . On most of the President 's personal appearances before Congress , we found applause coming largely from one side -- the Democratic side . But this day was different . The applause , the spirit of cooperation , came equally from both sides ... The new feeling of unity which suddenly welled up in the chamber on December 8 , the common purpose behind the leadership of the President , the joint determination to see things through , were typical of what was taking place throughout the country . The White House was inundated with telegrams praising the president 's stance ( `` On that Sunday , we were dismayed and frightened , but your unbounded courage pulled us together . '' ) . Recruiting stations were jammed with a surge of volunteers , and had to go on 24 - hour duty to deal with the crowds seeking to sign up , in numbers reported to be twice as high as after Woodrow Wilson 's declaration of war in 1917 . The anti-war and isolationist movement collapsed in the wake of the speech , with even the president 's fiercest critics falling into line . Charles Lindbergh , who had been a leading isolationist , declared : Now ( war ) has come and we must meet it as united Americans regardless of our attitude in the past toward the policy our Government has followed ... Our country has been attacked by force of arms , and by force of arms we must retaliate . We must now turn every effort to building the greatest and most efficient Army , Navy and Air Force in the world . Roosevelt 's framing of the Pearl Harbor attack became , in effect , the standard American narrative of the events of December 7 , 1941 . Hollywood enthusiastically adopted the narrative in a number of war films . Wake Island , the Academy Award - winning Air Force and the films Man from Frisco ( 1944 ) , and Betrayal from the East ( 1945 ) , all included actual radio reports of the pre-December 7 negotiations with the Japanese , reinforcing the message of enemy duplicity . Across the Pacific ( 1942 ) , Salute to the Marines ( 1943 ) , and Spy Ship ( 1942 ) , used a similar device , relating the progress of US -- Japanese relations through newspaper headlines . The theme of American innocence betrayed was also frequently depicted on screen , the melodramatic aspects of the narrative lending themselves naturally to the movies . The President 's description of December 7 as `` a date which will live in infamy '' was borne out ; the date very quickly became shorthand for the Pearl Harbor attack in much the same way that September 11 became inextricably associated with the 2001 terrorist attacks . The slogans `` Remember December 7th '' and `` Avenge December 7 '' were adopted as a rallying cry and were widely displayed on posters and lapel pins . Prelude to War ( 1942 ) , the first of Frank Capra 's Why We Fight film series ( 1942 -- 45 ) , urged Americans to remember the date of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria , September 18 , 1931 , `` as well as we remember December 7th , 1941 , for on that date in 1931 , the war we are now fighting began '' . The symbolism of the date was highlighted in a scene in the 1943 film Bombardier , in which the leader of a group of airmen walks up to a calendar on the wall , points to the date ( `` December 7 , 1941 '' ) and tells his men : `` Gentlemen , there 's a date we will always remember -- and they 'll never forget ! '' Sixty years later , the continuing resonance of the Infamy Speech was demonstrated following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , which many commentators compared with Pearl Harbor in terms of its impact and deadliness . In the days following the attacks , author Richard Jackson notes in his book Writing the War on Terrorism : Language , Politics and Counter-terrorism that `` there ( was ) a deliberate and sustained effort '' on the part of the George W. Bush administration to `` discursively link September 11 , 2001 to the attack on Pearl Harbor itself '' , both by directly invoking Roosevelt 's Infamy Speech and by re-using the themes employed by Roosevelt in his speech . In Bush 's speech to the nation on September 11 , 2001 , he contrasted the `` evil , despicable acts of terror '' with the `` brightest beacon for freedom and opportunity '' that America represented in his view . University of Washington Professor and author Sandra Silberstein draws direct parallels between the language used by Roosevelt and Bush , highlighting a number of similarities between the Infamy Speech and Bush 's presidential address of September 11 . Similarly , Emily S. Rosenberg notes rhetorical efforts to link the conflicts of 1941 and 2001 by re-utilizing Second World War terminology of the sort used by Roosevelt , such as using the term `` axis '' to refer to America 's enemies ( as in `` Axis of Evil '' ) . It was used by Spanish PM , José Maria Aznar , hours after the 2004 Madrid train bombings : `` On March 11 , 2004 , it already occupies its place in the history of infamy . '' Media ( edit ) `` A date which will live in infamy '' Section of the infamy speech with famous phrase . ( 168 KB , ogg / Vorbis format ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Pearl Harbor speech An annotated version of the speech , showing the original wording `` a date which will live in world history '' Anti-war protest sign prior to U.S. entry into World War II . Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the declaration of war against Japan . `` Avenge December 7 ! '' US Government propaganda poster of 1942 See also ( edit ) Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire Walter Lord # Publications , Lord wrote Day of Infamy ( 1957 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Presidential Materials , September 11 : Bearing Witness to History , Smithsonian Institution ( 2002 ) ( `` Printed copy of the Presidential address to Congress Reminiscent of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's address to Congress after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor '' ) Jump up ^ Address by the President of the United States , December 8 , 1941 , in Declarations of a State of War with Japan and Germany , Senate Document No. 148 ( 77th Congress , 1st Session ) , at p. 7 , reprinted at the University of Virginia School of Law project page , Peter DeHaven Sharp , ed . Jump up ^ See Senate Document No. 148 ( 77th Congress , 1st Session ) , in Congressional Serial Set ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ William S. Dietrich , In the shadow of the rising sun : the political roots of American economic decline ( 1991 ) , p. xii . Jump up ^ Franklin Odo , ed. , The Columbia documentary history of the Asian American experience , p. 77 . Jump up ^ `` FDR 's `` Day of Infamy '' Speech : Crafting a Call to Arms `` , Prologue magazine , US National Archives , Winter 2001 , Vol. 33 , No. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Brown 1998 , pp. 117 -- 120 Jump up ^ Neil J. Smelser , in Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity , p. 69 . University of California Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23595 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Jasinski , Sourcebook on Rhetoric : key concepts in contemporary rhetorical studies . Sage Publications Inc , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 0504 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hermann G. Steltner , `` War Message : December 8 , 1941 -- An Approach to Language '' , in Landmark Essays on Rhetorical Criticism ed . Thomas W. Benson . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , 1993 . ISBN 1 - 880393 - 08 - 5 . Jump up ^ Onion , Rebecca ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) . `` FDR 's First Draft of His `` Day of Infamy '' Speech , With His Notes `` . Slate . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Emily S Rosenberg , A Date Which Will Live : Pearl Harbor in American Memory . Duke University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3206 - X . ^ Jump up to : Sandra Silberstein , War of Words : Language , Politics , and 9 / 11 , p. 15 . Routledge , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 29047 - 3 . Jump up ^ Poulakos , John ( 1983 ) . `` Toward a Sophistic Definition of Rhetoric '' . Philosophy & Rhetoric. 16 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 48 . JSTOR 40237348 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Karlyn ( 1990 ) . Deeds Done in Words : Presidential Rhetoric and the Genres of Governance . Chicago : University of Chicago . Jump up ^ `` Day of infamy '' , Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of Allusions , ed . Elizabeth Webber , Mike Feinsilber . Merriam - Webster , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 628 - 9 . Jump up ^ Samuel Irving Rosenman , quoted in Brown 1998 , p. 119 Jump up ^ Quoted in Brown 1998 , p. 119 Jump up ^ Quoted in Brown 1998 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Barta 1998 , pp. 85 -- 87 Jump up ^ Robert J. Sickels , The 1940s , p. 6 . Greenwood Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31299 - 0 . Jump up ^ Quoted by Benjamin L. Alpers , `` This Is The Army '' , in The World War II Reader , ed . Gordon Martel , p. 167 . Routledge , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 22402 - 0 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Barta , 1998 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ See for instance CNN , `` Day of Terror -- a 21st century ' day of infamy ' '' , September 2001 . Jump up ^ Richard Jackson , Writing the War on Terrorism : language , politics and counter-terrorism , p. 33 . Manchester University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ See e.g. , Paul Wolfowitz , `` Standup of US Northern Command '' , speech of October 1 , 2002 : `` Although September 11th has taken its place alongside December 7th as a date that will live in infamy ... '' Jump up ^ George W. Bush , Address to the Nation of September 11 , 2001 . References ( edit ) Barta , Tony , ed. ( 1998 ) . Screening the past : film and the representation of history . Westport , CT ( u.a. ) : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95402 - 1 . Brown , Robert J. ( 1998 ) . Manipulating the ether : the power of broadcast radio in thirties America . Jefferson , NC ( u.a. ) : McFarland . ISBN 9780786403974 . Freidel , Frank ( 1990 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt : A Rendezvous with Destiny . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 29260 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Transcript ( contains some errors and truncations ) Recording of the speech `` FDR 's `` Day of Infamy '' Speech : Crafting a Call to Arms '' -- article from the National Archives and Records Administration on the speech with images of Roosevelt 's original draft of the text `` The Pearl Harbour Speech '' on Dailymotion , the speech animated with kinetic typography Franklin D. 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( 1970 ) 1941 ( 1979 ) The Final Countdown ( 1980 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Other Advance - knowledge conspiracy theory In popular culture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infamy_Speech&oldid=849395633 '' Categories : Attack on Pearl Harbor World War II speeches Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt 1941 in American politics 1941 speeches American political neologisms American political catchphrases 1941 in international relations Joint sessions of the United States Congress 77th United States Congress December 1941 events Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Dansk Español 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 18 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where was the day of infamy speech given | [
"The Infamy Speech was a speech delivered by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a Joint Session of the US Congress on December 8, 1941, one day after the Empire of Japan's attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire.[1][2][3][4][5] The name derives from the first line of the speech: Roosevelt describing the previous day as \"a date which will live in infamy\". The speech is also commonly referred to as the \"Pearl Harbor Speech\".\n"
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"the US Congress"
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-4883860635615331255 | Burning of Washington | Burning of Washington - wikipedia Burning of Washington Burning of Washington Part of the War of 1812 Battle of Bladensburg Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg , the British invaded Washington D.C. and burned many U.S. government and military buildings Date August 24 , 1814 Location Washington , D.C. , United States Result British victory Brief occupation of Washington Destruction of public buildings Belligerents United Kingdom United States Commanders and leaders Robert Ross George Cockburn James Madison Strength 4,250 7,640 Casualties and losses 1 killed , 3 wounded ( Colonial Marines ) 3 unknown wounded City of Washington attacked by British forces Many government buildings set ablaze Destruction of the 36 - gun frigate USS New York . 44 - gun frigate USS Columbia and 22 - gun sloop USS Argus burnt to avoid capture . Chesapeake campaign Havre de Grace Craney Island St. Michaels Chesapeake Bay Flotilla Bladensburg Washington Alexandria Caulk 's Field North Point Baltimore Farnham Church British and American movements during the Chesapeake Campaign 1814 The Burning of Washington was a British invasion of Washington , D.C. , the capital of the United States , during the War of 1812 . On August 24 , 1814 , after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg , a British force led by Major General Robert Ross burned down buildings including the White House ( known as the Presidential Mansion ) , and the Capitol , as well as other facilities of the U.S. government . The attack was in part a retaliation for the recent American destruction of Port Dover in Upper Canada . Throughout the history of the United States , the United Kingdom is the only country to have ever captured Washington , D.C. ; the Burning of Washington also marks the only time since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power has captured and occupied the United States capital . President James Madison , military officials , and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg . They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville , a small town in Montgomery County , Maryland , which is known today as the `` United States Capital for a Day '' . President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley , a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville . Bentley 's house , known today as the Madison House , still stands in Brookeville . Less than a day after the attack began , a sudden , very heavy thunderstorm -- possibly a hurricane -- put out the fires . It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital , setting down on Constitution Avenue and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away , killing British troops and American civilians alike . Following the storm , the British returned to their ships , many of which were badly damaged . The occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours . After the `` Storm that saved Washington '' , as it soon came to be called , the Americans returned to the city . Contents 1 Reasons 2 Events 3 U.S. Capitol 4 White House 5 Other Washington properties 6 `` The Storm that Saved Washington '' 7 Aftermath 8 Reconstruction 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Reasons ( edit ) The British government , already at war with Napoleonic France , adopted a defensive strategy against the United States when the Americans declared war in 1812 . Reinforcements were held back from Canada and reliance was instead made on local militias and native allies to bolster the British Army in Canada . However , after the defeat and exile of Napoleon Bonaparte in April 1814 , Britain was able to use its now available troops and ships to prosecute its war with the United States . In addition to reinforcements sent to Canada , the Earl of Bathurst , Secretary of State for War and the Colonies , dispatched an army brigade and additional naval vessels to Bermuda , from where a blockade of the US coast and even the occupation of some coastal islands had been overseen throughout the war . It was decided to use these forces in raids along the Atlantic seaboard to draw American forces away from Canada . The commanders were under strict orders , however , not to carry out operations far inland , or to attempt to hold territory . Early in 1814 , Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane had been appointed Commander - in - Chief of the Royal Navy 's North America and West Indies Station , controlling naval forces based at the new Bermuda dockyard and the Halifax Naval Yard which were used to blockade US Atlantic ports throughout the war . He planned to carry the war into the United States by attacks in Virginia and against New Orleans . Admiralty House , Mount Wyndham , Bermuda , where the attack was planned Rear Admiral George Cockburn had commanded the squadron in Chesapeake Bay since the previous year . On June 25 he wrote to Cochrane stressing that the defenses there were weak , and he felt that several major cities were vulnerable to attack . Cochrane suggested attacking Baltimore , Washington and Philadelphia . On July 17 , Cockburn recommended Washington as the target , because of the comparative ease of attacking the national capital and `` the greater political effect likely to result '' . General Ross commanded a 4,500 - man army , composed of the 4th ( King 's Own ) Light , 21st Royal North British Fusiliers , 44th ( East Essex ) Regiment of Foot , and 85th Regiment of Foot . An added motive was retaliation for what Britain saw as the `` wanton destruction of private property along the north shores of Lake Erie '' by American forces under Col. John Campbell in May 1814 , the most notable being the Raid on Port Dover . On June 2 , 1814 , Sir George Prévost , Governor General of The Canadas , wrote to Cochrane at Admiralty House , in Bailey 's Bay , Bermuda , calling for a retaliation against the American destruction of private property in violation of the laws of war . Prévost argued that , ... in consequence of the late disgraceful conduct of the American troops in the wanton destruction of private property on the north shores of Lake Erie , in order that if the war with the United States continues you may , should you judge it advisable , assist in inflicting that measure of retaliation which shall deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages . On July 18 , Cochrane ordered Cockburn to `` deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages ... You are hereby required and directed to destroy and lay waste such towns and districts as you may find assailable '' . Cochrane instructed , `` You will spare merely the lives of the unarmed inhabitants of the United States '' . Ross and Cockburn surveyed the torching of the President 's Mansion , during which time a great storm arose unexpectedly out of the southeast . They were confronted a number of times while on horseback by older women from around Washington City and elderly clergymen ( Southern Presbyterian and Southern Baptist ) , with women and children who had been hiding in homes and churches . They requested protection from abuse and robbery by enlisted personnel from the British Expeditionary Forces whom they accused of having tried to ransack private homes and other buildings . Major - General Ross had two British soldiers put in chains for violation of his general order . Throughout the events of that day , a severe storm blew into the city , worsening on the night of August 24 , 1814 . Events ( edit ) Burning of Washington August 1814 President James Madison , members of his government , and the military fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg . They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville , a small town in Montgomery County , Maryland , which is known today as the United States Capital for a Day . President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley , a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville . Bentley 's house , known today as the Madison House , still stands in Brookeville . The sappers and miners of the Corps of Royal Engineers under Captain Blanshard were employed in burning the principal buildings . Blanshard reported that it seemed that the American President was so sure that the attacking force would be made prisoners that a handsome entertainment had been prepared . Blanshard and his sappers enjoyed the feast . U.S. Capitol ( edit ) The United States Capitol after the burning of Washington , D.C. in the War of 1812 . Watercolor and ink depiction from 1814 , restored . The Capitol was , according to some contemporary travelers , the only building in Washington `` worthy to be noticed . '' Thus , it was a prime target for the British invaders , both for its aesthetic and symbolic value . Upon arrival into the city via Maryland Avenue , the British targeted the Capitol ( first the southern wing , containing the House of Representatives , then the northern wing , containing the Senate ) . Prior to setting it aflame , the British looted the building ( which at that time housed Congress , the Library of Congress , and the Supreme Court ) . Items looted by British General Sir George Cockburn included `` An account of the receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year 1810 . '' The British intended to burn the building to the ground . They set fire to the southern wing first . The flames grew so quickly that the British were prevented from collecting enough wood to burn the stone walls completely . However , the Library of Congress 's contents in the northern wing contributed to the flames on that side . Among the destruction was the 3,000 - volume collection of the Library of Congress and the intricate decorations of the neoclassical columns , pediments , and sculptures originally designed by William Thornton in 1793 and Benjamin Latrobe in 1803 . The wooden ceilings and floors burned , and the glass skylights melted because of the intense heat . But , the building was not a complete loss . The House rotunda , the east lobby , the staircases , and Latrobe 's famous Corn - Cob Columns in the Senate entrance hall all survived . The Superintendent of the Public Buildings of the City of Washington , Thomas Munroe , concluded that the loss to the Capitol amounted to $787,163.28 , with $457,388.36 for the North wing and main building , and $329,774.92 for the South wing . White House ( edit ) The White House ruins after the conflagration of August 24 , 1814 . Watercolor by George Munger , displayed at the White House After burning the Capitol , the British turned northwest up Pennsylvania Avenue toward the White House . After US government officials and President Madison fled the city , the First Lady Dolley Madison received a letter from her husband , urging her to be prepared to leave Washington at a moment 's notice . Dolley organized the slaves and staff to save valuables from the British . James Madison 's personal slave , the fifteen - year - old boy Paul Jennings , was an eyewitness . After later buying his freedom from the widow Dolley Madison , Jennings published his memoir in 1865 , considered the first from the White House : It has often been stated in print , that when Mrs. Madison escaped from the White House , she cut out from the frame the large portrait of Washington ( now in one of the parlors there ) , and carried it off . She had no time for doing it . It would have required a ladder to get it down . All she carried off was the silver in her reticule , as the British were thought to be but a few squares off , and were expected any moment . Jennings said the people who saved the painting and removed the objects actually were : John Susé ( Jean Pierre Sioussat , the French door - keeper , and still living at the time of Jennings 's memoir ) and Magraw ( McGraw ) , the President 's gardener , took it down and sent it off on a wagon , with some large silver urns and such other valuables as could be hastily got hold of . When the British did arrive , they ate up the very dinner , and drank the wines , &c. , that I had prepared for the President 's party . The soldiers burned the president 's house , and fuel was added to the fires that night to ensure they would continue burning into the next day . In 2009 , President Barack Obama held a ceremony at the White House to honor Jennings as a representative of his contributions to saving the Gilbert Stuart painting and other valuables . ( The painting that was saved was a copy Stuart made of the painting , not the original , although it is the same one on display in the East Room . ) `` A dozen descendants of Jennings came to Washington , to visit the White House . They looked at the painting their relative helped save . '' In an interview with National Public Radio , Jennings ' great - great - grandson Hugh Alexander said , `` We were able to take a family portrait in front of the painting , which was for me one of the high points . '' He confirmed that Jennings later purchased his freedom from the widowed Dolley Madison . Other Washington properties ( edit ) The burning of Washington forms the background to this portrait of Rear Admiral George Cockburn . At background right is the burning of the US Treasury Building and the Capitol Building The day after the destruction of the White House , Rear Admiral Cockburn entered the building of the D.C. newspaper , the National Intelligencer , intending to burn it down . However , several women persuaded him not to because they were afraid the fire would spread to their neighboring houses . Cockburn wanted to destroy the newspaper because its reporters had written so negatively about him , branding him `` The Ruffian '' . Instead , he ordered his troops to tear the building down brick by brick , and ordered all the `` C '' type destroyed `` so that the rascals can have no further means of abusing my name '' . The US Treasury Building ( built 1804 ) The Blodget Hotel which housed the US Patent Office ; spared during the burning of Washington in 1814 . The Patent Office later burned in 1836 The Washington Navy Yard in 1862 The British sought out the United States Treasury in hopes of finding money or items of worth , but they found only old records . They burned the United States Treasury and other public buildings . The United States Department of War building was also burned . However , the War and State Department files had been removed , so the books and records had been saved ; the only records of the War Department lost were recommendations of appointments for the Army and letters received from seven years earlier . The First U.S. Patent Office Building was saved by the efforts of William Thornton , the former Architect of the Capitol and then the Superintendent of Patents , who gained British cooperation to preserve it . `` When the smoke cleared from the dreadful attack , the Patent Office was the only Government building ... left untouched '' in Washington . The Americans had already burned much of the historic Washington Navy Yard , founded by Thomas Jefferson , to prevent capture of stores and ammunition , as well as the 44 - gun frigate USS Columbia and the 22 gun USS Argus both new vessels nearing completion . The Navy Yard 's Latrobe Gate , Quarters A , and Quarters B were the only buildings to escape destruction . Also spared were the Marine Barracks and Commandant 's House , although several private properties were damaged or destroyed . In the afternoon of August 25 , General Ross sent two hundred men to secure a fort on Greenleaf 's Point . The fort , later known as Fort McNair , had already been destroyed by the Americans , but 150 barrels of gunpowder remained . While the British were trying to destroy it by dropping the barrels into a well , the powder ignited . As many as thirty men were killed in the explosion , and many others were maimed . `` The storm that saved Washington '' ( edit ) Less than a day after the attack began , a sudden very heavy thunderstorm -- possibly a hurricane -- put out the fires . It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital , setting down on Constitution Avenue and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away and killing British troops and American civilians alike . Following the storm , the British troops returned to their ships , many of which were badly damaged . There is some debate regarding the effect of this storm on the occupation . While some assert that the storm forced their retreat , it seems likely from their destructive and arsonous actions before the storm , and their written orders from Cochrane to `` destroy and lay waste '' , that their intention was merely to raze the city , rather than occupy it for an extended period . Whatever the case , the British occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours . Despite this , the `` Storm that saved Washington '' , as it became known , did the opposite according to some . The rains sizzled and cracked the already charred walls of the White House and ripped away at structures the British had no plans to destroy ( such as the Patent Office ) . The storm may have exacerbated an already dire situation for Washington DC . An encounter was noted between Sir George Cockburn 10th Baronet and a female resident of Washington . `` Dear God ! Is this the weather to which you are accustomed to in this infernal country ? '' enquired the Admiral . `` This is a special interposition of Providence to drive our enemies from our city '' , the woman allegedly called out to Cockburn . `` Not so , Madam '' , Cockburn retorted . `` It is rather to aid your enemies in the destruction of your city '' , before riding off on horseback . Yet , the British left right after the storm completely unopposed by any American military forces . The Royal Navy reported that it lost one man killed and six wounded in the attack , of whom the fatality and three of the wounded were from the Corps of Colonial Marines . The destruction of the Capitol , including the Senate House and the House of Representatives , the Arsenal , Dockyard , Treasury , War Office , President 's mansion , bridge over the Potomac , a frigate and a sloop together with all Materiel was estimated at £ 365,000 . A separate British force captured Alexandria , on the south side of the Potomac River , while Ross 's troops were leaving Washington . The mayor of Alexandria made a deal and the British refrained from burning the town . President Madison returned to Washington by September 1 , on which date he issued a proclamation calling on citizens to defend the District of Columbia . Congress returned and assembled in special session on September 19 . Due to the destruction of the Capitol and other public buildings , they initially met in the Post and Patent Office building . In 2013 , an episode of the Weather Channel documentary series `` Weather That Changed History '' , entitled `` The Thunderstorm That Saved D.C. '' , was devoted to these events . Aftermath ( edit ) Most contemporary American observers , including newspapers representing anti-war Federalists , condemned the destruction of the public buildings as needless vandalism . Many of the British public were shocked by the burning of the Capitol and other buildings at Washington ; such actions were denounced by most leaders of continental Europe , where capital cities had been repeatedly occupied in the course of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and always spared destruction ( at least on the part of the occupiers -- the famous burning of Moscow that occurred less than two years prior had been an act carried out by the defenders ) . According to The Annual Register , the burning had `` brought a heavy censure on the British character '' , with some members of Parliament , including the anti-establishment MP Samuel Whitbread , joining in the criticism . The majority of British opinion believed that the burnings were justified following the damage that United States forces had done with its incursions into Canada . In addition , they noted that the United States had been the aggressor , declaring war and initiating it . Several commentators regarded the damages as just revenge for the American destruction of the Parliament buildings and other public buildings in York , the provincial capital of Upper Canada , early in 1813 . Sir George Prévost wrote that `` as a just retribution , the proud capital at Washington has experienced a similar fate '' . The Reverend John Strachan , who as Rector of York had witnessed the American acts there , wrote to Thomas Jefferson that the damage to Washington `` was a small retaliation after redress had been refused for burnings and depredations , not only of public but private property , committed by them in Canada '' . When they ultimately returned to Bermuda , the British forces took two pairs of portraits of King George III and his wife , Queen Charlotte , which had been discovered in one of the public buildings . One pair currently hangs in the House of Assembly of the Parliament of Bermuda , and the other in the Cabinet Building , both in the city of Hamilton . Reconstruction ( edit ) The Old Brick Capitol serving as a prison during the Civil War Although the President and military officers returned to Washington only a few days after the British left , Congress did not return for three and half weeks . The Thirteenth Congress officially convened on September 19 , 1814 , at the Blodgett 's Hotel , one of the few surviving buildings large enough to hold all members . The Blodgett 's Hotel also housed the U.S. Patent Office . Although the British had destroyed all public buildings , the Blodgett 's Hotel and U.S. Patent Office was spared . It was in this building that Congress met between September 1814 and December 1815 ( when construction of the Old Brick Capitol was complete ) . There was a movement in Congress to relocate the capital after the burning . Congressmen from the North pushed for relocation to Philadelphia or other prominent Union cities , while Southern congressmen claimed that moving the capital would degrade the American sense of dignity and strength ( however many southern congressmen simply did not want to move the capital north of the Mason -- Dixon line ) . On September 21 , 1814 , the House of Representatives voted to strike down a proposal to relocate the capital from Washington , D.C. by a margin of 83 to 54 . On February 3 , 1815 , in an effort to guarantee that the federal government would always remain in the area , Washington property owners funded the building of the Old Brick Capitol , a larger meeting space where the Supreme Court now stands . Construction of the Old Brick Capitol cost $25,000 and was funded primarily through the sale of stocks . The largest donor was Daniel Carroll of Duddington , a rich English property owner in the area . Construction began on July 4 , 1814 , and concluded in December 1815 . Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol between December 1815 and December 1819 , when the Capitol reopened . The Capitol reconstruction took much longer than anticipated . The Old Brick Capitol took only five months to complete ; the Capitol took twelve years . A committee appointed by Congress to investigate the damage to the District concluded that it was cheaper to rebuild the already existing and damaged buildings than to build an entirely new one . On February 13 , 1815 , President Madison and Congress passed legislation to borrow $500,000 to repair the public buildings , including the Capitol , `` on their present sites in the city of Washington '' . Benjamin Latrobe , architect of the Capitol who took over for William Thornton in 1803 , was rehired to repair the building on April 18 , 1815 . He immediately requested 60,000 feet of boards , 500 tons of stone , 1,000 barrels of lime , and brick . With the $500,000 borrowed from Washington banks , Latrobe was able to rebuild the two wings and the central dome before being fired in 1818 for being difficult . Charles Bulfinch took over and officially completed the renovations by 1826 . Bulfinch modified Latrobe 's design by increasing the height of the Capitol dome to match the diameter of 86 ft . With the reconstruction of the public buildings in Washington , the value of land in the area increased dramatically , paving the way for the expansion of the city that developed in the years leading up to the American Civil War . See also ( edit ) War of 1812 portal War of 1812 bibliography References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brief History of the United States Patent Office from its foundation -- 1790 to 1886 -- with an outline of laws , growth , publications , office routine , etc . Washington , D.C. : R. Beresford , Printer. 1886 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . It is written that a loaded cannon was aimed at the Patent Office to destroy it . Thornton `` put himself before the gun , and in a frenzy of excitement exclaimed : ' Are you Englishmen or only Goths and Vandals ? This is the Patent Office , a depository of the ingenuity of the American nation , in which the whole civilized world is interested . Would you destroy it ? If so , fire away , and let the charge pass through my body . ' The effect is said to have been magical upon the soldiers , and to have saved the Patent Office from destruction . '' Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Burning of Washington , D.C. ; Chesapeake Campaign '' . The War of 1812 . genealogy , Inc . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The White House at War : The White House Burns : The War of 1812 '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The War of 1812 , Scene 5 `` An Act of Nature '' , History Channel , 2005 Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Morriss 1997 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Morriss 1997 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Morriss 1997 , p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : Cruikshank 2006 , p. 402 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ `` Brookeville 1814 '' . Maryland State Archives . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Jump up ^ Herrick 2005 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Muller , Charles , G. ( 1963 ) . The Darkest Day : The Washington - Baltimore Campaign During the War of 1812 . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press , . p. 139 . Jump up ^ United States Department of the Treasury . `` An account of the receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year 1810 '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . `` Destruction and Restoration , 1814 - 1817 '' in History of the United States Capitol : A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Washington , DC : United States Government Publishing Office . p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Herrick 2005 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Muller , Charles G. ( 1963 ) . The Darkest Day : The Washington - Baltimore Campaign During the War of 1812 . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the U.S. Capitol Building '' . Architect of the Capitol United States Capitol . Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . `` Destruction and Restoration , 1814 - 1817 '' in History of the United States Capitol : A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Washington , DC : United States Government Publishing Office . p. 98 . Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . `` Destruction and Restoration , 1814 - 1817 '' in History of the United States Capitol : A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Washington , DC : United States Government Publishing Office . p. 98 . Jump up ^ United States Congress , Thirteenth Congress ( October 29 , 1814 ) . `` Report from the superintendent of the Public Buildings '' in the Report of the Committee appointed to ... inquire into the cause ... of the invasion of the city of Washington by the British forces . Washington , DC : United States Congress . p. 362 . Jump up ^ Pitch , Anthony S. ( 1998 ) . The Burning of Washington : The British Invasion of 1814 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Willets includes Dolley Madison 's letter to her sister describing these events . ( Willets 1908 , p. 219 ) ^ Jump up to : Siegel & Block 2009 , Descendant ... ^ Jump up to : Jennings 1865 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Corrected spelling of names of staff comes from Willets ( Willets 1908 , p. 221 ) Jump up ^ Sioussat was the first Master of Ceremonies of the White House ( McCormick 1904 , p. 170 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-troops-set-fire-to-the-white-house Jump up ^ Gura 2009 , Descendants of a slave ... Jump up ^ Fredriksen 2001 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Business Methods in the War Department : Report of the Board Appointed in Compliance with the Request of the Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Methods of Business in the Executive Departments . By United States . War Dept . Board on Business Methods 1889 . p. 184 Jump up ^ `` The Patent Fire of 1836 '' . patentlaws.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Hot Commodity : Great Patent Fire of 1836 United States Patent Office '' . Kids pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crawford , p222 , quoting letter from Cockburn to Cochrane dated August 27 , 1814 ' The Enemy himself , on our entering the Town set fire to ... ' Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1902 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` It is one of the few structures to have escaped the fire in 1814 when the British invaded Washington . '' ( Gerson & Branam 1973 , p. 5 ) Jump up ^ `` When the British captured Washington on August 24 , 1814 , and Captain Tingey ordered the Navy Yard set fire to prevent the British using the Yard and its ships to their advantage , both Quarters A ( Tingey 's House ) and Quarters B ( Lieutenant Haraden 's House ) were untouched , but the people the neighborhood plundered them to such an extent that ' not a movable object from cellar to garret was left , and even the fixtures and locks off the doors were taken . '' ( Taylor 1973 , p. 3 , 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Act of July 14 , 1832 , to pay estate of Edward Barry $568.35 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy - hard by the British in 1814 ... Act of March 2 , 1833 , to pay the estate of George Hodge $824.18 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy - yard by the British in 1814 . '' ( Reports ... 1894 , p. 174 ) Jump up ^ George 2000 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ NWS staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Peter Snow `` When Britain Burned the White House '' 2012 Jump up ^ `` No. 16939 '' . The London Gazette . September 27 , 1814 . pp. 1942 -- 1943 . Jump up ^ Landry 2009 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ `` James Madison , Proclamation -- Calling All Citizens to Unite in Defense of the District of Columbia September 1 , 1814 '' . The American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Howe , David Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Hitsman & Graves 1999 , pp. 243 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Elting 1995 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ POTSI ( archived ) : HM Queen Elizabeth addresses the colonial Parliament in 1976 Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . `` Destruction and Restoration , 1814 -- 1817 '' . History of the United States Capitol : A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Washington , DC : United States Government Publishing Office . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Burton , Harold H. ; Waggaman , Thomas E. ( 1952 ) . The Story of the Place : Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building . Washington , DC. : Historical Society of Washington . p. 141 . JSTOR 40067303 . Jump up ^ Skeen , C. Edward ( 2003 ) . `` The Fourteenth Congress Begins '' . 1816 : America Rising . University Press of Kentucky . p. 35 . JSTOR j. ctt130jf4x. 7 . Jump up ^ Clark , Allen C. ( 1938 ) . Daniel Carroll of Duddington ( Vol. 39 ed . ) . Washington , DC. : Columbia Historical Society . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Green , Constance McLaughlin ( 1962 ) . `` Phoenix on the Potomac , 1812 -- 1817 '' . Washington : A History of the Capital , 1800 - 1950 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 64 -- 65 . JSTOR j. ctt1mf6xv4. 6 . Jump up ^ Burton , Harold H. ; Waggaman , Thomas E. ( 1952 ) . The Story of the Place : Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building . Washington , DC. : Historical Society of Washington . pp. 141 -- 142 . JSTOR 40067303 . Jump up ^ Green , Constance McLaughlin ( 1962 ) . `` Phoenix on the Potomac , 1812 -- 1817 '' . Washington : A History of the Capital , 1800 -- 1950 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 65 . JSTOR j. ctt1mf6xv4. 6 . Jump up ^ Clark , Allen C. ( 1938 ) . Daniel Carroll of Duddington ( Vol. 39 ed . ) . Washington , DC. : Columbia Historical Society . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Burton , Harold H. ; Waggaman , Thomas E. ( 1952 ) . The Story of the Place : Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building . Washington , DC. : Historical Society of Washington . p. 142 . JSTOR 40067303 . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Harold H. ; Waggaman , Thomas E. ( 1952 ) . The Story of the Place : Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building . Washington , DC. : Historical Society of Washington . p. 143 . JSTOR 40067303 . Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . `` Destruction and Restoration , 1814 -- 1817 '' . History of the United States Capitol : A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Washington , DC : United States Government Publishing Office . p. 100 . Jump up ^ United States Congress , Thirteenth Congress ( February 13 , 1815 ) . Session III , Statue III , Ch. 41 ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : United States Congress . p. 205 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . `` Destruction and Restoration , 1814 -- 1817 '' . History of the United States Capitol : A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Washington , DC : United States Government Publishing Office . p. 103 . Jump up ^ Skeen , C. Edward ( 2003 ) . `` The Fourteenth Congress Begins '' . 1816 : America Rising . University Press of Kentucky . p. 37 . JSTOR j. ctt130jf4x. 7 . Jump up ^ Green , Constance McLaughlin ( 1962 ) . `` Phoenix on the Potomac , 1812 -- 1817 '' . Washington : A History of the Capital , 1800 -- 1950 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 73 . JSTOR j. ctt1mf6xv4. 6 . Sources ( edit ) Crawford , Michael J. ( Ed ) ( 2002 ) . The Naval War of 1812 : A Documentary History , Vol. 3 . Washington : United States Department of Defense . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 051224 - 7 Cruikshank , Ernest ( 2006 ) ( 1814 ) . The Documentary History of the campaign upon the Niagara frontier . ( Part 1 - 2 ) . University of Calgary . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Elting , John R. ( 1995 ) . Amateurs to Arms ! A Military History of the War of 1812 . New York : Da Capo Press . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80653 - 3 . Fredriksen , John C. ( 2001 ) . America 's Military Adversaries : From Colonial Times to the Present . ABC - CLIO . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 603 - 3 . George , Christopher T ( 2000 ) . Terror on the Chesapeake : The War of 1812 on the Bay . White Mane Books . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57249 - 276 - 9 . Gerson , Leonard ; Branam , Alfred ( August 14 , 1973 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Gleig , George Robert ( 1827 ) . The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans , 1814 -- 1815 . London : J. Murray . ISBN 0 - 665 - 45385 - X . Gura , David ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Descendants of a Slave See The Painting He Saved '' . The Two - Way . NPR . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Herrick , Carole ( 2005 ) . August 24 , 1814 : Washington in Flames . Falls Church , VA : Higher Education Publications , Inc . Hickey , Donald R. ( 1989 ) . The War of 1812 , A Forgotten Conflict . Chicago : University of Illinois Press , Chicago and Urbana . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01613 - 0 . Hitsman , J. Mackay ; Graves , Donald E. ( 1999 ) . The Incredible War of 1812 . Toronto : Robin Brass Studio . ISBN 1 - 896941 - 13 - 3 . Jennings , Paul ( 1865 ) . A Colored Man 's Reminiscences of James Madison . Brookyn : George C. Beadle . Landry , Peter ( 2009 ) . Settlement , Revolution & War . Bloomington , IL : Trafford Publishing . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 8791 - 0 . McCormick , John H. ( 1904 ) . `` The First Master of Ceremonies of the White House '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . Washington , D.C. 7 : 170 -- 194 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Morriss , Roger ( 1997 ) . Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition : Admiral Sir George Cockburn , 1772 -- 1853 . University of Exeter Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 253 - 0 . NWS staff ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` NWS Sterling , VA -- D.C. Tornado Events '' . National Weather Service Eastern Region Headquarters . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Myatt , Kevin ( August 26 , 2006 ) . `` Did tornado wreak havoc on War of 1812 ? '' . The Roanoke Times . Roanoke , VA . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1902 ) . The Naval War of 1812 or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans . Part II . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Siegel , Robert ; Block , Melissa ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy '' . NPR . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Taylor , Nancy ( August 14 , 1973 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . The Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty - Third Congress . Washington : Government Printing Office . 1894 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Willets , Gilson ( 1908 ) . Inside History of the White House - the complete history of the domestic and official life in Washington of the nation 's presidents and their families . New York : The Christian Herald . Further reading ( edit ) Latimer , Jon . 1812 : War with America , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02584 - 9 Martin , John . `` The British Are Coming : Historian Anthony Pitch Describes Washington Ablaze , '' LC Information Bulletin , September 1998 Pack , A. James . The Man Who Burned The White House , Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 420 - 9 Phelan , Mary Kay . The Burning of Washington : August 1814 , Ty Crowell Co , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 690 - 00486 - 9 Pitch , Anthony S . The Burning of Washington , White House History Magazine , Fall 1998 Pitch , Anthony S . The Burning of Washington , Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 425 - 3 Siegel , Robert Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy NPR , August 24 , 2009 . Snow , Peter `` When Britain Burned the White House , The 1814 Invasion of Washington '' , London : John Murray , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 04828 - 8 Whitehorne , Joseph A . The Battle for Baltimore : 1814 ( 1997 ) Listing by surname of Royal Marines ( 2nd Battn , 3rd Battn , Colonial Marines ) paid prize money for participating in the attack on Washington External links ( edit ) The War of 1812 and Relocating the Nation 's Capital Brookeville 1814 , U.S. Capital for a Day Maryland State Archives Conflicts of the War of 1812 Battles of the War of 1812 United States Washington , D.C. 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Presidency of James Madison Urban fires in the United States Washington , D.C. in the War of 1812 Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Português Русский اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 18 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the white house built after the fire | [
"The Capitol reconstruction took much longer than anticipated. The Old Brick Capitol took only five months to complete; the Capitol took twelve years.[18] A committee appointed by Congress to investigate the damage to the District concluded that it was cheaper to rebuild the already existing and damaged buildings than to build an entirely new one.[62] On February 13, 1815, President Madison and Congress passed legislation to borrow $500,000 to repair the public buildings, including the Capitol, \"on their present sites in the city of Washington\".[63] Benjamin Latrobe, architect of the Capitol who took over for William Thornton in 1803, was rehired to repair the building on April 18, 1815.[64] He immediately requested 60,000 feet of boards, 500 tons of stone, 1,000 barrels of lime, and brick.[64] With the $500,000 borrowed from Washington banks,[61] Latrobe was able to rebuild the two wings and the central dome before being fired in 1818 for being difficult.[65] Charles Bulfinch took over and officially completed the renovations by 1826.[18] Bulfinch modified Latrobe’s design by increasing the height of the Capitol dome to match the diameter of 86 ft. With the reconstruction of the public buildings in Washington, the value of land in the area increased dramatically, paving the way for the expansion of the city that developed in the years leading up to the American Civil War.[66]\n"
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5380510072544668429 | Perihelion and aphelion | Perihelion and aphelion - wikipedia Perihelion and aphelion It has been suggested that this article be merged into Apsis . ( Discuss ) Proposed since January 2018 . This article is about astronomy . For the image analysis software suite , see Aphelion ( software ) . For other uses , see Aphelion ( disambiguation ) . For a more general treatment of the subject , see Apsis . The perihelion and aphelion are the nearest and farthest points respectively ( apsides ) of a body 's direct orbit around the Sun . The perihelion ( / ˌpɛrɪˈhiːliən / ) of any orbit of a celestial body about the Sun is the point where the body comes closest to the Sun . It is the opposite of aphelion ( / æpˈhiːliən / ) , which is the point in the orbit where the celestial body is farthest from the Sun . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Astronomical meaning 3 Application to Earth 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) The words perihelion and aphelion were coined by Johannes Kepler to describe the orbital motion of the planets . The words are formed from the prefixes peri - ( Greek : περί , near ) and apo - ( Greek : ἀπό , away from ) affixed to the Greek word for the sun , ἥλιος . Perihelion and aphelion are sometimes incorrectly used for the orbits of objects about bodies other than the Sun . The correct terms are : For orbits around the Earth : perigee and apogee . For orbits around a star : periastron and apastron . For orbits around any center of mass : periapsis ( or pericenter ) and apoapsis ( or apocenter ) . Astronomical meaning ( edit ) According to Kepler 's first law of planetary motion , all planets , comets , and asteroids in the Solar System have approximately elliptical orbits around the Sun . Newton 's and Einstein 's laws of gravity imply that the orbits are only approximately elliptical because of perturbations due to the gravitational attraction of other bodies . Every ellipse has two focus points , and the Sun is at one of these focus points for the elliptical orbits of its satellites . Hence , an orbiting body has a closest and a farthest point from its parent object , that is , a perihelion and an aphelion . Each extreme is known as an apsis . Orbital eccentricity measures the flatness ( departure from a perfect circle ) of the orbit . Application to Earth ( edit ) Main article : Apsis § Perihelion and aphelion of the Earth Earth is about 147.1 million kilometers ( 91.4 million miles ) from the Sun at perihelion around January 3 , in contrast to about 152.1 million kilometers ( 94.5 million miles ) at aphelion around July 4 -- a difference of about 5.0 million kilometers ( 3.1 million miles ) . ( These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors , which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles . For a table of these dates for various years , see Apsis . ) Because of the increased distance at aphelion , only 93.55 % of the solar radiation from the Sun falls on a given area of land as does at perihelion . However , this fluctuation does not account for the seasons , as it is summer in the northern hemisphere when it is winter in the southern hemisphere and vice versa . Instead , seasons result from the tilt of Earth 's axis , which is 23.4 degrees away from perpendicular to the plane of Earth 's orbit around the sun . Winter falls on the hemisphere where sunlight strikes least directly , and summer falls where sunlight strikes most directly , regardless of the Earth 's distance from the Sun . In the northern hemisphere , summer occurs at the same time as aphelion . Despite this , there are larger land masses in the northern hemisphere , which are easier to heat than the seas . Consequently , summers are 2.3 ° C ( 4 ° F ) warmer in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere under similar conditions . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Solar System portal Ellipse Solstice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walker , Peter , ed. ( 1988 ) . Cambridge Dictionary of Science and Technology ( Hardback ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . pp. 44 , 660 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39441 - 4 . Jump up ^ Klein , Ernest , A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language , Elsevier , Amsterdam , 1965 . ( Archived version ) Jump up ^ Since the Sun , Ἥλιος in Greek , begins with a vowel , H is the long e vowel in Greek , the final o in `` apo '' is omitted from the prefix . The pronunciation `` Ap - helion '' is given in many dictionaries ( 1 ) , pronouncing the `` p '' and `` h '' in separate syllables . However , the pronunciation / əˈfiːliən / ( 2 ) is also common ( e.g. , McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms , 5th edition , 1994 , p. 114 ) , since in late Greek , ' p ' from ἀπό followed by the ' h ' from ἥλιος becomes phi ; thus , the Greek word is αφήλιον . ( see , for example , Walker , John , A Key to the Classical Pronunciation of Greek , Latin , and Scripture Proper Names , Townsend Young 1859 ( 3 ) , page 26 . ) Many ( 4 ) dictionaries give both pronunciations Jump up ^ `` Introductory Astronomy : Ellipses '' . Washington State University . Jump up ^ `` Solar System Exploration : Science & Technology : Science Features : Weather , Weather , Everywhere ? '' . NASA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Earth at Aphelion '' . Space Weather . July 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Dates and times of Earth 's perihelion and aphelion , 2000 -- 2025 from the United States Naval Observatory List of asteroids currently closer to the Sun than Mercury ( These objects will be close to perihelion ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perihelion_and_aphelion&oldid=853486522 '' Categories : Orbits Stars Planets Minor planets Comets Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles to be merged from January 2018 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी עברית ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Scots සිංහල اردو 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 03 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | point in the earth's orbit nearest to the sun | [
"The perihelion (/ˌpɛrɪˈhiːliən/) of any orbit of a celestial body about the Sun is the point where the body comes closest to the Sun. It is the opposite of aphelion (/æpˈhiːliən/), which is the point in the orbit where the celestial body is farthest from the Sun.[1]\n"
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"perihelion"
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1806803385644105810 | While My Guitar Gently Weeps | While My Guitar Gently Weeps - wikipedia While My Guitar Gently Weeps Jump to : navigation , search `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' Cover of the Apple Publishing sheet music Song by the Beatles from the album The Beatles Published Harrisongs Released 22 November 1968 ( 1968 - 11 - 22 ) Recorded 5 -- 6 September 1968 Studio EMI Studios , London Genre Heavy rock , blues Length 4 : 46 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles ( also known as `` the White Album '' ) . It was written by George Harrison , the band 's lead guitarist . The song serves as a comment on the disharmony within the Beatles following their return from studying Transcendental Meditation in India in early 1968 . This lack of camaraderie was reflected in the band 's initial apathy towards the composition , which Harrison countered by inviting his friend and occasional collaborator , Eric Clapton , to contribute to the recording . Clapton overdubbed a lead guitar part , although he was not formally credited for his contribution . Harrison wrote `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' as an exercise in randomness inspired by the Chinese I Ching . The song conveys his dismay at the world 's unrealised potential for universal love , which he refers to as `` the love there that 's sleeping '' . Harrison first recorded it with a sparse backing of acoustic guitar and harmonium -- a version that appeared on the 1996 Anthology 3 outtakes compilation and , with the addition of a string arrangement by George Martin , on the Love soundtrack album in 2006 . The full group recording was made in September 1968 , at which point the song 's folk - based musical arrangement was replaced by a production in the heavy rock style . The recording was one of several collaborations between Harrison and Clapton during the late 1960s and was followed by the pair co-writing the song `` Badge '' for Clapton 's group Cream . On release , the song received praise from several music critics , and it has since been recognised as an example of Harrison 's continued maturity as a songwriter beside his Beatles bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney . Rolling Stone ranked `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' 136th on its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , seventh on the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' , and at number 10 on its list of `` The Beatles 100 Greatest Songs '' . Clapton 's performance was ranked 42nd in Guitar World 's 2008 list of the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos '' . Harrison and Clapton often performed the song together live , during which they shared the lead guitarist 's role over the closing section . Live versions featuring the pair were included on the Concert for Bangladesh album in 1971 and Live in Japan in 1992 . Backed by a band that included McCartney and Ringo Starr , Clapton performed the song at the Concert for George in November 2002 , a year after Harrison 's death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and inspiration 2 Composition 2.1 Music 2.2 Lyrics 3 Recording 3.1 Early attempts and basic track 3.2 Overdubs 3.3 Mixing 4 Release and reception 5 Harrison live performances 6 Cover versions 7 2016 music video 8 Personnel 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources 12 External links Background and inspiration ( edit ) The Eastern concept is that whatever happens is all meant to be ... every little item that 's going down has a purpose . `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was a simple study based on that theory ... I picked up a book at random , opened it , saw `` gently weeps '' , then laid the book down again and started the song . -- George Harrison George Harrison wrote `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' after his return from India , where the Beatles had been studying Transcendental Meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi during the spring of 1968 . The visit had allowed Harrison to re-engage with the guitar as his primary instrument , after focusing on the Indian sitar for the previous two years , and also marked the start of a prolific period for him as a songwriter . Inspiration for the song came to him when he was visiting his parents in Warrington , Cheshire , and he began reading the I Ching , or `` The Book of Changes '' . As Harrison put it , `` ( the book ) seemed to me to be based on the Eastern concept that everything is relative to everything else , as opposed to the Western view that things are merely coincidental . '' Embracing this idea of relativism , he committed to writing a song based on the first words he saw upon opening a book , which happened to be `` gently weeps '' . Harrison continued to work on the lyrics after this initial writing session . The song reflects the disharmonious atmosphere within the Beatles following their return from India . Harrison had led the band in their highly publicised endorsement of Transcendental Meditation and viewed this spiritual pursuit as superior in importance to their career momentum . When discussing another song he wrote at this time , `` Not Guilty '' , Harrison said it referred to `` the grief I was catching '' from John Lennon and Paul McCartney for leading them to Rishikesh and supposedly hindering the group 's career and the launch of their Apple record label . Eric Clapton , with whom Harrison collaborated on several recordings throughout 1968 as a distraction from the Beatles , said that `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' conveyed Harrison 's spiritual isolation within the group . Author Jonathan Gould writes that , although in the past each of the Beatles had become temporarily subsumed in fads and personal interests , the level of Harrison 's commitment to Indian spirituality as an alternative to the band was unprecedented . A demo that Harrison recorded at his home in Esher includes an unused verse : `` I look at the trouble and see that it 's raging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I 'm sitting here , doing nothing but ageing ... '' This version also includes the line `` The problems you sow are the troubles you 're reaping '' , which he similarly discarded . An early acoustic guitar and harmonium performance of the song features a slightly different third verse : `` I look from the wings at the play you are staging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I 'm sitting here , doing nothing but ageing ... '' This version was released on the 1996 compilation Anthology 3 and was used as the basis of the 2006 Love remix , with a string arrangement by George Martin . Composition ( edit ) Music ( edit ) `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was one of the few Beatles compositions from early 1968 that changed markedly from demo form to the official recording . Harrison 's demos suggest the influence of folk music , yet the Beatles ' version is in the heavy rock style typical of much of the band 's late 1960s work . While noting the importance of Harrison 's return to the guitar during this period , Gould describes the song as `` virtually a declaration of his recommitment to rock '' . The song as originally issued by the Beatles is in the key of A minor , changing to A major over the bridges . Aside from the intro , the composition is structured into two rounds of verse and bridge , with an instrumental passage extending the second of these verse sections , followed by a final verse and a long instrumental passage that fades out on the released recording . All the sections consist of an even sixteen bars or measures , which are divided into four phrases . The chord progression over the verses includes a shift to a ♭ 7 ( Am / G ) on `` all '' ( bass note G ) and a 6 ( D9 ( major 3rd F ♯ ) ) after `` love '' ( bass note F ♯ ) to a ♭ 6 ( Fmaj7 ) on `` sleeping '' ( bass note F ) . According to musicologist Dominic Pedler , the 8 -- ♭ 7 -- 6 -- ♭ 6 progression represents a hybrid of the Aeolian and Dorian modes . The change to the parallel major key is heralded by a C chord as the verse 's penultimate chord ( replacing the D used in the second phrase of each verse ) before the E that leads into the bridge . Musicologist Alan Pollack views this combination of C and E as representing a sense of `` arrival '' , after which the bridge contains `` upward ( harmonic ) gestures '' that contrast with the bass descents that dominate the verse . Such contrasts are limited by the inclusion of minor triads ( III , VI and II ) played over the E chord that ends the bridge 's second and fourth phrases . Lyrics ( edit ) In his lyrics to `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , Harrison revisits the theme of universal love and the philosophical concerns that were evident in his overtly Indian - influenced compositions , particularly `` Within You Without You '' . The song is a lament for how a universal love for humankind is latent in all individuals yet remains unrealised . In the description of theologian Dale Allison , the song `` conveys spiritual angst and an urgent religious point of view without being explicitly theological '' . Harrison sings of surveying `` you all '' and seeing `` the love there that 's sleeping '' . Musicologist Walter Everett comments that the change from the minor - mode verse to the parallel major might express hope that `` unrealized potential '' described in the lyrics is to be `` fulfilled '' , but the continued minor triads `` seem to express a strong dismay that love is not to be unfolded '' . During the bridges , Harrison adopts a repetitive rhyming scheme in the style of Bob Dylan to convey how humankind has become distracted from its ability to manifest this love . He sings of people that have been `` inverted '' and `` perverted '' from their natural perspective . According to Harrison biographer Joshua Greene , the song 's message reflects the pessimism encouraged by world events throughout 1968 , such as the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy in the United States , and the Soviet Russian oppression of Czechoslovakia . Allison writes that the lyrics represent the `` antithesis of spiritual triumphalism '' , in which Harrison `` mourns because love has not conquered all '' . Recording ( edit ) Early attempts and basic track ( edit ) The Beatles recorded `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' several times during the sessions for their self - titled double album , also known as `` the White Album '' . The recording sessions , which began in late May 1968 , were characterised by a lack of cooperation among the four band members , and by what Lennon 's bandmates regarded as the overly intrusive presence of his new romantic partner , Yoko Ono . In this atmosphere , Harrison had initially been reluctant to present his new compositions to the group . Take 1 on 25 July -- the version later issued on Anthology 3 -- was a solo performance by Harrison , playing his Gibson J - 200 acoustic guitar , with an overdubbed harmonium part . Sessions on 16 August and 5 September produced full band recordings of the song . In the case of the 16 August version , an overdubbing session on 3 September marked the first time that the Beatles had used eight - track recording at EMI Studios . At the same session , Harrison overdubbed a backwards ( or `` backmasked '' ) guitar solo , as he had done two years before on `` I 'm Only Sleeping '' , on the Revolver album , but he was not satisfied with the results . The Beatles then remade the basic track on 5 September -- a session that marked Ringo Starr 's return to the group after he had walked out on 22 August , upset at the unpleasant atmosphere . While Harrison led the band in welcoming back their drummer , by installing a large flower display all over Starr 's drum kit , he continued to think that his bandmates were not giving their best to the song . Overdubs ( edit ) Clapton had given Harrison his red Gibson Les Paul shortly before the session and subsequently used it on the song . On 6 September , during a ride from Surrey into London , Harrison asked Clapton to play guitar on the track . Clapton , who recognised Harrison 's talent as a songwriter , and considered that his abilities had long been held back by Lennon and McCartney , was nevertheless reluctant to participate ; he later recalled that his initial response was : `` I ca n't do that . Nobody ever plays on Beatles records . '' Harrison convinced him , and Clapton 's lead guitar part , played on Harrison 's Gibson Les Paul electric guitar `` Lucy '' ( a recent gift from Clapton ) , was overdubbed that evening . Recalling the session in his 2007 autobiography , Clapton says that , while Lennon and McCartney were `` fairly non-committal '' , he thought the track `` sounded fantastic '' , adding : `` I knew George was happy , because he listened to it over and over in the control room . '' Harrison recalled that Clapton 's presence also ensured that his bandmates `` tr ( ied ) a bit harder '' and `` were all on their best behaviour '' . The Beatles carried out the remaining overdubs , which included an ascending piano motif , played by McCartney , over the introduction , Hammond organ by Harrison , and further percussion by Starr . McCartney also added a second bass part , played on his Fender Jazz Bass rather than on either of his preferred Hofner or Rickenbacker models . Mixing ( edit ) Still wary that his contribution might present too much of a departure from the band 's sound , Clapton requested that Harrison give the lead guitar track a more `` Beatley '' sound when mixing the song . During final mixing for the White Album , on 14 October , the guitar part was run through an ADT circuit with `` varispeed '' , with engineer Chris Thomas manipulating the oscillator to achieve the desired `` wobbly '' effect . According to Everett , Lennon 's tremolo - rich guitar part , recorded on 5 September , was retained only in the song 's coda . Clapton 's guitar contribution has been described as making this a `` monumental '' track . As particularly notable features , Everett highlights the increasing lengths of thrice - heard first scale degrees ( 0 : 17 -- 0 : 19 ) , the restraint shown by rests in many bars then unexpected appearances ( as at 0 : 28 -- 0 : 29 ) , commanding turnaround phrases ( 0 : 31 -- 0 : 33 ) , expressive string bends marking modal changes from C to C ♯ ( 0 : 47 -- 0 : 53 ) , power retransition ( 1 : 21 -- 1 : 24 ) , emotive vibrato ( 2 : 01 -- 2 : 07 ) , and a solo ( 1 : 55 -- 2 : 31 ) with a `` measured rise in intensity , rhythmic activity , tonal drive and registral climb '' . In October 1968 , Harrison reciprocated by co-writing `` Badge '' with Clapton and playing on Cream 's recording of the track . Released on Cream 's final album , Goodbye , `` Badge '' reflected Harrison 's pop sensibilities and helped Clapton transition from the heavy blues style and its reliance on extended soloing , and onto the more song - based approach that he and Harrison admired in the Band 's 1968 album Music from Big Pink . Release and reception ( edit ) Apple Records released The Beatles on 22 November 1968 . One of four Harrison compositions on the double album , `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was sequenced as the penultimate track on side one in the LP format , between Lennon 's `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' and `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' . The song was issued as the B - side of `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' , a McCartney - written song that had also tested the Beatles ' patience during the White Album sessions . This single was an international hit , topping charts in Australia , Austria , Switzerland and West Germany , but was not released in Britain or the United States . LP cover of The Beatles . Some music critics have recognised `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' as a highlight of the Beatles ' 1968 double album . According to music critic Tim Riley , Harrison 's writing contributions `` regain ( ed ) the promise '' evident in his three songs on the Beatles ' 1966 album Revolver . Recalling the release in his 1977 book The Beatles Forever , Nicholas Schaffner said that , in returning to pop / rock songwriting after his excursions into the Indian classical style , Harrison 's four White Album songs `` firmly established him as a contender '' beside Lennon and McCartney . In Schaffner 's description , `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was the most instantly popular of `` a quartet of more conventionally accessible pop songs ( written by Harrison ) that many felt were among the finest on the album '' . Among contemporary reviews , Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone said that `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was `` one of George Harrison 's very best songs '' , and likened it to `` Blue Jay Way '' in that it `` recalls California , the simple Baja California beat , the dreamy words of the Los Angeles haze , the organic pace lapping around every room as if in invisible waves '' . Wenner found the lyrics `` slightly self - righteous and preaching '' , representing `` a general set of incidents , a message , like a sermon , impersonally directed to everyone '' , and concluded : `` I am willing to bet something substantial that the lead guitarist on this cut is Eric Clapton , yet another involution of the circular logic on which this song ( is ) so superbly constructed as a musical piece . '' In his review for the International Times , Barry Miles said the song was a `` great tune '' with `` nice hi - hats '' but a `` lifeless '' guitar part . Alan Smith of the NME credited the `` warm voice '' and `` very strong melody '' to McCartney and said that the track was one of the `` highlights ... moving into a slightly Hendrix thing '' and was bound to be `` Another hit for somebody '' . Three weeks later , Smith acknowledged that the singer and composer was in fact Harrison , and added : `` the words are evocative and the melody line is creeping into my mind to stay . '' Geoffrey Cannon wrote in The Guardian : `` George Harrison has seen the truth , and is anxious that we should see our truth . He 's a preacher , man of fire . When his songs speak of ' you , ' the address is direct . He achieves his character in ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' , which , with Phil Ochs 's ' Tape from California ' , is the first track I know that succeeds in making magnanimous love serious and touching . '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' became a staple of US rock radio during the early 1970s , on a par with songs such as `` Layla '' by Clapton 's short - lived band Derek and the Dominos , Led Zeppelin 's `` Stairway to Heaven '' and the Who 's `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again '' . In 1973 , it appeared on the Beatles ' double album compilation 1967 -- 1970 , as one of only three tracks representing the White Album . Capitol Records included it on The Best of George Harrison in 1976 ; a year before this , Harrison released a sequel to the song , titled `` This Guitar ( Ca n't Keep from Crying ) '' , which also served as the final single issued by Apple in its original incarnation . The Beatles ' recording also appeared on the soundtrack to Withnail and I , a 1987 comedy film set in late - 1960s London and produced by Harrison 's company HandMade Films . Despite his reluctance to record `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , McCartney later identified it as one of his favourite selections on the 1995 -- 96 Anthology outtakes series , and he grouped the song with `` Something '' and `` Here Comes the Sun '' as candidates for Harrison 's `` greatest track '' . Starr paired it with `` Something '' as `` Two of the finest love songs ever written '' , adding : `` they 're really on a par with what John and Paul or anyone else of that time wrote . '' In their written tributes to Harrison following his death in November 2001 , Mick Jagger and Keith Richards each expressed their admiration for the song . Jagger said : `` It 's lovely , plaintive . Only a guitar player could write that ... '' Harrison Live performances ( edit ) Harrison and Clapton performing `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' at the 1987 Prince 's Trust Concert in London Harrison played `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' at every one of his comparatively rare concerts as a solo artist . Writing for Mojo in 2003 , Ashley Kahn attributed the track 's `` classic '' status to its evocation of `` a band falling out of harmony '' and , with regard to the enduring musical bond between Harrison and Clapton , its standing as `` their song '' . At Harrison 's Concert for Bangladesh , held at Madison Square Garden in New York on 1 August 1971 , Clapton performed the song on a Gibson Byrdland , a hollow - body guitar more suited to jazz or country music than rock . He later said that this was a poor decision and , as with his substandard playing at the event , one indicative of his descent into heroin addiction . The version performed by Harrison during his set at the 1987 Prince 's Trust Concert reunited him with Starr and Clapton , and features an extended coda with the guitars of Harrison and Clapton interweaving . On their 1991 tour of Japan , Harrison and Clapton performed `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' with additional background vocals . An edit combining parts of the 14 December and 17 December Tokyo Dome performances of the song was included on Harrison 's 1992 double album Live in Japan . Harrison also featured the song in the set list for his only other tour as a solo artist , a series of North American concerts over November -- December 1974 with Ravi Shankar . Harrison shared the lead guitarist 's role with Robben Ford , often extending the piece to eight minutes . While it was a popular inclusion in a set list that barely acknowledged Harrison 's past as a former Beatle , his alteration of some of the lyrics -- so that his guitar `` gently smiles '' and `` tries to smile '' -- disappointed many concert - goers and reviewers . Author Simon Leng comments that on Harrison 's return to Madison Square Garden towards the end of the tour , his playing on the song nevertheless received a standing ovation . Cover versions ( edit ) Canadian guitarist Jeff Healey covered `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' on his 1990 album Hell to Pay . Harrison participated in the recording , contributing on acoustic guitar and backing vocals . Also issued as a single , Healey 's version peaked at number 27 in Canada , number 85 in the UK and number 25 in New Zealand . During the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II concert at Buckingham Palace Garden on 3 June 2002 , McCartney performed the song with Clapton , as a tribute to Harrison . The performance appears on the DVD release Party at the Palace . On 29 November the same year , Clapton , McCartney , Starr , Dhani Harrison , Jeff Lynne and Marc Mann performed `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' at the Concert for George in memory of Harrison . This version showcased Clapton singing the lead vocal while McCartney provided background vocals and piano ; Mann played Clapton 's original fills and the mid-song solo . Author Ian Inglis writes that while Clapton was already `` permanently associated '' with `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' due to his presence on the White Album recording and the Concert for Bangladesh and Live in Japan versions , Clapton 's long , closing solo at the Concert for George contained `` perhaps the most expressive '' playing of all these versions . American musician Todd Rundgren covered `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' for the 2003 album Songs from the Material World : A Tribute to George Harrison . Rundgren said of his contribution to the multi-artist tribute : `` ( Before the Beatles ) , I 'd never heard the term ' lead guitarist . ' George created the job description for my first paying gig , the vocation that I 'm still lucky enough to practice today ... '' Johnny Loftus of AllMusic views the recording as one of the collection 's highlights , saying that Rundgren `` effortlessly replicates the grandeur '' of the Beatles ' track . As his personal tribute to Harrison , Peter Frampton released a version of the song on his 2003 album Now . In 2004 , when Harrison was inducted posthumously into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist , `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was played in tribute by a large band that included Tom Petty , Lynne , Steve Winwood , Marc Mann and Dhani Harrison . The performance concluded with an extended guitar solo by Prince , who was also being inducted into the Hall of Fame . Among other cover versions , the song has also been recorded by guitarists such as Marc Ribot , Phish and Charlie Byrd , and on ukulele by Jake Shimabukuro . Toto did a cover version for their album Through the Looking Glass and in a live performance in Live in Amsterdam . Santana did a cover for his twentieth album Guitar Heaven : The Greatest Guitar Classics of All Time , in 2010 , featuring singer India Arie and cellist Yo - Yo Ma . Released as a single , it charted on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary . In 2016 , Regina Spektor performed the song for the soundtrack to the film Kubo and the Two Strings , accompanied by Kevin Kmetz on a shamisen . 2016 music video ( edit ) In June 2016 , Apple Corps and Cirque du Soleil released a music video for `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . The video was created for the tenth anniversary re-staging of Cirque du Soleil 's Love theatrical production . The video was directed by Dandypunk , André Kasten and Leah Moyer . Ryan Reed , describing the clip for rollingstone.com , wrote that `` Dandypunk 's hand - drawn illustrations depict Harrison 's lyrics falling off the page into the air , transporting LOVE performer Eira Glover into a series of fantastical locations . Projection mapping -- and no CGI -- was used to create the clip . '' Personnel ( edit ) According to Ian MacDonald , Walter Everett and John Winn : White Album version George Harrison -- double - tracked vocals , backing vocal , acoustic guitar , Hammond organ John Lennon -- electric guitar with tremolo Paul McCartney -- harmony vocal , piano , bass guitar Ringo Starr -- drums , tambourine , castanets Eric Clapton -- lead guitar Anthology 3 version George Harrison -- vocals , acoustic guitar Paul McCartney -- organ Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Having contributed to `` Ski - ing '' on Harrison 's debut solo album , Wonderwall Music , in January 1968 , Clapton played on `` Sour Milk Sea '' , a song that Harrison wrote and produced for his Apple Records signing Jackie Lomax . Another Harrison composition from 1968 , `` Savoy Truffle '' , was inspired by Clapton 's love of chocolate . Jump up ^ Greene comments that `` Wilting Flowers '' was the title of Time magazine 's article summarising the year . By contrast , at the start of 1968 , Life had declared it `` the Year of the Guru '' , partly as a result of the Beatles ' championing of Eastern religion , and had featured the Maharishi on the cover of the magazine . Jump up ^ This version remained in EMI 's archives through the 1980s . It was first presented for public hearing when Abbey Road Studios ( formerly EMI Studios ) hosted The Beatles at Abbey Road in 1983 , at which point EMI reported that Harrison was keen that the song be released `` as soon as possible '' . When remixing the recording for inclusion on the planned Sessions compilation album in 1984 , however ( and as later heard on Anthology 3 ) , Geoff Emerick chose to loop and repeat Harrison 's concluding guitar phrase into a fadeout , and increased the volume of the harmonium . Jump up ^ In Ken Scott 's recollection , the need to manually work the ADT oscillation was a result of the Beatles ' impatience to use EMI 's new eight - track recording equipment . The company 's technical engineers had yet to carry out the conversion necessary to allow the effect to be applied automatically . Jump up ^ `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was listed with `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' , as a double A-side , when the single topped Australia 's Go - Set National Top 40 chart . Jump up ^ This 1971 performance of the song was included on Harrison 's 2009 compilation album Let It Roll . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 153 -- 54 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Riley 2002 , p. 268 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 2005 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 9 December 2004 . Retrieved 10 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Ten Beatles Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs : 10 . While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Guitar World Staff ( 30 October 2008 ) . `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos '' . guitarworld.com . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Beatles 2000 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 34 , 36 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Quantick 2002 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2002 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , pp. 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Ingham 2006 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Rabey , Steve ( 9 October 2011 ) . `` George Harrison , ' Living In The Material World ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 2006 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2003 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Huntley 2006 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , pp. 305 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Scorsese , Martin ( dir . ) ( 2011 ) . George Harrison : Living in the Material World ( 2 DVDs ) . Roadshow Entertainment / Grove Street Productions . R - 112294 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Harrison 2002 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 468 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 297 , 300 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 523 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 498 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Alan W. ( 2001 ) . `` Notes on ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' '' . Soundscapes . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , pp. 435 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Inglis 2010 , pp. 12 , 26 . Jump up ^ Greene 2006 , pp. 110 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Allison 2006 , p. 158 . ^ Jump up to : Tillery 2011 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Allison 2006 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 2006 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2003 , pp. 106 -- 07 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 238 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 2005 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Badman 2001 , pp. 318 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 78 , 153 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 151 , 153 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 252 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Winn 2009 , pp. 209 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Nigel ( February 2002 ) . `` Only a Northern Song : The songs George Harrison wrote for The Beatles '' . Uncut . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Harris , John ( July 2001 ) . `` A Quiet Storm '' . Mojo . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Clapton 2007 , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 2005 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Ingham 2006 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Womack 2007 , pp. 225 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Buskin , Richard ( June 2012 ) . `` The Beatles ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' '' . Sound on Sound . Archived from the original on 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , pp. 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 163 , 200 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 317 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer 2003 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Womack 2007 , pp. 223 -- 24 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , p. 684 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles -- Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts -- 23 April 1969 '' . poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riley 2002 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Wenner , Jann S. ( 21 December 1968 ) . `` Review : The Beatles ' ' White Album ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Miles , Barry ( 29 November 1968 ) . `` Multi-Purpose Beatles Music '' . International Times . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alan ( 9 November 1968 ) . `` Beatles Double - LP in Full '' . NME . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alan ( 30 November 1968 ) . `` The Beatles '' The Beatles ( The White Album ) `` . NME . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Cannon , Geoffrey ( 26 November 1968 ) . `` Back to Spring : The Beatles : The Beatles ( White Album ) ( Apple ) '' . The Guardian . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2010 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , pp. 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2003 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , pp. 188 , 209 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2010 , pp. 280 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Womack 2007 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Pirnia , Garin ( 19 March 2016 ) . `` 13 Loaded Facts About Withnail and I '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Tillery 2011 , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : The Beatles 2000 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , pp. 227 , 229 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Khan , Ashley ( 2003 ) . `` Gun for Hire '' . Mojo Special Limited Edition : 1000 Days of Revolution ( The Beatles ' Final Years -- Jan 1 , 1968 to Sept 27 , 1970 ) . London : Emap . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2010 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited with George Harrison and Friends , DVD , 2005 . Jump up ^ Clapton 2007 , pp. 146 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Badman 2001 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000 , p. 483 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez 2010 , pp. 59 , 60 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 167 , 170 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks -- November 3 , 1990 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jeff Healey Band -- While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2014 , p. 990 . Jump up ^ Party at the Palace -- The Queen 's Concerts , Buckingham Palace ( booklet ) . Various Artists . Opus Arte. 2002 . OA 0845 D . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Billboard staff ( 11 December 2002 ) . `` Rock Vets Fete Harrison On Tribute Disc '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Johnny . `` Various Artists Songs From The Material World : A Tribute To George Harrison '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Frampton '' . interviewsofrecordingartists.com . Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Hal . `` Peter Frampton Now '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Prince , an Artist Who Defied Genre , Is Dead at 57 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Phull , Hardeep ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Prince was so good , he made his own competition '' . New York Post . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DaveO ( 11 October 2011 ) . `` Cover Wars : While My Guitar Gently Weeps ( The Beatles ) - Glide Magazine '' . Glide Magazine . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Byrd 's Guitar Weeps -- Due to Late 60s Social Tumult '' . Zero to 180 - Three Minute Magic. 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Santana Covers Classics on ' Guitar Heaven ' '' . Billboard. 2010 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 2010 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Santana , Michael Buble , Kings Of Leon Preview New Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Renner Brown , Eric ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Cirque du Soleil 's Beatles music video : Show debuts clip for ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' '' . ew.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Watch the Beatles ' Hypnotic ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' Video '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 300 -- 01 . Sources ( edit ) Allison , Dale C. , Jr. ( 2006 ) . The Love There That 's Sleeping : The Art and Spirituality of George Harrison . New York , NY : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1917 - 0 . Badman , Keith ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 2 : After the Break - Up 1970 -- 2001 . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 6 . The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Clapton , Eric ( 2007 ) . Eric Clapton : The Autobiography . London : Century . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84605 - 309 - 2 . The Editors of Rolling Stone ( 2002 ) . Harrison . New York , NY : Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 5 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Gould , Jonathan ( 2007 ) . Ca n't Buy Me Love : The Beatles , Britain and America . London : Piatkus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7499 - 2988 - 6 . Greene , Joshua M. ( 2006 ) . Here Comes the Sun : The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12780 - 3 . Harrison , George ( 2002 ) . I , Me , Mine . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5900 - 4 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1996 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 . Huntley , Elliot J. ( 2006 ) . Mystical One : George Harrison -- After the Break - up of the Beatles . Toronto , ON : Guernica Editions . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55071 - 197 - 4 . Ingham , Chris ( 2006 ) . The Rough Guide to the Beatles ( 2nd edn ) . London : Rough Guides . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 720 - 5 . Inglis , Ian ( 2010 ) . The Words and Music of George Harrison . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37532 - 3 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 2005 ) ( 1988 ) . The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions : The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962 -- 1970 . London : Bounty Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7537 - 2545 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 2nd rev . edn ) . Chicago , IL : Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 733 - 3 . Madinger , Chip ; Easter , Mark ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . Pedler , Dominic ( 2003 ) . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8167 - 6 . Quantick , David ( 2002 ) . Revolution : The Making of the Beatles ' White Album . Chicago , IL : A Cappella Books . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 470 - 6 . Riley , Tim ( 2002 ) ( 1988 ) . Tell Me Why : A Beatles Commentary . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81120 - 3 . Riley , Tim ( 2011 ) . Lennon : The Man , the Myth , the Music -- The Definitive Life . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 4020 - 6 . Rodriguez , Robert ( 2010 ) . Fab Four FAQ 2.0 : The Beatles ' Solo Years , 1970 -- 1980 . Milwaukee , WI : Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Spizer , Bruce ( 2003 ) . The Beatles on Apple Records . New Orleans , LA : 498 Productions . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 4 - 0 . Tillery , Gary ( 2011 ) . Working Class Mystic : A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison . Wheaton , IL : Quest Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8356 - 0900 - 5 . Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 -- 1970 . New York , NY : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2007 ) . Long and Winding Roads : The Evolving Artistry of the Beatles . New York , NY : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1746 - 6 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Beatles ( album ) Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles ' official website The Beatles ( White Album ) Songs Side one `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' `` Dear Prudence '' `` Glass Onion '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' `` Wild Honey Pie '' `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' Side two `` Martha My Dear '' `` I 'm So Tired '' `` Blackbird '' `` Piggies '' `` Rocky Raccoon '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' `` I Will '' `` Julia '' Side three `` Birthday '' `` Yer Blues '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' `` Sexy Sadie '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Long , Long , Long '' Side four `` Revolution 1 '' `` Honey Pie '' `` Savoy Truffle '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Revolution 9 '' `` Good Night '' Non-album single `` Hey Jude Revolution '' Outtakes `` A Beginning '' `` Across the Universe '' `` Hey Bulldog '' `` Child of Nature '' `` Circles '' `` Etcetera '' `` Junk '' `` Not Guilty '' `` Sour Milk Sea '' `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles in India Mother Nature 's Son The Grey Album Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Jeff Healey Jeff Healey Band albums See the Light ( 1988 ) Hell to Pay ( 1990 ) Feel This ( 1992 ) Cover to Cover ( 1995 ) Get Me Some ( 2000 ) Solo albums Mess of Blues ( 2008 ) Songs From The Road ( 2009 ) Jeff Healey Band songs `` Angel Eyes '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps&oldid=827243590 '' Categories : 1968 songs The Beatles songs Songs written by George Harrison Song recordings produced by George Martin Music published by Harrisongs Apple Records singles George Harrison songs Eric Clapton songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Use British English from August 2010 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 16 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who made the song while my guitar gently weeps | [
"\"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as \"the White Album\"). It was written by George Harrison, the band's lead guitarist. The song serves as a comment on the disharmony within the Beatles following their return from studying Transcendental Meditation in India in early 1968. This lack of camaraderie was reflected in the band's initial apathy towards the composition, which Harrison countered by inviting his friend and occasional collaborator, Eric Clapton, to contribute to the recording. Clapton overdubbed a lead guitar part, although he was not formally credited for his contribution.[4]"
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"English rock band the Beatles"
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-5742981071947946179 | AP Poll | AP Poll - wikipedia AP Poll Jump to : navigation , search Inaugural AP polls Div I / FBS football 1936 Div I / FCS football 1978 Div I men 's basketball 1948 -- 49 Div I women 's basketball 1976 -- 77 Current AP polls FBS football 2017 season FCS football 2017 season Div I men 's basketball 2017 -- 18 season Div I women 's basketball 2017 -- 18 season The Associated Press ( AP Poll ) provides weekly rankings of the top 25 NCAA teams in one of three Division I college sports : football , men 's basketball and women 's basketball . The rankings are compiled by polling 65 sportswriters and broadcasters from across the nation . Each voter provides his own ranking of the top 25 teams , and the individual rankings are then combined to produce the national ranking by giving a team 25 points for a first place vote , 24 for a second place vote , and so on down to 1 point for a twenty - fifth place vote . Ballots of the voting members in the AP Poll are made public . Contents ( hide ) 1 College football 1.1 History 1.2 AP Poll inclusion in the BCS 1.3 Final AP football polls 1.4 Other media football polls 2 College basketball 2.1 Men 's basketball 2.2 Women 's basketball 3 NFL football 4 See also 5 References 6 External links College football ( edit ) The football poll is released Sundays at 2pm Eastern time during the football season , unless ranked teams have not finished their games . History ( edit ) The AP college football poll has a long history . The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was , by popular opinion , the best football team in the country at the end of the season . One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll , first run in 1934 . In 1935 , AP sports editor Alan J. Gould declared a three way tie for national champion in football between Minnesota , Princeton , and Southern Methodist . Minnesota fans protested , and a number of Gould 's colleagues led by Charles `` Cy '' Sherman suggested he create a poll of sports editors instead of only using his own list , and the next year the poll was born . It has run continuously from 1936 . Due to the long - standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high - paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl , the NCAA had not held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division , NCAA Division I , Football Bowl Subdivision ( the Division I , Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments ) . As a result , the public and the media began to acknowledge the leading vote - getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season . While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation , from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams . From 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized . From 1968 to 1988 , the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to the current 25 teams in 1989 . The AP began conducting a preseason poll starting in 1950 . At the end of the 1947 season the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll . Until the 1968 college football season , the final AP poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season , with the lone exception of the 1965 season . In 1964 , Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season , but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas , leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated , untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic . In 1965 , the AP 's decision to wait to crown its champion paid handsomely , as top - ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl , number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic , and fourth - ranked Alabama defeated third - ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl , vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP 's final poll ( Michigan State was named national champion in the final UPI Coaches Poll , which did not conduct a post-bowl poll ) . Beginning in the 1968 season , the post bowl game poll became permanent and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results . The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches ' poll until the 1974 season . = Clemson 1 vs. Alabama 2 = = = As of the completion of the 2015 season the number one ranked team has faced the number two ranked team 50 times since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936 . The number one team has a record of 28 -- 20 -- 2 against the number two team . No. 1 vs. No. 2 games Light blue indicates bowl game Season No. 1 Result No. 2 Site Event 1943 Notre Dame 35 -- 12 Michigan Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor , MI 1943 Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry game 1943 Notre Dame 14 -- 13 Iowa Pre-Flight Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN 1944 Army 23 -- 7 Navy Baltimore Stadium Baltimore , MD 1944 Army -- Navy Game 1945 Army 48 -- 0 Notre Dame Yankee Stadium New York , NY 1945 Army -- Notre Dame football rivalry game 1945 Army 32 - 13 Navy Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Philadelphia , PA 1945 Army -- Navy Game 1946 Army 0 -- 0 Notre Dame Yankee Stadium New York , NY 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game 1962 USC 42 -- 37 Wisconsin Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 1963 Rose Bowl 1963 Oklahoma 7 -- 28 Texas Cotton Bowl Dallas , TX 1963 Red River Shootout game 1963 Texas 28 -- 6 Navy Cotton Bowl Dallas , TX 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic 1966 Notre Dame 10 -- 10 Michigan State Spartan Stadium East Lansing , MI 1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game 1968 Purdue 37 -- 22 Notre Dame Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN 1968 Shillelagh Trophy game 1968 Ohio State 27 -- 16 USC Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 1969 Rose Bowl 1969 Texas 15 -- 14 Arkansas Razorback Stadium Fayetteville , AR 1969 Texas vs. Arkansas football game 1971 Nebraska 35 -- 31 Oklahoma Oklahoma Memorial Stadium Norman , OK 1971 Nebraska vs. Oklahoma football game 1971 Nebraska 38 -- 6 Alabama Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1972 Orange Bowl 1978 Penn State 7 -- 14 Alabama Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 1979 Sugar Bowl 1981 USC 28 -- 24 Oklahoma Los Angeles Coliseum Los Angeles 1982 Georgia 23 -- 27 Penn State Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 1983 Sugar Bowl 1985 Iowa 12 -- 10 Michigan Kinnick Stadium Iowa City , IA 1986 Oklahoma 16 -- 28 Miami Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1986 Miami 10 -- 14 Penn State Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 1987 Fiesta Bowl Nebraska 7 -- 17 Oklahoma Memorial Stadium Lincoln , NE 1987 Nebraska -- Oklahoma football rivalry game Oklahoma 14 -- 20 Miami Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1988 Orange Bowl 1988 Notre Dame 27 -- 10 USC Los Angeles Coliseum Los Angeles 1988 Jeweled Shillelagh game 1989 Notre Dame 24 -- 19 Michigan Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor , MI 1989 Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry game 1991 Florida State 16 -- 17 Miami Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL 1991 Miami vs. Florida State football game 1992 Miami 13 -- 34 Alabama Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 1993 Sugar Bowl 1993 Florida State 24 -- 31 Notre Dame Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN 1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame football game 1993 Florida State 18 -- 16 Nebraska Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1994 Orange Bowl 1995 Nebraska 62 -- 24 Florida Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 1996 Fiesta Bowl Florida 21 -- 24 Florida State Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL 1996 Florida -- Florida State football rivalry game 1998 Tennessee 23 -- 16 Florida State Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 1999 Fiesta Bowl 1999 Florida State 46 -- 29 Virginia Tech Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 2000 Sugar Bowl 2002 Miami 24 -- 31 Ohio State Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 2003 Fiesta Bowl USC 55 -- 19 Oklahoma Pro Player Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 2005 Orange Bowl 2005 USC 38 -- 41 Texas Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 2006 Rose Bowl 2006 Ohio State 24 -- 7 Texas Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium Austin , TX 2006 Ohio State 42 -- 39 Michigan Ohio Stadium Columbus , OH 2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game 2006 Ohio State 14 -- 41 Florida University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 2007 BCS National Championship Game 2007 Ohio State 24 -- 38 LSU Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 2008 BCS National Championship Game 2008 Alabama 20 -- 31 Florida Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 2008 SEC Championship Game 2008 Florida 24 -- 14 Oklahoma Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 2009 BCS National Championship Game 2009 Florida 13 -- 32 Alabama Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 2009 SEC Championship Game 2009 Alabama 37 -- 21 Texas Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 2010 BCS National Championship Game Auburn 22 -- 19 Oregon University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 2011 BCS National Championship Game 2011 LSU 9 -- 6 Alabama Bryant -- Denny Stadium Tuscaloosa , AL 2011 LSU vs. Alabama football game 2011 LSU 0 -- 21 Alabama Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans , LA 2012 BCS National Championship Game 2012 Notre Dame 14 -- 42 Alabama Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 2013 BCS National Championship Game 2013 Florida State 34 -- 31 Auburn Rose Bowl Pasadena , CA 2014 BCS National Championship Game 2015 Clemson 40 -- 45 Alabama University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship 2016 Alabama 31 -- 35 Clemson Raymond James Stadium Tampa , FL 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship AP Poll inclusion in the BCS ( edit ) In 1997 , the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) was developed to try to unify the poll results by picking two teams for a `` real '' national championship game . For the first several years the AP Poll factored in the determination of the BCS rankings , along with other factors including the Coaches Poll and computer - based polls . Because of a series of controversies surrounding the BCS , the AP demanded in December , 2004 , that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings , and so the 2004 -- 2005 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used for this purpose . In the 2003 season the BCS system broke down when the final BCS standings ranked the University of Southern California ( USC ) at No. 3 while the two human polls in the system had ranked USC at No. 1 . As a result , USC did not play in the BCS ' designated national championship game . After defeating another highly ranked team , Michigan , in its final game , the AP Poll kept USC at No. 1 while the Coaches Poll was contractually obligated to select the winner of the BCS game , Louisiana State University ( LSU ) , as the No. 1 team . The resulting split national title was the very problem that the BCS was created to solve , and has been widely considered an embarrassment . In 2004 , a new controversy erupted at the end of the season when Auburn and Utah , who both finished the regular season 12 -- 0 , were left out of the BCS title game in favor of Oklahoma who also was 12 -- 0 and had won decisively over Colorado in the Big 12 Championship game . USC went on to a win easily over Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl while Auburn and Utah both won their bowl games , leaving three undefeated teams at the end of the season . Also , in that same year , Texas made up late ground on California ( Cal ) in the BCS standings and as a result grabbed a high - payout , at - large spot in the Rose Bowl . Previous to that poll , Cal had been ranked ahead of Texas in both human polls and the BCS poll . Going into their final game , the Golden Bears were made aware that while margin of victory did not affect computer rankings , it did affect human polls and just eight voters changing their vote could affect the final standings . Both teams won their game that week , but the Texas coach , Mack Brown , had made a public effort to lobby for his team to be moved higher in the ranking . When the human polls were released , Texas remained behind Cal , but it had closed the gap enough so that the BCS poll ( which determines placement ) placed Texas above Cal , angering both Cal and its conference , the Pac - 10 . The final poll positions had been unchanged with Cal at No. 4 AP , No. 4 coaches , and No. 6 computers polls and Texas at No. 6 AP , No. 5 coaches , and No. 4 computer polls . The AP Poll voters were caught in the middle because their vote changes were automatically made public , while the votes of the Coaches poll were kept confidential . Although there had been a more substantial shift in the votes of the Coaches Poll , the only clear targets for the ire of fanatical fans were the voters in the AP Poll . While officials from both Cal and the Pac - 10 called for the coaches ' votes to be made public , the overtures were turned down and did little to solve the problem of AP voters . Cal went on to lose to Texas Tech in the Holiday Bowl . Texas defeated Michigan in the Rose Bowl . Many members of the press who voted in the AP Poll were upset by the controversy and , at the behest of its members , the AP asked that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings . The 2004 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used in the BCS rankings , it was replaced in the BCS equation by the newly created Harris Interactive College Football Poll . Final AP football polls ( edit ) Main article : AP National Championship Trophy Other media football polls ( edit ) The AP Poll is not the only college football poll . The other major poll is the Coaches Poll , which has been sponsored by several organizations : the United Press ( 1950 -- 1957 ) , the United Press International ( 1958 -- 1990 ) , USA Today ( 1991 -- present ) , CNN ( 1991 -- 1996 ) , and ESPN ( 1997 -- 2005 ) . Having two major polls has led to numerous `` split '' national titles , where the two polls disagreed on the No. 1 team . This has occurred on eleven different occasions ( 1954 , 1957 , 1965 , 1970 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1990 , 1991 , 1997 , 2003 ) . College basketball ( edit ) In Division I men 's and women 's college basketball , the AP Poll is largely just a tool to compare schools throughout the season and spark debate , as it has no bearing on postseason play . Generally , all top 25 teams in the poll are invited to the men 's and women 's NCAA basketball tournament , also known as March Madness . The poll is usually released every Monday and voters ' ballots are made public . Men 's basketball ( edit ) For rankings from the most recent season , see 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I men 's basketball rankings § AP Poll . The AP began compiling a ranking of the top 20 college men 's basketball teams during the 1948 -- 1949 season . It has issued this poll continuously since the 1950 -- 1951 season . North Carolina has been ranked # 1 the most times ( 9 ) and UCLA has been ranked # 1 the second most times ( 8 ) . Women 's basketball ( edit ) For rankings from the most recent season , see 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I women 's basketball rankings § AP Poll . The women 's basketball poll began during the 1976 -- 1977 season , and was initially compiled by Mel Greenberg and published by The Philadelphia Inquirer . At first , it was a poll of coaches conducted via telephone , where coaches identified top teams and a list of the Top 20 team was produced . The initial list of coaches did not include Pat Summitt , who asked to join the group , not to improve her rankings , but because of the lack of media coverage , Summitt believed it would be a good way to stay on top of who the top teams were outside of her own schedule . The contributors continued to be coaches until 1994 , when the AP took over administration of the poll from Greenberg , and switched to a panel of writers . In 1994 , Tennessee started out as No. 1 in the polls with Connecticut at No. 4 . After losses by the No. 2 and No. 3 teams , Tennessee and Connecticut were ranked No. 1 and No. 2 , headed into a showdown , scheduled as a special event on Martin Luther King day , the only women 's basketball game scheduled on that day . Because of the unusual circumstances , the decision was made to hold off the AP voting for one day , to ensure it would be after the game . Connecticut won the game , and moved into first place in the AP poll , published on Tuesday for the only time . ( Connecticut went on to complete an undefeated season . ) Over the history of the poll , over 255 coaches have had a team represented in polls . Nfl football ( edit ) Beginning in 2012 , the AP began issuing a weekly pro football ranking , the AP Pro32 rankings . See also ( edit ) College football portal 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings Bowl Championship Series Coaches ' Poll College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS Dickinson System Game of the Century ( college football ) Grantland Rice Award Harris Interactive College Football Poll List of college football teams by weekly appearances atop AP Poll List of NCAA college football rankings Mythical national championship NAIA Coach 's Poll References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Associated Press voters 2013 retrieved 2 January 2014 Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` AP College Poll Voters ( Football ) '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` November 15 , 1934 AP Football Poll '' . College Poll Archive -- Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings. 1934 - 11 - 15 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , David . Breaking news : how the Associated Press has covered war , peace , and everything else . Princeton Architectural Press , 2007 . p150 - 151 Jump up ^ `` 1936 Final Football Polls '' . College Poll Archive -- Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Zac ( 2013 - 08 - 17 ) . `` AP Poll : Alabama , Ohio State headline first preseason rankings '' . Campus Union - SI.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The official final AP poll , taken before the bowls , had Notre Dame No. 1 ( 107 first place votes ) and Michigan No. 2 ( 25 first place votes ) . Michigan won the Rose Bowl 49 -- 0 over USC while Notre Dame did not play in a bowl game . Detroit Free Press sports editor Lyall Smith arranged a post-bowl AP poll with only Michigan or Notre Dame as choices . Michigan won that poll 266 -- 119 . Kyrk , John . Natural Enemies . pp. 142 -- 7 . ISBN 1 - 58979 - 090 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : AP No. 1 vs. No. 2 games . Associated Press , August 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ AP Removes Its Poll From BCS , ncaasports.com , Dec. 22 , 2004 , Accessed June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Tim Layden , Embarrassing moments in College Football ( # 10 ) , SportsIllustrated.com , Aug. 2 , 2006 , Accessed Aug. 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kelly Whiteside = California bears burden of making point that it 's BCS - worthy . USA TODAY , November 29 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : * `` 2004 BCS Standings , BCS Rankings '' ( PDF ) . The National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame , Inc . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ BCS Replaces AP Poll , ncaasports.com , July 12 , 2005 , Accessed June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AP College Poll Voters ( Men 's Basketball ) '' . College Poll Tracker . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Mel . `` '' The stare '' may have been Summitt 's trademark , but it did not define her true personality `` . FullCourt.com . Retrieved 8 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mel Greenberg Class of 2004 / 2005 -- Sports Writer '' . Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame . Retrieved 1 Oct 2017 . Jump up ^ Mel Greenberg , Mel . `` Guru 's College Special : How A Previous NHL Lockout Enhanced WBB To UConn 's Benefit '' . Womhoops Guru . Retrieved 8 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Mel . `` Guru 's College Report : Associated Press Preseason Poll Trivia '' . Womhoops Guru . Retrieved 8 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( 31 July 2012 ) . `` Packers top first - ever AP Pro32 rankings '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) The Associated Press Top 25 College Football Poll at The Associated Press The Associated Press Top 25 Men 's College Basketball Poll at The Associated Press Index AP Ballot Information by Voter and Team for Football / Men 's Basketball AP Football Poll voters AP Men 's Basketball Poll voters Archive of all AP weekly polls for football and men 's / women 's basketball List of all Final AP football Poll results and champions NCAA college football rankings NCAA 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 NCAA University Division 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 NCAA College Division 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 NCAA Division I 1973 1976 1977 NCAA Division I-A / FBS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NCAA Division I - AA / FCS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NCAA Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Polls AP Poll Coaches Poll NCAA Division I men 's basketball rankings navbox 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Sports rating systems Concepts Home advantage Sabermetrics Strength of schedule Win probability Methods and computer models Advanced Football Analytics Albrecht Matrix Hybrid ARGH Power Ratings Dickinson System English Chess Federation grading Log5 Pomeroy College Basketball Ratings Pythagorean expectation Rating Percentage Index ( RPI ) Sonny Moore Power Ratings TrueSkill Elo family Chessmetrics DWZ Elo Glicko Universal Polls and opinion AP Poll FWAA - NFF Grantland Rice Super 16 Poll Harris Interactive College Football Poll Legends Poll NAIA Coaches ' Poll USA Today / Amway Coaches ' Poll People Mark Glickman John Hollinger Bill James Kenneth Massey Ken Pomeroy Jeff Sagarin Nate Silver Jeff Sonas Peter Wolfe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AP_Poll&oldid=807540112 '' Categories : Associated Press awards Bowl Championship Series College men 's basketball rankings in the United States College football rankings Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 16 : 44 . 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3742162879065524588 | Cowboy hat | Cowboy hat - wikipedia Cowboy hat Jump to : navigation , search A felt cowboy hat A straw cowboy hat The cowboy hat is a high - crowned , wide - brimmed hat best known as the defining piece of attire for the North American cowboy . Influenced by 19th century Mexican culture , today it is worn by many people , and is particularly associated with ranch workers in the western and southern United States , western Canada and northern Mexico , with country - western singers and ranchero singers in Mexico , and for participants in the North American rodeo circuit . It is recognized around the world as part of Old West lore . The shape of a cowboy hat 's crown and brim are often modified by the wearer for fashion and to protect against weather . It is an item of apparel that can be worn in any corner of the world , and receive immediate recognition as part of North American cowboy culture . The first western model was the open - crowned `` Boss of the Plains '' , and after that came the front - creased Carlsbad , destined to become `` the '' cowboy style . The high - crowned , wide - brimmed , soft - felt western hats that followed are intimately associated with the cowboy image . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 History 3 Modern designs 4 `` Ten - gallon '' hat 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links Design ( edit ) Stetson hat manufactured in the 1920s Modern cowboy hats are made of fur - based felt , straw or , less often , leather . They are sold with a tall , rounded crown and a wide flat brim . They have a simple sweat band on the inside to stabilize the fit of the head , and usually a small decorative hat band on the outside of the crown . Hats are customized by creasing the crown and rolling the brim . Often a more decorative hat band is added . In some places , `` stampede strings '' or `` wind strings '' are also attached . Hats can be manufactured in virtually any color , but are most often seen in shades of beige , brown and black . Beginning in the 1940s , pastel colors were introduced , seen often on hats worn by movie cowboys and rodeo riders . `` Today 's cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and design since the first one was created in 1865 by J.B. Stetson . '' History ( edit ) Painting ( circa 1830 ) showing Mexican hats The concept of a broad - brimmed hat with a high crown worn by a rider on horseback can be seen as far back as the Mongolian horsemen of the 13th century . A tall crown provided insulation , the wide brim , shade . Hot , sunny climates inspire designs with very wide brims such as the sombrero of Mexico . It is not clear when the cowboy hat began to be named as such . European - Americans in the Western United States originally had no standard headwear . People moving West wore many styles of hat , including top hats , derbies , remains of Civil War headgear , sailor hats and everything else . Contrary to popular belief , it was the bowler and not the cowboy hat that was the most popular in the American West , prompting Lucius Beebe to call it `` the hat that won the West '' . The working cowboy wore wide - brimmed , high - crowned hats that were most likely adopted from the Mexican Vaqueros before the invention of the modern design . However , original cowboy hats originated in Northern Mexico and the Stetson hats came later . Credit for the American cowboy hat as it is known today is generally given to John Batterson Stetson . The original `` Boss of the Plains '' , manufactured by Stetson in 1865 , was flat - brimmed , had a straight sided crown , with rounded corners . These light - weight , waterproof hats , were natural in color , with four - inch crowns and brims . A plain hatband was fitted to adjust head size . The sweatband bore Stetson 's name . While only making one style of hat , they came in different qualities ranging from one - grade material at five dollars apiece to pure beaver felt hats for thirty dollars each . J.B. Stetson was the first to market the `` Boss of the Plains '' to cowboys , and it has remained the universal image of the American West . The charisma of the West was carried back East when adventurers returned in the expensive `` Boss of the plains '' style hat . In the 19th century and first half of the 20th century , a hat was an indispensable item in every man 's wardrobe . Stetson focused on expensive , high - quality hats that represented a real investment for the working cowboy and a statement of success for the city dweller . President Ronald Reagan demonstrated the popularity of the cowboy hat as a movie star , as a resident of the American west , and as a horseback rider . The durability and water - resistance of the original Stetson obtained additional publicity in 1912 , when the battleship USS Maine was raised from Havana harbor , where it had sunk in 1898 . A Stetson hat was found in the wreck , which had been submerged in seawater for 14 years . The hat had been exposed to ooze , mud , and plant growth . However , the hat was cleaned off , and appeared to be undamaged . Modern designs ( edit ) Modern working cowboys wearing cowboy hats . While providing less protection from the sun , their turned - up brims prevent them from being as easily knocked off during lasso use . Ornamentation , such as bows or buckles , are attached on the left side . Historically this had a practical purpose . Because the majority of people are right - handed , in the absence of a wide brim , bows or feathers on the right side of headwear could interfere with the use of weapons . Inside the cowboy hat is a memorial bow to past hatters , who developed brain damage from treating felt with toxic mercury ( which gave rise to the expression `` Mad as a hatter '' ) . The bow on the inside hatband at the rear of the hat resembles a skull and crossbones . `` Early hatters used mercury in the making of their felt . Their bodies absorbed mercury , and after several years of making hats , the hatters developed violent and uncontrollable muscle twitching . The ignorance of the times caused people to attribute these strange gyrations to madness , not mercury . '' The modern cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and underlying design since the Stetson creation . The cowboy hat quickly developed the capability , even in the early years , to identify its wearer as someone associated with the West . `` Within a decade the name `` John B. Stetson '' became synonymous with the word `` hat '' in every corner and culture west of the Mississippi . '' The shape of the hat 's crown and brim were often modified by the wearer for fashion and to protect against weather by being softened in hot steam , shaped , and allowed to dry and cool . Felt tends to stay in the shape that it dries . Because of the ease of personalization , it was often possible to tell where a cowboy hat was from , right down to which ranch , simply by looking at the crease in the crown . Silent film actor William S. Hart Later as the mystique of the `` Wild West '' was popularized by entertainers such as Buffalo Bill Cody and western movies starring actors such as Tom Mix , the Cowboy hat came to symbolize the American West . John Wayne christened them `` the hat that won the West '' . The Boss of the Plains design influenced various wide - brimmed hats worn by farmers and ranchers all over the United States . Later designs were customized for law enforcement , military and motion pictures . The first American law - enforcement agency to adopt Stetson 's western hat as part of their uniform was the Texas Rangers . A Stetson - based design is also part of the ceremonial uniform of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Presidents Harry Truman , Dwight Eisenhower , and Lyndon B Johnson wore cowboy hats manufactured by Stetson . Creases in cowboy hats are used to give hats individual character and to help users identify with a particular subculture . Creases and dents make it easier to don or remove the hat by grasping it by the crown rather than the brim . A very popular crease used on modern cowboy hats is the Cattlemen . It is creased straight down the center of the crown with a dent on each side . Returning in popularity is the Carlsbad crease , now often called a `` Gus crease '' after the character Gus McCrae in Lonesome Dove . It maintains a high crown at the back , with the crease sloping steeply toward the front . The rodeo crease , the bullrider 's crease ( Formerly called the RCA crease , for the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association ) , the quarter horse crease , and the `` tycoon '' , with a pinched front , are also seen today . `` Ten - gallon '' hat ( edit ) Tom Mix , an early - 20th century movie star , wearing a ten - gallon hat Some cowboy hats have been called `` ten - gallon '' hats . The term came into use about 1925 . There are multiple theories for how the concept arose . One theory is that the term `` ten - gallon '' is a corruption of the Spanish modifier tan galán , which loosely translates as `` really handsome '' or `` so fine '' . For example , `` un sombrero tan galán '' translates as `` such a fine hat '' . Another theory is that the term `` ten - gallon '' is a corruption of the Spanish term galón , which means `` galloon '' , a type of narrow braided trim around the crown , possibly a style adapted by Spanish cowboys . When Texas cowboys misunderstood the word galón for `` gallon '' , the popular , though incorrect , legend may have been born . According to Reynolds and Rand , `` The term ten - gallon did not originally refer to the holding capacity of the hat , but to the width of a Mexican sombrero hatband , and is more closely related to this unit of measurement by the Spanish than to the water - holding capacity of a Stetson . '' The Stetson hat company boasted that the tight weave of most Stetsons hats made them sufficiently waterproof to be used as a bucket . Early print advertising by Stetson showed a cowboy giving his horse a drink of water from a hat . However , even the Stetson company notes that a `` ten - gallon '' hat holds only 3 quarts ( about 3 L instead of 38 liters ) . Regardless , using a hat as a water container is apt to seriously damage a modern hat . On one hand , fur felt hats were designed in part so they could be used in the rain . However , wool felt hats were designed for dry climates , and most straw hats can only handle a light rain for a brief time . While a very high quality felt hat made from animal fur may hold water , over time , any cloth container will leak . Furthermore , modern hats may react to getting wet differently , though this depends on the quality of the materials used in construction . They are generally likely to lose shape , and the felt may also soften up if they are completely drenched . See also ( edit ) Akubra Chupalla Equestrian helmet Fedora John B. Stetson Company Resistol Western wear Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reynolds and Rand , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Foster - Harris , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christian , needs page # Jump up ^ Snyder , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Bender , p. # ^ Jump up to : Carlson , p. # Jump up ^ Cowboyhathistory.org . Web page . Jump up ^ The Hat That Won the West , retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 Jump up ^ Bender , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Sobey , Edwin J.C. Young Inventors at Work ! Learning Science by Doing Science ( 1999 ) p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 673 - 57735 - X . Jump up ^ Snyder , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Snyder , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Bender , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Snyder , p. # ^ Jump up to : Reynolds & Rand , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Snyder , p. 49 . Jump up ^ John B. Stetson Company ( 1927 ) Stetson Hats the World Over . The Story of 50 Years of Stetson Foreign Business . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : John B. Stetson Company . Jump up ^ Snyder , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Reynolds & Rand , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Bender , p. 12 . Jump up ^ The Fedora Lounge . Web site ... Jump up ^ Reynolds & Rand , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` History '' at Hitching post.net . Web site . Jump up ^ Blevins , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Bender , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Story of Spanish ' offers a rich history of the language '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds & Rand , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Snyder , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Frequently asked questions , Stetson Hat Company . Web site . Jump up ^ `` The CanadianCowboy.com Hat Guide '' CanadianCowboy.com . Accessed December 30 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` How to Take Care of Your Hat '' Stampede Tack and Western Wear . Accessed August 9 , 2014 References ( edit ) Bender , Texan Bix. ( 1994 ) Hats & the Cowboys Who Wear Them . ISBN 1 - 58685 - 191 - 8 Blevins , Winfred . Dictionary of the American West : over 5,000 terms and expressions from Aarigaa ! to Zopilote ( 2001 ) ISBN 1 - 57061 - 304 - 4 Carlson , Laurie. ( 1998 ) Boss of the plains , the hat that won the West . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 2479 - 7 Christian , Mary Blount. ( 1992 ) Hats off to John Stetson 1992 ISBN 0 - 02 - 718465 - X Foster - Harris , William ( 2007 ) The Look of the Old West : A Fully Illustrated Guide ISBN 1 - 60239 - 024 - X Reynolds , William and Rich Rand ( 1995 ) The Cowboy Hat book . ISBN 0 - 87905 - 656 - 8 Snyder , Jeffrey B. ( 1997 ) Stetson Hats and the John B. Stetson Company 1865 - 1970 . ISBN 0 - 7643 - 0211 - 6 External links ( edit ) Media related to Cowboy hats at Wikimedia Commons Hats Hats Albanian Animal Anthony Eden Apex Arakhchin Ascot Asian Aso Oke Assamese Attifet Aviator Ayam Baggy green Barretina Baseball Beanie Bearskin Beaver Bell - boy Beonggeoji Beret Bergère Bhaad - gaaule topi Bicorne Bicycle Black Blangkon Boater Bobble Bokgeon Boonie Boss of the Plains Bowler Boyar Breton Bucket Budenovka Busby Bycocket Cabbage - tree Camauro Campaign Canadian military fur wedge Canterbury Cap Cap of Maintenance Capirote Capotain Cappello Alpino Cappello romano Capuchon Cartwheel Casquette Casquette d'Afrique Caubeen Cavalier Cavalry Stetson Chapeau Chengziguan Chilote Chullo Chupalla Cloche Coal scuttle bonnet Cockade Cocktail Coif Coloured Coonskin Coppola Cork Cowboy Cricket Czapka Deerstalker Dhaka topi Doctoral Doll Dolly Varden Doppa Draped turban Dunce Easter bonnet Energy dome Epanokalimavkion Eugénie Faluche Fascinator Fedora Fez Flat Fontange Forage Four Winds French hood Fruit Fulani Gandhi Gat Glengarry Greek fisherman 's Green eyeshade Half Halo Hard Hardee Hennin Homburg Jaapi Jewish Jobawi Juliet Kalimavkion Kalpak Karakul Karvalakki Kasa Kashket Kasket Kausia Kepi Klobuk Knit cap Kofia Kokoshnik Kolpik Koukoulion Kufi Lampshade Lika Mantilla Miner 's Ming Mob Modius Monmouth Montenegrin Montera picona Mooskappe Mounteere Mushroom Nambawi Newsboy Nón quai thao Nurse 's Paag Pahlavi Pakol Pamela Panama Papakha Party Patrol Peach basket Peaked Petasos Phrygian Picture Pileus Pilgrim 's Pillbox Pith helmet Poke bonnet Pork pie Printer 's Pudding Pungcha Qeleshe Qing Rally Rastacap Red beret Rice Rogatywka Sailor Šajkača Salako Salakot Salvation Army bonnet Scrum Senufo Bird Shako Shower Shtreimel Šibenik Side Sindhi Ski Skufia Slouch Smoking Snapback Sombrero Sombrero calañés Sombrero cordobés Sombrero de catite Sombrero vueltiao Song Songkok Spodik Sport Sports visor Square academic Stormy Kromer Straw Šubara Sun Tam Tang Tanggeon Tantour Taqiyah Tembel Tin foil Titovka Tokin Top Topor Toque Tricorne Triglavka Trilby Trucker Tsunokakushi Tubeteika Tuque Tyrolean Umbrella Ushanka Utility cover Welsh Whoopee Witch Yanggwan Wrapped headwear Apostolnik Balmoral bonnet Bashlyk Birrus Bonnet Boshiya Burqa Caul Chador Chaperon Christian Cornette Dastar Do - rag Dumalla Dutch Emamah Feather bonnet Għonnella Gook Gugel Gulle Haredi burqa sect Hijab Hogeon Hood Jangot Litham Mysore Peta Niqāb Pagri Paranja Pheta Poke bonnet Puneri Pagadi Roach Snood Tam o ' shanter Tudong Turban Veil War bonnet Yashmak Hat parts Agal Aigrette Brim Bumper brim Campaign Cords Cointoise Gamsbart Hackle Lappet Plume Sarpech Visor Hat accessories Hat box Hatpin Headwear Hats caps General Baseball Beanie Bonnet Beret Bucket Casquette Conical Asian Cowboy Cricket Easter Fedora Fez Flat Gandhi Knit Kofia Newsboy Pillbox Pork pie Sombrero Stormy Kromer Straw Sun Top Tricorne Trucker Ushanka Military Bearskin Boonie Campaign Forage Mitznefet Peaked Sailor Side Utility cover Wrapped Do - rag Hood Turban Veil Crowns and bands Astral Circlet Consort Corolla Coronation Coronet Diadem Eastern Ferronnière Fillet Hoop Imperial `` Queens '' State Tiara Wreath ( laurel ) Helmets Combat Corinthian Imperial Barbute Close Great Morion Sallet Advanced Combat Enhanced Combat ( US ) Flight Mk 7 Paratrooper Stahlhelm Vocational Firefighter Hard hat Welding Sport Batting Bicycle Football Motorcycle Racing Other protective Balaclava Earmuffs Earplug Face shield Facekini Padded headgear Scarf Sports visor Eyewear Eyeglasses Pince - nez Browline GI Rimless Monocle Goggles Sunglasses Head - mounted display Hairwear and other items Barrette Deely bobber Dush - toh Hair drop Hair tie Hairnet Headband Headphones Headpiece Kerchief Peineta Scrunchie Shpitzel List of headwear Clothing Historical clothing Traditional and national clothing Tops Blouse Cache - cœur Cardigan Crop top Dress shirt Guayabera Guernsey Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater Sweater vest T - shirt Tube top Turtleneck Twinset Trousers Bell - bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Capri pants Cargo pants Chaps Cycling shorts Dress pants High water pants Hotpants Lowrise pants Jeans Jodhpurs Leggings Overall Palazzo pants Parachute pants Pedal pushers Phat pants Shorts Slim - fit pants Sweatpants Windpants Yoga pants Skirts A-line skirt Ballerina skirt Denim skirt Men 's skirts Miniskirt Pencil skirt Prairie skirt Rah - rah skirt Sarong Skort Tutu Wrap Dresses Ball gown Bouffant gown Coatdress Cocktail dress Débutante dress Formal wear Frock Evening gown Gown House dress Jumper Little black dress Princess line Sheath dress Shirtdress Slip dress Strapless dress Sundress Wedding dress Wrap dress Suits and uniforms Academic dress Ball dress Black tie Boilersuit Cleanroom suit Clerical clothing Court dress Gymslip Jumpsuit Kasaya Lab coat Military uniform Morning dress Onesie Pantsuit Red Sea rig Romper suit School uniform Scrubs Stroller Tuxedo Vestment White tie Outerwear Apron Blazer British Warm Cagoule Cape Chesterfield Coat Covert coat Cut - off Duffel coat Flight jacket Gilet Goggle jacket Guards coat Harrington jacket Hoodie Jacket Jerkin Leather jacket Mess jacket Opera coat Overcoat Parka Paletot Pea coat Poncho Raincoat Robe Safari jacket Shawl Shrug Ski suit Sleeved blanket Smoking jacket Sport coat Trench coat Ulster coat Waistcoat Windbreaker Underwear ( lingerie ) Top Bra Camisole Undershirt Bottom Diaper Panties Plastic pants Slip Thong Underpants Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Midway briefs Briefs Full Adult bodysuit Infant bodysuit Long underwear Playsuit Teddy Footwear Boot Court shoe Dress shoe Flip - flops Hosiery Sandal Shoe Spats Slipper Sneakers Sock Stocking Tights Headwear Baseball cap Beret Cap Fedora Hat Helmet Hood Kerchief Knit cap Toque Turban Veil Neckwear Ascot tie Bow tie Cravat Neckerchief Necktie Scarf Nightwear Babydoll Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightgown Nightshirt Pajamas Swimwear Bikini Burkini Boardshorts Dry suit Monokini One - piece Rash guard Square leg suit Swim briefs Swim diaper Trunks Wetsuit Accessories Belt Coin purse Cufflink Cummerbund Gaiters Glasses Gloves Headband Handbag Jewellery Muff Pocket protector Pocket watch Sash Sunglasses Suspenders Umbrella Wallet Wristwatch See also Clothing technology Clothing terminology Costume Cross-dressing Dress code Fashion Haute couture History of clothing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowboy_hat&oldid=805476893 '' Categories : 1860s fashion Cowboy culture 19th - century fashion 20th - century fashion 21st - century fashion Hats History of clothing ( Western fashion ) History of fashion Rider apparel Western wear Rodeo clothing Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the purpose of a cowboy hat | [
"The concept of a broad-brimmed hat with a high crown worn by a rider on horseback can be seen as far back as the Mongolian horsemen of the 13th century.[6] A tall crown provided insulation, the wide brim, shade. Hot, sunny climates inspire designs with very wide brims such as the sombrero of Mexico.",
"The concept of a broad-brimmed hat with a high crown worn by a rider on horseback can be seen as far back as the Mongolian horsemen of the 13th century.[6] A tall crown provided insulation, the wide brim, shade. Hot, sunny climates inspire designs with very wide brims such as the sombrero of Mexico."
] | [
"insulation",
"shade"
] |
-2329171578444616070 | The Handmaid's Tale (TV series) | The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario Hamilton , Ontario Cambridge , Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) MGM Television White Oak Pictures The Littlefield Company Daniel Wilson Productions , Inc . Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale The Handmaid 's Tale is an American television series created by Bruce Miller based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood . It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes , with the production beginning in late 2016 . The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 , with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday . In May 2017 , it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . The series garnered extremely positive reviews and won the 2017 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series , along with seven other Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future , fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution . With this chaos in place , the totalitarian , Christian theonomic government of `` Gilead '' establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war . Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along a new , militarized , hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes , in which women are brutally subjugated , and by law are not allowed to work , own property , handle money , or read . Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead , called handmaids , according to an `` extremist interpretation '' of a Biblical account . They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite , where they must submit to ritualized rape with their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives . June Osborne , renamed Offred ( Elisabeth Moss ) , is the Handmaid assigned to the home of Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford ( Joseph Fiennes ) and his wife Serena Joy ( Yvonne Strahovski ) . She is subject to the strictest rules and constant scrutiny ; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to her execution . Offred , who is named after her male master like all Handmaids , can remember the `` time before '' , when she was married with a daughter and had her own name and identity , but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in the hope that she can someday live free and be reunited with her daughter . The Waterfords , key players in the rise of Gilead , have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne / Offred , a Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife , Serena Joy , mother of Hannah and wife of Luke . Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford , a high - ranking government official and Offred 's master , who secretly meets with her to form a connection in the hopes she does n't kill herself like her predecessor . Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead 's founding . Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford , Fred 's wife and a former conservative cultural activist who appears to have accepted her new limited role in a society she helped create . Capable of great cruelty , she desperately wants to become a mother . Alexis Bledel as Emily / Ofglen ( later Ofsteven ) , Offred 's Handmaid shopping partner . She is considered a `` gender traitor '' ( a term used in Gilead in reference to homosexuality ) and knows of a resistance movement called Mayday . Madeline Brewer as Janine / Ofwarren ( later Ofdaniel ) , a Handmaid with a fragile psyche who has had her right eye removed as punishment for misbehavior . She is convinced her Commander truly loves her and that he wants to run away with her and start a family . Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia , a brutal instructor and guardian of the Handmaids . However , she seems to develop a fondness for Janine / Ofwarren . O.T. Fagbenle as Luke Bankole , June 's husband from before Gilead and father to their daughter Hannah . As June is his second wife , their union is considered invalid in the new society and Hannah to be illegitimate . Max Minghella as Nick Blaine , Commander Waterford 's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who develops feelings for Offred . Samira Wiley as Moira , June 's best friend since college . With June 's help , she is able to escape her life as a handmaid but ultimately goes to work at one of Gilead 's many unofficial brothels / sex clubs as a `` Jezebel '' named Ruby . She appears to have given up the will to escape Gilead altogether until June gives her the strength to escape again . Recurring ( edit ) Amanda Brugel as Rita , a Martha , or housekeeper . Her son was killed in the Gilead takeover . Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam , Commander Warren Putnam 's wife . She views her baby merely as a status symbol and has no sympathy for the handmaids . Kristen Gutoskie as Beth , a Martha at Jezebel 's . She does business with Nick and appears to have quite an interest in him . Tattiawna Jones as Ofglen # 2 , who replaces Emily in the position after she 's captured by The Eyes . Her new life in Gilead is much better than her old one and she does not want to jeopardize it . However , she is the very first handmaid to refuse to punish Janine / Ofdaniel in the season finale . Nina Kiri as Alma , a handmaid already `` in service '' upon Offred 's arrival . She later becomes a contact to a possible resistance group . Jordana Blake as Hannah Osborne , Offred 's daughter . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date `` Offred '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) A woman flees from a group of men with guns , but she is captured and separated from her young daughter ; her husband has vanished . She is known as Offred , a handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford . Offred goes grocery shopping with her companion , Ofglen . On the way home , they pass by a wall of men who have been hanged for crimes such as being gay , working in an abortion clinic , and being Catholic . In a flashback , various women are indoctrinated into the handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia , who tells them about declining birth rates and that they are `` special '' , serving a Biblical purpose . Offred enters the room and notices Moira , a woman she knew at college . One woman in the class , Janine , answers Lydia back and is shocked with a cattle prod before having her right eye removed as punishment . In the present , Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred as she lies in the lap of his wife , Serena Joy . The next day , the handmaids gather in an open field where Lydia announces a man has raped a pregnant handmaid . As punishment , the handmaids are allowed to beat him to death . Janine tells Offred that Moira is dead . On the way home , Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son and warns her there is an Eye ( a secret spy ) in her house . Through voiceover , Offred reveals her true name , June , and that she intends to survive to find her daughter . `` Birth Day '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Offred and Ofglen go shopping and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other . While they are walking , Offred and Ofglen see St. Paul Catholic Church , the local church they belonged to , being destroyed by the new régime . Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to `` erase '' the fact that it ever existed ; Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information and she reveals that she is part of a resistance against the government . Ofglen asks her to join , but Offred declines . Nick , Commander Waterford 's driver , tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night , which is forbidden . Nick also warns her `` Do n't get too close to ( Ofglen ) . It 's dangerous . '' Offred and other handmaids go to a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren 's ( formerly Janine 's ) child , named `` Angela '' by the Puttnams , but `` Charlotte '' by Ofwarren . In flashbacks , June remembers her own daughter 's birth . During this time , healthy births were rare and a woman tried to kidnap Hannah but was arrested . Offred goes to the Commander 's office , unsure of what will happen , but he just wants to play Scrabble . She laughs with relief when she returns to her room . The next day , Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night but when she goes outside , it 's a different woman who introduces herself as Ofglen . `` Late '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) In flashbacks , the rise of Gilead is detailed . June and all the other women at her office are fired because `` it 's the law now '' . June and Moira also learn that the government has frozen all women 's bank accounts and that they can no longer own property . In the present , Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby . Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional and comments on her behaviour to Serena . Nick drives Offred home and there is a black van waiting . Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen . Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible ; for this , Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod . Before she can leave the room , Offred responds by quoting the Bible back : `` Blessed are those who suffer for the cause of righteousness , for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven . '' That would have earned her a much more serious beating but Serena intervenes , yelling at them to stop as she believes that Offred is pregnant . Nick visits Offred in her room to check on her and they share an intimate moment . Offred later tells Serena that she 's not pregnant so Serena angrily drags her to her room and loudly orders her not to come out . In a flashback , June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws that is suppressed by automatic gunfire and explosives . In the present , Ofglen and the Martha she 's in a relationship with are charged with `` gender treachery '' , with Ofglen receiving a lesser sentence because she can still bear children . The Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches , sobbing and horrified . Later , Ofglen ( now referred to by her `` old '' name , Emily ) wakes up in a clinic , having undergone female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia . `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' Mike Barker Leila Gerstein May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) Offred , who is banished to her room , goes into the closet where she finds the Latin phrase Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum scratched into the wall . Rita , the Commander 's housekeeper , finds Offred lying in the closet but Offred tells her that she fainted . Believing she is ill , Serena has Offred sent to the hospital for a check - up . While examining Offred , the physician remarks that the Commander is sterile , because `` most of those guys are '' . He offers to impregnate her but she declines . In flashbacks , Aunt Lydia teaches the handmaids ( including June and Moira ) about the `` Ceremony '' : when the Commander rapes a handmaid . Later , June lures Aunt Elizabeth into the bathroom saying a toilet has overflowed , and Moira threatens the Aunt with a shiv . June and Moira take her to the basement where Moira takes the Aunt 's outfit and they tie her up . June and Moira begin their escape , hoping to leave via train to Boston , which has safehouses . When Moira is asking one of the guards for directions , June is approached by another guard who is suspicious of her being alone . Moira gets on the train , leaving June behind , but June smiles at her to letting her know it 's okay . June is later punished by having her feet whipped . In the present , Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred . Later that night , the Commander and Offred have another game of Scrabble where she asks him about the Latin phrase ; he tells her it means `` Do n't let the bastards grind you down '' . She also inquires about the previous Offred , in which he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable . He makes it known that he does n't want that to happen again and releases Offred from her solitary confinement . 5 `` Faithful '' Mike Barker Dorothy Fortenberry May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile . At the grocery store , Offred talks to the original Ofglen , now called Ofsteven , but she is not as responsive as she used to be . During a Ceremony night , The Commander touches Offred 's thigh , which she later tells him never to do again . Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye . At an open - air market , Offred questions Ofsteven about `` Mayday '' , the resistance group . Ofsteven steals one of the guards ' cars and proceeds to drive away ; in the process , she kills a guard by running him over but she is caught and put into a van . Later that day , Serena leads Offred up to Nick 's room where she waits by the door while they have Ceremony - like sex . Flashbacks detail Luke and June 's first meeting and courtship . Offred returns to Nick 's place alone later that night and they share an intimate night . 6 `` A Woman 's Place '' Floria Sigismondi Wendy Straker Hauser May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) Mexican delegates visit the Commander 's home in an effort to create partnerships in trade and see the effects of the Gilead cultural movement . The head of the Mexican delegation is a woman who questions Offred about her experience in Gilead . With great self - control , Offred tells them , `` I have found happiness '' . After the meeting , Offred visits the Commander 's office for their usual discussions where some tensions flare up between them . He asks her to kiss him `` like you mean it '' . She kisses the Commander and leaves , ferociously brushing her teeth afterwards . The handmaids are then taken to a party to honour Gilead and show the foreign delegates their success , including presenting the children of Gilead . Offred 's friend remarks that the delegates are interested in fertile women as a commodity to be traded between the two nations . The next day , as the delegates are leaving , Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead . She pleads for their help , but the Mexican ambassador claims that she can not help Offred and explains her own country 's dire situation . When Offred is left alone with the ambassador 's assistant , he claims her husband is alive and that he can send a message to him . Flashbacks detail Serena and Fred 's life before and during the beginnings of the Gilead movement . Serena is revealed to have been a conservative cultural activist during the `` life before '' , with a passion and intelligence equal to that of her husband 's ( as well as a special fondness for movie popcorn ) . She even wrote a book about her beliefs , titled A Woman 's Place , which contained the famous line `` do not mistake a woman 's meekness for weakness '' . However , after the takeover , she is shown to be completely shut out of the new government planning ( to Fred 's dismay ) . Rather symbolically , as she prepares to accept her new limited role in the society she helped create , a copy of her book is seen being thrown out in the trash . 7 `` The Other Side '' Floria Sigismondi Lynn Renee Maxcy May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) The episode chronicles the story of Luke after he is separated from his wife and daughter . Luke is shot by Gileadan guards and taken in an ambulance to be interrogated . He escapes when the ambulance gets into an accident and he takes some supplies with him . Evidence of the country 's violent takeover is everywhere . After passing out from his wounds , he is awoken by a resistance group ( viewed as `` undesirables '' by Gilead ) who are traveling to Canada ; these survivors included a Roman Catholic nun , an escaped handmaid , a homosexual man and a daughter of a US army soldier . Initially reluctant , Luke joins them after one of the survivors , Zoe , shows him that Gileadan authorities hanged local townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting . As they are boarding a boat , they are shot at by Gileadan guards , who kill several members of the group . Luke and one of the members , a mute blonde woman who was being trained as a handmaid , survive and flee . Flashbacks prior to Luke , June and their daughter Hannah being separated are detailed . June and Luke get help from Mr. Whitford , a man who knew June 's mother . He drives them safely out of town and drops them off at a secluded cabin in the woods . Luke and June wait as Mr. Whitford gets documentation for them to escape to Canada . They are confronted by a hunter , who tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged . But the man says he can help them get over the border . Three years later , Luke and the mute blonde woman are living safely in `` Little America '' , based in Toronto , Ontario . Missing person flyers are posted everywhere in the main administrative office . Luke receives the letter from June , which reads `` I love you so much . Save Hannah . '' 8 `` Jezebels '' Kate Dennis Kira Snyder May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night . Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel where prostitutes known as `` Jezebels '' work . Offred spots Moira working in the club and they briefly reunite . Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel 's Marthas . Offred goes to see Moira again , where she explains to Offred about how Quakers tried to help her escape , but were caught . Moira had the choice of either being sent to the colonies or one of the brothels . Moira tells Offred , `` Forget about escaping . This is Gilead . No one gets out . '' Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive . Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his handmaids . There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred , with Serena pointedly saying to her husband , `` What did you think was going to happen ? '' In the present , after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home , he ends his relationship with Offred , which upsets and angers her . Offred receives a gift from Serena , a music box . The episode closes with Offred etching `` You are not alone '' into the closet wall . 9 `` The Bridge '' Kate Dennis Eric Tuchman June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) Ofwarren 's daughter is presented to Commander Putnam and his wife . Offred is worried about Ofwarren 's mental state but Aunt Lydia informs her that `` she 's tougher than you think '' . Ofwarren , now known as Ofdaniel , is taken to her new home . During her first Ceremony night with her new Commander , Ofdaniel forcefully stops it and sobs . At the market , Alma pulls Offred aside and lets her know that she knows about the resistance group `` Mayday '' . Alma tells her to retrieve a package from Jezebel 's . Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel 's again that very night . After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room , he presents Moira as he believes a sexual attraction between the two was the reason Offred wanted to come back . Offred talks to Moira about having her retrieve the package from the bar , but she refuses , which angers Offred . Moira seems to have completely given up . Back at the house , Offred is awoken by Serena , who takes her to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with Charlotte . Various Gileadan guards , the Putnams , Waterfords , and Aunt Lydia are also present . Ofdaniel loudly accuses Commander Putnam of lying to her and accuses him of having promised to leave his wife for her . Offred is able to convince Ofdaniel to give her the child but Ofdaniel jumps , attempting suicide . She is pulled out by the guards and lies comatose in hospital with Aunt Lydia by her side , who calls her `` stupid '' . Commander Putnam is later seen being led into a black van by guards due to the accusations made by Ofdaniel . Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam and offers help with the baby , which she curtly refuses . Mrs. Putnam then reminds Serena of the first Offred , saying that `` men do n't change '' . Serena is seen going into Fred 's office . At the market , Offred is given a package by the butcher , sent by Moira from Jezebels . At the brothel , Moira kills a client and takes his clothes , jubilantly driving off in his car . 10 `` Night '' Kari Skogland Bruce Miller June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) This episode begins with a flashback to when June was first captured and sent to the red center , receiving her first indoctrination lesson from Aunt Lydia . Serena discovers the trips to Jezebel 's and strikes Offred in anger before forcing her to take a pregnancy test , which is positive . Serena then directs her anger at her husband , telling him about the pregnancy and that the child is not his . She also says he is weak and that God would never allow him to pass on that weakness . On learning the news , Nick shares a brief , tender moment with Offred . Serena and Offred visit the house that Offred 's daughter , Hannah , now lives ; Offred can see her daughter through a gate . While Serena does not allow Offred to reveal herself to Hannah , she assures her that she is doing fine . Serena also warns Offred that as long as nothing bad happens to her child , nothing bad will happen to Hannah . Offred furiously curses Serena in a breathless rant , only to be told to be quiet ; yelling is not good for the baby . Fred participates in Commander Putnam 's trial : he himself is all for leniency but is told there have been too many occurrences of this kind of sin recently and an example has to be made . Mrs. Putnam herself has asked that her husband receive the harshest punishment possible , as she fears for his immortal soul . Ultimately , Putnam 's left hand is amputated . In the evening , Offred pleads with Fred to protect her daughter . He asks if he is the father of her child and she says `` of course '' , to which he replies `` you do that so well . '' Later , Fred is seen being quite gentle and conciliatory towards Serena . The package from Jezebel 's is revealed to contain letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover . Later , a somewhat emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the handmaids for an execution : they are to stone someone who has endangered a child . The convict turns out to be Janine / Ofdaniel . The handmaids hesitate and Ofglen # 2 is brutally beaten when she breaks rank and voices her angry refusal . The other women , beginning with Offred , drop their stones , each saying `` I 'm sorry , Aunt Lydia '' ( a phrase they were taught early in their indoctrination ) . The guards are ready to kill them all , but Aunt Lydia frantically tells them that the handmaids are her responsibility . She tells the women to go home , assuring them that there will be consequences . Not long after , a black van comes for Offred , much to Fred and Serena 's surprise and indignation . Nick quietly urges her to trust him and go with them . As she is being led out , Offred whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters . In a side story , Moira makes it to Canada and is reunited with Luke . Production ( edit ) A straight - to - series order by Hulu of The Handmaid 's Tale was announced in April 2016 , with Elisabeth Moss set to star . Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , the series was created by Bruce Miller , who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , and Warren Littlefield . Atwood serves as consulting producer giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands or modernizes the book , , and also had a small cameo role in the first episode . Moss is also a producer . In June 2016 , Reed Morano was announced as director of the series . Samira Wiley , Max Minghella , and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016 . Joseph Fiennes , Madeline Brewer and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016 , followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016 . In October 2016 , Ever Carradine joined the cast , and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017 . Filming on the series took place in Toronto , Mississauga , Hamilton , and Cambridge , Ontario from September 2016 to February 2017 . The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23 , 2017 . The series premiered on April 26 , 2017 . On May 3 , 2017 , The Handmaid 's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes will cover further developments in the story , filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already `` finished '' in the book . The second season will consist of 13 episodes and will begin filming in fall 2017 . Alexis Bledel will return as a series regular . Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned ten seasons of the show , stating `` Well , you know , honestly , when I started , I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like ? If you hit a home run , you want energy to go around the bases , you want enough story to keep going , if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they 're actually crying at the finale . '' Broadcast ( edit ) The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 , with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis . In Canada , the series is broadcast by Bravo , beginning with the first two episodes premiering on April 30 . In Scandinavia , the series is available on HBO Nordic . In the UK and Ireland , the series premiered on May 28 , 2017 and airs every Sunday on Channel 4 . In New Zealand , the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8 , 2017 . In Australia , the series premiered on the TV channel SBS 's video streaming service SBS on Demand on July 6 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale has received high acclaim from television critics . On Metacritic , it has a score of 92 out of 100 based on 40 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The season has a 99 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 8.94 out of 10 based on 88 reviews . The site 's critical consensus is , `` Haunting and vivid , The Handmaid 's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood 's dystopian novel that 's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` probably the spring 's best new show and certainly its most important '' . Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review , and wrote that it is `` A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood 's totalitarian , sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood '' and that `` this series is meticulously paced , brutal , visually stunning , and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale '' . There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , the book it is based on ) and American society following Donald Trump 's and Mike Pence 's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States , respectively . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipients Result 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won Samira Wiley Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Reed Morano for `` Offred '' Won Kate Dennis for `` The Bridge '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Russell Scott , Sharon Bialy , Sherry Thomas Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Period / Fantasy Costumes for a Series , Limited Series , or Movie Ane Crabtree , Sheena Wichary for `` Offred '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Julie Berghoff , Evan Webber , Sophie Neudorfer for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Brendan Taylor , Stephen Lebed , Leo Bovell , Martin O'Brien , Winston Lee , Kelly Knauff , Zach Dembinski , Mike Suta , Cameron Kerr for `` Birth Day '' Nominated TCA Awards Program of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Achievement in Drama Won Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Elisabeth Moss Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Drama Actress Elisabeth Moss Won Drama Guest Actress Alexis Bledel Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . The first situates the Gilead regime 's quest to control the means of reproduction in the context of an enormous fertility collapse , caused by the combination of environmental catastrophe and rampant S.T.D.s. Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( June 22 , 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood _́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pacatte , Rose ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' presents striking oppression , silent sisterhood '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . They walk past a priest , doctor and gay man hanging dead from a wall in their Cambridge , Massachusetts neighbourhood along the river ; they see St. Paul 's Catholic Church where Offred was baptized , being torn down . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . In the screen version , Offred and her friend Ofglen ( Alexis Bledel ) surreptitiously lament the demolition of St. Paul 's , their local church . Jump up ^ Sabelhaus , Kate Jackson ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Ofglen and Jeanine 's Birth Stories '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . On their stroll , they walk past the remains of St. Paul 's , a historic cathedral in Boston . Burned and bombed , it resembles the churches of Europe during WWII . Offred pauses to remember her daughter 's baptism , which took place there years prior , and Ofglen notes that Gileadean thugs were also successful in taking down St. Patrick 's cathedral in New York City . `` They blew it up and dumped every stone in the Hudson River . They erased it . '' Upon hearing this bit of news , Offred asks , `` How do you know that ? And how do you know there 's an Eye in my house ? '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Recap , Episode 7 : The Other Side '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locke , Charley ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale : Make Sure You Escape The Dystopia Before It 's Too Late '' . Wired . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . The group has a plan to escape , but Luke wo n't go , refusing to leave his wife and daughter behind -- until Zoe ( Rosa Gilmore ) , one of the rebels , shows him a whole town that was hanged from the rafters of their church after trying to resist . Jump up ^ Blunt , Tom ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 7 Recap : The Other Side '' . Signature Reads . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Finally , one of these guardian angels discreetly escorts him to a local church building , driving home the point of what 's at stake for those who attempt to survive and resist from within . This mass - hanging in the belly of a church is more than just the episode 's visual centerpiece : it 's a wake - up call , underscoring once and for all that Gilead is n't a religious movement or a political revolution , it 's not something you can reason with or withstand on your own . Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale '' Glossary - A Guide to All the Handmaid 's Tale Terms Before You Watch the Show `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Following her great escape from Handmaid training , Moira is helped by a Quaker family . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Season 1 , Episode 8 -- ( Spoiler ) Returns in ' Jezebels ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Since we last saw the escapee , she made it to Boston , hooked up with some Quakers who had ties to the Femaleroad that helped smuggle handmaids out of the country . She did n't make it farther than an office park outside the city . `` They shot the guys who helped me , '' Moira sadly tells Offred , adding that because she was a `` corrupting influence , '' she was interrogated and then given a choice : the colonies or the jezebels . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Elisabeth Moss To Star in Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale On Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dingfelder , Sadie ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` What Margaret Atwood thinks of the new Hulu adaptation of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Margaret ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What The Handmaid 's Tale Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onstad , Katrina ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A Newly Resonant Dystopia Comes to TV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Reed Morano in Talks To Direct The Handmaid 's Tale Starring Elisabeth Moss For Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Max Minghella & Ann Dowd Join The Handmaid 's Tale Drama Series on Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Joseph Fiennes to Star in The Handmaid 's Tale for Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu 's Handmaid 's Tale Adds Madeline Brewer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Yvonne Strahovski To Star in Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts O-T Fagbenle ; Sofia Wylie Joins Andi Mack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts Amanda Brugel ; Jemar Michael Joins Dear White People '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ever Carradine Books Role On Handmaid 's Tale ; Sibo Mlambo To Recur On Teen Wolf '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Alexis Bledel Joins New Hulu Series The Handmaid 's Tale As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Secrets From Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Set Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Katie ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale to shoot in Toronto '' . Playback . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Trailer ( Official ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Spring Premiere Date on Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed For Season 2 By Hulu -- Upfront '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Stars , Director on Show 's Startling Relevance and Season 2 Plans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' : Alexis Bledel Returning as Season 2 Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Disturbing Full Trailer , Three - Episode Premiere '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale finally gets Canadian distributor '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Lise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Et overrumplende mesterværk har ramt HBO Nordic '' . SoundVenue ( in Danish ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Channel 4 Lands UK Rights To Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Casey , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Huge and true : The Handmaid 's Tale is coming exclusively to Lightbox '' . The Spinoff . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale is coming to Australia on SBS on Demand '' . SBS . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Is Your Must - Watch Show This Spring '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Take and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours `` . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Take and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Westworld ' and ' Saturday Night Live ' lead the 2017 Emmy nominations . Here 's the complete list '' . Los Angeles Times . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ; Montgomery , Daniel ; Dixon , Marcus James ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Handmaid 's Tale on IMDb Hulu original programming Current East Los High ( since 2013 ) Difficult People ( since 2015 ) The Mindy Project ( since 2015 ) Casual ( since 2015 ) The Path ( since 2016 ) Crow 's Blood ( since 2016 ) Triumph 's Election Special ( 2016 ) Freakish ( since 2016 ) Chance ( since 2016 ) Shut Eye ( since 2016 ) Harlots ( since 2017 ) Dimension 404 ( since 2017 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) Co-produced The Thick of It ( series 4 ; 2012 ) The Wrong Mans ( 2013 -- 14 ) Former If I Can Dream ( 2010 ) The Morning After ( 2011 -- 14 ) A Day in the Life ( 2011 -- 13 ) The Confession ( 2011 ) The Fashion Fund ( 2011 ) Battleground ( 2012 ) Spoilers ( 2012 -- 14 ) Up to Speed ( 2012 ) Raising the Bar ( 2013 ) All My Children ( 2013 ) One Life to Live ( 2013 ) The Awesomes ( 2013 -- 15 ) Quick Draw ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Behind the Mask ( 2013 -- 15 ) Mother Up ! 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Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(TV_series)&oldid=801202757 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows Dystopian television series English - language television programs Feminist fiction Hulu original programs Margaret Atwood Nonlinear narrative television series Post-apocalyptic television series Television programs based on Canadian novels Television series produced in Toronto Works about totalitarianism Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Use mdy dates from July 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 08 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the new season of handmaids tale come out | [
"On May 3, 2017, The Handmaid's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018.[32] Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes will cover further developments in the story, filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already \"finished\" in the book.[33] The second season will consist of 13 episodes and will begin filming in fall 2017.[34] Alexis Bledel will return as a series regular. Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned ten seasons of the show, stating \"Well, you know, honestly, when I started, I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like? If you hit a home run, you want energy to go around the bases, you want enough story to keep going, if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they’re actually crying at the finale.\"[35]"
] | [
"2018"
] |
5822217179078424877 | Return to Oz | Return to Oz - wikipedia Return to Oz Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Return to Oz ( disambiguation ) . Return to Oz Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Walter Murch Produced by Paul Maslansky Written by Gill Dennis Walter Murch Based on The Marvelous Land of Oz and Ozma of Oz by L. Frank Baum Starring Nicol Williamson Jean Marsh Piper Laurie Fairuza Balk Music by David Shire Cinematography David Watkin Freddie Francis Edited by Leslie Hodgson Production company Walt Disney Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date June 21 , 1985 ( 1985 - 06 - 21 ) ( United States ) July 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 07 - 10 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $28 million Box office $11.1 million ( USA ) Oz portal Return to Oz is a 1985 fantasy adventure film directed and written by Walter Murch , an editor and sound designer , co-written by Gill Dennis and produced by Paul Maslansky . It stars Nicol Williamson as the Nome King , Jean Marsh as Princess Mombi , Piper Laurie as Aunt Em , Matt Clark as Uncle Henry and introduces Fairuza Balk as Dorothy Gale . It is loosely based on L. Frank Baum 's Oz novels , mainly The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) and Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) , yet is set six months after the events of the first novel , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) took place . Although it is not a sequel to the 1939 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer film , The Wizard of Oz , it borrows a few elements of it such as the ruby slippers . The plot focuses on an insomniac Dorothy , who returns to the Land of Oz only to discover that the entire country and its inhabitants are facing near extinction at the hands of a villainous king who dwells in a neighboring mountain . Upon her second arrival , she , alongside her pet hen , Billina , befriend a group of new companions , including Tik - Tok , Jack Pumpkinhead and the flying Gump . Together they set out on a quest to save Oz and restore it to its former glory . Murch was interested in making another Oz story , while The Walt Disney Company had a long failed history of producing a film adaptation of Baum 's novels dating back to the 1930s . Disney bought the rights to his novels in the 1950s , but never used them . After Return to Oz , Disney lost the film rights to the Oz novels , and they were subsequently reverted to the public domain . Released on June 21 , 1985 by Walt Disney Pictures , the film performed poorly at the box office , grossing $11.1 million in the United States against a $28 million budget , and received mixed reviews from critics . However , it performed well outside the U.S and is considered by fans as a more faithful adaptation of the book series than the 1939 classic , and has since acquired a cult following . The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Release 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In October 1899 , six months after returning home from the Land of Oz , Dorothy Gale is melancholic . Her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry take her to Dr. Worley , known for his electrotherapy treatments , and leave her under the care of Nurse Wilson . During a thunderstorm , the lab suffers a blackout and Dorothy is saved by a mysterious girl . They escape with Nurse Wilson in pursuit , and fall into a river . Dorothy clambers aboard a chicken coop , but the other girl appears to have vanished underwater . Upon awakening , Dorothy finds herself back in Oz with her chicken Billina , who can now talk . They find the Emerald City in ruins and its citizens ( including the Tin Woodman and Cowardly Lion ) turned to stone . Pursued by Wheelers ( humans who have wheels instead of hands and feet ) , Dorothy and Billina hide in a room accessed by a glyph key Billina earlier had found . They meet a mechanical man , Tik - Tok , who explains that King Scarecrow has been captured by the Nome King , a subterranean demon who is responsible for the Emerald City 's destruction . The three visit princess Mombi in hopes of getting more information , but she is working with the Nome King and imprisons them . Dorothy , Billina , and Tik - Tok meet Jack Pumpkinhead , who explains he was brought to life via Mombi 's Powder of Life . Dorothy uses the powder to vivify the Gump , the head of a moose - like animal whose body they put together using two sofas , palm leaves , a broom , and rope . Using the Gump as transport , the group escapes and flies across the Deadly Desert to reach the Nome King 's mountain . In his underground domain , the Nome King tells Dorothy that the Scarecrow stole the emeralds from him to build the Emerald City , and should be punished . He does not listen when Dorothy protests that the emeralds preceded the Scarecrow at the city . The Scarecrow has been turned into an ornament , and the group has three guesses each to identify which one he is , or they will be turned into ornaments themselves . The Gump , Jack and Tik - Tok each fail and are turned into ornaments . The Nome King gives Dorothy the chance to go home unscathed since he has her discarded ruby slippers , but Dorothy refuses to use them to leave her companions . On Dorothy 's last guess , she locates the Scarecrow , having deduced that people from Oz turn into green ornaments . The hunt for green ornaments yields Jack and Gump , but the enraged Nome King , who has trapped Mombi in a cage , confronts Dorothy and company and transforms in a monstrous form where he eats the Gump 's couch body . He tries to eat Jack , but Billina , hiding in Jack 's head , lays an egg in fright and it falls into the Nome King 's mouth . Due to eggs being toxic to Nomes , the Nome King and his subterranean kingdom crumble to pieces all around Dorothy and her friends . Dorothy finds the ruby slippers and wishes she and her friends be returned to a restored Emerald City . There , they mourn the loss of Tik - Tok until Billina notices a green medal stuck to one of the Gump 's antlers ; Dorothy uses one more `` guess '' and Tik - Tok materializes . At a celebration , Dorothy is asked to be Queen of Oz but refuses , realizing she must return to Kansas eventually . She learns that the girl who helped her escape the hospital is Princess Ozma , Jack 's long - lost creator , and the rightful ruler of Oz , who had been enchanted by Mombi at the Nome King 's request . Ozma forgives the no - longer - magical Mombi . She takes her place on the throne and Dorothy hands over the ruby slippers . Billina opts to stay in Oz . Ozma sends Dorothy home , promising that Dorothy is welcome to return . Back in Kansas , Dorothy 's family finds her on a riverbank . Aunt Em reveals that Worley 's hospital was struck by lightning and burned down , and Worley died trying to save his machines . They see Nurse Wilson , arrested and locked in a cage on a horse buggy . Upon returning to the farmhouse , Dorothy sees Billina and Ozma peering at her through her bedroom mirror . When Dorothy entreats Aunt Em to come to her room to see Ozma , Ozma silently instructs her to keep her and Oz a secret . Cast ( edit ) Fairuza Balk as Dorothy Gale Nicol Williamson as Dr. Worley / Nome King Jean Marsh as Nurse Wilson / Mombi Piper Laurie as Aunt Em Matt Clark as Uncle Henry Michael Sundin & Tim Rose as Tik - Tok ( puppeteers ) Sean Barrett as Tik - Tok ( voice ) Mak Wilson as Billina ( puppeteer ) Denise Bryer as Billina ( voice ) Brian Henson & Stewart Larange as Jack Pumpkinhead ( puppeteers ) Brian Henson as Jack Pumpkinhead ( voice ) Lyle Conway & Steve Norrington as The Gump ( puppeteer ) Lyle Conway as the Gump ( voice ) Justin Case as the Scarecrow John Alexander as the Cowardly Lion , Wheeler Deep Roy as the Tin Woodman Emma Ridley as the Girl at the hospital / Princess Ozma Pons Maar as Lead Wheeler , Nome Messenger , and one of Nurse Wilson 's assistants Sophie Ward as Mombi II Fiona Victory as Mombi III Bruce Boa as Policeman Tansy as Toto Production ( edit ) Walter Murch began development on the film in 1980 , during a brainstorming session with Walt Disney Productions production chief Tom Wilhite . `` It was just a fishing expedition on both of our parts , '' Murch remembered . `` But one of the questions he asked was , ' What are you interested in that you think we might also be interested in ? ' , and I said , ' Another Oz story . ' ... And Tom sort of straightened up in his chair because it turned out , unbeknownst to me , that Disney owned the rights to all of the Oz stories . And they were particularly interested in doing something with them because the copyright was going to run out in the next five years . '' The film is based on the second and third Oz books , The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) and Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) . The element about Tik - Tok being `` The Royal Army of Oz '' derives from Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) , in which he is made the Royal Army of Oogaboo , and also makes frequent cries of `` Pick me up ! '' That book was itself based on a dramatic production , The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) . Murch also used the book Wisconsin Death Trip as a historical source for the film . Murch took a decidedly darker take on Baum 's source material than the 1939 adaptation , which he knew starting out would be a gamble . Between the development period and actual shooting , there was a change of leadership at the Walt Disney studios ( with Wilhite being replaced by Richard Berger ) , and the movie 's budget increased . Once shooting began , Murch began to fall behind schedule , and there was further pressure from the studio , leading to Murch being fired as director for a short period . George Lucas and other high - profile filmmakers including Francis Ford Coppola supported Murch in discussions with the studio , and Murch was reinstated and finished the film . The film was developed and produced without the involvement of Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , the studio behind the 1939 film . No approval was necessary , because by 1985 , the Oz books on which it was based were in the public domain , and the subsequent Oz books had been optioned to Disney many years earlier . A large fee was paid , however , to use the ruby slippers , which were still the intellectual property of MGM at the time ( as they had been created specifically for the 1939 film to replace the Silver Shoes of the original stories ) . Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews upon its release . The film - critics aggregator Rotten Tomatoes records 55 % positive reviews based on 22 reviews . Those who were familiar with the Oz books praised its faithfulness to the source material of L. Frank Baum . However , many critics described its tone and overall content as slightly too dark and intense for young children . `` Children are sure to be startled by its bleakness , '' said The New York Times ' Janet Maslin . Canadian film critic Jay Scott felt the protagonists were too creepy and weird for viewers to relate or sympathize with : `` Dorothy 's friends are as weird as her enemies , which is faithful to the original Oz books but turns out not to be a virtue on film , where the eerie has a tendency to remain eerie no matter how often we 're told it 's not . '' `` It 's bleak , creepy , and occasionally terrifying , '' added Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader . It earned $2,844,895 in its opening weekend , finishing in seventh place . It ultimately grossed $11,137,801 in North America . The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects , but lost to Cocoon . Fairuza Balk and Emma Ridley were nominated for Young Artist Awards . It received two Saturn Award nominations for Best Fantasy Film ( lost to Ladyhawke ) and Best Younger Actor for Fairuza Balk ( who lost to Barret Oliver for D.A.R.Y.L. ) . The film 's interpretation of Oz is featured in the Storybook Land Canal Boats attraction at Disneyland Paris . Amelie Gillette of The A.V. Club frequently refers to its dark nature as unsuitable for its intended audience of young children despite it being one of her favorite movies growing up . Family Films Productions is producing a documentary about the movie , Remembering Return to Oz . The film features cast and crew sharing memories about the film . The film features the director Walter Murch , alongside Gary Kurtz , Paul Maslansky , David Shire , and other crew members . Fairuza Balk , Emma Ridley , Pons Maar , and other cast from the 1985 are also being featured . A short film , `` Reflections in the Mirror '' which is being labeled as a `` spin - off '' to Disney 's Return to Oz was produced in August of 2017 . A young man named Randy ( Randy Bruce ) knows that the Land of Oz is calling his name as he has a big obsession with the 1985 film , Return to Oz . After he goes to sleep - he goes on a journey and mysteriously finds different objects from the Land of Oz throughout a park . Later in the dream , we meet ( older Randy ) ( Jason Smither ) it is about 15 years later and Randy ( now older ) still enjoys the Return to Oz film . During the dream , he encounters even a headless witch . The film stars Randy Bruce as young Randy and Jason Smither as Randy 15 years later . Michael Williams , Producer of Ozland & The Atoning has praised the film saying , `` Reflections in the Mirror '' is an affectionate look at `` Return to Oz '' from the perspective of a true fan . It makes you want to revisit the original cult classic . Release ( edit ) The film has been released to VHS , beta , laserdisc , DVD , and Blu - Ray over the years . The initial release , to VHS , laserdisc , and Beta , occurred in December 1985 shortly after the theatrical release , with the VHS initially priced with a list price of $79.95 . Disney reissued it in 1992 with alternate cover art . In 1999 , Anchor Bay Entertainment , who had obtained the home video rights to several titles from Disney 's live - action catalogue , issued the film on full - screen and letterbox VHS , as well as a DVD release featuring both versions . All three releases featured an intro by Fairuza Balk before the film and an interview featurette with her after it . All three versions went out of print shortly after their release . In 2004 , Disney released their own DVD , which dropped the Anchor Bay disc 's fullscreen version and added anamorphic enhancement for 16 : 9 TV 's for the widescreen version , upgraded the audio to 5.1 surround , retained the Anchor Bay disc 's extras , and added four TV spots and a theatrical trailer . In 2015 , Disney released a 30th Anniversary Edition of the film on Blu - Ray exclusively through the Disney Movie Club , featuring a newly remastered and cleaned up transfer and DTS Master Audio 5.1 sound , but none of the bonus features from the 2004 DVD . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Disasters Outnumber Movie Hits '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Geraghty , Lincoln ( 2011 ) . American Hollywood . Intellect Books . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 415 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Exclusive : A ' Return to Oz ' '' . ET Online . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chambers , Bill . `` A Conversation with Walter Murch '' . Film Freak Central . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ondaatje , Michael ( 2002 ) . The Conversations : Walter Murch and the Art of Editing Film . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Lakeland Ledger - Jun 23 , 1985 , page 65 , retrieved 11 - August - 2012 Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 1985 - 06 - 21 ) . `` A New ' Oz ' Gives Dorothy New Friends '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Scott , Jay . `` Return to Oz '' . Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave . `` Return to Oz '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ June 21 -- 23 , 1985 Weekend Jump up ^ Return to Oz @ Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Childhood Scares '' . A.V Scares. April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.waltdisneysreturntooz.com ^ Jump up to : http://www.familyfilmsproductions.com External links ( edit ) Official website Return to Oz on IMDb Return to Oz at AllMovie Return to Oz at Rotten Tomatoes Return to Oz at Box Office Mojo The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes Apocrypha The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Return_to_Oz&oldid=809740651 '' Categories : 1985 films English - language films 1980s adventure films 1980s fantasy films American films American fantasy adventure films American sequel films British films British sequel films Dark fantasy films Directorial debut films Films shot at Elstree Studios Fantasy adventure films Films using stop - motion animation Films about psychiatry Films based on American novels Films based on fantasy novels Films based on multiple works of a series Films set in 1899 Films set in Kansas Films with live action and animation Oz in stage and film productions Walt Disney Pictures films Films set in psychiatric hospitals Apocalyptic films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 02 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the sequel to the wizard of oz | [
"Return to Oz is a 1985 fantasy adventure film directed and written by Walter Murch, an editor and sound designer, co-written by Gill Dennis and produced by Paul Maslansky. It stars Nicol Williamson as the Nome King, Jean Marsh as Princess Mombi, Piper Laurie as Aunt Em, Matt Clark as Uncle Henry and introduces Fairuza Balk as Dorothy Gale. It is loosely based on L. Frank Baum's Oz novels, mainly The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) and Ozma of Oz (1907), yet is set six months after the events of the first novel, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) took place. Although it is not a sequel to the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film, The Wizard of Oz, it borrows a few elements of it such as the ruby slippers."
] | [
"The Marvelous Land of Oz"
] |
-7276919337251630925 | List of largest stars | List of largest stars - wikipedia List of largest stars Not to be confused with List of most massive stars . This article possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text . Please help improve this article by checking for citation inaccuracies . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Relative sizes of the planets in the Solar System and several well - known stars : Mercury < Mars < Venus < Earth Earth < Neptune < Uranus < Saturn < Jupiter Jupiter < Proxima Centauri < Sun < Sirius A Sirius A < Pollux < Arcturus < Aldebaran Aldebaran < Rigel A < Antares A < Betelgeuse Betelgeuse < Mu Cephei < VV Cephei A < VY Canis Majoris Below is an ordered list of the largest stars currently known by radius . The unit of measurement used is the radius of the Sun ( approximately 695,700 km ; 432,288 mi ) . The exact order of this list is very incomplete , as great uncertainties currently remain , especially when deriving various important parameters used in calculations , such as stellar luminosity and effective temperature . Often stellar radii can only be expressed as an average or within a large range of values . Values for stellar radii vary significantly in sources and throughout the literature , mostly as the boundary of the very tenuous atmosphere ( opacity ) greatly differs depending on the wavelength of light in which the star is observed . Radii of several stars can be directly obtained by stellar interferometry . Other methods can use lunar occultations or from eclipsing binaries , which can be used to test other indirect methods of finding true stellar size . Only a few useful supergiant stars can be occulted by the Moon , including Antares and Aldebaran . Examples of eclipsing binaries include Epsilon Aurigae , VV Cephei , and HR 5171 . Contents 1 Caveats 2 Extragalactic large stars 3 List 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Caveats UY Scuti as seen in visible light . Complex issues exist in determining the true radii of the largest stars , which in many cases do display significant errors . The following lists are generally based on various considerations or assumptions that include : Largest stars are usually expressed in units of the solar radius ( R ) , where 1.00 R equals 695,700 kilometres . Stellar radii or diameters are usually only approximated using Stefan -- Boltzmann law for the deduced stellar luminosity and effective surface temperature ; Stellar distances , and their errors , for most , remain uncertain or poorly determined ; Many supergiant stars have extended atmospheres and many are embedded within opaque dust shells , making their true effective temperatures highly uncertain ; Many extended supergiant atmospheres also significantly change in size over time , regularly or irregularly pulsating over several months or years as variable stars . This makes adopted luminosities poorly known and may significantly change the quoted radii ; Other direct methods for determining stellar radii , rely on lunar occultations or from eclipses in binary systems . This is only possible for a very small number of stars ; Based on various theoretical evolutionary models , few stars will exceed 1,500 -- 2,000 times the Sun ( roughly 3,715 K and M = − 9 ) . Such limits maybe also depend on the stellar metallicity . Extragalactic large stars In this list are some examples of more distant extragalactic stars , which may have slightly different properties and natures than the currently largest known stars in the Milky Way : Some red supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds are suspected to have slightly different limiting temperatures and luminosities . Such stars may exceed accepted limits by undergoing large eruptions or change their spectral types over just a few months . Humphreys et al. , for example , calculates the maximum size for a Magellanic cloud star as ~ 2,600 R . A survey of the Magellanic Clouds has catalogued many red supergiants , where more than 50 of them exceed 700 R ( 490,000,000 km ; 3.3 AU ; 300,000,000 mi ) . Largest of these is about 1,200 -- 1,300 R . List This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . List of the largest stars Star name Solar radii ( Sun = 1 ) Method Notes Orbit of Saturn 1,940 -- 2,169 Reported for reference UY Scuti 1,708 ± 192 AD The quoted size was based on an angular diameter and distance of 2.9 kpc . Gaia Data Release 2 suggests a much closer distance and consequently smaller radius . WOH G64 1,540 -- 1,730 L / T This would be the largest star in the LMC , but is unusual in position and motion and might still be a foreground halo giant . RW Cephei 1,535 L / T RW Cep is variable both in brightness ( by at least a factor of 3 ) and spectral type ( observed from G8 to M ) , thus probably also in diameter . Because the spectral type and temperature at maximum luminosity are not known , the quoted size is just an estimate . Westerlund 1 - 26 1,530 -- 1,580 ( -- 2,550 ) L / T Very uncertain parameters for an unusual star with strong radio emission . The spectrum is variable but apparently the luminosity is not . HD 143183 1,480 -- 1,830 L / T VY Canis Majoris 1,420 ± 120 AD The size of VY CMa was revised in 2012 through newly improved measurements which result this value being the highest among well - characterized stars . Other stars could be larger but they could have less accurate radius estimates . KY Cygni 1,420 -- 2,850 L / T The upper estimate is due to an unusual K - band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error , and is thought to be against stellar evolutionary theory . The lower estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models . AH Scorpii 1,411 ± 124 AD AH Sco is variable by nearly 3 magnitudes in the visual range , and an estimated 20 % in total luminosity . The variation in diameter is not clear because the temperature also varies . RSGC1 - F02 1,398 L / T IRAS 04509 - 6922 1,360 L / T RSGC1 - F01 1,335 L / T HR 5171 A 1,315 ± 260 , 1,575 ± 400 AD HR 5171 A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system , losing mass to the secondary , and is also variable in temperature , thus probably also in diameter . Traditionally , it is considered as the largest known yellow hypergiant , although the latest research suggests it is a red supergiant with a radius of 1,490 ± 540 R . SMC 18136 1,310 Largest star in the Small Magellanic Cloud IRAS 05280 - 6910 1,260 - 1,738 L / T Mu Cephei ( Herschel 's `` Garnet Star '' ) 1,260 Prototype of the obsolete class of the Mu Cephei variables and also the reddest star in the night sky in terms of the B-V color index . Other recent estimates range from 650 R to 1,420 R LMC 136042 1,240 BI Cygni 1,240 L / T Westerlund 1 - 237 1,233 L / T SMC 5092 1,220 S Persei 1,212 ± 124 AD & L / T A red hypergiant localed in the Perseus Double Cluster . A large radius of 1,230 R is due to an unusual K - band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error . A small radius of 780 R is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models . LMC 175464 1,200 LMC 135720 1,200 IRC - 10414 1,200 IRC - 10414 is a rare red supergiant companion to WR 114 that has a bow shock . PZ Cassiopeiae 1,190 -- 1,940 L / T The upper estimate is due to an unusual K - band measurement and thought to be an artefact of a reddening correction error . The lower estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models , and the intermediate ones have been obtained refining the distance to this star , and thus its parameters . SMC 69886 1,190 NML Cygni 1,183 L / T RSGC1 - F05 1,177 L / T EV Carinae 1,168 - 2,880 L / T RSGC1 - F03 1,168 L / T LMC 119219 1,150 RSGC1 - F08 1,146 L / T BC Cygni 1,140 - 1,230 L / T BC Cyg is calculated to vary in size from 856 R to 1,553 R . MY Cephei 1,134 L / T One of the coolest known red supergiants . SMC 10889 1,130 VX Sagittarii 1,120 - 1,550 L / T VX Sgr is a pulsating variable calculated to vary in size from 1,350 R to 1,940 R . LMC 141430 1,110 IRAS 04516 - 6902 1,100 L / T LMC 175746 1,100 RSGC1 - F13 1,098 L / T RT Carinae 1,090 L / T RSGC1 - F04 1,082 L / T LMC 174714 1,080 LMC 68125 1,080 SMC 49478 1,080 SMC 20133 1,080 V396 Centauri 1,070 L / T SMC 8930 1,070 Orbit of Jupiter 1,064 -- 1,173 Reported for reference HV 11423 1,060 -- 1,220 L / T HV 11423 is variable in spectral type ( observed from K0 to M5 ) , thus probably also in diameter . In October 1978 , it was a star of M0I type . CK Carinae 1,060 L / T SMC 25879 1,060 VV Cephei A 1,050 - 1,900 VV Cep A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system , losing mass to the secondary for at least part of its orbit . Data from the most recent eclipse has cast additional doubt on the accepted model of the system . It is among the largest stars visible to the naked eye . LMC 142202 1,050 LMC 146126 1,050 LMC 67982 1,040 U Lacertae 1,022 L / T RSGC1 - F11 1,015 L / T W Persei 1,011 L / T LMC 143877 1,010 KW Sagittarii 1,009 - 1,460 AD & L / T Margin of possible error : ± 142 R . RSGC1 - F12 1,005 L / T Progenitor of SN 2017eaw 1,000 -- 2,000 Localed in NGC 6946 SMC 46497 990 LMC 140296 990 RSGC1 - F09 986 L / T NR Vulpeculae 980 L / T SMC 12322 980 LMC 177997 980 SMC 59803 970 Westerlund 1 - 20 965 L / T GCIRS 7 960 -- 1,000 AD At the galactic center . Margin of possible error : ± 92 R or ± 150 R . Betelgeuse ( Alpha Orionis ) 7002955000000000000 ♠ 955 ± 217 AD Star with the third largest apparent size after R Doradus and the Sun . Other estimates range from 887 ± 203 R to 1,180 R SMC 50840 950 J004424. 94 + 412322.3 945 -- 1,300 L / T Located in the Andromeda Galaxy . RSGC1 - F10 931 L / T S Cassiopeiae 930 IX Carinae 920 L / T HV 2112 916 L / T Most likely candidate for a Thorne - Zytkow Object . RSGC1 - F07 910 L / T LMC 54365 900 IRAS 04498 - 6842 900 -- 1,660 L / T NSV 25875 891 L / T LMC 109106 890 RSGC1 - F06 885 L / T LMC 116895 880 SMC 30616 880 LMC 64048 880 IRAS 05558 - 7000 880 L / T V437 Scuti 874 L / T IRAS 04407 - 7000 870 L / T IRAS 05329 - 6708 870 L / T V602 Carinae 860 -- 1,050 L / T & AD Margin of possible error : ± 165 R . J004047. 82 + 410936.4 860 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy J004428. 71 + 420601.6 860 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy V669 Cassiopeiae 859 L / T SMC 55681 850 SMC 15510 850 LMC 61753 830 LMC 62090 830 SMC 11709 830 V1185 Scorpii 830 L / T LMC 142199 810 IRAS 05294 - 7104 810 L / T IRAS 05402 - 6956 800 L / T LMC 134383 800 Eta Carinae A ( Tseen She ) 800 Previously thought to be the most massive single star , but in 2005 it was realized to be a binary system . During the Great Eruption , the size was as large as 1,400 R . V441 Persei 799 L / T BU Persei 795 L / T IRAS 05298 - 6957 790 L / T BO Carinae 790 L / T LMC 142907 790 J004359. 94 + 411330.9 785 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy SU Persei 780 L / T In the Perseus Double Cluster RS Persei 770 -- 1,000 AD & L / T In the Perseus Double Cluster . Margin of possible error : ± 30 R . AV Persei 770 L / T In the Perseus Double Cluster V355 Cephei 770 L / T Mauron et al. 2011 derive 37,000 L , which implies a size around 300 R . J004124. 80 + 411634.7 760 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy V915 Scorpii 760 L / T S Cephei 760 AD YZ Persei 758 L / T J004447. 08 + 412801.7 755 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy GP Cassiopeiae 751 L / T Outer limits of the asteroid belt 750 -- 900 Reported for reference SMC 11939 750 HD 303250 750 L / T V382 Carinae 747 The brightest yellow hypergiant in the night sky , one of the rarest types of star . Other estimate ranges of 600 R to 1,100 R . RU Virginis 740 L / T LMC 137818 740 SMC 48122 740 IRAS 04545 - 7000 730 L / T IRAS 05003 - 6712 730 L / T SMC 56732 730 KK Persei 724 L / T V648 Cassiopeiae 710 L / T XX Persei 710 L / T Located in the Perseus Double Cluster and near the border with Andromeda . TV Geminorum 620 -- 710 ( -- 770 ) L / T HD 179821 704 A yellow hypergiant , although most authors consider it as a supergiant , a protoplanetary nebula or a post-AGB star with a luminosity of only 16,000 L . J004255. 95 + 404857.5 700 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy J003950. 98 + 405422.5 700 L / T Localed in the Andromeda Galaxy LMC 169754 700 LMC 65558 700 V528 Carinae 700 L / T RSGC1 - F14 700 L / T The following well - known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison . V354 Cephei 690 - 1,520 L / T Antares A ( Alpha Scorpii A ) 680 AD This star appears to vary its size by 165 R . Older estimates have given radii over 800 R , but some are likely to have been affected by asymmetry of the atmosphere and the narrow range of infrared wavelengths observed . HR 5171 Ab 7002650000000000000 ♠ 650 ± 150 AD Companion of HR 5171 A . CE Tauri 587 -- 593 ( -- 608 ) AD Second reddest star in the night sky . Can be occulted by the Moon , allowing accurate determination of its apparent diameter . CW Leonis 500 -- 700 L / T CW Leonis is one of the mistaken identities as the claimed planet `` Nibiru '' or `` Planet X '' , due to its brightness as it approaches 1st magnitude . Other estimates range from 390 R to 826 R . Rho Cassiopeiae 400 -- 500 Yellow hypergiant , one of the rarest types of a star . R Leporis ( Hind 's `` Crimson Star '' ) 400 -- 535 Margin of possible error : ± 90 R . V509 Cassiopeiae 400 -- 900 Yellow hypergiant , one of the rarest types of a star . Inner limits of the asteroid belt 380 Reported for reference V838 Monocerotis 380 ( in 2009 ) A short time after the outburst V838 Mon was measured at 1,570 ± 400 R . However the distance to this `` L - type supergiant '' , and hence its size , have since been reduced and it proved to be a transient object that shrunk about four-fold over a few years . Like CW Leo , it has been erroneously portrayed as `` Nibiru '' or `` Planet X '' ( see above ) . R Doradus 7002370000000000000 ♠ 370 ± 50 Star with the second largest apparent size after the Sun . Tail of Comet Hyakutake 360 Reported for reference IRC + 10420 357 -- 1,342 L / T A yellow hypergiant that has increased its temperature into the LBV range . The Pistol Star 340 Blue hypergiant , among the most massive and luminous stars known . Mira A ( Omicron Ceti ) 332 -- 402 AD Prototype Mira variable . De beck et al. 2010 calculates 541 R . La Superba ( Y Canum Venaticorum ) 307 -- 390 L / T Referred to as La Superba by Angelo Secchi . Currently one of the coolest and reddest stars . Orbit of Mars 297 -- 358 Reported for reference Alpha Herculis ( Ras Algethi ) 7002284000000000000 ♠ 284 ± 60 The estimate ranges from 264 R to 303 R Sun 's red giant phase 256 The core hydrogen would be exhausted in 5.4 billion years . In 7.9 billion years , The Sun would reach the tip of the red - giant branch of the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram . ( see below ) Reported for reference Orbit of Earth 215 ( 211 -- 219 ) Reported for reference Deneb ( Alpha Cygni ) 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 ± 17 Prototype Alpha Cygni variable . Solar System Habitable Zone 200 -- 520 ( uncertain ) Reported for reference Orbit of Venus 154 -- 157 Reported for reference Epsilon Aurigae A ( Almaaz ) 143 -- 358 ε Aur was incorrectly claimed in 1970 as the largest star with a size between 2,000 R and 3,000 R , even though it later turned out not to be an infrared light star but rather a dusk torus surrounding the system . S Doradus 100 -- 380 Prototype S Doradus variable , even though P Cygni was the first discovered . Peony Star 92 Candidate for most luminous star in the Milky Way . Rigel A ( Beta Orionis A ) 78.9 -- 115 Margin of possible error : ± 7.4 R . Canopus ( Alpha Carinae ) 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 ± 4 Second brightest star in the night sky . Orbit of Mercury 66 -- 100 Reported for reference LBV 1806 - 20 45 -- 145 L / T Formerly a candidate for the most luminous star in the Milky Way with 40 million L , but the luminosity has been revised later only 2 -- 5 million L . Aldebaran ( Alpha Tauri ) 7001441300000000000 ♠ 44.13 ± 0.84 AD Polaris ( Alpha Ursae Minoris ) 37.5 The current northern pole star . R136a1 28.8 -- 35.4 Also on record as the most massive and luminous star known ( 265 - 315 M and 8.71 million L ) . Arcturus ( Alpha Boötis ) 7001254000000000000 ♠ 25.4 ± 0.2 Brightest star in the northern hemisphere . HDE 226868 20 -- 22 The supergiant companion of black hole Cygnus X-1 . The black hole is 500,000 times smaller than the star . VV Cephei B 13 -- 25 The B - type main sequence companion of VV Cephei A . Sun 's helium burning phase 10 After the red - giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left . Reported for reference Sun The largest object in the Solar System . Reported for reference Jump up ^ AD : radius determined from angular diameter and distance L / T : radius calculated from bolometric luminosity and effective temperature See also Star portal Constellation Lists of stars List of most massive stars List of most luminous stars List of hottest stars List of coolest stars List of most massive black holes List of largest nebulae List of largest galaxies List of largest cosmic structures List of largest exoplanets List of star extremes References ^ Jump up to : Table 4 in Levesque , Emily M. ; Massey , Philip ; Olsen , K.A.G. ; Plez , Bertrand ; Josselin , Eric ; Maeder , Andre ; Meynet , Georges ( 2005 ) . `` The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants : Cool , but Not as Cool as We Thought '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 628 ( 2 ) : 973 -- 985 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0504337 . 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"\nList of the largest stars\n\n\nStar name\n\nSolar radii(Sun = 1)\n\nMethod[a]\n\nNotes\n\n\nOrbit of Saturn\n1,940–2,169\n\nReported for reference\n\n\nUY Scuti\n1,708 ± 192[3]\nAD\nThe quoted size was based on an angular diameter and distance of 2.9 kpc. Gaia Data Release 2 suggests a much closer distance and consequently smaller radius.\n\n\nWOH G64\n1,540[4]–1,730[5]\nL/Teff\nThis would be the largest star in the LMC, but is unusual in position and motion and might still be a foreground halo giant.\n\n\nRW Cephei\n 1,535[6][7]\nL/Teff\nRW Cep is variable both in brightness (by at least a factor of 3) and spectral type (observed from G8 to M), thus probably also in diameter. Because the spectral type and temperature at maximum luminosity are not known, the quoted size is just an estimate.\n\n\nWesterlund 1-26\n 1,530–1,580[8] (–2,550) [9]\nL/Teff\nVery uncertain parameters for an unusual star with strong radio emission. The spectrum is variable but apparently the luminosity is not.\n\n\nHD 143183\n1,480[10]–1,830[11]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nVY Canis Majoris\n1,420 ± 120[12]\nAD\nThe size of VY CMa was revised in 2012 through newly improved measurements[13] which result this value being the highest among well-characterized stars.[14] Other stars could be larger but they could have less accurate radius estimates.\n\n\nKY Cygni\n 1,420–2,850 [1]\nL/Teff\nThe upper estimate is due to an unusual K-band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error, and is thought to be against stellar evolutionary theory. The lower estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models.\n\n\nAH Scorpii\n1,411 ± 124[3]\nAD\nAH Sco is variable by nearly 3 magnitudes in the visual range, and an estimated 20% in total luminosity. The variation in diameter is not clear because the temperature also varies.\n\n\nRSGC1-F02\n1,398[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nIRAS 04509-6922\n1,360[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F01\n1,335[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nHR 5171 A\n1,315 ± 260,[17] 1,575 ± 400[18]\nAD\nHR 5171 A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system, losing mass to the secondary, and is also variable in temperature, thus probably also in diameter. Traditionally, it is considered as the largest known yellow hypergiant, although the latest research suggests it is a red supergiant with a radius of 1,490 ± 540 R☉.[19]\n\n\nSMC 18136\n1,310[2]\n\nLargest star in the Small Magellanic Cloud\n\n\nIRAS 05280-6910\n1,260[16] - 1,738[20]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nMu Cephei (Herschel's \"Garnet Star\")\n1,260[21]\n\nPrototype of the obsolete class of the Mu Cephei variables and also the reddest star in the night sky in terms of the B-V color index.[22] Other recent estimates range from 650 R☉[23] to 1,420 R☉[1]\n\n\nLMC 136042\n1,240[2]\n\n\n\n\nBI Cygni\n1,240[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nWesterlund 1-237\n1,233[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nSMC 5092\n1,220[2]\n\n\n\n\nS Persei\n1,212 ± 124[24]\nAD & L/Teff\nA red hypergiant localed in the Perseus Double Cluster. A large radius of 1,230 R☉ is due to an unusual K-band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error. A small radius of 780 R☉ is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models.[1]\n\n\nLMC 175464\n1,200[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 135720\n1,200[2]\n\n\n\n\nIRC-10414\n1,200[25]\n\nIRC -10414 is a rare red supergiant companion to WR 114 that has a bow shock.\n\n\nPZ Cassiopeiae\n1,190–1,940[1]\nL/Teff\nThe upper estimate is due to an unusual K-band measurement and thought to be an artefact of a reddening correction error. The lower estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models, and the intermediate ones have been obtained refining the distance to this star, and thus its parameters.[26]\n\n\nSMC 69886\n1,190[2]\n\n\n\n\nNML Cygni\n1,183[27]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F05\n1,177[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nEV Carinae\n1,168[28]-2,880[29]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F03\n1,168[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 119219\n1,150[2]\n\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F08\n1,146[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nBC Cygni\n1,140[1]-1,230[21]\nL/Teff\nBC Cyg is calculated to vary in size from 856 R☉ to 1,553 R☉.[30]\n\n\nMY Cephei\n1,134[31]\nL/Teff\nOne of the coolest known red supergiants.\n\n\nSMC 10889\n1,130[2]\n\n\n\n\nVX Sagittarii\n1,120 - 1,550[32]\nL/Teff\nVX Sgr is a pulsating variable calculated to vary in size from 1,350 R☉ to 1,940 R☉.[33]\n\n\nLMC 141430\n1,110[2]\n\n\n\n\nIRAS 04516-6902\n1,100[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 175746\n1,100[2]\n\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F13\n1,098[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRT Carinae\n1,090[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F04\n1,082[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 174714\n1,080[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 68125\n1,080[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 49478\n1,080[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 20133\n1,080[2]\n\n\n\n\nV396 Centauri\n1,070[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nSMC 8930\n1,070[2]\n\n\n\n\nOrbit of Jupiter\n1,064–1,173\n\n Reported for reference \n\n\nHV 11423\n1,060–1,220[34]\nL/Teff\nHV 11423 is variable in spectral type (observed from K0 to M5), thus probably also in diameter. In October 1978, it was a star of M0I type.\n\n\nCK Carinae\n1,060[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nSMC 25879\n1,060[2]\n\n\n\n\nVV Cephei A\n1,050[35] - 1,900[1]\n\nVV Cep A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system, losing mass to the secondary for at least part of its orbit. Data from the most recent eclipse has cast additional doubt on the accepted model of the system. It is among the largest stars visible to the naked eye.\n\n\nLMC 142202\n1,050[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 146126\n1,050[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 67982\n1,040[2]\n\n\n\n\nU Lacertae\n1,022[36][37]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F11\n1,015[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nW Persei\n1,011[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\nLMC 143877\n1,010[2]\n\n\n\n\nKW Sagittarii\n1,009[3]-1,460[1]\nAD & L/Teff\nMargin of possible error: ±142 R☉.[3]\n\n\nRSGC1-F12\n1,005[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nProgenitor of SN 2017eaw\n1,000–2,000[38]\n\nLocaled in NGC 6946\n\n\nSMC 46497\n990[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 140296\n990[2]\n\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F09\n986[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nNR Vulpeculae\n980[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nSMC 12322\n980[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 177997\n980[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 59803\n970[2]\n\n\n\n\nWesterlund 1-20\n965[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nGCIRS 7\n960[39]–1,000[40]\nAD\nAt the galactic center. Margin of possible error: ±92 R☉[39] or ±150 R☉.[40]\n\n\nBetelgeuse (Alpha Orionis)\n7002955000000000000♠955±217[41]\nAD\nStar with the third largest apparent size after R Doradus and the Sun. Other estimates range from 887 ± 203 R☉[42] to 1,180 R☉[43]\n\n\nSMC 50840\n950[2]\n\n\n\n\nJ004424.94+412322.3\n945–1,300[44]\nL/Teff\nLocated in the Andromeda Galaxy.\n\n\nRSGC1-F10\n931[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nS Cassiopeiae\n930[45][46]\n\n\n\n\nIX Carinae\n920[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nHV 2112\n916[47]\nL/Teff\nMost likely candidate for a Thorne-Zytkow Object.\n\n\nRSGC1-F07\n910[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 54365\n900[2]\n\n\n\n\nIRAS 04498-6842\n900[48]–1,660[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nNSV 25875\n891[27]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 109106\n890[2]\n\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F06\n885[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 116895\n880[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 30616\n880[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 64048\n880[2]\n\n\n\n\nIRAS 05558-7000\n880[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nV437 Scuti\n874[27]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nIRAS 04407-7000\n870[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nIRAS 05329-6708\n870[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nV602 Carinae\n860[1]–1,050[49]\nL/Teff & AD\nMargin of possible error: ±165 R☉.[49]\n\n\nJ004047.82+410936.4\n860[44]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nJ004428.71+420601.6\n860[44]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nV669 Cassiopeiae\n859[27]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nSMC 55681\n850[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 15510\n850[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 61753\n830[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 62090\n830[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 11709\n830[2]\n\n\n\n\nV1185 Scorpii\n830[27]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 142199\n810[2]\n\n\n\n\nIRAS 05294-7104\n810[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nIRAS 05402-6956\n800[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 134383\n800[2]\n\n\n\n\nEta Carinae A (Tseen She)\n800[50]\n\nPreviously thought to be the most massive single star, but in 2005 it was realized to be a binary system. During the Great Eruption, the size was as large as 1,400 R☉.[51]\n\n\nV441 Persei\n799[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nBU Persei\n795[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nIRAS 05298-6957\n790[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nBO Carinae\n790[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 142907\n790[2]\n\n\n\n\nJ004359.94+411330.9\n785[44]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nSU Persei\n780[1]\nL/Teff\nIn the Perseus Double Cluster\n\n\nRS Persei\n770[52]–1,000[1]\nAD & L/Teff\nIn the Perseus Double Cluster. Margin of possible error: ±30 R☉.[52]\n\n\nAV Persei\n770[1]\nL/Teff\nIn the Perseus Double Cluster\n\n\nV355 Cephei\n770[1]\nL/Teff\nMauron et al. 2011 derive 37,000 L☉, which implies a size around 300 R☉.[36]\n\n\nJ004124.80+411634.7\n760[44]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nV915 Scorpii\n760[53][54]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nS Cephei\n760[55]\nAD\n\n\n\nYZ Persei\n758[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nJ004447.08+412801.7\n755[44]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nGP Cassiopeiae\n751[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nOuter limits of the asteroid belt\n750–900\n\n Reported for reference \n\n\nSMC 11939\n750[2]\n\n\n\n\nHD 303250\n750[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nV382 Carinae\n747[56]\n\nThe brightest yellow hypergiant in the night sky, one of the rarest types of star. Other estimate ranges of 600 R☉ to 1,100 R☉.[57]\n\n\nRU Virginis\n740[58]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nLMC 137818\n740[2]\n\n\n\n\nSMC 48122\n740[2]\n\n\n\n\nIRAS 04545-7000\n730[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nIRAS 05003-6712\n730[16]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nSMC 56732\n730[2]\n\n\n\n\nKK Persei\n724[9]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nV648 Cassiopeiae\n710[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nXX Persei\n710[9]\nL/Teff\nLocated in the Perseus Double Cluster and near the border with Andromeda.\n\n\nTV Geminorum\n620–710[59] (–770)[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nHD 179821\n704[60]\n\nA yellow hypergiant, although most authors consider it as a supergiant, a protoplanetary nebula or a post-AGB star with a luminosity of only 16,000 L☉.\n\n\nJ004255.95+404857.5\n700[44]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nJ003950.98+405422.5\n700[61]\nL/Teff\nLocaled in the Andromeda Galaxy\n\n\nLMC 169754\n700[2]\n\n\n\n\nLMC 65558\n700[2]\n\n\n\n\nV528 Carinae\n700[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nRSGC1-F14\n700[15]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nThe following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.\n\n\nV354 Cephei\n690[36]-1,520[1]\nL/Teff\n\n\n\nAntares A (Alpha Scorpii A)\n680[62]\nAD\nThis star appears to vary its size by 165 R☉. Older estimates have given radii over 800 R☉,[63][64] but some are likely to have been affected by asymmetry of the atmosphere and the narrow range of infrared wavelengths observed.[62]\n\n\nHR 5171 Ab\n7002650000000000000♠650±150[18]\nAD\nCompanion of HR 5171 A.\n\n\nCE Tauri\n587–593[65] (–608[66])\nAD\nSecond reddest star in the night sky.[22] Can be occulted by the Moon, allowing accurate determination of its apparent diameter.\n\n\nCW Leonis\n500[67]–700[68]\nL/Teff\nCW Leonis is one of the mistaken identities as the claimed planet \"Nibiru\" or \"Planet X\", due to its brightness as it approaches 1st magnitude. Other estimates range from 390 R☉[67] to 826 R☉.[27]\n\n\nRho Cassiopeiae\n400–500[69]\n\nYellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star.\n\n\nR Leporis (Hind's \"Crimson Star\")\n400[70]–535[71]\n\nMargin of possible error: ±90 R☉.[70]\n\n\nV509 Cassiopeiae\n400–900[72]\n\nYellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star.\n\n\nInner limits of the asteroid belt\n380\n\n Reported for reference \n\n\nV838 Monocerotis\n380 (in 2009)[73]\n\nA short time after the outburst V838 Mon was measured at 1,570 ± 400 R☉.[74] However the distance to this \"L-type supergiant\", and hence its size, have since been reduced and it proved to be a transient object that shrunk about four-fold over a few years. Like CW Leo, it has been erroneously portrayed as \"Nibiru\" or \"Planet X\" (see above).\n\n\nR Doradus\n7002370000000000000♠370±50[75]\n\nStar with the second largest apparent size after the Sun.\n\n\nTail of Comet Hyakutake\n360\n\nReported for reference\n\n\nIRC +10420\n357[76]–1,342[27]\nL/Teff\nA yellow hypergiant that has increased its temperature into the LBV range.\n\n\nThe Pistol Star\n340[77]\n\nBlue hypergiant, among the most massive and luminous stars known.\n\n\nMira A (Omicron Ceti)\n332–402[78]\nAD\nPrototype Mira variable. De beck et al. 2010 calculates 541 R☉.[27]\n\n\nLa Superba (Y Canum Venaticorum)\n307[27]–390[79]\nL/Teff\nReferred to as La Superba by Angelo Secchi. Currently one of the coolest and reddest stars.\n\n\nOrbit of Mars\n297–358\n\nReported for reference\n\n\nAlpha Herculis (Ras Algethi)\n7002284000000000000♠284±60[80]\n\nThe estimate ranges from 264 R☉ to 303 R☉[80]\n\n\nSun's red giant phase\n256[81]\n\nThe core hydrogen would be exhausted in 5.4 billion years. In 7.9 billion years, The Sun would reach the tip of the red-giant branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. (see below) Reported for reference \n\n\nOrbit of Earth\n215 (211–219)\n\nReported for reference\n\n\nDeneb (Alpha Cygni)\n7002203000000000000♠203±17[82]\n\nPrototype Alpha Cygni variable.\n\n\nSolar System Habitable Zone\n200–520[83] (uncertain)\n\nReported for reference \n\n\nOrbit of Venus\n154–157\n\nReported for reference\n\n\nEpsilon Aurigae A (Almaaz)\n143–358[84]\n\nε Aur was incorrectly claimed in 1970 as the largest star with a size between 2,000 R☉ and 3,000 R☉,[85] even though it later turned out not to be an infrared light star but rather a dusk torus surrounding the system.\n\n\nS Doradus\n100–380[86]\n\nPrototype S Doradus variable, even though P Cygni was the first discovered.\n\n\nPeony Star\n92[87]\n\nCandidate for most luminous star in the Milky Way.\n\n\nRigel A (Beta Orionis A)\n78.9[88]–115[89]\n\nMargin of possible error: ±7.4 R☉.[88]\n\n\nCanopus (Alpha Carinae)\n7001710000000000000♠71±4[90]\n\nSecond brightest star in the night sky.\n\n\nOrbit of Mercury\n66–100\n\nReported for reference\n\n\nLBV 1806-20\n45–145[91]\nL/Teff\nFormerly a candidate for the most luminous star in the Milky Way with 40 million L☉,[92] but the luminosity has been revised later only 2–5 million L☉.[93][94]\n\n\nAldebaran (Alpha Tauri)\n7001441300000000000♠44.13±0.84[95]\nAD\n\n\n\nPolaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris)\n37.5[96]\n\nThe current northern pole star.\n\n\nR136a1\n28.8[97]–35.4[98]\n\nAlso on record as the most massive and luminous star known (265 - 315 M☉ and 8.71 million L☉).\n\n\nArcturus (Alpha Boötis)\n7001254000000000000♠25.4±0.2[99]\n\nBrightest star in the northern hemisphere.\n\n\nHDE 226868\n20–22[100]\n\nThe supergiant companion of black hole Cygnus X-1. The black hole is 500,000 times smaller than the star.\n\n\nVV Cephei B\n13[101]–25[102]\n\nThe B-type main sequence companion of VV Cephei A.\n\n\nSun's helium burning phase\n10\n\nAfter the red-giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left. Reported for reference \n\n\nSun\n1\n\nThe largest object in the Solar System. Reported for reference \n"
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"UY Scuti"
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2128639864823679636 | Arachnoid granulation | Arachnoid granulation - wikipedia Arachnoid granulation Jump to : navigation , search Arachnoid granulation Diagrammatic representation of a section across the top of the skull , showing the membranes of the brain , etc . ( `` Arachnoid granulation '' label is at top right . ) Details Identifiers Latin Granulationes arachnoideae TA A14. 1.01. 205 FMA 77760 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Arachnoid granulations ( also arachnoid villi , and pacchionian granulations or bodies ) are small protrusions of the arachnoid mater ( the thin second layer covering the brain ) into the outer membrane of the dura mater ( the thick outer layer ) . They protrude into the dural venous sinuses of the brain , and allow cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the blood stream . Largest granulations lie along the superior sagittal sinus , a large venous space running from front to back along the center of the head ( on the inside of the skull ) . They are , however , present along other dural sinuses as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 Eponym 3 References 4 Additional images Function ( edit ) Diffusion across the arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus returns CSF to the venous circulation . The arachnoid granulations act as one - way valves . Normally the pressure of the CSF is higher than that of the venous system , so CSF flows through the villi and granulations into the blood . If the pressure is reversed for some reason , fluid will not pass back into the subarachnoid space . The reason for this is not known . It has been suggested that the endothelial cells of the venous sinus create vacuoles of CSF , which move through the cell and out into the blood . The importance of arachnoid granulations for the drainage of CSF is controversial . By some accounts , a large portion ( perhaps the majority ) of CSF is drained through lymphatics associated with extracranial segments of the cranial nerves . A large proportion of CSF is believed to leave the cranial vault through the axons of CN I ( olfactory nerve ) through their extension through the cribriform plate . On the inner surface of cranial bones , small pits called granular fovea are produced by arachnoid granulations . Eponym ( edit ) Occasionally , they are referred to by their old name : Pacchioni 's granulations or pacchionian bodies , named after Italian anatomist Antonio Pacchioni . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martini , Frederick ; Timmons , Michael ; Tallitsch , Robert ( 2015 ) . Human Anatomy ( Eighth ed . ) . Boston : Pearson . p. 453 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 88332 - 2 . Jump up ^ Linden Forest Edwards ( 1934 ) . Anatomy for physical education , descriptive and applied . P. Blakiston 's son & co. , inc . p. 80 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sir Henry Morris ( 1921 ) . Morris 's human anatomy . P. Blakiston 's son & Company . p. 953 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ synd / 392 at Who Named It ? Additional images ( edit ) Left parietal bone . Inner surface . Frontal bone . Inner surface . CT angiography showing an arachnoid granulation in the right transverse sinus Non-contrast CT scan of the head showing an arachnoid granulation ( hide ) Meninges of the brain and spinal cord Layers Dura mater Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli Diaphragma sellae Trigeminal cave Arachnoid mater Arachnoid granulation Arachnoid trabeculae Subarachnoid cisterns : Cisterna magna Pontine cistern Interpeduncular cistern Chiasmatic cistern Of lateral cerebral fossa Superior cistern Of lamina terminalis Pia mater Denticulate ligaments Tela choroidea Choroid plexus Perivascular space Combined Filum terminale Leptomeninges Spaces Epidural space Subdural space Subarachnoid space Cerebrospinal fluid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arachnoid_granulation&oldid=825330894 '' Categories : Meninges Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 20 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | villi that absorb csf into the venous circulation | [
"Arachnoid granulations (also arachnoid villi, and pacchionian granulations or bodies) are small protrusions of the arachnoid mater (the thin second layer covering the brain) into the outer membrane of the dura mater (the thick outer layer). They protrude into the dural venous sinuses of the brain, and allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the blood stream."
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"Arachnoid granulations"
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8237657363835673096 | Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song) | Walk on the Wild Side ( Lou Reed song ) - wikipedia Walk on the Wild Side ( Lou Reed song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Walk on the Wild Side '' Single by Lou Reed from the album Transformer A-side `` Perfect Day '' Released November 8 , 1972 ( 1972 - 11 - 08 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded August 1972 , Trident Studios , London Length 4 : 12 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Lou Reed Producer ( s ) David Bowie Mick Ronson Lou Reed singles chronology `` Walk and Talk It '' ( 1972 ) `` Walk on the Wild Side '' ( 1972 ) `` Satellite Of Love '' ( 1973 ) `` Walk and Talk It '' ( 1972 ) `` Walk on the Wild Side '' ( 1972 ) `` Satellite Of Love '' ( 1973 ) `` Walk on the Wild Side '' is a song by Lou Reed from his second solo album , Transformer ( 1972 ) . It was produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson , and released as a double A-side with `` Perfect Day '' . The song received wide radio coverage , despite its touching on taboo topics such as transgender people , drugs , male prostitution , and oral sex . In the United States , RCA released the single using an edited version of the song without the reference to oral sex . In 2010 , Rolling Stone ranked it at number 223 in its list of the 500 greatest songs of all time . The lyrics , describing a series of individuals and their journeys to New York City , refer to several of the regular `` superstars '' at Andy Warhol 's New York studio , the Factory , namely Holly Woodlawn , Candy Darling , Joe Dallesandro , Jackie Curtis and Joe Campbell ( referred to in the song by his nickname Sugar Plum Fairy ) . Candy Darling was also the subject of Reed 's earlier song for The Velvet Underground , `` Candy Says '' . Two decades after the song 's release , Reed told interviewer David Fricke , `` I know my obituary has already been written . And it starts out , `` Doot , di - doot , di - doot ... '' '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Musicians 2 Musical elements 3 Inspiration 4 Reception 5 Personnel 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Musicians ( edit ) The baritone saxophone solo played over the fadeout of the song is performed by Ronnie Ross , who had taught David Bowie to play the saxophone during Bowie 's childhood . The backing vocals are sung by Thunderthighs , a vocal group that included Dari Lalou , Karen Friedman , and Casey Synge . The upright bass and bass guitar are both played by Herbie Flowers who was paid a £ 17 flat fee ( equivalent to £ 200 in 2016 ) . Musical elements ( edit ) Like many of Reed 's songs , `` Walk on the Wild Side '' is based on a plagal cadence , alternating from C to F. The F is played as a sixth chord . The pre-chorus introduces the major second , D Major , although in some live performances this was changed to D minor , resulting in a completely diatonic song . The song is also noted for its twin interlocking bass lines played by Herbie Flowers on double bass and overdubbed on a stacked knob 1960 Fender Jazz Bass . In an interview on BBC Radio 4 ( Playing Second Fiddle , aired July 2005 ) , Flowers claimed that the reason he came up with the twin bass line was that as a session musician he would be paid double for playing two instruments on the same track , thus likely totalling his pay to £ 34 ( equivalent to £ 400 in 2016 ) . Inspiration ( edit ) In the 2001 documentary Classic Albums : Lou Reed : Transformer , Reed says that it was Nelson Algren 's 1956 novel , A Walk on the Wild Side ( itself titled after the 1952 song `` The Wild Side of Life '' ) , that was the launching point for the song , even though , as it grew , the song became inhabited by characters from his own life . As with several other Reed songs from the 1970s , the title may also be an allusion to an earlier song , in this case Mack David and Elmer Bernstein 's song of the same name , the Academy Award - nominated title song of the 1962 film based on Algren 's novel . During his performance of the song on his 1978 Live : Take No Prisoners album , Reed humorously explains the song 's development from a request that he write the music for the never - completed musical version of Algren 's novel . Each verse refers to one of the `` superstars '' at Andy Warhol 's New York studio , The Factory . `` Holly '' is based on Holly Woodlawn , a transgender actress who lived in Miami Beach , Florida as a child . In 1962 , after being bullied by homophobes , the fifteen - year - old ran away from home ; and , as in the lyrics , learned how to pluck her eyebrows while hitchhiking to New York . `` Candy '' is based on Candy Darling , a transgender actress and the subject of an earlier song by Lou Reed , `` Candy Says '' . She grew up on Long Island ( `` the island '' ) and was a regular at `` the back room '' of Max 's Kansas City . `` Little Joe '' was the nickname of Joe Dallesandro , an actor who starred in Flesh , a 1968 film about a teenage hustler . Dallesandro said in 2014 that he had never met Reed when the song was written , and that the lyrics were based on the film character , not himself personally . `` Sugar Plum Fairy '' was a reference to actor Joe Campbell , who played a character by that name in Warhol 's 1965 film , My Hustler . The term was a euphemism for `` drug dealer '' . `` Jackie '' is based on Jackie Curtis , another Warhol actor . `` Speeding '' and `` crashing '' are drug references . Curtis at one time hoped to play the role of James Dean in a movie ; Dean was killed in a car crash . Reception ( edit ) The lyrics were groundbreaking and risqué for their time , telling stories not usually told in rock songs up to then , and containing references to prostitution , transsexuals , and oral sex . `` I always thought it would be kinda fun to introduce people to characters they maybe had n't met before , or had n't wanted to meet , '' Reed said . The original release was a worldwide hit . In 2010 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked it as the 223rd greatest song of all time . In the United States , RCA released the single using an edited version of the song without the reference to oral sex . In the UK , the reference has sometimes slipped past the censors , who were apparently unfamiliar with the term `` giving head '' . The term `` colored girls '' was also an issue in the US ; RCA provided radio stations with a version in which it was edited out . The single peaked at # 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles charts in early 1973 . After the announcement of Reed 's death in October 2013 , both the song and the Transformer album re-charted via iTunes . Personnel ( edit ) Lou Reed -- lead vocals , acoustic guitar Thunderthighs -- backing vocals David Bowie -- acoustic guitar Mick Ronson -- electric guitar , string arrangement Herbie Flowers -- electric bass , double bass Ronnie Ross -- baritone saxophone John Halsey -- drums Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia KMR 100 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 57 Canada RPM 18 France ( SNEP ) 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 67 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 29 Italy ( FIMI ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 21 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 39 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 14 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 17 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Canada 95 U.S. ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 125 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Italy ( FIMI ) Gold United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/lou-reed-walk-on-the-wild-side-20110527 Jump up ^ Fricke , David , Mojo Magazine , November 2016 , pg. 75 ^ Jump up to : Dave Simpson ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` The little - known musicians behind some of music 's most famous moments '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Barton , Laura ( 12 May 2011 ) . `` Hail , Hail , Rock'n'Roll '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Thunderthighs '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed - Walk On The Wild Side ( ver 3 ) Chords '' . Bigchords.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Richard Flanagan , `` Prophet of the neon wilderness '' , The Sunday Telegraph , January 29 , 2006 ( reprinted as `` Introduction '' , dated `` October 2005 '' , in the novel 's digital edition , Canongate Books , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84767 - 649 - 8 ) : ' As Algren admitted , the book `` was n't written until long after it had been walked ... I found my way to the streets on the other side of the Southern Pacific station , where the big jukes were singing something called ' Walking the Wild Side of Life . ' I 've stayed pretty much on that side of the curb ever since . '' ' Jump up ^ Reed , Lou ( 1991 ) . Between Thought and Expression : Selected Lyrics of Lou Reed . Hyperion . p. 42 . ISBN 1 - 56282 - 923 - 8 . They were going to make a musical out of Nelson Algren 's A Walk on the Wild Side . When they dropped the project I took my song and changed the book 's characters into people I knew from Warhol 's Factory . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( 12 December 2008 ) . `` Bet you think this song is about you '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Colin ( 24 February 2009 ) . `` From the Archives , a Portrait of a Pop - Art Muse '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Joe Dallesandro : The Warhol - Era Sex Symbol Talks '' . LA Weekly . 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Klemm , Michael D. `` Warhol On The Beach '' . CinemaQueer.com . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ McCourt , James . `` Warhol 's Brainy Goddess '' . Gay City News . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Trebay , Guy ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` The Real - Life Stories Told in ' Walk on the Wild Side ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Bockris , Victor ( 1994 ) . Transformer : The Lou Reed Story . Simon & Schuster . p. 207 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80366 - 6 . The impact of Transformer 's sexual content has been forgotten . It is hard to conjure up the shock resulting from David Bowie 's confession of bisexuality ( in 1972 ) . Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/lou-reed-walk-on-the-wild-side-20110527 Jump up ^ `` Ten things you never knew about Lou Reed '' . Clash . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Santoso , Alex ( 17 September 2012 ) . `` The Story Behind Lou Reed 's `` Walk on the Wild Side '' `` . Neatorama . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits : Eighth Edition . Record Research . p. 523 . Jump up ^ `` NME News Lou Reed to have posthumous hit with ' Walk On The Wild Side ' ? - NME.COM '' . NME.COM. 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Walk on the Wild Side '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archivio - Top Digital Download - Classifica settimanale WK 44 ( dal 28 - 10 - 2013 al 03 - 11 - 2013 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Lou Reed -- Walk on the Wild Side '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Enter Walk on the Wild Side in the search field and then press Enter . Further reading ( edit ) Jones , Josh ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Characters Immortalized in Lou Reed 's ' Walk on the Wild Side ' : The Stars and Gay Rights Icons from Andy Warhol 's Factory Scene '' . Open Culture . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Lou Reed Discography Studio albums Lou Reed Transformer Berlin Sally Ca n't Dance Metal Machine Music Coney Island Baby Rock and Roll Heart Street Hassle The Bells Growing Up in Public The Blue Mask Legendary Hearts New Sensations Mistrial New York Magic and Loss Set the Twilight Reeling Ecstasy The Raven Hudson River Wind Meditations Collaborations Le Bataclan ' 72 ( with John Cale and Nico ) Songs for Drella ( with John Cale ) The Stone : Issue Three ( with John Zorn and Laurie Anderson ) Lulu ( with Metallica ) Live albums Rock ' n ' Roll Animal Lou Reed Live Live : Take No Prisoners Live in Italy Live in Concert Perfect Night : Live in London American Poet Animal Serenade Berlin : Live At St. Ann 's Warehouse The Creation of the Universe Compilations Walk on the Wild Side : The Best of Lou Reed Rock and Roll Diary : 1967 -- 1980 City Lights Walk on the Wild Side & Other Hits Different Times : Lou Reed in the ' 70s The Best of Lou Reed & The Velvet Underground A Retrospective Perfect Day Retro The Definitive Collection The Very Best of Lou Reed Legendary Lou Reed NYC Man ( The Ultimate Collection 1967 -- 2003 ) The Essential Lou Reed Singles `` Walk on the Wild Side '' `` Satellite of Love '' `` Vicious '' `` Sweet Jane '' `` Street Hassle '' `` September Song '' `` The Original Wrapper '' `` No Money Down '' `` Dirty Blvd . '' Box sets Between Thought and Expression : The Lou Reed Anthology Related articles The Velvet Underground John Cale Nico Metal Machine Trio Live at Montreux 2000 Loureedia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walk_on_the_Wild_Side_(Lou_Reed_song)&oldid=835475775 '' Categories : 1972 songs Lou Reed songs Songs about New York City LGBT - related songs Songs written by Lou Reed Songs about drugs Songs based on actual events Song recordings produced by David Bowie 1973 singles Transgender and transsexual - related media Songs about prostitutes RCA Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 22 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was walk on the wild side written | [
"\"Walk on the Wild Side\" is a song by Lou Reed from his second solo album, Transformer (1972). It was produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson, and released as a double A-side with \"Perfect Day\". The song received wide radio coverage, despite its touching on taboo topics such as transgender people, drugs, male prostitution, and oral sex. In the United States, RCA released the single using an edited version of the song without the reference to oral sex. In 2010, Rolling Stone ranked it at number 223 in its list of the 500 greatest songs of all time.[1]"
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-4413418996190022532 | FIFA World Cup | FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia FIFA World Cup This article is about the men 's association football tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup . FIFA World Cup Founded 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 32 ( finals ) 211 ( eligible to enter qualification ) Related competitions FIFA Confederations Cup Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) Television broadcasters List of broadcasters Website fifa.com/worldcup/ The 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is France , which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia . The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years , to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase , which is often called the World Cup Finals . After this , 32 teams , including the automatically qualifying host nation ( s ) , compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about a month . The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina , France and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England and Spain with one title each . The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world , as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet . 17 countries have hosted the World Cup . Brazil , France , Italy , Germany and Mexico have each hosted twice , while Uruguay , Switzerland , Sweden , Chile , England , Argentina , Spain , the United States , Japan and South Korea ( jointly ) , South Africa and Russia have each hosted once . Qatar are planned as hosts of the 2022 finals , and 2026 will be a joint hosted finals between Canada , the United States and Mexico , which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to have hosted games in three different finals . Contents 1 History 1.1 Previous international competitions 1.2 World Cups before World War II 1.3 World Cups after World War II 1.4 Expansion to 32 teams 1.5 Expansion to 48 teams 1.6 2015 FIFA corruption case 1.7 Other FIFA tournaments 2 Trophy 3 Format 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Final tournament 4 Hosts 4.1 Selection process 4.2 Performances 5 Attendance 6 Broadcasting and promotion 7 Results 7.1 Teams reaching the top four 7.2 Best performances by continental zones 8 Awards 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Top goalscorers 9.2 All - time table for champions 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Bibliography 13 External links History Main article : History of the FIFA World Cup Previous international competitions The world 's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , which ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first international tournament , the inaugural British Home Championship , took place in 1884 . As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century , it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics ( however , the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events ) , and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . After FIFA was founded in 1904 , it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 . These were very early days for international football , and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure . At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition . Planned by The Football Association ( FA ) , England 's football governing body , the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition . Great Britain ( represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm . With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams , Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909 . The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs ( not national teams ) from different nations , each one of which represented an entire nation . The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy , Germany and Switzerland , but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team . Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead . West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title . In 1914 , FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a `` world football championship for amateurs '' , and took responsibility for managing the event . This paved the way for the world 's first intercontinental football competition , at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams , and won by Belgium . Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships , as 1924 was the start of FIFA 's professional era . World Cups before World War II FIFA president Jules Rimet convinced the confederations to promote an international football tournament . Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments , FIFA , with President Jules Rimet as the driving force , again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics . On 28 May 1928 , the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself . With Uruguay now two - time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930 , FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament . The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team , but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides . Indeed , no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition . Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia to make the trip . In total , 13 nations took part : seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America . Estadio Centenario , the location of the first World Cup final in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 , and were won by France and the USA , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 respectively . The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France . In the final , Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of 93,000 people in Montevideo , and became the first nation to win the World Cup . After the creation of the World Cup , FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players , and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics . Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics , but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup . The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel , and war . Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 World Cup and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament . Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both . The 1942 and 1946 competitions , which Germany and Brazil sought to host , were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath . World Cups after World War II The opening game of the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , shortly before the 1950 FIFA World Cup . From the National Archives of Brazil The 1950 World Cup , held in Brazil , was the first to include British participants . British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920 , partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with , and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football , but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA 's invitation . The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay , who had boycotted the previous two World Cups . Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil , in the match called `` Maracanazo '' ( Portuguese : Maracanaço ) . In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978 , 16 teams competed in each tournament , except in 1938 , when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying , leaving the tournament with 15 teams , and in 1950 , when India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew , leaving the tournament with 13 teams . Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America , with a small minority from North America , Africa , Asia , and Oceania . These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams . Until 1982 , the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were : USA , semi-finalists in 1930 ; Cuba , quarter - finalists in 1938 ; North Korea , quarter - finalists in 1966 ; and Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1970 . Expansion to 32 teams Interior view of the Soccer City in Johannesburg , South Africa , during a match at the 2010 FIFA World Cup The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982 , and then to 32 in 1998 , also allowing more teams from Africa , Asia and North America to take part . Since then , teams from these regions have enjoyed more success , with several having reached the quarter - finals : Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1986 ; Cameroon , quarter - finalists in 1990 ; South Korea , finishing in fourth place in 2002 ; Senegal , along with USA , both quarter - finalists in 2002 ; Ghana , quarter - finalists in 2010 ; and Costa Rica , quarter - finalists in 2014 . Nevertheless , European and South American teams continue to dominate , e.g. , the quarter - finalists in 1994 , 1998 , 2006 and 2018 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far . Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds ; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Expansion to 48 teams In October 2013 , Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union 's region a position in the World Cup . In the edition of 25 October 2013 of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that : `` From a purely sporting perspective , I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously , and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup . It can not be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup . '' Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency . Following the magazine 's publication , Blatter 's would - be opponent for the FIFA Presidency , UEFA President Michel Platini , responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations , increasing the number of participants by eight . Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA , two to the Asian Football Confederation and the Confederation of African Football , two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL , and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation . Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup . He said : `` ( The World Cup is ) not based on the quality of the teams because you do n't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it 's a good compromise ... It 's a political matter so why not have more Africans ? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world . If you do n't give the possibility to participate , they do n't improve . '' In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup in 2026 . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams . 2015 FIFA corruption case Main article : 2015 FIFA corruption case By May 2015 , the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case , allegations and criminal charges of bribery , fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights ( rigged bids ) for FIFA games , with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years . In late May , the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47 - count indictment with charges of racketeering , wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people . Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time , particularly on 29 May and 3 December . By the end of May 2015 , a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption . At the time , FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016 . On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA 's then - executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups . On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter . The same day , FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Then - secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated , `` Due to the situation , I think it 's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being . '' On 28 October 2015 , Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini , a potential candidate for presidency , were suspended for 90 days ; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media . On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May . An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day . Other FIFA tournaments The BC Place in Vancouver hosting a 2015 Women 's World Cup match An equivalent tournament for women 's football , the FIFA Women 's World Cup , was first held in 1991 in China . The women 's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men 's , but is growing ; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120 , more than double that of 1991 . Men 's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 . Unlike many other sports , the men 's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top - level tournament , and since 1992 , an under - 23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players . Women 's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 . The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation ( s ) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup . It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships , along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country . FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football ( FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ) , club football ( FIFA Club World Cup ) , and football variants such as futsal ( FIFA Futsal World Cup ) and beach soccer ( FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ) . The latter three do not have a women 's version , although a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup has been proposed . The FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup is held the year before each Women 's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process . The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition . Trophy Main article : FIFA World Cup Trophy Queen Elizabeth II presenting the Jules Rimet trophy to 1966 World Cup winning England captain Bobby Moore From 1930 to 1970 , the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team . It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament . In 1970 , Brazil 's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently . However , the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered , apparently melted down by the thieves . The current World Cup trophy , presented since 1974 After 1970 , a new trophy , known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy , was designed . The experts of FIFA , coming from seven countries , evaluated the 53 presented models , finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga . The new trophy is 36 cm ( 14.2 in ) high , made of solid 18 carat ( 75 % ) gold and weighs 6.175 kg ( 13.6 lb ) . The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974 . The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was : `` The lines spring out from the base , rising in spirals , stretching out to receive the world . From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory . '' This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently . World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished . They are awarded a gold - plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards . Currently , all members ( players , coaches , and managers ) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy ; winners ' ( gold ) , runners - up ' ( silver ) , and third - place ( bronze ) . In the 2002 edition , fourth - place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea . Before the 1978 tournament , medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third - place match . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . Format Qualification Main article : FIFA World Cup qualification Since the second World Cup in 1934 , qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament . They are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , and Europe ) , overseen by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand , generally based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two - year period . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations . Usually , one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play - offs . For example , the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth - placed team from the Asian zone entered a play - off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup . From the 1938 World Cup onwards , host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament . This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002 , but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward , requiring the champions to qualify . Brazil , winners in 2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches . Final tournament For the various formats used in previous tournaments , see History of the FIFA World Cup § Format of each final tournament . The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams compete within eight groups of four teams each . Eight teams are seeded , including the hosts , with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and / or performances in recent World Cups , and drawn to separate groups . The other teams are assigned to different `` pots '' , usually based on geographical criteria , and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups . Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . This means that a total of six matches are played within a group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . If one considers all possible outcomes ( win , draw , loss ) for all six matches in a group , there are 729 ( = 3 ) outcome combinations possible . However , 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places . In such case , the ranking among these teams is determined as follows : Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams Fair play points , defined by the number of yellow and red cards received in the group stage : Yellow card : minus 1 point Indirect red card ( as a result of a second yellow card ) : minus 3 points Direct red card : minus 4 points Yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 ( or the second round ) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner - up of another group . This is followed by the quarter - finals , the semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA approved a new format , the 48 - team World Cup ( to accommodate more teams ) , which consists of 16 groups of three teams each , with two teams qualifying from each group , to form a round of 32 knockout stage , to be implemented by 2026 . Hosts Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2022 . Green : once ; dark green : twice ; light green : planned Selection process Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat . The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed , as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan , was the first one held in Asia , and the first tournament with multiple hosts . South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil , the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe . Russian delegates celebrate being chosen as the host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a `` Hosting Agreement '' from FIFA , which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid . The bidding association also receives a form , the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy . After this , a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced . The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament . However , there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time , as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar , with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament . For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups , the final tournament is rotated between confederations , allowing only countries from the chosen confederation ( Africa in 2010 , South America in 2014 ) to bid to host the tournament . The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany 's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However , the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014 , so any country , except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments , can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament , where Brazil was the only official bidder . The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States , Canada and Mexico , marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations . The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held , with 48 teams playing 80 matches . Sixty matches will take place in the US , including all matches from the quarter - finals onward , while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each . Performances See also : Results of host nations in the FIFA World Cup Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland , the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as runners - up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014 , and Spain , which reached the second round on home soil in 1982 . England ( 1966 ) won its only title while playing as a host nation . Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) and France ( 1998 ) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again , while Germany ( 1974 ) won their second title on home soil . Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament . Switzerland ( quarter - finals 1954 ) , Sweden ( runners - up in 1958 ) , Chile ( third place in 1962 ) , South Korea ( fourth place in 2002 ) , and Mexico ( quarter - finals in 1970 and 1986 ) all have their best results when serving as hosts . So far , South Africa ( 2010 ) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round . Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Year Hosts Venues / Cities Total attendance Matches Avg . attendance Highest attendances † Number Venue Game ( s ) 1930 Uruguay 3 / 1 590,549 18 32,808 93,000 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Semi-final 1934 Italy 8 / 8 363,000 17 21,353 55,000 Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia , Final 1938 France 10 / 9 375,700 18 20,872 58,455 Olympique de Colombes , Paris France 1 -- 3 Italy , Quarter - final 1950 Brazil 6 / 6 1,045,246 22 47,511 173,850 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 2 Uruguay , Deciding match 1954 Switzerland 6 / 6 768,607 26 29,562 63,000 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary , Final 1958 Sweden 12 / 12 819,810 35 23,423 50,928 Ullevi Stadium , Gothenburg Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union , Group stage 1962 Chile 4 / 4 893,172 32 27,912 68,679 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Brazil 4 -- 2 Chile , Semi-final 1966 England 8 / 7 1,563,135 32 48,848 98,270 Wembley Stadium , London England 4 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1970 Mexico 5 / 5 1,603,975 32 50,124 108,192 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 0 Belgium , Group stage West Germany 9 / 9 1,865,753 38 49,099 83,168 Olympiastadion , West Berlin West Germany 1 -- 0 Chile , Group stage 1978 Argentina 6 / 5 1,545,791 38 40,679 71,712 River Plate Stadium , Buenos Aires Italy 1 -- 0 Argentina , Group stage 1982 Spain 17 / 14 2,109,723 52 40,572 95,500 Camp Nou , Barcelona Argentina 0 -- 1 Belgium , Opening match 1986 Mexico 12 / 11 2,394,031 52 46,039 114,600 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 1 Paraguay , Group stage Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1990 Italy 12 / 12 2,516,215 52 48,389 74,765 San Siro , Milan West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Group stage 1994 United States 9 / 9 3,587,538 52 68,991 94,194 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California Brazil 0 ( 3 ) -- ( 2 ) 0 Italy , Final 1998 France 10 / 10 2,785,100 64 43,517 80,000 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil 0 -- 3 France , Final 2002 South Korea Japan 10 / 10 10 / 10 2,705,197 64 42,269 69,029 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany , Final 2006 Germany 12 / 12 3,359,439 64 52,491 72,000 Olympiastadion , Berlin Germany 1 ( 4 ) -- ( 2 ) 1 Argentina , Quarter - final South Africa 10 / 9 3,178,856 64 49,670 84,490 Soccer City , Johannesburg Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands , Final 2014 Brazil 12 / 12 3,429,873 64 53,592 74,738 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina , Final 2018 Russia 12 / 11 3,031,768 64 47,371 78,011 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Seven matches at the Luzhniki , including France 4 -- 2 Croatia , Final Overall 40,532,478 900 45,036 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio ( 1950 ) The best - attended single match , shown in the last three columns , has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups as of 2014 . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930 , 1938 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 -- 1982 , 1990 and 2006 . Source : FIFA Broadcasting and promotion See also : List of FIFA World Cup broadcasters A Coca - Cola bottle promoting the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world . The cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion . 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament ( a ninth of the entire population of the planet ) . The 2006 World Cup draw , which decided the distribution of teams into groups , was watched by 300 million viewers . The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Adidas . For these companies and many more , being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands . Host countries typically experience a multimillion - dollar revenue increase from the month - long event . The governing body of the sport , FIFA , generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament . Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo . World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition , was the first World Cup mascot . World Cups feature official match balls specially designed for each tournament . Each World Cup also has an official song , which have been performed by artists ranging from Shakira to Will Smith . Other songs , such as `` Nessun dorma '' , performed by The Three Tenors at four World Cup concerts , have also become identified with the tournament . The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates , the male / female sex ratio of newborns , and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing . Results See also : List of FIFA World Cup finals # Year Hosts Champions Score and Venue Runners - up Third place Score and Venue Fourth place No. of Teams 1930 Details Uruguay Uruguay 4 -- 2 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Argentina United States Yugoslavia 13 1934 Details Italy Italy 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Czechoslovakia Germany 3 -- 2 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli , Naples Austria 16 1938 Details France Italy 4 -- 2 Stade de Colombes , Paris Hungary Brazil 4 -- 2 Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Sweden 15 1942 Editions not organized because of World War II . 1946 1950 Details Brazil Uruguay 2 -- 1 Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Brazil Sweden 3 -- 1 Pacaembu , São Paulo Spain 13 5 1954 Details Switzerland West Germany 3 -- 2 Wankdorfstadion , Bern Hungary Austria 3 -- 1 Hardturm , Zürich Uruguay 16 6 1958 Details Sweden Brazil 5 -- 2 Råsundastadion , Solna Sweden France 6 -- 3 Ullevi , Gothenburg West Germany 16 7 1962 Details Chile Brazil 3 -- 1 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Czechoslovakia Chile 1 -- 0 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Yugoslavia 16 8 1966 Details England England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Wembley Stadium , London West Germany Portugal 2 -- 1 Wembley Stadium , London Soviet Union 16 9 1970 Details Mexico Brazil 4 -- 1 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Uruguay 16 10 Details West Germany West Germany 2 -- 1 Olympiastadion , Munich Netherlands Poland 1 -- 0 Olympiastadion , Munich Brazil 16 11 1978 Details Argentina Argentina 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Netherlands Brazil 2 -- 1 Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Italy 16 12 1982 Details Spain Italy 3 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid West Germany Poland 3 -- 2 Estadio José Rico Pérez , Alicante France 24 13 1986 Details Mexico Argentina 3 -- 2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City West Germany France 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Belgium 24 14 1990 Details Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico , Rome Argentina Italy 2 -- 1 Stadio San Nicola , Bari England 24 15 1994 Details United States Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 PSO ) Rose Bowl , Pasadena Italy Sweden 4 -- 0 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Bulgaria 24 16 1998 Details France France 3 -- 0 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil Croatia 2 -- 1 Parc des Princes , Paris Netherlands 32 17 2002 Details South Korea Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama Germany Turkey 3 -- 2 Daegu Stadium , Daegu South Korea 32 18 2006 Details Germany Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 PSO ) Olympiastadion , Berlin France Germany 3 -- 1 Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart Portugal 32 19 Details South Africa Spain 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Soccer City , Johannesburg Netherlands Germany 3 -- 2 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Uruguay 32 20 2014 Details Brazil Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Argentina Netherlands 3 -- 0 Estádio Nacional , Brasília Brazil 32 21 2018 Details Russia France 4 -- 2 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Croatia Belgium 2 -- 0 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg England 32 22 2022 Details Qatar TBD TBD Lusail Iconic Stadium , Lusail TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 32 23 2026 Details Canada United States Mexico TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 48 a.e.t. : after extra time PSO : after penalty shoot - out TBD : to be determined Notes Jump up ^ There was no third place match in 1930 ; the United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . FIFA now recognises the United States as the third - placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth - placed team , using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . ^ Jump up to : There was no official World Cup final match in 1950 . The tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Coincidentally , one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other , with Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . Likewise , the game between the lowest ranked teams , played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil , can be considered equal to a 3rd place match , with Sweden 's 3 -- 1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third . In all , 79 nations have played in at least one World Cup . Of these , eight national teams have won the World Cup , and they have added stars to their badges , with each star representing a World Cup victory . ( Uruguay , however , choose to display four stars on their badge , representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950 ) . With five titles , Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup ( 21 ) to date . Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third ( 1970 ) , fourth ( 1994 ) and fifth ( 2002 ) time . Italy ( 1934 and 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 and 1962 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . West Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals . Germany has made the most top - four finishes ( 13 ) , medals ( 12 ) , as well as the most finals ( 8 ) . Map of countries ' best results Teams reaching the top four See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Comprehensive team results by tournament Teams reaching the top four Team Titles Runners - up Third place Fourth place Top 4 Finishes Top 3 Finishes Top 2 Finishes Brazil 5 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) 2 ( 1950 * , 1998 ) 2 ( 1938 , 1978 ) 2 ( 1974 , 2014 * ) 11 9 7 Germany ^ 4 ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) 4 ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) 4 ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 * , 2010 ) 1 ( 1958 ) 13 12 8 Italy 4 ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) 2 ( 1970 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1990 * ) 1 ( 1978 ) 8 7 6 Argentina 2 ( 1978 * , 1986 ) 3 ( 1930 , 1990 , 2014 ) 5 5 5 France 2 ( 1998 * , 2018 ) 1 ( 2006 ) 2 ( 1958 , 1986 ) 1 ( 1982 ) 6 5 Uruguay 2 ( 1930 * , 1950 ) 3 ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) 5 England 1 ( 1966 * ) 2 ( 1990 , 2018 ) Spain 1 ( 2010 ) 1 ( 1950 ) Netherlands 3 ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 1 ( 1998 ) 5 Hungary 2 ( 1938 , 1954 ) Czechoslovakia 2 ( 1934 , 1962 ) Sweden 1 ( 1958 * ) 2 ( 1950 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1938 ) Croatia 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Poland 2 ( 1974 , 1982 ) Austria 1 ( 1954 ) 1 ( 1934 ) Portugal 1 ( 1966 ) 1 ( 2006 ) Belgium 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1986 ) United States 1 ( 1930 ) Chile 1 ( 1962 * ) Turkey 1 ( 2002 ) Yugoslavia 2 ( 1930 , 1962 ) Soviet Union 1 ( 1966 ) Bulgaria 1 ( 1994 ) South Korea 1 ( 2002 * ) * = hosts ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1954 and 1990 # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations Best performances by continental zones See also : FIFA World Cup results by confederation To date , the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA ( Europe ) and CONMEBOL ( South America ) confederations . European nations have won twelve titles , while South American have won nine . Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition : United States ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and South Korea ( Asia ) in 2002 . The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter - finals : Cameroon in 1990 , Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 . Only one Oceanian qualifier , Australia in 2006 , has advanced to the second round . Brazil , Argentina , Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation ; Brazil came out victorious in Europe ( 1958 ) , North America ( 1970 and 1994 ) and Asia ( 2002 ) . Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986 , while Spain won in Africa in 2010 . In 2014 , Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas . Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent , and currently it is the first time with four champions in a row from the same continental confederation . Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively , while Italy 's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010 , Germany in 2014 and France in 2018 . Currently , it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents ( Europe ) is ahead of the other ( South America ) by more than one championship . Total times teams qualified by confederation Confederation AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Total Teams 37 44 42 85 245 457 Top 16 6 9 14 35 91 156 Top 8 5 34 0 100 144 Top 4 0 22 0 60 84 Top 2 0 0 0 14 0 28 42 1st 0 0 0 9 0 12 21 2nd 0 0 0 5 0 16 21 3rd 0 0 0 17 21 4th 0 0 5 0 15 21 Awards Main article : FIFA World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently six awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1982 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively ; The Golden Boot ( sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1982 , but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930 ) ; most recently , the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively ; The Golden Glove Award ( formerly the Yashin Award ) for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2006 ) ; The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1978 ) ; The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; An All - Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998 . Records and Statistics Main article : List of FIFA World Cup records See also : List of FIFA World Cup winners Lothar Matthäus played a record 25 World Cup matches across a joint record five tournaments . Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups ; Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ( 1950 -- 1966 ) and Rafael Márquez ( 2002 - 2018 ) ; and Germany 's Lothar Matthäus ( 1982 -- 1998 ) all played in five tournaments . Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall , with 25 appearances . Brazil 's Djalma Santos ( 1954 -- 1962 ) , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer ( 1966 -- 1974 ) and Germany 's Philipp Lahm ( 2006 -- 2014 ) are the only players to be named to three Finals All - Star Teams . Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) is the all - time top scorer at the finals , with 16 goals . He broke Ronaldo of Brazil 's record of 15 goals ( 1998 -- 2006 ) during the 2014 semi-final match against Brazil . West Germany 's Gerd Müller ( 1970 -- 1974 ) is third , with 14 goals . The fourth placed goalscorer , France 's Just Fontaine , holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup ; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . This made Brazil 's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners ' medals ( 1958 , 1962 , and 1970 , although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury ) , with 20 other players who have won two winners ' medals . Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals ( winners ' , runner - ups ' , and third - place ) ; five players were from West Germany 's squad of 1966 -- 1974 including Franz Beckenbauer , Jürgen Grabowski , Horst - Dieter Höttges , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath ( 1966 -- 1974 ) , Italy 's Franco Baresi ( 1982 , 1990 , 1994 ) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) with four consecutive medals . Brazil 's Mário Zagallo , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer and France 's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach . Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach . Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach , and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018 , after having won in 1998 as captain . Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups ( 1934 and 1938 ) . All World Cup - winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory . Among the national teams , Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches ( 109 ) , Germany appeared in the most finals ( 8 ) , semi-finals ( 13 ) , quarter - finals ( 16 ) , while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups ( 21 ) , has the most wins ( 73 ) and has scored the most goals ( 229 ) . The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup , in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final . Top goalscorers Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose scored a record 16 goals across four World Cups . Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments Rank Nation Player Goals scored Miroslav Klose 16 Ronaldo 15 Gerd Müller 14 Just Fontaine 13 5 Pelé 12 6 Jürgen Klinsmann 11 Sándor Kocsis 11 All - time table for champions Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Position Name of Team Participations Pld GF GA GD Pts Avg Pts Trophies Brazil 21 109 73 18 18 229 105 124 237 2.17 5 Germany 19 109 67 20 22 226 125 101 221 2.03 Italy 18 83 45 21 17 128 77 51 156 1.88 Argentina 17 81 43 15 23 137 93 44 144 1.78 5 France 15 66 34 13 19 120 77 43 115 1.74 6 England 15 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 108 1.59 7 Spain 15 63 30 15 18 99 72 27 105 1.67 8 Uruguay 13 56 24 12 20 87 74 13 84 1.50 See also Book : FIFA World Cup Association football portal Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup . List of FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup referees National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Notes and references ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Dunmore , Historical Dictionary of Soccer , page 235 , quote `` The World Cup is now the most - watched sporting event in the world on television , above even the Olympic Games . '' Jump up ^ Stephen Dobson and John Goddard , The Economics of Football , page 407 , quote `` The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world : the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion , an average of 409 million viewers per match . '' Jump up ^ Glenn M. Wong , The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports , page 144 , quote `` The World Cup is the most - watched sporting event in the world . In 2006 , more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television , and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament . '' Jump up ^ `` England National Football Team Match No. 1 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` British PM backs return of Home Nations championship '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Elbech , Søren ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Intermediate Games of the IV . Olympiad '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- FIFA takes shape '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The First World Cup ' . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy '' . Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council . 10 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- More associations follow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Macario ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` VII . Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The World Cup 's 1st goal scorer '' . CBC . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Odyssey so far ... ( Part 1 : 1908 -- 1964 ) '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los datos más curiosos de la Fiesta del Fútbol - Brasil 1950 '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the 1950 World Cup '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanville Jump up ^ Glanville , p45 Jump up ^ Glanville , p238 Jump up ^ Glanville , p359 Jump up ^ `` Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , James ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Caribbean pro league can work '' . Cayman Islands : CompassCayman.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blatter , Sepp ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` A level playing field for Africa ! '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Weekly . p. 29 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morley , Gary ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Sepp Blatter calls for more African nations at World Cup finals '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Matt ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Michel Platini sets out his plan for the new world order '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests - The Guardian , 3 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ab 2026 : 48 Teams - Fifa vergrößert die WM '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Jump up ^ No byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The FIFA Investigation , Explained '' . New York Times . New York , NY , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Botelho , Greg ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` FIFA corruption probe targets ' World Cup of fraud , ' IRS chief says '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC News . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blazer : Bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups - Telegraph '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss police seize IT data from Fifa headquarters '' , The BBC , 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup 2026 bidding process delayed '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Sepp Blatter , Michel Platini handed 90 - day FIFA suspensions '' . CBC Sports . CBC / Radio Canada . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` FIFA Corruption : Top Officials Arrested at Zurich Hotel '' . New York Times . New York , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ no byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We Are the World ... Cup '' Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... China Post . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Regulations Men 's Olympic Football Tournament 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Task Force for Women 's Football proposes a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup '' . fifa.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup next up for Canada in 2015 '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup TM Trophy '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 122 forgotten heroes get World Cup medals '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1966 winners honoured '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Greaves finally gets his 1966 World Cup medal '' . Mirror.co.uk . MGN . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup qualifying : Treasure - trove of the weird and wonderful '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Cup Qualifying '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 26 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : seeded teams 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Previously , due to there being fewer finals places and a bigger ratio of European finalists , there had been several occasions where three European teams were in a single group , for example , 1986 ( West Germany , Scotland , and Denmark ) , 1990 ( Italy , Czechoslovakia , and Austria ) , and 1994 ( Italy , Republic of Ireland , and Norway ) . ( `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014. ) Jump up ^ This practice has been installed since the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In some cases during previous tournaments , for example , Argentina 6 -- 0 Peru in Argentina 1978 and West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria in Spain 1982 , teams that played the latter match were perceived to gain an unfair advantage by knowing the score of the earlier match , and subsequently obtaining a result that ensured advancement to the next stage . ( `` 1978 Argentina '' . CBC. ; `` 1982 Spain '' . CBC. ) Jump up ^ `` Regulations - 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 43 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Turner , Stephen ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` FIFA approves 48 - team World Cup '' . Sky Sports News . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` France 1938 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Asia takes World Cup center stage '' . CNN . 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` England beaten as Russia win 2018 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Qatar win 2022 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 30 October 2007 ) , `` Brazil officially named 2014 World Cup hosts '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 July 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1974 - West Germany win on home soil '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris . `` France 1 - 2 South Africa '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Officially , 173,850 paid spectators crammed into Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã Stadium on July 16 ( ... ) Some estimates have even pegged the attendance as high as 199,000 or 210,000 unofficially Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup competition records '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Socceroos face major challenge : Hiddink '' . ABC Sport. 10 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Financial Report 2014 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . FIFA.com. 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Mascots '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Footballs during the FIFA World Cup '' . Football Facts . FIFA . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Sara D ( 27 April 2010 ) . `` Shakira Records Official Song for 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Aolradioblog . Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Official Song ' Live It Up ' to be performed by all - star line - up '' . FIFA. 23 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A riot of colour , emotion and memories : the World Cup stands alone in the field of sport '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Brachfeld , Aaron ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` World Cup affects sex ratio in newborns '' . the Loka Review ( November 2015 ) . Loka Hatha Yoga . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` Possible Effect of the World Cup on Births '' . Improbable Research . Harvard University . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` The sex ratio at birth in South Africa increased 9 months after the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Early Human Development . Journal of Early Human Development . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR , the national team of Serbia succeeds the Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro , and the national team of Czech Republic succeeds the Czechoslovakia . ( `` Russia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Serbia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Czech Republic '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ) . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia 's qualification in 2006 was through the Oceanian zone as they were a member of the OFC member during qualifying . However , on 1 January 2006 , they left the Oceania Football Confederation and joined the Asian Football Confederation . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball for Zinedine Zidane '' . Soccerway. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Shoe -- FIFA World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pierrend , José Luis ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Awards '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( 10 November 1999 ) . `` Matthaus Is the Latest MetroStars Savior '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Brazil 's twice World Cup winner Djalma Santos dies at 84 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goal machine was Just superb '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Gentry ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Pele , King of Futbol '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil , Germany & Every World Cup Winner from 1930 to 2014 '' . Goal. 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 11 March 1998 ) . `` No Alternative to Victory for National Coach : 150 Million Brazilians Keep Heat on Zagalo '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` World Cup Legends -- Franz Beckenbauer '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , Jeremy ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France boss Didier Deschamps makes history with World Cup final victory over Croatia '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Cup : Italy repeats as champions '' . CBC. 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Curse of the Foreign - Born Coach '' . Wall Street Journal . 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Football -- All time table '' . World Football . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil pass Germany as all - time top scorers at the World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five Aside : Germany - Brazil preview '' . ESPN . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ includes results of West Germany from 1954 to 1990 Bibliography Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . External links Official website Previous FIFA World Cups FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Anthems ( official ) 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' 2002 : `` Anthem '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' 2018 : `` Komanda '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Songs ( official ) 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` El Mundial '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' 2018 : `` Live It Up '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Films ( official ) 1954 : German Giants 1958 : Hinein ! 1962 : Viva Brazil 1966 : Goal ! 1970 : The World at Their Feet 1974 : Heading for glory 1978 : Campeones 1982 : G'olé ! 1986 : Hero 1990 : Soccer Shoot - Out 1994 : Two Billion Hearts 1998 : La Coupe de la Gloire 2002 : Seven Games from Glory 2006 : The Grand Finale 2010 : The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Film in 3D 2014 : Brasil ! : FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : TBA 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Mascots ( official ) 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Balls ( official ) 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca 2018 : Telstar 18 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : FIFA 18 FIFA World Cup DLC 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola 2018 : Spoon 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) Awards FIFA 100 FIFA Ballon d'Or FIFA Club of the Century FIFA Development Award FIFA Fair Play Award FIFA Female Player of the Century FIFA FIFPro World XI FIFA Order of Merit FIFA Player of the Century FIFA Presidential Award FIFA Puskás Award FIFA Women 's World Cup awards FIFA World Coach of the Year FIFA World Cup All - Time Team FIFA World Cup Dream Team FIFA World Cup awards FIFA World Player of the Year The Best FIFA Football Awards Rankings FIFA World Rankings ( Former systems : 1999 -- 2006 2006 -- 2018 ) FIFA Women 's World Rankings Congresses 51st ( Paris 1998 ) 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) Corruption `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' Garcia Report 2015 FIFA corruption case List of banned football officials Others FIFA ( video game series ) List of FIFA country codes FIFA Disciplinary Code FIFA Fan Fest FIFA Futbol Mundial FIFA eligibility rules FIFA International Match Calendar FIFA International Referees List FIFA Master FIFA Transfer Matching System FIFA World Cup Trophy Non-FIFA United Passions World association football championships Football at the Summer Olympics Football at the Youth Olympics Men National FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup Club FIFA Club World Cup ( Intercontinental Cup ) Women National FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Club FIFA Women 's Club World Cup ( International Women 's Club Championship ) Variants FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA eWorld Cup International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-20 U-17 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , CAFA , WAFF ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 Nations League North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Nations League Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-19 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA -- ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IIGA -- Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football National association football teams FIFA FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Summer Olympics Football AFC Asian Cup Africa Cup of Nations CONCACAF Gold Cup Copa América OFC Nations Cup UEFA Euro AFC Afghanistan Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China PR Chinese Taipei Guam Hong Kong India Indonesia IR Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Korea DPR Korea Republic Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Mariana Islands Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor - 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Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg FYR Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia Saar West Germany East Germany Ireland Tanganyika North Vietnam South Vietnam North Yemen South Yemen United Arab Republic Soviet Union CIS Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro Netherlands Antilles Teams indicated in italics are associate / full members of their respective regional bodies but not members of FIFA . 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pin bowling Track cycling Triathlon Winter sports Biathlon Curling Skiing Alpine Cross-country Freestyle ski cross Nordic combined Ski jumping ski flying Snowboarding Ski orienteering Sledding Bobsleigh Luge Skeleton Speed skating Short track See also : Template : Main world championships World championships List of world sports championships Olympic sports Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Baseball men Basketball men women 3x3 basketball Beach volleyball Curling Mixed doubles Field hockey men women Handball men women Ice hockey men women Rugby sevens Softball women Volleyball men men 's club women women 's club Water polo Individual Archery Aquatic sports Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing ( amateur ) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling BMX mountain biking road track urban Equestrianism dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampolining Ice skating figure short track speed Judo Karate Luge artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Skiing alpine nordic freestyle snowboarding Sport climbing Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Men Women Triathlon mixed relay Weightlifting Wrestling Discontinued Basque pelota Cricket men women Lacrosse men Polo Roller hockey men women Paralympic sports Team Amputee Football Blind Football CP Football Para Ice Hockey Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair curling Goalball Sitting volleyball Individual Archery Athletics Badminton Bobsleigh and skeleton Boccia Cycling Track cycling Road cycling DanceSport Powerlifting Shooting Snowboard Skiing Alpine Nordic Swimming Table tennis Cue sports Carom billiards Three - cushion individual team artistic five - pin English billiards amateurs Crokinole Pocket billiards eight - ball nine - ball ten - ball straight pool Snooker six - red ladies amateurs Mind sports Backgammon Bridge Chess open women Draughts men women checkers draughts - 64 draughts - 64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi Motorsport Auto racing Formula One Karting Rallying WRC WRC - 2 WRC - 3 Rallycross Rally raid Sports car Endurance Touring car Motorcycle sports Cross-country rally Endurance Enduro SuperEnduro Ice racing individual team Grand Prix Motocross individual nations Supercross Supermoto Sidecarcross Snowcross Production Superbike Supersport Sidecar Speedway individual team Trial nations Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Air Race Powerboating F1 offshore Radio - controlled racing 1 : 10 electric off - road Tank biathlon Other sports Team American football men women Australian football Bandy men men 's club women women 's club Ball hockey Baseball women Beach handball Beach soccer Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Fistball men women Flag football Floorball Futsal men men 's club women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Korfball Lacrosse men women indoor Netball Padel tennis Quidditch Ringette Roll Ball Roller derby Rugby league men men 's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Softball men Synchronized skating Tchoukball Individual Air sports Ballooning Gliding Parachuting Paragliding Aquatics Surfing Water skiing Athletics cross country half marathon indoor 100 km Mountain running Long Distance Mountain running Snowshoe running Skyrunning Trail running Bowling Tenpin Bowls Indoor Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu Canoeing marathon Cycling cyclo - cross indoor mountain bike marathon trials Darts BDO PDC Finswimming Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic Kendo Kickboxing Orienteering foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting men women Professional boxing men women Mounted games Racquetball Sambo Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying Ski mountaineering Squash individual doubles team Roller Sports aggressive roller freestyle artistic skating inline alpine inline downhill inline freestyle inline speed skating skateboarding Swimming short course Triathlon Aquathlon Duathlon Ironman Wrestling Armwrestling Sumo Wushu Other Yo - yo eSports ESWC FIFA Dota 2 League of Legends Overwatch BIBSYS : 14068828 GND : 4018983 - 1 LCCN : n98090291 VIAF : 133874960 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856708724 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA competitions World championships in association football Recurring sporting events established in 1930 Quadrennial sporting events June sporting events July sporting events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use British English from June 2012 Articles containing French - 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Vlams Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 112 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 02 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has won the most men's world cups | [
"FIFA World Cup\nFounded\n1930; 88 years ago (1930)Region\nInternational (FIFA)Number of teams\n32 (finals)211 (eligible to enter qualification)Related competitions\nFIFA Confederations CupCurrent champions\n France (2nd title)Most successful team(s)\n Brazil (5 titles)Television broadcasters\nList of broadcastersWebsite\nfifa.com/worldcup/"
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-1203521991007808918 | Azygos vein | Azygos vein - wikipedia Azygos vein Jump to : navigation , search Azygos vein Superior vena cava , inferior vena cava , azygos vein and their tributaries . ( Vena azygos labeled at center . ) POSTERIOR VIEW : The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum . Seen from behind . ( Azygos vein labeled at bottom left . ) Details Precursor Right supracardinal vein Source superior intercostal vein Drains to superior vena cava Identifiers Latin vena azygos MeSH A07. 231.908. 106 Dorlands / Elsevier v_05 / 12849551 TA A12. 3.07. 001 FMA 4838 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The azygos vein is a vein running up the side of the thoracic vertebral column draining itself towards the superior vena cava . It connects the systems of superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and can provide an alternative path for blood to the right atrium when either of the venae cavae is blocked . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 History 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The azygos vein transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava vein . The anatomy of this blood vessel can be quite variable . In some rare variations for example , it also drains thoracic veins , bronchial veins and even gonadal veins . The vein is so named because it has no symmetrically equivalent vein on the left side of the body . It is formed by the union of the ascending lumbar veins with the right subcostal veins at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra , ascending in the posterior mediastinum , and arching over the right main bronchus posteriorly at the root of the right lung to join the superior vena cava . This `` arch of the azygos vein '' ( arcus venae azygos ) is an important anatomic landmark . As an anatomical variation in 1 - 2 % of the population , the arch can be displaced laterally , thereby creating a pleural septum separating an azygos lobe from the upper lobe of the right lung . A major tributary is the hemiazygos vein , a similar structure on the opposite side of the vertebral column . Other tributaries include the bronchial veins , pericardial veins , and posterior right intercostal veins . It communicates with the vertebrael venous plexuses . Function ( edit ) The azygos system of veins is considered to be the azygos vein , along with its left - sided counterparts , the hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein . Clinical significance ( edit ) Azygos vein abnormalities can be inferenced on chest radiograph by enlargement of the azygos vein shadow greater than 1 cm . False positives can occur in heart failure causing increased pressures on the right side of the heart , or adjacent lymphadenopathy . History ( edit ) The Greek root zyg refers to a pair . ' A - ' means not . Thus , azygos means unpaired . The azygos vein is unpaired in that there is only one in the body , mostly on the right side . While there is the hemiazygos vein and its accessory on the left side of the body , they are considered tributaries of the azygos vein rather than its left - side equivalent . This terminology is only accurate in some species , such as the human , dog and cat . Ruminants ( such as sheep and cows ) have paired azygos veins . Additional images ( edit ) Diagram showing completion of development of the parietal veins . The venæ cavæ and azygos veins , with their tributaries . Mediastinal surface of right lung . Azygos vein Azygos vein See also ( edit ) Hemiazygos vein Posterior intercostal veins Superior vena cava Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edward Lamperti ; Michael Schuenke ; Erik Schulte ; Udo Schumacher ; Ross , Lawrence J. ( 2006 ) . General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System ( Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ) . Thieme Publishing Group . p. 13 . ISBN 3 - 13 - 142081 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.clinicalimaging.org/article/S0899-7071%2899%2900141-2/abstract Jump up ^ http://library.prognosisapp.com/case/Emergency/Superior-Vena-Cava-Syndrome Jump up ^ Berman , Gerald de Lacey , Simon Morley , Laurence ( 2008 ) . The chest X-ray : a survival guide . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0702030468 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy figure : 19 : 03 - 03 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Right side of the mediastinum . '' Dissection at lumc.edu Radiology at umich.edu Function at Knowyourbody.net ( hide ) Veins of the thorax and vertebral column Thorax Coronary Coronary sinus Great cardiac ( Left marginal ) Posterior of the left ventricle Oblique of the left atrium ( Ligament of the left vena cava ) Middle cardiac Small cardiac vein Anterior cardiac ( Right marginal ) Smallest cardiac veins Right atrial veins Right ventricular veins Pulmonary right inferior pulmonary vein right superior pulmonary vein left inferior pulmonary vein left superior pulmonary vein superior vena cava Brachiocephalic internal thoracic anterior intercostal superior epigastric left superior intercostal supreme vertebral subclavian axillary : lateral thoracic thoracoepigastric dorsal scapular external jugular pericardiacophrenic internal jugular Azygos right superior intercostal bronchial intercostal / posterior intercostal 5 - 11 accessory hemiazygos / hemiazygos superior phrenic Vertebral column vertebral venous plexuses external internal spinal posterior anterior basivertebral intervertebral Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azygos_vein&oldid=793145330 '' Categories : Veins of the torso Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2017 , at 22 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the azygos vein drains what part of the body | [
"The azygos vein transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava vein. The anatomy of this blood vessel can be quite variable. In some rare variations for example, it also drains thoracic veins, bronchial veins and even gonadal veins. The vein is so named because it has no symmetrically equivalent vein on the left side of the body.",
"The azygos vein transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava vein. The anatomy of this blood vessel can be quite variable. In some rare variations for example, it also drains thoracic veins, bronchial veins and even gonadal veins. The vein is so named because it has no symmetrically equivalent vein on the left side of the body."
] | [
"thorax",
"abdomen"
] |
-4778501295557214359 | Big One (roller coaster) | Big One ( roller coaster ) - wikipedia Big One ( roller coaster ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Big One The Big One Blackpool Pleasure Beach Coordinates 53 ° 47 ′ 21 '' N 3 ° 03 ′ 19 '' W / 53.78917 ° N 3.05528 ° W / 53.78917 ; - 3.05528 Coordinates : 53 ° 47 ′ 21 '' N 3 ° 03 ′ 19 '' W / 53.78917 ° N 3.05528 ° W / 53.78917 ; - 3.05528 Status Operating Opening date May 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 28 ) Cost £ 12,000,000 General statistics Type Steel Manufacturer Arrow Dynamics Designer Ron Toomer Model Hyper Coaster Lift / launch system Chain lift hill Height 213 ft ( 65 m ) Drop 205 ft ( 62 m ) Length 5,497 ft ( 1,675 m ) Speed 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) Duration 3 : 00 Max vertical angle 65 ° Capacity 1,800 riders per hour G - force 3.5 Height restriction 52 in ( 132 cm ) Trains 3 trains with 5 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 3 rows for a total of 30 riders per train . Big One at RCDB Pictures of Big One at RCDB The Big One , formerly known as Pepsi Max Big One , is a steel roller coaster located at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in Blackpool , Lancashire in the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Statistics 3 Records 4 Incidents 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The updated design of the trains on The Big One The Big One was manufactured by Arrow Dynamics . Construction of the ride began in September 1993 and lasted just over seven months . The tubular track and supports were airlifted from Bolton to Blackpool and stored at nearby Blackpool Airport . During the start of the construction of the ride , the south of Blackpool promenade was closed and pieces of the structure were stored on the road adjacent to the Pleasure Beach . The first pieces to be fitted were the large foundations that would follow on from the main supports . Once all the supports were fitted , the tubular track was fitted followed by additional supports on the turnaround and the mid course brake section . The ride opened to the public on 28 May 1994 . Statistics ( edit ) The ride is the second Megacoaster to be built by Arrow Dynamics , the first being Magnum XL - 200 at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . At its highest point , the ride reaches 235 feet ( 72 m ) above sea level , but only stands 213 feet ( 65 m ) above the ground with the first drop measuring 205 feet ( 62 m ) . These numbers were later confirmed by Ron Toomer of Arrow Dynamics . The first drop has an incline angle of 65 degrees and the usual maximum speed for the ride is 74 miles per hour ( 119 km / h ) . The ride lasts approximately three minutes and during this time riders normally experience positive g - forces of up to 3.5 g and negative g - forces of up to 0.5 g . Blackpool Pleasure Beach advertises the ride as rising 235 feet ( 72 m ) , but that is above sea level and not the actual height of the ride . The ride is capable of running three trains at any one time . Each train has five cars with six passengers to a car , enabling each train to carry 30 riders two - abreast in total . This gives Big One a capacity of 1,800 people per hour . The colour scheme for each train is the same : a blue base with two coloured bands around the side and front ( red and white ) showing the Union Jack logo . Each train is numbered at the back of the fifth car , and each car is numbered according to the back of each section . During testing , sand bags are used to weigh the train down . This is a safety mechanism and is common practice on roller coasters of a certain height . Before the ride was granted a certificate to operate , Blackpool Pleasure Beach had to appeal to Blackpool Airport which is one mile from the park . Due to the ride 's height , warning beacons had to be installed on the peaks of the first two hills , including the main drop , before the ride was given the all clear to operate . Records ( edit ) When it opened on 28 May 1994 , Big One was both the tallest and steepest roller coaster in the world . It was also one of the longest out - and - back roller coasters , measuring 5,497 feet ( 1,675 m ) . With a 205 - foot drop and 74 mph top speed , it was second only to Steel Phantom at Kennywood in West Mifflin , Pennsylvania in speed , but it was the fastest coaster in Europe . The Big One lost its height record to Fujiyama in Japan in 1996 , though it remained the tallest and fastest roller coaster in Europe until 2002 , when Silver Star opened at Europa - Park in Germany . The ride still remains the tallest in the United Kingdom , although Stealth in Thorpe Park is the fastest . It is also the second longest in the UK , losing only to Lightwater Valley 's Ultimate . Richard Rodriguez completed a 112 - day endurance record on the roller coaster in 2012 . This broke the world record for the most consecutive days on a rollercoaster . This attempt was only during operating hours ( approximately six hours a day ) as opposed to 24 hours a day . He also had his own row of seating assigned only for him during the record . Incidents ( edit ) Main article : Incidents at European amusement parks In May 1994 during the ride 's inaugural season , 26 people were injured when the computer system failed to completely stop a train returning to the station . The result of this brake failure was a collision with a train parked inside the ride 's station . Another train collision occurred in August 2000 , caused by another computer failure and injured 16 people . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ When Desperado opened three months later , Big One became the third fastest . Though not standing as tall as Big One , Steel Phantom and Desperado both had longer drops ( 225 feet ) and therefore achieved greater speeds . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hammond , Kip ( 1994 ) . `` Nevada Jackpot '' . RollerCoaster ! Magazine . Chicago , Illinois : American Coaster Enthusiasts. 16 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 16 . ISSN 0896 - 7261 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Kip ( 1994 ) . `` Nevada Jackpot : The Numbers Game '' . RollerCoaster ! Magazine . 16 ( 1 ) : 12 . ISSN 0896 - 7261 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Chris ( 2000 - 09 - 01 ) . `` 20 hurt in crash on Blackpool rollercoaster '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Roberts , J.M. ( November 1 , 1994 ) . `` The ' Pepsi Max Big One ' rollercoaster - Blackpool Pleasure Beach '' . The Structural Engineer . Institution of Structural Engineers . 72 ( 21 ) : 345 -- 349 . External links ( edit ) Pleasure Beach Blackpool , Pepsi Max Big One Official Site Pics of the Pepsi Max Big One and a front seat ride Preceded by Magnum XL - 200 World 's Tallest Complete Circuit Roller Coaster May 1994 -- July 1996 Succeeded by Fujiyama ( hide ) Blackpool Pleasure Beach rides Roller coasters Avalanche Big Dipper Blue Flyer Icon ( opening 2018 ) Grand National Infusion Revolution Nickelodeon Streak Big One Steeplechase Wild Mouse Other attractions Ghost Train Ice Blast : The Ride Nickelodeon Land Pleasure Beach Express Valhalla Wallace & Gromit : The Thrill - O - Matic Former attractions Beaver Creek Big Apple Bling Cyclone Morgan 's Circus Clown Coaster Scenic Railway Space Invader 2 Tokaydo Express Trauma Towers Velvet Coaster Vikingar Virginia Reel Related articles Blackpool Pleasure Beach railway station Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_One_(roller_coaster)&oldid=804781077 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 1994 Steel roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Arrow Dynamics Hypercoasters Blackpool Pleasure Beach Roller coasters in the United Kingdom PepsiCo buildings and structures Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 03 : 01 . About Wikipedia | when did the pepsi max big one open | [
"The Big One was manufactured by Arrow Dynamics. Construction of the ride began in September 1993 and lasted just over seven months. The tubular track and supports were airlifted from Bolton to Blackpool and stored at nearby Blackpool Airport. During the start of the construction of the ride, the south of Blackpool promenade was closed and pieces of the structure were stored on the road adjacent to the Pleasure Beach. The first pieces to be fitted were the large foundations that would follow on from the main supports. Once all the supports were fitted, the tubular track was fitted followed by additional supports on the turnaround and the mid course brake section. The ride opened to the public on 28 May 1994."
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"28 May 1994"
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-8810935190017645854 | This too shall pass | This too shall pass - wikipedia This too shall pass Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the adage . For other uses , see This too shall pass ( disambiguation ) . `` This too shall pass '' ( Persian : این نیز بگذرد , translit . īn nīz bogzarad ) is originally a Persian adage reflecting on the temporary nature , or ephemerality , of the human condition . The general sentiment is often expressed in wisdom literature throughout history and across cultures , although the specific phrase seems to have originated in the writings of the medieval Persian Sufi poets . It is known in the Western world primarily due to a 19th century retelling of Persian fable by the English poet Edward FitzGerald . It was also notably employed in a speech by Abraham Lincoln before he became the sixteenth President of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Origin of the fable 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) An early English reference to the adage may be in Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice ( Vol . III , Ch. 6 ) , published in 1813 . The `` philosophic composure '' of Mr. Bennet leads him to reply to his daughter , Elizabeth , who has counseled him not to become inconsolable after a recent family misfortune , that `` You may well warn me against such an evil . Human nature is so prone to fall into it ! ... I am not afraid of being overpowered by the impression . It will pass away soon enough . '' Another early English citation of `` this too shall pass '' appears in 1848 : When an Eastern sage was desired by his sultan to inscribe on a ring the sentiment which , amidst the perpetual change of human affairs , was most descriptive of their real tendency , he engraved on it the words : -- `` And this , too , shall pass away . '' It is impossible to imagine a thought more truly and universally applicable to human affairs than that expressed in these memorable words , or more descriptive of that perpetual oscillation from good to evil , and from evil to good , which from the beginning of the world has been the invariable characteristic of the annals of man , and so evidently flows from the strange mixture of noble and generous with base and selfish inclinations , which is constantly found in the children of Adam . It was also used in 1852 , in a retelling of fable , entitled `` Solomon 's Seal '' , by the English poet Edward Fitzgerald . In it , a sultan requests of King Solomon a sentence that would always be true in good times or bad ; Solomon responds , `` This too will pass away '' . On September 30 , 1859 , Abraham Lincoln recounted a similar story : It is said an Eastern monarch once charged his wise men to invent him a sentence , to be ever in view , and which should be true and appropriate in all times and situations . They presented him the words : `` And this , too , shall pass away . '' How much it expresses ! How chastening in the hour of pride ! How consoling in the depths of affliction ! Origin of the fable ( edit ) The fable retold by Fitzgerald can be traced to the first half of the 19th century , appearing in American papers by at least as early as 1839 . It usually involved a nameless `` Eastern monarch '' . Its origin has been traced to the works of Persian Sufi poets , such as Sanai and Attar of Nishapur . Attar records the fable of a powerful king who asks assembled wise men to create a ring that will make him happy when he is sad . After deliberation the sages hand him a simple ring with the words `` This too will pass '' etched on it , which has the desired effect to make him happy when he is sad . It also , however , became a curse for whenever he is happy . Many versions of comparable stories have been recorded by the Israel Folklore Archive at the University of Haifa . Jewish folklore often casts Solomon as either the king humbled by the adage , or as the one who delivers it to another . In some versions the phrase is simplified even further , appearing as only the Hebrew letters gimel , zayin , and yodh , which begin the words `` Gam zeh ya'avor '' ( Hebrew : גם זה יעבור , gam zeh yaavor ) , `` this too shall pass . '' See also ( edit ) Sic transit gloria mundi Memento mori Ozymandias Yorick Deor Anicca References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Revolutions in Europe '' , Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine , May , 1848 , p. 638 Jump up ^ in Polonius : A Collection of Wise Saws and Modern Instances ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Ralph ( 2006 ) . The quote Verifier : Who Said What , Where , and When . Macmillan . pp. 159 -- 160 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 34004 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society '' . Abraham Lincoln Online . Milwaukee , Wisconsin . September 30 , 1859 . Jump up ^ `` The Advantages of `` Thorough Cultivation '' , and the Fallacies of the `` Mud - sill '' Theory of Labor 's Subjection to Capital `` . Life and Works of Abraham Lincoln . 5 . 1907 . p. 293 . Jump up ^ Ranke , Kurt ( 1968 ) . `` This Too Will Pass ( Jason 910Q ) '' . In Harkort , Fritz ; Peeters , Karel Constant ; Wildhaber , Robert . Volksüberlieferung : Festschrift für Kurt Ranke . Göttingen : Otto Schwartz . pp. 345 -- 350 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_too_shall_pass&oldid=829937121 '' Categories : English phrases Adages Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the phrase this too shall pass come from | [
"The fable retold by Fitzgerald can be traced to the first half of the 19th century, appearing in American papers by at least as early as 1839.[3] It usually involved a nameless \"Eastern monarch\". Its origin has been traced to the works of Persian Sufi poets, such as Sanai and Attar of Nishapur.[3] Attar records the fable of a powerful king who asks assembled wise men to create a ring that will make him happy when he is sad. After deliberation the sages hand him a simple ring with the words \"This too will pass\" etched on it, which has the desired effect to make him happy when he is sad. It also, however, became a curse for whenever he is happy.[3]"
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"the works of Persian Sufi poets, such as Sanai and Attar of Nishapur"
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7915875389943684187 | iPhone 7 | IPhone 7 - Wikipedia IPhone 7 Jump to : navigation , search iPhone 7 iPhone 7 Plus iPhone 7 Plus in Jet Black Brand Apple Inc . Manufacturer Foxconn ( on contract ) Pegatron ( on contract ) Slogan This is 7 Generation 10th Model 7 : A1660 ( with Qualcomm modem ) A1778 ( with Intel modem ) A1779 ( sold in Japan ) 7 Plus : A1661 ( with Qualcomm modem ) A1784 ( with Intel modem ) A1785 ( sold in Japan ) Compatible networks GSM , CDMA2000 , EV - DO , HSPA+ , LTE , LTE Advanced First released September 16 , 2016 ; 18 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) Availability by country September 16 , 2016 ( show ) Australia Austria Belgium Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Hong Kong Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Singapore Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States September 23 , 2016 ( show ) Andorra Bahrain Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Greece Greenland Guernsey Hungary Iceland Isle of Man Jersey Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Maldives Malta Monaco Poland Pakistan Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Slovakia Slovenia October 7 , 2016 ( show ) India October 14 , 2016 ( show ) Macau Republic of Macedonia Macedonia Malaysia Montenegro South Africa Turkey October 15 , 2016 ( show ) Jordan Oman October 20 , 2016 ( show ) Israel Egypt October 21 , 2016 ( show ) South Korea Costa Rica Morocco Thailand Mauritius Madagascar Uganda Colombia October 28 , 2016 ( show ) Cameroon Botswana Kenya Mozambique Senegal Moldova November 4 , 2016 ( show ) Armenia Mali Guinea - Bissau Central African Republic November 11 , 2016 ( show ) Philippines Brazil March 31 , 2017 ( show ) Indonesia Predecessor iPhone 6S ( Plus ) Successor iPhone 8 ( Plus ) iPhone X Type 7 : Smartphone 7 Plus : Phablet Form factor Slate 7 : H : 138.3 mm ( 5.44 in ) W : 67.1 mm ( 2.64 in ) D: 7.1 mm ( 0.28 in ) 7 Plus : H : 158.2 mm ( 6.23 in ) W : 77.9 mm ( 3.07 in ) D: 7.3 mm ( 0.29 in ) Weight 7 : 138 g ( 4.9 oz ) 7 Plus : 188 g ( 6.6 oz ) Operating system Original : iOS 10.0 Current : iOS 11.3 , released March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) System on chip Apple A10 Fusion CPU 2.34 GHz quad - core ( two used ) 64 - bit GPU Custom PowerVR Series 7XT GT7600 Plus ( hexa - core ) Memory 7 : 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM 7 Plus : 3 GB LPDDR4 RAM Storage 32 , 128 , or 256 GB Removable storage None Battery 7 : 3.80 V 7.45 W h ( 1960 mA h ) Li - ion 7 Plus : 3.82 V 11.10 W h ( 2900 mA h ) Li - ion Display 7 : 4.7 in ( 120 mm ) Retina HD : LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1334 × 750 px resolution ( 326 ppi ) ( 1 megapixel ) 7 Plus : 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) Retina HD : LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1920 × 1080 px resolution ( 401 ppi ) ( 2.1 megapixels ) All models : 625 cd / m2 max . brightness ( typical ) , with dual - ion exchange - strengthened glass , and 3D Touch Rear camera 7 : 12 MP 2nd - generation Sony Exmor RS with six - element lens , quad - LED `` True Tone '' flash , autofocus , IR filter , Burst mode , f / 1.8 aperture , 4K video recording at 30 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps ) , timelapse with stabilization , panorama , facial recognition , digital image stabilization , optical image stabilization 7 Plus : In addition to above : A telephoto lens with 2 × optical zoom / 10 × digital zoom , f / 2.8 aperture Front camera 7 MP , f / 2.2 aperture , burst mode , exposure control , face detection , auto - HDR , auto image stabilization , Retina flash , 1080p HD video recording Sound Stereo speakers Connectivity All models : ( show ) LTE ( bands 1 to 5 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 17 to 20 , 25 to 30 ) , TD - LTE ( bands 38 to 41 ) , UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) , Bluetooth 4.2 , NFC , GPS , GLONASS , Galileo & QZSS Models A1660 , A1661 , A1779 & A1785 : ( show ) TD - SCDMA 1900 ( F ) , 2000 ( A ) & CDMA2000 EV - DO Rev. A ( 800 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) Models A1779 & A1785 : ( show ) LTE ( bands 11 , 21 ) , FeliCa Other IP67 IEC standard 60529 ( splash , water , and dust resistant ) SAR 7 ( show ) Model A1660 , A1780 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.20 W / kg Model A1779 Head : 1.20 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Model A1778 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg 7 Plus ( show ) Model A1661 , A1786 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.17 W / kg Model A1785 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Model A1784 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Hearing aid compatibility M3 , T4 Website www.apple.com/iphone-7/ This article is part of a series on the iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S SE 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X List of iPhone models iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed , developed , and marketed by Apple Inc . They were announced on September 7 , 2016 , at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook , and were released on September 16 , 2016 , succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series . Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016 . They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus on September 22 , 2017 , and the iPhone X on November 3 , 2017 . The iPhone 7 's overall design is similar to the iPhone 6S , but introduces new color options , water and dust resistance , a new capacitive , static home button , and removes the 3.5 mm headphone jack . The device 's internal hardware also received upgrades , including a heterogeneous quad - core system - on - chip with improved system and graphics performance , and upgraded 12 megapixel rear - facing cameras with optical image stabilization on all models and an additional telephoto lens on the iPhone 7 Plus model to provide enhanced zoom capabilities . Reception of the iPhone 7 was mixed . Although reviewers noted the improvements to the camera , especially the dual rear camera on the Plus model , they also stated that the iPhone 7 did not make significant changes to the display or build quality , where competing flagship smartphones surpassed the quality of the iPhone 7 . Many reviews highlighted the controversial removal of the 3.5 mm headphone jack ; some critics argued that the change was meant to bolster licensing of the proprietary Lightning connector and the sales of Apple 's own wireless headphone products , and questioned the effects of the change on audio quality . Apple was also mocked by critics for Phil Schiller 's statement that such a drastic change required `` courage '' . The iPhone 7 has been the subject of several reported issues , most notably a hissing noise during heavy usage of the phones and significant differences in performance between device variants . Apple has not released sales numbers for iPhone 7 , but multiple U.S. carriers reported that it was in high demand on launch . Subsequent reports at the end of 2016 stated that Apple had reduced production of the models due to `` sluggish '' sales and decreasing demand , though sales research after the first quarter of 2017 placed the devices as the best - selling smartphones in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 2.3 Accessories 3 Reception 3.1 Removal of the headphone jack 4 Issues 4.1 Hissing noise 4.2 Performance differences 4.3 Explosions and smoke emissions 4.4 Perception of slogan in Cantonese - speaking regions 4.5 Replacing the home button 4.6 Failure to connect to cellular service 5 Sales 5.1 US carrier trade - in deals 5.2 Reports about trimmed production 6 Timeline of iPhone models 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Prior to its official announcement , multiple aspects of the iPhone 7 were heavily rumored . Apple 's plans to remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack received significant media attention . Other rumors included a flush camera , stereo speakers , a 256 gigabyte storage option , and a larger 3,100 mAh battery . On August 29 , 2016 , invitations to a press event at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco , California on September 7 , 2016 were sent out to members of the media , prompting immediate speculation of the iPhone 7 's upcoming announcement . The iPhone 7 was officially announced at that event , with pre-orders beginning September 9 , and general availability on September 16 . iPhone 7 launched in 30 new countries later in September , with further international rollouts throughout October and November 2016 . Indonesia was the last country to release the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus , with availability starting on March 31 , 2017 , following Apple 's research and development investment in the country . On March 21 , 2017 , Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish ( and white front ) , as part of its partnership with Product Red to highlight its AIDS fundraising campaign . It launched on March 24 , 2017 . But later it was discontinued . In September 2017 , Apple announced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus as direct successors to the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus , alongside the iPhone X . As of February 4 , 2018 , the NYPD has been rolling out about 600 phones per day to its officers , who get to choose between an iPhone 7 and an iPhone 7 Plus , switching from the failed Windows Phone . Currently , officers in Manhattan are taking part in the transition , but once that is complete , the rollout moves to Brooklyn and then Queens . Specifications ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The iPhone 7 's exterior is similar in shape and volume to iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S . Alongside the existing silver , gold , and rose gold colors , the device is offered in new matte black , `` jet black '' , and red colors . The `` jet black '' color is a dark shade , high - gloss black finish . It is created through a multi-step process , beginning with an anodization phase to make the surface of the casing a porous aluminum oxide , and then using a machine to sweep the casing through a powdered compound , absorbed by aluminum oxide . The process is concluded with an `` ultrafine particle bath '' for additional finishing ; the entire process takes less than an hour . iPhone 7 is rated IP67 water and dust resistant , although tests have resulted in malfunctions , specifically distorted speakers , after water exposure . The warranty does not cover any water damage to the phone . iPhone 7 's home button uses a capacitive mechanism for input rather than a physical push - button , as on previous models , meaning direct skin contact ( or a capacitive glove ) is required to operate the device . Physical feedback is provided via a Taptic Engine vibrator , and the button is also pressure - sensitive . iPhone 7 retains the `` 3D Touch '' display system introduced on the iPhone 6S , providing pressure - sensitive touchscreen input . Comparison of ports on iPhone 6 / 6S ( top ) and iPhone 7 ( bottom ) The iPhone 7 does not feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack ; it was replaced by a second speaker grille that serves as a vent for the internal barometer . A Lightning - to - 3.5 - mm - connector adapter , as well as in - ear headphones that use the Lightning connector , are bundled with the device , and the adapter is also sold separately as an accessory . The adapter is also compatible with other iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch devices running iOS 10 . iPhone 7 uses the Apple A10 Fusion 64 - bit system - on - chip , which consists of two low - power cores and two high - power cores ( only two cores are used at any point in time ) . The A10 chip also features a hexa - core graphics chip capable of `` console - level gaming '' . As with prior models , iPhone 7 is available in two sizes : one with a 4.7 - inch screen , and a `` Plus '' variant with a 5.5 - inch screen . The displays have identical sizes and resolutions to iPhone 6S , but with a wider color gamut and increased brightness . The screen - to - body ratio is about ~ 66 % and ~ 68 % for the 7 and 7 Plus , respectively . Both device variants also contain a new iteration of Apple 's motion coprocessor , the M10 . Unlike previous iPhone models , internal storage options for iPhone 7 begin at 32 GB instead of 16 GB , and max out at 256 GB . iPhone 7 Plus offers 3 GB of RAM , more than any other previous iPhone ; the 4.7 - inch iPhone 7 has 2 GB . iPhone 7 Plus with dual - lens camera The iPhone 7 includes a 12 - megapixel rear - facing camera with a quad - LED `` True Tone '' flash ; its aperture was widened to f / 1.8 , and the standard - size phone model adds optical image stabilization -- a feature that was previously exclusive to Plus models . The iPhone 7 Plus includes a second 12 - megapixel telephoto lens , which can be used to achieve 2 × optical zoom , and up to 10 × digital zoom . The front - facing camera was upgraded to a 7 - megapixel sensor with automatic image stabilization . Software ( edit ) See also : iOS version history , iOS 10 , and iOS 11 iPhone 7 ships with iOS 10 pre-installed . The iPhone 7 Plus received an exclusive portrait camera mode in the iOS 10.1 software update . This camera mode is capable of producing a bokeh effect using depth of field analysis of the second camera of dual - lens in the back of iPhone 7 Plus . Accessories ( edit ) Headphone jack adapter with an iPhone 7 Plus beside it iPhone 7 unboxed set in Silver Each iPhone 7 comes with a Lightning - to - 3.5 - mm adapter . Apple sells the adapter independently as well . Apple also unveiled several Bluetooth wireless headphones ostensibly intended for use with iPhone 7 , including AirPods , wireless in - ear headphones , and three new Beats headphone products . All four products utilize an in - house wireless chip known as Apple W1 , which is designed to provide low - power Bluetooth operation and integration with iOS and macOS products ( though they are still compatible with other Bluetooth - supported devices ) . Reception ( edit ) Back and side detail from a standard iPhone 7 in `` rose gold '' finish Dual cameras on the back of the iPhone 7 Plus Reception to the iPhone 7 was mixed . Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that rival smartphones , such as the Samsung Galaxy S7 , had increased battery life and added water resistance over its predecessor while retaining the headphone jack , and that the iPhone 7 's camera photo quality was improved but still lagging behind some phones already on the market , including the Galaxy S7 and Nexus 6P . Kelly praised how Apple was able to extract improved brightness and accurate color reproduction from its LCD display panel , while noting that it was old technology which was also well behind rivals who had already moved to sharper 1080p or even 2K screens . The iPhone 7 's exterior , which reuses the aging design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S , was criticized , especially the size of the device and thick top / bottom bezels , with Kelly writing that `` the iPhone 7 Plus is simply far too big for a smartphone with a 5.5 - inch display '' . Nilay Patel of The Verge described the devices as being `` full of aggressive breaks from convention '' despite their design continuity with previous models ( going as far as dubbing them `` a prototype of next year 's rumored drastic iPhone redesign disguised as an iPhone 6 '' ) , citing the headphone jack removal ( which he felt was an attempt to encourage the use of wireless headphones ) , heterogeneous CPU , and home button redesign . The display quality was considered an improvement over previous models , albeit `` not as insane '' as the quad HD displays on competing phones . The Taptic Engine was considered the `` first really valuable new UI concept I 've seen on phones in years '' ( as opposed to the `` gimmick '' of 3D Touch ) , Patel felt that the cameras of the devices were a `` step '' above the 6S in terms of performance , and praised the dual - lens camera on the 7 Plus for enhancing the phone 's camera functionality . However , he panned the lack of editing features that made use of them . In regards to the enhanced Bluetooth audio support provided by devices containing the W1 chip , he argued that Apple `` took away an established open standard in favor of new technologies , but instead of making the experience of using those new technologies better across the board , it made every third - party wireless audio product a second - class citizen of the Apple ecosystem . '' Giving the iPhone 7 a 9 out of 10 , he concluded that the devices were `` legitimately among the most interesting , opinionated , powerful phones Apple has ever shipped , and the most confident expressions of the company 's vision in a long time . iOS 10 is excellent , the cameras are better , and the performance is phenomenal . And the batteries last longer . '' John McCann of TechRadar wrote that for the first time , the phablet - sized iPhone 7 Plus was `` markedly better '' than the smaller model . He highlighted improved battery life and praised the camera , calling the Plus ' dual cameras `` excellent '' for point - and - shoot , and `` much improved '' for low - light performance . McCann wrote that the lack of a headphone jack was `` initially frustrating '' , but noted that it was a `` positive step forward for the mobile industry '' , despite the `` short - term effects ... making the most noise for now '' . Removal of the headphone jack ( edit ) Criticism of the iPhone 7 centered around the removal of the headphone jack , including the inability to use wired headphones with the included adapter and charge the device simultaneously . In a particularly scathing article , Nilay Patel of The Verge wrote that removing the headphone jack - `` ditching a deeply established standard '' - would be `` user - hostile and stupid '' . He goes on to list reasons why removing the port is negative , concluding with `` No one is asking for this '' and `` Vote with your dollars '' . Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that wireless audio technology was immature at the moment , with Bluetooth audio quality being inferior while Lightning audio reliability was still in question . The removal of the headphone jack meant `` you 're being pushed into an era where you will have to pay more for decent headphones due to their need for an integrated DAC and / or Lightning licensing '' , and pointed out that `` the only company to profit from this situation is Apple , who will now be charging licensing fees to millions of headphone companies '' . In particular , Apple 's vice president Phillip Schiller , who announced the change , was mocked extensively online for stating that removing the headphone jack took ' courage ' . An online petition created by the consumer group SumOfUs , that accuses Apple of planned obsolescence and causing substantial electronic waste by removing the headphone jack , reached over 300,000 signatures . Issues ( edit ) Hissing noise ( edit ) Some users have reported a strange hissing noise during heavy usage of the phone . CNET reports it as `` faint buzzes and hums coming from the backside '' . The Daily Telegraph speculates that the iPhone 7 's new A10 Fusion processor is the source of the noise , linking to tweets that compare the phone 's hissing sound to `` hearing the fans spin up loudly whenever your Mac 's CPU gets used to its actual potential . '' The issue has been referred to as Hissgate . Performance differences ( edit ) The Guardian reported in October 2016 that storage tests from Unbox Therapy and GSMArena showed that the 32 GB iPhone 7 is `` significantly '' slower than the 128 and 256 GB versions , measuring data write speeds of 341 MB / s on a 128 GB iPhone 7 model versus 42 MB / s on a 32 GB model . October 2016 network tests by Cellular Insights showed that models A1660 and A1661 with Qualcomm modems had `` a significant performance edge '' over models A1778 and A1784 with Intel modems . Inspection of the modems also found that the Qualcomm version 's ability to use Ultra HD Voice had been turned off , likely to `` level the playing field between the Qualcomm , and Intel variants '' . The report concluded with the statement that `` We are not sure what was the main reason behind Apple 's decision to source two different modem suppliers for the newest iPhone '' . Bloomberg reported in November 2016 that tests by researchers from Twin Prime and Cellular Insights had shown the two modems to perform similarly on some U.S. cellular networks despite one of the modems being technically capable of faster connectivity . Apple spokeswoman Trudy Muller told the publication that `` Every iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus meets or exceeds all of Apple 's wireless performance standards , quality metrics , and reliability testing ... In all of our rigorous lab tests based on wireless industry standards , in thousands of hours of real - world field testing , and in extensive carrier partner testing , the data shows there is no discernible difference in the wireless performance of any of the models '' . Bloomberg quoted analysts and technology advisers who stated that `` ( Apple ) do n't want one version to get the reputation that it is better '' and that `` This may not impact the fanboys , but it may make other consumers think twice about buying an Apple phone , especially if they think they might be purchasing a sub-standard product '' . Explosions and smoke emissions ( edit ) In a similar manner with the now - discontinued Samsung Galaxy Note 7 , there have been reports of the iPhone 7 exploding or emitting smoke . In September 2016 , one device reportedly exploded while in transit , while another one had a `` malfunction that caused the battery to blow up internally '' . Another report about an iPhone 7 emitting smoke and `` melting '' was published in October 2016 . Perception of slogan in Cantonese - speaking regions ( edit ) The iPhone 7 's `` This is 7 '' slogan has been misunderstood when translated to certain other languages . The slogan in China translates to `` 7 , is here . '' , while it becomes `` Exactly is 7 . '' in Taiwan , and `` This , is exactly iPhone 7 . '' in Hong Kong . In the Cantonese language , the slogan becomes `` This is penis '' , due to `` seven '' pronounced tsat , a slang for `` penis '' . Replacing the home button ( edit ) In the iPhone 7 , Apple added a software lock that prevents individuals from attempting to replace the home button on their own . Users are now required to go to an Apple Store to have repairs done , with `` recalibration '' of the button being necessary . This is a step further than Apple went with iPhone 5S , 6 and 6S , where only Touch ID functionality would get disabled but the `` return - to - home '' functionality still worked . Failure to connect to cellular service ( edit ) Some iPhone 7 devices with the model numbers A1660 , A1780 and A1779 suffer from a problem where they show a `` No service '' message even when cellular reception is available . Apple will repair those devices for free within two years of the first retail sale of the unit . Sales ( edit ) Apple has deliberately withheld pre-order sales numbers , citing that these are `` no longer a representative metric for our investors and customers '' . Without releasing specific numbers , T - Mobile US stated that the iPhone 7 had broken the carrier 's all - time record for first - day pre-order sales . The following weekend , T - Mobile US stated that iPhone 7 was its biggest iPhone launch ever , being `` up nearly 4x compared to the next most popular iPhone '' . On September 14 , 2016 , two days before the iPhone 7 went on sale , Apple announced that due to high demand , they had sold out of all `` jet black '' iPhone 7 's , and all colors of the iPhone 7 Plus . This caused issues for customers in the iPhone Upgrade Program , who were unable to reserve new phones . After customer complaints and a class action lawsuit , Apple made changes to ensure members of the program could get new phones as soon as possible . In May 2017 , analytics research company Strategy Analytics announced that iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus were the best - selling smartphones worldwide during the first quarter of 2017 , selling 21.5 million and 17.4 million units , respectively . US carrier trade - in deals ( edit ) For the initial U.S. sales of the iPhone 7 , all four major wireless carriers announced trade - in deals . Under the deals , the monthly installment plan cost of the iPhone 7 is negated by a monthly credit on consumers ' bill , but consumers who cancel their service with the carrier or pay off the phone prior to the installment contract completion will not receive credits for the remaining months . Jacob Kastrenakes of The Verge noted that the deals effectively constituted a return to two - year phone contracts , in which the deals `` essentially lock you into that carrier for two years '' . In the wake of these deals , Verizon announced they had seen an increase in sales over the release of the previous year 's iPhone 6S , AT&T said that sales had exceeded its expectations , and T - Mobile and Sprint announced `` huge increases in sales '' , with T - Mobile seeing a demand roughly four times higher for the 7 than the 6 . Reports about trimmed production ( edit ) In December 2016 , DigiTimes reported that Apple had reduced production of the iPhone 7 because of decreasing demand for the product after the initial surge of interest waned . A reason cited was consumers and suppliers turning their attention to next year 's iPhone model . A new report from Nikkei at the end of December included details on sales and production of the iPhone 7 . The report , `` based on data from suppliers '' , stated that Apple would trim production of the iPhone 7 by 10 % in the first quarter of 2017 , following `` sluggish '' sales . Nikkei reported that Apple previously trimmed production of the iPhone 7 by 20 % due to accumulated inventory of the previous model , but that the new models had `` sold more sluggishly than expected '' . Additionally , the report notes that the `` iPhone 7 Plus , which features two cameras on its back face , remains popular '' , but `` a shortage of camera sensors has curbed Apple 's ability to meet demand for the phones '' . Timeline of iPhone models ( edit ) Sources : Apple press release library Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Following the launch of the iPhone 7 , Belkin announced an Apple - certified hub accessory that contains two Lightning ports , one intended as a Lightning pass - through for charging and the other for connecting Lightning headphones or the included Lightning - to - headphone jack adapter . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wuerthele , Mike ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Pegatron CEO slams analysts , ' cautiously optimistic ' about Apple iPhone 7 sales '' . 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Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Apple launches red iPhone 7 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hardwick , Tim ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Announces iPhone 7 ( PRODUCT ) RED Special Edition '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` iPhone 8 and 8 Plus announced with wireless charging , True Tone display , A11 Bionic processor '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savov , Vlad ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` iPhone X announced with edge - to - edge screen , Face ID , and no home button '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYPD cops switch to iPhones , the new tool in fighting crime '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Margaret ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Apple Made Its Jet Black iPhone None More Black '' . Wired . Condé Nast . 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Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what ' bokeh ' is , and how the iPhone 7 Plus fakes it '' . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carnoy , David ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple intros totally wireless AirPods and 3 new Beats wireless headphones that use new W1 chip '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's first wireless chip is the new W1 for wireless AirPods '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Gordon ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 Vs iPhone 7 Plus Review : Should You Upgrade ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patel , Nilay . `` iPhone 7 Review '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCann , John . `` iPhone 7 Plus review '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` This $40 adapter can charge the iPhone 7 with your headphones plugged in '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Henry ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Why Apple will ditch the iPhone headphone jack , and why that sucks '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patel , Nilay ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Taking the headphone jack off phones is user - hostile and stupid '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCann , Mac ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 's Dead Headphone Jack and AirPods Are Being Dragged All Over Twitter '' . Complex . Verizon Hearst Media Partners . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple says it took ' courage ' to remove the headphone jack on the iPhone 7 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrew ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 : Petition against dropping headphone jack because it will ' screw the planet ' gets hundreds of thousands of signatures '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple is ditching the standard headphone jack to screw consumers and the planet '' . SumOfUs . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carey , Bridget ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 ' Hissgate : ' CNET Update viewers share their experiences '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Criddle , Cristina ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 and 7 Plus handsets are making a mysterious hissing sound '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ T. , Nick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` This could be why some iPhone 7 units make a hissing noise '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Oliver ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hissgate ? Some iPhone 7 Units Allegedly Make Hissing Sound When Put Under Heavy Load '' . RedmondPie . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` 32GB iPhone 7 significantly slower than more expensive versions , tests show '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus : A Tale of Two Personalities '' . Cellular Insights . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Report : iPhone 7 models w / Qualcomm modem feature better cellular performance versus Intel '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Ian ; Moritz , Scott ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's Chip Choices May Leave Some iPhone Users in Slow Lane '' . Bloomberg Technology . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 catches fire while in transit '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleyo , Fritz ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` LOOK : Did This iPhone 7 Explode Too ? '' . Tech Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Another iPhone 7 battery blew up , but this time the phone did n't go up in flames '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Man claims iPhone 7 burst into flames and destroyed his car '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huang , Zheping ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` The slogan for Apple 's new iPhone 7 translates into `` This is penis '' in Hong Kong `` . Quartz . Atlantic Media . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trenholm , Richard ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 slogan means something else in Hong Kong '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koebler , Jason ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The iPhone 7 Has Arbitrary Software Locks That Prevent Repair '' . Motherboard . Vice . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brett ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` Do n't try to fix your iPhone 7 home button yourself '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple offers free repairs for iPhone 7 devices hit with ' No Service ' bug '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Wo n't Release First - Weekend iPhone 7 Sales Numbers '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Shatter Records at T - Mobile '' . T - Mobile US . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musil , Steven ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Apple says it has sold out of initial quantities of iPhone 7 Plus '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone Upgrade Program Causes Headaches on Launch Day Due to Limited Stock '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Hit With Class Action Lawsuit Over iPhone Upgrade Program Woes '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Makes More iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Stock Available to Upgrade Program Members '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Zac ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Apple tops Q1 2017 highest - selling smartphone list with iPhone 7 '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wuerthele , Mike ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 7 was world 's best - selling smartphone in first quarter of 2017 '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` T - Mobile 's free iPhone 7 offer requires upfront costs and lots of patience '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Free ' iPhone 7 offers from AT&T , Verizon , and others are basically two - year contracts '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pressmann , Aaron ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's Why Verizon Thinks iPhone 7 Sales Are Better Than Last Year '' . Fortune . Time . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chen , Monica ; Shen , Steve ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Apple reportedly begins to reduce orders for iPhone 7 , say sources '' . DigiTimes . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Jacob ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 orders reportedly drop as Apple goes big on the iPhone 8 '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple to slice iPhone production 10 % '' . Nikkei . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. ( 2004 - 2016 ) . Press Release Library . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . 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-1113239971640958053 | Over the Rainbow | Over the Rainbow - wikipedia Over the Rainbow Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1939 song . For other uses , see Over the Rainbow ( disambiguation ) . `` Over the Rainbow '' Song by Judy Garland Published 1939 Genre Ballad Composer ( s ) Harold Arlen Lyricist ( s ) E.Y. Harburg `` Over the Rainbow '' is a ballad , with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Yip Harburg . It was written for the movie The Wizard of Oz and was sung by actress Judy Garland , in her starring role as Dorothy Gale . It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Garland 's signature song , as well as one of the most enduring standards of the 20th century . About five minutes into the film , Dorothy sings the song after failing to get Aunt Em , Uncle Henry , and the farmhands to listen to her relate an unpleasant incident involving her dog , Toto , and the town spinster , Miss Gulch ( Margaret Hamilton ) . Aunt Em tells her to `` find yourself a place where you wo n't get into any trouble '' . This prompts her to walk off by herself , musing to Toto , `` Some place where there is n't any trouble . Do you suppose there is such a place , Toto ? There must be . It 's not a place you can get to by a boat , or a train . It 's far , far away . Behind the moon , beyond the rain ... '' , at which point she begins singing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Influence and legacy 2 The Wizard of Oz 3 Original Garland recordings 4 Lyrics 5 International artists 6 Other versions 6.1 In singles and albums 6.2 In films and TV shows 7 Israel Kamakawiwoʻole version 8 Eva Cassidy version 8.1 Track listings 8.2 Chart performance 9 Danielle Hope version 9.1 Track listings 9.2 Chart performance 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Influence and legacy ( edit ) The song is number one on the `` Songs of the Century '' list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts . The American Film Institute also ranked the song the greatest movie song of all time on the list of `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' . The very first artist to record the song was actually big band singer Bea Wain , but MGM prohibited the release until The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) had opened and audiences heard Judy Garland perform it . It was adopted ( along with Irving Berlin 's 1942 hit `` White Christmas '' ) by American troops in Europe in World War II , as a symbol of the United States . In April 2005 , the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp recognizing lyricist Yip Harburg 's accomplishments ; it features the opening lyric from the song . The song was used as an audio wakeup call in the STS - 88 space shuttle mission in Flight Day 4 , which was dedicated to astronaut Robert D. Cabana from his daughter , Sara . The song was honored with the 2014 Towering Song Award by the Songwriters Hall of Fame and was sung at its dinner on June 12 , 2014 by Jackie Evancho . In April 2016 , The Daily Telegraph listed the song as number 8 on its list of the 100 greatest songs of all time . In March 2017 , Garland 's original rendition of the song was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant '' . The Wizard of Oz ( edit ) The song 's sequence and the entirety of the Kansas scenes were directed by King Vidor , though he was not credited . The song was initially deleted from the film after a preview in San Luis Obispo , because MGM chief executive Louis B. Mayer and producer Mervyn LeRoy thought it `` slowed down the picture '' and that `` the song sounds like something for Jeanette MacDonald , not for a little girl singing in a barnyard '' . However , the persistence of associate producer Arthur Freed and Garland 's vocal coach / mentor Roger Edens to keep it in the film eventually paid off - it is for this sequence that the film is best known and remembered . At the start of the film , part of the song is played by the MGM orchestra over the opening credits . A reprise of it was deleted after being filmed . An additional chorus was to be sung by Dorothy while she was locked in the Witch 's castle , helplessly awaiting death as the hourglass ran out . However , although the visual portion of that reprise is presumably lost , the soundtrack of it survives and was included in the 2 - CD Deluxe Edition of the film 's soundtrack , released by Rhino Entertainment in 1995 . In that extremely intense and fear - filled rendition , Dorothy cries her way through it , unable to finish , concluding with a tear - filled , `` I 'm frightened , Auntie Em , I 'm frightened ! '' This phrase was retained in the film and is followed immediately by Aunt Em 's brief appearance in the crystal ball , where she is soon replaced by the visage of the witch ( Hamilton ) , mocking and taunting Dorothy before turning toward the camera to cackle . Another instrumental version is played in the underscore in the final scene , and over the closing credits . Original Garland recordings ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' from The Wizard of Oz A sample of the original version of `` Over the Rainbow '' from The Wizard of Oz , sung by Judy Garland . Problems playing this file ? See media help . On October 7 , 1938 , Judy Garland first recorded the song on the MGM soundstages , using an arrangement by Murray Cutter . In September 1939 , a studio recording of the song , not from the actual film soundtrack , was recorded and released as a single by Decca Records . In March 1940 , that same recording was included on a Decca 78 - RPM four - record studio cast album entitled The Wizard of Oz . Although this is not the version of the song featured in the film , Decca would continue to re-release the so - called `` Cast Album '' well into the 1960s after it was re-issued as a single - record 33 ⁄ RPM LP . It was not until 1956 , when MGM released the true soundtrack album from the film , that the film version of the song was made available to the public . The 1956 soundtrack release was timed to coincide with the television premiere of the film . The soundtrack version has been re-released several times over the years , including in a `` Deluxe Edition '' from Rhino Records in 1995 . ' Over the Rainbow ' has become part of my life . It 's so symbolic of everybody 's dreams and wishes that I 'm sure that 's why some people get tears in their eyes when they hear it . I 've sung it thousands of times and it 's still the song that 's closest to my heart . `` '' -- Judy Garland , in a letter to Harold Arlen Following the film 's release in 1939 , the song became Garland 's signature song and she would perform it for the next 30 years , until her death in 1969 . She performed it without altering it , singing exactly as she did for the film . She explained her fidelity by saying that she was staying true to the character of Dorothy and to the message of really being somewhere over the rainbow . In 2017 , Garland 's recorded rendition of the film was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant '' . Lyrics ( edit ) An introductory verse ( `` When all the world is a hopeless jumble ... '' ) that was not used in the film is often used in theatrical productions of The Wizard of Oz and is included in the piano sheet music book of songs from the film . It was also used in renditions by Frank Sinatra , by Al Bowlly , by Doris Day on her album Hooray For Hollywood ( 1958 ) ( Vol. 1 ) , by Tony Bennett on his albums Tony Bennett Sings a String of Harold Arlen ( 1961 ) and Here 's to the Ladies ( 1995 ) , by Ella Fitzgerald , by Sarah Vaughan , and by Norma Waterson , among others . Garland herself sang the introductory verse only once , on a 1948 radio broadcast of The Louella Parsons Show . Lyrics for a second verse ( `` Once by a word only lightly spoken ... '' ) appear in the British edition of the sheet music . International artists ( edit ) The first German version in English language was recorded by the Swing Orchestra Heinz Wehner ( 1908 -- 1945 ) in March 1940 in Berlin . Wehner , at this time a international well - known German Swing Artist , also took over the vocals . The first German version in German language was sung by Inge Brandenburg ( 1929 -- 1999 ) in 1960 . Other versions ( edit ) In singles and albums ( edit ) Doo - wop group the Demensions charted the song to number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1960 . Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles recorded the song in 1966 and it was featured on the Bluebelles ' album of the same name , their first studio album with Atlantic Records . Australian band Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs ' version topped the Australian music charts in 1965 and a later revision of the song also charted in 1974 following Billy Thorpe 's blues - based revival of the song at the 1973 Sunbury Pop Festival . Matchbox reached number 15 on the UK singles chart in 1980 with the song -- You Belong to Me ( medley ) `` . Patti LaBelle recorded a solo version of the song in a contemporary R&B / gospel - influenced version that was featured as the final song on LaBelle 's 1981 album , The Spirit 's in It . Sam Harris 's winning version of the song on the first season of Star Search in 1983 , combined on a single with `` Hearts on Fire '' reached number 67 in the UK singles chart in 1985 . A music video was made for his version . Marusha reached number 3 on the German singles charts in 1994 with her dance version . Cosmic Gate sampled this track for their single `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' , which was released in 2000 . Cliff Richard reached number 11 on the UK singles chart in 2001 with `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' . Katharine McPhee , an American Idol runner - up , covered the song in 2006 . The single peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The Glee cast reached number 43 on the US singles chart and number 30 on the UK singles chart in 2010 with their version . Nicholas David , a contestant on the third season of the US version of The Voice , charted the song to number 96 in 2012 , with sales of 48,000 copies . The Christian Hard Rock group David and the Giants sampled the song on their song `` Noah '' on their 1978 album This One 's for You . Ariana Grande covered the song at the One Love Manchester benefit concert held on 4 June 2017 for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing and added it to her Dangerous Woman Tour setlist after the benefit show . Hibari Misora released a Japanese language version of the song titled Niji no Kanata Ni ( 虹 の 彼方 に ) . Allan Sherman sang a parody of it , called `` Overweight People '' . In films and TV shows ( edit ) In the film Third Finger , Left Hand ( 1940 ) with Myrna Loy , Melvyn Douglas , and Raymond Walburn , the tune played throughout the film in short sequences . In the film The Philadelphia Story ( 1940 ) , James Stewart sings the song while carrying Katharine Hepburn through the gardens , at 77 minutes . Two years after the release of The Wizard of Oz , the tune appeared throughout the film I Wake Up Screaming ( 1941 ) , starring Betty Grable and Victor Mature . The song can also be heard in an ironic context in the Vincent Price horror film , Dr. Phibes Rises Again ( 1972 ) . The Sam Harris version was featured in an episode of Beavis and Butt - head , in which Beavis reacts in horror to the music video while Butt - head turns up the volume just to humorously torture the former . A version sung by Olivia Newton - John is used in the 1997 movie Face / Off , directed by John Woo . Director Nora Ephron used two different versions of the song in her movies Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) and You 've Got Mail ( 1998 ) . They 're by Ray Charles and Harry Nilsson , but only Nilsson 's is included on a soundtrack release of the films . Mariah Carey perfromed this song as a medley with `` If I Only Knew '' as a tribute to her godmother , Patti Labelle in the Essence Awards in 1998 . Jane Monheit 's version is used over the end credits of `` Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow '' ( 2004 ) . A version of the song was featured in an episode of The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy , in which Mandy sings the song in a deadpan tone while she performs as Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz . In the film 9 ( 2009 ) , the original song is played . The song was featured at the end of the Scrubs episode `` My Way Home '' . The song was sung by the `` Worthless Peons '' ( played by the Blanks ) in a cappella format . The song was the final of many references to The Wizard of Oz in the episode . Israel Kamakawiwoʻole version ( edit ) Main article : Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' Single by Israel Kamakawiwoʻole from the album Facing Future Released 1993 Format CD single Recorded 1988 Label Mountain Apple Company Songwriter ( s ) E.Y. Harburg , Bob Thiele , George David Weiss Audio sample `` Somewhere over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' file help Israel Kamakawiwoʻole 's album Facing Future , released in 1993 , included a ukulele medley of the song and Louis Armstrong 's `` What a Wonderful World '' . It reached number 12 on Billboard 's Hot Digital Tracks chart the week of January 31 , 2004 ( for the survey week ending January 18 , 2004 ) . In the UK , it was released as a single under the title `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' . It entered the UK Official Singles Chart in April 2007 at number 68 . In Germany , the single also returned to the German Singles Chart in September 2010 . After only 2 weeks on that chart , it had already received gold status for having sold 150,000 copies . In October 2010 , it reached No. 1 in the German charts and 2011 it has been certified 5x Gold for selling more than 750,000 copies . It stayed 12 non-consecutive weeks at the top spot and was the most successful single in Germany in 2010 . As of March 2012 , it 's the 2nd best - selling download ever in Germany with digital sales between 500,000 and 600,000 . In France , it debuted at number 4 in December 2010 and reached number one . In the USA , it was certified Platinum for 1,000,000 downloads sold . To date it has sold over 4.2 million digital copies as of October 2014 . In Switzerland , it received Platinum , too , for 30,000 copies sold . This version of the song has been used in several commercials , films and television programs including Finding Forrester , Meet Joe Black , 50 First Dates , Son of the Mask , Snakes on a Plane , Charmed , South Pacific , Cold Case , ER , Life on Mars , Horizon , and Scrubs . The Kamakawiwoʻole version of the song was covered by the cast of Glee on the season one finale , `` Journey , '' and included on the extended play Glee : The Music , Journey to Regionals , charting at number 30 in the UK , 31 in Canada and Ireland , 42 in Australia , and 43 in the US . Cliff Richard recorded his own version of the medley based on this one with a medley of `` Over the Rainbow / What A Wonderful World '' released as a single from the album Wanted , which charted in the UK in 2001 and Aselin Debison recorded the medley for her 2002 album Sweet is the Melody . This version of the song was recorded in 1988 , in Honolulu in just one take . Israel called the recording studio at 3 am . He was given 15 minutes to arrive by Milan Bertosa . Bertosa is quoted to say '' And in walks the largest human being I had seen in my life . Israel was probably like 500 pounds . And the first thing at hand is to find something for him to sit on . '' The building security found Israel a big steel chair . `` Then I put up some microphones , do a quick sound check , roll tape , and the first thing he does is ' Somewhere Over the Rainbow . ' He played and sang , one take , and it was over . '' Eva Cassidy version ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Single by Eva Cassidy from the album ' The Other Side / Songbird ' Released 29 January 2001 ( UK ) Format CD single Recorded Label Blix Street Composer ( s ) Harold Arlen Lyricist ( s ) E.Y. Harburg Eva Cassidy recorded a version of the song for the 1992 Chuck Brown / Eva Cassidy album The Other Side . After her death in 1996 , it was included in her posthumously - released compilation album Songbird , released in 1998 and was released as a CD single in 2001 . It was popularized by the BBC on BBC Radio 2 and on the television show Top of the Pops 2 ; the latter featured a video recording of Cassidy performing it . This publicity helped push sales of the compilation album Songbird to number 1 in the UK charts . Her recording was selected by the BBC in the UK for their Songs of the Century album in the year 1999 . Her performance of it at Blues Alley was published for the first time in January 2011 on her Simply Eva album . One of the versions that Eva Cassidy recorded of Over The Rainbow is used in the opening credits of Nick Cassavetes ' film Alpha Dog . Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Dark End of the Street '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 42 Danielle Hope version ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Single by Danielle Hope Released 23 May 2010 ( UK ) Format Digital download , CD single Recorded Genre Pop Length 2 : 58 Label Polydor Records Composer ( s ) Harold Arlen Lyricist ( s ) E.Y. Harburg Danielle Hope , the winner of the Wizard of Oz - themed BBC talent show Over the Rainbow , released a cover version of the song . It was released by digital download on 23 May 2010 and a CD single was released on 31 May 2010 . As it was recorded before a winner was announced , runners - up Lauren Samuels and Sophie Evans also recorded versions of it . These were both later made available for download on 6 June 2010 . All three finalists appeared on the CD single 's B - side : a Wizard of Oz medley . The single was a charity record , raising money for both the BBC Performing Arts Fund and Prostate UK . Track listings ( edit ) UK digital download `` Over the Rainbow '' -- 2 : 58 CD single `` Over the Rainbow '' `` The Wizard of Oz medley '' -- Sophie Evans , Danielle Hope and Lauren Samuels Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 29 See also ( edit ) Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz List of 1930s jazz standards List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 134 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bea-wain-dead-big-band-singer-was-100-1031758 Jump up ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/06/07/somewhere-over-the-rainbow-a-classic-now-linked-to-a-tragedy/ Jump up ^ `` NASA Human Spaceflight Database - STS - 88 Wakeup Calls '' . Jump up ^ Shriver , Jerry ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Songwriters gala links old and new with a ' Rainbow ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` 100 greatest songs of all time '' . ^ Jump up to : `` National Recording Registry Picks Are `` Over the Rainbow '' `` . Library of Congress . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Movie - Post-Production and Premiere - OzWiki '' . Thewizardofoz.info . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz Soundtracks ( MGM label ) '' . The Judy Room . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( Rhino Movie Music label ) '' . The Judy Room . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ The Wonderful World of Oz Documentary - The Wizard of Oz ( 3 - Disc Collector 's Edition DVD , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Garland , Judy . `` The Wizard of Oz ( Decca label ) '' . The Judy Room . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Scott Brogan . `` Judy Garland MP3 's '' . Thejudyroom.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Over the Rainbow . London : Francis , Day , & Hunter , Ltd . Jump up ^ Dick McBougall , DownBeat 12 / 1937 Jump up ^ Over the Rainbow , Swing - Orchester Heinz Wehner , engl . Refraingesang Heinz Wehner , Telefunken A 10101 , Matrizennummer 24836 , recorded March 23 , 1940 Jump up ^ Wenn Du in meinen Träumen ( Over The Rainbow ) , Inge Brandenburg mit dem NDR - Tanzorchester , recorded November 2 , 1960 Jump up ^ Milosheff , Peter ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` The Demensions , White Doo Wop From The Bronx '' . The Bronx Times . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pop Archives accessed June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Week of 22 December 2012 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David and the Giants , This Ones For You - Noah Lyrics '' . lyrics.christiansunite.com . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` One Love Manchester : Ariana Grande Opens Benefit Concert With ' Be Alright , ' Joins Black Eyed Peas for ' Where Is the Love ? ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Savorelli , Antonio ( 2010 ) . Beyond Sitcom : New Directions in American Television Comedy . McFarland . ISBN 9780786458431 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Billboard , page 65 ( 7 February 2004 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Over the Rainbow ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Musik - Jahrescharts : `` Sanfter Riese '' und der Graf setzen sich durch - media control `` . Media-control.de . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` '' Poker Face '' knackt 500.000 er - Download - Marke - media control `` . Media-control.de . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 600.000 Verkäufe : Michel Teló legt Download - Rekord hin - media control '' . Media-control.de. 2012 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ musicline.de Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - November 22 , 2012 '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Ask Billboard : The Weird Connections Between Mary Lambert '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community '' . Hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Flandez , Raymund ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Season One Finale , ' Journey : ' TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Les Hinton . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glee is number 1 Again '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . May 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive : 26th June 2010 '' . The Official Charts Company . June 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Week of June 26 , 2010 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . June 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Music Charts Archive : Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 17 June 2010 '' . Chart Track . GfK . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Week Commencing July 12 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) ( 1064 ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of June 26 , 2010 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . June 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Kamakawiwo'ole : The Voice Of Hawaii '' . 50 Great Voices . NPR. 6 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Then I put up some microphones , do a quick sound check , roll tape , and the first thing he does is ' Somewhere Over the Rainbow . ' He played and sang , one take , and it was over . Jump up ^ `` Eva Cassidy : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Winning Dorothy to release ' Rainbow ' '' . Retrieved 21 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Hope ( ' Over the Rainbow ' ) '' . Retrieved 27 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Hope : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . External links ( edit ) The Judy Garland Online Discography Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Judy Garland Discography Performances Songs Awards and honors Studio albums Miss Show Business Judy Alone Judy in Love The Letter That 's Entertainment ! The Garland Touch Live albums Garland at the Grove Judy at Carnegie Hall Judy Garland Live ! `` Live '' at the London Palladium Judy Garland at Home at the Palace : Opening Night Soundtracks Summer Stock A Star Is Born Gay Purr - ee I Could Go On Singing Other Biographies As gay icon Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy ! Judy ! Judy ! : Live from the London Palladium Liza Minnelli The Judy Monologues ( 2010 play ) The Wizard of Oz Elements `` Surrender Dorothy '' Ruby slippers Music `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' `` If I Only Had a Brain '' `` Optimistic Voices '' `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' `` If I Were King of the Forest '' `` The Jitterbug '' ( cut from final film ) Versions , sequels , and adaptations Stage musicals : 1942 , 1987 , 2011 The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True On television Was Apocalypse Oz Off to See the Wizard Journey Back to Oz The Wiz The Wizard of Oz ( TV series ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Wicked Oz the Great and Powerful Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz Lost In Oz Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Games Arcade game Pinball Video game Related The Making of The Wizard of Oz Friend of Dorothy Over the Rainbow Dark Side of the Rainbow Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz Lego Dimensions L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Kylie Minogue songs Singles discography Kylie `` I Should Be So Lucky '' `` The Loco - Motion '' `` Je ne sais pas pourquoi '' `` It 's No Secret '' `` Got to Be Certain '' `` Turn It into Love '' Enjoy Yourself `` Hand on Your Heart '' `` Would n't Change a Thing '' `` Never Too Late '' `` Tears on My Pillow '' `` Especially for You '' Rhythm of Love `` Better the Devil You Know '' `` Step Back in Time '' `` What Do I Have to Do '' `` Shocked '' Let 's Get to It `` Word Is Out '' `` Give Me Just a Little More Time '' `` Finer Feelings '' `` If You Were with Me Now '' `` I Guess I Like It Like That '' Greatest Hits `` What Kind of Fool ( Heard All That Before ) '' `` Celebration '' Kylie Minogue `` Confide in Me '' `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` Where Is the Feeling ? '' Impossible Princess `` Too Far '' `` Cowboy Style '' `` Some Kind of Bliss '' `` Did It Again '' `` Breathe '' Light Years `` Spinning Around '' `` On a Night Like This '' `` Your Disco Needs You '' `` Please Stay '' `` Butterfly '' `` Kids '' Fever `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' `` In Your Eyes '' `` Love at First Sight '' `` Come into My World '' Body Language `` Slow '' `` Red Blooded Woman '' `` Chocolate '' Ultimate Kylie `` I Believe in You '' `` Giving You Up '' X `` 2 Hearts '' `` Wow '' `` In My Arms '' `` Speakerphone '' `` All I See '' `` The One '' Aphrodite `` All the Lovers '' `` Get Outta My Way '' `` Put Your Hands Up ( If You Feel Love ) '' `` Aphrodite '' `` Better than Today '' A Kylie Christmas `` Let It Snow '' `` Santa Baby '' The Abbey Road Sessions `` Flower '' Kiss Me Once `` Into the Blue '' `` I Was Gonna Cancel '' `` Sexercize '' `` Beautiful '' Kylie + Garibay `` Black and White '' Kylie Christmas `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Winter Wonderland '' `` Christmas Wrapping '' `` Only You '' `` Every Day 's Like Christmas '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Warm This Winter '' `` 2000 Miles '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` 100 Degrees '' Snow Queen Edition `` Stay Another Day '' `` At Christmas '' `` Wonderful Christmastime '' `` I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday '' `` Christmas Lights '' `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) '' `` Night Fever '' Golden `` Dancing '' Other songs `` Keep on Pumpin ' It '' `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' `` GBI ( German Bold Italic ) '' `` Sometime Samurai '' `` Lhuna '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Higher '' `` Timebomb '' `` Skirt '' `` Whistle '' `` Limpido '' `` Golden Boy '' `` Crystallize '' `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` The Other Boys '' `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' Book Portal WikiProject Cliff Richard singles discography 1950s `` Move It '' ( 1958 ) `` High Class Baby '' ( 1958 ) `` Livin ' Lovin ' Doll '' ( 1959 ) `` Mean Streak '' ( 1959 ) `` Living Doll '' ( 1959 ) `` Travellin ' Light '' ( 1959 ) 1960s `` Please Do n't Tease '' ( 1960 ) `` I Love You '' ( 1960 ) `` A Girl Like You '' ( 1961 ) `` When the Girl in Your Arms ... '' ( 1961 ) `` The Young Ones '' / `` We Say Yeah '' ( 1962 ) `` I 'm Lookin ' Out the Window '' / `` Do You Want to Dance ? '' ( 1962 ) `` It 'll Be Me '' ( 1962 ) `` The Next Time '' / `` Bachelor Boy '' ( 1962 ) `` Summer Holiday '' ( 1963 ) `` Lucky Lips '' ( 1963 ) `` It 's All in the Game '' ( 1963 ) `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' ( 1964 ) `` Constantly ( L'Edera ) '' ( 1964 ) `` The Twelfth of Never '' ( 1964 ) `` The Minute You 're Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Blue Turns to Grey '' ( 1966 ) `` Visions '' ( 1966 ) `` All My Love '' ( 1967 ) `` Congratulations '' ( 1968 ) `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' ( 1968 ) `` Marianne '' ( 1968 ) `` Early in the Morning '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Sunny Honey Girl '' ( 1971 ) `` Power to All Our Friends '' ( 1973 ) `` Honky Tonk Angel '' ( 1975 ) `` Miss You Nights '' ( 1976 ) `` Devil Woman '' ( 1976 ) `` Green Light '' ( 1979 ) `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Carrie '' ( 1980 ) `` Dreamin ' '' ( 1980 ) `` Suddenly '' ( 1980 ) `` A Little in Love '' ( 1980 ) `` Daddy 's Home '' ( live ) ( 1981 ) `` True Love Ways '' ( live ) ( 1983 ) `` Baby You 're Dynamite '' / `` Ocean Deep '' ( 1984 ) `` Donna '' ( 1984 US ) `` Two to the Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Living Doll '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( 1988 ) `` The Best of Me '' ( 1989 ) `` I Just Do n't Have the Heart '' ( 1989 ) `` Lean On You '' ( 1989 ) `` Whenever God Shines His Light '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Stronger Than That '' ( 1990 ) `` Silhouettes '' ( live ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' ( live ) ( 1990 ) `` Saviour 's Day '' ( 1990 ) `` Scarlet Ribbons '' ( 1991 ) `` We Should Be Together '' ( 1991 ) `` Peace in Our Time '' ( 1993 ) `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' ( live ) / `` Miss You Nights '' ( 1994 ) `` Ca n't Keep this Feeling In '' ( 1998 ) `` The Millennium Prayer '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' / `` What a Wonderful World '' ( medley ) ( 2001 ) `` Yesterday Once More '' ( 2006 ) `` Move It '' ( 2006 ) `` When I Need You '' ( 2007 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( re-entry ) ( 2008 ) `` Thank You for a Lifetime '' ( 2008 ) `` Singing the Blues '' ( 2009 ) 2010s `` Rip It Up '' ( 2013 ) `` Since I Lost My Baby '' ( 2014 ) `` Roll Over Beethoven '' ( 2016 ) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' ( 2017 ) Book : Cliff Richard Jerry Lee Lewis Studio albums Jerry Lee Lewis Jerry Lee 's Greatest Soul My Way The Golden Cream of the Country Who 's Gonna Play This Old Piano ? Southern Roots : Back Home to Memphis Last Man Standing Mean Old Man Rock & Roll Time Collaborations Class of ' 55 ( with Johnny Cash , Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison ) Million Dollar Quartet ( with Johnny Cash , Carl Perkins and Elvis Presley ) Live albums Live at the Star Club , Hamburg The Survivors Live Last Man Standing Live Soundtrack albums Jamboree ( 1957 ) American Hot Wax ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ! ( 1989 ) Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) Compilation albums All Killer , No Filler : The Anthology Songs `` Baby Baby Bye Bye '' `` Baby , Hold Me Close '' `` Breathless '' `` Chantilly Lace '' `` Cold , Cold Heart '' `` Come as You Were '' `` Crazy Arms '' `` Do n't Let Me Cross Over '' ( with Linda Gail Lewis ) `` Down the Line '' `` End of the Road '' `` Great Balls of Fire '' `` Hi - Heel Sneakers '' `` High School Confidential '' `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` In the Mood '' `` Invitation to Your Party '' `` It 'll Be Me '' `` Jackson '' ( with Linda Gail Lewis ) `` Lewis Boogie '' `` Me and Bobby McGee '' `` One Has My Name ( The Other Has My Heart ) '' `` One Minute Past Eternity '' `` She Even Woke Me Up to Say Goodbye '' `` She Still Comes Around ( To Love What 's Left of Me ) '' `` Sixteen Candles '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' `` Sweet Little Sixteen '' `` There Must Be More to Love Than This '' `` To Make Love Sweeter for You '' `` Turn On Your Love Light '' `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' `` What 'd I Say '' `` When He Walks on You ( Like You Have Walked On Me ) '' `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On '' `` Would You Take Another Chance on Me '' `` You Win Again '' Filmography Jamboree ( 1957 ) High School Confidential ( 1958 ) American Hot Wax ( 1978 ) Family Mickey Gilley Linda Gail Lewis Carl McVoy Jimmy Swaggart Related articles Discography Great Balls of Fire ! Walk the Line Kenny Lovelace Mack Vickery Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' 1988 `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' 1993 `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' `` Summer of Roses '' / `` December Day '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' `` Alice in Hulaland '' 2016 `` Lay Me Down '' 2017 `` Still Not Dead '' 2018 `` Last Man Standing '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Israel Kamakawiwoʻole Studio albums Ka ' Ano'i ( 1990 ) Facing Future ( 1993 ) E Ala E ( 1995 ) N Dis Life ( 1996 ) Compilation albums Alone in IZ World ( 2001 ) Wonderful World ( 2009 ) Songs `` Over the Rainbow '' `` What a Wonderful World '' `` Kaleohano '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' Related Mākaha Sons VIAF : 180865957 LCCN : no99041403 GND : 7863238 - 9 BNF : cb13856523g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Over_the_Rainbow&oldid=827514264 '' Categories : 1939 songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs American songs Pop ballads Songs with music by Harold Arlen Songs with lyrics by Yip Harburg Songs from The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) Judy Garland songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients United States National Recording Registry recordings 1930s jazz standards Pop standards Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) Jazz compositions in A-flat major Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 04 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did somewhere over the rainbow come from | [
"\"Over the Rainbow\" is a ballad, with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Yip Harburg.[1] It was written for the movie The Wizard of Oz and was sung by actress Judy Garland, in her starring role as Dorothy Gale.[1] It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Garland's signature song, as well as one of the most enduring standards of the 20th century."
] | [
"written for the movie The Wizard of Oz"
] |
678907396541007554 | Bunty Bailey | Bunty Bailey - Wikipedia Bunty Bailey Jump to : navigation , search Bunty Bailey Therese Bailey ( 1964 - 05 - 23 ) 23 May 1964 ( age 54 ) England Occupation Actress , model Years active 1980 -- 2008 Website http://www.myspace.com/buntybailey Therese `` Bunty '' Bailey ( born 23 May 1964 ) is an English model , dancer and actress . Bunty started her career as a dancer in the dance group Hot Gossip in the early 1980s . She became known as the girl in the music videos of A-ha 's singles `` Take On Me '' and `` The Sun Always Shines on T.V. '' made in 1985 ; she met Morten Harket ( the lead - singer and voice of a-ha ) on the set and became his girlfriend . She has since appeared in several films , with her most recent role in 2008 as a Gypsy Momma in Defunct . She is currently living in Wraysbury , Berkshire . She did work as a children 's dance teacher at Wraysbury and Datchet Village Hall , She was listed by Fox News as being one of The Hottest ' 80s Video Vixens . Bunty has two sons , Jake and Felix Bailey , who were born in 1996 and 1997 respectively . In June 2009 , she was one of the first people to take advantage of the UK government car scrappage scheme and was invited to breakfast with the Prime Minister at the time , Gordon Brown . In September 2012 , Bailey appeared as the mystery guest on Channel 4 's Big Fat Quiz of the ' 80s , with her appearance in the A-ha videos being the correct answer . Filmography ( edit ) The Kenny Everett Show ( early 1980s ) with Hot Gossip `` Talking Loud and Clear '' , OMD ( 1984 ) `` Take On Me '' , a-ha ( 1985 ) as the Girl `` The Sun Always Shines on TV '' , a-ha ( 1985 ) as the Girl `` To Be a Lover '' , Billy Idol ( 1986 ) Spellcaster ( 1987 ) as Cassandra Castle Dolls ( 1987 ) as Isabel Prange Rock and the Money - Hungry Party Girls ( 1988 ) Glitch ! ( 1988 ) as Bimbo a-ha : Headlines and Deadlines - The Hits of a-ha ( 1991 ) Essential Music Videos : Hits of the 80s ( 2003 ) Video on Trial : `` Episode No. 2.6 '' ( 2006 ) Defunct ( 2008 ) as Gypsy Momma References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Take On Me by a-ha '' at Song Facts.com ^ Jump up to : `` Eighties dancer 's breakfast with Prime Minister '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Noblemania : The Girl in the Video : `` Take On Me '' ( 1985 ) `` . Blogger . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Amos , Shawn ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` The Hottest ' 80s Video Vixens '' . FoxNews.com . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5095U8whV4 External links ( edit ) Bunty Bailey at Crawfords Commercials Agency Bunty Bailey on IMDb This article about an English film actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunty_Bailey&oldid=813411712 '' Categories : Living people 1964 births English film actresses English female dancers English female models 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses English film actor stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 15 : 37 . About Wikipedia | who was the girl in the aha video | [
"Therese \"Bunty\" Bailey (born 23 May 1964)[1] is an English model, dancer and actress. Bunty started her career as a dancer in the dance group Hot Gossip in the early 1980s.[2] She became known as the girl in the music videos of A-ha's singles \"Take On Me\" and \"The Sun Always Shines on T.V.\" made in 1985; she met Morten Harket (the lead-singer and voice of a-ha) on the set and became his girlfriend."
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"Therese \"Bunty\" Bailey"
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2747574267049941672 | 2023 Rugby World Cup | 2023 Rugby World Cup - wikipedia 2023 Rugby World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2023 Rugby World Cup Tournament details Host nation France Dates September -- October No. of nations 20 ← 2019 2027 → The 2023 Rugby World Cup , to be hosted by France , is scheduled to be the tenth Rugby World Cup , taking place in the year of the 200th anniversary of the legendary ' invention ' of the sport by William Webb Ellis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hosting 1.1 Confirmed bidders 1.1. 1 South Africa 1.1. 2 Ireland 1.1. 3 France 1.2 Hosting recommendation and decision 1.3 Declined or withdrew bid 2 Teams 3 Broadcasting 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Hosting ( edit ) See also : Rugby World Cup hosts Several countries have declared their interest in hosting the 2023 Rugby World Cup , including France and Ireland . Both countries that have already hosted RWC matches , and countries looking to host a tournament for the first time . World Rugby may select the hosts for the 2023 and 2027 at the same time ( as they did with the 2015 and 2019 tournaments ) . The bidding schedule is as follows : Date Event 14 May -- 15 June 2015 Unions submit an expression of interest to World Rugby 3 July 2015 World Rugby confirms bidders May 2016 World Rugby releases tender documentation 1 September 2016 Deadline for unions to confirm their intent to tender a bid 1 November 2016 Start of candidate phase for unions that meet the criteria outlined 1 June 2017 Deadline to submit detailed bid documents to World Rugby 25 September 2017 Bid presentations at World Rugby council meeting 31 October 2017 Recommendation of World Rugby council based on the Evaluation report 15 November 2017 World Rugby announces host for the 2023 Rugby World Cup The bidding process formally kicked off on 14 May 2015 . World Rugby held a meeting with five potential Rugby World Cup 2023 hosts on 6 May 2015 in London that was attended by representatives from Ireland , Italy , South Africa , France and the United States . Apart from the U.S. , the countries attending had all previously publicly announced their interest to host the 2023 Rugby World Cup . On 3 July 2015 World Rugby confirmed interest from the following four nations by the deadline of 15 June 2015 : France Ireland Italy ( withdrew bid on 28 September 2016 ) South Africa Confirmed bidders ( edit ) After hosting the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan , World Rugby may look to host the tournament in the sports ' ' heartlands ' , leaving South Africa and Ireland as favourites . South Africa ( edit ) Soweto Johannesburg Cape Town Durban Pretoria Port Elizabeth Bloemfontein Nelspruit Locations of the 8 stadia provisionally included in South Africa 's bid . South Africa was considered one of the frontrunners to host the 2023 competition , having hosted the 1995 tournament and bid unsuccessfully for the right to host the 2011 , 2015 , and 2019 tournaments . In April 2016 the South African government banned its own rugby union from bidding to stage the 2023 World Cup over its failure to provide enough opportunities for black players . SA Rugby sought urgent talks with sports minister Fikile Mbalula in an effort to get its ban lifted in time for it to bid for the Rugby World Cup 2023 . Jurie Roux , the chief executive of SA Rugby stated `` There is no question that we have more work to do and we could be moving faster , but our sport has undergone a major overhaul in the past two or three years and we have definitely made great progress . '' South Africa confirmed the bid on 9 May 2017 after the ban was lifted . There are optimistic projections of a R27 billion injection to the local economy by hosting the event , with a focus on eight stadiums across seven cities . Stadium Location Capacity Matches FNB Stadium Soweto , Johannesburg 94,736 Pool Matches , Quarter Finals , Final Ellis Park Stadium Johannesburg 62,567 Pool Matches , Quarter Final , Semi Final , Bronze Medal Match Cape Town Stadium Cape Town 55,000 Pool Matches , Quarter Finals , Semi Final Moses Mabhida Stadium Durban 54,000 Pool Matches , Quarter Finals Loftus Versfeld Stadium Pretoria 51,762 Pool Matches Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium Port Elizabeth 48,000 Pool Matches Free State Stadium Bloemfontein 46,000 Pool Matches Mbombela Stadium Nelspruit 40,929 Pool Matches Ireland ( edit ) The Irish Government and the Northern Ireland Executive , together with the Irish Rugby Football Union , formally announced on 5 December 2014 their intentions to launch a bid to host the event . Dick Spring , former Tánaiste and Ireland rugby player , and Chair of Ireland 's Rugby World Cup 2023 bid , stated in May 2015 that Ireland already had received pledges of support from 40 % of World Rugby 's board 's 27 votes . Ireland 's bid included both rugby and Gaelic games grounds . The 82,000 capacity GAA stadium Croke Park would host the final , while other newly redeveloped GAA stadia such as Casement Park , Fitzgerald Stadium , MacHale Park and Páirc Uí Chaoimh would be part of the bid . In July 2017 , emergency legislation was passed by the Oireachtas to grant the sports minister the explicit statutory authority to make the financial guarantees which Rugby World Cup Limited required . Croke Park Aviva Stadium RDS Arena Casement Park Kingspan Stadium Thomond Park Páirc Uí Chaoimh Fitzgerald Stadium Pearse Stadium MacHale Park Nowlan Park Celtic Park Locations of the 12 stadia provisionally included in Ireland 's bid . On 15 November 2016 , 12 stadia were announced as being part of the bid . The provisional list included Ireland 's home stadium , Aviva Stadium , the home grounds of Leinster , Munster and Ulster , and eight GAA grounds , with two of these from each province . Some sites , such as Páirc Uí Chaoimh and Casement Park , are currently undergoing renovations or expansions . Their planned capacities , as listed on the IRFU 's website , are provided . Stadium Owner Location Capacity Match Category Croke Park GAA Dublin ( Drumcondra ) 82,300 Opening match , pool games , quarter - final & final Aviva Stadium IRFU FAI Dublin ( Ballsbridge ) 51,700 Pool games , quarter - final , semi-final Páirc Uí Chaoimh Cork GAA Cork 45,770 Pool games , quarter - final , semi-final Fitzgerald Stadium Kerry GAA Killarney 43,180 Pool games , quarter - final Casement Park Antrim GAA Belfast 34,186 Pool games Pearse Stadium Galway GAA Galway 26,197 Pool games MacHale Park Mayo GAA Castlebar 38,000 Pool games Thomond Park IRFU Limerick 26,987 Pool games Nowlan Park Kilkenny GAA Kilkenny 27,800 Pool games RDS Arena Royal Dublin Society Dublin ( Ballsbridge ) 18,677 Pool games Kingspan Stadium IRFU Belfast 18,168 Pool games Celtic Park Derry GAA Derry 22,000 Pool games France ( edit ) Saint - Denis Marseille Lyon Lille Bordeaux Saint - Étienne Nantes Nice Toulouse Locations of the 9 stadia provisionally included in France 's bid . France , which hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup , expressed interest in hosting the 2023 tournament . France launched its bid on 9 February 2017 revealing 19 potential host cities and an environmentally friendly transport plan . On 17 March , 12 host cities were selected . This list was later reduced to 9 cities ( excluding Paris , Montpellier and Lens ) : Stadium Location Capacity Stade de France Saint - Denis 81,338 Stade Vélodrome Marseille 67,394 Parc Olympique Lyonnais Lyon 59,186 Stade Pierre - Mauroy Lille 50,000 Matmut Atlantique Bordeaux 42,115 Stade Geoffroy Guichard Saint - Étienne 41,965 Stade de la Beaujoire Nantes 38,128 * Allianz Riviera Nice 35,624 Stadium de Toulouse Toulouse 33,150 * Expanded / renovated for 2024 Summer Olympics Hosting recommendation and decision ( edit ) On 31 October 2017 , the Rugby World Cup Limited Board submitted a comprehensive evaluation report of the bidders . The report stated that all three countries were capable of hosting the 2023 Rugby World Cup , and recommended South Africa as the preferred host in light of the report 's scoring . The evaluation report included a summary of the scoring : RWCL executive summary scoring Criteria Weight South Africa France Ireland Finance , commercial and commitments 35 % 26.69 28.44 26.69 Venues and host cities 30 % 26.63 22.88 21.75 Tournament infrastructure 20 % 15.50 13.75 13.63 Vision and hosting concept 10 % 6.25 7.06 6.75 Tournament , organisation and schedule 5 % 3.91 3.75 3.44 TOTAL 100 % 78.97 75.88 72.25 The biggest differentiating factor among scoring was for venues . South Africa has an ample number of large and modern stadiums by virtue of its hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup . By contrast , Ireland has not hosted a tournament of similar magnitude , and its stadiums would require significant technology and telecom upgrades to meet RWC requirements . The evaluation report was met with criticism from French and Irish sources . The President of the French Rugby Federation , Bernard Laporte questioned why France , which had recently hosted the successful UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament , scored lower than South Africa for both stadiums and hotels . Irish media questioned why all three countries received the same score on security ; South Africa has the eighth highest murder rate in the world , over 50 times higher than Ireland 's rate . Additionally , the report included limited reference to the fact that Durban , South Africa had initially won the right to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games , before the Commonwealth Games Federation was forced to strip Durban of hosting rights for failure to deliver on key obligations and commitments . The evaluation report by the Rugby World Cup Limited Board states that French law considers a criminal offence to use , hold or sell drugs . The French bid states that this `` would have no impact on RWC 2023 as a tournament , including the participating teams '' , but it `` has not provided any official government documentation to support this statement and therefore this could pose a risk to the tournament and participating teams '' . According to the report , RWCL `` did not specifically request government commitment at this stage '' . The World Rugby Council voted on 15 November 2017 to award the 2023 World Cup hosting rights to France . In the first round of voting , no country achieved a majority . Ireland were then eliminated as they gained the fewest votes in the first round . France defeated South Africa in the second round of voting . Council members reportedly preferred the financial superiority of the French bid . According to ESPN , `` France 's proposal guaranteed a net revenue return of £ 350 million for World Rugby to invest back into the game ; Ireland and South Africa 's in turn came in at around £ 270m . '' After the vote , IRFU chief executive Philip Browne conceded that last - placed Ireland could n't match the other two countries financial offer and stadiums , and questioned whether World Rugby would allow a small country to host the World Cup . The council voting was as follows : RWC Council voting Candidate Round 1 Round 2 France 18 24 South Africa 13 15 Ireland 8 -- TOTAL 39 39 Declined or withdrew bid ( edit ) The Italian Rugby Federation ( FIR ) confirmed in March 2015 its intention to bid for the 2023 Rugby World Cup . On 12 August 2016 , the Italian Rugby Federation announced the 12 stadiums they expressed interest in using for the 2023 event . However , on September 28 , 2016 , Italy officially withdrew from the competition to host the 2023 Rugby World Cup . Two countries -- the United States and Argentina -- initially expressed interest in hosting the 2023 tournament , but ultimately declined to bid . The United States was anticipated to bid and was considered a possible contender to host the 2023 or 2027 Rugby World Cup . World Rugby CEO Mike Miller stated in 2010 that the United States would host a Rugby World Cup , stating that `` it 's a question of when , not if . '' Argentina 's World Rugby Council representative Agustín Pichot stated that Argentina wanted to host the 2023 tournament . In May 2016 , following a meeting with Pichot , Argentine President Mauricio Macri announced government support for a 2027 Rugby World Cup bid . Teams ( edit ) The Rugby World Cup may expand from its current 20 teams for the 2023 tournament . Broadcasting ( edit ) United Kingdom -- ITV United States -- NBC Sports Ireland -- TV3 , RTE , eir Sport South Africa -- Supersport See also ( edit ) History of the Rugby World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Webb Ellis , William '' , Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby Chief Says World Cup in U.S. Is Inevitable '' , New York Times , 11 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa keen to host Rugby World Cup 2023 '' , ESPNscrum.com , 4 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate unions submit RWC 2023 bid files as hosting race ramps - up '' . World Rugby. 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RWC 2023 host selection process gathers pace with candidate visits '' . World Rugby. 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RWC 2023 host selection process gathers pace with candidate visits '' . World Rugby. 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Rugby World Cup 2023 attracts strong interest as host selection process gets underway , aroundtherings.com , 5 May 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ World Rugby confirms Rugby World Cup 2023 hosting interest from four unions , worldrugby.org , 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland face battle with South Africa and the USA to host 2023 Rugby World Cup '' , Mail Online , 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Irish bid to host 2023 Rugby World Cup gathers momentum , The Irish Times , 22 January 2014 . Retrieve 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italy ponder fresh World Cup bid '' , ESPNscrum.com , 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup 2023 : South African government lifts ban on hosting sporting events . '' BBC , 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2023 Rugby World Cup will bring billions for South Africa '' IOL , 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SA focus RWC 2023 bid on 8 stadiums '' Sport24 , 17 July 2017 Jump up ^ `` `` It 's South Africa 's Turn to Host RWC 2023 . Do You Agree ? '' -- Springboks '' SAPeople , 19 July 2017 Jump up ^ Ireland confirms bid for 2023 Rugby World Cup , RTÉ Sport , 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's 2023 RWC bid already has 40 % of the vote , says Spring '' , The 42 , 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland face battle with South Africa and the USA to host 2023 Rugby World Cup '' , Mail Online , 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` These are the 12 stadia that will make up Ireland 's 2023 Rugby World Cup bid '' . The 42 . 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup 2023 Act 2017 '' . Irish Statute Book . 13 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ; Ross , Shane ( 5 July 2017 ) . `` Rugby World Cup 2023 Bill 2017 : Second Stage ( Continued ) '' . Dáil Éireann Debates . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ; O'Connor , Niall ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Sports Minster Shane Ross under fire as bid to host 2023 Rugby World Cup thrown into doubt '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRFU 2023 '' . Irish Rugby. 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/rugby/international/ireland-begins-charm-offensive-as-credible-2023-world-cup-hosts-1.2869395 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.casementpark.ie/2017/02/casement-park-planning-application-submitted/#more-567 Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 1 - Rugby - Ireland plans ambitious bid for 2023 World Cup '' , Reuters , 18 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby : France launch 2023 World Cup bid '' , Reuters , 9 February 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2017 Jump up ^ `` # France2023 : Douze villes hôtes retenues '' ( in French ) . sport24.com. 17 March 2017 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SA takes giant leap towards hosting 2023 RWC '' , News24 , 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup Board recommends South Africa as RWC 2023 host '' . World Rugby. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laporte calls 2023 World Cup report ' nonsense ' '' , 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's Rugby World Cup bid was on a par with South Africa '' , Irish Times , 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Durban stripped of Commonwealth Games '' , Radio New Zealand News , 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ World Rugby will expect exemption on French law on doping - Gavin Cummiskey , The Irish times , 31 October 2017 Jump up ^ `` SA takes giant leap towards hosting 2023 RWC '' , News24 , 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup Board recommends South Africa as RWC 2023 host '' . World Rugby. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2023 Rugby World Cup : France 's winning bid built on financial clout '' , ESPN , 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland slam World Rugby , Celtic neighbours after unsuccessful bid '' , ESPN , 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italy to run against Ireland in World Cup bid '' , RTÉ Sport , 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ RUGBY WORLD CUP 2023 , IDENTIFICATI GLI STADI PER LA CANDIDATURA ITALIANA Jump up ^ `` FIR withdraws from RWC 2023 hosting process '' Jump up ^ `` United States eye World Cup bid '' , ESPN Scrum , 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland face battle with South Africa and the USA to host 2023 Rugby World Cup '' , Mail Online , 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby Chief Says World Cup in U.S. Is Inevitable '' , New York Times , 11 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Agustín Pichot reaffirms Argentina _́ s Quest to host Rugby World Cup 2023 , Rugby World Cup Argentina 2023 , 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Home Page , Rugby World Cup Argentina 2023 , 18 December 2013 , Jump up ^ Rugby World Cup Argentina 2023 , The Book Depository , Paul Tait , 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Con el apoyo del gobierno , el rugby argentino se prepara para el Mundial 2027 '' , Canchallena , 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , B. , `` Rugby World Cup may expand in 2023 , says governing body '' , bbc.com , 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ rugbybworldcup.com . `` ITV appointed UK rights holder for men 's and women 's Rugby World Cup events '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://nbcsportsgrouppressbox.com/2017/05/22/nbc-sports-group-acquires-exclusive-u-s-media-rights-to-rugby-world-cup/ External links ( edit ) France 2023 -- official website ( hide ) Rugby World Cup Tournaments Australia / New Zealand 1987 England / France / Ireland / Scotland / Wales 1991 South Africa 1995 Wales 1999 Australia 2003 France 2007 New Zealand 2011 England 2015 Japan 2019 France 2023 2027 2031 Qualifying 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Finals 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Squads 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Overview History Hosts Qualification Final Trophy Theme song Statistics Records and statistics Hat - tricks Try scorers Red cards Team appearances Overall record Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023_Rugby_World_Cup&oldid=813273803 '' Categories : 2023 Rugby World Cup Rugby World Cup tournaments 2023 in rugby union 2023 -- 24 in French rugby union International rugby union competitions hosted by France Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Español Français 日本 語 Norsk Polski Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 20 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where will the 2023 rugby world cup be held | [
"The 2023 Rugby World Cup, to be hosted by France, is scheduled to be the tenth Rugby World Cup, taking place in the year of the 200th anniversary of the legendary 'invention' of the sport by William Webb Ellis.[1]"
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"France"
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5289863566648907165 | Rachel Dawes | Rachel Dawes - wikipedia Rachel Dawes Jump to : navigation , search Rachel Dawes The Dark Knight Trilogy character Maggie Gyllenhaal as Rachel Dawes in The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) First appearance Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Last appearance The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Created by Christopher Nolan David S. Goyer Portrayed by Emma Lockhart ( y ) Katie Holmes Maggie Gyllenhaal Information Occupation Assistant district attorney Rachel Dawes is a fictional character who first appeared in Christopher Nolan 's 2005 feature film Batman Begins . She was portrayed in that film by Katie Holmes , with Emma Lockhart as a younger version of the character in early scenes . Holmes also voiced the character in the video game adaptation . Maggie Gyllenhaal replaced Holmes in the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight after Holmes chose not to reprise the role . Gyllenhaal also appeared as Dawes on the viral marketing website I Believe in Harvey Dent , giving Harvey Dent her endorsement in the District Attorney election . In the Dark Knight Trilogy , Rachel is Bruce Wayne 's childhood sweetheart and one of the few people who truly knows him . The conflict between Bruce 's love for her and his secret life as Batman is one of the main themes of the first two films in the trilogy , while her death in The Dark Knight in part motivates his actions in the third and final film , The Dark Knight Rises . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional biography 1.1 Batman Begins 1.2 The Dark Knight 1.3 The Dark Knight Rises 2 Development 3 References 4 External links Fictional biography ( edit ) Batman Begins ( edit ) Main article : Batman Begins Katie Holmes as Rachel Dawes in Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Rachel is Bruce Wayne 's closest childhood friend . Rachel 's mother worked as a domestic servant at Wayne Manor , and the two would often play together on the grounds . After Bruce 's parents are murdered by Joe Chill ( Richard Brake ) , Rachel 's mother seeks other employment and leaves Wayne Manor with Rachel . Rachel enrolls in law school and gets an internship at the Gotham City District Attorney 's office during her first year . After Chill is murdered for testifying against Mafia boss Carmine Falcone ( Tom Wilkinson ) , Bruce reveals to Rachel that he intended to murder Chill himself , and is angry that he was deprived of revenge . Rachel is horrified and tells Bruce that his late parents would be ashamed of him . She also takes Bruce down to the slums and shows him that Falcone 's criminal empire has worsened the poverty created by Gotham City 's economic depression , and states that every day more people just like Chill turn to crime out of desperation . Soon afterward , Bruce leaves the United States and Rachel continues her studies in law school . Years later , she becomes an Assistant District Attorney . Rachel dedicates her life and career to eliminating crime in Gotham , in the process making enemies of Falcone and later Dr. Jonathan Crane ( Cillian Murphy ) , Arkham Asylum 's corrupt chief psychiatrist . When Bruce returns to Gotham , Rachel is surprised that he did not contact her , and later feels disappointed in him , taking his playboy façade at face value . She reminds Bruce , `` Bruce , deep down you may still be that great kid you used to be , but it 's not who you are underneath , it 's what you do that defines you . '' Around the same time , a costumed vigilante calling himself Batman appears in Gotham , and saves Rachel from Falcone 's assassins . Rachel is intrigued by the masked crime - fighter , unaware that he is her old friend Bruce . After her boss is murdered by thugs working for Crane , Rachel takes over his job until a replacement can be found . Shortly afterward , Falcone has a psychotic break in police custody , and Rachel believes he is faking it to avoid trial , unaware that Crane drugged him with his fear toxin . When she goes to Arkham to evaluate the situation , Crane drugs her with fear toxin as well . Batman rescues her again , administers an antidote and tells her that Crane is working with the League of Shadows , a terrorist organization led by Ra 's al Ghul ( Liam Neeson ) . He gives her instructions for a plan to save the city from the League 's attack . He then sedates her and has his butler , Alfred Pennyworth ( Michael Caine ) , take her home . She wakes up in her bed and delivers samples of an anti-toxin to Gotham City Police Department sergeant James Gordon ( Gary Oldman ) . The League starts a riot in the Narrows , one of Gotham City 's slums , and Rachel is trapped . Crane , who has now assumed the criminal alter ego of `` The Scarecrow '' , attacks her again . She defends herself and a boy caught in the riot by firing a taser at Crane 's face , driving him away . Soon , the city is overrun by Arkham 's inmates , whom the League has released , and Rachel and the boy are surrounded by lunatics led by Falcone 's henchman , Victor Zsasz ( Tim Booth ) . Batman saves them at the last minute and gives Rachel a hint as to his secret identity . Towards the end of the film , Rachel visits the remains of Wayne Manor , finding Bruce and Alfred sorting through the wreckage . She and Bruce share a kiss , but she tells him that they can not be together until Gotham no longer needs Batman . At the end of the movie 's novelization , she is named interim District Attorney . The Dark Knight ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Knight ( film ) By the start of the second film , Rachel is in a relationship with newly selected District Attorney Harvey Dent ( Aaron Eckhart ) , creating a conflict between him , herself , and Bruce Wayne . Dent soon asks Rachel to marry him , but she does not have a clear answer , being torn between her love for both men . At one point , the Joker ( Heath Ledger ) attacks Rachel at Dent 's fundraiser , holding her at knifepoint . Batman arrives and fights off the men , but the Joker grabs Rachel and throws her from the skyscraper window . Batman jumps out the window after her , breaking their fall on a car below . Rachel is next seen at the funeral of police commissioner Gillian Loeb ( Colin MacFarlane ) , who was murdered by the Joker . At the funeral , the Joker attempts to assassinate Mayor Anthony Garcia ( Nestor Carbonell ) , and leaves behind evidence indicating that Rachel will be next . Rachel takes shelter in Bruce 's penthouse at Dent 's insistence . There she and Bruce briefly rekindle their romance . He admits that he desires to turn himself in as Batman and hopes they could eventually be together , which Rachel says can not happen if he goes to prison . Dent holds a press conference and claims to be Batman . Rachel is disgusted that Bruce would let Dent take the fall for him , and gives Alfred a letter to be delivered to Bruce `` when the time is right . '' She promptly leaves the penthouse . After Batman and Gordon capture the Joker , Rachel and Dent are kidnapped by police officers on mob boss Sal Maroni 's ( Eric Roberts ) payroll , who are working under the Joker 's orders . Batman interrogates the Joker and learns that the lives of both Dent and Rachel are at stake . The Joker tells Batman that he must choose which one of them to save and gives him both locations . However , the Joker has switched the addresses , with the intention of orchestrating Dent 's downfall . Batman speeds off , believing that he is traveling to Rachel 's destination . Both Rachel and Dent are tied up in rooms surrounded with gasoline drums and remote - controlled explosives , with phones attached so they can talk to each other . Rachel tells Dent that she wants to marry him . Batman arrives at Dent 's location in time to save him , but Gordon arrives at the other too late , and Rachel is killed in the explosion . The loss of Rachel , in addition to his own disfigurement , drives Dent insane and he becomes the murderous vigilante Two - Face , seeking revenge on those he holds responsible for Rachel 's death . Upon her death , Alfred reads Rachel 's note ( which she deliberately left unsealed ) in which she reveals that she intends to marry Dent . She explains that while Gotham may come to no longer need Batman , she now feels that the day when Bruce no longer does will never come . She urges Bruce not to give up faith in other people , even if she has disappointed him . When Bruce relates to Alfred that his only solace is the knowledge that she would have waited for him , Alfred decides to burn the note , sparing Bruce the pain of the truth . The Dark Knight Rises ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Knight Rises Rachel does not appear in The Dark Knight Rises , but is mentioned several times . Additionally , a picture of her appears in Wayne Manor , in Gyllenhaal 's likeness . Bruce , having given up the mantle of Batman , is portrayed as still mourning Rachel eight years after her death , rarely leaving Wayne Manor and failing to move on and find a normal life that Rachel once promised him . When Bane ( Tom Hardy ) attacks Gotham City , Bruce decides to become Batman once more to oppose him . In an attempt to stop him , Alfred finally confesses to Bruce that Rachel chose Dent and that he burned the letter in order to spare Bruce the pain . This revelation puts a severe strain on Bruce 's relationship with Alfred , who then leaves Wayne Manor when Bruce decides to continue as Batman . Throughout the film , Bruce keeps a picture of Rachel . By the end of the film , however , he is in a relationship with Selina Kyle ( Anne Hathaway ) , and has passed on his legacy to Detective John Blake ( Joseph Gordon Levitt ) so he can finally get on with his life ; proving Rachel 's belief that Bruce will never give up being Batman wrong . Development ( edit ) Katie Holmes was to reprise as Rachel in The Dark Knight ; she turned it down and starred in Mad Money instead . Before Maggie Gyllenhaal was cast , Emily Blunt , Isla Fisher , Sarah Michelle Gellar , and Rachel McAdams were considered to replace Holmes as Rachel . Gyllenhaal has acknowledged that Rachel is a damsel in distress to an extent , but says Nolan sought ways to empower the character , so `` Rachel 's really clear about what 's important to her and unwilling to compromise her morals , which made a nice change '' from the many conflicted characters whom she has previously portrayed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( 2007 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Maggie Gyllenhaal Cast in The Dark Knight '' . Slash Film . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ I Believe In Harvey Dent Jump up ^ Williams , Andrew ( January 6 , 2008 ) . `` Gyllenhaal Talks Sexy Underwear '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) McClintock , Pamela . `` Gyllenhaal joining Batman sequel '' ( Archive ) . Variety . March 8 , 2007 . Ayala , Nancy . `` ' Dark Knight ' Gets New Leading Lady '' ( Archive ) . ABC News . July 18 , 2008 . Davis , Erik . `` It 's Official : Maggie Gyllenhaal Replaces Katie Holmes in ' The Dark Knight ' '' ( Archive ) . Moviefone . March 8 , 2007 . ( hide ) Batman in film 1989 -- 1997 series Batman Score Soundtrack Batman Returns Soundtrack Batman Forever Score Soundtrack Batman & Robin Soundtrack The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins Soundtrack Video game Rachel Dawes The Dark Knight Soundtrack Cancelled video game The Joker The Dark Knight Rises Soundtrack Video games Batman home computer game Batman : The Video Game for the NES and Game Boy Batman : The Video Game for the Sega Genesis Batman arcade game Batman Returns Batman Forever video game Batman Forever pinball Batman Forever : The Arcade Game Batman and Robin Unofficial and fan films Features English Batman Dracula The Wild World of Batwoman Filipino Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight ! Alyas Batman en Robin Shorts Live action Batman : Dead End Grayson World 's Finest Robin 's Big Date City of Scars Seeds of Arkham Batman : Death Wish See also Batman franchise media Batman : Gotham Knight Batman OnStar commercials Catwoman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Dawes&oldid=799150071 '' Categories : Batman characters Batman in other media Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional lawyers Fictional victims of kidnapping Superhero film characters The Dark Knight Trilogy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 23 : 23 . About Wikipedia | who played the part of rachel dawes in the dark knight | [
"Rachel Dawes is a fictional character who first appeared in Christopher Nolan's 2005 feature film Batman Begins. She was portrayed in that film by Katie Holmes, with Emma Lockhart as a younger version of the character in early scenes. Holmes also voiced the character in the video game adaptation. Maggie Gyllenhaal replaced Holmes in the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight after Holmes chose not to reprise the role.[1] Gyllenhaal also appeared as Dawes on the viral marketing website I Believe in Harvey Dent,[2] giving Harvey Dent her endorsement in the District Attorney election."
] | [
"Maggie Gyllenhaal"
] |
-5136849080530036824 | List of FIFA World Cup records | List of FIFA World Cup records - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup records hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article cites other Wikipedia articles as sources and as such may contain improper references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of records of the FIFA World Cup and its qualification matches . See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup Contents 1 General statistics by tournament 2 Teams : Tournament position 2.1 Consecutive 2.2 Gaps 2.3 Host team 2.4 Defending champion 2.5 Debuting teams 2.6 Other 3 Teams : Tournament progress 3.1 All time 3.2 Consecutive 3.3 Host team 3.4 Defending champion 4 All - time table 5 Players 6 Goalscoring 6.1 Individual 6.2 Own goals 7 Assisting 8 Penalties 8.1 By team 8.2 By tournament 9 Penalty shoot - outs 9.1 By team 9.2 By tournament 10 Extra time 10.1 By team 10.2 By tournament 11 Tiebreakers 12 Goalkeeping 13 Coaching 14 Refereeing 15 Discipline 15.1 Suspension 15.2 Fine 15.3 Other sanction 16 Teams : Matches played / goals scored 16.1 All time 16.2 In one tournament 17 Teams : Overall performance ( winning percentage ) 17.1 In one tournament 17.1. 1 All time 17.1. 2 Host team 17.1. 3 Defending champion 17.1. 4 Champion 17.1. 5 Non-champion 18 Upsets 19 Hat - tricks 20 Streaks 20.1 Team 20.2 Tournament 20.3 Top scoring teams by tournament 20.4 Goal scoring by tournament 21 Host records 22 Attendance 23 Others 24 Footnotes 25 References 26 External links General statistics by tournament ( edit ) Year Host Champion Winning coach Top scorer ( s ) Best player award 1930 Uruguay Uruguay Alberto Suppici Guillermo Stábile ( 8 ) N / A 1934 Italy Italy Vittorio Pozzo Oldřich Nejedlý ( 5 ) 1938 France Italy Vittorio Pozzo Leônidas ( 7 ) 1950 Brazil Uruguay Juan López Ademir ( 8 ) 1954 Switzerland West Germany Sepp Herberger Sándor Kocsis ( 11 ) 1958 Sweden Brazil Vicente Feola Just Fontaine ( 13 ) 1962 Chile Brazil Aymoré Moreira Garrincha ( 4 ) Vavá ( 4 ) Leonel Sánchez ( 4 ) Flórián Albert ( 4 ) Valentin Ivanov ( 4 ) Dražan Jerković ( 4 ) 1966 England England Alf Ramsey Eusébio ( 9 ) 1970 Mexico Brazil Mário Zagallo Gerd Müller ( 10 ) West Germany West Germany Helmut Schön Grzegorz Lato ( 7 ) 1978 Argentina Argentina César Luis Menotti Mario Kempes ( 6 ) 1982 Spain Italy Enzo Bearzot Paolo Rossi ( 6 ) Paolo Rossi 1986 Mexico Argentina Carlos Bilardo Gary Lineker ( 6 ) Diego Maradona 1990 Italy West Germany Franz Beckenbauer Salvatore Schillaci ( 6 ) Salvatore Schillaci 1994 United States Brazil Carlos Alberto Parreira Hristo Stoichkov ( 6 ) Oleg Salenko ( 6 ) Romário 1998 France France Aimé Jacquet Davor Šuker ( 6 ) Ronaldo 2002 South Korea Japan Brazil Luiz Felipe Scolari Ronaldo ( 8 ) Oliver Kahn 2006 Germany Italy Marcello Lippi Miroslav Klose ( 5 ) Zinedine Zidane South Africa Spain Vicente del Bosque Thomas Müller ( 5 ) Wesley Sneijder ( 5 ) David Villa ( 5 ) Diego Forlán ( 5 ) Diego Forlán 2014 Brazil Germany Joachim Löw James Rodríguez ( 6 ) Lionel Messi 2018 Russia France Didier Deschamps Harry Kane ( 6 ) Luka Modrić Teams : tournament position ( edit ) Main article : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup Teams having equal quantities in the tables below are ordered by the tournament the quantity was attained in ( the teams that attained the quantity first are listed first ) . If the quantity was attained by more than one team in the same tournament , these teams are ordered alphabetically . Most titles won 5 , Brazil ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) Most finishes in the top two 8 , Germany ( 1954 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2002 , 2014 ) Most finishes in the top three 12 , Germany ( 1934 , 1954 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most finishes in the top four 13 , Germany ( 1934 , 1954 , 1958 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) For a detailed list of top four appearances , see FIFA World Cup results Most finishes in the top eight 18 , Brazil ( every tournament except 1934 , 1966 and 1990 ) Most finishes in the top sixteen 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) Most World Cup appearances 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) For a detailed list , see National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup . Most second - place finishes 4 , Germany ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) Most third - place finishes 4 , Germany ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 , 2010 ) Most fourth - place finishes 3 , Uruguay ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) Most 3rd - 4th - place finishes 5 , Germany ( 1934 , 1958 , 1970 , 2006 , 2010 ) Most 5th - 8th - place finishes 8 , England ( 1950 , 1954 , 1962 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 , 2006 ) Most 9th - 16th - place finishes 14 , Mexico ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1978 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ) Most 17th - 32nd - place finishes 7 , South Korea ( 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 ) Most titles won by a confederation 12 , UEFA ( 1934 , 1938 , 1954 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ) Confederation with most number of teams who qualified for the finals at least once 90 % ( 9 out of 10 ) , CONMEBOL ( all but Venezuela ) Confederation with fewest teams who qualified for the finals at least once 15.38 % ( 2 out of 11 current and 2 former ) , OFC ( only Australia and New Zealand ) Consecutive ( edit ) Most consecutive championships 2 , Italy ( 1934 -- 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 -- 1962 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top two 3 , Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top three 4 , Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top four 4 , Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top eight 16 , Germany ( 1954 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top sixteen 21 , Brazil ( 1930 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive finals tournaments 21 , Brazil ( 1930 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive second - place finishes 2 , Netherlands ( 1974 -- 1978 ) and West Germany ( 1982 -- 1986 ) Most consecutive third - place finishes 2 , Germany ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive fourth - place finishes No country has finished 4th in two consecutive tournaments Most consecutive 3rd - 4th - place finishes 2 , Sweden ( 1938 -- 1950 ) , Brazil ( 1974 -- 1978 ) , France ( 1982 -- 1986 ) , Germany ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive 5th - 8th - place finishes 4 , Switzerland ( 1934 -- 1954 ) Most consecutive 9th - 16th - place finishes 7 , Mexico ( 1994 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive 17th - 32nd - place finishes 4 , South Korea ( 1986 -- 1998 ) Biggest improvement in position in consecutive tournaments Did not participate / qualify , then champion , Italy ( 1930 -- 1934 ) , Uruguay ( 1938 -- 1950 ) , West Germany ( 1950 -- 1954 ) , France ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Most consecutive championships by a confederation 4 , UEFA ( 2006 -- 2018 ) Gaps ( edit ) Longest gap between successive titles 44 years , Italy ( 1938 -- 1982 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the top two 48 years , Argentina ( 1930 -- 1978 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the top three 48 years , Argentina ( 1930 -- 1978 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the top four 60 years , Spain ( 1950 -- 2010 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the finals 56 years : Egypt ( 1934 -- 1990 ) , Norway ( 1938 -- 1994 ) Host team ( edit ) Best finish by host team Champion : Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , England ( 1966 ) , West Germany ( 1974 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) , France ( 1998 ) Worst finish by host team 17th -- 32nd position ( FIFA final ranking of 20th ) : South Africa ( 2010 ) Defending champion ( edit ) Best finish by defending champion Champion : Italy ( 1938 ) , Brazil ( 1962 ) Worst finish by defending champion Did not participate : Uruguay ( 1934 ) Worst finish by defending champion who participates in the next tournament Group stage : Italy ( 1950 ) , Brazil ( 1966 ) , France ( 2002 ) , Italy ( 2010 ) , Spain ( 2014 ) , Germany ( 2018 ) Debuting teams ( edit ) See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Debut of teams Best finish by a debuting team Champion : Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) Best finish by a debuting team after 1934 Third place : Portugal ( 1966 ) , Croatia ( 1998 ) Other ( edit ) Most finishes in the top two without ever being champion 3 , Netherlands ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) Most finishes in the top three without ever being champion 4 , Netherlands ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most finishes in the top four without ever being champion 5 , Netherlands ( 1974 , 1978 , 1998 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most appearances , never progressing from the first round 8 , Scotland ( 1954 , 1958 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 ) Most finals played , never lost 2 , Uruguay ( 1930 , 1950 ) Most semifinals played , never lost 5 , Argentina ( 1930 , 1978 , 1986 , 1990 , 2014 ) Most quarterfinals ( or best eight round ) played , never lost 2 , Croatia ( 1998 , 2018 ) and Portugal ( 1966 , 2006 ) Most round of sixteen ( from 1986 to date ) played , never lost 8 , Germany ( 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most appearances , never winning a match 3 , Bolivia ( 1930 , 1950 , 1994 ) , Honduras ( 1982 , 2010 , 2014 ) , Egypt ( 1934 , 1990 , 2018 ) Most played final 3 , Argentina vs Germany ( 1986 , 1990 , 2014 ) Teams : Tournament progress ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Most appearances in the first round 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) Progressed from the first round the most times 18 , Brazil ( every tournament except 1930 , 1934 and 1966 ) Progressed from the first round as group winners the most times 15 , Brazil ( 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 ) Eliminated in the first round the most times 8 , Scotland ( 1954 , 1958 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 ) Most appearances , always progressing from the first round 3 , Republic of Ireland ( 1990 , 1994 , 2002 ) Most appearances , never progressing from the first round 8 , Scotland ( 1954 , 1958 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 ) Less appearances , winning title 13 Uruguay ( 1930 , 1950 ) Most appearances , never winning title 16 Mexico Less appearances , acceding final 5 Croatia ( 2018 ) Most appearances , never acceding final 16 Mexico Less appearances , acceding semifinals 2 Turkey ( 2002 ) Most appearances , never acceding semifinals 16 Mexico Less appearances , acceding quarter finals 1 Cuba ( 1938 ) , Wales ( 1958 ) , East Germany ( 1974 ) , Ukraine ( 2006 ) Most appearances , never acceding quarter finals 8 Scotland Consecutive ( edit ) Most consecutive appearances in the first round 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) Most consecutive progressions from the first round 16 , Germany ( 1954 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive progressions from the first round as group winners 10 , Brazil ( 1982 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive eliminations from the first round 5 , Mexico ( 1950 -- 1966 ) , Scotland ( 1974 -- 1990 ) Host team ( edit ) Host team eliminated in the first round South Africa ( 2010 ) Defending champion ( edit ) Defending champion eliminated in the first round Italy ( 1950 ) , Brazil ( 1966 ) , France ( 2002 ) , Italy ( 2010 ) , Spain ( 2014 ) , Germany ( 2018 ) All - time table ( edit ) Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Players ( edit ) Main article : List of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA World Cups Most championships 3 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 , 1962 ( only played in first two matches ; medal awarded retroactively by FIFA in 2007 ) and 1970 ) See here for a list of players who have won multiple FIFA World Cups . Most tournaments played 5 , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1950 -- 1966 ) , Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most tournaments on national team 5 , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1950 -- 1966 ) , Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) , Gianluigi Buffon ( Italy , 1998 ( did not play ) , 2002 -- 2014 ) , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most finishes in the top two 3 , Nílton Santos ( Brazil 1950 , 1958 , 1962 ) , Pelé ( Brazil 1958 , 1962 , 1970 ) , Pierre Littbarski ( West Germany 1982 , 1986 , 1990 ) , Lothar Matthäus ( West Germany 1982 , 1986 , 1990 ) , Cafu ( Brazil , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) Most finishes in the top three 4 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most appearances in All - Star Team 3 , Djalma Santos ( Brazil , 1954 -- 1962 ) , Franz Beckenbauer ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1974 ) , Philipp Lahm ( Germany , 2006 -- 2014 ) Most matches played , finals 25 , Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) Most knockout games played , finals 14 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most minutes played , finals 2,217 minutes , Paolo Maldini ( Italy , 1990 -- 2002 ) Most matches played , qualifying 68 , Iván Hurtado ( Ecuador , 1994 -- 2010 ) Most matches won 17 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most appearances in a World Cup final 3 , Cafu ( Brazil , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) Most finals played with different teams 2 , Luis Monti ( Argentina , 1930 and Italy , 1934 ) Most appearances as captain 17 , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most tournaments as captain 5 , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most appearances as substitute 11 , Denílson ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2002 ) Youngest player 17 years , 41 days , Norman Whiteside ( Northern Ireland ) , vs Yugoslavia , 17 June 1982 Youngest player , final 17 years , 249 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs Sweden , 29 June 1958 Youngest player , qualifying match 13 years , 310 days , Souleymane Mamam ( Togo ) , vs Zambia , 6 May 2001 , 2002 CAF Group 1 Youngest captain 21 years , 109 days , Tony Meola ( United States ) , vs Czechoslovakia , 10 June 1990 Youngest player to ever be named to a FIFA World Cup squad 16 years , 339 days , Edu ( Brazil ) , 1966 Oldest player 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest player , final 40 years , 133 days , Dino Zoff ( Italy ) , vs West Germany , 11 July 1982 Oldest player , qualifying match 46 years , 175 days , MacDonald Taylor Sr. ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) , vs Saint Kitts and Nevis , 18 February 2004 , 2006 CONCACAF First Round . Oldest captain 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest player to debut in a World Cup finals tournament 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest player to ever be named to a FIFA World Cup squad 45 years , 150 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , 2018 Largest age difference on the same team 24 years and 42 days , 1994 , Cameroon ( Rigobert Song : 17 years and 358 days ; Roger Milla : 42 years and 35 days ) Largest age difference on a champion team 21 years and 297 days , 1982 , Italy ( Dino Zoff : 40 years and 133 days ; Giuseppe Bergomi : 18 years and 201 days ) Oldest average age of all the players summoned to a World Cup Almost 28 years old , 2018 Longest period between World Cup finals appearances as a player 15 years and 363 days , Faryd Mondragón ( Colombia , 1998 -- 2014 ) Longest span of World Cup finals appearances as a player 16 years , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1950 -- 1966 ) ; Elías Figueroa ( Chile , 1966 -- 1982 ) ; Hugo Sánchez ( Mexico , 1978 -- 1994 ) ; Giuseppe Bergomi ( Italy , 1982 -- 1998 ) ; Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) ; Rigobert Song ( Cameroon , 1994 -- 2010 ) ; Faryd Mondragón ( Colombia , 1998 -- 2014 ) ; Samuel Eto'o ( Cameroon , 1998 -- 2014 ) ; Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Longest period between World Cup finals appearances , overall 44 years , Tim ( Brazil , 1938 , as a player ; and Peru , 1982 , as coach ) Goalscoring ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers See also : List of FIFA World Cup hat - tricks Most goals scored , overall finals 16 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most goals scored , overall qualifying 39 , Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala , 2002 -- 2016 ) Most goals scored in a tournament 13 , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) Highest goals average in a tournament 2.2 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 11 goals in 5 matches , 1954 ) For a detailed list of top goalscorers in each tournament ( Golden Boot winner ) , see Golden Boot . Most goals scored in a match 5 , Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) , vs Cameroon , 1994 Most goals scored in a lost match 4 , Ernest Wilimowski ( Poland ) , vs Brazil , 1938 Most goals scored in a qualifying match 13 , Archie Thompson ( Australia ) , vs American Samoa , 2002 OFC Group 1 Most goals scored in a final match 3 , Geoff Hurst ( England ) , vs West Germany , 1966 Most goals scored in all final matches 3 , Vavá ( Brazil ) , 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Czechoslovakia in 1962 ; Pelé ( Brazil ) , 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Italy in 1970 ; Geoff Hurst ( England ) , 3 vs West Germany in 1966 and Zinedine Zidane ( France ) , 2 vs Brazil in 1998 & 1 vs Italy in 2006 Scored goal ( s ) in multiple final matches Vavá ( Brazil , 1958 & 1962 ) , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 & 1970 ) , Paul Breitner ( West Germany , 1974 & 1982 ) and Zinedine Zidane ( France , 1998 & 2006 ) . Most matches with at least one goal 11 , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2006 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive matches with at least one goal 6 , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) and Jairzinho ( Brazil , 1970 ) Most matches with at least two goals 4 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2006 ) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive matches with at least two goals 4 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) Most hat - tricks 2 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) , Gerd Müller ( West Germany , 1970 ) and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina , 1994 & 1998 ) Most consecutive hat - tricks 2 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) and Gerd Müller ( West Germany , 1970 ) Fastest hat - trick 8 minutes , László Kiss ( Hungary ) , scored at 69 ' , 72 ' and 76 ' , vs El Salvador , 1982 Most goals scored by a substitute in a match 3 , László Kiss ( Hungary ) , vs El Salvador , 1982 Olympic goals ( goals from a corner ) scored in a World Cup 1 , Marcos Coll ( Colombia ) , vs Soviet Union , 1962 Hat - tricks from the penalty spot Never occurred in the final tournament , four times in qualification : Kubilay Türkyilmaz ( Switzerland ) , vs Faroe Islands , 7 October 2000 , 2002 UEFA Group 1 ; Henrik Larsson ( Sweden ) , vs Moldova , 6 June 2001 , 2002 UEFA Group 4 ; Ronaldo ( Brazil ) , vs Argentina , 2 June 2004 , 2006 CONMEBOL ; Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang ( Gabon ) , vs Niger , 15 June 2013 , 2014 CAF Second Round Group E Scoring in every match of a team in a World Cup ( at least three matches ) György Sárosi ( Hungary ) , 5 goals in 4 matches ( 1938 ) , Arne Nyberg ( Sweden ) , 3 goals in 3 matches ( 1938 ) , Alcides Ghiggia ( Uruguay ) , 4 goals in 4 matches ( 1950 ) , Just Fontaine ( France ) , 13 goals in 6 matches ( 1958 ) , Omar Oreste Corbatta ( Argentina ) , 3 goals in 3 matches ( 1958 ) , Ferenc Bene ( Hungary ) , 4 goals in 4 matches ( 1966 ) , Jairzinho ( Brazil ) , 7 goals in 6 matches ( 1970 ) , Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru ) , 5 goals in 4 matches ( 1970 ) , James Rodríguez ( Colombia ) , 6 goals in 5 matches ( 2014 ) Most tournaments with at least one goal 4 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 -- 1970 ) , Uwe Seeler ( West Germany , 1958 -- 1970 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) and Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal , 2006 -- 2018 ) Most tournaments with at least two goals 4 , Uwe Seeler ( West Germany , 1958 -- 1970 ) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most tournaments with at least three goals 3 , Jürgen Klinsmann ( Germany , 1990 -- 1998 ) , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2006 ) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2010 ) Most tournaments with at least four goals 3 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2010 ) Most tournaments with at least five goals 2 , Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru , 1970 , 1978 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , ( 2002 -- 2006 ) and Thomas Müller ( Germany , 2010 -- 2014 ) Most qualification tournaments with at least one goal 5 , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) and Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala , 2002 -- 2018 ) Longest period between a player 's first and last goals 12 years , 1 month and 7 days ; Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 1 June 2002 -- 8 July 2014 ) Longest period between a player 's first and last goals overall 12 years , Uwe Seeler ( West Germany , 8 June 1958 -- 14 June 1970 ) , Pelé ( Brazil , 19 June 1958 -- 21 June 1970 ) , Diego Maradona ( Argentina , 18 June 1982 -- 21 June 1994 ) , Michael Laudrup ( Denmark , 8 June 1986 -- 24 June 1998 ) , Henrik Larsson ( Sweden , 16 July 1994 -- 20 June 2006 ) , Sami Al - Jaber ( Saudi Arabia , 25 June 1994 -- 14 June 2006 ) , Cuauhtémoc Blanco ( Mexico , 20 June 1998 -- 17 June 2010 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 1 June 2002 -- 8 July 2014 ) , Ivica Olić ( Croatia , 8 June 2002 -- 18 June 2014 ) , Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal , 17 June 2006 -- 20 June 2018 ) and Lionel Messi ( Argentina 16 June 2006 -- 26 June 2018 ) Longest period between one goal and another 12 years , Michael Laudrup ( Denmark , 1986 -- 1998 ) and Ivica Olić ( Croatia , 2002 -- 2014 ) First goalscorer Lucien Laurent ( France ) , vs Mexico , 13 July 1930 Youngest goalscorer 17 years , 239 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs Wales , 19 June 1958 Youngest hat - trick scorer 17 years , 244 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs France , 24 June 1958 Youngest goalscorer , final 17 years , 249 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs Sweden , 29 June 1958 Oldest goalscorer 42 years , 39 days , Roger Milla ( Cameroon ) , vs Russia , 28 June 1994 Oldest hat - trick scorer 33 years , 130 days , Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal ) , vs Spain , 15 June 2018 Oldest goalscorer , final 35 years , 264 days , Nils Liedholm ( Sweden ) , vs Brazil , 29 June 1958 Only player to score in his teens , his twenties and his thirties Lionel Messi Argentina ( 2006 , 2014 , and 2018 ) Most penalties scored ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 4 , Eusébio ( Portugal , 4 in 1966 ) , Rob Rensenbrink ( Netherlands , 4 in 1978 ) -- both records for one tournament -- and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina , 2 each in 1994 and 1998 ) Most penalties missed ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 2 , Asamoah Gyan ( Ghana ) , vs Czech Republic , 2006 and vs Uruguay , 2010 First substitute winning goalscorer , final Came on 86th minute , Mario Götze ( Germany ) , vs Argentina , 2014 Fastest goal from kickoff 11 seconds , Hakan Şükür ( Turkey ) , vs South Korea , 2002 Fastest goal by a substitute 16 seconds , Ebbe Sand ( Denmark ) , vs Nigeria , 1998 Fastest goal in a final 90 seconds , Johan Neeskens ( Netherlands ) , vs West Germany , 1974 final Fastest goal in a qualifying match 8.1 seconds , Christian Benteke ( Belgium ) , vs Gibraltar , 2018 UEFA Group H Fastest brace scored 69 seconds , Toni Kroos ( Germany ) , vs Brazil , 2014 Latest goal in regular time 97th minute , Neymar ( Brazil ) , vs Costa Rica , 2018 Latest goal from kickoff 121st minute , Alessandro Del Piero ( Italy ) , vs Germany , 2006 and Abdelmoumene Djabou ( Algeria ) , vs Germany , 2014 Latest goal from kickoff in a final 120th minute , Geoff Hurst ( England ) , vs Germany , 1966 ( see `` They think it 's all over '' ) Latest goal from kickoff , with no goals scored between 119th minute , David Platt ( England ) , vs Belgium , 1990 and Fabio Grosso ( Italy ) , vs Germany , 2006 Latest goal from kickoff in a final , with no goals scored between 116th minute , Andrés Iniesta ( Spain ) , vs Netherlands , 2010 Most participations in different World Cup penalty shoot - outs 3 times , Roberto Baggio Italy ( 1990 , converted , 1994 , missed , and 1998 , converted ) Own goals ( edit ) Main article : List of FIFA World Cup own goals Assisting ( edit ) Most assists provided , overall finals 10 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 - 1970 ) Most assists provided in a tournament 7 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1970 ) Most assists provided in finals 3 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 and 1970 ) Most tournaments with at least one assist 4 , Lionel Messi ( Argentina , 2006 - 2018 ) Most consecutive tournaments with at least one assist 4 , Lionel Messi ( Argentina , 2006 - 2018 ) Penalties ( edit ) By team ( edit ) Most awarded 18 , Spain Most converted 15 , Spain Most missed or saved 4 , Brazil By tournament ( edit ) Most awarded 29 , 2018 Most converted 22 , 2018 Most missed or saved 7 , 2018 Penalty shoot - outs ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA World Cup penalty shoot - outs By team ( edit ) Most played 5 , Argentina ( 1990 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 ) Most played in one tournament 2 , Argentina ( 1990 ) , Spain ( 2002 ) , Costa Rica and Netherlands ( 2014 ) , Croatia and Russia ( 2018 ) Most won 4 , Germany ( 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 ) and Argentina ( 1990 , 1990 , 1998 , 2014 ) Most won in one tournament 2 , Argentina ( 1990 ) and Croatia ( 2018 ) Most lost 3 , England ( 1990 , 1998 , 2006 ) , Italy ( 1990 , 1994 , 1998 ) and Spain ( 1986 , 2002 , 2018 ) Most played shoot - out 2 , France vs Italy ( 1998 , 2006 ) By tournament ( edit ) Most played 4 , 1990 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 Fewest played ( since the introduction in 1978 ) 0 , 1978 Extra time ( edit ) See also : Extra time By team ( edit ) Most played 11 , Germany ( 1938 , 1966 , 1970 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 , 2006 , 2014 , 2014 ) and Italy ( 1934 , 1934 , 1938 , 1970 , 1990 , 1994 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2006 ) Most tournaments playing extra time 8 , Germany ( 1938 , 1966 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 , 2014 ) and Italy ( 1934 , 1938 , 1970 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 ) Most consecutive tournaments playing extra time 5 , Italy ( 1990 -- 2006 ) Most played in one tournament 3 , Belgium ( 1986 ) , England ( 1990 ) , Argentina ( 2014 ) and Croatia ( 2018 ) Most consecutive played in one tournament 3 , England ( 1990 ) and Croatia ( 2018 ) Most won ( excluding replays and shoot - outs ) 5 , Italy ( 1934 , 1938 , 1970 , 1994 , 2006 ) Most lost ( excluding replays and shoot - outs ) 3 , Germany ( 1966 , 1970 , 2006 ) Most won in one tournament ( excluding replays and shoot - outs ) 2 , England ( 1990 ) and Germany ( 2014 ) Most consecutive won in one tournament ( excluding replays and shoot - outs ) 2 , England ( 1990 ) Most played match 3 , England vs Germany ( 1966 , 1970 , 1990 ) Most consecutive played match 2 , England vs Germany ( 1966 -- 1970 ) By tournament ( edit ) Most played 8 , 1990 , 2014 Most played , not ending in replays or shoot - outs 4 , 1990 , 2014 Most played ending in replays 3 , 1938 Most played ending in shoot - outs 4 , 1990 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 Most played ending in a golden goal ( sudden death ) 3 , 2002 Fewest played 0 , 1930 , 1950 , 1962 , 1974 Tiebreakers ( edit ) See also : Tiebreaker Cases when replays were used 1934 Quarter - finals -- To determine who advances to the semi-finals ( Italy vs Spain ) 1938 Round of 16 -- To determine who advances to the quarter - finals ( Switzerland vs Germany ) and ( Cuba vs Romania ) 1938 Quarter - finals -- To determine who advances to the semi-finals ( Brazil vs Czechoslovakia ) Cases when play - offs were used 1954 Group stage -- To determine second place in Group 2 ( West Germany vs Turkey ) and Group 4 ( Switzerland vs Italy ) 1958 Group stage -- To determine second place in Group 1 ( Northern Ireland vs Czechoslovakia ) , Group 3 ( Wales vs Hungary ) and Group 4 ( Soviet Union vs England ) Cases when drawing of lots was used 1954 Group stage -- To determine first place in Group 1 ( Brazil ahead of Yugoslavia ) and Group 3 ( Uruguay ahead of Austria ) 1990 Group stage -- To determine second place ( Republic of Ireland ) and third place ( Netherlands ) in Group F Cases when fair play was used 2018 Group stage -- To determine second place in Group H ( Japan qualified over Senegal due to having received fewer yellow cards ) Goalkeeping ( edit ) Most clean sheets ( matches without conceding ) 10 , Peter Shilton ( England , 1982 -- 1990 ) and Fabien Barthez ( France , 1998 -- 2006 ) Most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal ( finals ) 517 mins ( 5 consecutive clean sheets ) , Walter Zenga ( Italy , 1990 ) Most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal ( qualifying ) 921 mins ( 9 consecutive clean sheets ) , Richard Wilson ( New Zealand , 1982 ) Most goals conceded 25 , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico ) and Mohamed Al - Deayea ( Saudi Arabia ) Most goals conceded , one tournament 16 , Hong Duk - Yung ( South Korea ) , 1954 Most goals conceded , one match 10 , Luis Guevara Mora ( El Salvador ) , 1982 ( vs Hungary ) Fewest goals conceded , one tournament , champions 2 , Fabien Barthez ( France ) , 1998 , Gianluigi Buffon ( Italy , 2006 ) and Iker Casillas ( Spain , 2010 ) Fewest goals conceded , one tournament 0 , Pascal Zuberbühler ( Switzerland ) , 2006 Fewest goals conceded , penalty shoot - outs , one match 0 , Oleksandr Shovkovskiy ( Ukraine ) , vs Switzerland , 2006 Most penalties saved , one tournament ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 2 , Jan Tomaszewski ( Poland ) , 1974 and Brad Friedel ( United States ) , 2002 Most penalties saved overall ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 2 , Jan Tomaszewski ( Poland , both in 1974 ) , Brad Friedel ( United States , both in 2002 ) , and Iker Casillas ( Spain , 1 in 2002 and 1 in 2010 ) Most penalties saved in one penalty shoot - out 3 , Ricardo ( Portugal ) , vs England , 2006 and Danijel Subašić ( Croatia ) , vs Denmark , 2018 Most penalties saved overall in penalty shoot - outs 4 , Harald Schumacher ( Germany , 2 vs France in 1982 and 2 vs Mexico in 1986 ) , Sergio Goycochea ( Argentina , 2 vs Yugoslavia in 1990 and 2 vs Italy in 1990 ) , and Danijel Subašić ( Croatia , 3 vs Denmark , 2018 and 1 vs Russia , 2018 ) Youngest goalkeeper 19 years , 191 days , Lee Chang - myung ( North Korea ) , vs Soviet Union , 12 July 1966 Youngest goalkeeper to save a penalty ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 21 years , 27 days , Iker Casillas ( Spain ) , vs Republic of Ireland , 16 June 2002 Youngest goalkeeper to save a penalty in a shoot - out 21 years , 27 days , Iker Casillas ( Spain ) , vs Republic of Ireland , 16 June 2002 Oldest goalkeeper 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest goalkeeper to save a penalty ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest goalkeeper to save a penalty in a shoot - out 36 years , 232 days , Jens Lehmann ( Germany ) , vs Argentina , 30 June 2006 Coaching ( edit ) Most matches coached 25 , Helmut Schön ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1978 ) Most matches won 16 , Helmut Schön ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1978 ) Most tournaments won 2 , Vittorio Pozzo ( Italy , 1934 -- 1938 ) Most tournaments 6 , Carlos Alberto Parreira ( 1982 , 1990 -- 1998 , 2006 , 2010 ) Most nations coached 5 , Bora Milutinović ( Mexico , 1986 ; Costa Rica , 1990 ; United States , 1994 ; Nigeria , 1998 ; China PR , 2002 ) , and Carlos Alberto Parreira ( Kuwait , 1982 ; United Arab Emirates , 1990 ; Brazil , 1994 and 2006 ; Saudi Arabia , 1998 , South Africa , 2010 ) Most consecutive tournaments with same team 4 , Walter Winterbottom ( England , 1950 -- 1962 ) ; Helmut Schön ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1978 ) ( note that Sepp Herberger took Germany / West Germany to four tournaments , ( 1938 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 ) omitting the 1950 competition from which Germany was banned ) Most consecutive wins 11 , Luiz Felipe Scolari ( Brazil , 2002 , 7 wins ; Portugal , 2006 , 4 wins -- Portugal `` won '' its next match , the quarter - final against England , by penalty shoot - out , which technically counts as a draw ) Most consecutive matches without a loss 12 , Luiz Felipe Scolari ( Brazil , 2002 , 7 matches ; Portugal , 2006 , 5 matches ) Youngest coach 27 years , 267 days , Juan José Tramutola ( Argentina , 1930 ) Youngest coach , champions 31 years , 252 days , Alberto Suppici ( Uruguay , 1930 ) Oldest coach 71 years , 317 days , Otto Rehhagel ( Greece , 2010 ) Oldest coach , champions 59 years , 200 days , Vicente del Bosque ( Spain , 2010 ) Quickest substitution made 4th minute , Cesare Maldini , Giuseppe Bergomi for Alessandro Nesta ( Italy , vs Austria , 1998 ) ; Sven - Göran Eriksson , Peter Crouch for Michael Owen ( England , vs Sweden , 2006 ) Most championship wins as player and head coach 3 , Mário Zagallo , Brazil ( 1958 & 1962 as player , 1970 as coach ) Most tournament appearances as player and head coach 5 , Mário Zagallo , Brazil ( 1958 & 1962 as player , 1970 , 1974 & 1998 as coach ) ; Franz Beckenbauer , West Germany ( 1966 -- 1974 as player , 1986 & 1990 as coach ) ; Berti Vogts , West Germany ( 1970 -- 1978 as player , 1994 & 1998 as coach ) ; Diego Maradona , Argentina ( 1982 -- 1994 as player , 2010 as coach ) Won tournaments as both player and head coach Mário Zagallo , Brazil ( 1958 & 1962 as player , 1970 as coach ) , Franz Beckenbauer , West Germany ( 1974 as player , 1990 as coach ) and Didier Deschamps , France ( 1998 as player , 2018 as coach ) First World Cup player to coach a team in a World Cup Milorad Arsenijević , Serbia ( 1930 as player , 1950 as coach , both times for Yugoslavia ) Won tournament as a foreign head coach No foreign coach has won a tournament ( all winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached ) Best finish for a foreign head coach Runners - up , George Raynor ( England , coached Sweden in 1958 ) and Ernst Happel ( Austria , coached Netherlands in 1978 ) Refereeing ( edit ) Most tournaments 3 -- John Langenus ( Belgium , 1930 -- 1938 ) , Ivan Eklind ( Sweden , 1934 -- 1950 ) , Benjamin Griffiths ( Wales , 1950 -- 1958 ) , Arthur Ellis ( England , 1950 -- 1958 ) , Juan Gardeazábal ( Spain , 1958 -- 1966 ) , Jamal Al Sharif ( Syria , 1986 -- 1994 ) , Joël Quiniou ( France , 1986 -- 1994 ) , Ali Mohamed Bujsaim ( United Arab Emirates , 1994 -- 2002 ) , Óscar Ruiz ( Colombia , 2002 -- 2010 ) , Carlos Eugênio Simon ( Brazil , 2002 -- 2010 ) , Marco Rodríguez ( Mexico , 2006 -- 2014 ) , Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador , 2010 -- 2018 ) , Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan , 2010 -- 2018 ) Most matches refereed , overall 11 -- Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan , 2010 -- 2018 ) Most matches refereed , one tournament 5 -- Benito Archundia ( Mexico , 2006 ) , Horacio Elizondo ( Argentina , 2006 ) , Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan , 2010 ) and Néstor Pitana ( Argentina , 2018 ) Youngest referee 24 years and 193 days -- Juan Gardeazábal ( Spain , 1958 ) Oldest referee 53 years and 236 days -- George Reader ( England , 1950 ) Discipline ( edit ) Note : There are no official records for cautions issued in tournaments before the introduction of yellow cards in 1970 . Fastest caution 11 seconds , Jesús Gallardo ( Mexico ) , vs Sweden , 2018 Fastest sending off 56 seconds , José Batista ( Uruguay ) , vs Scotland , 1986 Fastest sending off , qualification 37 seconds , Rashed Al Hooti ( Bahrain ) , vs Iran , 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification Latest caution during penalty shoot - out : Edinho ( Brazil ) , vs France 1986 ; Carlos Roa ( Argentina ) , vs England , 1998 Latest sending off after penalty shoot - out : Leandro Cufré ( Argentina ) , vs Germany , 2006 ( Cufré was red carded for kicking Per Mertesacker in an altercation following the match ) Sent off from the bench Claudio Caniggia ( Argentina ) , vs Sweden , 2002 Most cards ( all - time , player ) 7 , Javier Mascherano ( Argentina , 2006 -- 2018 ) Most cautions ( all - time , player ) 7 , Javier Mascherano ( Argentina , 2006 -- 2018 ) Most sendings off ( all - time , player ) 2 , Rigobert Song ( Cameroon , 1994 and 1998 ) and Zinedine Zidane ( France , 1998 and 2006 ) Most sendings off ( tournament ) 28 ( in 64 games ) , 2006 Most sendings off ( all - time , team ) 11 ( in 97 games ) , Brazil Most sendings off ( match , both teams ) 4 ( 2 each ) in Portugal vs Netherlands , 2006 ( also known as Battle of Nuremberg ) Most sendings off ( final match ) 2 , Pedro Monzón & Gustavo Dezotti ( both Argentina ) , v West Germany , 1990 Most cautions ( tournament ) 345 ( in 64 matches ) , 2006 Most cautions ( all - time , team ) 88 ( in 64 games until 2006 ) , Argentina Most cautions ( match , one team ) 9 , Portugal , 2006 , vs Netherlands & Netherlands , 2010 , vs Spain Most cautions ( match , both teams ) 16 -- Portugal vs Netherlands , June 25 , 2006 ; and Cameroon v Germany , June 11 , 2002 Most cautions ( match , player ) 3 ( 61 ' , 90 ' , 93 ' ) Josip Šimunić ( Croatia ) , vs Australia , 2006 ( referee : Graham Poll ) Most cautions ( final match , both teams ) 14 , 5 ( Spain ) and 9 ( Netherlands ) 2010 Most suspensions ( tournament , player ) 2 , André Kana - Biyik ( Cameroon 1990 ) Suspension ( edit ) Qualifying Final Round doping Many cases 15 months , Diego Maradona ( Argentina vs Nigeria , 1994 ) misconduct 10 matches , Josip Šimunić ( Croatia vs Iceland , 2013 ) for shouting fascist Ustaše salute after the game . 9 matches , Luis Suárez ( Uruguay vs Italy , 2014 ) for biting Giorgio Chiellini 1 year , Ndaye Mulamba ( Zaire vs Yugoslavia , 1974 ) for kicking the referee 1 year , Samir Shaker ( Iraq vs Belgium , 1986 ) for spitting at the referee Fair Play Violation Life ( amnestied after 12 years ) : Roberto Rojas ( Chile vs Brazil , 1989 ) for feigning injury from a firecracker , leading to a match being abandoned . none Fine ( edit ) Qualifying Final Round doping Many cases misconduct ( Have other sanction ) CHF 30,000 , Josip Šimunić ( Croatia vs Iceland , 2013 ) for shouting fascist Ustaše salute after the game . ( Only fined ) CHF 50,000 , Croatia ( Kosovo vs Croatia , 2016 ) for anti-Serbia chants by fans . ( Have other sanction ) CHF 100,000 , Luis Suárez ( Uruguay vs Italy , 2014 ) for biting Giorgio Chiellini ( Only fined ) CHF 10,000 , Xherdan Shaqiri and Granit Xhaka ( Serbia vs Switzerland , 2018 ) both for celebrated their goals by making double - headed eagle gesture with their hands . Fair Play Violation none none Other none none Other sanction ( edit ) Qualifying Final Round doping Many cases none misconduct Empty stadium , many cases none Fair Play Violation Chile banned from the qualifiers for the 1994 FIFA World Cup none Other none none Teams : Matches played / goals scored ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Most matches played 109 , Germany , Brazil Fewest matches played 1 , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) Most wins 73 , Brazil Most losses 27 , Mexico Most draws 21 , Italy , England Most points 237 , Brazil Most average points / match 2.17 , Brazil Most matches played without a point ( win or a draw ) 6 , El Salvador Most matches played without a win 9 , Honduras Most matches played until first win 17 , Bulgaria Most goals scored 229 , Brazil Most goalscorers 80 , Brazil Most goals conceded 125 , Germany Fewest goals scored 0 , Canada , China PR , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) , Trinidad and Tobago and DR Congo ( as Zaire ) Fewest goals conceded 2 , Angola Best goal difference + 124 , Brazil Worst goal difference -- 38 , Mexico Most matches played without scoring a goal 3 , Canada , China PR , Trinidad and Tobago and DR Congo ( as Zaire ) Most matches played always conceding a goal 6 , El Salvador Highest average of goals scored per match 2.72 , Hungary ( 87 goals in 32 matches ) Lowest average of goals conceded per match 0.67 , Angola ( 2 goals in 3 matches ) Highest average of goals conceded per match 6 , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) Lowest average of goals both scored and conceded per match 1 , Angola Highest average of goals both scored and conceded per match 6 , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) Most meetings between two teams 7 times , Brazil vs Sweden ( 1938 , 1950 , 1958 , 1978 , 1990 and twice in 1994 ) , Germany vs Yugoslavia / Serbia ( 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1974 , 1990 , 1998 and 2010 ) and Argentina vs Germany ( 1958 , 1966 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 ) Most consecutive meetings between two teams 5 times , Italy vs Argentina ( 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 ) Most meetings between two teams , final match 3 times , Argentina vs Germany ( 1986 , 1990 , 2014 ) Most consecutive meetings between two teams , final match 2 times , Argentina vs Germany ( 1986 -- 1990 ) Most knockout wins 35 , Germany Most knockout losses 14 , Germany Most tournaments unbeaten 7 , Brazil ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 1994 , 2002 ) Most tournaments eliminated without having lost a match 3 , England ( 1982 , 1990 , 2006 ) Most tournaments eliminated without having won a match 6 , Mexico ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1966 , 1978 ) and Bulgaria ( 1962 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1986 , 1998 ) In one tournament ( edit ) Most wins 7 , Brazil , 2002 Fewest wins , champions 3 , Uruguay , 1950 ( out of 4 ) Most matches not won , champions 3 , Italy , 1982 ( out of 7 ) Most wins by non-champion ( excluding third - place playoff ) 6 , Netherlands , 2010 Most matches not won 5 , Yugoslavia , 1974 ; Argentina , 1974 ; West Germany , 1978 ; Belgium , 1986 ; Republic of Ireland , 1990 ; Argentina , 1990 Most matches not won in regulation time 6 , Belgium in 1986 and England in 1990 Most losses 3 ( 28 teams , of which only Mexico has accomplished this feat at three different tournaments : 1930 , 1950 , and 1978 ) Most losses , champions 1 , Germany , 1954 and 1974 ; Argentina , 1978 ; Spain , 2010 Most victories over former World Cup winning teams 3 , Brazil , 1970 ; Italy , 1982 ; Argentina , 1986 ; Germany , 2010 and 2014 Most matches against former World Cup champions and staying unbeaten 4 , Argentina , 1986 Most matches between former World Cup champions 7 , 1970 All matches won without extra time , replays , penalty shoot - outs or playoffs Uruguay in 1930 ( 4 matches ) , Brazil in 1970 ( 6 matches ) , and Brazil in 2002 ( 7 matches ) Highest finish without winning a match Quarter - finals , Republic of Ireland ( 1990 ) Highest finish , winning at most one match Fourth , Sweden ( 1938 ) Most goals scored 27 , Hungary , 1954 Fewest goals conceded 0 , Switzerland , 2006 Most goals conceded 16 , South Korea , 1954 Most matches gone into extra time 3 , Belgium , 1986 ; England , 1990 ; Argentina , 2014 ; Croatia , 2018 Most minutes without conceding a goal 517 mins , Italy , 1990 Highest goal difference + 17 , Hungary , 1954 Highest goal difference , champions + 14 , Brazil , 2002 ; Germany , 2014 Lowest goal difference − 16 , South Korea , 1954 Lowest goal difference , champions + 6 , Italy , 1938 and 1982 ; Spain , 2010 Highest average of goals scored per match 5.40 , Hungary , 1954 ; Highest average goal difference per match + 3.2 , Hungary , 1954 Highest average goal difference per match , champions + 3.0 , Uruguay , 1930 Most goals scored , champions 25 , West Germany , 1954 Fewest goals scored , champions 8 , Spain , 2010 Fewest goals scored , finalists 5 , Argentina , 1990 Fewest goals conceded , champions 2 , France , 1998 ; Italy , 2006 ; Spain , 2010 Most goals conceded , champions 14 , West Germany , 1954 Lowest average of goals scored per match , champions 1.14 , Spain , 2010 Most unbeaten teams 5 , 2006 ( Switzerland , Argentina , England , France , Italy ) Fewest unbeaten teams 0 , 1954 Most matches to qualify for World Cup finals 22 , Australia ( 2018 ) Longest distance travelled in a single qualifying campaign 155,000 miles : Australia ( 2018 ) Most brothers in the same team in the finals 3 , Honduras ( Johnny Palacios , Jerry Palacios , Wilson Palacios , 2010 ) Teams : overall performance ( winning percentage ) ( edit ) In one tournament ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Uruguay ( 1930 ) 0 0 100 15 + 12 + 3.0 3.8 Brazil ( 1970 ) 6 6 0 0 100 19 7 + 12 + 2.0 3.2 Brazil ( 2002 ) 7 7 0 0 100 18 + 14 + 2.0 2.6 Italy ( 1938 ) 4 * 0 0 100 11 5 + 6 + 1.5 2.8 * one of the wins was after extra time Worst overall performance Because a large number of teams have had lost all their matches in a world cup , only teams with a goal difference / match < = − 4.0 are included . Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M South Korea ( 1954 ) 0 0 0 0 16 − 16 − 8.0 0.0 Bolivia ( 1950 ) 0 0 0 0 8 − 8 − 8.0 0.0 Dutch East Indies ( 1938 ) 0 0 0 0 6 − 6 − 6.0 0.0 United States ( 1934 ) 0 0 0 7 − 6 − 6.0 1.0 Zaire ( 1974 ) 0 0 0 0 14 − 14 − 4.7 0.0 Saudi Arabia ( 2002 ) 0 0 0 0 12 − 12 − 4.0 0.0 Bolivia ( 1930 ) 0 0 0 0 8 − 8 − 4.0 0.0 Scotland ( 1954 ) 0 0 0 0 8 − 8 − 4.0 0.0 El Salvador ( 1982 ) 0 0 0 13 − 12 − 4.0 0.3 Haiti ( 1974 ) 0 0 0 14 − 12 − 4.0 0.7 Host team ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Uruguay ( 1930 ) 0 0 100 15 + 12 + 3.0 3.8 Worst overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M South Africa ( 2010 ) 33 5 − 2 − 0.7 1.0 Defending champion ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Italy ( 1938 ) 4 * 0 0 100 11 5 + 6 + 1.5 2.8 * one of the wins was after extra time Worst overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M France ( 2002 ) 0 0 0 − 3 − 1.0 0.0 Champion ( edit ) Best overall performance see all - time best overall performance above Worst overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Italy ( 1982 ) 7 0 79 12 6 + 6 + 0.9 + 1.7 Argentina ( 1978 ) 7 5 * 79 15 + 11 + 1.6 + 2.1 * one of the wins was after extra time Non-champion ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Italy ( 1990 ) 7 6 0 86 10 + 8 + 1.1 + 1.4 Worst overall performance see all - time worst overall performance above Upsets ( edit ) Teams eliminated by penalty shoot - outs are not considered as defeated . Biggest upset in the group stage , per FIFA rankings + 74 -- South Africa ( 2010 ) ranked 83 -- won 2 -- 1 over France ( ranked 9 ) Biggest upset in the knockout stage , per FIFA rankings + 34 -- South Korea ( 2002 ) ranked 40 -- won 2 -- 1 over Italy ( ranked 6 ) Biggest upset of a former champion , per FIFA rankings + 74 -- South Africa ( 2010 ) ranked 83 -- won 2 -- 1 over France ( ranked 9 ) Biggest upset of a defending champion , per FIFA rankings + 56 -- South Korea ( 2018 ) ranked 57 -- won 2 -- 0 over Germany ( ranked 1 ) Biggest upset of a top ranked team , per FIFA rankings + 56 -- South Korea ( 2018 ) ranked 57 -- won 2 -- 0 over Germany ( ranked 1 ) Continental Records Biggest upset by an African team , per FIFA rankings + 74 -- South Africa ( 2010 ) ranked 83 -- won 2 -- 1 over France ( ranked 9 ) Biggest upset by an Asian team , per FIFA rankings + 56 -- South Korea ( 2018 ) ranked 57 -- won 2 -- 0 over Germany ( ranked 1 ) Biggest upset by a European team , per FIFA rankings + 29 -- Slovakia ( 2010 ) ranked 34 -- won 3 -- 2 over Italy ( ranked 5 ) Biggest upset by an Oceanian team , per FIFA rankings + 24 -- Australia ( 2006 ) ranked 42 -- won 3 -- 1 over Japan ( ranked 18 ) Biggest upset by a North American team , per FIFA rankings + 21 -- Costa Rica ( 2014 ) ranked 28 -- won 3 -- 1 over Uruguay ( ranked 7 ) Biggest upset by a South American team , per FIFA rankings + 15 -- Ecuador ( 2002 ) ranked 36 -- won 1 -- 0 over Croatia ( ranked 21 ) Hat - tricks ( edit ) Most hat - tricks in a single World Cup 8 , 1954 Fewest hat - tricks in a single World Cup 0 , 2006 Streaks ( edit ) Most consecutive successful qualification attempts 9 , Spain ( 1986 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive failed qualification attempts 20 , Luxembourg ( 1934 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive wins 11 , Brazil , from 2 -- 1 Turkey ( 2002 ) to 3 -- 0 Ghana ( 2006 ) Most consecutive matches without a loss 13 , Brazil , from 3 -- 0 Austria ( 1958 ) ( group stage ) to 2 -- 0 Bulgaria ( 1966 ) ( group stage ) Most consecutive losses 9 , Mexico , from 1 -- 4 France ( 1930 ) to 0 -- 3 Sweden ( 1958 ) Most consecutive matches without a win 17 , Bulgaria , from 0 -- 1 Argentina ( 1962 ) to 0 -- 3 Nigeria ( 1994 ) Most consecutive draws 5 , Belgium , from 0 -- 0 Netherlands ( 1998 ) to 1 -- 1 Tunisia ( 2002 ) Most consecutive matches without a draw 16 , Portugal , from 3 -- 1 Hungary ( 1966 ) to 1 -- 0 Netherlands ( 2006 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least one goal 18 , Brazil ( 1930 -- 1958 ) and Germany ( 1934 -- 1958 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least two goals 11 , Uruguay ( 1930 -- 1954 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least three / four goals 4 , Uruguay ( 1930 -- 1950 ) and Hungary ( 1954 ) ( four goals ) ; also Portugal ( 1966 ) , West Germany ( 1970 ) , Brazil ( 1970 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least six / eight goals 2 , Hungary ( 1954 ) ( eight goals ) ; also Brazil ( 1950 ) ( six goals ) Most consecutive matches without scoring a goal 5 , Bolivia ( 1930 , 1950 and 1994 ) , Algeria ( 1986 and 2010 ) , and Honduras ( 1982 and 2010 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal ( clean sheets ) 5 , Italy ( 1990 ) and Switzerland ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal 559 , Switzerland ( 1994 , 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least one goal 22 , Switzerland ( 1934 -- 1994 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least two goals 9 , Mexico ( 1930 -- 1958 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least three goals 5 , Mexico ( 1930 -- 1950 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least four goals 3 , Bolivia ( 1930 -- 1950 ) , Mexico ( 1930 -- 1950 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least five / six / seven goals 2 , South Korea ( 1954 ) ( seven goals ) ; also United States ( 1930 -- 1934 ) ( six goals ) ; also Austria ( 1954 ) ( five goals ) Team ( edit ) Biggest margin of victory 9 , Hungary 9 -- 0 South Korea , 1954 ; Yugoslavia 9 -- 0 Zaire , 1974 and Hungary 10 -- 1 El Salvador , 1982 Biggest margin of victory , qualifying match 31 , Australia 31 -- 0 American Samoa , April 11 , 2001 , 2002 OFC Group 1 Most goals scored in a match , one team 10 , Hungary 10 -- 1 El Salvador , 1982 Most goals scored in a match , both teams 12 , Austria 7 -- 5 Switzerland , 1954 Highest scoring draw 4 -- 4 , England vs Belgium ( a.e.t. ) , 1954 , and Soviet Union vs Colombia , 1962 Largest deficit overcome in a win 3 goals , Austria , 1954 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to win 7 -- 5 vs Switzerland ) and Portugal , 1966 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to win 5 -- 3 vs North Korea ) Largest deficit overcome in a draw 3 goals , Colombia , 1962 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to draw 4 -- 4 vs Soviet Union ) and Uruguay , 2002 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to draw 3 -- 3 vs Senegal ) Most goals scored in extra time , both teams 5 , Italy 3 -- 2 West Germany , 1970 Most goals scored in a final , one team 5 , Brazil , 1958 Most goals scored in a final , both teams 7 , Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden , 1958 Fewest goals scored in a final , both teams 0 , Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy , 1994 Biggest margin of victory in a final 3 , Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden , 1958 ; Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy , 1970 , and France 3 -- 0 Brazil , 1998 Largest deficit overcome in a win in a final 2 , West Germany , 1954 ( coming from 0 -- 2 down to win 3 -- 2 vs Hungary ) Most goals in a tournament , one team 27 , Hungary , 1954 Most individual goalscorers for one team , one match 7 , Yugoslavia , vs Zaire , 1974 ( Dušan Bajević , Dragan Džajić , Ivica Šurjak , Josip Katalinski , Vladislav Bogićević , Branko Oblak , Ilija Petković ) Most individual goalscorers for one team , one tournament 11 , incl . an own goal by an opponent , Belgium , 2018 ( Michy Batshuayi , Nacer Chadli , Kevin De Bruyne , Marouane Fellaini , Eden Hazard , Adnan Januzaj , Romelu Lukaku , Dries Mertens , Thomas Meunier , Jan Vertonghen , and an own goal by Brazil 's Fernandinho ) Largest goal difference improvement in consecutive matches + 10 : Turkey ( 1954 ) -- lost 1 -- 4 to West Germany , then won 7 -- 0 over South Korea ; and West Germany ( 1954 ) -- lost 3 -- 8 to Hungary , then won 7 -- 2 over Turkey Largest goal difference worsening in consecutive matches − 12 : Sweden ( 1938 ) -- won 8 -- 0 over Cuba , then lost 1 -- 5 to Hungary ; Turkey ( 1954 ) -- won 7 -- 0 over South Korea , then lost 2 -- 7 to West Germany ; Hungary ( 1982 ) -- won 10 -- 1 over El Salvador , then lost 1 -- 4 to Argentina Tournament ( edit ) Most goals scored in a tournament 171 goals , 1998 and 2014 Fewest goals scored in a tournament 70 goals , 1930 and 1934 Most goals per match in a tournament 5.38 goals per match , 1954 Fewest goals per match in a tournament 2.21 goals per match , 1990 Most matches without a scoreless draw 63 matches , 2018 Most consecutive matches without a scoreless draw 36 matches , 2018 Most knockout matches without a scoreless draw 15 matches , 2018 Most scorers in a tournament 122 , 2018 Most players scoring at least two goals in a tournament 37 , 1998 Most players scoring at least three goals in a tournament 21 , 1954 Most players scoring at least four goals in a tournament 11 , 1954 Most players scoring at least five goals in a tournament 6 , 1994 - Hristo Stoichkov ( Bulgaria ) , Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) , Romário ( Brazil ) , Jürgen Klinsmann ( Germany ) , Roberto Baggio ( Italy ) and Kennet Andersson ( Sweden ) Most players scoring at least six goals in a tournament 4 , 1954 - Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary ) , Erich Probst ( Austria ) , Max Morlock ( West Germany ) and Josef Hügi ( Switzerland ) Most players scoring at least seven goals in a tournament 2 , 1970 - Gerd Müller ( West Germany ) and Jairzinho ( Brazil ) Longest distance covered by a player in a tournament 84km , 2014 - Thomas Müller ( Germany ) Top scoring teams by tournament ( edit ) 1930 : Argentina , 18 goals 1934 : Italy , 12 goals 1938 : Hungary , 15 goals 1950 : Brazil , 22 goals 1954 : Hungary , 27 goals 1958 : France , 23 goals 1962 : Brazil , 14 goals 1966 : Portugal , 17 goals 1970 : Brazil , 19 goals 1974 : Poland , 16 goals 1978 : Argentina & Netherlands , 15 goals each 1982 : France , 16 goals 1986 : Argentina , 14 goals 1990 : West Germany , 15 goals 1994 : Sweden , 15 goals 1998 : France , 15 goals 2002 : Brazil , 18 goals 2006 : Germany , 14 goals 2010 : Germany , 16 goals 2014 : Germany , 18 goals 2018 : Belgium , 16 goals Teams listed in bold won the tournament . Fewer than half of all World Cup tournaments have been won by the highest scoring team . Goal scoring by tournament ( edit ) 1930 : 70 goals in 18 matches ( 15 group matches , 3 knockout matches ) . 3.89 goals per game ( gpg ) 1934 : 70 goals in 17 matches ( 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 1 replay ) . 4.67 gpg 1938 : 84 goals in 18 matches ( 14 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 3 replays ) . 3.56 gpg 1950 : 88 goals in 22 matches ( 22 group matches ) . 4 gpg 1954 : 140 goals in 26 matches ( 16 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 2 progress play - offs ) . 5.38 gpg 1958 : 126 goals in 35 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 3 progress play - offs ) . 3.6 gpg 1962 : 89 goals in 32 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.78 gpg 1966 : 89 goals in 32 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.78 gpg 1970 : 95 goals in 32 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) 3.96 gpg 1974 : 97 goals in 38 matches ( 36 group matches , 1 final , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.55 gpg 1978 : 102 goals in 38 matches ( 36 group matches , 1 final , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.68 gpg 1982 : 146 goals in 52 matches ( 48 group matches , 3 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.81 gpg 1986 : 132 goals in 52 matches ( 36 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.54 gpg 1990 : 115 goals in 52 matches ( 36 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.21 gpg 1994 : 141 goals in 52 matches ( 36 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.71 gpg 1998 : 171 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.67 gpg 2002 : 161 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.52 gpg 2006 : 147 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.3 gpg 2010 : 145 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.27 gpg 2014 : 171 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.67 gpg 2018 : 169 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.64 gpg Host records ( edit ) Most times hosted 2 , Mexico , 1970 and 1986 ; Italy , 1934 and 1990 ; France , 1938 and 1998 ; Germany , 1974 and 2006 ; Brazil , 1950 and 2014 Most times hosted , continent 11 , Europe ( 1934 , 1938 , 1954 , 1958 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 , 2018 ) Best performance by host Winners , 6 times : Uruguay , 1930 ; Italy , 1934 ; England , 1966 ; West Germany , 1974 ; Argentina , 1978 ; France , 1998 Worst performance by host South Africa in 2010 became the first host to be eliminated in the first round Two other hosts : United States in 1994 and Spain in 1982 both reached the second round but finished with a worse overall W -- D -- L record than South Africa 's , 1 -- 1 -- 1 . However , South Africa had a worse goal difference of − 2 and both United States and Spain finished the first round with a goal difference of 0 . Had its best performance as hosts Champions : Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , England ( 1966 ) , West Germany ( 1974 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) , France ( 1998 ) Runners - up : Sweden ( 1958 ) Third place : Chile ( 1962 ) Fourth place : South Korea ( 2002 ) Quarter - finals : Switzerland ( 1954 ) , Mexico ( 1970 , 1986 ) , Russia ( 2018 ) Round of 16 : Japan ( 2002 ) Group stage of 32 : South Africa ( 2010 ) Stadium to host most World Cup matches Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico , 19 ( 10 in 1970 and 9 in 1986 ) Most times a stadium hosted a World Cup final 2 , Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico ( 1970 and 1986 ) and Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1950 and 2014 ) City to host most World Cup matches Mexico City , Mexico , 23 ( 19 at Estadio Azteca and 4 at Estadio Olimpico Universitario ) Most times a city hosted a World Cup final 2 , Mexico City , Mexico ( 1970 and 1986 ) ; Rome , Italy ( 1934 and 1990 ) ; Paris , France ( 1938 and 1998 ) ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1950 and 2014 ) Attendance ( edit ) Final 114,600 , Argentina v West Germany , 29 June 1986 , Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico , 1986 Decisive match 199,854 , Uruguay v Brazil , 16 July 1950 , Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , 1950 Lowest match attendance in a World Cup tournament 300 , Romania vs Peru , 14 July 1930 , Estadio Pocitos , Montevideo , Uruguay , 1930 Highest match attendance in a World Cup qualifying match 162,764 , Brazil vs Colombia , 9 March 1977 , Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , 1978 CONMEBOL Group 1 Lowest match attendance in a World Cup qualifying match 0 , Costa Rica vs Panama , 26 March 2005 , Estadio Ricardo Saprissa , San Juan de Tibás , San José , Costa Rica , 2006 CONCACAF Final Group Highest average of attendance per match 68,991 , 1994 Highest attendance ( tournament ) 3,570,000 , 1994 Lowest average of attendance per match 23,235 , 1934 Lowest attendance ( tournament ) 390,000 , 1934 Others ( edit ) Most players provided by a club overall 128 , Juventus Most players provided by a football association overall 1022 , Premier League Most players provided by a club for champions squads overall 24 , Juventus Most players provided by a club 16 , Seoul Army Club ( 1954 ) , Manchester City ( 2018 ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions , FIFA retrospective rankings were used to determine 5th - 8th places . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then Brazil 's 1930 and 1982 results drop out and the leader is Germany with 17 ( every tournament except 1930 , 1938 , 1950 and 2018 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions , FIFA retrospective rankings were used . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then England still has the most 5th - 8th - place finishes ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions , FIFA retrospective rankings were used . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then Mexico still has the most 9th - 16th - place finishes ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ Until 1978 inclusive , all tournaments had sixteen teams or fewer . Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions FIFA retrospective rankings were used . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then the record is 2 , shared by several countries : Switzerland ( 1934 -- 1938 ) , Yugoslavia ( 1954 -- 1958 ) , Soviet Union ( 1958 -- 1962 ) , Hungary ( 1962 -- 1966 ) , Germany ( 1994 -- 1998 ) , England ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , Argentina ( 2006 -- 2010 ) , and Brazil ( 2006 -- 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Turkey had a gap of 12 tournaments , equal to that of Egypt and Norway , from 1954 to 2002 . Jump up ^ In 1954 , the West Germany ( `` Germany FR '' ) team became world champions in what was the team 's debut appearance representing the name and territory of West Germany . However , Germany ( since 1949 officially Federal Republic of Germany ) is since 1904 represented by the same governing body ( Deutscher Fußball - Bund , DFB ) , and FIFA officially attributes all international results of the DFB team since 1908 to Germany , including the results of 1954 -- 1990 , when the team was often called West Germany . Thus , the 1954 participation is counted as the third appearance of the team , as Germany had previously appeared in the 1934 and 1938 World Cups . ^ Jump up to : Other teams never progressing from the first round in at least two appearances are as follows : 5 appearances Tunisia ( 1978 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2018 ) and Iran ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 ) ; 3 appearances Bolivia ( 1930 , 1950 , 1994 ) , South Africa ( 1998 , 2002 , 2010 ) , Honduras ( 1982 , 2010 , 2014 ) , Ivory Coast ( 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) and Egypt ( 1934 , 1990 , 2018 ) ; 2 appearances El Salvador ( 1970 , 1982 ) , New Zealand ( 1982 , 2010 ) and Slovenia ( 2002 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Although France have not lost any of its 3 games , in 2006 they were runner - up after losing penalty shoots - out against Italy . The match ended in a 1 - 1 draw . Jump up ^ Although in 1978 there were n't semifinals , Argentina won second round group ahead of Brazil which disputed 3rd place match against Italy . Even more , game against Brazil ended in a 0 - 0 draw . Jump up ^ Other teams always progressing from the first round have only appeared in one tournament each . These are Cuba ( 1938 ) , Wales ( 1958 ) , East Germany ( 1974 ) , Ukraine ( 2006 ) and Slovakia ( excluding Czechoslovakia ; 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Pelé , Lothar Matthäus , Pierre Littbarski and Ronaldo each appeared three times in the squads of the teams that reached the finals , but none of them played in all three games . Jump up ^ FIFA official records claim he was born in 1987 , but other sources claim he was born in 1985 , which would mean he was 15 years and 320 days old when he played the match . Jump up ^ According to the Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation , Fuad Anwar Amin of Saudi Arabia would have been the youngest captain , at 21 years & 250 days in the 1994 , but the source does not specify the match in which he was captain . It is listed that the starting captain was substituted in both the match against the Netherlands and the one against Sweden , in which Amin may have been given the armband on the captains ' substitutions , but this information has not been verified . In any case , Meola still is the youngest starting captain , and players who received the captain 's armband during the course of the match are generally not regarded as official captains . Jump up ^ 9 consecutive clean sheets , 5 of them away from home over 2 qualifying rounds against 5 different oppositions from 2 Confederations . Jump up ^ Zuberbühler kept goal throughout every minute of Switzerland 's four matches . Other keepers have kept clean sheets only playing part of their team 's matches . These are : Velloso ( Brazil , 1930 , 1 match of 2 ) ; Pedro Benítez ( Paraguay , 1930 , 1 of 2 ) ; József Háda ( Hungary , 1938 , 1 of 4 ) ; Giuseppe Moro ( Italy , 1950 , 1 of 2 ) ; István Ilku ( Hungary , 1958 , 1 of 4 ) ; Lorenzo Buffon ( Italy , 1962 , 2 of 3 ) ; Rogelio Domínguez ( Argentina , 1962 , 1 of 3 ) ; Adán Godoy ( Chile , 1962 , 1 of 6 ) ; Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1966 , 1 of 3 ) ; Horst Wolter ( West Germany , 1970 , 1 of 6 ) ; József Szendrei ( Hungary , 1986 , 1 of 3 ) ; Viktor Chanov ( USSR , 1986 , 1 of 4 ) ; Manuel Bento ( Portugal , 1986 , 1 of 3 ) ; Plamen Nikolov ( Bulgaria , 1994 , 45 mins of 7 ) ; Vincent Enyeama ( Nigeria , 2002 , 1 of 3 ) ; Rami Shaaban ( Sweden , 2006 , 1 of 4 ) ; Santiago Cañizares ( Spain , 2006 , 1 of 4 ) . Jump up ^ Zagallo was also an assistant coach when Brazil won in 1994 . Jump up ^ Šimunić was given three yellow cards in the match as the referee failed to send him off the pitch after the second yellow , and was only red carded after the third yellow . The original FIFA match report listed all three cautions , however was revised shortly after , with the second caution ( 90 ' ) not being recorded ; it is unknown whether this was for consistency in the reports , or whether the caution was retrospectively overturned . Jump up ^ Biyik missed the team 's second game after receiving a red card in the first ; and then missed their fifth game after yellow cards in the third and fourth . Others , including Zinedine Zidane in 2006 , have earned a second suspension in their team 's final match of the tournament , not servable during the tournament . Jump up ^ Including penalty shoot - out progressions Jump up ^ Including penalty shoot - out eliminations ^ Jump up to : A match decided by a penalty shoot - out is considered a draw for both sides . Jump up ^ England did lose the third - place playoff in 1990 , but had already been eliminated from any chance of winning the World Cup . Jump up ^ In 1998 , France had 6 match wins ; however , the Italy match is regarded as drawn although France progressed via penalties . In addition , France 's win against Paraguay happened after extra time , while Brazil won all their matches in regular time . Jump up ^ Uruguay also qualified for the 1950 finals without playing a match as a result of withdrawals by other teams in South America . Jump up ^ Poland in 1974 , Italy in 1990 , and Belgium in 2018 also won 6 matches , but one of them was the third - place playoff . Playing fewer matches , Argentina in 1930 , Czechoslovakia in 1934 , and Hungary in 1938 and 1954 won all the games but lost the final . Jump up ^ Netherlands also won all eight of their qualification matches . Jump up ^ Details as follows : Brazil in 1970 beat England ( first round ) , Uruguay ( semi-final ) and Italy ( final ) . Italy in 1982 beat Argentina ( second group stage ) , Brazil ( second group stage ) and West Germany ( final ) . Argentina in 1986 beat Uruguay ( round of 16 ) , England ( quarter - final ) , and West Germany ( final ) . Germany in 2010 beat England ( round of 16 ) , Argentina ( quarter - final ) and Uruguay ( third - place match ) . In 2014 , Germany beat France ( quarter - final ) , Brazil ( semi-final ) and Argentina ( final ) . Jump up ^ Excluding Argentina themselves , there were 5 former World Cup champions in 1986 . They draw Italy at group stage , then beat Uruguay ( round of 16 ) , England ( quarter - final ) , and West Germany ( final ) . Jump up ^ Even though only 5 nations were crowned before 1970 , the 1970 tournament obtained the most matches between former champions of totally . All 5 former champions qualified to the tournament , they all advanced to the knockout stage , and 4 of them advanced into semi-finals . Those 7 matches were : Italy vs Uruguay and Brazil vs England ( group stage ) , England vs West Germany ( quarter - final ) , Brazil vs Uruguay and Italy vs West Germany ( semi-final ) , Uruguay vs West Germany ( third place ) , Brazil vs Italy ( final ) . Jump up ^ Sweden progressed to the last eight without playing a single match as a result of the withdrawal of Austria . ^ Jump up to : Successful kicks in a penalty shoot - out are not counted as goals ( but penalties scored in the normal course of play are counted ) . Jump up ^ If penalty shoot - outs are considered , then the biggest knockout stage upset is Russia ( ranked 70 ) winning over Spain ( ranked 10 ) on penalties in the 2018 Round of 16 . Jump up ^ Excluding automatic qualification as hosts , as reigning champion , or by invitation . Jump up ^ If own goals are excluded , then Belgium shares the record of 10 goalscorers with France in 1982 and Italy in 2006 . Jump up ^ Matches within one tournament . Otherwise , Hungary had a + 11 swing between 2 -- 4 v Italy in 1938 and 9 -- 0 v South Korea in 1954 ; and again between 1 -- 3 v France in 1978 and 10 -- 1 v El Salvador in 1982 ; and likewise Germany between 0 -- 3 v Croatia in 1998 and 8 -- 0 v Saudi Arabia in 2002 . Jump up ^ Also had its only title at home . Jump up ^ Switzerland 's best position , the sixth place in 1950 , relies on retrospective rankings , and had them eliminated in the group stage . While the Swiss also reached the quarter - finals in 1934 and 1938 , both tournaments only required one win , in contrast to 1954 's group stage format . 1954 also marked the last time Switzerland reached the top 8 . Jump up ^ Not counting the results as Soviet Union , who reached the semi-finals in 1966 . Jump up ^ Also reached this stage in 2010 and 2018 . Jump up ^ 2010 had hosts South Africa matching their 2002 record , falling in the group stage with one win , one tie and one draw , even if with a lower goal difference . Jump up ^ Although the decisive match of the 1950 tournament , it was simply the last game of a final four - team group format to decide the winner . This is also the highest attendance for any World Cup match , or indeed any soccer match anywhere . Jump up ^ It has not been verified whether this is a unique occurrence , or if other World Cup qualification matches throughout history have had an attendance of 0 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Final matches overview '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Awards '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pele and Greaves to get World Cup winners medals '' . The Guardian . 25 November 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yoesting , Travis ( 3 May 2018 ) . `` The Greatest Men 's World Cup Records Of All Time '' . The18 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1994 finals : Oldest and youngest '' . RSSSF.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 46 days to go '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The squads in stats '' . FIFA.com. 5 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruiz nets five goals in historic performance , but Guatemala ousted '' . CONCACAF. 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Matthew ; Das , Andrew ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Argentina Finds World Cup Salvation in Thriller Over Nigeria '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Winterburn , Chris ( 1 July 2018 ) . `` Like Messi , Cristiano Ronaldo exits the World Cup still without a knockout goal '' . Marca . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A historic goal on a day of battles '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 11 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi , Ronaldo bow out in dramatic knockout openers - '' . FIFA.com. 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Skiver , Kevin ( 25 June 2018 ) . `` Thanks to VAR , the World Cup record for most penalty kicks has been shattered in Russia 2018 group stage '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sen , Debayan ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` By the numbers : Back - to - back shootout wins for Croatia , record penalty saves for Subasic '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Chris ; Young , Peter . `` Discipline at World Cup Final Tournaments 1950 - 2018 by Tournament '' . England Football Online . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . ( ... ) records of player discipline prior to the advent of yellow and red cards may not be complete . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Chris . `` Mascherano makes unwanted World Cup history as Argentina bow out of Russia 2018 '' . Goal . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Arscott , David ( 2012 ) . The World Cup , A Very Peculiar History . Andrews UK Limited . ISBN 9781908759481 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal - Netherlands '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon - Germany '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup final : Beauty was rewarded in the end -- Vicente del Bosque '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Kerr , John H. ( 1997 ) . Motivation and Emotion in Sport : reversal theory . Psychology Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0863775004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Croatian player sanctioned for discriminatory behaviour '' . FIFA. 16 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Owen ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Luis Suárez banned for four months for biting in World Cup game '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ( 18 March 2018 ) . `` Mulamba is living like a pauper 44 years after Zaire red - card farce '' . TheGuardian.com . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Roddy , Thomas ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Sportsmail looks at the stars who have been kicked out of World Cup '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA lifts Rojas lifetime ban '' . CBC Sports . 30 April 2001 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Palacios brothers making history '' . FIFA.com. 20 June 2010 . Retrieved 23 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Nick ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Chile fell 10 - man Swiss to close in on last 16 '' . Yahoo ! News . Agence France - Presse . Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Small consolation but the Swiss set a new World Cup record of 559 minutes played without scoring a goal , to overtake Italy 's mark of 550 minutes . Jump up ^ `` Attacking excellence , defensive distinction '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 21 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . 9 hours and 19 minutes without conceding a goal enabled Switzerland to set a new and impressive FIFA World Cup record today . The Swiss , who started the day in third place behind Italy ( 550 minutes ) and England ( 501 ) , rose to the No1 position midway through the second half , but only had eight minutes to savour their new status . That was when Chile 's Mark Gonzalez became the first player to score against the Helvetians since Spain 's Txiki Beguiristain at USA 1994 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Ryan ( 22 June 2010 ) . `` South Africa beats France 2 - 1 , but eliminated '' . The Associated Press . Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate home field advantage : Host nation luck '' . Philly.com. 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Pater ( 14 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup home advantage : How the hosts have fared and why there is hope for Russia '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica fans banned after violence '' . ESPN . 9 March 2005 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Marcarini , Edoardo ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Mondiali , convocati per club all time : 1a la Juve '' . Sky Sport ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Champions Squads 1930 - 2014 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Squads of the 1954 FIFA World Cup '' . AllWorldCups.com . Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Superlatives at the Wayback Machine ( archived 14 June 2010 ) FIFA World Cup biggest margin victories at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 June 2010 ) FIFA competitions biggest crowds at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 June 2010 ) The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) ( in German ) Statistics and records at Worldcupportal.de hide FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_records&oldid=854472201 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Top sports lists Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles that may contain original research from December 2014 All articles that may contain original research Articles with self - published sources from July 2017 All articles with self - published sources Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from May 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Română Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 16 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the youngest player to have scored a goal in the fifa world cup | [
"Most goals scored, overall finals\n16, Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2014)[4]\nMost goals scored, overall qualifying\n39, Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala, 2002–2016)[8]\nMost goals scored in a tournament\n13, Just Fontaine ( France, 1958)[4]\nHighest goals average in a tournament\n2.2, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 11 goals in 5 matches, 1954)\nFor a detailed list of top goalscorers in each tournament (Golden Boot winner), see Golden Boot.\nMost goals scored in a match\n5, Oleg Salenko ( Russia), vs Cameroon, 1994[4]\nMost goals scored in a lost match\n4, Ernest Wilimowski ( Poland), vs Brazil, 1938\nMost goals scored in a qualifying match\n13, Archie Thompson ( Australia), vs American Samoa, 2002 OFC Group 1\nMost goals scored in a final match\n3, Geoff Hurst ( England), vs West Germany, 1966\nMost goals scored in all final matches\n3, Vavá ( Brazil), 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Czechoslovakia in 1962; Pelé ( Brazil), 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Italy in 1970; Geoff Hurst ( England), 3 vs West Germany in 1966 and Zinedine Zidane ( France), 2 vs Brazil in 1998 & 1 vs Italy in 2006\nScored goal(s) in multiple final matches\nVavá ( Brazil, 1958 & 1962), Pelé ( Brazil, 1958 & 1970), Paul Breitner ( West Germany, 1974 & 1982) and Zinedine Zidane ( France, 1998 & 2006).\nMost matches with at least one goal\n11, Ronaldo ( Brazil, 1998–2006), Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2014)\nMost consecutive matches with at least one goal\n6, Just Fontaine ( France, 1958) and Jairzinho ( Brazil, 1970)\nMost matches with at least two goals\n4, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 1954), Just Fontaine ( France, 1958), Ronaldo ( Brazil, 1998–2006) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2010)\nMost consecutive matches with at least two goals\n4, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 1954)\nMost hat-tricks\n2, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 1954), Just Fontaine ( France, 1958), Gerd Müller ( West Germany, 1970) and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina, 1994 & 1998)\nMost consecutive hat-tricks\n2, Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary, 1954) and Gerd Müller ( West Germany, 1970)\nFastest hat-trick\n8 minutes, László Kiss ( Hungary), scored at 69', 72' and 76', vs El Salvador, 1982\nMost goals scored by a substitute in a match\n3, László Kiss ( Hungary), vs El Salvador, 1982\nOlympic goals (goals from a corner) scored in a World Cup\n1, Marcos Coll ( Colombia), vs Soviet Union, 1962\nHat-tricks from the penalty spot\nNever occurred in the final tournament, four times in qualification: Kubilay Türkyilmaz ( Switzerland), vs Faroe Islands, 7 October 2000, 2002 UEFA Group 1; Henrik Larsson ( Sweden), vs Moldova, 6 June 2001, 2002 UEFA Group 4; Ronaldo ( Brazil), vs Argentina, 2 June 2004, 2006 CONMEBOL; Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang ( Gabon), vs Niger, 15 June 2013, 2014 CAF Second Round Group E\nScoring in every match of a team in a World Cup (at least three matches)\nGyörgy Sárosi ( Hungary), 5 goals in 4 matches (1938), Arne Nyberg ( Sweden), 3 goals in 3 matches (1938), Alcides Ghiggia ( Uruguay), 4 goals in 4 matches (1950), Just Fontaine ( France), 13 goals in 6 matches (1958), Omar Oreste Corbatta ( Argentina), 3 goals in 3 matches (1958), Ferenc Bene ( Hungary), 4 goals in 4 matches (1966), Jairzinho ( Brazil), 7 goals in 6 matches (1970), Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru), 5 goals in 4 matches (1970), James Rodríguez ( Colombia), 6 goals in 5 matches (2014)\nMost tournaments with at least one goal\n4, Pelé ( Brazil, 1958–1970), Uwe Seeler ( West Germany, 1958–1970), Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2014) and Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal, 2006–2018)\nMost tournaments with at least two goals\n4, Uwe Seeler ( West Germany, 1958–1970) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2014)\nMost tournaments with at least three goals\n3, Jürgen Klinsmann ( Germany, 1990–1998), Ronaldo ( Brazil, 1998–2006) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2010)\nMost tournaments with at least four goals\n3, Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 2002–2010)\nMost tournaments with at least five goals\n2, Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru, 1970, 1978), Miroslav Klose ( Germany, (2002–2006) and Thomas Müller ( Germany, 2010–2014)\nMost qualification tournaments with at least one goal\n5, Rafael Márquez ( Mexico, 2002–2018) and Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala, 2002–2018)\nLongest period between a player's first and last goals\n12 years, 1 month and 7 days; Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 1 June 2002 – 8 July 2014)\nLongest period between a player's first and last goals overall\n12 years, Uwe Seeler ( West Germany, 8 June 1958 – 14 June 1970), Pelé ( Brazil, 19 June 1958 – 21 June 1970), Diego Maradona ( Argentina, 18 June 1982 – 21 June 1994), Michael Laudrup ( Denmark, 8 June 1986 – 24 June 1998), Henrik Larsson ( Sweden, 16 July 1994 – 20 June 2006), Sami Al-Jaber ( Saudi Arabia, 25 June 1994 – 14 June 2006), Cuauhtémoc Blanco ( Mexico, 20 June 1998 – 17 June 2010), Miroslav Klose ( Germany, 1 June 2002 – 8 July 2014), Ivica Olić ( Croatia, 8 June 2002 – 18 June 2014), Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal, 17 June 2006 – 20 June 2018) and Lionel Messi ( Argentina 16 June 2006 – 26 June 2018)\nLongest period between one goal and another\n12 years, Michael Laudrup ( Denmark, 1986–1998) and Ivica Olić ( Croatia, 2002–2014)\nFirst goalscorer\nLucien Laurent ( France), vs Mexico, 13 July 1930\nYoungest goalscorer\n17 years, 239 days, Pelé ( Brazil), vs Wales, 19 June 1958\nYoungest hat-trick scorer\n17 years, 244 days, Pelé ( Brazil), vs France, 24 June 1958\nYoungest goalscorer, final\n17 years, 249 days, Pelé ( Brazil), vs Sweden, 29 June 1958\nOldest goalscorer\n42 years, 39 days, Roger Milla ( Cameroon), vs Russia, 28 June 1994\nOldest hat-trick scorer\n33 years, 130 days, Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal), vs Spain, 15 June 2018\nOldest goalscorer, final\n35 years, 264 days, Nils Liedholm ( Sweden), vs Brazil, 29 June 1958\nOnly player to score in his teens, his twenties and his thirties\nLionel Messi Argentina (2006, 2014, and 2018)[9][10]\nMost penalties scored (excluding during shoot-outs)\n4, Eusébio ( Portugal, 4 in 1966), Rob Rensenbrink ( Netherlands, 4 in 1978) – both records for one tournament – and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina, 2 each in 1994 and 1998)\nMost penalties missed (excluding during shoot-outs)\n2, Asamoah Gyan ( Ghana), vs Czech Republic, 2006 and vs Uruguay, 2010\nFirst substitute winning goalscorer, final\nCame on 86th minute, Mario Götze ( Germany), vs Argentina, 2014\nFastest goal from kickoff\n11 seconds, Hakan Şükür ( Turkey), vs South Korea, 2002\nFastest goal by a substitute\n16 seconds, Ebbe Sand ( Denmark), vs Nigeria, 1998\nFastest goal in a final\n90 seconds, Johan Neeskens ( Netherlands), vs West Germany, 1974 final\nFastest goal in a qualifying match\n8.1 seconds, Christian Benteke ( Belgium), vs Gibraltar, 2018 UEFA Group H[11]\nFastest brace scored\n69 seconds, Toni Kroos ( Germany), vs Brazil, 2014\nLatest goal in regular time\n97th minute, Neymar ( Brazil), vs Costa Rica, 2018\nLatest goal from kickoff\n121st minute, Alessandro Del Piero ( Italy), vs Germany, 2006 and Abdelmoumene Djabou ( Algeria), vs Germany, 2014\nLatest goal from kickoff in a final\n120th minute, Geoff Hurst ( England), vs Germany, 1966 (see \"They think it's all over\")\nLatest goal from kickoff, with no goals scored between\n119th minute, David Platt ( England), vs Belgium, 1990 and Fabio Grosso ( Italy), vs Germany, 2006\nLatest goal from kickoff in a final, with no goals scored between\n116th minute, Andrés Iniesta ( Spain), vs Netherlands, 2010\nMost participations in different World Cup penalty shoot-outs\n3 times, Roberto Baggio Italy (1990, converted, 1994, missed, and 1998, converted)"
] | [
"Pelé ( Brazil),"
] |
6139839880539526144 | Happy Death Day | Happy Death Day - wikipedia Happy Death Day Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the horror film . For the Saddolls album , see Happy Deathday . Happy Death Day Theatrical release poster Directed by Christopher B. Landon Produced by Jason Blum Written by Scott Lobdell Starring Jessica Rothe Israel Broussard Music by Bear McCreary Cinematography Toby Oliver Edited by Gregory Plotkin Production company Blumhouse Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4.8 million Box office $122.6 million Happy Death Day is a 2017 American slasher film directed by Christopher B. Landon , written by Scott Lobdell and starring Jessica Rothe , Israel Broussard , and Ruby Modine . The film was produced by Jason Blum through his Blumhouse Productions banner . It follows a college student who is murdered on her birthday and begins reliving the day over and over again ; at that point , she sets out to find the killer and stop her death . Originally announced in 2007 under the title Half to Death , the film was released on October 13 , 2017 , by Universal Pictures . It has grossed $122 million worldwide on a $4.8 million budget and received generally positive reviews , with critics deeming the film entertaining while acknowledging the familiar premise , and describing it as `` Groundhog Day meets Scream '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Alternate ending 3.5 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home media 5 Sequel 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Theresa `` Tree '' Gelbman wakes up on her birthday on Monday , September 18 , 2017 in the dorm room of classmate Carter Davis after a drunken binge the previous evening . Tree goes through the day being self - centered , dismissive , and condescending to her classmates and previous hook - ups , ignoring her father 's invitation to a restaurant , throwing away a birthday cupcake given to her by her roommate Lori Spengler , and having an affair with Dr. Gregory Butler , her professor . That night , while going to a party , Tree is lured into a tunnel where she is brutally murdered by a hooded figure wearing a mask of the campus mascot . Tree wakes up the next morning back in Carter 's bed with the previous day 's events repeating . Unnerved , she relives the day and avoids the tunnel , instead heading to a fraternity house for a surprise party . However , after becoming intimate with her classmate Nick , the masked killer murders him before killing Tree once more . Tree realizes that she is in a time loop and tries to avoid her death by barricading herself in her room . However , she is murdered again when the killer hides in her bedroom . Upon waking up again , she relays her story to Carter , who suggests that she take advantage of the loop in order to figure out who her killer is . She spends the next several iterations trailing suspected classmates and dying each time . After Tree dies from being bludgeoned by a baseball bat , she passes out shortly after waking up . She awakens in the campus hospital where she learns that her body shows evidence of recovery from multiple , massive , traumatic injuries , meaning she has retained damage from her previous murders even after waking up fully healed every time . Tree escapes the hospital room only to be chased by the killer until she manages to flee in Butler 's car . While driving , she is pulled over by a police officer and volunteers to be arrested in order to be spared . While held in the officer 's squad car , the killer runs over the officer and blows up the squad car by igniting the fuel tank with a candle . Waking up in Carter 's bed again , Tree convinces Carter of her predicament by showing that she holds foreknowledge of the day 's events . In Corky 's , Tree admits to Carter that she does not like who she has become as she is distant from her father in the wake of her mother 's death three years ago . Tree catches a local news report on John Tombs , a serial killer who is being held in the hospital on her campus . Concluding that Tombs is her killer , Tree rushes to the hospital to warn of his escape . Tombs breaks free and nearly kills Tree , but Carter follows and rescues her . Tombs snaps Carter 's neck before chasing Tree to a nearby bell tower where she manages to subdue him with a crowbar . Realizing that Carter will remain dead if she does n't restart the loop , Tree hangs herself in the tower . During the next iteration , Tree sets out to be a kinder person by ending her affair with Dr. Butler and meeting with her father to resolve her inner grief . That night , she prepares to stop Tombs . He manages to get the upper hand on her until Tree utilizes a campus - wide blackout that occurs during the loop to disarm him and shoot him to death . Relieved to finally be free , she celebrates her birthday in Carter 's room and eats the cupcake given to her by Lori . However , the next morning Tree wakes up again on her birthday . Confused and distraught over the fact that killing Tombs did not stop the time loop , Tree returns to her room where Lori offers the cupcake again . Tree realizes that she had died in her sleep and also notes that this was the only time she had ever eaten the cupcake . Tree realizes that Lori is the true killer ; Lori had poisoned the cupcake , but when Tree did not eat it , she utilized her job as a nurse in the hospital to frame Tombs for Tree 's murder . Tree tries to coerce Lori to have a bite and when Lori refuses , Tree decides to take it to the police . Lori attacks Tree , locks the door and confesses that she was jealous of her affair with Dr. Butler . Tree manages to stuff the cupcake into Lori 's mouth before kicking her out of a window , sending her falling to her death . Tree and Carter muse over the day 's events back in the restaurant . He offers her his room for the night , also commenting her situation is a lot like the film Groundhog Day . Tree wakes up the next day believing herself to be in another loop , but it turns out to be a prank by Carter . The two share a kiss . Cast ( edit ) Jessica Rothe as Theresa `` Tree '' Gelbman Israel Broussard as Carter Davis Ruby Modine as Lori Spengler Rachel Matthews as Danielle Bouseman Charles Aitken as Gregory Butler Rob Mello as John Tombs Phi Vu as Ryan Phan Caleb Spillyards as Tim Bauer Jason Bayle as David Gelbman Laura Clifton as Stephanie Butler Cariella Smith as Becky Shepard Tran Tran as Emily Blaine Kern III as Nick Sims Dane Rhodes as Officer Santora Tenea Intriago as Student Protestor Missy Yager as Mrs. Gelbman Production ( edit ) Preproduction ( edit ) `` The movie was in pre-production or soft production at the time , and I came on and I loved the concept of the movie . I loved the idea of a girl , trapped in a time loop who has to solve her own murder . '' -- Director Christopher B. Landon about the concept of the film . The film was first announced in July 2007 , with Megan Fox attached to star . The film was originally titled Half to Death , produced by Michael Bay and Rogue Pictures , and directed by Antti Jokinen . Christopher B. Landon was hired to rewrite the Scott Lobdell script , and while he liked the reworked script the studio decided to not move on with it . The project was only revived years later , as original producer Angela Mancuso had lunch with Landon and remembered about Half to Death . Landon decided to send the script to Jason Blum of Blumhouse Productions , with whom he had worked in the Paranormal Activity sequels , and he approved it , leading to a green - light by Universal Pictures . Blumhouse announced the project on October 11 , 2016 , with Landon directing and Jessica Rothe cast in the lead role of the film . On November 8 , 2016 , it was announced that Ruby Modine , Charles Aitken and Rachel Matthews had joined the cast , alongside Rothe and Israel Broussard . The film got eventually retitled Happy Death Day in June 2017 . The mask was constructed by Tony Gardner , the same man who built the `` Ghostface '' mask from every Scream film , and its design was personal . Landon explains , `` During preproduction ... I was expecting my first son . I do n't know if I just had babies on the brain , or if I was subconsciously scared to become a father , but that baby image was floating around in my head . Tony made us a pig mask , too , but when I wore the baby mask in the office , I scared a co-worker , and we thought ... yeah , this is it . This is the one . '' Scream itself was listed among the influences Christopher Landon took for the film , along with Halloween ( 1978 ) , Groundhog Day and comedies of the 1980s such as Sixteen Candles and Back to the Future , given he aimed to make a `` fun , silly horror movie '' . He also aimed to emulate the protagonist 's personal growth in Groundhog Day to comment on `` this age of social media and all the crappy things that kids do to each other . '' Writing ( edit ) Writer Scott Lobdell said he wanted to play with the tropes of the slasher genre , as according to him `` every slasher film opens up with the mean girl getting killed and the good girl living till the end . And I thought , ' How can I make the mean girl and the good girl the same person ? ' '' In the original draft , Lori and Dr. Butler were the killers together . Landon says , `` They were a psycho couple murdering Tree together . That ultimately did n't work for me . I thought Gregory was a great opportunity to be a suspect . To make him a killer , it did n't help me . That was a change I really wanted to make . '' Also , in the original draft there was no birthday , and no romance , which Landon added to humanize Tree . Landon decided to shorten the protagonist 's name Teresa into Tree , which also conveyed her character arc as `` trees need to grow and you see this character go from one person to another '' . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place at and around Loyola University in New Orleans , Louisiana , and it lasted 5 weeks . The scenes where Tree awakens in Carter 's bed after her death were filmed back to back in a span of two days . The scene after Lori dies was supposed to be at the sorority house , but the filming permit was over before production was able to shoot there , forcing the location to be changed into a Los Angeles diner also featured in another Blumhouse production , Split . Alternate ending ( edit ) In the original ending of the film , Tree is taken to the hospital after her encounter with Lori . The doctor instructs her to stay away from pain medication for at least a day due to the extent of her injuries . After he leaves , a nurse comes in and tells Tree she is giving Tree something for the pain and Tree informs the nurse of the doctor 's orders . The nurse reveals herself to be Dr. Butler 's wife Stephanie , who says it is for her pain and then murders Tree in revenge for the affair between her and Dr. Butler . This version was shown in the test screenings for the film , and was received negatively by the audience , forcing the writers to come up with the theatrical ending . Director Christopher Landon also revealed Lori and Dr. Butler were the killers in the rough drafts , which later inspired the idea of the poisoned cupcake . Music ( edit ) Happy Death Day ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Bear McCreary Released October 13 , 2017 Genre Film score Length 39 : 57 ( Standard album ) 44 : 16 ( Bonus track version ) Label Back Lot Music Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Soundtrack Dreams Bear McCreary is the composer of all tracks . Standard album No . Title Length 1 . `` Day One '' 5 : 26 2 . `` Day Two '' 6 : 05 3 . `` Day Three '' 4 : 18 4 . `` Day Four '' 2 : 17 5 . `` Hospital Pursuit '' 5 : 55 6 . `` The Bell Tower '' 3 : 30 7 . `` Righting Wrongs '' 3 : 40 8 . `` Tree Takes Control '' 4 : 30 9 . `` The Cupcake '' 4 : 16 Total length : 39 : 57 Bonus track No . Title Length 10 . `` Happy Death Day End Title Credits '' 4 : 19 Total length : 44 : 16 Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Happy Death Day grossed $55.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $67 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $122.6 million , against a production budget of $4.8 million . In the United States and Canada , Happy Death Day was released alongside Marshall , The Foreigner and Professor Marston and the Wonder Women , and was expected to gross $15 -- 20 million from 3,130 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $1 million from Thursday night previews at 2,450 theaters , similar to fellow Blumhouse release The Visit ( $1.05 million in 2015 ) and $11.6 million on its first day , increasing weekend projections to $26 million . It went on to debut to $26 million , topping the box office , making it the third Blumhouse Productions film of 2017 ( after Split and Get Out ) to do so . It fell 64 % in its second weekend to $9.4 million , finishing in third behind newcomers Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween and Geostorm . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 119 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Happy Death Day puts a darkly humorous sci - fi spin on slasher conventions , with added edge courtesy of a starmaking performance from Jessica Rothe . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100 , based on 26 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 52 % `` definite recommend '' . Critics noted that although the film makes laudatory attempts at merging genres -- including romantic comedy , horror and `` campus satire '' -- the end results were mixed . Jamie East from The Sun likened it to a `` slasher Mean Girls , '' while Chris Agar of Screen Rant said that the `` fun , if silly , blending of genre tropes ... ends up being a double - edged sword . '' Home media ( edit ) The film was released on digital HD on January 2 , 2018 and was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on January 16 , 2018 . The home release features the original ending . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Happy Death Day 2 Director Christopher B. Landon has talked about the possibility of a sequel , focusing on why Tree went into a time loop . Jessica Rothe stated that while most horror sequels retread the original , Landon 's pitch instead `` elevates the movie from being a horror movie into a Back to the Future type of genre film where the sequel joins us right from where we left off , it explains a lot of things in the first one that did n't get explained , and it elevates everything . '' Filming is scheduled to begin in May 2018 . On May 1 , 2018 , it was announced that Rothe and Israel Broussard will be returning for the sequel , reprising their roles as Tree Gelbman and Carter Davis , respectively . In addition , Suraj Sharma and Sarah Yarkin have been cast . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring time loops References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Happy Death Day ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Get Scared ' Half to Death ' This October '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giles , Jeff ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Happy Death Day Is Familiar but Fun '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How it took nearly 10 years to make the horror movie ' Happy Death Day ' '' . October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Megan Fox Joins Half to Death '' . Beyond Hollywood . July 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Rothe Starring in Horror Movie ' Half to Death ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ruby Modine Joins Horror Movie ' Half to Death ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Universal , Blumhouse Retitle Film ' Half To Death ' To ' Happy Death Day ' Jump up ^ `` THE STORY BEHIND ' HAPPY DEATH DAYS CREEPY BABY MASK AND TREE 'S BEST LINES '' . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day Influences : 10 Movies That Inspired the Director '' . ^ Jump up to : Fitz - Gerald , Sean . THE GUYS BEHIND ' HAPPY DEATH DAY ' TALK TIME - BENDING ENDING & SEQUEL IDEAS ( October 13 , 2017 ) , Thrillist ^ Jump up to : `` ' Happy Death Day ' Ending : Director Shares Sequel Plans for Part 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The director of ' Happy Death Day ' answers all the questions you have after watching the movie , Insider Jump up ^ Production Notes for Happy Death Day Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day 's Jessica Rothe On What It Means To Be A Scream Queen in 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Tom Philip ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Happy Death Day Star Jessica Rothe Explains What It 's Like to Die a Dozen Times in the Same Movie '' . GQ . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day Shot An Original Ending That Made Test Audiences Furious '' . Cinema Blend. 2017 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Bonus Track Version ) '' . iTunes Store . 2018 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Death Day ' expected to unseat ' Blade Runner 2049 ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blumhouse Makes a Wish for Another # 1 Opener with ' Happy Death Day ' '' . Box Office Mojo . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` ' Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween ' Reaps $21 M+ During October Dumping Ground At The B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robey , Tim ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Happy Death Day review : slasher Groundhog Day gives us a scream queen for the ages '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Like a slasher Mean Girls , Happy Death Day nails comedy and horror '' . The Sun . 2017 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day Review '' . Screen Rant. 2017 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ From Universal Pictures Home Entertainment : Happy Death Day Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Happy Death Day ' is n't out yet , but the director already has an idea for a sequel '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jessica Rothe on ' Forever My Girl ' & a ' Back to the Future ' - Esque ' Happy Death Day ' Sequel , Collider Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Death Day ' Sequel Reportedly Filming This Summer '' . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Death Day 2 ' : Jessica Rothe , Israel Broussard Return ; Suraj Sharma & Sarah Yarkin Joining Blumhouse Sequel '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Official website Happy Death Day on IMDb Happy Death Day at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Christopher B. Landon Burning Palms ( 2010 ) Paranormal Activity : The Marked Ones ( 2014 ) Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse ( 2015 ) Happy Death Day ( 2017 ) Happy Death Day 2 ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Death_Day&oldid=839228286 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s comedy horror films 2010s horror thriller films 2010s mystery films 2010s serial killer films 2010s teen comedy films 2010s teen horror films 2017 horror films Adultery in films American comedy horror films American films American horror thriller films American mystery films American serial killer films American slasher films American teen comedy films American teen horror films Blumhouse Productions films Films about birthday Films about death Films directed by Christopher B. Landon Films produced by Jason Blum Films set in 2017 Films set in Louisiana Films set in universities and colleges Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Louisiana Mystery horror films Mystery thriller films Romantic horror films Time loop films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 03 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who keeps killing tree in happy death day | [
"However, the next morning Tree wakes up again on her birthday. Confused and distraught over the fact that killing Tombs did not stop the time loop, Tree returns to her room where Lori offers the cupcake again. Tree realizes that she had died in her sleep and also notes that this was the only time she had ever eaten the cupcake. Tree realizes that Lori is the true killer; Lori had poisoned the cupcake, but when Tree did not eat it, she utilized her job as a nurse in the hospital to frame Tombs for Tree's murder. Tree tries to coerce Lori to have a bite and when Lori refuses, Tree decides to take it to the police. Lori attacks Tree, locks the door and confesses that she was jealous of her affair with Dr. Butler. Tree manages to stuff the cupcake into Lori's mouth before kicking her out of a window, sending her falling to her death. Tree and Carter muse over the day's events back in the restaurant. He offers her his room for the night, also commenting her situation is a lot like the film Groundhog Day. Tree wakes up the next day believing herself to be in another loop, but it turns out to be a prank by Carter. The two share a kiss."
] | [
"Lori"
] |
-7288562121057681413 | International System of Units | International system of units - wikipedia International system of units Jump to : navigation , search `` SI '' redirects here . For other uses , see SI ( disambiguation ) . For a topical guide to this subject , see Outline of the metric system . The SI base units The International System of Units ( abbreviated as SI , from the French Système international ( d'unités ) ) is the modern form of the metric system , and is the most widely used system of measurement . It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units and a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units . The system also specifies lowercase names for 22 derived units . The system was published in 1960 as a result of an initiative that began in 1948 . It is based on the metre -- kilogram -- second system of units ( MKS ) rather than any variant of the centimetre -- gram -- second system of units ( CGS ) . SI is intended to be an evolving system , so prefixes and units are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement progresses and the precision of measurements improves . The 24th and 25th General Conferences on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) in 2011 and 2014 , for example , discussed a proposal to change the definition of the kilogram , linking it to an invariant of nature rather than to the mass of a material artefact , thereby ensuring long - term stability . The motivation for the development of the SI was the diversity of units that had sprung up within the CGS systems and the lack of coordination between the various disciplines that used them . The CGPM , which was established by the Metre Convention of 1875 , brought together many international organisations to not only agree on the definitions and standards of the new system but also agree on the rules for writing and presenting measurements in a standardised manner around the world . The International System of Units has been adopted by all developed countries except the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early development 1.2 Metre Convention 1.3 Towards the SI 1.4 International System of Quantities 2 SI Brochure and conversion factors 3 Units and prefixes 3.1 Base units 3.2 Derived units 3.3 Prefixes 3.4 Non-SI units accepted for use with SI 4 Writing unit symbols and the values of quantities 4.1 Unit names 4.2 Unit names as adjectives 4.3 Chinese and Japanese 4.4 Unit symbols and the values of quantities 4.4. 1 General rules 4.4. 2 Printing SI symbols 5 Realisation of units 6 Post-1960 changes 6.1 Changes to the SI 6.2 Retention of non-SI units 7 Global adoption 7.1 United Kingdom and the former British Empire 7.2 European Union 7.3 India 7.4 United States 8 Redefinition of units 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Stone marking the Austro - Hungarian / Italian border at Pontebba displaying myriametres , a unit of 10 km used in Central Europe in the 19th century ( but since deprecated ) . Main article : History of the metric system The metric system was first implemented during the French Revolution ( 1790s ) with just the metre and kilogram as standards of length and mass respectively . In the 1830s Carl Friedrich Gauss laid the foundations for a coherent system based on length , mass , and time . In the 1860s a group working under the auspices of the British Association for the Advancement of Science formulated the requirement for a coherent system of units with base units and derived units . The inclusion of electrical units into the system was hampered by the customary use of more than one set of units , until 1900 when Giovanni Giorgi identified the need to define one single electrical quantity as a fourth base quantity alongside the original three base quantities . Meanwhile , in 1875 , the Treaty of the Metre passed responsibility for verification of the kilogram and metre against agreed prototypes from French to international control . In 1921 , the Treaty was extended to include all physical quantities including electrical units originally defined in 1893 . In 1948 , an overhaul of the metric system was set in motion which resulted in the development of the `` Practical system of units '' which , on its publication in 1960 , was given the name `` The International System of Units '' . In 1954 , the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) identified electric current as the fourth base quantity in the practical system of units and added two more base quantities -- temperature and luminous intensity -- making six base quantities in all . The units associated with these quantities were the metre , kilogram , second , ampere , kelvin and candela . In 1971 , a seventh base quantity , amount of substance represented by the mole , was added to the definition of SI . Early development ( edit ) The metric system was developed from 1791 onwards by a committee of the French Academy of Sciences , commissioned by the National Assembly and Louis XVI to create a unified and rational system of measures . The group , which included Antoine Lavoisier ( the `` father of modern chemistry '' ) and the mathematicians Pierre - Simon Laplace and Adrien - Marie Legendre , used the same principles for relating length , volume , and mass that had been proposed by the English clergyman John Wilkins in 1668 and the concept of using the Earth 's meridian as the basis of the definition of length , originally proposed in 1670 by the French abbot Mouton . Carl Friedrich Gauss On 30 March 1791 , the Assembly adopted the committee 's proposed principles for the new decimal system of measure and authorised a survey between Dunkirk and Barcelona to establish the length of the meridian . On 11 July 1792 , the committee proposed the names metre , are , litre and grave for the units of length , area , capacity , and mass , respectively . The committee also proposed that multiples and submultiples of these units were to be denoted by decimal - based prefixes such as centi for a hundredth and kilo for a thousand . Thomson Maxwell William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) and James Clerk Maxwell played a prominent role in the development of the principle of coherence and in the naming of many units of measure . The law of 7 April 1795 ( loi du 18 germinal ) defined the terms gramme and kilogramme , which replaced the former terms gravet ( correctly milligrave ) and grave , and on 22 June 1799 ( after Pierre Méchain and Jean - Baptiste Delambre had completed the meridian survey ) the definitive standard mètre des Archives and kilogramme des Archives were deposited in the French National Archives . On 10 December 1799 ( a month after Napoleon 's coup d'état ) , the law by which the metric system was to be definitively adopted in France ( loi du 19 frimaire ) was passed . During the first half of the nineteenth century there was little consistency in the choice of preferred multiples of the base units -- typically the myriametre ( 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 metres ) was in widespread use in both France and parts of Germany , while the kilogram ( 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 grams ) rather than the myriagram was used for mass . In 1832 , the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss , assisted by Wilhelm Weber , implicitly defined the second as a base unit when he quoted the earth 's magnetic field in terms of millimetres , grams , and seconds . Prior to this , the strength of the earth 's magnetic field had only been described in relative terms . The technique used by Gauss was to equate the torque induced on a suspended magnet of known mass by the earth 's magnetic field with the torque induced on an equivalent system under gravity . The resultant calculations enabled him to assign dimensions based on mass , length and time to the magnetic field . In the 1860s , James Clerk Maxwell , William Thomson ( later Lord Kelvin ) and others working under the auspices of the British Association for the Advancement of Science , built on Gauss ' work and formalised the concept of a coherent system of units with base units and derived units . The principle of coherence was successfully used to define a number of units of measure based on the centimetre -- gram -- second system of units ( CGS ) , including the erg for energy , the dyne for force , the barye for pressure , the poise for dynamic viscosity and the stokes for kinematic viscosity . Metre Convention ( edit ) CGPM vocabulary French English Pages étalons ( Technical ) standard 5 , 95 prototype prototype ( kilogram / metre ) 5 , 95 noms spéciaux ( Some derived units have ) special names 16,106 mise en pratique mise en pratique ( Practical realisation ) 82 , 171 Main article : Metre Convention A French - inspired initiative for international cooperation in metrology led to the signing in 1875 of the Metre Convention . Initially the convention only covered standards for the metre and the kilogram . A set of 30 prototypes of the metre and 40 prototypes of the kilogram , in each case made of a 90 % platinum - 10 % iridium alloy , were manufactured by the British firm Johnson , Matthey & Co and accepted by the CGPM in 1889 . One of each was selected at random to become the International prototype metre and International prototype kilogram that replaced the mètre des Archives and kilogramme des Archives respectively . Each member state was entitled to one of each of the remaining prototypes to serve as the national prototype for that country . Closeup of the National Prototype Metre , serial number 27 , allocated to the United States The treaty established three international organisations to oversee the keeping of international standards of measurement : General Conference on Weights and Measures ( Conférence générale des poids et mesures or CGPM ) -- a meeting every four to six years of delegates from all member states that receives and discusses a report from the CIPM and that endorses new developments in the SI on the advice of the CIPM . International Committee for Weights and Measures ( Comité international des poids et mesures or CIPM ) -- a committee that meets annually at the BIPM and is made up of eighteen individuals of high scientific standing , nominated by the CGPM to advise the CGPM on administrative and technical matters International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( Bureau international des poids et mesures or BIPM ) -- an international metrology centre at Sèvres in France that has custody of the International prototype kilogram , provides metrology services for the CGPM and CIPM , houses the secretariat for these organisations and hosts their formal meetings . Initially its prime metrological purpose was a periodic recalibration of national prototype metres and kilograms against the international prototype . In 1921 , the Metre Convention was extended to include all physical units , including the ampere and others defined by the Fourth International Conference of Electricians in Chicago in 1893 , thereby enabling the CGPM to address inconsistencies in the way that the metric system had been used . The official language of the Metre Convention is French and the definitive version of all official documents published by or on behalf of the CGPM is the French - language version . Towards the SI ( edit ) Main article : Metrication World map showing metrication , colour - coded by year of conversion : from ca . 1800 ( green ) to 1980 ( red ) . Black indicates the nations that have not adopted the SI - system : Burma , Liberia , and the United States . Canada and the United Kingdom both have fairly common use of previously used units , e.g. , speed limits in the UK and human height reporting in Canada . At the close of the 19th century three different systems of units of measure existed for electrical measurements : a CGS - based system for electrostatic units , also known as the Gaussian or ESU system , a CGS - based system for electromechanical units ( EMU ) and an MKS - based system ( `` international system '' ) for electrical distribution systems . Attempts to resolve the electrical units in terms of length , mass , and time using dimensional analysis was beset with difficulties -- the dimensions depended on whether one used the ESU or EMU systems . This anomaly was resolved in 1900 when Giovanni Giorgi published a paper in which he advocated using a fourth base unit alongside the existing three base units . The fourth unit could be chosen to be electric current , voltage , or electrical resistance . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , a number of non-coherent units of measure based on the gram / kilogram , the centimetre / metre , and the second , such as the Pferdestärke ( metric horsepower ) for power , the darcy for permeability and the use of `` millimetres of mercury '' for the measurement of both barometric and blood pressure were developed or propagated , some of which incorporated standard gravity in their definitions . At the end of the Second World War , a number of different systems of measurement were in use throughout the world . Some of these systems were metric system variations , whereas others were based on customary systems of measure . In 1948 , after representations by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics ( IUPAP ) and by the French Government , the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) asked the International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) to conduct an international study of the measurement needs of the scientific , technical , and educational communities and `` to make recommendations for a single practical system of units of measurement , suitable for adoption by all countries adhering to the Metre Convention '' . On the basis of the findings of this study , the 10th CGPM in 1954 decided that an international system should be derived from six base units to provide for the measurement of temperature and optical radiation in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic quantities . Six base units were recommended : the metre , kilogram , second , ampere , degree Kelvin ( later renamed kelvin ) , and candela . In 1960 , the 11th CGPM named the system the International System of Units , abbreviated SI from the French name , Le Système International d'Unités . The BIPM has also described SI as `` the modern metric system '' . The seventh base unit , the mole , was added in 1971 by the 14th CGPM . International system of quantities ( edit ) The International System of Quantities ( ISQ ) is a system based on seven base quantities : length , mass , time , electric current , thermodynamic temperature , amount of substance , and luminous intensity . Other quantities such as area , pressure , and electrical resistance are derived from these base quantities by clear non-contradictory equations . The ISQ defines the quantities that are measured with the SI units . The ISQ is defined in the international standard ISO / IEC 80000 , and was finalised in 2009 with the publication of ISO 80000 - 1 . SI Brochure and Conversion factors ( edit ) Cover of brochure The International System of Units The CGPM publishes a brochure which defines and presents SI . Its official version is in French , in line with the Metre Convention . It leaves some scope for local interpretation , particularly regarding names and terms in different languages , so for example the United States ' National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) has produced a version of the CGPM document ( NIST SP 330 ) which clarifies local interpretation for English - language publications that use American English and another document ( NIST SP 811 ) that gives general guidance for the use of SI in the United States and conversion factors between SI and customary units . The writing and maintenance of the CGPM brochure is carried out by one of the committees of the International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) , the Consultative Committee for Units ( CCU ) . The CIPM nominates the chairman of this committee , but the committee includes representatives of various other international bodies rather than CIPM or CGPM nominees . This committee thus provides a forum for the bodies concerned to provide input to the CIPM in respect of ongoing enhancements to SI . The definitions of the terms `` quantity '' , `` unit '' , `` dimension '' etc. that are used in the SI Brochure are those given in the International vocabulary of metrology , a publication produced by the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology ( JCGM ) , a working group consisting of eight international standards organisations under the chairmanship of the director of the BIPM . The quantities and equations that define the SI units are now referred to as the International System of Quantities ( ISQ ) , and are set out in the International Standard ISO / IEC 80000 Quantities and Units . Units and prefixes ( edit ) The International System of Units consists of a set of base units , a set of derived units with special names , and a set of decimal - based multipliers that are used as prefixes . The term SI Units covers all three categories , but the term coherent SI units includes only base units and coherent derived units . Base units ( edit ) Main article : SI base units The SI base units are the building blocks of the system and all other units are derived from them . When Maxwell first introduced the concept of a coherent system , he identified three quantities that could be used as base units : mass , length and time . Giorgi later identified the need for an electrical base unit . Theoretically any one of electric current , potential difference , electrical resistance , electrical charge or a number of other quantities could have provided the base unit , with the remaining units then being defined by the laws of physics . In the event , the unit of electric current was chosen for SI . Another three base units ( for temperature , substance and luminous intensity ) were added later . SI base units Unit name Unit symbol Quantity name Definition ( incomplete ) Dimension symbol metre m length Original ( 1793 ) : 1 / 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 of the meridian through Paris between the North Pole and the Equator . Interim ( 1960 ) : 7006165076373000000 ♠ 1650763. 73 wavelengths in a vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the 2p and 5d quantum levels of the krypton - 86 atom . Current ( 1983 ) : The distance travelled by light in a vacuum in 1 / 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 second . kilogram kg mass Original ( 1793 ) : The grave was defined as being the weight ( mass ) of one cubic decimetre of pure water at its freezing point . Current ( 1889 ) : The mass of the International Prototype Kilogram ( Le Grand K ) . second s time Original ( Medieval ) : 1 / 7004864000000000000 ♠ 86 400 of a day . Interim ( 1956 ) : 1 / 7007315569259747000 ♠ 31 556 925. 9747 of the tropical year for 1900 January 0 at 12 hours ephemeris time . Current ( 1967 ) : The duration of 7009919263177000000 ♠ 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium - 133 atom . ampere electric current Original ( 1881 ) : A tenth of the electromagnetic CGS unit of current . The ( CGS ) electromagnetic unit of current is that current , flowing in an arc 1 cm long of a circle 1 cm in radius , that creates a field of one oersted at the centre . Current ( 1946 ) : The constant current which , if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length , of negligible circular cross-section , and placed 1 m apart in vacuum , would produce between these conductors a force equal to 6993200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 newtons per metre of length . kelvin thermodynamic temperature Original ( 1743 ) : The centigrade scale is obtained by assigning 0 ° C to the freezing point of water and 100 ° C to the boiling point of water . Interim ( 1954 ) : The triple point of water ( 0.01 ° C ) defined to be exactly 273.16 K . Current ( 1967 ) : 1 / 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water Θ mole mol amount of substance Original ( 1900 ) : The molecular weight of a substance in mass grams . Current ( 1967 ) : The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon - 12 . candela cd luminous intensity Original ( 1946 ) : The value of the new candle is such that the brightness of the full radiator at the temperature of solidification of platinum is 60 new candles per square centimetre . Current ( 1979 ) : The luminous intensity , in a given direction , of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 7014540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 × 10 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1 / 683 watt per steradian . J Note Jump up ^ Interim definitions are given here only when there has been a significant difference in the definition . Jump up ^ Despite the prefix `` kilo - '' , the kilogram is the base unit of mass . The kilogram , not the gram , is used in the definitions of derived units . Nonetheless , units of mass are named as if the gram were the base unit . Jump up ^ In 1954 the unit of thermodynamic temperature was known as the `` degree Kelvin '' ( symbol ° K ; `` Kelvin '' spelt with an upper - case `` K '' ) . It was renamed the `` kelvin '' ( symbol `` K '' ; `` kelvin '' spelt with a lower case `` k '' ) in 1967 . Jump up ^ When the mole is used , the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms , molecules , ions , electrons , other particles , or specified groups of such particles . The original definitions of the various base units in the above table were made by the following authorities : FG = French Government IEC = International Electrotechnical Commission ICAW = International Committee on Atomic Weights All other definitions result from resolutions by either CGPM or the CIPM and are catalogued in the SI Brochure . Derived units ( edit ) Main article : Derived units The derived units in the SI are formed by powers , products or quotients of the base units and are unlimited in number . Derived units are associated with derived quantities , for example velocity is a quantity that is derived from the base quantities of time and length , so in SI the derived unit is metres per second ( symbol m / s ) . The dimensions of derived units can be expressed in terms of the dimensions of the base units . Coherent units are derived units that contain no numerical factor other than 1 -- quantities such as standard gravity and density of water are absent from their definitions . In the example above , one newton is the force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram by one metre per second squared . Since the SI units of mass and acceleration are kg and m s respectively and F ∝ m × a , the units of force ( and hence of newtons ) is formed by multiplication to give kg m s . Since the newton is part of a coherent set of units , the constant of proportionality is 1 . For the sake of convenience , some derived units have special names and symbols . Such units may themselves be used in combination with the names and symbols for base units and for other derived units to express the units of other derived quantities . For example , the SI unit of force is the newton ( N ) , the SI unit of pressure is the pascal ( Pa ) -- and the pascal can be defined as one newton per square metre ( N / m ) . Named units derived from SI base units Name Symbol Quantity Expressed in terms of other SI units Expressed in terms of SI base units radian rad angle m m steradian sr solid angle m m hertz Hz frequency s newton force , weight kg m s pascal Pa pressure , stress N / m kg m s joule J energy , work , heat N m kg m s watt power , radiant flux J / s kg m s coulomb electric charge or quantity of electricity s A volt V voltage ( electrical potential difference ) , electromotive force W / A kg m s A farad capacitance C / V kg m s A ohm Ω electrical resistance , impedance , reactance V / A kg m s A siemens electrical conductance A / V kg m s A weber Wb magnetic flux V s kg m s A tesla magnetic flux density Wb / m kg s A henry inductance Wb / A kg m s A degree Celsius ° C temperature relative to 273.15 K lumen lm luminous flux cd sr cd lux lx illuminance lm / m m cd becquerel Bq radioactivity ( decays per unit time ) s gray Gy absorbed dose ( of ionizing radiation ) J / kg m s sievert Sv equivalent dose ( of ionizing radiation ) J / kg m s katal kat catalytic activity mol s Notes 1 . The radian and steradian , once given special status , are now considered dimensionless derived units . 2 . The ordering of this table is such that any derived unit is based only on base units or derived units that precede it in the table . Prefixes ( edit ) Main article : Metric prefix Prefixes are added to unit names to produce multiple and sub-multiples of the original unit . All multiples are integer powers of ten , and above a hundred or below a hundredth all are integer powers of a thousand . For example , kilo - denotes a multiple of a thousand and milli - denotes a multiple of a thousandth , so there are one thousand millimetres to the metre and one thousand metres to the kilometre . The prefixes are never combined , so for example a millionth of a metre is a micrometre , not a millimillimetre . Multiples of the kilogram are named as if the gram were the base unit , so a millionth of a kilogram is a milligram , not a microkilogram . Standard prefixes for the SI units of measure Multiples Prefix name deca hecto kilo mega giga tera peta exa zetta yotta Prefix symbol da h k Z Y Factor 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Fractions Prefix name deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto Prefix symbol d m μ n p f z y Factor 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Non-SI units accepted for use with SI ( edit ) Main article : non-SI units accepted for use with SI The SI is capable of measurement of any physical quantity , but many non-SI units still appear in the scientific , technical , and commercial literature , and will continue to be used for many years . Some units are so deeply embedded in history and many cultures that they will continue to be used for the foreseeable future . The CIPM recognized and acknowledged such traditions by compiling a list of non-SI units accepted for use with SI , which are grouped as follows : The litre is classed as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI . Being one thousandth of a cubic metre , the litre is not a coherent unit of measure with respect to SI . Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI ( Table 6 ) : Certain units of time , angle , and legacy non-SI metric units have a long history of consistent use . Most societies have used the solar day and its non-decimal subdivisions as a basis of time and , unlike the foot or the pound , these were the same regardless of where they were being measured . The radian , being 1 / 2π of a revolution , has mathematical advantages but it is cumbersome for navigation , and , as with time , the units used in navigation have a large degree of consistency around the world . The tonne , litre , and hectare were adopted by the CGPM in 1879 and have been retained as units that may be used alongside SI units , having been given unique symbols . The catalogued units are minute , hour , day , degree of arc , minute of arc , second of arc , hectare , litre , tonne , astronomical unit and ( deci ) bel Non-SI units whose values in SI units must be obtained experimentally ( Table 7 ) . Physicists often use units of measure that are based on natural phenomena , particularly when the quantities associated with these phenomena are many orders of magnitude greater than or less than the equivalent SI unit . The most common ones have been catalogued in the SI Brochure together with consistent symbols and accepted values , but with the caveat that their values in SI units need to be measured . electronvolt ( symbol eV ) , and dalton / unified atomic mass unit ( Da or u ) Other non-SI units ( Table 8 ) : A number of non-SI units that had never been formally sanctioned by the CGPM have continued to be used across the globe in many spheres including health care and navigation . As with the units of measure in Tables 6 and 7 , these have been catalogued by the CIPM in the SI Brochure to ensure consistent usage , but with the recommendation that authors who use them should define them wherever they are used . bar , millimetre of mercury , ångström , nautical mile , barn , knot and neper Non-SI units associated with the CGS and the CGS - Gaussian system of units ( Table 9 ) The SI manual also catalogues a number of legacy units of measure that are used in specific fields such as geodesy and geophysics or are found in the literature , particularly in classical and relativistic electrodynamics where they have certain advantages : The units that are catalogued are : erg , dyne , poise , stokes , stilb , phot , gal , maxwell , gauss , and oersted . Writing unit symbols and the values of quantities ( edit ) Before 1948 , the use and representation of metric quantities was inconsistent and ambiguous . In 1879 , the CIPM published recommendations for writing the symbols for length , area , volume and mass , but it was outside its domain to publish recommendations for other quantities . Beginning in about 1900 , physicists who had been using the symbol `` μ '' for `` micrometre '' ( or `` micron '' ) , `` λ '' for `` microlitre '' , and `` γ '' for `` microgram '' started to use the symbols `` μm '' , `` μL '' and `` μg '' , but it was only in 1935 , a decade after the revision of the Metre Convention that the CIPM formally adopted this proposal and recommended that the symbol `` μ '' be used universally as a prefix for 6994100000000000000 ♠ 10 . In 1948 , the ninth CGPM approved the first formal recommendation for the writing of symbols in the metric system when the basis of the rules as they are now known was laid down . These rules were subsequently extended by International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) and the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) and now cover unit symbols and names , prefix symbols and names , how quantity symbols should be written and used and how the values of quantities should be expressed . Both ISO and the IEC have published rules for the presentation of SI units that are generally compatible with those published in the SI Brochure . As of August 2013 ISO and IEC were in the process of merging their standards for quantities and units into a single set of compatible documents identified as the ISO / IEC 80000 Standard . The rules covering printing of quantities and units are part of ISO 80000 - 1 : 2009 . Unit names ( edit ) Names of units follow the grammatical rules associated with common nouns : in English and in French they start with a lowercase letter ( e.g. , newton , hertz , pascal ) , even when the symbol for the unit begins with a capital letter . This also applies to `` degrees Celsius '' , since `` degree '' is the unit . In German , however , the names of units , as with all German nouns , start with capital letters . The spelling of unit names is a matter for the guardians of the language concerned -- the official British and American spellings for certain SI units differ -- British English , as well as Australian , Canadian and New Zealand English , uses the spelling deca - , metre , and litre whereas American English uses the spelling deka - , meter , and liter , respectively . Likewise , the plural forms of units follow the grammar of the language concerned : in English , the normal rules of English grammar are used , e.g. `` henries '' is the plural of `` henry '' . However , the units lux , hertz , and siemens have irregular plurals in that they remain the same in both their singular and plural form . Plural forms can be even more complicated in other languages . For example , in Polish the plural form depends on the actual quantity : 0 metrów , 1 metr , 2 metry , 3 metry , 4 metry , 5 metrów , 6 metrów , 7 metrów , 8 metrów , etc . For fractions it is metrów , e.g. , 0 , 67 metrów , 2 , 45 metrów . In English , when unit names are combined to denote multiplication of the units concerned , they are separated with a hyphen or a space ( e.g. newton - metre or newton metre ) . The plural is formed by converting the last unit name to the plural form ( e.g. ten newton - metres ) . Unit names as adjectives ( edit ) A space between the number and the unit symbol ( i.e. , no hyphen ) is specified when the combination is used as an adjective , e.g. `` a 25 kg sphere '' . However , in English a hyphen would be used as normal in this context if the unit name is spelt out , e.g. `` a 25 - kilogram sphere '' . Chinese and Japanese ( edit ) Chinese expressway distances road sign in eastern Beijing . Although the primary text is in Chinese , the distances use the internationally recognised numerals and symbols . Chinese uses traditional logograms for writing the unit names , while in Japanese unit names are written in the phonetic katakana script ; in both cases , symbols are also written using the internationally recognised Latin and Greek characters . Chinese The basic Chinese units are metre ( 米 mǐ ) , litre ( 升 shēng ) , gram ( 克 kè ) , and second ( 秒 miǎo ) , while others include watt ( 瓦 wǎ ) . Prefixes include deci - ( 分 fēn ) , centi - ( 厘 lí ) , milli - ( 毫 háo ) , micro - ( 微 wēi ) , kilo - ( 千 qiān ) , and mega - ( 兆 zhào ) . These are combined to form disyllabic characters , such as 厘米 límǐ `` centimetre '' or 千瓦 qiānwǎ `` kilowatt '' . In the 19th century , various compound characters were also used , similar to Japanese , either imported or formed on the same principles , such as 瓩 for 千瓦 qiānwǎ ( kilowatt ) or 糎 for 厘米 . These are generally not used today , but are occasionally found in older or technical writing . Some units have different names in Taiwan . Meter ( 公 尺 ) , centimeter ( 公分 ) , liter ( 公升 ) , kilogram ( 公斤 ) , gram ( 公克 ) and hectare ( 公頃 ) have the prefix `` 公 '' , which means `` universal '' . The prefixes `` 兆 '' , `` 分 '' and `` 厘 '' are not commonly used , and the use of `` 千 '' is limited to kilowatt ( 千瓦 ) . Japanese A set of characters representing various metric units was created in Japan in the late 19th century . Characters , which are the same in Chinese , exist for three base units : the metre ( 米 ) , litre ( 升 ) and gram ( 瓦 ) . These were combined with a set of six prefix characters -- kilo - ( 千 ) , hecto - ( 百 ) , deca - ( 十 ) , deci - ( 分 ) , centi - ( 厘 ) and milli - ( 毛 ) -- to form an additional 18 single - character units . The seven length units ( kilometre to millimetre ) , for example , are 粁 , 粨 , 籵 , 米 , 粉 , 糎 and 粍 . These characters , however , are not in common use today ; instead , units are written in katakana , the Japanese syllabary used for foreign borrowings , such as キロメートル ( kiromētoru ) for kilometre , but are also written in standard prefixes such as `` km '' for kilometre . A few Sino - Japanese words for these units remain in use in Japanese , most significantly `` 平米 '' ( heibei ) for `` square metre '' , but otherwise borrowed pronunciations are used . These characters are examples of the rare phenomenon of single - character loan words -- a foreign word represented by a single Japanese character -- and form the plurality of such words . Similar characters were also coined for other units , such as British units , though these also have fallen out of use ; see Single character gairaigo : Metric units and Single character gairaigo : Other units for a full list . Unit symbols and the values of quantities ( edit ) Although the writing of unit names is language - specific , the writing of unit symbols and the values of quantities is consistent across all languages and therefore the SI Brochure has specific rules in respect of writing them . The guideline produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) clarifies language - specific areas in respect of American English that were left open by the SI Brochure , but is otherwise identical to the SI Brochure . General rules ( edit ) General rules for writing SI units and quantities apply to text that is either handwritten or produced using an automated process : The value of a quantity is written as a number followed by a space ( representing a multiplication sign ) and a unit symbol ; e.g. , 2.21 kg , 7002730000000000000 ♠ 7.3 × 10 m , 22 K . This rule explicitly includes the percent sign ( % ) and the symbol for degrees of temperature ( ° C ) . Exceptions are the symbols for plane angular degrees , minutes , and seconds ( ° , ′ , and '' ) , which are placed immediately after the number with no intervening space . Symbols are mathematical entities , not abbreviations , and as such do not have an appended period / full stop ( . ) , unless the rules of grammar demand one for another reason , such as denoting the end of a sentence . A prefix is part of the unit , and its symbol is prepended to the unit symbol without a separator ( e.g. , k in km , M in MPa , G in GHz ) . Compound prefixes are not allowed . Symbols for derived units formed by multiplication are joined with a centre dot ( ) or a non-breaking space ; e.g. , N m or N m . Symbols for derived units formed by division are joined with a solidus ( / ) , or given as a negative exponent . E.g. , the `` metre per second '' can be written m / s , m s , m s , or m / s . Only one solidus should be used ; e.g. , kg / ( m s ) and kg m s are acceptable , but kg / m / s is ambiguous and unacceptable . Acceleration due to gravity . The lowercase letters ( neither `` metres '' nor `` seconds '' were named after people ) , the space between the value and the units , and the superscript `` 2 '' to denote `` squared '' . The first letter of symbols for units derived from the name of a person is written in upper case ; otherwise , they are written in lower case . E.g. , the unit of pressure is named after Blaise Pascal , so its symbol is written `` Pa '' , but the symbol for mole is written `` mol '' . Thus , `` T '' is the symbol for tesla , a measure of magnetic field strength , and `` t '' the symbol for tonne , a measure of mass . Since 1979 , the litre may exceptionally be written using either an uppercase `` L '' or a lowercase `` l '' , a decision prompted by the similarity of the lowercase letter `` l '' to the numeral `` 1 '' , especially with certain typefaces or English - style handwriting . The American NIST recommends that within the United States `` L '' be used rather than `` l '' . Symbols of units do not have a plural form ; e.g. , 25 kg , not 25 kgs . Uppercase and lowercase prefixes are not interchangeable . E.g. , the quantities 1 mW and 1 MW represent two different quantities ; the former is the typical power requirement of a hearing aid ( 1 milliwatt or 0.001 watts ) , and the latter the typical power requirement of a suburban train ( 1 megawatt or 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 watts ) . The 10th resolution of CGPM in 2003 declared that `` the symbol for the decimal marker shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line . '' In practice , the decimal point is used in English - speaking countries and most of Asia , and the comma in most of Latin America and in continental European countries . Spaces should be used as a thousands separator ( 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 ) in contrast to commas or periods ( 1,000,000 or 1.000. 000 ) to reduce confusion resulting from the variation between these forms in different countries . Any line - break inside a number , inside a compound unit , or between number and unit should be avoided . Where this is not possible , line breaks should coincide with thousands separators . Since the value of `` billion '' and `` trillion '' can vary from language to language , the dimensionless terms `` ppb '' ( parts per billion ) and `` ppt '' ( parts per trillion ) should be avoided . No alternative is suggested in the SI Brochure . Printing SI symbols ( edit ) Further rules are specified in respect of production of text using printing presses , word processors , typewriters and the like . Symbols are written in upright ( Roman ) type ( m for metres , s for seconds ) , so as to differentiate from the italic type used for quantities ( m for mass , s for displacement ) . By consensus of international standards bodies , this rule is applied independent of the font used for surrounding text . In Chinese , Japanese , and Korean language computing ( CJK ) , some of the commonly used units , prefix -- unit combinations , or unit -- exponent combinations have been allocated predefined single characters taking up a full square . Unicode includes these in its CJK Compatibility and letter - like symbols sub-ranges for back compatibility , without necessarily recommending future usage . These are summarised in Unicode symbols . The cursive l , a letter - like symbol , has been used in a number of countries in addition to China and Japan as a symbol for the litre , but this is not currently recommended by any standards body . In print , the space used as a thousands separator ( commonly called a thin space ) is typically narrower than that used between words . Realisation of units ( edit ) Silicon sphere for the Avogadro project used for measuring the Avogadro constant to a relative standard uncertainty of 6992200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 or less , held by Achim Leistner . Metrologists carefully distinguish between the definition of a unit and its realisation . The definition of each base unit of the SI is drawn up so that it is unique and provides a sound theoretical basis on which the most accurate and reproducible measurements can be made . The realisation of the definition of a unit is the procedure by which the definition may be used to establish the value and associated uncertainty of a quantity of the same kind as the unit . A description of the mise en pratique of the base units is given in an electronic appendix to the SI Brochure . The published mise en pratique is not the only way in which a base unit can be determined : the SI Brochure states that `` any method consistent with the laws of physics could be used to realise any SI unit . '' In the current ( 2016 ) exercise to overhaul the definitions of the base units , various consultative committees of the CIPM have required that more than one mise en pratique shall be developed for determining the value of each unit . In particular : At least three separate experiments be carried out yielding values having a relative standard uncertainty in the determination of the kilogram of no more than 6992500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 and at least one of these values should be better than 6992200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 . Both the Watt balance and the Avogadro project should be included in the experiments and any differences between these be reconciled . When the kelvin is being determined , the relative uncertainty of the Boltzmann constant derived from two fundamentally different methods such as acoustic gas thermometry and dielectric constant gas thermometry be better than one part in 6994100000000000000 ♠ 10 and that these values be corroborated by other measurements . Post-1960 changes ( edit ) The preamble to the Metre Convention read `` Desiring the international uniformity and precision in standards of weight and measure , have resolved to conclude a convention ... '' . Changing technology has led to an evolution of the definitions and standards that has followed two principal strands -- changes to SI itself and clarification of how to use units of measure that are not part of SI , but are still nevertheless used on a worldwide basis . Changes to the SI ( edit ) Since 1960 the CGPM has made a number of changes to SI . These include : The 13th CGPM ( 1967 ) renamed the `` degree Kelvin '' ( symbol ° K ) to the `` kelvin '' ( symbol K ) The 14th CGPM ( 1971 ) added the mole ( symbol mol ) to the list of base units . The 14th GCPM ( 1971 ) added the pascal ( symbol Pa ) for pressure and the siemens ( symbol S ) for electrical conductance to the list of named derived units . The 15th CGPM ( 1975 ) added the becquerel ( symbol Bq ) for `` activity referred to a radionuclide '' and the gray ( symbol Gy ) for ionizing radiation to the list of named derived units In order to distinguish between `` absorbed dose '' and `` dose equivalent '' , the 16th CGPM ( 1979 ) added the sievert ( symbol Sv ) to the list of named derived units as the unit of dose equivalent . The 16th CGPM ( 1979 ) clarified that in a break with convention either the letter `` L '' or the letter `` l '' may be used as a symbol for the litre , in order to avoid the risk of confusion between the lower - case letter and the number 1 . Sphygmomanometer -- the traditional device that measures blood pressure using mercury in a manometer . Pressures are recorded in `` millimetres of mercury '' -- a non-SI unit The 21st CGPM ( 1999 ) added the katal ( symbol kat ) for catalytic activity to the list of named derived units . In its original form ( 1960 ) , the SI defined prefixes for values ranging from pico - ( symbol p ) having a value of 10 to tera - ( symbol T ) having a value of 10 . The list was extended at the 12th CGPM ( 1964 ) , at the 15th CGPM ( 1975 ) and at the 19th CGPM ( 1991 ) to give the current range of prefixes . In addition , advantage was taken of developments in technology to redefine many of the base units enabling the use of higher precision techniques . Retention of non-SI units ( edit ) Although , in theory , SI can be used for any physical measurement , it is recognised that some non-SI units still appear in the scientific , technical and commercial literature , and will continue to be used for many years to come . In addition , certain other units are so deeply embedded in the history and culture of the human race that they will continue to be used for the foreseeable future . The CIPM has catalogued such units and included them in the SI Brochure so that they can be used consistently . The first such group comprises the units of time and of angles and certain legacy non-SI metric units . Most of mankind has used the day and its subdivisions as a basis of time with the result that the second , minute , hour and day , unlike the foot or the pound , were the same regardless of where it was being measured . The second has been catalogued as an SI unit , its multiples as units of measure that may be used alongside the SI . The measurement of angles has likewise had a long history of consistent use -- the radian , being 1 / 2π of a revolution , has mathematical niceties , but it is cumbersome for navigation , hence the retention of the degree , minute and second of arc . The tonne , litre and hectare were adopted by the CGPM in 1879 and have been retained as units that may be used alongside SI units , having been given unique symbols . Physicists often use units of measure that are based on natural phenomena such as the speed of light , the mass of a proton ( approximately one dalton ) , the charge of an electron and the like . These too have been catalogued in the SI Brochure with consistent symbols , but with the caveat that their physical values need to be measured . In the interests of standardising health - related units of measure used in the nuclear industry , the 12th CGPM ( 1964 ) accepted the continued use of the curie ( symbol Ci ) as a non-SI unit of activity for radionuclides ; the becquerel , sievert and gray were adopted in later years . Similarly , the millimetre of mercury ( symbol mmHg ) was retained for measuring blood pressure . Global adoption ( edit ) Top view of the 2 kg weight ( with a credit card to show the weight 's size ) Bottom view of the 2 kg showing the lead plug and assayer 's stamp . A commercial - quality hexagonal 2 kg weight with a lead plug and assayer 's mark and year of manufacture ( `` 79 '' representing `` 1979 '' ) that is similar to , but which predates OIML recommendation R52 . SI has become the world 's most widely used system of measurement , used in both everyday commerce and science . The change to SI had little effect on everyday life in countries that used the metric system -- the metre , kilogram , litre and second remained unchanged as did the way in which they were used -- most of the changes only affected measurements in the workplace . The CGPM has a role of recommending changes , but no formal role in the enforcement of such changes -- another inter-governmental organisation , the International Organization of Legal Metrology ( OIML ) provides a forum for harmonisation of national standards and legislation in respect of metrology . Both the degree and rate of adoption of SI varied from country to country -- countries that had not adopted the metric system by 1960 and subsequently adopted SI did so directly as part of their metrication programs while others migrated from the CGS system of units to SI . In 1960 , the world 's largest economy was that of the United States , followed by the Soviet Union ( although an accurate estimate of 1960 GDP for this country is not available ) , West Germany , France , Japan , China and India . The United States and the United Kingdom were non-metric , Soviet Union was metric , France and Germany had been using the metric system for about a century , and China had been using the metric system for 35 years , while India and Japan had adopted the metric system within the preceding five years . Other non-metric countries were those where the United Kingdom or the United States had considerable influence . These differences are brought out in the examples below : United Kingdom and the former British Empire ( edit ) See also : Metrication in the United Kingdom , Metrication in Australia , Metrication in New Zealand , and Metrication in Canada Even though the use of metric units was legalised for trade in the UK in 1864 , the UK had signed the Metre Convention in 1884 and the UK Parliament had defined the yard and the pound in terms of the metre and the kilogram in 1897 , the UK continued to use the imperial system of measure and to export the imperial system of units to the Empire . In 1932 , the system of Imperial Preference was set up at the Ottawa Conference . Although Ireland left the Commonwealth in 1948 and South Africa in 1961 , both continued their close economic ties with the Commonwealth . Metrication logo of the Board of Trade When the SI standard was published in 1960 , the only major Commonwealth country to have adopted the metric system was India . In 1863 , the first reading of a bill that would have made the metric system compulsory passed its first reading in the House of Commons by 110 votes to 75 . The bill , however , failed to make the statute book because of lack of parliamentary time . In 1965 , after this and similar false starts the then Federation of British Industry informed the British Government that its members favoured the adoption of the metric system . The rationale behind the request was that 80 % of British exports were to countries that used the metric system or that were considering changing to the metric system . The Board of Trade , on behalf of the Government , agreed to support a ten - year metrication programme . The government agreed to a voluntary policy requiring minimal legislation and costs to be borne where they fell . SI would be used from the outset . The rest of the Commonwealth , South Africa and Ireland followed within a few years ; in some countries such as South Africa and Australia metrication was mandatory rather than voluntary . By 1980 all apart from the United Kingdom , Canada and Ireland had effectively completed their programs . In the United Kingdom the breakdown of voluntary metrication in the mid-1970s coincided with the United Kingdom 's obligations as part of the EEC to adopt the metric system , resulting in legislation to force metrication in certain areas and the Eurosceptic movement adopting an anti-metrication stance and the United Kingdom seeking a number of derogations from the relevant EEC directives . Once the metrication of most consumer goods was completed in 2000 , aspects of British life , especially in government , commerce and industry used SI . Although imperial units are widely encountered in unregulated areas such as the press and everyday speech , SI or units approved for use alongside SI are used in most areas where units of measure are regulated . High - profile exceptions include the sale of draught beer , the sale of milk in returnable containers , and United Kingdom road signs . Irish road signs ( road distances and speeds ) were converted to metric units during the first decade of the 21st century ; otherwise , the situation in Ireland is similar to that in the United Kingdom . Canada has adopted it for most purposes , but imperial units are still legally permitted and remain in common use throughout a few sectors of Canadian society , particularly in the buildings , trades and railways sectors . European Union ( edit ) Main article : European units of measurement directives In 1960 , all the largest industrialised nations that had an established history of using the metric system were members of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) . In 1972 , in order to harmonise units of measure as part of a programme to facilitate trade between member states , the EEC issued directive 71 / 354 / EEC . This directive catalogued units of measure that could be used for `` economic , public health , public safety and administrative purposes '' and also provided instructions for a transition from the existing units of measure that were in use . The directive replicated the CGPM SI recommendations and in addition pre-empted some of the additions whose use had been recommended by the CIPM in 1969 , but had not been ratified by the CGPM . The directive also catalogued units of measure whose status would be reviewed by the end of 1977 ( mainly coherent CGS units of measure ) and also catalogued units of measure that were to be phased out by the end of 1977 , including the use of obsolete names for the sale of timber such as the stere , the use of units of force and pressure that made use of the acceleration due to gravity , the use of non-coherent units of power such as the Pferdestärke ( PS ) , the use of the calorie as a measure of energy and the stilb as a measure of luminance . The directive was silent in respect of units that were specific to one or two countries including the pond , pfund , livre ( Dutch , German and French synonyms for 500 g ) , thereby effectively prohibiting their use as well . When the directive was revisited during 1977 , some of the older units that were being reviewed ( such as millimetre of mercury for blood pressure ) were retained but others were phased out , thereby broadly aligning the allowable units with SI . The directive was however overhauled to accommodate British and Irish interests in retaining the imperial system in certain circumstances . It was reissued as directive 80 / 181 / EEC . During subsequent revisions , the directive has reflected changes in the definition of SI . The directive also formalised the use of supplementary units , which in 1979 were permitted for a period of ten years . The cut - off date for the use of supplementary units was extended a number of times and in 2009 was extended indefinitely . India ( edit ) Main article : Metrication in India Banana market stall in Kerala , India -- the trader is using hexagonal weights -- a shape that is consistent with metric weights , both in India and internationally India was one of the last countries to start a metrication programme before the advent of SI . When it became independent in 1947 , both imperial and native units of measure were in use . Its metrication programme started in 1956 with the passing of the Standards of Weights and Measures Act . Part of the act fixed the value of the seer ( a legacy unit of mass ) to 0.9331 kg exactly ; elsewhere the Act declared that from 1960 all non-metric units of measure were to be illegal . Four years after the Indian Government announced its metrication programme , SI was published . The result was that the initial metrication programme was a conversion to the CGS system of units and the subsequent adoption of SI has been haphazard . Originally the Indian Government had planned to replace all units of measure with metric units by 1960 . In 1976 a new Weights and Measures Act replaced the 1956 Act which , amongst other things , required that all weighing devices be approved before being released onto the market place . However , in 2012 , it was reported that traditional units were still encountered in small manufacturing establishments and in the marketplace alongside CGS , SI and imperial measures , particularly in the poorer areas . The use of the Indian numbering system of crores ( 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 ) and lakhs ( 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 ) , which do not map onto the SI system of prefixes , is widespread and is often found alongside or in place of the western numbering system . United States ( edit ) Main article : Metrication in the United States Logo of the American National Metrication Council , an organisation set up by American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) to coordinate the country 's transition to the metric system . Even though Congress set up a framework for the use of the metric system in the nineteenth century , the United States continues to use US customary units , based on English measure passed by parliament under the reign of Queen Anne in 1706 , for most purposes apart from science and medicine . In Puerto Rico , metric units are widely used due to its Spanish colonial history . On 10 February 1964 , the National Bureau of Standards ( now the National Institute of Standards and Technology ) issued a statement that it was to use SI except where this would have an obvious detrimental effect . In 1968 Congress authorised the U.S. Metric Study , the emphasis of which was to examine the feasibility of adopting SI . The first volume was delivered in 1970 . The study recommended that the United States adopt the International System of units , and in 1975 Congress passed the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 , which established a national policy of coordinating and planning for the increased use of the metric measurement system in the United States . Metrication was voluntary and to be coordinated by the United States Metric Board ( USMB ) . Efforts during the Ford and Carter administrations to force metrication were seized on by many newspaper editorialists as being dictatorial . Public response included resistance , apathy , and sometimes ridicule . The underlying reasons for this response include a relative uniformity of weights and measures ( though , notably , US liquid measure differed by about 20 % from British Imperial measure , which was adopted throughout the British Empire in 1824 ) inherited from the United Kingdom in 1776 , a homogeneous economy and the influence of business groups and populists in Congress caused the country to look at the short - term costs associated with the change - over , particularly those that would be borne by the consumer rather than long - term benefits of efficiency and international trade . The Metrication Board was disbanded under President Ronald Reagan 's direction in 1982 . The 1988 Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act removed international trade barriers and amended the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 , designating the metric system as `` the Preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce '' . The legislation stated that the federal government has a responsibility to assist industry , especially small business , as it voluntarily converts to the metric system of measurement . Exceptions were made for the highway and construction industries ; the Department of Transportation planned to require metric units by 2000 , but this plan was cancelled by the 1998 highway bill TEA21 . However , the US military uses the metric system widely , partly because of the need to work with armed services from other nations . Although overall responsibility for labelling requirements of consumer goods lies with Congress and is therefore covered by federal law , details of labelling requirements for certain commodities are controlled by state law or by other authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration , Environmental Protection Agency and Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau . The federal Fair Packaging and Labeling Act ( FPLA ) , originally passed in 1964 , was amended in 1992 to require consumer goods directly under its jurisdiction to be labelled in both customary and metric units . Some industries are engaged in efforts to amend this law to allow manufacturers to use only metric labelling . The National Conference on Weights and Measures has developed the Uniform Packaging and Labeling Regulations ( UPLR ) which provides a standard approach to those sections of packaging law that are under state control . Acceptance of the UPLR varies from state to state -- fourteen states accept it by merely citing it in their legislation . During the first decade of the 21st century , the EU directive 80 / 181 / EEC had required that dual unit labelling of goods sold within the EU cease by the end of 2009 . This was backed up by requests from other nations including Japan and New Zealand to permit metric - only labelling as an aid to trade with those countries . Opinion in the United States was split -- a bill to permit metric - only labelling at the federal level was to have been introduced in 2005 but significant opposition from the Food Marketing Institute , representing US grocers , has delayed the introduction of the bill . During a routine decennial review of the directive in 2008 , the EU postponed the sunset clause for dual units indefinitely . Meanwhile , in 1999 the UPLR was amended to permit metric - only labelling and automatically became law in those states that accept UPLR `` as is '' . By 1 January 2009 , 48 out of 50 states permit metric - only labelling , either through UPLR or through their own legislation . As of February 2013 the use of metric ( and therefore SI ) units in the United States does not follow any pattern . Dual - unit labelling on consumer goods is mandatory . Some consumer goods such as soft drinks are sold in metric quantities , but milk is sold in customary units . The engineering industry is equally split . The automotive industry is largely metric , but aircraft such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner were designed using customary units . Redefinition of units ( edit ) Dependencies of proposed SI unit definitions ( in colour ) and seven physical constants ( in grey ) with fixed numerical values . Unlike the current ( 2014 ) definition , the base units are derived from one or more constants of nature . Main article : Proposed redefinition of SI base units After the metre was redefined in 1960 , the kilogram remained the only SI base unit that relied on a specific physical artefact , the international prototype of the kilogram ( IPK ) , for its definition and thus the only unit that was still subject to periodic comparisons of national standard kilograms with the IPK . After the 1996 -- 1998 recalibration , a clear divergence between the various prototype kilograms was observed . At its 23rd meeting , held in 2007 , the CGPM recommended that the CIPM should continue to investigate methods to provide exact fixed values for physical constants of nature that could then be used in the definitions of units of measure in place of the IPK , thus enabling the transition from explicit unit definitions to explicit constant definitions . At a meeting of the CCU held in Reading , United Kingdom , in September 2010 , a resolution and draft changes to the SI Brochure that were to be presented to the next meeting of the CIPM in October 2010 were agreed to in principle . The proposals that the CCU put forward were : In addition to the speed of light , four constants of nature -- the Planck constant , an elementary charge , the Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro number -- be defined to have exact values . The International prototype kilogram be retired The current definitions of the kilogram , ampere , kelvin and mole be revised . The wording of the definitions of all the base units be both tightened up and changed to reflect the change in emphasis from explicit unit to explicit constant definitions . The CIPM meeting of October 2010 reviewed progress towards establishing fixed values for the constants but found that `` the conditions set by the General Conference at its 23rd meeting have not yet been fully met . For this reason the CIPM does not propose a revision of the SI at the present time '' . At the 24th CGPM meeting , held in October 2011 , the CIPM sponsored a resolution in which the requisite definition changes were agreed to in principle and in which the conditions required to be met before the redefinitions could be implemented were restated . By November 2014 the conditions set out at the 23rd meeting of the CGPM for the unit redefinitions had still not been met , and the 25th meeting of the CGPM , held in November 2014 , adopted a similar resolution encouraging further work towards establishing fixed values for the fundamental constants . The redefinitions are expected to be adopted at the 26th CGPM in the fall of 2018 . The CODATA task group on fundamental constants has announced special submission deadlines for data to compute the values that will be announced at this event . See also ( edit ) History of measurement List of international common standards List of scientific units named after people Metre -- tonne -- second system of units Names of large numbers Names of small numbers Order of magnitude Organisations Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements Standards and conventions Conventional electrical unit Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) Unified Code for Units of Measure Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The differences between `` weight '' and `` mass '' were only formally qualified in 1901 . Jump up ^ The 8th edition of the SI Brochure ( 2008 ) notes that ( at that time of publication ) the term `` mise en pratique '' had not been fully defined . Jump up ^ The text `` Des comparaisons périodiques des étalons nationaux avec les prototypes internationaux '' ( English : the periodic comparisons of national standards with the international prototypes ) in article 6.3 of the Metre Convention distinguishes between the words `` standard '' ( OED : `` The legal magnitude of a unit of measure or weight '' ) and `` prototype '' ( OED : `` an original on which something is modelled '' ) . Jump up ^ Pferd is German for `` horse '' and Stärke is German for `` strength '' or `` power '' . The Pferdestärke is the power needed to raise 75 kg against gravity at the rate of one metre per second . ( 1 PS = 0.985 HP ) . Jump up ^ These bodies include : International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) ( United States ) National Physical Laboratory ( NPL ) ( British ) International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) International Union of Pure and Applied Physics ( IUPAP ) International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) ( French : Commission internationale de l'éclairage ) Committee on Data for Science and Technology ( CODATA ) -- an interdisciplinary committee of the International Council for Science . International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements ( ICRU ) International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine ( IFCC ) International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) International Organization of Legal Metrology ( OIML ) ( French : Organisation Internationale de Métrologie Légale ) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology ( AIST ) ( Japan ) National Institute for Natural and Engineering Sciences ( PTB ) ( Germany ) ( German : Physikalisch - Technische Bundesanstalt ) Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology Jump up ^ This grouping and the reference to Tables 6 , 7 , 8 , and 9 reflects the 2014 revision of the 8th Edition of the SI Brochure ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ The CGPM have defined the metre in terms of the speed of light , so the speed of light has an exact value . Jump up ^ For example , the Académie française in the case of French or Council for German Orthography ( German : Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung ) in the case of German ^ Jump up to : Except where specifically noted , these rules are common to both the SI Brochure and the NIST brochure . Jump up ^ This term is a translation of the official ( French ) text of the SI Brochure . Jump up ^ The CGPM has defined the metre in terms of the speed of light , so the speed of light has an exact value . Jump up ^ These countries included the Commonwealth countries ( excluding India ) , Ireland , Burma , Liberia , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Nepal and Ethiopia . Jump up ^ Angular units : degree , minute and second , Units of time : day , minute . Jump up ^ The units that made use of the acceleration due to gravity in their definitions included the kilogram - force / kilopond , torr , technical atmosphere , manometric units of pressure such as metres of water and millimetres of mercury . Jump up ^ The millimetre of mercury for blood pressure is one catalogued in Table 8 of SI Brochure . Jump up ^ Use of the metric system was legalised in 1866 , the Metre Convention was signed in 1875 and in 1893 the Mendenhall Order defined the pound and the yard in terms of the kilogram and metre respectively . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Convocation of the General Conference on Weights and Measures ( 25th meeting ) '' ( PDF ) . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . p. 32 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook Appendix G '' . CIA . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . The US is the only industrialized nation that does not mainly use the metric system in its commercial and standards activities ^ Jump up to : `` Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842 '' ( Official units of measure in Europe 1842 ) ( in German ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 Text version of Malaisé 's book Jump up ^ Malaisé , Ferdinand ( 1842 ) . Theoretisch - practischer Unterricht im Rechnen ( Theoretical and practical instruction in arithmetic ) ( in German ) . München . pp. 307 -- 322 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The name `` kilogram '' `` . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Alder , Ken ( 2002 ) . The Measure of all Things -- The Seven - Year - Odyssey that Transformed the World . London : Abacus . ISBN 0 - 349 - 11507 - 9 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Terry ( 2012 ) . From artefacts to atoms : the BIPM and the search for ultimate measurement standards . Oxford University Press . p. xxvii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530786 - 3. he ( Wilkins ) proposed essentially what became ... the French decimal metric system Jump up ^ Wilkins , John ( 1668 ) . `` VII '' . An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language . The Royal Society . pp. 190 -- 194 . `` Reproduction ( 33 MB ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . ; `` Transcription '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mouton , Gabriel '' . Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography . encyclopedia.com. 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. ( January 2004 ) , `` Gabriel Mouton '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . ^ Jump up to : Tavernor , Robert ( 2007 ) . Smoot 's Ear : The Measure of Humanity . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12492 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brief history of the SI '' . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Tunbridge , Paul ( 1992 ) . Lord Kelvin , His Influence on Electrical Measurements and Units . Peter Pereginus Ltd . pp. 42 -- 46 . ISBN 0 - 86341 - 237 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Everett , ed. ( 1874 ) . `` First Report of the Committee for the Selection and Nomenclature of Dynamical and Electrical Units '' . Report on the Forty - third Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held at Bradford in September 1873 . British Association for the Advancement of Science : 222 -- 225 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . Special names , if short and suitable , would ... be better than the provisional designation ' C.G.S. unit of ... ' . ^ Jump up to : Page , Chester H. ; Vigoureux , Paul , eds. ( 1975 - 05 - 20 ) . The International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1875 -- 1975 : NBS Special Publication 420 . Washington , D.C. : National Bureau of Standards . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Maxwell , J.C. ( 1873 ) . A treatise on electricity and magnetism. 2 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 242 -- 245 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bigourdan , Guillaume ( 2012 ) ( 1901 ) . Le Système Métrique Des Poids Et Mesures : Son Établissement Et Sa Propagation Graduelle , Avec L'histoire Des Opérations Qui Ont Servi À Déterminer Le Mètre Et Le Kilogramme ( facsimile edition ) ( The Metric System of Weights and Measures : Its Establishment and its Successive Introduction , with the History of the Operations Used to Determine the Metre and the Kilogram ) ( in French ) . Ulan Press . p. 176 . ASIN B009JT8UZU . Jump up ^ Smeaton , William A. ( 2000 ) . `` The Foundation of the Metric System in France in the 1790s : The importance of Etienne Lenoir 's platinum measuring instruments '' . Platinum Metals Rev. Ely. 44 ( 3 ) : 125 -- 134 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The intensity of the Earth 's magnetic force reduced to absolute measurement '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ Nelson , Robert A. ( 1981 ) . `` Foundations of the international system of units ( SI ) '' ( PDF ) . Physics Teacher : 597 . Jump up ^ `` The Metre Convention '' . Bureau International des Poids et Mesures . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Convention du mètre / The Metre Convention '' ( PDF ) ( in French and English ) . CGPM. 1921 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Fenna , Donald ( 2002 ) . Weights , Measures and Units . Oxford University Press . International unit . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860522 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` In the beginning ... Giovanni Giorgi '' . International Electrotechnical Commission . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Die gesetzlichen Einheiten in Deutschland '' ( List of units of measure in Germany ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Physikalisch - Technische Bundesanstalt ( PTB ) . p. 6 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Porous materials : Permeability '' ( PDF ) . Module Descriptor , Material Science , Materials 3 . Materials Science and Engineering , Division of Engineering , The University of Edinburgh. 2001 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BIPM - Resolution 6 of the 9th CGPM '' . Bipm.org . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BIPM - Resolution 12 of the 11th CGPM '' . Bipm.org . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BIPM - Resolution 3 of the 14th CGPM '' . Bipm.org . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1.16 '' . International vocabulary of metrology -- Basic and general concepts and associated terms ( VIM ) ( PDF ) ( 3rd ed . ) . International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) : Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ S.V. Gupta , Units of Measurement : Past , Present and Future . International System of Units , p. 16 , Springer , 2009 . ISBN 3642007384 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Barry N. ; Thompson , Ambler ( 2008 ) . The International System of Units ( SI ) ( Special publication 330 ) ( PDF ) . Gaithersburg , MD : National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Ambler ; Taylor , Barry N. ( 2008 ) . Guide for the Use of the International System of Units ( SI ) ( Special publication 811 ) ( PDF ) . Gaithersburg , MD : National Institute of Standards and Technology . Jump up ^ `` Criteria for membership of the CCU '' . Bureau International des Poids et Mesures . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The International Vocabulary of Metrology ( VIM ) '' . Jump up ^ Quantities Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry , IUPAC Jump up ^ Page , Chester H. ; Vigoureux , Paul , eds. ( 1975 - 05 - 20 ) . The International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1875 -- 1975 : NBS Special Publication 420 . Washington , D.C. : National Bureau of Standards . pp. 238 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Secula , Erik M. ( 7 October 2014 ) . `` Redefining the Kilogram , The Past '' . Nist.gov . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , A.E.E. ( 1961 ) . Magnetism and Electricity . Cambridge University Press . p. 322 . Jump up ^ `` Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineers '' . Institution of Engineering and Technology . 1996 . pp. 8 -- 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Thomas ( 1997 ) . Cunningham , Peter , ed . The Basis of Measurement : Volume 2 -- Metrication and Current Practice . Pitcon Publishing ( Chippenham ) Ltd . pp. 222 -- 224 . ISBN 0 - 948251 - 84 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 7 of the 9th meeting of the CGPM ( 1948 ) : Writing and printing of unit symbols and of numbers '' . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Thompson , A. ; Taylor , B.N. ( 2010 - 10 - 05 ) . `` The NIST Guide for the use of the International System of Units '' . Appendix C. Comments on the References of Appendix D -- Bibliography . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ISO 80000 - 1 : 2009 ( en ) Quantities and Units -- Past 1 : General '' . International Organization for Standardization. 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rowlett , Russ ( 2004 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Using Abbreviations or Symbols '' . University of North Carolina . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SI Conventions '' . National Physical Laboratory . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wörterbuch Englisch Dictionary German . Limassol : Eurobuch / Eurobooks. 1988 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interpretation of the International System of Units ( the Metric System of Measurement ) for the United States '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . National Archives and Records Administration . 73 ( 96 ) : 28432 -- 28433 . 2008 - 05 - 09 . FR Doc number E8 - 11058 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Metric Association FAQ : Frequently Asked Questions about the metric system '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Frysinger , James R. ; Yin , Pin ; Jih , Justin ; Jih , Yeeming ( 2010 ) . `` SI Unit and Prefix Names in Chinese '' . Metric Methods . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Victor Mair , `` Polysyllabic characters in Chinese writing '' , Language Log , 2011 - 08 - 02 Jump up ^ Thompson , A. ; Taylor , B.N. ( July 2008 ) . `` NIST Guide to SI Units -- Rules and Style Conventions '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Amelia A. ( March -- April 2008 ) . `` Period or Comma ? Decimal Styles over Time and Place '' ( PDF ) . Science Editor . Council of Science Editors. 31 ( 2 ) : 42 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 3300 CJK Compatibility 33FF '' ( PDF ) . Unicode.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2100 Letterlike Symbols 214F '' ( PDF ) . Unicode.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . < Jump up ^ `` Avogadro Project '' . National Physical Laboratory . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` What is a mise en pratique ? '' . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Recommendations of the Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities to the International Committee for Weights and Measures '' ( PDF ) . 12th Meeting of the CCM . Sèvres : Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 2010 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Recommendations of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance -- Metrology in Chemistry to the International Committee for Weights and Measures '' ( PDF ) . 16th Meeting of the CCQM . Sèvres : Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 15 -- 16 April 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Recommendations of the Consultative Committee for Thermometry to the International Committee for Weights and Measures '' ( PDF ) . 25th Meeting of the CCT . Sèvres : Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 6 -- 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ pg. 221 -- McGreevy Jump up ^ For instance , tyre sizes on motor vehicles and bicycles tend to have the wheel diameter in inches , and the remaining dimensions in metric . ^ Jump up to : `` International Recommendation R 52 -- Hexagonal weights -- Metrological and technical requirements '' ( PDF ) . International Organization of Legal Metrology. 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Official BIPM definitions '' . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Essentials of the SI : Introduction '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` White Paper on Metrication ( 1972 ) -- Summary and Conclusions '' ( PDF ) . London : Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate . para 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Dutta , M. ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Optimum Currency Areas : U.S. Dollar , Euro and Asian Money '' ( PDF ) . Rutgers University . Table 3.1 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Page , Chester H. ; Vigoureux , Paul , eds. ( 1975 - 05 - 20 ) . The International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1875 -- 1975 : NBS Special Publication 420 . Washington , D.C. : National Bureau of Standards . p. 244 . Jump up ^ `` White Paper on Metrication ( 1972 ) -- Summary and Conclusions '' ( PDF ) . London : Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate . para 19 . Jump up ^ Cinchon , Deborah ( 1996 ) . `` APPENDIX B -- Guyana and Belize : The Commonwealth of Nations '' . Country studies . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fram , Nicholas ( 2006 - 05 - 17 ) . Decolonization , the Commonwealth , and British Trade , 1945 -- 2004 ( PDF ) ( BA ( Hons ) thesis ) . Stanford University . Jump up ^ `` White Paper on Metrication ( 1972 ) -- Summary and Conclusions '' ( PDF ) . London : Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate . para 42 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa Metrication '' . South African Government . 1977 - 09 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Final Annual Report ( 1980 -- 1981 ) of the ( Australian ) Metric Conversion Board ( MCB ) '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final Report of the Metrication Board ( 1980 ) '' ( PDF ) . London : Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate . Jump up ^ `` Roads go metric across country today '' . RTÉ News . 2005 - 01 - 20 . p. 9 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` National Plan to Improve Literacy and Numeracy in Schools : Submission to the Department of Education and Skills '' ( PDF ) . Irish Business and Employers Confederation . February 2011 . p. 9 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Other specific numeracy requirements include ... awareness of the different measures and the ability to convert them . Despite all the moves towards metrication , imperial and metric measures remain in use . Jump up ^ `` Weights and Measures Act '' . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Weights and Measures Act , Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 , Act current to 2012 - 09 - 18 . `` Canadian units ( 5 ) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II , and the symbols and abbreviations therefor are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6 ( 1 ) ( b ) ( ii ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Council Directive 71 / 354 / EEC : On the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement '' . The Council of the European Communities. 1971 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Council of the European Communities ( 1979 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Council Directive 80 / 181 / EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71 / 354 / EEC '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ The Council of the European Communities ( 2009 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Council Directive 80 / 181 / EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71 / 354 / EEC '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gupta , S.V. ( 2004 ) . `` Verification of commercial weights '' ( PDF ) . Paris : International Organisation of Legal Metrology : 6 . Expert Report -- OIML E 3 ( 2004 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mandavilli , Sujay Rao . `` Metrication in India '' . Metric usage and metrication in other countries . US Metric Association . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Subramaniam , K. ; Bose , Arindam ( 2012 - 07 - 14 ) . Measurement Units and Modes : The Indian Context ( PDF ) . 12th International Congress on Mathematical Education ( PDF ) . pp. 1973 -- 1983 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Style Sheet '' . Mumbai : Economic and Political Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Barbrow , Louis E. ; Judson , Lewis V. ( March 1976 ) ( First published October 1963 ) . `` Weights and Measures Standards of the United States -- A brief history , Special Publication 447 '' . National Bureau of Standards . pp. 10 -- 20 . LCCN 76 - 600055 . Archived from the original on 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix G : Weights and Measures '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Loidi , Juan Navarro ; Saenz , Pilar Merino ( 6 -- 9 September 2006 ) . `` The units of length in the Spanish treatises of military engineering '' ( PDF ) . The Global and the Local : The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe . Proceedings of the 2nd ICESHS . Cracow , Poland : The Press of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The United States and the Metric System '' ( PDF ) . Office of Weights and Measures / Metric Program . October 1997 . NIST LC1136 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Simone , Daniel V. ( December 1970 ) . U.S. Metric Study Report -- International Standards . National Bureau of Standards . Special Publication 345 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rowlett , Russ ( 2000 - 08 - 08 ) . `` The Metric System in the United States '' . How Many ? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 21 . Henceforth it shall be the policy of the National Bureau of Standards to use the units of the International System ( SI ) , as adopted by the 11th General Conference of Weights and Measures ( October 1960 ) , except when the use of these units would obviously impair communication or reduce the usefulness of a report . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald R. ( 1975 - 12 - 23 ) . Wooley , John ; Peters , Gerhard , eds . `` Statement on Signing the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Metric System in the U.S. '' . Event - Based Science Project . 2003 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Brockenbrough , Martha . `` Whatever Happened to the Metric System ? '' . MSN Encarta column . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cass , Ronald A. ( Winter 1991 ) . `` Velvet Fist in an Iron Glove : The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 '' ( PDF ) . Regulation . Washington DC : Cato Institute : 50 -- 56 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` DYKT : Did You Know That '' . Lamar.colostate.edu. 2008 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Guide for Identification and Development of Metric Standards '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense Acquisition , Technology & Logistics . December 2003 : 3 . SD - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Gentry , Elizabeth J. `` Voluntary Metric Labeling '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . pp. 3 -- 6 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Forum on Permissible Metric - Only Labeling '' . NIST. 2006 - 10 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Frysinger , James R. ( 2010 ) . `` The Uniform Packaging and Labeling Regulation ( UPLR ) '' . Metric Methods . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Greenslade , Joe ( August 2012 ) . `` Why Specify ISO Standards For Metric Fasteners ? '' . American Fastener Journal . Scotsdale , Arizona : 48 -- 55 . ISSN 1064 - 3834 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . The decision by General Motors , FORD , and Chrysler to adopt the metric system of measurement in design impacted all industrialized countries in the world . The car manufacturers wanted to be able to source products anywhere in the world and have the components be compatible regardless of where the parts were made , purchased or assembled . Jump up ^ Reisman , Lisa ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Not So Fast , Comac : C919 is DOA , But Boeing and Airbus Duopoly Dead Anyway '' . MetalMiner . Azul Partners . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Redefining the kilogram '' . UK National Physical Laboratory . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Newell , David B. `` A more fundamental International System of Units '' ( PDF ) . Physics Today . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mills , Ian ( September -- October 2011 ) . `` Part II -- Explicit - Constant Definitions for the Kilogram and for the Mole '' . Chemistry International . 33 ( 5 ) : 12 -- 15 . ISSN 0193 - 6484 . Jump up ^ Mills , Ian ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) . `` On the possible future revision of the International System of Units , the SI '' ( PDF ) . CCU . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mills , Ian ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Draft Chapter 2 for SI Brochure , following redefinitions of the base units '' ( PDF ) . CCU . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Towards the `` new SI '' `` . International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Resolution 1 -- On the possible future revision of the International System of Units , the SI ( PDF ) . 24th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures . Sèvres , France . 17 -- 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Resolution 1 of the 25th CGPM ( 2014 ) . 25th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures . Sèvres , France . 18 -- 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wood , B. ( 3 -- 4 November 2014 ) . `` Report on the Meeting of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants '' ( PDF ) . BIPM . p. 7 . ( BIPM director Martin ) Milton responded to a question about what would happen if ... the CIPM or the CGPM voted not to move forward with the redefinition of the SI . He responded that he felt that by that time the decision to move forward should be seen as a foregone conclusion . Jump up ^ Mohr , Peter J. ; Newell , David B. ; Taylor , Barry N. ( 2015 ) . `` CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants : 2014 -- Summary '' . Zenodo . doi : 10.5281 / zenodo. 22827 ( inactive 2017 - 06 - 08 ) . Because of the good progress made in both experiment and theory since the 31 December 2010 closing date of the 2010 CODATA adjustment , the uncertainties of the 2014 recommended values of h , e , k and N are already at the level required for the adoption of the revised SI by the 26th CGPM in the fall of 2018 . The formal road map to redefinition includes a special CODATA adjustment of the fundamental constants with a closing date for new data of 1 July 2017 in order to determine the exact numerical values of h , e , k and N that will be used to define the New SI . A second CODATA adjustment with a closing date of 1 July 2018 will be carried out so that a complete set of recommended values consistent with the New SI will be available when it is formally adopted by the 26th CGPM . Further reading ( edit ) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 1993 ) . Quantities , Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry , 2nd edition , Oxford : Blackwell Science . ISBN 0 - 632 - 03583 - 8 . Electronic version . Unit Systems in Electromagnetism MW Keller et al. Metrology Triangle Using a Watt Balance , a Calculable Capacitor , and a Single - Electron Tunneling Device `` The Current SI Seen From the Perspective of the Proposed New SI '' . Barry N. Taylor . Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology , Vol. 116 , No. 6 , Pgs. 797 -- 807 , Nov -- Dec 2011 . B.N. Taylor , Ambler Thompson , International System of Units ( SI ) , National Institute of Standards and Technology 2008 edition , ISBN 1437915582 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to International System of Units . Official BIPM Bureau International des Poids et Mesures ( SI maintenance agency ) ( home page ) BIPM brochure ( SI reference ) ISO 80000 - 1 : 2009 Quantities and units -- Part 1 : General NIST Official Publications NIST Special Publication 330 , 2008 Edition : The International System of Units ( SI ) NIST Special Publication 811 , 2008 Edition : Guide for the Use of the International System of Units NIST Special Pub 814 : Interpretation of the SI for the United States and Federal Government Metric Conversion Policy Rules for SAE Use of SI ( Metric ) Units International System of Units at DMOZ EngNet Metric Conversion Chart Online Categorised Metric Conversion Calculator U.S. Metric Association . 2008 . A Practical Guide to the International System of Units History LaTeX SIunits package manual gives a historical background to the SI system . Research The metrological triangle Recommendation of ICWM 1 ( CI - 2005 ) Pro-metric advocacy groups The UK Metric Association The US Metric Association Pro-customary measures pressure groups Pro-customary measures groups at DMOZ SI units Authority : International System of Units ( BIPM ) Base units ampere candela kelvin kilogram metre mole second Derived units with special names becquerel coulomb degree Celsius farad gray henry hertz joule katal lumen lux newton ohm pascal radian siemens sievert steradian tesla volt watt weber Other accepted units astronomical unit bar dalton day decibel degree of arc electronvolt hectare hour litre minute minute of arc neper second of arc tonne atomic units natural units See also Conversion of units Metric prefixes Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Systems of measurement Current General International System of Units ( SI ) UK imperial system US customary units Myanmar Indian Specific Apothecaries ' Avoirdupois Troy Astronomical Electrical Temperature Natural atomic geometrised Gaussian Lorentz -- Heaviside Planck quantum chromodynamical Stoney Background Metric Overview Introduction Outline History Metrication UK / US Overview Comparison Foot -- pound -- second ( FPS ) Historic Metric metre -- kilogram -- second ( MKS ) metre -- tonne -- second ( MTS ) centimetre -- gram -- second ( CGS ) gravitational quadrant -- eleventh - gram -- second ( QES ) ( hebdometre -- undecimogramme -- second ( HUS ) ) Europe Byzantine Cornish Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French ( Trad . Mesures usuelles ) German Greek Hungary Icelandic Irish Scottish Italian Latvia Luxembourgian Maltese Norwegian Ottoman Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Spanish Swedish Switzerland Welsh Winchester measure Asia Afghan Cambodian Chinese Hindu Hong Kong India Indonesian Japanese Korean Mongolian Omani Philippine Pegu Singaporean Sri Lankan Syrian Taiwanese Tatar Thai Vietnamese Africa Algerian Ethiopian Egyptian Eritrean Guinean Libyan Malagasy Mauritian Moroccan Seychellois Somalian South African Tunisian Tanzanian North America Costa Rican Cuban Haitian Honduran Mexico Nicaraguan Puerto Rican South America Argentine Brazilian Chilean Colombian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan Ancient Arabic Biblical and Talmudic Egyptian Greek Hindu Indian Mesopotamian Persian Roman List articles Humorous ( FFF system ) Obsolete Unusual Other N - body Modulor GND : 4077436 - 3 NDL : 00566445 Physics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_System_of_Units&oldid=807177022 '' Categories : International System of Units Systems of units International standards Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Use dmy dates from May 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Аҧсшәа Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 11 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the standard unit of length in the si system | [
"\nSI base units[33]:23[37][38]\n\nUnit\nname\nUnit\nsymbol\nQuantity\nname\nDefinition (incomplete)[n 1]\nDimension\nsymbol\n\n\nmetre\nm\nlength\n\n\nOriginal (1793): 1/7007100000000000000♠10000000 of the meridian through Paris between the North Pole and the Equator.FG\nInterim (1960): 7006165076373000000♠1650763.73 wavelengths in a vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the 2p10 and 5d5 quantum levels of the krypton-86 atom.\nCurrent (1983): The distance travelled by light in a vacuum in 1/7008299792458000000♠299792458 second.\n\n\nL\n\n\nkilogram[n 2]\nkg\nmass\n\n\nOriginal (1793): The grave was defined as being the weight [mass] of one cubic decimetre of pure water at its freezing point.FG\nCurrent (1889): The mass of the International Prototype Kilogram (Le Grand K).[39]\n\n\nM\n\n\nsecond\ns\ntime\n\n\nOriginal (Medieval): 1/7004864000000000000♠86400 of a day.\nInterim (1956): 1/7007315569259747000♠31556925.9747 of the tropical year for 1900 January 0 at 12 hours ephemeris time.\nCurrent (1967): The duration of 7009919263177000000♠9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.\n\n\nT\n\n\nampere\nA\nelectric current\n\n\nOriginal (1881): A tenth of the electromagnetic CGS unit of current. The [CGS] electromagnetic unit of current is that current, flowing in an arc 1 cm long of a circle 1 cm in radius, that creates a field of one oersted at the centre.[40] IEC\nCurrent (1946): The constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 6993200000000000000♠2×10−7 newtons per metre of length.\n\n\nI\n\n\nkelvin\nK\nthermodynamic temperature\n\n\nOriginal (1743): The centigrade scale is obtained by assigning 0 °C to the freezing point of water and 100 °C to the boiling point of water.\nInterim (1954): The triple point of water (0.01 °C) defined to be exactly 273.16 K.[n 3]\nCurrent (1967): 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water\n\n\nΘ\n\n\nmole\nmol\namount of substance\n\n\nOriginal (1900): The molecular weight of a substance in mass grams.ICAW\nCurrent (1967): The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12.[n 4]\n\n\nN\n\n\ncandela\ncd\nluminous intensity\n\n\nOriginal (1946): The value of the new candle is such that the brightness of the full radiator at the temperature of solidification of platinum is 60 new candles per square centimetre.\nCurrent (1979): The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 7014540000000000000♠5.4×1014 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.\n\n\nJ\n\n\n\n\nNote\n\n\n\n\nJump up ^ Interim definitions are given here only when there has been a significant difference in the definition.\nJump up ^ Despite the prefix \"kilo-\", the kilogram is the base unit of mass. The kilogram, not the gram, is used in the definitions of derived units. Nonetheless, units of mass are named as if the gram were the base unit.\nJump up ^ In 1954 the unit of thermodynamic temperature was known as the \"degree Kelvin\" (symbol °K; \"Kelvin\" spelt with an upper-case \"K\"). It was renamed the \"kelvin\" (symbol \"K\"; \"kelvin\" spelt with a lower case \"k\") in 1967.\nJump up ^ When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.\n\n\n\nThe original definitions of the various base units in the above table were made by the following authorities:\n\n\n\nFG = French Government\nIEC = International Electrotechnical Commission\nICAW = International Committee on Atomic Weights\n\n\n\nAll other definitions result from resolutions by either CGPM or the CIPM and are catalogued in the SI Brochure.\n\n\n"
] | [
"metre"
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2741670479894729458 | Image segmentation | Image segmentation - wikipedia Image segmentation Jump to : navigation , search Model of a segmented femur . It shows the outer surface ( red ) , the surface between compact bone and spongy bone ( green ) and the surface of the bone marrow ( blue ) . In computer vision , image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments ( sets of pixels , also known as super-pixels ) . The goal of segmentation is to simplify and / or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze . Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries ( lines , curves , etc . ) in images . More precisely , image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain characteristics . The result of image segmentation is a set of segments that collectively cover the entire image , or a set of contours extracted from the image ( see edge detection ) . Each of the pixels in a region are similar with respect to some characteristic or computed property , such as color , intensity , or texture . Adjacent regions are significantly different with respect to the same characteristic ( s ) . When applied to a stack of images , typical in medical imaging , the resulting contours after image segmentation can be used to create 3D reconstructions with the help of interpolation algorithms like Marching cubes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 2 Thresholding 3 Clustering methods 4 Compression - based methods 5 Histogram - based methods 6 Edge detection 7 Dual clustering method 8 Region - growing methods 9 Partial differential equation - based methods 9.1 Parametric methods 9.2 Level set methods 9.3 Fast marching methods 10 Variational methods 11 Graph partitioning methods 11.1 Markov random fields 11.1. 1 Supervised image segmentation using MRF and MAP 11.1. 2 Optimization algorithms 11.1. 2.1 Iterated conditional modes / gradient descent 11.1. 2.2 Simulated annealing ( SA ) 11.1. 2.3 Alternative algorithms 11.1. 3 Unsupervised image segmentation using MRF and expectation maximization 11.1. 4 Disadvantages of MAP and EM based image segmentation 11.1. 5 Implementations of MRF - based image segmentation 12 Watershed transformation 13 Model based segmentation 14 Multi-scale segmentation 14.1 One - dimensional hierarchical signal segmentation 14.2 Image segmentation and primal sketch 15 Semi-automatic segmentation 16 Trainable segmentation 17 Other methods 18 Segmentation benchmarking 19 See also 20 Notes 21 References 22 External links Applications ( edit ) Volume segmentation of a 3D - rendered CT scan of the thorax : The anterior thoracic wall , the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize thoracic contents : - blue : pulmonary arteries - red : pulmonary veins ( and also the abdominal wall ) - yellow : the mediastinum - violet : the diaphragm Some of the practical applications of image segmentation are : Content - based image retrieval Machine vision Medical imaging , including volume rendered images from computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging . Locate tumors and other pathologies Measure tissue volumes Diagnosis , study of anatomical structure Surgery planning Virtual surgery simulation Intra-surgery navigation Object detection Pedestrian detection Face detection Brake light detection Locate objects in satellite images ( roads , forests , crops , etc . ) Recognition Tasks Face recognition Fingerprint recognition Iris recognition Traffic control systems Video surveillance Several general - purpose algorithms and techniques have been developed for image segmentation . To be useful , these techniques must typically be combined with a domain 's specific knowledge in order to effectively solve the domain 's segmentation problems . Thresholding ( edit ) The simplest method of image segmentation is called the thresholding method . This method is based on a clip - level ( or a threshold value ) to turn a gray - scale image into a binary image . There is also a balanced histogram thresholding . The key of this method is to select the threshold value ( or values when multiple - levels are selected ) . Several popular methods are used in industry including the maximum entropy method , Otsu 's method ( maximum variance ) , and k - means clustering . Recently , methods have been developed for thresholding computed tomography ( CT ) images . The key idea is that , unlike Otsu 's method , the thresholds are derived from the radiographs instead of the ( reconstructed ) image . New methods suggested the usage of multi-dimensional fuzzy rule - based non-linear thresholds . In these works decision over each pixel 's membership to a segment is based on multi-dimensional rules derived from fuzzy logic and evolutionary algorithms based on image lighting environment and application . Clustering methods ( edit ) Main article : Data clustering Source image . Image after running k - means with k = 16 . Note that a common technique to improve performance for large images is to downsample the image , compute the clusters , and then reassign the values to the larger image if necessary . The K - means algorithm is an iterative technique that is used to partition an image into K clusters . The basic algorithm is Pick K cluster centers , either randomly or based on some heuristic method , for example K - means++ Assign each pixel in the image to the cluster that minimizes the distance between the pixel and the cluster center Re-compute the cluster centers by averaging all of the pixels in the cluster Repeat steps 2 and 3 until convergence is attained ( i.e. no pixels change clusters ) In this case , distance is the squared or absolute difference between a pixel and a cluster center . The difference is typically based on pixel color , intensity , texture , and location , or a weighted combination of these factors . K can be selected manually , randomly , or by a heuristic . This algorithm is guaranteed to converge , but it may not return the optimal solution . The quality of the solution depends on the initial set of clusters and the value of K . Compression - based methods ( edit ) Compression based methods postulate that the optimal segmentation is the one that minimizes , over all possible segmentations , the coding length of the data . The connection between these two concepts is that segmentation tries to find patterns in an image and any regularity in the image can be used to compress it . The method describes each segment by its texture and boundary shape . Each of these components is modeled by a probability distribution function and its coding length is computed as follows : The boundary encoding leverages the fact that regions in natural images tend to have a smooth contour . This prior is used by Huffman coding to encode the difference chain code of the contours in an image . Thus , the smoother a boundary is , the shorter coding length it attains . Texture is encoded by lossy compression in a way similar to minimum description length ( MDL ) principle , but here the length of the data given the model is approximated by the number of samples times the entropy of the model . The texture in each region is modeled by a multivariate normal distribution whose entropy has a closed form expression . An interesting property of this model is that the estimated entropy bounds the true entropy of the data from above . This is because among all distributions with a given mean and covariance , normal distribution has the largest entropy . Thus , the true coding length can not be more than what the algorithm tries to minimize . For any given segmentation of an image , this scheme yields the number of bits required to encode that image based on the given segmentation . Thus , among all possible segmentations of an image , the goal is to find the segmentation which produces the shortest coding length . This can be achieved by a simple agglomerative clustering method . The distortion in the lossy compression determines the coarseness of the segmentation and its optimal value may differ for each image . This parameter can be estimated heuristically from the contrast of textures in an image . For example , when the textures in an image are similar , such as in camouflage images , stronger sensitivity and thus lower quantization is required . Histogram - based methods ( edit ) Histogram - based methods are very efficient compared to other image segmentation methods because they typically require only one pass through the pixels . In this technique , a histogram is computed from all of the pixels in the image , and the peaks and valleys in the histogram are used to locate the clusters in the image . Color or intensity can be used as the measure . A refinement of this technique is to recursively apply the histogram - seeking method to clusters in the image in order to divide them into smaller clusters . This operation is repeated with smaller and smaller clusters until no more clusters are formed . One disadvantage of the histogram - seeking method is that it may be difficult to identify significant peaks and valleys in the image . Histogram - based approaches can also be quickly adapted to apply to multiple frames , while maintaining their single pass efficiency . The histogram can be done in multiple fashions when multiple frames are considered . The same approach that is taken with one frame can be applied to multiple , and after the results are merged , peaks and valleys that were previously difficult to identify are more likely to be distinguishable . The histogram can also be applied on a per - pixel basis where the resulting information is used to determine the most frequent color for the pixel location . This approach segments based on active objects and a static environment , resulting in a different type of segmentation useful in video tracking . Edge detection ( edit ) Edge detection is a well - developed field on its own within image processing . Region boundaries and edges are closely related , since there is often a sharp adjustment in intensity at the region boundaries . Edge detection techniques have therefore been used as the base of another segmentation technique . The edges identified by edge detection are often disconnected . To segment an object from an image however , one needs closed region boundaries . The desired edges are the boundaries between such objects or spatial - taxons . Spatial - taxons are information granules , consisting of a crisp pixel region , stationed at abstraction levels within a hierarchical nested scene architecture . They are similar to the Gestalt psychological designation of figure - ground , but are extended to include foreground , object groups , objects and salient object parts . Edge detection methods can be applied to the spatial - taxon region , in the same manner they would be applied to a silhouette . This method is particularly useful when the disconnected edge is part of an illusory contour Segmentation methods can also be applied to edges obtained from edge detectors . Lindeberg and Li developed an integrated method that segments edges into straight and curved edge segments for parts - based object recognition , based on a minimum description length ( M ) criterion that was optimized by a split - and - merge - like method with candidate breakpoints obtained from complementary junction cues to obtain more likely points at which to consider partitions into different segments . Dual clustering method ( edit ) This method is a combination of three characteristics of the image : partition of the image based on histogram analysis is checked by high compactness of the clusters ( objects ) , and high gradients of their borders . For that purpose two spaces has to be introduced : one space is the one - dimensional histogram of brightness H = H ( B ) , the second space -- the dual 3 - dimensional space of the original image itself B = B ( x , y ) . The first space allows to measure how compact is distributed the brightness of the image by calculating minimal clustering kmin . Threshold brightness T corresponding to kmin defines the binary ( black - and - white ) image -- bitmap b = φ ( x , y ) , where φ ( x , y ) = 0 , if B ( x , y ) < T , and φ ( x , y ) = 1 , if B ( x , y ) ≥ T . The bitmap b is an object in dual space . On that bitmap a measure has to be defined reflecting how compact distributed black ( or white ) pixels are . So , the goal is to find objects with good borders . For all T the measure M = G / ( k × L ) has to be calculated ( where k is difference in brightness between the object and the background , L is length of all borders , and G is mean gradient on the borders ) . Maximum of MDC defines the segmentation . Region - growing methods ( edit ) Region - growing methods rely mainly on the assumption that the neighboring pixels within one region have similar values . The common procedure is to compare one pixel with its neighbors . If a similarity criterion is satisfied , the pixel can be set to belong to the cluster as one or more of its neighbors . The selection of the similarity criterion is significant and the results are influenced by noise in all instances . The method of Statistical Region Merging ( SRM ) starts by building the graph of pixels using 4 - connectedness with edges weighted by the absolute value of the intensity difference . Initially each pixel forms a single pixel region . SRM then sorts those edges in a priority queue and decide whether or not to merge the current regions belonging to the edge pixels using a statistical predicate . One region - growing method is the seeded region growing method . This method takes a set of seeds as input along with the image . The seeds mark each of the objects to be segmented . The regions are iteratively grown by comparison of all unallocated neighboring pixels to the regions . The difference between a pixel 's intensity value and the region 's mean , δ ( \ displaystyle \ delta ) , is used as a measure of similarity . The pixel with the smallest difference measured in this way is assigned to the respective region . This process continues until all pixels are assigned to a region . Because seeded region growing requires seeds as additional input , the segmentation results are dependent on the choice of seeds , and noise in the image can cause the seeds to be poorly placed . Another region - growing method is the unseeded region growing method . It is a modified algorithm that does not require explicit seeds . It starts with a single region A 1 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 1 ) ) -- the pixel chosen here does not markedly influence the final segmentation . At each iteration it considers the neighboring pixels in the same way as seeded region growing . It differs from seeded region growing in that if the minimum δ ( \ displaystyle \ delta ) is less than a predefined threshold T ( \ displaystyle T ) then it is added to the respective region A j ( \ displaystyle A_ ( j ) ) . If not , then the pixel is considered different from all current regions A i ( \ displaystyle A_ ( i ) ) and a new region A n + 1 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( n + 1 ) ) is created with this pixel . One variant of this technique , proposed by Haralick and Shapiro ( 1985 ) , is based on pixel intensities . The mean and scatter of the region and the intensity of the candidate pixel are used to compute a test statistic . If the test statistic is sufficiently small , the pixel is added to the region , and the region 's mean and scatter are recomputed . Otherwise , the pixel is rejected , and is used to form a new region . A special region - growing method is called λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) - connected segmentation ( see also lambda - connectedness ) . It is based on pixel intensities and neighborhood - linking paths . A degree of connectivity ( connectedness ) is calculated based on a path that is formed by pixels . For a certain value of λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) , two pixels are called λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) - connected if there is a path linking those two pixels and the connectedness of this path is at least λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) . λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) - connectedness is an equivalence relation . Split - and - merge segmentation is based on a quadtree partition of an image . It is sometimes called quadtree segmentation . This method starts at the root of the tree that represents the whole image . If it is found non-uniform ( not homogeneous ) , then it is split into four child squares ( the splitting process ) , and so on . If , in contrast , four child squares are homogeneous , they are merged as several connected components ( the merging process ) . The node in the tree is a segmented node . This process continues recursively until no further splits or merges are possible . When a special data structure is involved in the implementation of the algorithm of the method , its time complexity can reach O ( n log n ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n \ log n ) ) , an optimal algorithm of the method . Partial differential equation - based methods ( edit ) Using a partial differential equation ( PDE ) - based method and solving the PDE equation by a numerical scheme , one can segment the image . Curve propagation is a popular technique in this category , with numerous applications to object extraction , object tracking , stereo reconstruction , etc . The central idea is to evolve an initial curve towards the lowest potential of a cost function , where its definition reflects the task to be addressed . As for most inverse problems , the minimization of the cost functional is non-trivial and imposes certain smoothness constraints on the solution , which in the present case can be expressed as geometrical constraints on the evolving curve . Parametric methods ( edit ) Lagrangian techniques are based on parameterizing the contour according to some sampling strategy and then evolve each element according to image and internal terms . Such techniques are fast and efficient , however the original `` purely parametric '' formulation ( due to Kass , Witkin and Terzopoulos in 1987 and known as `` snakes '' ) , is generally criticized for its limitations regarding the choice of sampling strategy , the internal geometric properties of the curve , topology changes ( curve splitting and merging ) , addressing problems in higher dimensions , etc ... Nowadays , efficient `` discretized '' formulations have been developed to address these limitations while maintaining high efficiency . In both cases , energy minimization is generally conducted using a steepest - gradient descent , whereby derivatives are computed using , e.g. , finite differences . Level set methods ( edit ) The level set method was initially proposed to track moving interfaces by Osher and Sethian in 1988 and has spread across various imaging domains in the late 90s . It can be used to efficiently address the problem of curve / surface / etc . propagation in an implicit manner . The central idea is to represent the evolving contour using a signed function whose zero corresponds to the actual contour . Then , according to the motion equation of the contour , one can easily derive a similar flow for the implicit surface that when applied to the zero level will reflect the propagation of the contour . The level set method affords numerous advantages : it is implicit , is parameter - free , provides a direct way to estimate the geometric properties of the evolving structure , allows for change of topology , and is intrinsic . It can be used to define an optimization framework , as proposed by Zhao , Merriman and Osher in 1996 . One can conclude that it is a very convenient framework for addressing numerous applications of computer vision and medical image analysis . Research into various level set data structures has led to very efficient implementations of this method . Fast marching methods ( edit ) The fast marching method has been used in image segmentation , and this model has been improved ( permitting a both positive and negative speed propagation speed ) in an approach called the generalized fast marching method . Variational methods ( edit ) The goal of variational methods is to find a segmentation which is optimal with respect to a specific energy functional . The functionals consist of a data fitting term and a regularizing terms . A classical representative is the Potts model defined for an image f ( \ displaystyle f ) by argmin u γ ∥ ∇ u ∥ 0 + ∫ ( u − f ) 2 d x . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( argmin ) _ ( u ) \ gamma \ \ nabla u \ _ ( 0 ) + \ int ( u-f ) ^ ( 2 ) dx . ) A minimizer u ∗ ( \ displaystyle u ^ ( * ) ) is a piecewise constant image which has an optimal tradeoff between the squared L2 distance to the given image f ( \ displaystyle f ) and the total length of its jump set . The jump set of u ∗ ( \ displaystyle u ^ ( * ) ) defines a segmentation . The relative weight of the energies is tuned by the parameter γ > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma > 0 ) . The binary variant of the Potts model , i.e. , if the range of u ( \ displaystyle u ) is restricted to two values , is often called Chan - Vese model . An important generalization is the Mumford - Shah model given by argmin u , K γ K + μ ∫ K C ∇ u 2 d x + ∫ ( u − f ) 2 d x . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( argmin ) _ ( u , K ) \ gamma K + \ mu \ int _ ( K ^ ( C ) ) \ nabla u ^ ( 2 ) dx+ \ int ( u-f ) ^ ( 2 ) dx . ) The functional value is the sum of the total length of the segmentation curve K ( \ displaystyle K ) , the smoothness of the approximation u ( \ displaystyle u ) , and its distance to the original image f ( \ displaystyle f ) . The weight of the smoothness penalty is adjusted by μ > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mu > 0 ) . The Potts model is often called piecewise constant Mumford - Shah model as it can be seen as the degenerate case μ → ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ mu \ to \ infty ) . The optimization problems are known to be NP - hard in general but near - minimizing strategies work well in practice . Classical algorithms are graduated non-convexity and Ambrosio - Tortorelli approximation . Graph partitioning methods ( edit ) Graph partitioning methods are an effective tools for image segmentation since they model the impact of pixel neighborhoods on a given cluster of pixels or pixel , under the assumption of homogeneity in images . In these methods , the image is modeled as a weighted , undirected graph . Usually a pixel or a group of pixels are associated with nodes and edge weights define the ( dis ) similarity between the neighborhood pixels . The graph ( image ) is then partitioned according to a criterion designed to model `` good '' clusters . Each partition of the nodes ( pixels ) output from these algorithms are considered an object segment in the image . Some popular algorithms of this category are normalized cuts , random walker , minimum cut , isoperimetric partitioning , minimum spanning tree - based segmentation , and segmentation - based object categorization . Markov random fields ( edit ) The application of Markov random fields ( MRF ) for images was suggested in early 1984 by Geman and Geman . Their strong mathematical foundation and ability to provide a global optima even when defined on local features proved to be the foundation for novel research in the domain of image analysis , de-noising and segmentation . MRFs are completely characterized by their prior probability distributions , marginal probability distributions , cliques , smoothing constraint as well as criterion for updating values . The criterion for image segmentation using MRFs is restated as finding the labelling scheme which has maximum probability for a given set of features . The broad categories of image segmentation using MRFs are supervised and unsupervised segmentation . Supervised image segmentation using MRF and MAP ( edit ) In terms of image segmentation , the function that MRFs seek to maximize is the probability of identifying a labelling scheme given a particular set of features are detected in the image . This is a restatement of the Maximum a posteriori estimation method . MRF neighborhood for a chosen pixel The generic algorithm for image segmentation using MAP is given below : Define the neighborhood of each feature ( random variable in MRF terms ) . Generally this includes 1st order or 2nd order neighbors . Set initial probabilities P ( f ) > for each feature as 0 or where f ∈ Σ is the set containing features extracted for pixel i and define an initial set of clusters . Using the training data compute the mean ( μ ) and variance ( σ ) for each label . This is termed as class statistics . Compute the marginal distribution for the given labeling scheme P ( f l ) using Bayes ' theorem and the class statistics calculated earlier . A Gaussian model is used for the marginal distribution . 1 σ ( l i ) 2 π e − ( f i − μ ( l i ) ) 2 2 σ ( l i ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sigma ( l_ ( i ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) ) e ^ ( - ( \ frac ( ( f_ ( i ) - \ mu ( l_ ( i ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 \ sigma ( l_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) Calculate the probability of each class label given the neighborhood defined previously . Clique potentials are used to model the social impact in labeling . Iterate over new prior probabilities and redefine clusters such that these probabilities are maximized . This is done using a variety of optimization algorithms described below . Stop when probability is maximized and labeling scheme does not change . The calculations can be implemented in log likelihood terms as well . Optimization algorithms ( edit ) Each optimization algorithm is an adaptation of models from a variety of fields and they are set apart by their unique cost functions . The common trait of cost functions is to penalize change in pixel value as well as difference in pixel label when compared to labels of neighboring pixels . Iterated conditional modes / gradient descent ( edit ) The ICM algorithm tries to reconstruct the ideal labeling scheme by changing the values of each pixel over each iteration and evaluating the energy of the new labeling scheme using the cost function given below , α ( 1 − δ ( l i − l initial i ) + β Σ q ∈ N ( i ) ( 1 − δ ( l i , l q ( i ) ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ( 1 - \ delta ( l_ ( i ) - l_ ( ( \ text ( initial ) ) i ) ) + \ beta \ Sigma _ ( q \ in N ( i ) ) ( 1 - \ delta ( l_ ( i ) , l_ ( q ( i ) ) ) ) ) . where α is the penalty for change in pixel label and β is the penalty for difference in label between neighboring pixels and chosen pixel . Here N ( i ) ( \ displaystyle N ( i ) ) is neighborhood of pixel i and δ is the Kronecker delta function . A major issue with ICM is that , similar to gradient descent , it has a tendency to rest over local maxima and thus not obtain a globally optimal labeling scheme . Simulated annealing ( sa ) ( edit ) Derived as an analogue of annealing in metallurgy , SA uses change in pixel label over iterations and estimates the difference in energy of each newly formed graph to the initial data . If the newly formed graph is more profitable , in terms of low energy cost , given by : Δ U = U ( \ displaystyle \ Delta U = U ) − U ( \ displaystyle - U ) l i = ( l i n e w , if Δ U ≤ 0 , l i n e w , if Δ U > 0 and δ < e − Δ U / T , l i o l d ( \ displaystyle l_ ( i ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) l_ ( i ) ^ ( new ) , & ( \ text ( if ) ) \ \ \ Delta U \ leq 0 , \ \ l_ ( i ) ^ ( new ) , & ( \ text ( if ) ) \ \ \ Delta U > 0 \ \ ( \ text ( and ) ) \ \ \ delta < e ^ ( - \ Delta U / T ) , \ \ l_ ( i ) ^ ( old ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) the algorithm selects the newly formed graph . Simulated annealing requires the input of temperature schedules which directly affects the speed of convergence of the system , as well as energy threshold for minimization to occur . Alternative algorithms ( edit ) A range of other methods exist for solving simple as well as higher order MRFs . They include Maximization of Posterior Marginal , Multi-scale MAP estimation , Multiple Resolution segmentation and more . Apart from likelihood estimates , graph - cut using maximum flow and other highly constrained graph based methods exist for solving MRFs . Unsupervised image segmentation using MRF and Expectation maximization ( edit ) A subset of unsupervised machine learning , the Expectation -- maximization algorithm is utilized to iteratively estimate the a posterior probabilities and distributions of labeling when no training data is available and no estimate of segmentation model can be formed . A general approach is to use histograms to represent the features of an image and proceed as outlined briefly in the 3 - step algorithm mentioned below , 1 . A random estimate of the model parameters ( same as in supervised learning ) is utilized . 2 . E-Step : Estimate class statistics based on the random segmentation model defined . Using these , compute the conditional probability of belonging to a label given the feature set is calculated using naive Bayes ' theorem . P ( λ f i ) = P ( f i λ ) P ( λ ) Σ λ ε Λ P ( f i λ ) P ( λ ) ( \ displaystyle P ( \ lambda f_ ( i ) ) = ( \ frac ( P ( f_ ( i ) \ lambda ) P ( \ lambda ) ) ( \ Sigma _ ( \ lambda \ epsilon \ Lambda ) P ( f_ ( i ) \ lambda ) P ( \ lambda ) ) ) ) Here λ ε Λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda \ epsilon \ Lambda ) is the set of all possible labels . 3 . M - Step : The established relevance of a given feature set to a labeling scheme is now used to compute the a priori estimate of a given label in the second part of the algorithm . Since the actual number of total labels is unknown ( from a training data set ) , a hidden estimate of the number of labels given by the user is utilized in computations . P ( λ ) = Σ λ ε Λ P ( λ f i ) Ω ( \ displaystyle P ( \ lambda ) = ( \ frac ( \ Sigma _ ( \ lambda \ epsilon \ Lambda ) P ( \ lambda f_ ( i ) ) ) ( \ Omega ) ) ) where Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) is the set of all possible features . Segmentation of color image using HMRF - EM model Disadvantages of MAP and EM based image segmentation ( edit ) Exact MAP estimates can not be easily computed . Approximate MAP estimates are computationally expensive to calculate . Extension to multi-class labeling degrades performance and increases storage required . Reliable estimation of parameters for EM is required for global optima to be achieved . Based on method of optimization , segmentation may cluster to local minima . Implementations of MRF - based image segmentation ( edit ) HMRF - EM Implementation of EM algorithm based image segmentation . Zoltan Kato 's implementation of supervised image segmentation using MRFs . Purdue University 's implementation of Discrete MRF and their application to segmentation . Gaussian Mixture Model based HMRF segmentation in MATLAB . CMU 's implementation of multiple graph cut based segmentation algorithms . Watershed transformation ( edit ) The watershed transformation considers the gradient magnitude of an image as a topographic surface . Pixels having the highest gradient magnitude intensities ( GMIs ) correspond to watershed lines , which represent the region boundaries . Water placed on any pixel enclosed by a common watershed line flows downhill to a common local intensity minimum ( LIM ) . Pixels draining to a common minimum form a catch basin , which represents a segment . Model based segmentation ( edit ) The central assumption of such an approach is that structures of interest / organs have a repetitive form of geometry . Therefore , one can seek for a probabilistic model towards explaining the variation of the shape of the organ and then when segmenting an image impose constraints using this model as prior . Such a task involves ( i ) registration of the training examples to a common pose , ( ii ) probabilistic representation of the variation of the registered samples , and ( iii ) statistical inference between the model and the image . State of the art methods in the literature for knowledge - based segmentation involve active shape and appearance models , active contours and deformable templates and level - set based methods . Multi-scale segmentation ( edit ) Image segmentations are computed at multiple scales in scale space and sometimes propagated from coarse to fine scales ; see scale - space segmentation . Segmentation criteria can be arbitrarily complex and may take into account global as well as local criteria . A common requirement is that each region must be connected in some sense . One - dimensional hierarchical signal segmentation ( edit ) Witkin 's seminal work in scale space included the notion that a one - dimensional signal could be unambiguously segmented into regions , with one scale parameter controlling the scale of segmentation . A key observation is that the zero - crossings of the second derivatives ( minima and maxima of the first derivative or slope ) of multi-scale - smoothed versions of a signal form a nesting tree , which defines hierarchical relations between segments at different scales . Specifically , slope extrema at coarse scales can be traced back to corresponding features at fine scales . When a slope maximum and slope minimum annihilate each other at a larger scale , the three segments that they separated merge into one segment , thus defining the hierarchy of segments . Image segmentation and primal sketch ( edit ) There have been numerous research works in this area , out of which a few have now reached a state where they can be applied either with interactive manual intervention ( usually with application to medical imaging ) or fully automatically . The following is a brief overview of some of the main research ideas that current approaches are based upon . The nesting structure that Witkin described is , however , specific for one - dimensional signals and does not trivially transfer to higher - dimensional images . Nevertheless , this general idea has inspired several other authors to investigate coarse - to - fine schemes for image segmentation . Koenderink proposed to study how iso - intensity contours evolve over scales and this approach was investigated in more detail by Lifshitz and Pizer . Unfortunately , however , the intensity of image features changes over scales , which implies that it is hard to trace coarse - scale image features to finer scales using iso - intensity information . Lindeberg studied the problem of linking local extrema and saddle points over scales , and proposed an image representation called the scale - space primal sketch which makes explicit the relations between structures at different scales , and also makes explicit which image features are stable over large ranges of scale including locally appropriate scales for those . Bergholm proposed to detect edges at coarse scales in scale - space and then trace them back to finer scales with manual choice of both the coarse detection scale and the fine localization scale . Gauch and Pizer studied the complementary problem of ridges and valleys at multiple scales and developed a tool for interactive image segmentation based on multi-scale watersheds . The use of multi-scale watershed with application to the gradient map has also been investigated by Olsen and Nielsen and been carried over to clinical use by Dam . Vincken et al. proposed a hyperstack for defining probabilistic relations between image structures at different scales . The use of stable image structures over scales has been furthered by Ahuja and his co-workers into a fully automated system . A fully automatic brain segmentation algorithm based on closely related ideas of multi-scale watersheds has been presented by Undeman and Lindeberg and been extensively tested in brain databases . These ideas for multi-scale image segmentation by linking image structures over scales have also been picked up by Florack and Kuijper . Bijaoui and Rué associate structures detected in scale - space above a minimum noise threshold into an object tree which spans multiple scales and corresponds to a kind of feature in the original signal . Extracted features are accurately reconstructed using an iterative conjugate gradient matrix method . Semi-automatic segmentation ( edit ) In one kind of segmentation , the user outlines the region of interest with the mouse clicks and algorithms are applied so that the path that best fits the edge of the image is shown . Techniques like SIOX , Livewire , Intelligent Scissors or IT - SNAPS are used in this kind of segmentation . In an alternative kind of semi-automatic segmentation , the algorithms return a spatial - taxon ( i.e. foreground , object - group , object or object - part ) selected by the user or designated via prior probabilities . Trainable segmentation ( edit ) Most segmentation methods are based only on color information of pixels in the image . Humans use much more knowledge than this when doing image segmentation , but implementing this knowledge would cost considerable computation time and would require a huge domain - knowledge database , which is currently not available . In addition to traditional segmentation methods , there are trainable segmentation methods which can model some of this knowledge . Neural Network segmentation relies on processing small areas of an image using an artificial neural network or a set of neural networks . After such processing the decision - making mechanism marks the areas of an image accordingly to the category recognized by the neural network . A type of network designed especially for this is the Kohonen map . Pulse - coupled neural networks ( PCNNs ) are neural models proposed by modeling a cat 's visual cortex and developed for high - performance biomimetic image processing . In 1989 , Eckhorn introduced a neural model to emulate the mechanism of a cat 's visual cortex . The Eckhorn model provided a simple and effective tool for studying the visual cortex of small mammals , and was soon recognized as having significant application potential in image processing . In 1994 , the Eckhorn model was adapted to be an image processing algorithm by Johnson , who termed this algorithm Pulse - Coupled Neural Network . Over the past decade , PCNNs have been utilized for a variety of image processing applications , including : image segmentation , feature generation , face extraction , motion detection , region growing , noise reduction , and so on . A PCNN is a two - dimensional neural network . Each neuron in the network corresponds to one pixel in an input image , receiving its corresponding pixel 's color information ( e.g. intensity ) as an external stimulus . Each neuron also connects with its neighboring neurons , receiving local stimuli from them . The external and local stimuli are combined in an internal activation system , which accumulates the stimuli until it exceeds a dynamic threshold , resulting in a pulse output . Through iterative computation , PCNN neurons produce temporal series of pulse outputs . The temporal series of pulse outputs contain information of input images and can be utilized for various image processing applications , such as image segmentation and feature generation . Compared with conventional image processing means , PCNNs have several significant merits , including robustness against noise , independence of geometric variations in input patterns , capability of bridging minor intensity variations in input patterns , etc . Open - source implementations of trainable segmentation : Trainable Segmentation ( in Java ) IMMI Other methods ( edit ) There are many other methods of segmentation like multispectral segmentation or connectivity - based segmentation based on DTI images . Segmentation benchmarking ( edit ) Several segmentation benchmarks are available for comparing the performance of segmentation methods with the state - of - the - art segmentation methods on standardized sets : Prague On - line Texture Segmentation Benchmark The Berkeley Segmentation Dataset and Benchmark See also ( edit ) Computer vision Image - based meshing Range image segmentation Vector quantization Image quantization Color quantization Object - based image analysis Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Linda G. Shapiro and George C. Stockman ( 2001 ) : `` Computer Vision '' , pp 279 - 325 , New Jersey , Prentice - Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 030796 - 3 Jump up ^ Barghout , Lauren , and Lawrence W. Lee . `` Perceptual information processing system . '' Paravue Inc . U.S. Patent Application 10 / 618,543 , filed July 11 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Pham , Dzung L. ; Xu , Chenyang ; Prince , Jerry L. ( 2000 ) . `` Current Methods in Medical Image Segmentation '' . 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Malik ( July 2001 ) . `` A Database of Human Segmented Natural Images and its Application to Evaluating Segmentation Algorithms and Measuring Ecological Statistics '' . Proc. 8th Int'l Conf . Computer Vision . 2 . pp. 416 -- 423 . References ( edit ) 3D Entropy Based Image Segmentation Frucci , Maria ; Sanniti di Baja , Gabriella ( 2008 ) . `` From Segmentation to Binarization of Gray - level Images '' . Journal of Pattern Recognition Research . 3 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.13176 / 11.54 . External links ( edit ) Some sample code that performs basic segmentation , by Syed Zainudeen . University Technology of Malaysia . Generalized Fast Marching method by Forcadel et al. ( 2008 ) for applications in image segmentation . Image Processing Research Group An Online Open Image Processing Research Community . Segmentation methods in image processing and analysis More image segmentation methods with detailed algorithms by Yu - Hsiang Wang ( 王昱翔 ) , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image_segmentation&oldid=808157651 '' Categories : Image segmentation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 06 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is meant by segmentation in image processing | [
"In computer vision, image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments (sets of pixels, also known as super-pixels). The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze.[1][2] Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves, etc.) in images. More precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain characteristics."
] | [
"the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments"
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-4667471127716892444 | Water of crystallization | Water of crystallization - wikipedia Water of crystallization Jump to : navigation , search In chemistry , water of crystallization or water of hydration or crystallization water is water that occurs inside crystals . Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions . In some contexts , water of crystallization is the total weight of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite ( stoichiometric ) ratio . Classically , `` water of crystallization '' refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt , which is not directly bonded to the metal cation . Upon crystallization from water or moist solvents , many compounds incorporate water molecules in their crystalline frameworks . Water of crystallization can generally be removed by heating a sample but the crystalline properties are often lost . For example , in the case of sodium chloride , the dihydrate is unstable at room temperature . Coordination sphere of Na in the metastable dihydrate of sodium chloride ( red = oxygen , violet = Na , green = Cl , H atoms omitted ) . Compared to inorganic salts , proteins crystallize with large amounts of water in the crystal lattice . A water content of 50 % is not uncommon for proteins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 Position in the crystal structure 3 Analysis 4 Other solvents of crystallization 5 Table of crystallization water in some inorganic halides 6 Hydrates of transition metal sulfates 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References Nomenclature ( edit ) In molecular formulas water of crystallization can be denoted in different ways : `` hydrated compound ⋅ nH O '' or `` hydrated compound × nH O '' This notation is used when the compound only contains lattice water or when the crystal structure is undetermined . For example Calcium chloride : CaCl 2H O `` hydrated compound ( H O ) '' A hydrate with coordinated water . For example Zinc chloride : ZnCl ( H O ) Both notations can be combined as for example in copper ( II ) sulfate : ( Cu ( H O ) ) SO H O Position in the crystal structure ( edit ) Some hydrogen - bonding contacts in FeSO 7H O . This metal aquo complex crystallizes with water of hydration , which interacts with the sulfate and with the ( Fe ( H O ) ) centers . A salt with associated water of crystallization is known as a hydrate . The structure of hydrates can be quite elaborate , because of the existence of hydrogen bonds that define polymeric structures . Historically , the structures of many hydrates were unknown , and the dot in the formula of a hydrate was employed to specify the composition without indicating how the water is bound . Examples : CuSO 5H O - copper ( II ) sulfate pentahydrate CoCl 6H O - cobalt ( II ) chloride hexahydrate SnCl 2H O - tin ( II ) ( or stannous ) chloride dihydrate For many salts , the exact bonding of the water is unimportant because the water molecules are labilized upon dissolution . For example , an aqueous solution prepared from CuSO 5H O and anhydrous CuSO behave identically . Therefore , knowledge of the degree of hydration is important only for determining the equivalent weight : one mole of CuSO 5H O weighs more than one mole of CuSO . In some cases , the degree of hydration can be critical to the resulting chemical properties . For example , anhydrous RhCl is not soluble in water and is relatively useless in organometallic chemistry whereas RhCl 3H O is versatile . Similarly , hydrated AlCl is a poor Lewis acid and thus inactive as a catalyst for Friedel - Crafts reactions . Samples of AlCl must therefore be protected from atmospheric moisture to preclude the formation of hydrates . Structure of the polymeric ( Ca ( H O ) ) center in crystalline calcium chloride hexahydrate . Three water ligands are terminal , three bridge . Two aspects of metal aquo complexes are illustrated : the high coordination number typical for Ca and the role of water as a bridging ligand . Crystals of hydrated copper ( II ) sulfate consist of ( Cu ( H O ) ) centers linked to SO ions . Copper is surrounded by six oxygen atoms , provided by two different sulfate groups and four molecules of water . A fifth water resides elsewhere in the framework but does not bind directly to copper . The cobalt chloride mentioned above occurs as ( Co ( H O ) ) and Cl . In tin chloride , each Sn ( II ) center is pyramidal ( mean O / Cl - Sn - O / Cl angle is 83 ° ) being bound to two chloride ions and one water . The second water in the formula unit is hydrogen - bonded to the chloride and to the coordinated water molecule . Water of crystallization is stabilized by electrostatic attractions , consequently hydrates are common for salts that contain + 2 and + 3 cations as well as − 2 anions . In some cases , the majority of the weight of a compound arises from water . Glauber 's salt , Na SO ( H O ) , is a white crystalline solid with greater than 50 % water by weight . Consider the case of nickel ( II ) chloride hexahydrate . This species has the formula NiCl ( H O ) . Crystallographic analysis reveals that the solid consists of ( trans - NiCl ( H O ) ) subunits that are hydrogen bonded to each other as well as two additional molecules of H O. Thus 1 / 3 of the water molecules in the crystal are not directly bonded to Ni , and these might be termed `` water of crystallization '' . Analysis ( edit ) The water content of most compounds can be determined with a knowledge of its formula . An unknown sample can be determined through thermogravimetric analysis ( TGA ) where the sample is heated strongly , and the accurate weight of a sample is plotted against the temperature . The amount of water driven off is then divided by the molar mass of water to obtain the number of molecules of water bound to the salt . Other solvents of crystallization ( edit ) Water is particularly common solvent to be found in crystals because it is small and polar . But all solvents can be found in some host crystals . Water is noteworthy because it is reactive , whereas other solvents such as benzene are considered to be chemically innocuous . Occasionally more than one solvent is found in a crystal , and often the stoichiometry is variable , reflected in the crystallographic concept of `` partial occupancy . '' It is common and conventional for a chemist to `` dry '' a sample with a combination of vacuum and heat `` to constant weight . '' For other solvents of crystallization , analysis is conveniently accomplished by dissolving the sample in a deuterated solvent and analyzing the sample for solvent signals by NMR spectroscopy . Single crystal X-ray crystallography is often able to detect the presence of these solvents of crystallization as well . Other methods may be currently available . Table of crystallization water in some inorganic halides ( edit ) In the table below are indicated the number of molecules of water per metal in various salts . Formula of hydrated metal halides Coordination sphere of the metal Equivalents of water of crystallization that are not bound to M Remarks CaCl ( H O ) ( Ca ( μ - H O ) ( H O ) ) none Case of water as a bridging ligand VCl ( H O ) trans - ( VCl ( H O ) ) two VBr ( H O ) trans - ( VBr ( H O ) ) two bromides and chlorides are usually similar VI ( H O ) ( V ( H O ) ) none iodide competes poorly with water CrCl ( H O ) trans - ( CrCl ( H O ) ) two dark green isomer , aka `` Bjerrums 's salt '' CrCl ( H O ) ( CrCl ( H O ) ) one blue - green isomer CrCl ( H O ) trans - ( CrCl ( H O ) ) none square planar / tetragonal distortion CrCl ( H O ) ( Cr ( H O ) ) none AlCl ( H O ) ( Al ( H O ) ) none isostructural with the Cr ( III ) compound MnCl ( H O ) trans - ( MnCl ( H O ) ) two MnCl ( H O ) cis - ( MnCl ( H O ) ) none cis molecular , the unstable trans isomer has also been detected MnBr ( H O ) cis - ( MnBr ( H O ) ) none cis , molecular MnCl ( H O ) trans - ( MnCl ( H O ) ) none polymeric with bridging chloride MnBr ( H O ) trans - ( MnBr ( H O ) ) none polymeric with bridging bromide FeCl ( H O ) trans - ( FeCl ( H O ) ) two FeCl ( H O ) trans - ( FeCl ( H O ) ) none molecular FeBr ( H O ) trans - ( FeBr ( H O ) ) none molecular FeCl ( H O ) trans - ( FeCl ( H O ) ) none polymeric with bridging chloride FeCl ( H O ) trans - ( FeCl ( H O ) ) two only hydrate of ferric chloride , isostructural with Cr analogue CoCl ( H O ) trans - ( CoCl ( H O ) ) two CoBr ( H O ) trans - ( CoBr ( H O ) ) two CoI ( H O ) ( Co ( H O ) ) none iodide competes poorly with water CoBr ( H O ) trans - ( CoBr ( H O ) ) none molecular CoCl ( H O ) cis - ( CoCl ( H O ) ) none note : cis molecular CoCl ( H O ) trans - ( CoCl ( H O ) ) none polymeric with bridging chloride CoBr ( H O ) trans - ( CoBr ( H O ) ) none polymeric with bridging bromide NiCl ( H O ) trans - ( NiCl ( H O ) ) two NiCl ( H O ) cis - ( NiCl ( H O ) ) none note : cis molecular NiBr ( H O ) trans - ( NiBr ( H O ) ) two NiI ( H O ) ( Ni ( H O ) ) none iodide competes poorly with water NiCl ( H O ) trans - ( NiCl ( H O ) ) none polymeric with bridging chloride CuCl ( H O ) ( CuCl ( H O ) ) none tetragonally distorted two long Cu - Cl distances CuBr ( H O ) ( CuBr ( H O ) ) two tetragonally distorted two long Cu - Br distances Hydrates of transition metal sulfates ( edit ) Transition metal sulfates form mono - , tetra - , and pentahydrates , each of which crystallizes in only one form . The water in these salts typically is coordinated , together with sulfate to the metal center . The sulfates of these same metals also crystallize as both tetragonal and monoclinic hexahydrates , wherein all water is coordinated and the sulfate is a counterion . The heptahydrates , which are often the most common salts , crystallize as monoclinic and the less common orthorhombic forms . In the heptahydrates , one water is in the lattice and the other six are coordinated to the ferrous center . Cr ( SO ) 18H O Formula of hydrated metal sulfate Coordination sphere of the metal Equivalents of water of crystallization that are not bound to M Remarks Cr ( SO ) ( H O ) ( Cr ( H O ) ) six one of several chromium ( III ) sulfates MnSO ( H O ) unknown unknown one of several manganese ( II ) sulfates FeSO ( H O ) ( Fe ( H O ) ) one Common motif for divalent metal sulfates CoSO ( H O ) ( Co ( H O ) ) one Common motif for divalent metal sulfates NiSO ( H O ) ( Ni ( H O ) ) one Common motif for divalent metal sulfates NiSO ( H O ) ( Ni ( H O ) ) none one of several nickel sulfate hydrates CuSO ( H O ) ( Cu ( H O ) ( SO ) ) one sulfate is bridging ligand CdSO ( H O ) Cd ( H O ) SO none bridging water ligand Gallery ( edit ) Hydrated copper ( II ) sulfate is bright blue . Anhydrous copper ( II ) sulfate is white . See also ( edit ) Hydrate Mineral hydration References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . Jump up ^ Klewe , B. ; Pedersen , B. ( 1974 ) . `` The crystal structure of sodium chloride dihydrate '' . Acta Crystallogr . B30 : 2363 -- 2371 . doi : 10.1107 / S0567740874007138 . Jump up ^ Yonghui Wang et al. `` Novel Hydrogen - Bonded Three - Dimensional Networks Encapsulating One - Dimensional Covalent Chains : ... '' Inorg . Chem. , 2002 , 41 ( 24 ) , pp. 6351 -- 6357 . doi : 10.1021 / ic025915o Jump up ^ Carmen R. Maldonadoa , Miguel Quirós and J.M. Salas : `` Formation of 2D water morphologies in the lattice of the salt ... '' Inorganic Chemistry Communications Volume 13 , Issue 3 , March 2010 , p. 399 -- 403 ; doi : 10.1016 / j. inoche. 2009.12. 033 Jump up ^ Moeller , Therald ( Jan 1 , 1980 ) . Chemistry : With Inorganic qualitative Analysis . Academic Press Inc ( London ) Ltd. p. 909 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 503350 - 8 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ K. Waizumi , H. Masuda , H. Ohtaki , `` X-ray structural studies of FeBr 4H O , CoBr 4H O , NiCl 4H O , and CuBr 4H O. cis / trans Selectivity in transition metal ( I1 ) dihalide Tetrahydrate '' Inorganica Chimica Acta , 1992 volume 192 , pages 173 -- 181 . Jump up ^ B. Morosin `` An X-ray diffraction study on nickel ( II ) chloride dihydrate '' Acta Crystallogr. 1967 . volume 23 , pp. 630 - 634 . doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X67003305 Jump up ^ Agron , P.A. ; Busing , W.R. `` Calcium and strontium dichloride hexahydrates by neutron diffraction '' Acta Crystallographica Section C 1986 , volume 42 , pp. 141 - p1 . Jump up ^ violet isomer . isostructural with aluminium compound. Andress , K.R. ; Carpenter , C. `` Kristallhydrate. II. Die Struktur von Chromchlorid - und Aluminiumchloridhexahydrat '' Zeitschrift für Kristallographie , Kristallgeometrie , Kristallphysik , Kristallchemie 1934 , volume 87 , p446 - p463 . Jump up ^ Zalkin , Allan ; Forrester , J.D. ; Templeton , David H. ( 1964 ) . `` Crystal structure of manganese dichloride tetrahydrate '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 3 : 529 -- 33 . doi : 10.1021 / ic50014a017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Structure Cristalline et Expansion Thermique de L'Iodure de Nickel Hexahydrate '' ( Crystal structure and thermal expansion of nickel ( II ) iodide hexahydrate ) Louër , Michele ; Grandjean , Daniel ; Weigel , Dominique Journal of Solid State Chemistry ( 1973 ) , 7 ( 2 ) , 222 - 8 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 4596 ( 73 ) 90157 - 6 Jump up ^ Baur , W.H. `` On the crystal chemistry of salt hydrates . III . The determination of the crystal structure of FeSO ( H O ) ( melanterite ) '' Acta Crystallographica 1964 , volume 17 , p1167 - p1174 . doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X64003000 Jump up ^ Stadnicka , K. ; Glazer , A.M. ; Koralewski , M. `` Structure , absolute configuration and optical activity of alpha - nickel sulfate hexahydrate '' Acta Crystallographica , Section B : Structural Science ( 1987 ) 43 , p319 - p325 . Jump up ^ V.P. Ting , P.F. Henry , M. Schmidtmann , C.C. Wilson , M.T. Weller `` In situ neutron powder diffraction and structure determination in controlled humidities '' Chem. Commun. , 2009 , 7527 - 7529 . doi : 10.1039 / B918702B Jump up ^ Theppitak , Chatphorn ; Chainok , Kittipong `` Crystal structure of CdSO ( H O ) : A Redetermination '' Acta Crystallographica , Section E. Structure Reports Online 2015 , volume 71 , pi8 - pi9 . doi : 10.1107 / S2056989015016904 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_of_crystallization&oldid=829182031 '' Categories : Crystallography Hydrates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 03 : 29 . About Wikipedia | one of most common solvent used for crystallization is | [
"Water is particularly common solvent to be found in crystals because it is small and polar. But all solvents can be found in some host crystals. Water is noteworthy because it is reactive, whereas other solvents such as benzene are considered to be chemically innocuous. Occasionally more than one solvent is found in a crystal, and often the stoichiometry is variable, reflected in the crystallographic concept of \"partial occupancy.\" It is common and conventional for a chemist to \"dry\" a sample with a combination of vacuum and heat \"to constant weight.\""
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"Water"
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-5582584234637030776 | NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament | NCAA Division I Women 's basketball tournament - wikipedia NCAA Division I Women 's basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Current season , competition or edition : 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Sport Women 's Basketball Founded 1982 No. of teams 64 Country NCAA Division I ( USA ) Most recent champion ( s ) South Carolina ( 1st ) Most titles Connecticut ( 11 ) TV partner ( s ) ESPN , ESPN2 , ESPNU , WatchESPN Official website NCAA.com The NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament is an annual college basketball tournament for women . Held each April , the Women 's Championship was inaugurated in the 1981 -- 82 season . The NCAA tournament was preceded by the AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament , which was held annually from 1972 to 1982 . Basketball was one of 12 women 's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981 - 82 school year , as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women for sole governance of women 's collegiate sports . The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same 12 ( and other ) sports ; however , after a year of dual women 's championships , the NCAA prevailed , while the AIAW disbanded . Attendance and interest in the Women 's Division I Championship have grown over the years , especially from 2003 to 2016 , when the final championship game was moved to the Tuesday following the Monday men 's championship game . The women 's championship game is the penultimate overall game of the college basketball season since 2017 . From 1982 to 1990 , 1996 to 2002 , and since 2017 the Women 's Final Four is usually played on the Friday before the Men 's Final Four or the hours before the men played on the final Saturday of the tournament . The final was usually played the Sunday afternoon following the Men 's Final Four ; since 2017 , Sunday evening . The tournament bracket is made up of champions from each Division I conference , which receive automatic bids . The remaining slots are at - large bids , with teams chosen by an NCAA selection committee . The selection process and tournament seedings are based on several factors , including team rankings , win - loss records and Ratings Percentage Index ( RPI ) data . Unlike the men 's tournament , there are only 32 at - large bids ( since 2014 ) , and no play - in game . The women 's tournament , like the men 's , is staged in a single elimination format , and is part of the media and public frenzy known colloquially as March Madness or The Big Dance . All 63 games have been broadcast on television since 2003 on ESPN and ESPN2 . Similar to the pre-2011 men 's tournament coverage on CBS , local teams are shown on each channel when available , with `` whip - around '' coverage designed to showcase the most competitive contests in the rest of the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament format 2 Number of teams , and seeding 3 Selection process 4 Women 's NCAA Division I basketball champions 4.1 Team titles 4.2 NCAA Final Fours by school 4.3 Multiple NCAA championship coaches 4.4 NCAA Championship by Conference 4.5 NCAA Final Four locations 5 Tournament trends 5.1 Top - ranked teams 5.2 Champions excluded the next year 5.3 # 1 seeds 5.4 High seeds 5.5 Low seeds 5.6 Best Performances by # 14 & # 15 Seeds 5.7 First - round games 5.8 Second - round games 5.9 Teams entering the tournament unbeaten 5.10 Home state 5.11 Championship margins 5.12 Same - conference championship games 6 Result by school and by year 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Tournament format ( edit ) Main article : NCAA basketball tournament selection process A total of 64 teams qualify for the tournament played in March and April . Of these teams , 32 earn automatic bids by winning their respective conference tournaments . Since 2017 the Ivy League conducts their own post-season tournament . The remaining teams are granted `` at - large '' bids , which are extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . Dr. Marilyn McNeil , vice president / director of athletics at Monmouth University is the current chairwoman . On March 1 , 2011 , Bowling Green State University 's director of intercollegiate athletics , Greg Christopher , was appointed chair of the NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Committee during the 2011 -- 12 academic year . The tournament is split into four regional tournaments , and each regional has teams seeded from 1 to 16 , with the committee ostensibly making every region as comparable to the others as possible . The top - seeded team in each region plays the # 16 team , the # 2 team plays the # 15 , etc . Number of teams , and seeding ( edit ) The first NCAA women 's basketball tournament was held in 1982 . The AIAW also held a basketball tournament in 1982 , but most of the top teams , including defending AIAW champion Louisiana Tech , decided to participate in the NCAA tournament . The championship consisted of 32 teams from 1982 -- 1985 ( in 1983 , 36 ) , 40 teams from 1986 -- 1988 , and 48 teams from 1989 -- 1993 . Since 1994 , 64 teams compete in each tournament . Prior to 1996 , seeding was conducted on a regional basis . The top teams ( eight in the 32 - , 40 - , and 48 - team formats , and 16 in the 64 - team format ) were ranked and seeded on a national basis . The remaining teams were then seeded based on their geographic region . Teams were moved outside of its geographic region only if it was necessary to balance the bracket , or if the proximity of an opponent outside of its region would be comparable and a more competitive game would result . In 1993 , all teams except for the top four were explicitly unseeded . The regional seeding resumed in 1994 . In 1996 , seeds were assigned on a national basis using an `` S - Curve '' format similar to the process used in selecting the field for the men 's tournament . The following table summarizes some of the key attributes of the seeding process : Number of teams selected Year Automatic At - Large Total Location of first round ( s ) Seeding Basis 1982 12 20 32 Higher seed Regional 14 22 36 Higher seed † 1984 17 15 32 1985 18 14 Higher seed 1986 17 23 40 Higher seed † 18 22 1988 1989 19 29 48 1990 21 27 1991 1992 22 26 1993 23 25 1994 32 32 64 1995 31 33 Higher seed National 1997 30 34 Higher seed † 1998 Higher seed 1999 2000 Higher seed † 2001 31 33 2002 Higher seed 2003 16 Sites ‡ 2005 8 Sites ‡ 2006 2007 2008 2009 16 Sites ‡ 2011 2012 2013 2014 32 32 2015 Higher seed † 2016 2017 2018 † Some exceptions . Due to venue availability , in some cases , the lower seed hosted , or the game was played at a neutral site . ‡ From 2003 - 2014 , sixteen predetermined sites were selected for first and second - round games . Teams were allowed to play at home , if hosting . Between 2005 and 2008 , eight sites were used for first - round games . Selection process ( edit ) Further information : NCAA basketball tournament selection process A special selection committee appointed by the NCAA determines which 64 teams will enter the tournament , and where they will be seeded and placed in the bracket . Because of the automatic bids , only 32 teams ( the at - large bids ) rely on the selection committee to secure them a spot in the tournament . Women 's NCAA Division I basketball champions ( edit ) Year Winner Score Opponent Venue Other Semifinalists 1982 Louisiana Tech 76 -- 62 Cheyney State Norfolk Scope ( Norfolk , Virginia ) Tennessee & Maryland USC 69 -- 67 Louisiana Tech Old Dominion & Georgia 1984 USC 72 -- 61 Tennessee Pauley Pavilion ( Los Angeles , California ) Cheyney State & Louisiana Tech 1985 Old Dominion 70 -- 65 Georgia Frank Erwin Center ( Austin , Texas ) Western Kentucky & Northeast Louisiana 1986 Texas 97 -- 81 USC Rupp Arena ( Lexington , Kentucky ) Western Kentucky & Tennessee Tennessee 67 -- 44 Louisiana Tech Frank Erwin Center ( Austin , Texas ) Texas & Long Beach State 1988 Louisiana Tech 56 -- 54 Auburn Tacoma Dome ( Tacoma , Washington ) Long Beach State & Tennessee 1989 Tennessee 76 -- 70 Auburn Louisiana Tech & Maryland 1990 Stanford 88 -- 81 Auburn Thompson -- Boling Arena ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) Virginia & Louisiana Tech 1991 Tennessee 70 -- 67 ( OT ) Virginia Lakefront Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Connecticut & Stanford 1992 Stanford 78 -- 62 Western Kentucky Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena ( Los Angeles , California ) Southwest Missouri State & Virginia 1993 Texas Tech 84 -- 82 Ohio State Omni Coliseum ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Iowa & Vanderbilt 1994 North Carolina 60 -- 59 Louisiana Tech Richmond Coliseum ( Richmond , Virginia ) Purdue & Alabama 1995 Connecticut 70 -- 64 Tennessee Target Center ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) Stanford & Georgia Tennessee 83 -- 65 Georgia Charlotte Coliseum ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) Connecticut & Stanford 1997 Tennessee 68 -- 59 Old Dominion Riverfront Coliseum ( Cincinnati , Ohio ) Notre Dame & Stanford 1998 Tennessee 93 -- 75 Louisiana Tech Kemper Arena ( Kansas City , Missouri ) Arkansas & North Carolina State 1999 Purdue 62 -- 45 Duke San Jose Arena ( San Jose , California ) Louisiana Tech & Georgia 2000 Connecticut 71 -- 52 Tennessee First Union Center ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) Rutgers & Penn State 2001 Notre Dame 68 -- 66 Purdue Savvis Center ( St. Louis , Missouri ) Connecticut & Southwest Missouri State 2002 Connecticut 82 -- 70 Oklahoma Alamodome ( San Antonio , Texas ) Tennessee & Duke 2003 Connecticut 73 -- 68 Tennessee Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Texas & Duke Connecticut 70 -- 61 Tennessee New Orleans Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Minnesota & LSU 2005 Baylor 84 -- 62 Michigan State RCA Dome ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) LSU & Tennessee 2006 Maryland 78 -- 75 ( OT ) Duke TD Garden ( Boston , Massachusetts ) North Carolina & LSU 2007 Tennessee 59 -- 46 Rutgers Quicken Loans Arena ( Cleveland , Ohio ) 2008 Tennessee 64 -- 48 Stanford St. Pete Times Forum ( Tampa , Florida ) LSU & Connecticut 2009 Connecticut 76 -- 54 Louisville Scottrade Center ( St. Louis , Missouri ) Stanford & Oklahoma Connecticut 53 -- 47 Stanford Alamodome ( San Antonio , Texas ) Baylor & Oklahoma 2011 Texas A&M 76 -- 70 Notre Dame Conseco Fieldhouse ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) Connecticut & Stanford 2012 Baylor 80 -- 61 Notre Dame Pepsi Center ( Denver , Colorado ) Stanford & Connecticut 2013 Connecticut 93 -- 60 Louisville New Orleans Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Notre Dame & California 2014 Connecticut 79 -- 58 Notre Dame Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) Stanford & Maryland 2015 Connecticut 63 -- 53 Notre Dame Amalie Arena ( Tampa , Florida ) South Carolina & Maryland 2016 Connecticut 82 -- 51 Syracuse Bankers Life Fieldhouse ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) Oregon State & Washington 2017 South Carolina 67 -- 55 Mississippi State American Airlines Center ( Dallas , Texas ) Connecticut & Stanford 2018 Nationwide Arena ( Columbus , Ohio ) 2019 Amalie Arena ( Tampa , Florida ) 2020 Smoothie King Center ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Team titles ( edit ) Baylor Connecticut Louisiana Tech Maryland North Carolina Notre Dame Old Dominion Purdue South Carolina Stanford Tennessee Texas Texas A&M Texas Tech USC Schools who have won the NCAA Championship -- 11 championships -- 8 championships -- 2 championships -- 1 championship Team Titles Year Won Connecticut 11 1995 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Tennessee 8 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 Baylor 2005 , 2012 Louisiana Tech 1982 , 1988 Stanford 1990 , 1992 USC 1983 , 1984 Maryland 2006 North Carolina 1994 Notre Dame 2001 Old Dominion 1985 Purdue 1999 South Carolina 2017 Texas 1986 Texas A&M 2011 Texas Tech 1993 NCAA Final Fours by school ( edit ) School Final Four Years Number of Appearances Championships Connecticut 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 18 11 Tennessee 1982 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 18 8 Stanford 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2017 13 Louisiana Tech 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 1999 10 Notre Dame 1997 , 2001 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 7 Georgia 1983 , 1985 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 5 0 LSU 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 5 0 Maryland 1982 , 1989 , 2006 , 2014 , 2015 5 Duke 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 0 Auburn 1988 , 1989 , 1990 0 Baylor 2005 , 2010 , 2012 North Carolina 1994 , 2006 , 2007 Oklahoma 2002 , 2009 , 2010 0 Old Dominion 1983 , 1985 , 1997 Purdue 1994 , 1999 , 2001 Texas 1986 , 1987 , 2003 USC 1983 , 1984 , 1986 Virginia 1990 , 1991 , 1992 0 Western Kentucky 1985 , 1986 , 1992 0 Cheyney St . 1982 , 1984 0 Long Beach St . 1987 , 1988 0 Louisville 2009 , 2013 0 Missouri St . 1992 , 2001 0 Rutgers 2000 , 2007 0 South Carolina 2015 , 2017 Alabama 1994 0 Arkansas 1998 0 California 2013 0 Iowa 1993 0 Louisiana - Monroe 1985 0 Michigan St . 2005 0 Minnesota 0 Mississippi St . 2017 0 North Carolina St . 1998 0 Ohio St . 1993 0 Oregon St . 2016 0 Penn St . 2000 0 Syracuse 2016 0 Texas A&M 2011 Texas Tech 1993 Vanderbilt 1993 0 Washington 2016 0 Multiple NCAA championship coaches ( edit ) Coach School Championships Geno Auriemma Connecticut 11 Pat Summitt Tennessee 8 Kim Mulkey Baylor Linda Sharp USC Tara VanDerveer Stanford NCAA championship by conference ( edit ) Note : Conferences are listed by all champions ' affiliations at that time ; these do not necessarily match current affiliations . Conference Year Championships Big East 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 9 SEC 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 , 2017 American Athletic 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Big 12 2005 , 2011 , 2012 Atlantic Coast 1994 , 2006 Pac - 12 1990 , 1992 Southwest 1986 , 1993 Western Collegiate 1983 , 1984 American South 1988 Big Ten 1999 Independent 1982 Sun Belt 1985 Jump up ^ The Big East Conference operated in its original form from 1979 until 2013 . During that time , Connecticut won eight championships , and Notre Dame won one . Following the three - way 2013 split of that conference and subsequent settlement between the non-FBS schools and the remaining schools , the conference legally changed its name to the American Athletic Conference . Three schools ( among them Notre Dame ) left for the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2013 , with a fourth doing the same in 2014 ; one school left for the Big Ten in 2014 ; and the non-FBS schools retained the Big East name . However , the current Big East now maintains the history of the original conference in all sports that it sponsors , including women 's basketball . The American no longer claims any of the original Big East 's competition history , even in the two sports that it sponsors and the current Big East does not ( football and women 's rowing ) . Jump up ^ Known as the Pacific - 10 Conference , or Pac - 10 , when both of its titles were won . NCAA Final Four locations ( edit ) 1982 - Norfolk , Virginia 1983 - Norfolk , Virginia 1984 - Los Angeles , California 1985 - Austin , Texas 1986 - Lexington , Kentucky 1987 - Austin , Texas 1988 - Tacoma , Washington 1989 - Tacoma , Washington 1990 - Knoxville , Tennessee 1991 - New Orleans , Louisiana 1992 - Los Angeles , California 1993 - Atlanta , Georgia 1994 - Richmond , Virginia 1995 - Minneapolis , Minnesota 1996 - Charlotte , North Carolina 1997 - Cincinnati , Ohio 1998 - Kansas City , Missouri 1999 - San Jose , California 2000 - Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 2001 - St. Louis , Missouri 2002 - San Antonio , Texas 2003 - Atlanta , Georgia 2004 - New Orleans , Louisiana 2005 - Indianapolis , Indiana 2006 - Boston , Massachusetts 2007 - Cleveland , Ohio 2008 - Tampa Bay , Florida 2009 - St. Louis , Missouri 2010 - San Antonio , Texas 2011 - Indianapolis , Indiana 2012 - Denver , Colorado 2013 - New Orleans , Louisiana 2014 - Nashville , Tennessee 2015 - Tampa Bay , Florida 2016 - Indianapolis , Indiana 2017 - Dallas , Texas 2018 - Columbus , Ohio 2019 - Tampa Bay , Florida 2020 - New Orleans , Louisiana 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 NCAA Final Four locations ( hover over city to see arena ) Tournament trends ( edit ) Top - ranked teams ( edit ) Since the women 's tournament began in 1982 , 16 teams have entered the tournament ranked # 1 in at least 1 poll and gone on to win the tournament : 1982 : Louisiana Tech 1983 : USC 1986 : Texas 1989 : Tennessee 1995 : Connecticut 1998 : Tennessee 1999 : Purdue 2000 : Connecticut 2002 : Connecticut 2003 : Connecticut 2009 : Connecticut 2010 : Connecticut 2012 : Baylor 2014 : Connecticut 2015 : Connecticut 2016 : Connecticut Champions excluded the next year ( edit ) Only once has the reigning champion ( the previous year 's winner ) not made it to the tournament the next year . 1985 champion Old Dominion went 15 - 13 in 1986 . # 1 seeds ( edit ) Since 1982 , at least one # 1 seed has made the Final Four every year . Under coach Geno Auriemma , Connecticut has been seeded # 1 a record 22 times . Tennessee is second with 21 # 1 seeds . All # 1 seeds have made it to the Final Four thrice : 1989 Auburn , Louisiana Tech , Maryland , Tennessee 2012 Baylor , Connecticut , Notre Dame , Stanford 2015 Connecticut , Maryland , Notre Dame , South Carolina The championship game has matched two # 1 seeds 12 times : 1983 USC beat Louisiana Tech 1986 Texas beat USC 1989 Tennessee beat Auburn 1991 Tennessee beat Virginia 1995 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2000 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2002 Connecticut beat Oklahoma 2003 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2010 Connecticut beat Stanford 2012 Baylor beat Notre Dame 2014 Connecticut beat Notre Dame 2015 Connecticut beat Notre Dame Three teams have beaten three # 1 seeds during the course of a tournament ( the largest number of such teams that can be faced ) : 1987 Tennessee ( beat Auburn , Long Beach State , Louisiana Tech ) 1988 Louisiana Tech ( beat Auburn , Tennessee , Texas ) 2005 Baylor ( beat LSU , Michigan State , North Carolina ) Prior to the expansion of the tournament to 64 teams , all # 1 seeds advanced to the Sweet Sixteen with three exceptions . Notably , the first two times this occurred were at the hands of the same school : 1986 East # 1 seed Virginia lost to # 8 seed James Madison 1991 East # 1 seed Penn State lost to # 8 seed James Madison 1992 Midwest # 1 seed Iowa lost to # 8 seed Southwest Missouri State High seeds ( edit ) 1999 was the first time in tournament history ( since the expansion to 64 teams ) that all top seeds ( 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 seeds ) made it to the Sweet Sixteen . Low seeds ( edit ) See also : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship upsets Lowest seeds to reach each round since the expansion to 64 teams : Second Round : # 16 seed Harvard in 1998 ( the only # 16 seed to beat a # 1 seed in either the women 's or men 's tournament ) Regional Semifinals ( Sweet Sixteen ) : # 13 seed Texas A&M in 1994 Liberty in 2005 Marist in 2007 Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) : # 11 seed Gonzaga in 2011 National Semifinals ( Final Four ) : # 9 seed Arkansas in 1998 National Finals ( Championship Game ) : # 5 seed Louisville in 2013 National Champion : # 3 seed North Carolina in 1994 Tennessee in 1997 Best performances by # 14 & # 15 seeds ( edit ) Unlike in the men 's tournament , no # 14 seed has beaten a # 3 and no # 15 seed has beaten a # 2 seed , but they have come close . 2 points : # 14 Seed Austin Peay lost to UNC in 2003 ( 2 points , 72 - 70 ) Eastern Michigan lost to Boston College in 2004 ( 2 points , 58 - 56 ) Creighton lost to St. John 's in 2012 ( 2 points , 69 - 67 ) Overtime games : # 15 Seed UTSA lost to Baylor in 2009 ( 5 points , 87 - 82 ) . UTSA is the only # 15 seed to take a game into overtime . 1 point : # 15 Seed Long Beach State lost to Oregon State in 2017 ( 1 point , 56 - 55 ) First - round games ( edit ) Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994 , each seed - pairing has played 96 first - round games overall . The # 1 seed is 95 -- 1 against the # 16 seed (. 990 ) . The # 2 seed is 96 -- 0 against the # 15 seed ( 1.000 ) . The # 3 seed is 96 -- 0 against the # 14 seed ( 1.000 ) . The # 4 seed is 90 -- 6 against the # 13 seed (. 938 ) . The # 5 seed is 75 - 21 against the # 12 seed (. 781 ) . The # 6 seed is 68 -- 28 against the # 11 seed (. 708 ) . The # 7 seed is 63 - 33 against the # 10 seed (. 656 ) . The # 9 seed is 50 -- 46 against the # 8 seed (. 521 ) . Second - round games ( edit ) Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994 , the following results have occurred for each pairing : In the 1 / 16 / 8 / 9 bracket : vs. # 8 vs. # 9 # 1 44 -- 1 (. 978 ) 44 -- 2 (. 956 ) # 16 -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) note : The 3 losses by the # 1 seed vs # 8 / 9 were : Duke ( vs Michigan St , 2009 ) , Ohio St ( vs Boston College , 2006 ) , Texas Tech ( vs Notre Dame , 1998 ) . note : The # 9 vs. # 16 game was Arkansas over Harvard in 1998 . In the 2 / 15 / 7 / 10 bracket : vs. # 7 vs. # 10 # 2 47 -- 13 (. 783 ) 29 -- 3 (. 906 ) # 15 -- -- In the 3 / 14 / 6 / 11 bracket : vs. # 6 vs. # 11 # 3 45 -- 21 (. 682 ) 16 -- 10 (. 615 ) # 14 -- -- In the 4 / 13 / 5 / 12 bracket : vs. # 5 vs. # 12 # 4 40 -- 26 (. 606 ) 17 -- 3 (. 850 ) # 13 3 -- 3 (. 500 ) -- Teams entering the tournament unbeaten ( edit ) Of the 17 teams who have entered the tournament unbeaten , 9 went on to win the National Championship . In 1986 , Texas entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , beat USC for the national title , and ended the season 34 -- 0 . In 1990 , Louisiana Tech entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Auburn . In 1992 , Vermont entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , but lost in the first round to George Washington . In 1993 , Vermont entered the tournament 28 -- 0 , but lost in the first round to Rutgers . In 1995 , Connecticut entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , beat Tennessee for the national title , and ended the season 35 -- 0 . In 1997 , Connecticut entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , but lost in the Midwest Regional Final to Tennessee . In 1998 , Tennessee ( 33 -- 0 ) and Liberty ( 28 -- 0 ) both entered the tournament unbeaten ; Liberty lost in the first round to Tennessee , which went on to beat Louisiana Tech for the national title and ended the season 39 -- 0 . In 2002 , 2009 , and 2010 , Connecticut entered the tournament 33 -- 0 , won the national title in each , and ended those seasons 39 -- 0 . They respectively beat Oklahoma , Louisville , and Stanford in those championship games . In 2012 , Baylor entered the tournament 34 -- 0 , beat Notre Dame for the national title , and ended the season 40 -- 0 . The Lady Bears became the first team in NCAA college basketball history , for either women or men , to win 40 games in a season . Notably , Louisiana Tech went 40 -- 5 during the 1979 - 80 season . This was during the AIAW era for women 's basketball . In 2014 , Connecticut ( 34 -- 0 ) and Notre Dame ( 32 -- 0 ) both entered the tournament unbeaten ; Connecticut beat Notre Dame 79 - 58 for the national title , ended the season 40 - 0 and is the 8th team to end the season unbeaten . In 2015 , Princeton entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , but lost in the second round to Maryland . In 2016 , Connecticut entered the tournament 32 -- 0 , beat Syracuse for the national title , ending the season 38 -- 0 . In 2017 , Connecticut entered the tournament 32 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Mississippi State , ending their 111 - game winning streak to finish 36 -- 1 . Home State ( edit ) Only one team has ever played the Final Four on its home court . Two other teams have played the Final Four in their home cities , and seven others have played the Final Four in their home states . The only team to play on its home court was Texas in 1987 , which lost its semifinal game at the Frank Erwin Special Events Center . Old Dominion enjoyed nearly as large an advantage in 1983 when the Final Four was played at the Norfolk Scope in its home city of Norfolk , Virginia , but also lost its semifinal . The Scope has never been the Lady Monarchs ' regular home court . ODU has always used on - campus arenas , first the ODU Fieldhouse and since 2002 the Ted Constant Convocation Center . The following year , USC won the national title at Pauley Pavilion , the home court of its Los Angeles arch - rival UCLA . Of the other teams to play in their home states , Stanford ( 1992 ) won the national title ; Notre Dame ( 2011 ) lost in the championship game ; and Western Kentucky ( 1986 ) , Penn State ( 2000 ) , Missouri State ( 2001 ) , LSU ( 2004 ) , and Baylor ( 2010 ) lost in the semifinals . Championship margins ( edit ) Overtime games in a championship game : Tennessee 70 , Virginia 67 / OT ( 1991 ) Maryland 78 , Duke 75 / OT ( 2006 ) Smallest margin of victory in a championship game : 1 point North Carolina 60 , Louisiana Tech 59 ( 1994 ) Biggest margin of victory in a championship game : 33 points Connecticut 93 , Louisville 60 ( 2013 ) Margin of 10 points : Louisiana Tech ( 1982 ) , Tennessee ( 1987 & 1989 ) , Purdue ( 1999 ) , Connecticut ( 2000 , 2002 , 2009 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 & 2016 ) , and Baylor ( 2012 ) are teams to win every game in the tournament by 10 points or more on their way to a championship . The 2016 UConn team won every game by more than 20 points . Top 8 largest point differentials accumulated over the entire tournament by tournament champion . Notably , Louisiana Tech 's differential is prior to the expansion of 64 teams and the addition of one more round of play . 2016 Connecticut ( + 239 ) 2010 Connecticut ( + 214 ) 2013 Connecticut ( + 208 ) 2015 Connecticut ( + 197 ) 2000 Connecticut ( + 187 ) 2002 Connecticut ( + 161 ) 1982 Louisiana Tech ( + 158 ) 2014 Connecticut ( + 156 ) Same - conference championship games ( edit ) 6 championship games have featured two teams from the same conference : 1989 SEC , Tennessee and Auburn 1996 SEC , Tennessee and Georgia 2006 ACC , Maryland and Duke 2009 Big East , Connecticut and Louisville 2013 Big East , Connecticut and Louisville 2017 SEC , South Carolina and Mississippi State Result by school and by year ( edit ) 267 teams have appeared in the NCAA Tournament in at least a year , since 1982 ( the initial year that the post-season tournament was under the auspices of the NCAA ) . The results for all years are shown in this table below . The code in each cell represents the furthest the team made it in the respective tournament : < blank > Not in tournament O Opening Round ( only in 1983 ) 1 First round 2 Second Round S Sweet 16 E Elite 8 F Final 4 R National Runner - up C National Champion Year - > 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Team Akron 1 ! 1 Alabama 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Alabama St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Albany ( NY ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Alcorn St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 American 1 ! 1 Appalachian St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Arizona 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Arizona St . 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Arkansas 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Army 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Auburn 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 6 ! R 6 ! R 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Austin Peay 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ball St . 2 ! 2 Baylor 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E Belmont 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Boise St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Boston College 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Boston U . 1 ! 1 Bowling Green 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Brown 1 ! 1 Bucknell 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Buffalo 1 ! 1 Butler 1 ! 1 BYU 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Cal Poly 1 ! 1 Cal St. Fullerton 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Cal St. Northridge 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 California 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Campbell 1 ! 1 Canisius 1 ! 1 Central Arkansas 1 ! 1 Central Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Charlotte 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Chattanooga 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Cheyney 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F Cincinnati 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Clemson 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Cleveland St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Colgate 1 ! 1 Colorado 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Colorado St . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Connecticut 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 7 ! C 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 5 ! F 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 6 ! F Coppin St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Cornell 1 ! 1 Creighton 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Dartmouth 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Dayton 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E Delaware 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S Delaware St . 1 ! 1 Denver 1 ! 1 DePaul 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Detroit 1 ! 1 Drake 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Drexel 1 ! 1 Duke 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S Duquesne 2 ! 2 East Carolina 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 East Tenn . St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Ill . 1 ! 1 Eastern Ky . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Wash . 1 ! 1 Evansville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Fairfield 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 FGCU 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 FIU 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Fla . Atlantic 1 ! 1 Florida 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Florida A&M 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Florida St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S Fordham 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Fresno St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Furman 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ga . Southern 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Gardner - Webb 1 ! 1 George Washington 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Georgetown 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Georgia 1 ! 1 5 ! F 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 5 ! F 6 ! R 4 ! E 1 ! 1 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Georgia St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Georgia Tech 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Gonzaga 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S Grambling 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Green Bay 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hampton 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hartford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Harvard 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hawaii 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Holy Cross 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Houston 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Howard 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Idaho 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Idaho St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Illinois 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Illinois St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Indiana 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Iona 1 ! 1 Iowa 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S Iowa St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Jackson St . 1 ! 1 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Jacksonville 1 ! 1 James Madison 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Kansas 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S Kansas St . 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Kent St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Kentucky 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S La. - Monroe 1 ! 1 3 ! S 5 ! F La Salle 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 La. - Lafayette 1 ! 1 Lamar 4 ! E 1 ! 1 Lehigh 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Liberty 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Lipscomb 1 ! 1 Little Rock 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 LIU Brooklyn 1 ! 1 Long Beach St . 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Louisiana Tech 7 ! C 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 6 ! R 7 ! C 5 ! F 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Louisville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Loyola Marymount 1 ! 1 Loyola ( MD ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 LSU 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Maine 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Manhattan 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Marist 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Marquette 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Marshall 1 ! 1 Maryland 5 ! F 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 7 ! C 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 Massachusetts 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 McNeese St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Memphis 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Miami ( FL ) 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Miami ( OH ) 1 ! 1 Michigan 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Michigan St . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Middle Tenn . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Milwaukee 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Minnesota 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Ole Miss 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E Mississippi St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 7 ! R Missouri 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Missouri State 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Monmouth 1 ! 1 Montana 0 ! O 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Montana State 1 ! 1 Mount St. Mary 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Murray St . 1 ! 1 N.C. A&T 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Navy 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Nebraska 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 New Mexico 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 New Mexico St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 New Orleans 2 ! 2 Norfolk St . 1 ! 1 North Carolina 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S North Carolina St . 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 North Dakota 1 ! 1 North Texas 1 ! 1 Northeastern 1 ! 1 Northern Ariz . 1 ! 1 Northern Ill . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Northwestern 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Northwestern St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Notre Dame 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 6 ! R 5 ! F 6 ! R 6 ! R 3 ! S Oakland 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ohio 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ohio St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 6 ! R 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S Oklahoma 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 6 ! R 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Oklahoma St . 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Old Dominion 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S Oral Roberts 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Oregon 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Oregon St . 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F Penn 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Penn St . 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Pepperdine 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Pittsburgh 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Portland 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Portland St . 1 ! 1 Prairie View 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Princeton 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Providence 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Purdue 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 7 ! C 2 ! 2 6 ! R 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Quinnipiac 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Radford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Rhode Island 1 ! 1 Rice 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Richmond 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Robert Morris 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Rutgers 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Sacred Heart 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Samford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 San Diego 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 San Diego St . 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 San Francisco 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Santa Clara 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Savannah St . 1 ! 1 Seton Hall 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Siena 1 ! 1 SMU 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 South Ala . 1 ! 1 South Carolina 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 7 ! C South Carolina St . 1 ! 1 South Dakota 1 ! 1 South Dakota St . 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 South Fla . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Southeast Mo . St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Southern California 4 ! E 7 ! C 7 ! C 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Southern Ill . 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Southern Miss 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Southern U . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 St. Bonaventure 3 ! S 2 ! 2 St. Francis Brooklyn 1 ! 1 Saint Francis ( PA ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 St. John 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Saint Joseph 's 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Saint Mary 's 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Saint Peter 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Stanford 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 6 ! R 5 ! F 6 ! R 5 ! F 5 ! F 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 4 ! E 6 ! F Stephen F. Austin 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Stetson 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Syracuse 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 6 ! R TCU 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Temple 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Tennessee 5 ! F 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F 6 ! R 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 7 ! C 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E Tennessee St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tennessee Tech 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 7 ! C 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E Texas A&M 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Texas St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas Tech 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas - Arlington 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Toledo 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Troy 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tulane 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tulsa 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UAB 1 ! 1 3 ! S UC Davis 1 ! 1 UC Irvine 1 ! 1 UC Riverside 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UC Santa Barb . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UCF 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UCLA 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S UMBC 1 ! 1 UNC Asheville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UNC Greensboro 1 ! 1 UNI 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UNLV 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UT Martin 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Utah 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UTEP 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UTSA 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Valparaiso 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Vanderbilt 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 VCU 1 ! 1 Vermont 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Villanova 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Virginia 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Virginia Tech 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Wake Forest 2 ! 2 Washington 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 5 ! F Washington St . 1 ! 1 Weber St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 West Virginia 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Western Caro . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Western Ill . 1 ! 1 Western Ky . 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Western Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Wichita State 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Winthrop 1 ! 1 Wisconsin 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Wright St . 1 ! 1 Wyoming 1 ! 1 Xavier 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 Youngstown St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 See also ( edit ) College basketball portal NCAA Women 's Division II Basketball Championship NCAA Women 's Division III Basketball Championship AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women , Basketball Champions Pre-NCAA Women 's Basketball Champions NCAA Women 's Division I Tournament bids by school NAIA national women 's basketball championship List of NCAA Women 's Final Four broadcasters NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NCAA may move Women 's Final Four dates '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 75 Jump up ^ `` Greg Christopher named chair of DI Women 's Basketball Committee '' . NCAA . Mar 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NCAA Women 's Final Four Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 15 Apr 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 58 Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 67 Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 6 , 7 ^ Jump up to : Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 9 Jump up ^ Nixon , Rick . `` Official 2017 NCAA Women 's Final Four Records Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . References ( edit ) `` Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . `` List of Winning Rosters '' . allcompetitions . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . 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"\nNCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament\n\nCurrent season, competition or edition:\n 2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament\n\n\n\n\n\nSport\nWomen's Basketball\n\n\nFounded\n1982\n\n\nNo. of teams\n64\n\n\nCountry\nNCAA Division I (USA)\n\n\nMost recent\nchampion(s)\nSouth Carolina (1st)\n\n\nMost titles\nConnecticut (11)\n\n\nTV partner(s)\nESPN, ESPN2, ESPNU, WatchESPN\n\n\nOfficial website\nNCAA.com\n\n"
] | [
"South Carolina"
] |
4733970511717875110 | Coco (2017 film) | Coco ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Coco ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Coco Theatrical release poster Directed by Lee Unkrich Produced by Darla K. Anderson Screenplay by Adrian Molina Matthew Aldrich Story by Lee Unkrich Jason Katz Matthew Aldrich Adrian Molina Starring Anthony Gonzalez Gael García Bernal Benjamin Bratt Alanna Ubach Renée Victor Ana Ofelia Murguía Edward James Olmos Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Matt Aspbury Danielle Feinberg Edited by Steve Bloom Lee Unkrich Production company Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) ( Morelia ) November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 -- 200 million Box office $806.3 million Coco is a 2017 American 3D computer - animated fantasy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Based on an original idea by Lee Unkrich , it is directed by him and co-directed by Adrian Molina . The film 's voice cast stars Anthony Gonzalez , Gael García Bernal , Benjamin Bratt , Alanna Ubach , Renée Victor , Ana Ofelia Murguía , and Edward James Olmos . The story follows a 12 - year - old boy named Miguel Rivera who is accidentally transported to the land of the dead , where he seeks the help of his deceased musician great - great - grandfather to return him to his family among the living . The concept for Coco is based on the Mexican holiday of the Day of the Dead . The film was scripted by Molina and Matthew Aldrich from a story by Unkrich , Jason Katz , Aldrich and Molina . Pixar began developing the animation in 2016 ; Unkrich and some of the film 's crew visited Mexico for inspiration . Composer Michael Giacchino , who had worked on prior Pixar animated features , composed the score . Coco is the first - ever motion picture with a nine - figure budget to feature an all - Latino cast , with a cost of $175 -- 200 million . Coco premiered on October 20 , 2017 during the Morelia International Film Festival in Morelia , Mexico . It was theatrically released in Mexico the following week , the weekend before Día de los Muertos , and in the United States on November 22 , 2017 . The film was praised for its animation , vocal performances , music , emotional story , and respect for Mexican culture . It grossed over $806 million worldwide , becoming the the 15th highest - grossing animated film ever and was the 11th highest - grossing film of 2017 . Recipient of several accolades , Coco was chosen by the National Board of Review as the Best Animated Film of 2017 . The film won two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ( `` Remember Me '' ) . Additionally , it also won the Best Animated Film at the BAFTA Awards , Golden Globe Awards , Critic 's Choice Movie Awards , and Annie Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Story 3.3 Casting 3.4 Animation 4 Soundtrack 5 Marketing and release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Other countries 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In Santa Cecilia , Mexico , Imelda Rivera is the wife of a musician , who leaves her and their 3 - year - old daughter Coco to pursue a career in music . When he never returns , Imelda banishes music from her family 's life and starts a shoemaking business with her family . Many years later , Imelda 's great - great - grandson , 12 - year - old Miguel , now lives with Coco and their family . Miguel secretly dreams of becoming a musician like Ernesto de la Cruz , a popular actor and singer of Coco 's generation . One day , Miguel accidentally damages the picture frame holding a photo of Coco with her parents at the center of the family ofrenda and removes the photograph , discovering that his great - great - grandfather ( whose face had been torn out ) was holding Ernesto 's famous guitar . Concluding that Ernesto is his great - great - grandfather , Miguel leaves to enter a talent show for the Day of the Dead despite his family 's objections . He breaks into Ernesto 's mausoleum and takes his guitar to use in the show , but becomes invisible to everyone in the village plaza . However , he can interact with his skeletal dead relatives who are visiting from the Land of the Dead for the holiday . Taking him there , they learn that Imelda can not visit , as Miguel removed her photo from the ofrenda . Miguel discovers that he is cursed for stealing from the dead , and must return to the Land of the Living before sunrise or he will become one of the dead ; to do so , he must receive a blessing from a member of his family . Imelda offers Miguel a blessing , but on the condition that he abandon his musical pursuits . Miguel refuses and attempts to seek Ernesto 's blessing . Miguel encounters Héctor , a down - on - his - luck skeleton who once played music with Ernesto . Héctor offers to help Miguel reach Ernesto ; in return , he asks Miguel to take his photo back to the Land of the Living , so that he might visit his daughter before she forgets him and he disappears completely . Upon learning he has other relatives , however , Héctor attempts to return Miguel to them . Miguel escapes and infiltrates Ernesto 's mansion , learning along the way that an old friendship between the two deteriorated before Héctor 's death . Ernesto welcomes Miguel as his descendant , but Héctor confronts them , again imploring Miguel to take his photo to the Land of the Living . After an argument between Ernesto and Héctor , Miguel realizes that Ernesto poisoned Héctor and stole his songs , passing them off as his own to become famous . To maintain his legacy , Ernesto steals the photo and has Miguel and Héctor thrown into a cenote pit . Miguel realizes that Héctor is his real great - great - grandfather and that Coco is Héctor 's daughter . The dead Riveras find and rescue the duo . Miguel reveals that Héctor 's decision to return home to Imelda and Coco resulted in his death , and Imelda and Héctor gradually reconcile . They infiltrate Ernesto 's sunrise concert to retrieve Héctor 's photo from Ernesto , and though they expose his true nature to everyone , the photo is lost in the process . As the sun rises , Héctor is in danger of being forgotten by Coco and disappearing . Imelda and Héctor bless Miguel unconditionally so he can return to the Land of the Living . Miguel plays `` Remember Me '' for Coco , a song written by Héctor during her childhood , which was later used by Ernesto . The song revitalizes her memory of Héctor , and she gives Miguel the torn - out piece of the photo from the ofrenda , which shows Héctor 's face , and tells her family stories about her father , thus keeping his memory alive . Miguel 's family reconciles with him and accepts music again . One year later , Miguel proudly presents the family ofrenda -- including the restored photo of Héctor and Imelda , and a photo of the now - deceased Coco -- to his new baby sister Socorro . Letters kept by Coco contain evidence that Ernesto stole Héctor 's songs , and the community now honors Héctor and scorns Ernesto . In the Land of the Dead , Héctor and Imelda join Coco for a visit to the living Riveras as Miguel sings and plays for his dead and living relatives . Cast ( edit ) Anthony Gonzalez as Miguel Rivera , a 12 - year - old aspiring musician . Gael García Bernal as Héctor , a charming trickster in the Land of the Dead who enlists Miguel to help him visit the Land of the Living , and is later revealed to be Miguel 's great - great - grandfather , Imelda 's husband , Coco 's father and the patriarch of the Rivera family . Bernal also voices Héctor in the Spanish version . Benjamin Bratt as Ernesto de la Cruz , the most famous musician in the history of Mexico and Miguel 's idol . Revered by fans worldwide until his untimely death , the charming and charismatic musician is even more beloved in the Land of the Dead . Antonio Sol provides de la Cruz 's singing voice , except for `` Remember Me '' . Alanna Ubach as Mamá Imelda Rivera , Miguel 's late great - great - grandmother , Héctor 's wife , Coco 's mother , and the matriarch of the Rivera family . Renée Victor as Elena Rivera , Miguel 's grandmother ( `` Abuelita '' ) who strictly enforces the ban on music that is the legacy of her grandmother . Ana Ofelia Murguía as Mamá Socorro `` Coco '' Rivera , Miguel 's great - grandmother and the daughter of Héctor and Imelda . Edward James Olmos as Chicharrón , a friend of Héctor 's who is forgotten in the Land of the Dead . Alfonso Arau as Papá Julio Rivera , Miguel 's late great - grandfather and Coco 's husband . Arau also voices Papá Julio in the Spanish version . Selene Luna as Tía Rosita Rivera , Miguel 's late great - grandaunt , and Julio 's sister . Dyana Ortellí as Tía Victoria Rivera , Miguel 's late grandaunt , and Elena 's sister . Herbert Sigüenza as Tíos Oscar and Felipe Rivera , Miguel 's late identical twin great - great - granduncles . Jaime Camil as Papá Enrique Rivera , Miguel 's father and Elena 's son . Sofía Espinosa as Mamá Luisa Rivera , Miguel 's mother . She is pregnant with her second child during the events of the movie . Espinosa also voices Mamá Luisa in the Spanish version . Luis Valdez as Tío Berto Rivera , Miguel 's uncle . Valdez also voices Don Hidalgo . Polo Rojas as Abel Rivera , Miguel 's cousin . Montse Hernandez as Rosa Rivera , Miguel 's cousin . Lombardo Boyar as a Mariachi whom Miguel meets in Santa Cecilia Plaza . Boyar also voices Gustavo , a musician of the Land of the Dead Octavio Solis as the Arrival Agent . Gabriel Iglesias as the Head Clerk . Cheech Marin as a Corrections Officer . Carla Medina as a Departure Agent . Medina also voices the departure agent in the Spanish version . Blanca Araceli as an Emcee . Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Frida Kahlo . Salvador Reyes as a Security Guard . Reyes also voices the Security Guard in the Spanish version . John Ratzenberger as Juan Ortodoncia Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Lee Unkrich ( pictured in 2009 ) first conceptualized Coco in 2010 Lee Unkrich first pitched an idea for the film in 2010 , when Toy Story 3 , which he also directed , was released . Initially the film was to be about an American child , learning about his Mexican heritage , while dealing with the death of his mother . Eventually , the team decided that this was the wrong approach and reformed the film to focus on a Mexican child instead . Of the original version , Unkrich noted that it `` reflected the fact that none of us at the time were from Mexico . '' The fact that the film depicted `` a real culture '' caused anxiety for Unkrich , who `` felt an enormous responsibility on ( his ) shoulders to do it right . '' The Pixar team made several trips to Mexico to help define the characters and story of Coco . Unkrich said , `` I 'd seen it portrayed in folk art . It was something about the juxtaposition of skeletons with bright , festive colors that captured my imagination . It has led me down a winding path of discovery . And the more I learn about ( el ) Día de los Muertos , the more it affects me deeply . '' The team found it difficult working with skeletal creatures , as they lacked any muscular system , and as such had to be animated differently from their human counterparts . Coco also took inspiration from Hayao Miyazaki 's anime films Spirited Away ( 2001 ) and Howl 's Moving Castle ( 2004 ) as well as the action film John Wick ( 2014 ) . In 2013 , Disney made a request to trademark the phrase `` Día de los Muertos '' for merchandising applications . This was met with criticism from the Mexican American community in the United States . Lalo Alcaraz , a Mexican American cartoonist , drew a film poster titled `` Muerto Mouse '' , depicting a skeletal Godzilla - sized Mickey Mouse with the byline `` It 's coming to trademark your cultura . '' More than 21,000 people signed a petition on Change.org stating that the trademark was `` cultural appropriation and exploitation at its worst . '' A week later , Disney cancelled the attempt , with the official statement saying that the `` trademark filing was intended to protect any title for our film and related activities . It has since been determined that the title of the film will change , and therefore we are withdrawing our trademark filing . '' In 2015 , Pixar hired Alcaraz to consult on the film , joining playwright Octavio Solis and former CEO of the Mexican Heritage Corp . Marcela Davison Aviles , to form a cultural consultant group . Story ( edit ) Unkrich found writing the script `` the toughest nut to crack '' . Casting ( edit ) Coco is the first - ever motion picture with a nine - figure budget to feature an all - Latino cast , with a cost of $175 -- 200 million . Gonzalez first auditioned for the role of Miguel when he was nine , and was finalized in the role two years later . Speaking of his character , Gonzalez said : `` ( Miguel and I ) both know the importance of following our dream and we know the importance of following our tradition , so that 's something that I connected with Miguel a lot '' . In 2016 , the Coco team made an official announcement about the cast , which revealed that Gael Garcia Bernal , Benjamin Bratt , Renée Victor , and Anthony Gonzalez would voice the characters . Bernal , who voiced Héctor , was `` moved '' when he realized that Disney - Pixar wanted to make a film on latin culture . Disney officials closely monitored Bernal 's movements and expressions while he voiced the characters and used their input for animating Héctor . Bratt voiced Ernesto De la Cruz , a character who he described as `` the Mexican Frank Sinatra '' ; `` ( a ) larger than life persona '' . On the advice of the filmmakers , Bratt watched videos of equivalent Mexican actors including Jorge Negrete and Pedro Infante . Bratt found the character similar to his father in physical appearance , `` swagger and confidence '' , and worked in the film as a tribute to him . The character Mama Imelda 's voice was provided by Alanna Ubalch . Ubalch felt that the film `` is ( giving ) respect to one quality that all Latin families across the universe do have in common , and that is giving respect and prioritizing the importance of family '' . Mama Imelda 's voice was influnced by Ublach 's tía Flora , who was a `` profound influence in ( her ) life '' . Ublach'tía felt her tía was the family 's matriarch . Ublach also dedicated the film to her tía . Animation ( edit ) On April 13 , 2016 , Unkrich announced that they had begun work on the animation . The film 's writer , Adrian Molina , was promoted to co-director in late 2016 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) Recorded August -- October 2017 Studio Eastwood Scoring Stage ( score ) Avatar Studios Henson Recording Studios Estudio 13 Audio By the Bay Crawford Media Services Genre Son mexicano Mariachi Son jarocho Ranchera Huapango Bolero Mexican pop Length 78 : 17 Label Walt Disney Producer Michael Giacchino Tom MacDougall Germaine Franco Kristen Anderson - Lopez Robert Lopez Pixar chronology Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 2017 ) Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Michael Giacchino chronology War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) The film 's score was composed by Michael Giacchino . Germaine Franco , Adrian Molina , Robert Lopez , and Kristen Anderson - Lopez wrote the songs . Recording for the score began on August 14 , 2017 . The score was released on November 10 , 2017 . All music composed by Michael Giacchino except where indicated . No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Remember Me '' Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez Benjamin Bratt 1 : 49 2 . `` Much Needed Advice '' Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina Bratt & Antonio Sol 1 : 46 3 . `` Everyone Knows Juanita '' Franco & Molina Gael García Bernal 1 : 15 4 . `` Un Poco Loco '' Franco & Molina García Bernal & Anthony Gonzalez 1 : 52 5 . `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara Mexican Institute of Sound 2 : 55 6 . `` The World Es Mi Familia '' Franco & Molina Gonzalez & Sol 0 : 51 7 . `` Remember Me ( Lullaby ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez García Bernal , Gabriella Flores & Libertad García Fonzi 1 : 10 8 . `` La Llorona '' Traditional Sol & Alanna Ubach 2 : 46 9 . `` Remember Me ( Reunion ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Gonzalez & Ana Ofelia Murguía 1 : 14 10 . `` Proud Corazón '' Franco & Molina Gonzalez 2 : 04 11 . `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Miguel feat . Natalia Lafourcade 2 : 44 12 . `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' 3 : 18 13 . `` Shrine and Dash '' 1 : 24 14 . `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' 1 : 17 15 . `` The Strum of Destiny '' 1 : 10 16 . `` It 's All Relative '' 2 : 38 17 . `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' 1 : 49 18 . `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' 2 : 45 19 . `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' 1 : 10 20 . `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' 1 : 08 21 . `` Adiós Chicharrón '' 1 : 45 22 . `` Plaza de la Cruz '' 0 : 21 23 . `` Family Doubtings '' 2 : 24 24 . `` Taking Sides '' 0 : 57 25 . `` Fiesta Espactacular '' 0 : 56 26 . `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' 2 : 33 27 . `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' 1 : 15 28 . `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' 4 : 45 29 . `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' 2 : 22 30 . `` Somos Familia '' 2 : 21 31 . `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' 3 : 04 32 . `` A Family Dysfunction '' 2 : 00 33 . `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' 1 : 47 34 . `` The Show Must Go On '' 2 : 32 35 . `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' 2 : 02 36 . `` A Run for the Ages '' 1 : 50 37 . `` One Year Later '' 1 : 00 38 . `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' 5 : 47 Total length : 78 : 17 ( show ) Banda Sonora Original No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Recuérdame ( Interpretada por Ernesto De la Cruz ) '' Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez Marco Antonio Solís 1 : 49 2 . `` Dueto a Través del Tiempo '' Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina Solís 1 : 45 3 . `` Juanita '' Franco & Molina Gael García Bernal 1 : 15 4 . `` Un Poco Loco '' Franco & Molina García Bernal & Luis Ángel Gómez Jaramillo 1 : 52 5 . `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara Mexican Institute of Sound 2 : 54 6 . `` El Mundo es mi Familia '' Franco & Molina Gómez Jaramillo & Solís 0 : 50 7 . `` Recuérdame ( Arrullo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez García Bernal & Lucy Hernández 1 : 09 8 . `` La Llorona '' Traditional Solís & Angélica Vale 2 : 45 9 . `` Recuérdame ( Reencuentro ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Rocío Garcel & Gómez Jaramillo 1 : 13 10 . `` El Latido de mi Corazón '' Franco & Molina Gómez Jaramillo 2 : 01 11 . `` Recuérdame '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Carlos Rivera 2 : 43 12 . `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel 2 : 44 13 . `` El corrido de Miguel Rivera ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Bronco 3 : 57 14 . `` La bikina ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Rubén Fuentes Karol Sevilla 2 : 56 15 . `` Bésame mucho ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Consuelo Velázquez Jorge Blanco 2 : 57 16 . `` Un mundo raro ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' La Santa Cecilia 3 : 27 17 . `` Recuérdame ( Solo ) ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Lafourcade 2 : 43 ( show ) Banda Sonora Original ( Disc 2 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' 3 : 18 2 . `` Shrine and Dash '' 1 : 24 3 . `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' 1 : 17 4 . `` The Strum of Destiny '' 1 : 10 5 . `` It 's All Relative '' 2 : 38 6 . `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' 1 : 49 7 . `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' 2 : 45 8 . `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' 1 : 10 9 . `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' 1 : 08 10 . `` Adiós Chicharrón '' 1 : 45 11 . `` Plaza de la Cruz '' 0 : 21 12 . `` Family Doubtings '' 2 : 24 13 . `` Taking Sides '' 0 : 57 14 . `` Fiesta Espactacular '' 0 : 56 15 . `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' 2 : 33 16 . `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' 1 : 15 17 . `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' 4 : 45 18 . `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' 2 : 22 19 . `` Somos Familia '' 2 : 21 20 . `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' 3 : 04 21 . `` A Family Dysfunction '' 2 : 00 22 . `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' 1 : 47 23 . `` The Show Must Go On '' 2 : 32 24 . `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' 2 : 02 25 . `` A Run for the Ages '' 1 : 50 26 . `` One Year Later '' 1 : 00 27 . `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' 5 : 47 ( show ) Banda Sonora Original em Português No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Ernesto de la Cruz ) '' Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez Mário Redondo 1 : 49 2 . `` Conselho Muito Necessário '' Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina Redondo 1 : 45 3 . `` Quem Não Conhece a Juanita ? '' Franco & Molina Pedro Leitão 1 : 15 4 . `` Un Poco Loco '' Franco & Molina Joao Pedro Gonçalves & Leitão 1 : 52 5 . `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara Mexican Institute of Sound 2 : 54 6 . `` O Mundo es Mi Família '' Franco & Molina Gonçalves & Redondo 0 : 50 7 . `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Canção de Embalar ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Leitão & Maria Galante 1 : 09 8 . `` La Llorona '' Traditional Alanna Ubach & Antonio Sol 2 : 45 9 . `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Reunião ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Gonçalves & Ermelinda Duarte 1 : 13 10 . `` Pulsar do Meu Corazón '' Franco & Molina Gonçalves 2 : 03 11 . `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel 2 : 44 12 . `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' 3 : 18 13 . `` Shrine and Dash '' 1 : 24 14 . `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' 1 : 17 15 . `` The Strum of Destiny '' 1 : 10 16 . `` It 's All Relative '' 2 : 38 17 . `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' 1 : 49 18 . `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' 2 : 45 19 . `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' 1 : 10 20 . `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' 1 : 08 21 . `` Adiós Chicharrón '' 1 : 45 22 . `` Plaza de la Cruz '' 0 : 21 23 . `` Family Doubtings '' 2 : 24 24 . `` Taking Sides '' 0 : 57 25 . `` Fiesta Espactacular '' 0 : 56 26 . `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' 2 : 33 27 . `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' 1 : 15 28 . `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' 4 : 45 29 . `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' 2 : 22 30 . `` Somos Familia '' 2 : 21 31 . `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' 3 : 04 32 . `` A Family Dysfunction '' 2 : 00 33 . `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' 1 : 47 34 . `` The Show Must Go On '' 2 : 32 35 . `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' 2 : 02 36 . `` A Run for the Ages '' 1 : 50 37 . `` One Year Later '' 1 : 00 38 . `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' 5 : 47 Marketing and release ( edit ) The first teaser of Coco was released on March 15 , 2017 , two days before Disney 's Beauty and the Beast opened worldwide . The teaser trailer introduced the basic concept of the film , while highlighting its focus on music . Scott Mendelson of Forbes praised the trailer as `` a terrific old - school Pixar sell , mostly consisting of a single sequence and offering just the barest hint of what 's to come . '' The film 's themes and imagery drew comparison to another animated film that centered around Día de Muertos , The Book of Life ( 2014 ) . A two - minute short film , titled Dante 's Lunch -- A Short Tail , was released online on March 29 , 2017 . It introduces the film 's supporting character , a Xoloitzcuintle named Dante . The short was created early in the animation process by Unkrich and his team to have a better sense of the character . The first official trailer was released on June 7 , 2017 , followed by a second trailer on September 13 . The film was marketed extensively in Mexico , including traditional wall - painted advertising usually used for local events and never for films . Cinépolis , a movie chain in the country , held a contest for dubbing a character in the film , and another movie chain held a contest to become an interviewer for the cast and crew of the film . Coco was released in Mexico on October 27 , 2017 , the weekend before Día de los Muertos . The film was released in the United States on November 22 , 2017 , during the Thanksgiving weekend , and three weeks after Día de los Muertos , and in the United Kingdom on January 19 , 2018 . The film was released in a crowded market , preceded by Thor : Ragnarok , Justice League and another animated film , The Star , and followed by Star Wars : The Last Jedi and another animated film , Ferdinand three weeks after Thanksgiving . It is one of the three Disney film productions being released in the November -- December corridor . Coco is the second Pixar offering of the year , following Cars 3 , with 2017 being the second year Pixar released two films , after 2015 ( with Inside Out and The Good Dinosaur ) . The film was accompanied in theaters by Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 21 - minute featurette Olaf 's Frozen Adventure as a limited time offering , featuring the characters from Frozen , making Coco the first Pixar film not to be accompanied by a Pixar short in theaters since their first film , Toy Story , in 1995 . The film will also have its own VR game , being Pixar 's first VR development . While still showing in theaters worldwide , Coco was released for High Definition online streaming and digital download on February 13 , 2018 , and on DVD , Blu - ray , and 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray on February 27 , 2018 , by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . Coco will be made available on Netflix streaming in the United States on May 29 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Coco grossed $209.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $596.1 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $805.8 million . United States and Canada ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Coco was projected to gross $55 -- 65 million from 3,987 theaters in its first five days , including around $40 million in its opening weekend . It made $2.3 million from Tuesday night previews , landing between Disney 's previous two November releases Moana ( $2.6 million ) and The Good Dinosaur ( $1.3 million ) , and $13.2 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $50.8 million ( including a five - day total of $72.9 million ) , finishing first at the box office . It was the 4th - biggest Thanksgiving opening weekend ever , behind fellow animated films Frozen , Moana and Toy Story 2 . In its second weekend , the film dropped by 46 % to $27.5 million , a smaller drop than Moana , Frozen , Tangled , and The Good Dinosaur , and again topping the box office . It topped the box office once again in its third weekend , dropping by 33 % and grossing $18.5 million , a similar hold to Moana . It became the fourth film of 2017 to top the box office three times , following Split , The Fate of the Furious and The Hitman 's Bodyguard , before being overtaken by Disney 's own Star Wars : The Last Jedi and another animated film , Ferdinand , in its fourth weekend . It fell to number six in its fifth weekend , due to competition from three new releases -- Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , Pitch Perfect 3 , and The Greatest Showman -- despite a small drop again ; it grossed $2.8 million on Christmas Day . On the holiday week of December 22 -- 28 , the film finished at number six with a gross of $16.3 million , which was 6 % up from the previous week , despite losing over 1,000 theaters . It finished at number six in its sixth weekend , going up 39 % and 87 % , respectively , during the three - day and four - day weekends ; it grossed $2.6 million on New Year 's Day . It fell outside the top 10 in its eighth weekend ( which included Martin Luther King Jr . Day ) , dropping 38 % and 14 % respectively , during the three - day and four - day weekends . Other countries ( edit ) Coco was released in Mexico on October 27 , nearly a month before its release in the United States . It grossed $9.3 million on its opening weekend , the biggest opening weekend for an original animated film and the biggest debut for an animated film outside of the summer movie season in the market . In its second weekend , it earned another $10.8 million , a 12 % increase over its first weekend , bringing its total to $28 million . It became the fastest ten - day grosser ever for an animated feature in Mexico , as well as the biggest original animated release ever in the territory . It dropped by 23 % in its third weekend , grossing $8.4 million . That brought its total to MX $792 million ( US $41.4 million ) , making it the highest - grossing animated film and the second - highest - grossing film of all time in Mexico , behind Disney 's own The Avengers , in local currency . A few days later , on November 15 , it passed The Avengers to become the highest - grossing film in the Mexican market . In China , Coco finished number one at the weekend box office , with a three - day total of $18.2 million , making it the second - highest opening ever for a Disney or Pixar animated release in that market , behind Zootopia . After seeing increases each weekday on its first week , the film increased by 148 % on its second weekend , bringing its total to $75.6 million in the market . It dropped by 21 % in its third weekend , finishing first once again and grossing $35 million . The film fell to number three in its fourth weekend , due to competition from two new domestic releases , grossing an additional $17.1 million . Coco 's success in China came as a surprise to most box office analysts who were projecting a gross of $30 -- 40 million . By its second weekend , it had become the highest - grossing Pixar release ever in China , nearly doubling previous record - holder Finding Dory , and by its fifth weekend , it had surpassed Despicable Me 3 to become the second highest - grossing animated movie of all time in the country , behind Zootopia . The movie was released in Japan , its final market , on March 16 , 2018 . As of May 1 , 2018 the film 's largest markets were China ( $189.2 million ) , Mexico ( $57.8 million ) , Japan ( $41.4 million ) , France ( $33.2 million ) , United Kingdom ( $26.1 million ) , South Korea ( $25.9 million ) , Spain ( $21.4 million ) , Argentina ( $17.6 million ) , Italy ( $14.4 million ) and Germany ( $12.3 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 97 % based on 276 reviews , with an average rating of 8.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Coco 's rich visual pleasures are matched by a thoughtful narrative that takes a family - friendly -- and deeply affecting -- approach to questions of culture , family , life , and death . '' It was the site 's highest - rated animated film and ninth highest - rated wide release of 2017 . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score ; it was also the sixth Pixar film to earn the rating -- the previous being Up in 2009 . It also earned a 95 % positive score , including a rare five - out - of - five rating , from filmgoers on PostTrak , along with a 76 % `` definite recommend '' . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` At every imaginative juncture , the filmmakers ( the screenplay is credited to Pixar veteran Molina and Matthew Aldrich ) create a richly woven tapestry of comprehensively researched storytelling , fully dimensional characters , clever touches both tender and amusingly macabre , and vivid , beautifully textured visuals . '' Robert Abele of TheWrap praised the film , saying : `` If an animated movie is going to offer children a way to process death , it 's hard to envision a more spirited , touching and breezily entertaining example than Coco . '' In his review for Variety , Peter Debruge wrote , `` In any case , it works : Coco 's creators clearly had the perfect ending in mind before they 'd nailed down all the other details , and though the movie drags in places , and features a few too many childish gags ... the story 's sincere emotional resolution earns the sobs it 's sure to inspire . '' Debruge also described the film as `` ( An ) effective yet hardly exceptional addition to the Pixar oeuvre . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film four out of four , writing that `` There 's a touch of Japanese master Hayao Miyazaki in the film 's matter - of - fact depiction of the dead interacting with the living , as well as its portrayal of certain creatures '' such as Dante and Pepita . He concluded his review by stating , `` I had some minor quibbles about ( Coco ) while I was watching it , but I ca n't remember what they were . This film is a classic . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film 3.5 out of four , calling it a `` loving tribute to Mexican culture '' , while praising the animation , vocal performances ( particularly of Gonzalez , García Bernal , and Bratt ) , and its emotional and thematic tone and depth . The Chicago Tribune 's Michael Phillips called the film `` vividly good , beautifully animated '' , praising Giacchino 's musical score and the songs , as well drawing a comparison to the emotional tone of Inside Out . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film as `` a time - tested tune with captivating originality and flair , and with roving , playful pop - culture erudition '' , and called the film 's cultural vibe `` inclusive '' and `` a 21st - century Disney hallmark '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times found the film to be `` full of life '' and deemed it `` a bouncy and heart - tugging adventure '' , while lauding the vocal performances as `` fantastic '' and `` first - rate '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today described the film as `` effervescent , clever and thoughtful , '' calling it one of `` Pixar 's most gorgeously animated outings '' , and `` the most musical Pixar film , with a host of catchy tunes '' . Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger wrote that the backgrounds `` have a vibrancy , and its atmosphere carries a warmth . And even after it 's done , both linger , just a bit -- like a perfectly struck guitar chord '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Coco ( 2017 film ) Coco was nominated for various awards and won a number of them , including several for Best Animated Feature . The song `` Remember Me '' was particularly praised . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , it won Best Animated Feature Film while it was nominated for Best Original Song for the song , `` Remember Me '' . It led the 45th Annie Awards with most nominations , garnering thirteen , among them Best Animated Feature , Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production , Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production , and Outstanding Achievement for Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production for Gonzalez . At the 90th Academy Awards , it won the Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song . Coco was chosen by the National Board of Review as the Best Animated Film of 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ; Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Incredibles 2 ' , ' Toy Story 4 ' Details Revealed at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coco Award Categories '' . Disneystudiosawards.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coco Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Wdsmediafile.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hecht , John ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' to World Premiere at Mexico 's Morelia Fest '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco - British Board of Film Classification '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` COCO ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Topping ' Justice League ' With $70 Million Over Thanksgiving Weekend '' . Variety . November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) - Financial Information - The Numbers '' . The Numbers . December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coco ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` COCO , the new Disney Pixar movie , will open the 15th FICM '' . Festival Internacional del Cine en Morelia . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco 's Otherworldly Mexico Run Lands Pixar Toon As Market 's No. 1 Movie Ever '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Lassos $185 M Overseas , $390 M WW ; ' Thor ' Rocks To $739 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Trumbore ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Week in Animation : Pixar 's ' Coco ' Now Mexico 's # 1 Film of All - Time '' . Collider . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Pixar 's ' Coco ' Breaks Box Office Record in Mexico '' . Variety . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 9OSCARS '' . ABC . 2018 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Pixar 's Coco is a ' Love Letter to Mexico ' in the Age of Trump '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Mercedes ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Pixar Introduces the ' Coco ' Character Family '' . Animation Magazine ( in inglês ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Coco / Latin Spanish cast '' . CHARGUIGOU . Jump up ^ Wintraub , Steve ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Benjamin Bratt on ' The Infiltrator ' , ' Shot Caller ' and Pixar 's ' Coco ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' by Various Artists on iTunes `` . Itunes.apple.com. 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Crust , Kevin ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' director Lee Unkrich gets down with the Day of the Dead for Pixar 's fall release '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Nolan Gerard Funk Joins ' Berlin , I Love You ' ; Natalia Cordova - Buckley Set In ' Coco ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laughing Place Disney Newsdesk ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` John Ratzenberger Confirmed for `` Coco '' `` . Laughing Place . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Tasha . `` Pixar 's Lee Unkrich on the ' anxiety ' of directing Coco '' . The Verge . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Newest Disney Pixar Marvel , Coco '' . Disney Insider . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar Shares ' Coco ' Secrets at Annecy Animation Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World of Coco Influenced by John Wick , Hayao Miyazaki , Mexican History '' . / Film . 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Y . Rodriguez , Cindy ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Day of the Dead trademark request draws backlash for Disney '' . CNN . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nevarez , Griselda ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Cartoonist Lalo Alcaraz to Work on Pixar 's Day of the Dead Film ' Coco ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Drops Controversial Dia De Los Muertos Trademark Bid After Online Uproar '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Pixar 's Lee Unkrich Talks Success , Diversity and ' Coco ' '' . Awn.com . Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' feasts on ' Justice League ' at box office '' . New Haven Register . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Anthony Gonzalez , the teen breakout star of Pixar 's animated ' Coco ' '' . Usatoday.com . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Sadé . `` ' Coco ' star Anthony Gonzalez connects his passion for music with his love for family '' . Chicagotribune.com . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna . `` Pixar 's Coco Is a `` Love Letter to Mexico '' When It 's Needed Most `` . Vanityfair.com . Jump up ^ `` Gael García Bernal Talks About Singing in Pixar 's ' Coco ' '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coco Was A ' Collaborative Process ' At Pixar '' . Screenrant.com. 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ https://screenrant.com/coco-interview-benjamin-bratt-anthony-gonzalez/ Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/features/902531-benjamin-bratt-on-playing-ernesto-de-la-cruz-in-coco Jump up ^ https://hiplatina.com/alanna-ubach-pixars-coco/ Jump up ^ Berman , Rachel ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lee Unkrich Confirms That Animation Has Officially Started on Coco ! '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ T.J. & Julie ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Get a Peek into Michael Giacchino 's Scoring Process for Pixar 's ' Coco ' -- Courtesy of Director , Lee Unkrich '' . Pixar Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` First listen : Hear three new songs from Pixar 's Coco '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( Banda Sonora Original en Español ) '' . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( Banda Sonora Original em Português ) '' . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' Is Trapped Between ' Justice League ' And ' Star Wars ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Jacob ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Trailer : Pixar 's Next Original Movie Reveals Its First Footage '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` First Teaser Trailer For Pixar 's Coco '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` New Pixar Short ' Dante 's Lunch ' Introduces ' Coco ' Dog , Plus Director Lee Unkrich on Whether ' Coco ' Will Make You Cry ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Coco : New trailer digs deeper into the Land of the Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Trailer : ' Coco ' May Help Pixar Bounce Back From ' Cars 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Interactive , IA . `` Inmortaliza Tu Voz '' . Cinepolis.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conviértete en el reportero Cinemex y entrevista a los creadores de Coco '' . Ganapromo.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watson , Ryan ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Latest film release changes : Coco pops in 2018 '' . Digital Cinema Media . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Strum along with the first teaser for Pixar 's Coco '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Coco trailer : First footage from Pixar Studio 's upcoming original film released '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First trailer launched for new Pixar film Coco '' . The Guardian . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , Kaitlyn ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Trailer For The 21 - Minute Featurette In Front Of Coco '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` John Lasseter talks Olaf 's Frozen Adventure , debuts first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar Makes Its Virtual Reality Debut With ' Coco VR ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Coco ' Blu - ray and DVD Release Date is February 27 , 2018 '' . The Kingdom Insider . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Coco will be on Netflix in May 2018 '' . What 's on Netflix. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Coco ' Whip ' Justice League ' For Top Spot Over Thanksgiving Stretch ? -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box office top 20 : ' Coco ' displaces ' Justice League ' '' . Associated Press . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Looking At Sweet $26 M+ As Specialty Sector Pops With Awards Contenders -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Soars To $280 M Worldwide , ' Wonder ' Tops $100 M Global '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` December Still Asleep Before ' Last Jedi ' Awakens : ' Coco ' $18 M+ , ' Disaster Artist ' $6 M+ , ' Wonder ' Crosses $100 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Wins as ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Waits in the Wings '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opens To $220 M & Will Send 2017 To $11 B : How Disney Still Wins With ' Star Wars ' Franchise -- Monday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) -- Weekly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` December 29 -- 31 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` December 29 -- January 1 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Monday , January 1 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` January 12 -- 14 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` January 12 -- 15 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Thunders To $109 M In Overseas Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Nears $240 M , ' Coco ' Soars In Mexico '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' & Rolls To $431 M WW , $308 M Offshore With Record November China Start -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor ' Rocks $650 M WW ; ' Orient Express ' Rolls $57 M Offshore ; ' Coco ' , ' Paddington 2 ' Feel Embrace -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ELBERT WYCHE ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' debuts at number one in China '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Tops $300 M Overseas ; ' Coco ' Charms China & ' Thor ' Rocks Near $800 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Rockets To Epic 300 % Friday - To - Friday Gain In China For $39 M 8 - Day Cume '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hot ' Coco ' Sings In China ; ' Thor ' Tops $816 M , ' Justice League ' Lassos $567 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Stays Strong With $55 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : Feng Xiaogang 's ' Youth ' Opens to $48 M , ' Coco ' Crosses $150 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` With 1 Billion+ RMB / $152 M Cume ' Coco ' Has Now Quadrupled Pixar 's Previous China Record '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Has Single - Handedly Out - Grossed The Earnings of All 12 Prior Pixar Releases In China Combined '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) . `` ' Coco ' Sweet With $800 M Milestone At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Reviewed Animated Movies 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BEST - REVIEWED MOVIES 2017 > WIDE RELEASES '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coco Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abele , Robert ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Review : Pixar 's Journey Down Mexico Way Pays Colorful , Moving Tribute to Family '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Pixar 's ' Coco ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Coco Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Review : Pixar 's Day - of - the - Dead Gem Is as Lively as They Come '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' review : While not Pixar 's best , ' Coco ' is ' vividly good , ' beautifully animated '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Coco ' Brings the Pixar Touch to Death '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` The exciting Land of the Dead is where ' Coco ' really comes to life '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Joyful ' Coco ' breaks from the Pixar pack as a Mexican musical spectacular '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt . November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' review : Disney and Pixar set out a Mexican feast '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 : Film Awards and Nominations Scorecard '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Oscar Winners : Full List '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners '' . National Board of Review . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Coco ( 2017 film ) Official website Coco on IMDb Coco at the TCM Movie Database Coco at The Big Cartoon DataBase Coco at AllMovie Coco at Rotten Tomatoes Pixar Animation Studios Feature films Released Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Monsters University ( 2013 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Upcoming Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Short films The Adventures of André & Wally B. ( 1984 ) Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) For the Birds ( 2000 ) Mike 's New Car ( 2002 ) Boundin ' ( 2003 ) Jack - Jack Attack ( 2005 ) Mr. Incredible and Pals ( 2005 ) One Man Band ( 2005 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Lifted ( 2006 ) Your Friend the Rat ( 2007 ) Presto ( 2008 ) BURN - E ( 2008 ) Partly Cloudy ( 2009 ) Dug 's Special Mission ( 2009 ) George & A.J. ( 2009 ) Day & Night ( 2010 ) La Luna ( 2011 ) Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 ) Small Fry ( 2011 ) Partysaurus Rex ( 2012 ) The Legend of Mor'du ( 2012 ) The Blue Umbrella ( 2013 ) Party Central ( 2013 ) Lava ( 2014 ) Sanjay 's Super Team ( 2015 ) Riley 's First Date ? ( 2015 ) Piper ( 2016 ) Lou ( 2017 ) Bao ( 2018 ) Series Cars Toons ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Toy Story Toons ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Compilations Tiny Toy Stories ( 1996 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 1 ( 2007 ) Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales ( 2010 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 2 ( 2012 ) Other works Beach Chair ( 1986 ) Flags and Waves ( 1986 ) Light & Heavy ( 1990 ) Surprise ( 1991 ) Television specials Toy Story of Terror ! ( 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( 2014 ) Franchises Toy Story Monsters , Inc . Finding Nemo The Incredibles Cars Associated productions It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Exploring the Reef ( 2003 ) Turtle Talk with Crush ( 2004 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Borrowed Time ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Pixar Story ( 2007 ) Products Pixar Image Computer RenderMan Marionette People John Lasseter Edwin Catmull Steve Jobs Alvy Ray Smith Jim Morris See also List of Pixar characters Luxo Jr . List of Pixar awards and nominations feature films short films List of Pixar film references Computer Graphics Lab Industrial Light & Magic Lucasfilm Animation Circle 7 Animation Pixar Canada Pixar Photoscience Team A Computer Animated Hand The Works The Shadow King Kingdom Hearts III Pixar universe theory Walt Disney Animation Studios The Walt Disney Studios Book Films directed by Lee Unkrich Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Awards for Coco Academy Award for Best Animated Feature 2000s Shrek -- Aron Warner ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Happy Feet -- George Miller ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck , Jennifer Lee , and Peter Del Vecho ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 -- Don Hall , Chris Williams , and Roy Conli ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Jonas Rivera ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard , Rich Moore , and Clark Spencer ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich and Darla K. Anderson ( 2017 ) Annie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) 2000s Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature 1998 -- 2000 A Bug 's Life -- John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton / The Prince of Egypt -- Simon Wells , Brenda Chapman , and Steve Hickner ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 -- John Lasseter , Lee Unkrich , and Ash Brannon ( 1999 ) Chicken Run -- Peter Lord and Nick Park ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 Shrek -- Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Cars -- John Lasseter and Joe Ranft ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird and Jan Pinkava ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter and Bob Peterson ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph -- Rich Moore ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie -- Phil Lord and Christopher Miller ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film 2000s Cars -- John Lasseter ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin -- Steven Spielberg ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 -- Dean DeBlois ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Animated Motion Picture Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature 1990s The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Chicken Run ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) The Triplets of Belleville ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Wind Rises ( 2013 ) Song of the Sea ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) My Life as a Zucchini ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coco_(2017_film)&oldid=843548565 '' Categories : 2017 films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - animated films 2010s adventure films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s fantasy films 2010s ghost films 2010s musical films American 3D films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American adventure comedy films American comedy - drama films American computer - animated films American fantasy - comedy films American films American ghost films American musical comedy films American musical fantasy films Animated comedy films Animated coming - of - age films Animated films about revenge Animated musical films Annie Award winners Best Animated Feature Academy Award winners Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Best Animated Feature BAFTA winners Best Animated Feature Broadcast Film Critics Association Award winners Best Animated Feature Film Golden Globe winners Children 's fantasy films Cultural depictions of Frida Kahlo Day of the Dead films English - language films Films about the afterlife Films about children Films about families Films about guitars and guitarists Films about music and musicians Films about old age Films about revenge Films directed by Lee Unkrich Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films set in Mexico Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award IMAX films Pixar animated films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 21 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the great great grandmother in coco | [
"Alanna Ubach as Mamá Imelda Rivera, Miguel's late great-great-grandmother, Héctor's wife, Coco's mother, and the matriarch of the Rivera family.[18]"
] | [
"Alanna Ubach"
] |
-6132152142320688952 | Johnny Galecki | Johnny Galecki - wikipedia Johnny Galecki Jump to : navigation , search Johnny Galecki Galecki in July 2017 John Mark Galecki ( 1975 - 04 - 30 ) April 30 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Bree , Belgium Nationality American Occupation Actor Years active 1987 -- present John Mark Galecki ( born April 30 , 1975 ) is an American actor . He is known for playing Leonard Hofstadter in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory since 2007 and David Healy in the ABC sitcom Roseanne from 1992 to 1997 . In 2018 , he appeared in the revival of the sitcom reprising his role as David . Galecki also appeared in the films National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) , Prancer ( 1989 ) , Suicide Kings ( 1997 ) , I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) , Bookies ( 2003 ) , In Time ( 2011 ) , and Rings ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Galecki was born in Bree , Belgium , to American parents of Polish , Irish , and Italian descent . His mother , Mary Louise ( Mary Lou ) Noon , was a mortgage consultant , and his father , Richard Galecki , was a member of the U.S. Air Force stationed in Belgium , and also worked as a rehabilitation teacher . Galecki is the eldest of three children with a brother , Nick , whom he describes as a `` mechanical genius '' in the automotive industry , and a sister , Allison . Galecki grew up in Oak Park , Illinois . During an interview with New Zealand radio station ZM , Galecki recalled his childhood relationship with his mother . As a child , he was well known for making up long stories and tales . In such situations , his mother used to make him play the `` quiet game '' , where he had to see how long he could go without talking . He also recalled that despite being a loving mother , she was also very tough . One phrase she would lovingly use was , `` I love you , now get out . '' Career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Galecki in July 2008 Galecki made his acting debut in the 1987 CBS miniseries Murder Ordained with JoBeth Williams and future Roseanne co-star John Goodman . In 1989 , Galecki portrayed Rusty Griswold in National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation . In 1990 , he was cast as Danny Nash , the son of Robert Urich 's lead character , on the NBC comedy American Dreamer ; the following season , he was a regular cast member on the ABC sitcom Billy , a spin - off from Head of the Class . He appeared in one episode of Blossom in 1991 , opposite his future The Big Bang Theory co-star Mayim Bialik . During his run on Billy , Galecki began making guest appearances on the hit ABC sitcom Roseanne as the younger brother of Mark Healy ( Glenn Quinn ) , who began a relationship with Darlene Conner ( Sara Gilbert ) . Introduced in his first appearance as Kevin Healy , his name was soon changed to David . After a few more guest shots , Galecki was named a permanent Roseanne cast member from the fall of 1992 onward , after the cancellation of Billy . He would remain in the role of David Healy until the end of Roseanne 's run in 1997 , with the character eventually marrying Darlene and fathering a child with her . Galecki also appeared in the 1995 music video for the Dave Matthews Band song `` Satellite '' . Galecki was cast in the 1997 summer slasher I Know What You Did Last Summer and the 1998 dark comedy The Opposite of Sex . In the year 2000 , Galecki reunited with Opposite of Sex director Don Roos , who cast him in Bounce . Galecki continued his film streak with roles in Suicide Kings ( 1997 ) and brief bit parts in high - profile films such as Bean ( 1997 ) , and a minor supporting part in Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) . Galecki played a young delinquent in A Family Torn Apart , a 1993 TV movie based on a true story about a serial killer . He was also in the 2003 film Bookies , a comedy thriller film written by Michael Bacall and directed by Mark Illsley . The story revolves around the lives of four college students . Galecki appeared as a golfer in a 2005 episode of My Name Is Earl entitled `` Stole Beer from a Golfer '' . In 2005 , Galecki played Mark Corrigan in a pilot for a US adaptation of the British sitcom Peep Show . He played a character named Trouty on TBS 's sitcom My Boys , and the half - brother of the main characters , sisters Hope Shanowski and Faith Fairfield , in the sitcom Hope & Faith . In late 2006 and early 2007 , Galecki appeared in the Broadway play The Little Dog Laughed as a prostitute called Alex . `` At its core , the play is about what we all sacrifice to be successful , whatever our careers or goals , '' he explains . Galecki originated the role earlier in 2006 at Second Stage Theatre . The widely popular comedy by Douglas Carter Beane had a successful run at Second Stage and moved to the Cort Theatre . The play closed on February 18 , 2007 , with Galecki taking home a 2007 Theater World Award for his performance . Galecki at PaleyFest 2013 Galecki plays Leonard Hofstadter in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory , which debuted September 24 , 2007 . He was originally asked to play the role of Sheldon Cooper , but he said he was better suited for the role of Leonard Hofstadter , and Sheldon 's role was eventually given to Jim Parsons . During his role as David Healy on Roseanne , Sara Gilbert played his longtime girlfriend and later wife , Darlene Conner . She has appeared as Leslie Winkle , a colleague in the Big Bang Theory . Laurie Metcalf , who portrayed Roseanne 's sister Jackie Harris , has appeared as Mary Cooper , mother of Leonard 's roommate , Sheldon . Galecki is a cellist , a talent which has been used on the show . As of August 2013 , Galecki and his Big Bang costars Kaley Cuoco and Jim Parsons each earned US $325,000 per episode . As of August 2014 , the three costars will earn US $1 million per episode . Galecki appeared briefly in the 2008 superhero comedy Hancock , alongside Will Smith and Jason Bateman . In July 2011 , he played a parody version of himself in three episodes of Entourage . He also appeared in the film In Time ( 2011 ) with Justin Timberlake and Amanda Seyfried . On April 28 , 2017 , it was reported that a revival of Roseanne was in the works with most of the original cast , including Galecki , returning for the eight part mini-series . On May 16 , 2017 , it was confirmed that the eight episodes would air mid-season in 2018 on ABC . On December 1 , 2017 , it was announced that he will be reprising his role of David Healy for one episode . Personal Life ( edit ) While working on The Big Bang Theory , Galecki dated co-star Kaley Cuoco for about two years until December 2009 while the two also played a couple on the show . Cuoco told CBS Watch that they have remained on good terms since ending their relationship . Galecki owns 360 acres ( 150 ha ) of land in Santa Margarita , California . His property included vineyards and a log cabin . In late June 2017 , Galecki 's ranch was destroyed in a major wildfire known as the Hill Fire . Galecki , in a media statement , said wildfire was `` the threat ... we live with constantly , which may seem crazy to some but we do so because living in our beautiful , rural area makes it worthwhile . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes Time Out for Dad Matt Kowalski Murder Ordained Doug Rule A Night in the Life of Jimmy Reardon Toby Reardon Prancer Billy Quinn National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation Russell `` Rusty '' Griswold 1990 Blind Faith John Marshall In Defense of a Married Man Eric 1991 Backfield in Motion Tim Seavers 1993 A Family Torn Apart Daniel Hannigan 1994 Without Consent Marty Murder at My Door Teddy McNair 1997 Bean Stingo Wheelie Suicide Kings Ira Reder I Know What You Did Last Summer Max Neurick 1998 The Opposite of Sex Jason Bock 2000 Playing Mona Lisa Arthur Bounce Seth Morgan 's Ferry Darcy Vanilla Sky Peter Brown 2003 Bookies Jude Chrystal Barry White Like Me Marcus Short film 2005 Happy Endings Miles Uncredited 2007 Who You Know David Short film 2008 Hancock Jeremy 2009 Table for Three Ted 2011 In Time Borel 2013 CBGB Terry Ork 2016 The Master Cleanse Paul Also producer 2017 Rings Gabriel Brown Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1990 -- 1991 American Dreamer Danny Nash 17 episodes 1991 Blossom Jason Episode : `` Sex , Lies and Teenagers '' 1992 Billy David MacGregor 13 episodes 1992 -- 1997 , 2018 Roseanne David Healy 93 episodes Nominated for four and winner of one Young Artist Award 1993 Civil Wars Greg Stolbach Episode : `` Split Ends '' 2000 Batman Beyond Knux ( voice ) Episode : `` April Moon '' The Norm Show Dale Stockhouse Episodes : `` Norm vs. Youth : Part 1 '' and `` Norm vs. Youth : Part 2 '' LAX Leland Pressman Episode : `` Finnegan Again , Begin Again '' 2005 My Name Is Earl Scott Episode : `` Stole Beer from a Golfer '' Hope & Faith Jay 3 episodes 2006 American Dad ! Arnie Episode : `` Irregarding Steve '' 2006 -- 2007 My Boys Trouty 3 episodes 2007 -- present The Big Bang Theory Dr. Leonard Hofstadter 256 episodes Satellite Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2011 ) Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy ( 2011 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 2009 Family Guy Leonard Hofstadter ( voice ) Episode : `` Business Guy '' 2011 Entourage Himself 3 episodes Music videos ( edit ) Year Artist Song Role 1995 Dave Matthews Band `` Satellite '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 1992 Young Artist Award Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series American Dreamer Nominated 1993 Best Young Actor Recurring in a Television Series Roseanne Nominated 1994 Best Youth Comedian Won 1995 Best Performance : Young Actor in a TV Comedy Series Nominated 2008 TV Land Award Innovator Shared with Sarah Chalke , Sara Gilbert and Alicia Goranson . Won Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer The Big Bang Theory Nominated 2011 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2012 Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Comedy or Musical Nominated Golden Nymph Award Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Satellite Award Best Actor in a Series , Comedy or Musical Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Shared with Mayim Bialik , Kaley Cuoco - Sweeting , Simon Helberg , Kunal Nayyar , Jim Parsons , and Melissa Rauch Nominated 2013 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Shared with Mayim Bialik , Kaley Cuoco - Sweeting , Simon Helberg , Kunal Nayyar , Jim Parsons , and Melissa Rauch Nominated 2014 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Shared with Mayim Bialik , Kaley Cuoco - Sweeting , Simon Helberg , Kunal Nayyar , Jim Parsons , and Melissa Rauch Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Bromance Shared with Jim Parsons , Kunal Nayyar , and Simon Helberg Nominated 2015 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Shared with Mayim Bialik , Kaley Cuoco - Sweeting , Simon Helberg , Kunal Nayyar , Jim Parsons , and Melissa Rauch Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Comedic TV Actor Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Johnny Galecki '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Galecki , Johnny ( May 3 , 1992 ) . `` Johnny Galecki '' . The Sun Sentinel . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Galecki Biography ( 1975 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Conan Show Schedule January 2 -- 6 , 2012 '' . Team Coco . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Galecki Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Gnocchi from Skokie that Sang Karaoke '' . Conan . Season 2 . Episode 103 . June 13 , 2012 . TBS . Jump up ^ `` ZM 's interview with Johnny '' . ZM Online . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` WHAT 'S ON TONIGHT '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 2015 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Peep Show US pilot starring The Big Bang Theory 's Johnny Galecki '' . Radiotimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Follow Spot '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Battaglio , Stephen ; Schneider , Michael ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` What They Earn '' . TV Guide . pp. 16 - 20 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Trio Inks New Deals , Securing Hefty Pay Raises '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne ' TV show revival in the works with main cast set to reprise roles -- '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Lands at ABC '' . Variety . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' : Johnny Galecki Set To Return As David For ABC Revival '' . Deadline . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Hudson ( September 2010 ) . `` Justify Her Love '' . CBS Watch . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Galecki On Family & His Life Upstate 01 / 05 / 12 -- Video @ '' . Teamcoco.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : CNN , Sandra Gonzalez ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Johnny Galecki loses ranch in sprawling California fire '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hill Fire Incident Information '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johnny Galecki . Johnny Galecki on IMDb Playbill article about the end of The Little Dog Laughed 's run at The Cort Theatre Movieline interview with Johnny Galecki ( hide ) Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy John Lithgow ( 1996 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 1997 ) Drew Carey ( 1998 ) Jay Mohr ( 1999 ) Frankie Muniz ( 2000 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 2001 ) Bernie Mac ( 2002 ) Bernie Mac ( 2003 ) Jason Bateman ( 2004 ) Jason Bateman ( 2005 ) James Spader ( 2006 ) Stephen Colbert ( 2007 ) Justin Kirk ( 2008 ) Matthew Morrison ( 2009 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2010 ) Louis C.K. ( 2011 ) Johnny Galecki ( 2012 ) John Goodman ( 2013 ) Jeffrey Tambor ( 2014 ) Jeffrey Tambor ( 2015 ) William H. Macy ( 2016 ) William H. Macy ( 2017 ) VIAF : 120774509 LCCN : no2001053689 ISNI : 0000 0000 7921 6824 GND : 103487912X SUDOC : 157441210 BNF : cb16205733f ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Galecki&oldid=837054102 '' Categories : 1975 births Living people American male film actors American male comedy actors American male television actors People from Bree , Belgium 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Actors from Oak Park , Illinois Male actors from Illinois Belgian emigrants to the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2013 Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from May 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 12 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played leonard in the big bang theory | [
"John Mark Galecki (born April 30, 1975)[1] is an American actor. He is known for playing Leonard Hofstadter in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory since 2007 and David Healy in the ABC sitcom Roseanne from 1992 to 1997. In 2018, he appeared in the revival of the sitcom reprising his role as David. Galecki also appeared in the films National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Prancer (1989), Suicide Kings (1997), I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), Bookies (2003), In Time (2011), and Rings (2017)."
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"John Mark Galecki"
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8773934748628501254 | Be More Chill (musical) | Be More Chill ( musical ) - wikipedia Be More Chill ( musical ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Be More Chill Show logo Music Joe Iconis Lyrics Joe Iconis Book Joe Tracz Basis Be More Chill by Ned Vizzini Premiere May 30 , 2015 : Two River Theatre , Red Bank , New Jersey Productions 2015 New Jersey 2018 Off - Broadway 2019 Broadway TBA Film Be More Chill is a musical with music and lyrics by Joe Iconis and a book by Joe Tracz , based on the 2004 novel Be More Chill by Ned Vizzini . After a 2015 regional theatre production , the musical premiered Off - Broadway in 2018 . A Broadway production is scheduled for 2019 and a film adaptation is currently in development . Contents 1 Productions 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act One 2.2 Act Two 3 Musical numbers 4 Roles and original casts 4.1 Original productions 5 Recording 6 Proposed film adaptation 7 References 8 External links Productions ( edit ) The musical premiered in May 30 , 2015 at the Two River Theater in Red Bank , New Jersey . The production featured Will Connolly as Jeremy , Eric William Morris as the Squip , George Salazar as Michael , and Stephanie Hsu as Christine , as well as Katie Ladner , Lauren Marcus , Jake Boyd , Gerard Canonico , Katlyn Carlson , and Paul Whitty . The musical was commissioned by Two River Theater as part of their new play development program . Be More Chill received an Off - Broadway production at the Irene Diamond Stage at the Pershing Square Signature Center . It began previews July 26 , 2018 and ended production on September 30 , 2018 . This production featured several original cast members including Hsu , Salazar , Canonico , Carlson and Marcus reprising their respective roles . New cast members included Will Roland as Jeremy , Jason Tam as the Squip , Britton Smith as Jake , Tiffany Mann as Jenna , and Jason `` Sweettooth '' Williams as Mr. Heere . On September 5 , 2018 it was announced that a Broadway production is planned , with previews scheduled to begin at the Lyceum Theatre on February 13 , 2019 . The Broadway transfer is estimated to cost $9.5 million according to lead producer Jerry Goehring . Synopsis ( edit ) Act one ( edit ) Jeremy Heere , a high school junior , is a complete social outcast . He lives with his single father , who works from home and is often pantsless as a result of being depressed by his recent divorce . At school , he is bullied by popular student Rich , who writes `` boyf '' on his backpack . At lunch he meets up with Michael , his best friend ( where Rich has written `` riends '' on his backpack ) , who tries to comfort Jeremy by telling him that being a loser is completely okay . Jeremy sees his long - time crush Christine signing up for the school play and decides to sign up as well . Jeremy wonders why he has to be the outcast and if someone can help him `` more than survive '' ( `` More Than Survive '' ) . As they wait for the first play rehearsal to begin , Christine professes her love of theater to Jeremy , explaining that she likes being able to play different people and always knowing what to say and do ( `` I Love Play Rehearsal '' ) . As more popular cast members trickle in , their drama teacher , Mr. Reyes , reveals , much to Christine 's horror , that their school play will be A Midsummer Night 's Dream set in a post-apocalyptic future , re-titled `` A Midsummer Nightmare ( With Zombies ) '' . During rehearsal , Jake , one of the popular boys and Rich 's friend , flirts with Christine , making Jeremy jealous . ( `` More Than Survive ( Reprise 1 '' ) . After rehearsal , Jeremy is confronted in the bathroom by Rich . He tells him about how he managed his rise to popularity - as a very unpopular freshman , he took a pill called a `` super quantum unit intel processor '' - a `` SQUIP '' - containing a computer that implants itself inside the user 's brain and tells them what to do and say . He suggests Jeremy buy one from him in order to become cooler . ( `` The Squip Song '' ) . While playing video games with Michael after school , Jeremy tells him about Rich 's offer . Michael is convinced that Jeremy is being scammed , but after an awkward conversation with Jeremy 's dad ( still not wearing pants ) , Jeremey decides to check it out . He assures Michael that no matter what happens they 'll always be a team . ( `` Two Player Game '' ) . The two visit the mall to buy the SQUIP from a dealer at Payless ShoeSource and Jeremy , as instructed , swallows it with green Mountain Dew . The SQUIP activates itself , causing Jeremy to have a seizure in front of Christine and Jake ( `` The SQUIP Enters '' ) . The SQUIP speaks to Jeremy ( taking the appearance of Keanu Reeves ) , criticizing his appearance , personality , and behavior , telling him that everything about him is terrible ( `` Be More Chill Pt. 1 '' ) . It orders him to go to a store to buy a new shirt - an Eminem shirt , where he runs into two popular girls from school , Brooke and Chloe . Jeremy accidentally picks up a girl 's shirt , but the SQUIP has Jeremy fabricate a story where he was cheated on , causing the two girls to sympathize with him . They offer Jeremy a ride home ( `` Do You Wanna Ride ? '' ) , which the SQUIP demands he accept , but Jeremy declines , telling them that he has to meet his friend . They leave , and the SQUIP tells Jeremy that Michael has left the mall . It then tells him that in order for its plan to work , Jeremy needs to obey every order it gives him , and Jeremy accepts . The SQUIP assures Jeremy that following its instructions will , without a doubt , improve his social standing ( `` Be More Chill Pt. 2 '' ) . The next day , Jeremy heads to school with a renewed confidence , beginning to wonder if he might be a little less invisible than before ( `` More Than Survive ( Reprise ) '' ) . Jeremy sees Rich , who is initially angry that Jeremy bought the SQUIP directly instead of through him , but the SQUIP syncs itself with Rich 's , making them friends . At rehearsal , the cast of the play begin to rehearse their zombie - apocalypse version of A Midsummer Night 's Dream . During a break , Christine tells Jeremy about her feelings for a guy she knows , which at first seems to be Jeremy but actually turns out to be Jake ( `` A Guy That I 'd Kinda Be Into '' ) . Afterwards , the SQUIP informs Jeremy that Christine wo n't date him until his social standing drastically improves and encourages Jeremy to use Brooke as a stepping stone to increase his popularity , while Jake asks Christine to come over to his house ( `` Upgrade '' ) . Overwhelmed , Jeremy asks the SQUIP to shut itself off for a few minutes . Immediately , Jeremy sees Michael and is elated , telling him he has n't seen him all day , but Michael states that Jeremy has been ignoring him . The SQUIP turns itself back on and explains that it was blocking Michael from Jeremy 's vision using `` optic nerve blocking , '' and that in order to be more popular he has to `` upgrade . '' Reluctant to go back to being the loser and social outcast he was before , Jeremy turns the optic nerve blocking back on , leaving him alone with the SQUIP ( `` Loser Geek Whatever '' ) . Act two ( edit ) On Halloween , Jake hosts a massive party , mainly involving alcohol and other shenanigans ( `` Halloween '' ) . Christine wears her Juliet costume , hoping Jake will notice , but he does n't . Jeremy arrives late and meets Brooke , but when she leaves to get a drink , Chloe , who is jealous of Brooke , takes Jeremy upstairs and tries to seduce him . Jeremy is uncomfortable and tries to get away , but the SQUIP forces him to remain in the situation as it escalates into a near - assault ( `` Do You Wanna Hang ? '' ) . Chloe also has Jeremy drink alcohol , causing the SQUIP to malfunction , and then feigns having sex with him ; causing Jake to become jealous and breaking Brooke 's heart . Fleeing from Jake and the girls , Jeremy runs into a bathroom , where he finds Michael , who has crashed the party . Michael tries to warn Jeremy of the dangers of the SQUIP , explaining that someone ended up in a mental hospital after they went crazy trying to get it out of their head . Jeremy accuses Michael of being jealous of his popularity ; and calls him a loser . Michael , devastated and angry , locks himself in the bathroom , where he has a severe panic attack as he mourns the loss of his best and only friend ( `` Michael in the Bathroom '' ) . Jeremy meets Christine and he asks her out in a sudden burst of confidence ( `` A Guy That I 'd Kinda Be Into ( Reprise ) '' ) . However Christine , who has found herself in an existential crisis , declines , thinking it is best for her to not see anybody else until she knows who she is . Meanwhile Rich goes around the party asking people for Mountain Dew Red . Jeremy 's SQUIP finally reactivates and reviews the events of the night , prompting Jeremy to leave the party immediately . Rich , alone and desperate , takes up a can of gasoline after arguing with his SQUIP . The next morning , Jenna , the school gossip , informs everyone that Rich had burned down Jake 's house at the end of the party , sending him to the hospital and breaking both of Jake 's legs . The news spreads throughout the school through text and tweeting . ( `` The Smartphone Hour ( Rich Set a Fire ) '' ) . At home , Jeremy is confronted by his father , who brings up Jeremy 's new personality and attitude change . Jeremy reprimands his father for his behaviour since his mother left , calling him a loser as well . Shaken by Jeremy 's words , Mr. Heere realizes that something is very wrong and that he must take charge . He tracks down Michael , who has been smoking copious amounts of weed since the trauma of the party , and convinces him to not give up on his friend ( `` The Pants Song '' ) . As the cast prepares for the play , Jeremy runs into Christine , who is shaken and upset about the fire . Jeremy realizes that the SQUIP knew about the fire before it happened , and is furious that it allowed people to get hurt , but the SQUIP ignores his complaints , instead telling Jeremy that he can ease the suffering of Christine and the rest of the students , and eventually , the whole world , by providing them all with SQUIPs ( `` The Pitiful Children '' ) . The SQUIP has Jeremy open Rich 's locker , where he finds a box full of enough SQUIPs for the entire student body , and pour the pills into a beaker of Mountain Dew . Christine confronts Jeremy over his use of the SQUIP , causing him to doubt the plan , but the SQUIP has Mr. Reyes take the beaker from him . During the play , Jeremy notices the other students in the play have been SQUIPed , where the SQUIP reveals its intention to sync the entire student body in an effort to take over the world . Jeremy also comes to a realization : green Mountain Dew activates the SQUIP , while Mountain Dew Red deactivates it . Michael reappears from the audience with a bottle of Mountain Dew Red , but Jake steals it and dumps most of it out . Jeremy and Michael fight off the SQUIPed students to regain the bottle , until the SQUIP reveals that Christine has been SQUIPed , and she professes her love for Jeremy . Knowing she 'll do whatever he asks , he has her drink the last of the Mountain Dew Red , causing her to shriek and causing a chain - reaction that destroys all of the SQUIPs . ( `` The Play '' ) . Jeremy wakes up in the hospital , sharing a room with Rich , where he proudly informs Jeremy that he 's bisexual and ready to finally be who he really is . Michael and Mr. Heere ( now wearing pants ) visit Jeremy . Surrounded by his friends and family , Jeremy finally realizes that there will always be outside influences , but he needs to learn to make up his own mind instead of just giving in . He asks out Christine again , and this time she accepts and kisses him . The SQUIP reveals itself to still be alive , weakly taunting Jeremy from inside his head , but Jeremy ignores it , happily proclaiming that `` of the voices in my head , the loudest one is mine . '' ( `` Voices in My Head '' ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Act 1 `` Jeremy 's Theme '' -- Orchestra `` More Than Survive '' -- Jeremy , Michael , Ensemble `` I Love Play Rehearsal '' -- Christine `` The SQUIP Song '' -- Rich , Ensemble `` Two - Player Game '' -- Michael , Jeremy `` The Squip Enters '' -- Ensemble `` Be More Chill Pt. 1 '' -- Squip , Jeremy , Mall People `` Do You Wanna Ride ? '' -- Brooke , Chloe `` Be More Chill Pt. 2 '' -- Squip , Jeremy , Mall People `` More Than Survive ( Reprise ) '' -- Jeremy , Squip , Ensemble `` A Guy That I 'd Kinda Be Into '' -- Christine , Jeremy , Squip , Ensemble `` The SQUIP Lurks '' -- Orchestra `` Upgrade '' -- Brooke , Squip , Jeremy , Jake , Christine , Company † `` Loser Geek Whatever '' -- Jeremy Act 2 `` Halloween '' -- Brooke , Jake , Chloe , Rich , Jenna , Company `` Do You Wanna Hang ? '' -- Chloe `` Michael in the Bathroom '' -- Michael `` A Guy That I 'd Kinda Be Into ( Reprise ) '' - Jeremy , Christine `` The Smartphone Hour '' -- Jenna , Chloe , Brooke , Ensemble ◇ `` The Pants Song '' -- Mr. Heere , Michael ◇ `` The Pitiful Children '' -- Squip , Jeremy , Jenna , Ensemble `` The Play '' -- Michael , Jake , Brooke , Chloe , Jeremy , Christine , Squip , Ensemble `` Voices in My Head '' -- Jeremy , Christine , Ensemble † Added to the Off - Broadway production . ◇ Prior to the off - Broadway production , the order of `` The Pants Song '' and `` The Pitiful Children '' was reversed . Roles and original casts ( edit ) Original productions ( edit ) Character Original NJ Cast ( 2015 ) Two River Theatre Original Off - Broadway Cast ( 2018 ) Pershing Square Signature Center Original Broadway Cast ( 2019 ) Lyceum Theatre Jeremy Heere Will Connolly Will Roland Michael Mell George Salazar Christine Canigula Stephanie Hsu The SQUIP Eric William Morris Jason Tam Chloe Valentine Katlyn Carlson Brooke Lohst Lauren Marcus Rich Goranski Gerard Canonico Jenna Rolan Katie Ladner Tiffany Mann Jake Dillinger Jake Boyd Britton Smith Mr. Heere / Mr. Reyes / Scary Stockboy Paul Whitty Jason `` SweetTooth '' Williams Recording ( edit ) The world premiere cast recorded an original cast album on July 21 , 2015 , which was released on October 31 , 2015 . The cast recording was released on vinyl by Ghostlight Records in July 2018 . Proposed film adaptation ( edit ) On October 20 , 2018 , four months before the show opens on Broadway , it was announced that Shawn Levy and Greg Berlanti will team up to produce a film adaptation of the musical . It is still yet to be determined over which film studio will acquire the film rights to make the film with Levy and Berlanti , even though they currently have first look deals with 20th Century Fox . Other film producers who contended for the film rights included Nina Jacobson , Ron Howard , Michael De Luca , Marty Bowen , Scooter Braun , Jennifer Todd and Robert Zemeckis . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Be More Chill ( Original Cast Recording ) '' . Ghostlight Records . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.tworivertheater.org/plays_events/current_season.php?categoryID=205 Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Review : In ' Be More Chill ' , a Nerd Finds Popularity in a Sci - Fi Pill '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' Be More Chill ' opens at Two River Theater '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Be More Chill Will Play Off - Broadway ; Will Roland to Star '' , Playbill.com , April 13 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Company '' . BE MORE CHILL Off - Broadway Official Site . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` Be More Chill Will Transfer To Broadway In 2019 '' . playbill.com . Retrieved 09 / 05 / 2018 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` ' Be More Chill ' Sets Wheels in Motion for Move to Broadway '' . forbes.com . Retrieved 08 / 28 / 2018 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Joe Iconis ' Be More Chill Cast Recording , with Gerard Canonico , George Salazar and More , Released Today Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Be More Chill Cast Recording to be Released on Vinyl Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://deadline.com/2018/10/be-more-chill-movie-shawn-levy-greg-berlanti-film-auction-broadway-musical-1202486576/ External links ( edit ) Be More Chill website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Be_More_Chill_(musical)&oldid=865052031 '' Categories : 2015 musicals Musicals based on novels Science fiction musicals Off - Broadway musicals Broadway musicals LGBT - related musicals Sung - through musicals Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages with timeline metadata Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 11 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays chloe valentine in be more chill | [
"\n\n\nCharacter\n\nOriginal NJ Cast (2015) Two River Theatre\n\nOriginal Off-Broadway Cast (2018) Pershing Square Signature Center\n\nOriginal Broadway Cast (2019) Lyceum Theatre\n\n\nJeremy Heere\n\nWill Connolly\n\nWill Roland\n\n\nMichael Mell\n\nGeorge Salazar\n\n\nChristine Canigula\n\nStephanie Hsu\n\n\nThe SQUIP\n\nEric William Morris\n\nJason Tam\n\n\nChloe Valentine\n\nKatlyn Carlson\n\n\nBrooke Lohst\n\nLauren Marcus\n\n\nRich Goranski\n\nGerard Canonico\n\n\nJenna Rolan\n\nKatie Ladner\n\nTiffany Mann\n\n\nJake Dillinger\n\nJake Boyd\n\nBritton Smith\n\n\nMr. Heere / Mr. Reyes / Scary Stockboy\n\nPaul Whitty\n\nJason \"SweetTooth\" Williams\n\n"
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-3793287458425823039 | Orbital period | Orbital period - wikipedia Orbital period Jump to : navigation , search For the music album , see Orbital Period ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The orbital period is the time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object , and applies in astronomy usually to planets or asteroids orbiting the Sun , moons orbiting planets , exoplanets orbiting other stars , or binary stars . For objects in the Solar System , this is often referred to as the sidereal period , determined by a 360 ° revolution of one celestial body around another , e.g. the Earth orbiting the Sun . The name sidereal is added as it implies that the object returns to the same position relative to the fixed stars projected in the sky . When describing orbits of binary stars , the orbital period is usually referred to as just the period . For example , Jupiter has a sidereal period of 11.86 years while the main binary star Alpha Centauri AB has a period of about 79.91 years . Another important orbital period definition can refer to the repeated cycles for celestial bodies as observed from the Earth 's surface . An example is the so - called synodic period , applying to the elapsed time where planets return to the same kind of phenomena or location . For example , when any planet returns between its consecutive observed conjunctions with or oppositions to the Sun . For example , Jupiter has a synodic period of 398.8 days from Earth ; thus , Jupiter 's opposition occurs once roughly every 13 months . Periods in astronomy are conveniently expressed in various units of time , often in hours , days , or years . They can be also defined under different specific astronomical definitions that are mostly caused by small complex eternal gravitational influences by other celestial objects . Such variations also include the true placement of the centre of gravity between two astronomical bodies ( barycenter ) , perturbations by other planets or bodies , orbital resonance , general relativity , etc . Most are investigated by detailed complex astronomical theories using celestial mechanics using precise positional observations of celestial objects via astrometry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other periods related to the orbital period 2 Small body orbiting a central body 3 Orbital period as a function of central body 's density 4 Two bodies orbiting each other 5 Synodic period 6 Examples of sidereal and synodic periods 7 Binary stars 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links Other periods related to the orbital period ( edit ) There are many periods related to the orbits of objects , each of which are often used in the various fields of astronomy and astrophysics . Examples of some of the common ones include : The sidereal period is the amount of time that it takes an object to make a full orbit , relative to the stars . This is the orbital period in an inertial ( non-rotating ) frame of reference . The synodic period is the amount of time that it takes for an object to reappear at the same point in relation to two or more other objects ( e.g. the Moon 's phase and its position relative to the Sun and Earth repeats every 29.5 day synodic period , longer than its 27.3 day orbit around the Earth , due to the motion of the Earth about the Sun ) . The time between two successive oppositions or conjunctions is also an example of the synodic period . For the planets in the solar system , the synodic period ( with respect to Earth ) differs from the sidereal period due to the Earth 's orbiting around the Sun . The draconitic period , or draconic period , is the time that elapses between two passages of the object through its ascending node , the point of its orbit where it crosses the ecliptic from the southern to the northern hemisphere . This period differs from the sidereal period because both the orbital plane of the object and the plane of the ecliptic precess with respect to the fixed stars , so their intersection , the line of nodes , also precesses with respect to the fixed stars . Although the plane of the ecliptic is often held fixed at the position it occupied at a specific epoch , the orbital plane of the object still precesses causing the draconitic period to differ from the sidereal period . The anomalistic period is the time that elapses between two passages of an object at its periapsis ( in the case of the planets in the solar system , called the perihelion ) , the point of its closest approach to the attracting body . It differs from the sidereal period because the object 's semi-major axis typically advances slowly . Also , the Earth 's tropical period ( or simply its `` year '' ) is the time that elapses between two alignments of its axis of rotation with the Sun , also viewed as two passages of the object at right ascension zero . One Earth year has a slightly shorter interval than the solar orbit ( sidereal period ) because the inclined axis and equatorial plane slowly precess ( rotate with respect to the stars ) , realigning with the Sun before the orbit completes . The Earth 's precession cycle completes in about 25,770 years . Small body orbiting a central body ( edit ) The semi-major axis ( a ) and semi-minor axis ( b ) of an ellipse According to Kepler 's Third Law , the orbital period T ( in seconds ) of two bodies orbiting each other in a circular or elliptic orbit is : T = 2 π a 3 μ ( \ displaystyle T = 2 \ pi ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 3 ) ) ( \ mu ) ) ) ) where : a is the orbit 's semi-major axis in meters μ = GM is the standard gravitational parameter in m / s G is the gravitational constant , M is the mass of the more massive body . For all ellipses with a given semi-major axis the orbital period is the same , regardless of eccentricity . Inversely , for calculating the distance where a body has to orbit in order to pulse a given orbital period : a = G M T 2 4 π 2 3 ( \ displaystyle a = ( \ sqrt ( ( 3 ) ) ( \ frac ( GMT ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) where : a is the orbit 's semi-major axis in meters , G is the gravitational constant , M is the mass of the more massive body , T is the orbital period in seconds . For instance , for completing an orbit every 24 hours around a mass of 100 kg , a small body has to orbit at a distance of 1.08 meters from its center of mass . Orbital period as a function of central body 's density ( edit ) When a very small body is in a circular orbit barely above the surface of a sphere of any radius and mean density ρ ( in kg / m ) , the above equation simplifies to ( since M = Vρ = 4 / 3πa ρ ) > : T = 3 π G ρ ( \ displaystyle T = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 3 \ pi ) ( G \ rho ) ) ) ) So , for the Earth as the central body ( or any other spherically symmetric body with the same mean density , about 5,515 kg / m ) we get : T = 1.41 hours and for a body made of water ( ρ ≈ 1,000 kg / m ) T = 3.30 hours Thus , as an alternative for using a very small number like G , the strength of universal gravity can be described using some reference material , like water : the orbital period for an orbit just above the surface of a spherical body of water is 3 hours and 18 minutes . Conversely , this can be used as a kind of `` universal '' unit of time if we have a unit of mass , a unit of length and a unit of density . Two bodies orbiting each other ( edit ) In celestial mechanics , when both orbiting bodies ' masses have to be taken into account , the orbital period T can be calculated as follows : T = 2 π a 3 G ( M 1 + M 2 ) ( \ displaystyle T = 2 \ pi ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 3 ) ) ( G \ left ( M_ ( 1 ) + M_ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) ) ) ) where : a is the sum of the semi-major axes of the ellipses in which the centers of the bodies move , or equivalently , the semi-major axis of the ellipse in which one body moves , in the frame of reference with the other body at the origin ( which is equal to their constant separation for circular orbits ) , M + M is the sum of the masses of the two bodies , G is the gravitational constant . Note that the orbital period is independent of size : for a scale model it would be the same , when densities are the same ( see also Orbit # Scaling in gravity ) . In a parabolic or hyperbolic trajectory , the motion is not periodic , and the duration of the full trajectory is infinite . Synodic period ( edit ) There are observable characteristics of two bodies which orbit a third body in different orbits , and thus have different orbital periods . This is known as their synodic period ; it is the time between conjunctions , and since it is observable from either the first or the second body , the two synodic periods will be different , depending from which celestial body you are observing . An example of this related period description is the repeated cycles for celestial bodies as observed from the Earth 's surface , the so - called synodic period , applying to the elapsed time where planets return to the same kind of phenomena or location . For example , when any planet returns between its consecutive observed conjunctions with or oppositions to the Sun . For example , Jupiter has a synodic period of 398.8 days from Earth ; thus , Jupiter 's opposition occurs once roughly every 13 months . If the orbital periods of the two bodies around the third are called P and P , so that P < P , their synodic period is given by : 1 P s y n = 1 P 1 − 1 P 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( P_ ( \ mathrm ( syn ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( P_ ( 1 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( P_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) Examples of sidereal and synodic periods ( edit ) Table of synodic periods in the Solar System , relative to Earth : Object Sidereal period ( yr ) Synodic period ( yr ) Synodic period ( d ) Mercury 0.240846 ( 87.9691 days ) 0.317 115.88 Venus 0.615 ( 225 days ) 1.599 583.9 Earth 1 ( 365.25636 solar days ) -- -- Moon 0.0748 ( 27.32 days ) 0.0809 29.5306 99942 Apophis ( near - Earth asteroid ) 0.886 7.769 2,837.6 Mars 1.881 2.135 779.9 4 Vesta 3.629 1.380 504.0 1 Ceres 4.600 1.278 466.7 10 Hygiea 5.557 1.219 445.4 Jupiter 11.86 1.092 398.9 Saturn 29.46 1.035 378.1 Uranus 84.01 1.012 369.7 Neptune 164.8 1.006 367.5 134340 Pluto 248.1 1.004 366.7 136199 Eris 557 1.002 365.9 90377 Sedna 12050 1.00001 365.1 In the case of a planet 's moon , the synodic period usually means the Sun - synodic period , namely , the time it takes the moon to complete its illumination phases , completing the solar phases for an astronomer on the planet 's surface . The Earth 's motion does not determine this value for other planets because an Earth observer is not orbited by the moons in question . For example , Deimos 's synodic period is 1.2648 days , 0.18 % longer than Deimos 's sidereal period of 1.2624 d . Binary stars ( edit ) Binary star Orbital period AM Canum Venaticorum 17.146 minutes Beta Lyrae AB 12.9075 days Alpha Centauri AB 79.91 years Proxima Centauri -- Alpha Centauri AB 500,000 years or more See also ( edit ) Geosynchronous orbit derivation Rotation period -- time that it takes to complete one revolution around its axis of rotation Sidereal time Sidereal year Opposition ( astronomy ) List of periodic comets Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ How do you calculate the density of a sphere ? , quora.com Jump up ^ Density of the Earth , wolframalpha.com Jump up ^ Density of water , wolframalpha.com Jump up ^ Bradley W. Carroll , Dale A. Ostlie . An introduction to modern astrophysics . 2nd edition . Pearson 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers - Sten 's Space Blog '' . www.astronomycafe.net . External links ( edit ) Look up synodic in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Gravitational orbits Types General Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Graveyard Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Sun - synchronous Low Earth Medium Earth High Earth Molniya Near - equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Tundra About other points Areosynchronous Areostationary Halo Lissajous Lunar Heliocentric Heliosynchronous Parameters Shape Size e Eccentricity a Semi-major axis b Semi-minor axis Q , q Apsides Orientation i Inclination Ω Longitude of the ascending node ω Argument of periapsis π Longitude of the periapsis Position M Mean anomaly ν True anomaly E Eccentric anomaly L Mean longitude l True longitude Variation T Orbital period n Mean motion v Orbital speed t Epoch Maneuvers Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) Delta - v Delta - v budget Bi-elliptic transfer Geostationary transfer Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Low energy transfer Oberth effect Inclination change Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Transposition , docking , and extraction Orbital mechanics Celestial coordinate system Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n - body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific relative angular momentum Two - line elements List of orbits Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbital_period&oldid=800951674 '' Categories : Time in astronomy Orbits Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 19 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | time to orbit the sun in earth days | [
"\n\nObject\nSidereal period (yr)\nSynodic period (yr)\nSynodic period (d)[5]\n\n\nMercury\n0.240846 (87.9691 days)\n0.317\n115.88\n\n\nVenus\n0.615 (225 days)\n1.599\n583.9\n\n\nEarth\n1 (365.25636 solar days)\n—\n—\n\n\nMoon\n0.0748 (27.32 days)\n0.0809\n29.5306\n\n\n99942 Apophis (near-Earth asteroid)\n0.886\n7.769\n2,837.6\n\n\nMars\n1.881\n2.135\n779.9\n\n\n4 Vesta\n3.629\n1.380\n504.0\n\n\n1 Ceres\n4.600\n1.278\n466.7\n\n\n10 Hygiea\n5.557\n1.219\n445.4\n\n\nJupiter\n11.86\n1.092\n398.9\n\n\nSaturn\n29.46\n1.035\n378.1\n\n\nUranus\n84.01\n1.012\n369.7\n\n\nNeptune\n164.8\n1.006\n367.5\n\n\n134340 Pluto\n248.1\n1.004\n366.7\n\n\n136199 Eris\n557\n1.002\n365.9\n\n\n90377 Sedna\n12050\n1.00001\n365.1[citation needed]\n\n"
] | [
"365.25636"
] |
-1809031756480168321 | CompactFlash | CompactFlash - wikipedia CompactFlash Jump to : navigation , search CompactFlash A 2 GB CompactFlash card Media type Mass storage device format Encoding Various file systems Capacity 2 MB to 512 GB ( CF5. 0 : up to 128 PB ) Developed by SanDisk 43 × 36 × 3.3 mm ( Type I ) 43 × 36 × 5 mm ( Type II ) Weight 10 gram ( typical ) Usage Digital cameras and other mass storage devices Extended from PCMCIA / PC Card CompactFlash ( CF ) is a flash memory mass storage device used mainly in portable electronic devices . The format was specified and the devices were first manufactured by SanDisk in 1994 . CompactFlash became the most successful of the early memory card formats , surpassing Miniature Card and SmartMedia . Subsequent formats , such as MMC / SD , various Memory Stick formats , and xD - Picture Card offered stiff competition . Most of these cards are smaller than CompactFlash while offering comparable capacity and speed . Proprietary memory card formats for use in professional audio and video , such as P2 and SxS , are faster , but physically larger and more costly . CompactFlash remains popular and is supported by many professional devices and high - end consumer devices . As of 2017 , both Canon and Nikon use CompactFlash for their flagship digital still cameras . Canon also chose CompactFlash as the recording medium for its professional high - definition tapeless video cameras . Ikegami professional video cameras can record digital video onto CompactFlash cards through an adaptor . Traditional CompactFlash cards use the Parallel ATA interface , but in 2008 , a variant of CompactFlash , CFast was announced . CFast ( also known as CompactFast ) is based on the Serial ATA interface . In November 2010 , SanDisk , Sony and Nikon presented a next generation card format to the CompactFlash Association . The new format has a similar form factor to CF / CFast but is based on the PCI Express interface instead of Parallel ATA or Serial ATA . With potential read and write speeds of 1 Gbit / s ( 125 MByte / s ) and storage capabilities beyond 2 TiB , the new format is aimed at high - definition camcorders and high - resolution digital cameras , but the new cards are not backward compatible with either CompactFlash or CFast . The XQD card format was officially announced by the CompactFlash Association in December 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Technical details 2.1 Speed 2.1. 1 Solid state 2.1. 2 Magnetic media 2.2 Capacities and compatibility 2.2. 1 Solid state capacities 2.2. 2 Magnetic media capacities 2.2. 3 Use in place of a hard disk drive 2.3 Reliability 2.3. 1 Power consumption and data transfer rate 2.3. 2 File systems 2.4 CF+ and CompactFlash specification revisions 2.5 CE - ATA 2.6 CFast 2.7 CFexpress 2.8 Type I and Type II 2.9 Microdrives 3 Compared to other portable storage 4 Counterfeiting 5 Other devices in the CF form factor 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) A 16 - GB CompactFlash card installed in a 2.5 '' IDE port with adapter There are two main subdivisions of CF cards , 3.3 mm - thick type I and 5 mm - thick type II ( CF2 ) . The type II slot is used by miniature hard drives and some other devices , such as the Hasselblad CFV Digital Back for the Hasselblad series of medium format cameras . There are four main card speeds : original CF , CF High Speed ( using CF+ / CF2. 0 ) , faster CF 3.0 standard and the faster CF 4.0 standard adopted as of 2007 . CompactFlash was originally built around Intel 's NOR - based flash memory , but has switched to NAND technology . CF is among the oldest and most successful formats , and has held a niche in the professional camera market especially well . It has benefited from both a better cost to memory - size ratio and , for much of the format 's life , generally greater available capacity than other formats . CF cards can be used directly in a PC Card slot with a plug adapter , used as an ATA ( IDE ) or PCMCIA storage device with a passive adapter or with a reader , or attached to other types of ports such as USB or FireWire . As some newer card types are smaller , they can be used directly in a CF card slot with an adapter . Formats that can be used this way include SD / MMC , Memory Stick Duo , xD - Picture Card in a Type I slot and SmartMedia in a Type II slot , as of 2005 . Some multi-card readers use CF for I / O as well . Technical details ( edit ) The CompactFlash interface is a 50 - pin subset of the 68 - pin PCMCIA connector . `` It can be easily slipped into a passive 68 - pin PCMCIA Type II to CF Type I adapter that fully meets PCMCIA electrical and mechanical interface specifications '' , according to compactflash.org . The interface operates , depending on the state of a mode pin on power - up , as either a 16 - bit PC Card ( 0x7FF address limit ) or as an IDE ( PATA ) interface . 1 GB CF card in a Nikon D200 DSLR camera Unlike the PC Card interface , no dedicated programming voltages ( Vpp1 and Vpp2 ) are provided on the CompactFlash interface . CompactFlash IDE mode defines an interface that is smaller than , but electrically identical to , the ATA interface . The CF device contains an ATA controller and appears to the host device as if it were a hard disk . CF devices operate at 3.3 volts or 5 volts , and can be swapped from system to system . CompactFlash supports C-H-S and 28 - bit logical block addressing ( CF 5.0 introduced support for LBA - 48 ) . CF cards with flash memory are able to cope with extremely rapid changes in temperature . Industrial versions of flash memory cards can operate at a range of − 45 ° to + 85 ° C . NOR - based flash has lower density than newer NAND - based systems , and CompactFlash is therefore the physically largest of the three memory card formats introduced in the early 1990s , being derived from the JEIDA / PCMCIA Memory Card formats . The other two are Miniature Card ( MiniCard ) and SmartMedia ( SSFDC ) . However , CF did switch to NAND type memory later . The IBM Microdrive format , later made by Hitachi , implements the CF Type II interface , but is a hard disk drive ( HDD ) as opposed to solid - state memory . Seagate also made CF HDDs . Speed ( edit ) CompactFlash IDE ( ATA ) emulation speed is usually specified in `` x '' ratings , e.g. 8x , 20x , 133x . This is the same system used for CD - ROMs and indicates the maximum transfer rate in the form of a multiplier based on the original audio CD data transfer rate , which is 150 kByte / s . R = K ⋅ 150 kByte / s ( \ displaystyle R = ( K \ cdot 150 ) \ ( \ text ( kByte / s ) ) ) where R = transfer rate , K = speed rating . For example , 133x rating means transfer speed of : 133 × 150 kByte / s = 19,950 kByte / s ≈ 20 MB / s . These are manufacturer speed ratings . Actual transfer speed may be higher , or lower , than shown on the card depending on several factors . The speed rating quoted is almost always the read speed , while write speed is often slower . Solid state ( edit ) For reads , the onboard controller first powers up the memory chips from standby . Reads are usually in parallel , error correction is done on the data , then transferred through the interface 16 bits at a time . Error checking is required due to soft read errors . Writes require powerup from standby , wear leveling calculation , a block erase of the area to be written to , ECC calculation , write itself ( an individual memory cell read takes around 100 ns , a write to the chip takes 1ms+ or 10,000 times longer ) . Because the USB 2.0 interface is limited to 35 MByte / s and lacks bus mastering hardware , USB 2.0 implementation results in slower access . Modern UDMA - 7 CompactFlash Cards provide data rates up to 145 Mbytes / sec and require USB 3.0 data transfer rates . A direct motherboard connection is often limited to 33 MByte / s because IDE to CF adapters lack high speed ATA ( 66 MByte / s plus ) cable support . Power on from sleep / off takes longer than power up from standby . Magnetic media ( edit ) Many 1 - inch ( 25 mm ) hard drives ( often referred to by the trademarked name `` Microdrive '' ) typically spin at 3600 RPM , so rotational latency is a consideration , as is spin - up from standby or idle . Seagate 's 8 GB ST68022CF drive spins up fully within a few revolutions but current drawn can reach up to 350 milliamps and runs at 40 - 50 mA mean current . Its average seek time is 8 ms and can sustain 9 MByte / s read and write , and has an interface speed of 33 MByte / s . Hitachi 's 4 GB Microdrive is 12 ms seek , sustained 6 MByte / s . Capacities and compatibility ( edit ) The CF 5.0 Specification supports capacities up to 128 PB using 48 - bit logical block addressing ( LBA ) . Prior to 2006 , CF drives using magnetic media offered the highest capacities ( up to 8 GB ) . Now there are solid - state cards with higher capacities ( up to 512 GB ) . As of 2011 , solid - state drives ( SSDs ) have supplanted both kinds of CF drive for large capacity requirements . Solid state capacities ( edit ) SanDisk announced its 16 GB Extreme III card at the photokina trade fair , in September , 2006 . That same month , Samsung announced 16 , 32 and 64 GB CF cards . Two years later , in September , 2008 , PRETEC announced 100GB cards . Magnetic media capacities ( edit ) Seagate announced a 5 GB `` 1 - inch hard drive '' in June , 2004 , and an 8 GB version in June , 2005 . Use in place of a hard disk drive ( edit ) CompactFlash to SATA adapter with a card inserted In early 2008 , the CFA demonstrated CompactFlash cards with a built in SATA interface . Several companies make adapters that allow CF cards to be connected to PCI , PCMCIA , IDE and SATA connections , allowing a CF card to act as a solid - state drive with virtually any operating system or BIOS , and even in a RAID configuration . CF cards may perform the function of the master or slave drive on the IDE bus , but have issues sharing the bus . Moreover , late - model cards that provide DMA ( using UDMA or MWDMA ) may present problems when used through a passive adapter that does not support DMA . Reliability ( edit ) Original PC Card memory cards used an internal battery to maintain data when power was removed . The rated life of the battery was the only reliability issue . CompactFlash cards that use flash memory , like other flash - memory devices , are rated for a limited number of erase / write cycles for any `` block . '' While NOR flash has higher endurance , ranging from 10,000 to 1,000,000 , they have n't been adapted for memory card usage . Most mass storage usage flash are NAND based . As of 2015 NAND flash were being scaled down to 16 nm . They are usually rated for 500 to 3,000 write / erase cycles per block before hard failure . This is less reliable than magnetic media . Car PC Hacks suggests disabling the Windows swap file and using its Enhanced Write Filter ( EWF ) to eliminate unnecessary writes to flash memory . Additionally , when formatting a flash - memory drive , the Quick Format method should be used , to write as little as possible to the device . Most CompactFlash flash - memory devices limit wear on blocks by varying the physical location to which a block is written . This process is called wear leveling . When using CompactFlash in ATA mode to take the place of the hard disk drive , wear leveling becomes critical because low - numbered blocks contain tables whose contents change frequently . Current CompactFlash cards spread the wear - leveling across the entire drive . The more advanced CompactFlash cards will move data that rarely changes to ensure all blocks wear evenly . NAND flash memory is prone to frequent soft read errors . The CompactFlash card includes error checking and correcting ( ECC ) that detects the error and re-reads the block . The process is transparent to the user , although it may slow data access . As a flash memory device is solid - state , it is less affected by shock than a spinning disk . The possibility for electrical damage from upside - down insertion is prevented by asymmetrical side slots , assuming that the host device uses a suitable connector . Power consumption and data transfer rate ( edit ) Small cards consume around 5 % of the power required by small disk drives and still have reasonable transfer rates of over 45 MByte / s for the more expensive ' high - speed ' cards . However , the manufacturer 's warning on the flash memory used for ReadyBoost indicates a current draw in excess of 500 mA . File systems ( edit ) CompactFlash cards for use in consumer devices are typically formatted as FAT12 ( for media up to 16 MB ) , FAT16 ( for media up to 2 GB , sometimes up to 4 GB ) and FAT32 ( for media larger than 2 GB ) . This lets the devices be read by personal computers but also suits the limited processing ability of some consumer devices such as cameras . There are varying levels of compatibility among FAT32 - compatible cameras , MP3 players , PDAs , and other devices . While any device that claims FAT32 - capability should read and write to a FAT32 - formatted card without problems , some devices are tripped up by cards larger than 2 GB that are completely unformatted , while others may take longer to apply a FAT32 format . The way many digital cameras update the file system as they write to the card creates a FAT32 bottleneck . Writing to a FAT32 - formatted card generally takes a little longer than writing to a FAT16 - formatted card with similar performance capabilities . For instance , the Canon EOS 10D writes the same photo to a FAT16 - formatted 2 GB CompactFlash card somewhat faster than to a same speed 4 GB FAT32 - formatted CompactFlash card , although the memory chips in both cards have the same write speed specification . Although FAT16 is more wasteful of disk space with its larger clusters , it works better with the write strategy that flash memory chips require . The cards themselves can be formatted with any type of file system such as Ext , JFS , NTFS , or by one of the dedicated flash file systems . It can be divided into partitions as long as the host device can read them . CompactFlash cards are often used instead of hard drives in embedded systems , dumb terminals and various small form - factor PCs that are built for low noise output or power consumption . CompactFlash cards are often more readily available and smaller than purpose - built solid - state drives and often have faster seek times than hard drives . CF+ and CompactFlash specification revisions ( edit ) When CompactFlash was first being standardized , even full - sized hard disks were rarely larger than 4 GB in size , and so the limitations of the ATA standard were considered acceptable . However , CF cards manufactured after the original Revision 1.0 specification are available in capacities up to 512 GB . While the current revision 6.0 works in ( P ) ATA mode , future revisions are expected to implement SATA mode . CompactFlash Revision 1.0 ( 1995 ) , 8.3 MByte / s ( PIO mode 2 ) , support for up to 128 GB storage space . CompactFlash+ aka CompactFlash I / O ( 1997 ) CF+ and CompactFlash Revision 2.0 ( 2003 ) added an increase in speed to 16.6 MByte / s data - transfer ( PIO mode 4 ) . At the end of 2003 , DMA 33 transfers were added as well , available since mid-2004 . CF+ and CompactFlash Revision 3.0 ( 2004 ) added support for up to a 66 MByte / s data transfer rate ( UDMA 66 ) , 25 MByte / s in PC Card mode , added password protection , along with a number of other features . CFA recommends usage of the FAT32 filesystem for storage cards larger than 2 GB . CF+ and CompactFlash Revision 4.0 ( 2006 ) added support for IDE Ultra DMA Mode 6 for a maximum data transfer rate of 133 MByte / s ( UDMA 133 ) . CF+ and CompactFlash Revision 4.1 ( 2007 ) added support for Power Enhanced CF Storage Cards . CompactFlash Revision 5.0 ( 2010 ) added a number of features , including 48 - bit addressing ( supporting 128 Petabyte of storage ) , larger block transfers of up to 32 Megabytes , quality - of - service and video performance guarantees , and other enhancements CompactFlash Revision 6.0 ( November 2010 ) added UltraDMA Mode 7 ( 167 MByte / s ) , ATA - 8 / ACS - 2 sanitize command , TRIM and an optional card capability to report the operating temperature range of the card . Ce - ATA ( edit ) Main article : CE - ATA CE - ATA is a Serial ATA interface based on the MultiMediaCard standard . CFast ( edit ) Pins of a CFast card A variant of CompactFlash known as CFast is based on the Serial ATA bus , rather than the Parallel ATA / IDE bus for which all previous versions of CompactFlash are designed . CFast is also known as CompactFast . CFast 1.0 / 1.1 supports a higher maximum transfer rate than current CompactFlash cards , using SATA 2.0 ( 300 MByte / s ) interface , while PATA is limited to 167 MByte / s using UDMA 7 . CFast cards are not physically or electrically compatible with CompactFlash cards . However , since SATA can emulate the PATA command protocol , existing CompactFlash software drivers can be used , although writing new drivers to use AHCI instead of PATA emulation will almost always result in significant performance gains . CFast cards use a female 7 - pin SATA data connector , and a female 17 - pin power connector , so an adaptor is required to connect CFast cards in place of standard SATA hard drives which use male connectors . The first CFast cards reached the market in late 2009 . At CES 2009 , Pretec showed a 32 GB CFast card and announced that they should reach the market within a few months . Delock began distributing CFast cards in 2010 , offering several card readers with USB 3.0 and eSATAp ( power over eSATA ) ports to support CFast cards . Seeking higher performance and still keeping a compact storage format , some of the earliest adaptors of CFast cards were in the gaming industry ( used in slot machines ) , as a natural evolution from the by then well - established CF cards . Current gaming industry supporters of the format include both specialist gaming companies ( e.g. Aristocrat Leisure ) and OEMs such as Innocore ( now part of Advantech Co. , Ltd . ) . The CFast 2.0 specification was released in the second quarter of 2012 , updating the electrical interface to SATA 3.0 ( 600 MByte / s ) . As of 2014 , the only product employing CFast 2.0 cards was the Arri Amira digital production camera , allowing frame rates of up to 200 fps ; a CFast 2.0 adapter for the Arri Alexa / XT camera was also released . On 7 April 2014 , Blackmagic Design announced the URSA cinema camera , which records to CFast media . On 8 April 2015 , Canon Inc. announced the XC10 video camera , which also makes use of CFast cards . Blackmagic Design also announced that its URSA Mini will use CFast 2.0 . As of October 2016 , there are a growing number of medium to high - end professional devices making use of the faster data rates offered by CFast media . Examples include the Arri Amira and Arri Alexa Mini ; the Hasselblad H6D - 100C ; the Canon C700 , C300 Mark II , EOS 1D X II , and XC10 ; and the Blackmagic Ursa , Ursa Mini 4.6 K and Ursa Mini 4K . Additional recording devices for video include Atomos Ninja Star and Atomos Shogun Studio 4K . As of 2017 , in the wider embedded electronics industry , transition from CF to CFast is still relatively slow , probably due to hardware cost considerations and some inertia ( familiarity with CF ) and because a significant part of the industry is satisfied with the lower performance provided by CF cards , thus having no reason to change . A strong incentive to change to CFast for embedded electronics companies using designs based on Intel PC architecture is the fact that Intel has removed native support for the ( P ) ATA interface a few design platforms ago and the older CPU / PCH generations now have end - of - life status . CFexpress ( edit ) Main article : CFexpress In September 2016 the CompactFlash Association announced a new standard based on PCIe 3.0 and NVMe , CFexpress . In April 2017 , the version 1.0 of the CFexpress specification was published , with support for two PCIe 3.0 lanes in a XQD form - factor for up to 2 GB / s . Type I and Type II ( edit ) The only physical difference between the two types is that Type I devices are 3.3 mm thick while Type II devices are 5 mm thick . Electrically , the two interfaces are the same except that Type I devices are permitted to draw up to 70 mA supply current from the interface , while type II devices may draw up to 500 mA . Most Type II devices are Microdrive devices ( see below ) , other miniature hard drives , and adapters , such as a popular adapter that takes Secure Digital cards . A few flash - based Type II devices were manufactured , but Type I cards are now available in capacities that exceed CF HDDs . Manufacturers of CompactFlash cards such as Sandisk , Toshiba , Alcotek and Hynix offer devices with Type I slots only . Some of the latest DSLR cameras , like the Nikon D800 , have also dropped Type II support . Microdrives ( edit ) Main article : Microdrive IBM 1 GB Microdrive Microdrive was a brand of tiny hard disks -- about 25 mm ( 1 inch ) wide -- in a CompactFlash Type II package . The first was developed and released in 1999 by IBM , with a capacity of 170 MByte . IBM sold its disk drive division , including the Microdrive trademark , to Hitachi in 2002 . Comparable hard disks were also made by other vendors , such as Seagate and Sony . They were available in capacities of up to 8 GB but have been superseded by flash memory in cost , capacity , and reliability , and are no longer manufactured . As mechanical devices , CF HDDs drew more current than flash memory 's 100 mA maximum . Early versions drew up to 500 mA , but more recent ones drew under 200 mA for reads and under 300 mA for writes . ( Some devices used for high speed -- such as Readyboost , which had no low - power standby mode -- exceeded the 500 mA maximum of the Type II standard . ) CF HDDs were also susceptible to damage from physical shock or temperature changes . However , CF HDDs had a longer lifespan of write cycles than early flash memories . The iPod mini , Nokia N91 , iriver H10 ( 5 or 6 GB model ) , PalmOne LifeDrive , and Rio Carbon used a Microdrive to store data . Compared to other portable storage ( edit ) CompactFlash cards that use flash memory are more rugged than some hard drive solutions because they are solid - state . ( See also Reliability above . ) Separately , CompactFlash cards are thicker than other card formats , which may render them less susceptible to breakage from harsh treatment . As CompactFlash cards support the IDE / ATA command protocol with the host device , a passive adapter lets them function as the hard disk drive of a personal computer , as described above . CompactFlash does not have any built in DRM or cryptographic features found on some USB flash drives and other card formats . The absence of such features contributes to the openness of the standard , as card standards with such features may be subject to restrictive licensing agreements . The initial CompactFlash specification envisaged a higher maximum capacity than other card formats . For this reason , many early CompactFlash host devices are usable with modern multi-gigabyte memories , where users of other families such as Secure Digital have had to migrate to SDHC and SDXC . CompactFlash lacks the mechanical write protection switch that some other devices have , as seen in a comparison of memory cards . CompactFlash is physically larger than other card formats . This limits its use , especially in miniature consumer devices where internal space is limited , such as point - and - shoot digital cameras . ( An offsetting benefit of larger size is that the card is easier to insert and remove , and harder to misplace . ) Counterfeiting ( edit ) The marketplace for CompactFlash is extensive and includes counterfeits . Off - brand or counterfeit cards may be mislabeled , might not contain the actual amount of memory their controllers report to the host device , and may use types of memory that are not rated for the number of erase / rewrite cycles that the purchaser expects . Other devices in the CF form factor ( edit ) Various CF I / O network interface cards Since CompactFlash interface is electrically identical to the 16 - bit PC Card , the CompactFlash form factor is also used for a variety of Input / Output and interface devices . Many standard PC cards have CF counterparts , some examples include : Ethernet Bluetooth Modem and GSM Modem , including GPRS and EDGE Wi - Fi Digital Camera GPS Barcode scanner RFID Magnetic stripe reader Super VGA display adapter Serial port and USB 1.1 host adapters Readers for various other Flash media Microdrive See also ( edit ) Comparison of memory cards ExpressCard Microdrive PC Card Random - access memory XQD card References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frank , Bill ( March 2 , 2003 ) . `` CompactFlash Specification Allows for the Addressing of up to 137 GB '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . CompactFlash Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ CompactFlash Frequently Asked Questions Jump up ^ Reagan , Eric ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Lexar Introduces 256GB CF Card in Pro Line Refresh '' ( Press release ) . Lexar . The card referenced is described as supporting UDMA 7 , which indicates conformance to the CF6. 0 spec . Jump up ^ Digiprint Uk Jump up ^ `` Canon U.S.A. Introduces The New Canon EOS - 1D X Digital SLR Camera , Re-Designed From The Inside Out '' ( Press release ) . Canon . 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canon U.S.A. Introduces EOS - 1D C Digital SLR Camera Featuring 4K High - Resolution Video Capture '' ( Press release ) . Canon . 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Digital SLR Camera Nikon D4 '' . Nikon Corporation . January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ File - based video recording onto CF cards : features and benefits , by Canon Inc . Jump up ^ Ikegami at Government Video EXPO 2010 , press - release by Ikegami Ltd . Jump up ^ Engadget : Sandisk , Sony , and Nikon propose 500MBps memory card with more than 2TB capacity Jump up ^ CNET : CompactFlash allies rally against dominant SD Jump up ^ Engadget : CompactFlash Association readies next - gen XQD format , promises write speeds of 125 MB / s and up Jump up ^ http://www.karlfoster.com/text/DP_flashmemory.doc Jump up ^ http://www.pcmcia.org/pccard.htm Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.allpinouts.org/index.php/CompactFlash Jump up ^ CF+ and CompactFlash Specification Revision 1.4 , Section 4 Electrical Interface , Table 4 Jump up ^ http://photofocus.com/2009/06/30/long-term-test-udma-flash-memory-lexar-won/ Jump up ^ http://pietrzyk.us/media-card-study/ Jump up ^ http://pietrzyk.us/usb-3-0-cf-card-reader-study/ Jump up ^ http://www.seagate.com/ww/v/index.jsp?name=ST1.2-Series_8-GB_CompactFlash_ST68022CF&vgnextoid=5ddc44ab7cffd010VgnVCM100000dd04090aRCRD&locale=en-US#tTabContentSpecifications Jump up ^ `` COMPACTFLASH ASSOCIATION ANNOUNCES AVAILABILITY OF THE NEW CF5. 0 SPECIFICATION '' ( PDF ) . CompactFlash Association . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.lexar.com/products/lexar-professional-800x-compactflash-cf-card Jump up ^ SanDisk Introduces the World 's Highest Capacity Card for Professional Photographers Jump up ^ Samsung Announces First 40 - nanometer Device 32 Gb NAND Flash with Revolutionary Charge Trap Technology Jump up ^ Pretec Releases 64GB and 100GB CF Card - Highest Capacity in the World Jump up ^ Seagate Expands Consumer Electronics Leadership with First 5GB 1 - Inch Hard Drive , First 5GB Compact Flash Hard Drive , and New 400GB DVR Hard Drive Archived 2012 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Seagate Does it Again : Drives Innovation with 10 New , Groundbreaking Hard Disc Drives Archived 2009 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Submerged camera holds functional memory card two years after accident - Engadget Jump up ^ `` Compact Flash and Secure Digital Adapters '' . Addonics . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://www.fccps.cz/download/adv/frr/cf.html Jump up ^ `` Application Note for NAND Flash Memory ( Revision 2.0 ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The comparison is not in the same terms as for magnetic media , for which hours of operation and reads also impose wear . ^ Jump up to : Car PC hacks , Damien Stolarz , 2005 , Farnham : O'Reilly Media , Sebastopol , CA , USA , ISBN 0 - 596 - 00871 - 6 Jump up ^ EWF is available only in XP Embedded , not the XP Professional , Home , or Media Editions versions of Windows . Jump up ^ SanDisk Extreme IV review Jump up ^ Rob Galbraith CompactFlash Performance Database Archived 2013 - 05 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CFA Announces Availability of the New CF5. 0 Specification Archived 2010 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CompactFlash 6.0 Archived 2010 - 11 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.hitachigst.com/tech/techlib.nsf/techdocs/98ABCD658D41637A8625706700616161/$file/Ready_for_CE-ATA.pdf Archived 2011 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.mmca.org/tech/MMCA_System_summaryV41.pdf Jump up ^ `` CFast -- Evolution of the CompactFlash Interface '' ( PDF ) . CompactFlash Association . 2008 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Donald Melanson ( 2008 - 02 - 25 ) . `` CFast CompactFlash cards now said to be coming in `` 18 to 24 months '' `` . Engadget . Jump up ^ `` Pretec release CFast card with SATA interface '' . DPReview. 2008 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.arri.com/amira/ Jump up ^ http://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/news/news/in-camera-cfast-20-for-alexa/ Jump up ^ http://www.blackmagicdesign.com/products/blackmagicursa Jump up ^ `` Canon XC10 - Professional camcorder '' . Canon Europe . 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CFA 5.1 Press Release '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` CFexpress 1.0 Press Release '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ CompactFlash Frequently Asked Questions Jump up ^ Delkin Devices ship 224MB CF type II : Digital Photography Review Jump up ^ Lexar Media announces 8 GB CompactFlash type II Jump up ^ Nikon D700 - see Tech Specs Jump up ^ Rob , Galbraith . `` Robgalbraith CF info '' . Rob Galbraith . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ eBay.ie Guides - FAKE SanDisk Extreme Compact Flash Cards Exposed Jump up ^ July 2007 - Counterfeit SanDisk Cards Archived 8 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to CompactFlash . CompactFlash Association Rob Galbraith DPI : CF Performance Database CompactFlash connector description and pin layout CompactFlash pinout CompactFlash Connector Schematic and complete Pinout ( hide ) Memory cards Main articles Memory card reader Comparison of memory cards SD Card and MultiMediaCard family comparison Types CompactFlash ( CF , CFast ) CFexpress Express Card JEIDA MultiMediaCard ( MMC ) Memory Stick ( MS , MS - PRO , MS - PRO HG , MS - XC ) miCard Microdrive ( MD ) MiniCard P2 ( MicroP2 ) PC Card ( PCMCIA , CardBus , CardBay ) Secure Digital ( SDSC , SDHC , SDXC ) SmartMedia ( SM ) SxS Universal Flash Storage ( UFS ) USB xD - Picture XQD Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CompactFlash&oldid=826000152 '' Categories : American inventions Computer memory Solid - state computer storage media Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 16 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does cf mean on a canon camera | [
"CompactFlash (CF) is a flash memory mass storage device used mainly in portable electronic devices. The format was specified and the devices were first manufactured by SanDisk in 1994.[4]"
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"CompactFlash"
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7260392753197322702 | Country Inns & Suites | Country Inns & Suites - Wikipedia Country Inns & Suites This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Country Inns & Suites '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country Inns & Suites Type Franchise Industry Hotel , Hospitality Founded 1987 ; 31 years ago ( 1987 ) , Burnsville , Minnesota Founder Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group Number of locations 1,370 Area served Worldwide Parent Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group Country Inns & Suites by Radisson ( CI&S ) is an American hotel brand owned by the Radisson Hotel Group , which accommodates both business and leisure travelers . CI&S hotels are mainly independently owned and operated , and franchised under licensing agreements with Radisson Hotel Group . Waffle iron bearing logo The brand operates more than 1,370 hotels worldwide . History ( edit ) The Country Inn and Suites in Moline , Illinois . CI&S opened its first hotel in Burnsville , Minnesota in 1987 . The first one was opened next to a kitchen named Country Kitchen ( 1964 -- present ) , which spun off into its own company , CI&S . On August 25 , 1989 , its headquarters was in Chanhassen , Minnesota , next to Country Kitchen , as a domestic restaurant . In 1991 in Japan , its Japan headquarters is called Country Suites Japan of Tokyo . Between 1995 and 2006 Country Kitchen shut down when it became Country Restaurant in 2006 . The portfolio of the Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group includes more than 1,300 hotels in 81 countries and territories , under brands Radisson Blu , Radisson , Park Plaza , Park Inn by Radisson , Country Inns & Suites by Radisson ( previously by Carlson ) , and Hotel Missoni . The Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group and its brands employ more than 80,000 people . Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group is headquartered in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US , and Brussels , Belgium . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Country Story '' . Country Inn & Suites . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Carlson Hotels Country Inns & Suites Hotel Missoni Park Inn Park Plaza Radisson Radisson Blu Radisson Red Travel Carlson Wagonlit Travel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country_Inns_%26_Suites&oldid=833910047 '' Categories : Hotel chains Hotels established in 1987 Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2015 All articles lacking sources Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 00 : 17 . About Wikipedia | who is country inn and suites affiliated with | [
"Country Inns & Suites by Radisson (CI&S) is an American hotel brand owned by the Radisson Hotel Group, which accommodates both business and leisure travelers. CI&S hotels are mainly independently owned and operated, and franchised under licensing agreements with Radisson Hotel Group."
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"Radisson Hotel Group"
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3714290771629267035 | Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone) | Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) - wikipedia Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' Single by Glass Tiger from the album The Thin Red Line B - side `` Ancient Evenings '' Released January 1986 ( 1986 - 01 ) Format 7 '' single Genre Rock Length 4 : 05 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Glass Tiger , Jim Vallance Producer ( s ) Jim Vallance Glass Tiger singles chronology `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( 1986 ) `` Someday '' ( 1987 ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( 1986 ) `` Someday '' ( 1987 ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' is a song by Canadian rock band Glass Tiger . It was released in January 1986 as the lead from their debut album , The Thin Red Line . The song reached number - one in Canada and number 2 in the United States . The song features backing vocals by rock singer Bryan Adams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Release and reception 3 Music videos 4 Track listing 5 Chart performance 5.1 Chart successions 5.2 Award successions 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) In 1985 , Glass Tiger chose Jim Vallance to produce the band 's debut album . At the time , Vallance was primarily known as a songwriter , having written most frequently ( and successfully ) with Bryan Adams . He also had some previous production experience , having produced one album apiece by Adams , Doug and the Slugs and CANO in the early 1980s . The band 's lead vocalist Alan Frew recalled : `` It worked out great because we were all at the same stage of development . He did n't change the sound of the band at all . He let us experiment but was n't afraid to get heavy - handed when he had to . '' Vallance composed `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' with the band , while Adams provided backing vocals . Frew - `` On the very first day that we met Jim Vallance , he picked us up at the airport and to break the ice asked us what we were listening to . One was Tears For Fears . We went to his house and drank tea and listened to some tunes . ' Everybody Wants to Rule the World ' came on and we really liked the shuffle beat . So we went into the studio and based on this shuffle beat , we wrote ' Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) ' . First day , first song . '' Release and reception ( edit ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' topped the Canadian Singles Chart in March 1986 , and spent two weeks at number 1 . The single was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association in July . The song entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in July , peaked at number 2 in October - kept from number 1 by Janet Jackson 's `` When I Think of You '' - and spent 24 weeks on the chart . It reached number 1 on the Singles Sales chart and number 6 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also peaked at number 17 on the Mainstream Rock chart , number 30 on the Adult Contemporary chart , and number 34 on the Billboard Year - End singles chart of 1986 . The single reached the top 10 in Australia , number 27 in New Zealand , number 29 in the United Kingdom , and number 40 in the Netherlands . Frew credited the song 's chart performance to `` solid record company involvement '' and the band 's international appeal . `` We are n't rewriting musical history by any means , '' he added . `` But our melody lines are strong and mature enough to appeal to the English - speaking world . '' The song won the 1986 Juno Award for Single of the Year , and was named top Canadian single in the Rock Express magazine readers ' poll awards in 1987 . In 1996 , the Society of Composers , Authors and Music Publishers of Canada honored the song for airing more than 100,000 times on Canadian radio . Glass Tiger performed the song during an episode of the 2005 NBC reality television program Hit Me , Baby , One More Time . Music Videos ( edit ) The song 's original music video , made for the Canadian market , mixed performance footage with a storybook concept . Directed by Rob Quartly , the video was nominated for Best Video at the Juno Awards of 1986 . This version was the first video to air on the MuchMoreRetro digital cable music video channel when it launched on September 4 , 2003 . A second video was created for other markets , according to Manhattan Records Vice President of A&R Bruce Garfield . He noted that `` Steven Reed , our senior vice president of marketing , took a very strong stand because the Canadian video was too cutesy and directed solely toward the youth market . '' Garfield added , `` It did n't focus enough on the artistic integrity and entertainment aspect of the band . '' The newer version received heavy rotation on MTV . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' Vinyl ( Canada , Australia , Europe , U.S. ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' -- 4 : 05 `` Ancient Evenings '' -- 4 : 50 12 '' Vinyl ( Canada ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( extended version ) -- 7 : 10 `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( single mix ) -- 4 : 05 `` Do You Wanna Dance ( With Me ) '' -- 3 : 58 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Canada ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 32 Ireland ( IRMA ) 26 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 40 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 27 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 29 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Mainstream Rock 17 U.S. Adult Contemporary 30 Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Sara '' by Starship Canadian RPM number - one single March 29 , 1986 - April 5 , 1986 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Secret Lovers '' by Atlantic Starr Award successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Never Surrender '' by Corey Hart Juno Award for Single of the Year 1986 Succeeded by `` Someday '' by Glass Tiger References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : LaPointe , Kirk ( 1986 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Glass Tiger Roars Onto Canadian Scene '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 27 ) : 70 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/covermecanada/2011/10/alan-frew-of-glass-tiger-talks-someday.html ^ Jump up to : `` RPM 100 Singles '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 44 ( 1 ) . 1986 - 03 - 29 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 44 ( 2 ) . 1986 - 04 - 05 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ LaPointe , Kirk ( 1986 - 08 - 23 ) . `` New Artists Dominate CRIA List '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 34 ) : 71 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) ' - Chart history '' . Billboard ( Nielsen Business Media , Inc . ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 8th ed . ) . New York : Billboard Books . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7499 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glass Tiger - Charts & Awards - Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic ( Rovi Corporation ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 52 ) : 9 . 1986 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 51 ) : 58 . 1986 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glass Tiger - ' Do n't Forget Me When I 'm Gone ' '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Warwick , Neil ; Kutner , Jon ; Brown , Tony ( 2004 ) . The Complete Book Of The British Charts ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Omnibus Press . p. 461 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84449 - 058 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glass Tiger Succeeds South of Canada 's Border '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 49 ) : 22 . 1986 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Griffin , John ( 1986 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Juno Award Winners '' . The Gazette . p . A-11 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Glass Tiger Sweeps Top Three Awards in Magazine Readers ' Poll '' . Ottawa Citizen. 1987 - 02 - 19 . p . E6 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` SOCAN Awards Canada 's Songwriters '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 108 ( 49 ) : 50 . 1996 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` A Dose of Reality : Hit Me Baby One More Time : Week 4 '' . The Trades ( Burlee LLC ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Video Track '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 8 ) : 28 . 1996 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` List of Juno Award Nominees in Major Categories '' . The Gazette. 1986 - 09 - 09 . p . E-4 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Launch Videos '' . MuchMoreRetro . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Programming '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 38 ) : 57 . 1996 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Glass Tiger Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . External links ( edit ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) lyrics Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Glass Tiger Alan Frew Sam Reid Al Connelly Wayne Parker Chris McNeill Studio albums The Thin Red Line ( 1986 ) Diamond Sun ( 1988 ) Simple Mission ( 1991 ) Compilations Air Time : The Best of Glass Tiger ( 1993 ) No Turning Back : 1985 -- 2005 ( 2005 ) Glass Tiger : Live ( 2006 ) Singles `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' `` Someday '' Related articles Newmarket , Ontario Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Forget_Me_(When_I%27m_Gone)&oldid=809722707 '' Categories : Debut singles 1986 singles Glass Tiger songs Songs written by Alan Frew Songs written by Jim Vallance RPM Top Singles number - one singles Capitol Records singles Juno Award for Single of the Year singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Germany Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 23 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings dont forget me when im gone | [
"\"Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)\" is a song by Canadian rock band Glass Tiger. It was released in January 1986 as the lead from their debut album, The Thin Red Line. The song reached number-one in Canada and number 2 in the United States. The song features backing vocals by rock singer Bryan Adams."
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"Canadian rock band Glass Tiger"
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1033614257731889831 | Sacramento, California | Sacramento , California - wikipedia Sacramento , California `` Sacramento '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sacramento ( disambiguation ) . State capital and city of California , United States Sacramento , California State capital and city City of Sacramento Clockwise from top left : California State Capitol , Sacramento RT Light Rail in transit down K Street , Sacramento Memorial Auditorium , Downtown Sacramento skyline , Crocker Art Museum , Tower Bridge from the riverfront . Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` City of Trees '' , `` Sactown '' , `` Sac '' , `` Sacto '' , `` River City '' , `` America 's Most Diverse City '' Motto ( s ) : Latin : Urbs Indomita ( English : `` Indomitable City '' ) Location of Sacramento in Sacramento County , California Sacramento Location in California , United States Sacramento Sacramento ( California ) Sacramento Sacramento ( the US ) Show map of Northern California Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 38 ° 33 ′ 20 '' N 121 ° 28 ′ 08 '' W / 38.55556 ° N 121.46889 ° W / 38.55556 ; - 121.46889 Coordinates : 38 ° 33 ′ 20 '' N 121 ° 28 ′ 08 '' W / 38.55556 ° N 121.46889 ° W / 38.55556 ; - 121.46889 Country United States State California County Sacramento Region Sacramento Valley CSA Sacramento - Roseville MSA Sacramento -- Roseville -- Arden - Arcade Incorporated February 27 , 1850 Chartered 1920 Named for Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist Government Type City Council Body Sacramento City Council Mayor Darrell Steinberg ( D ) City Council Council Members ( show ) Angelique Ashby Allen Warren Jeff Harris Steve Hansen Jay Schenirer Eric Guerra Rick Jennings , II Larry Carr Area City 100.11 sq mi ( 259.27 km ) Land 97.92 sq mi ( 253.62 km ) Water 2.18 sq mi ( 5.65 km ) 2.19 % Elevation 30 ft ( 9 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 466,488 Estimate ( 2017 ) 501,901 Rank 1st in Sacramento County 6th in California 35th in the United States Density 5,057.33 / sq mi ( 1,952.65 / km ) Urban 1,723,634 Metro 2,149,127 CSA 2,414,783 Demonym ( s ) Sacramentan Time zone PST ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP codes 942xx , 958xx Area code 916 and 279 FIPS code 06 - 64000 GNIS feature IDs 1659564 , 2411751 Website cityofsacramento.org Sacramento ( / ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ / SAK - rə - MEN - toh ; Spanish : ( sakɾaˈmento ) ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County . It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the northern portion of California 's expansive Central Valley , known as the Sacramento Valley . Its estimated 2018 population of 501,334 makes it the sixth - largest city in California , the fastest - growing big city in the state , and the 35th largest city in the United States . Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area , which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783 . Its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in California after the Los Angeles metropolitan area , the San Francisco Bay Area , the Inland Empire , and the San Diego metropolitan area , and is the 27th largest in the United States . In 2002 , the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento `` America 's Most Diverse City '' . Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter , Sr. , his son John Augustus Sutter , Jr. , and James W. Marshall . Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutter 's Fort , which was established by Sutter . During the California Gold Rush , Sacramento was a major distribution point , a commercial and agricultural center , and a terminus for wagon trains , stagecoaches , riverboats , the telegraph , the Pony Express , and the First Transcontinental Railroad . The city was named after the Sacramento River , which forms its western border . The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento ( Blessed Sacrament ) , referring to the Catholic Eucharist . Today , the city is known for its diversity , tree canopy ( largest in the U.S. ) , historic Old Sacramento , evolving contemporary culture as the most `` hipster city '' in California , sunny climate , state administration , and farm - to - fork dining . California State University , Sacramento , is the largest university in the city and a designated `` Tree City USA '' campus . The University of the Pacific is a private university with one of its three campuses , the McGeorge School of Law , in Sacramento . In addition , the University of California , Davis , 16 miles ( 26 km ) west of Sacramento , operates UC Davis Medical Center , a world - renowned research hospital , in the city of Sacramento . Contents 1 History 1.1 Indigenous culture 1.2 Spanish exploration 1.3 Mexican Period : Sutter 's Fort and New Helvetia 1.4 From New Helvetia to `` Sacramento City '' 1.5 Remnants of downtown Sacramento 's Chinatown 1.6 Capital city 1.7 The modern era 2 Geography and climate 2.1 Geography 2.2 Cityscape 2.2. 1 City neighborhoods 2.2. 1.1 Area one ( central / eastern ) 2.2. 1.2 Area two ( southwestern ) 2.2. 1.3 Area three ( southeastern ) 2.2. 1.4 Area four ( north of the American River ) 2.2. 1.5 Other areas 2.3 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 3.2 2000 4 Economy 4.1 Top employers 5 Culture and arts 5.1 Old Sacramento 5.2 Theater arts 5.3 Visual arts 5.4 Museums 5.5 Music 5.6 Film 5.7 Food and drink 5.8 LGBTQ 6 Sports 6.1 Professional teams 6.2 Other sports 7 Parks and recreation 8 Government and politics 8.1 County government 8.2 Federal and state representation 9 Education 9.1 Colleges and universities 9.1. 1 Public 9.1. 2 Private , not for profit 9.1. 3 Private , for profit 9.2 K -- 12 schools 9.2. 1 Public schools 9.2. 2 Private schools 9.2. 2.1 Independent schools 9.2. 2.2 Other religious schools 10 Media 10.1 Magazines 10.2 Newspapers 10.3 Radio 10.4 Television stations 11 Transportation 11.1 Roads and highways 11.2 Rail service 11.2. 1 Amtrak 11.2. 2 Altamont Corridor Express 11.2. 3 California High - Speed Rail 11.3 Walkability 11.4 Airport 11.5 Other transportation options 12 Cemeteries 13 Notable residents 14 Sister cities 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Sacramento , California See also : Timeline of Sacramento , California Indigenous culture ( edit ) Nisenan ( Southern Maidu ) and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years . Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home , these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence . Traditionally , their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the plentiful oak trees in the region , and by fruits , bulbs , seeds , and roots gathered throughout the year . Spanish exploration ( edit ) In 1808 , the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley and the Sacramento River . A Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote : `` Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods , many festooned with grapevines , overhung both sides of the blue current . Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths . The air was like champagne , and ( the Spaniards ) drank deep of it , drank in the beauty around them . `` ¡ Es como el sagrado sacramento ! ( It 's like the Blessed Sacrament . ) '' The valley and the river were then christened after the `` Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ '' , referring to the Catholic sacrament of the Eucharist . Mexican period : Sutter 's Fort and new Helvetia ( edit ) Inside the historical Sutter 's Fort . Main building housing John Sutter 's offices . ( 2009 ) John Sutter Sr. first arrived in the area on August 13 , 1839 , at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres . The next year , he and his party established Sutter 's Fort , a massive adobe structure with walls eighteen feet high and three feet thick . Representing Mexico , Sutter Sr. called his colony New Helvetia , a Swiss inspired name , and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement . Soon , the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west . Within just a few short years , Sutter Sr. had become a grand success , owning a ten - acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle . Fort Sutter became a regular stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley . In 1847 Sutter Sr. received 2,000 fruit trees , which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley . Later that same year , Sutter Sr. hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire , however , unbeknownst to many , Sutter Sr. 's `` empire '' had been built on some very thin margins of credit . From new Helvetia to `` Sacramento city '' ( edit ) Sacramento in 1849 In 1848 , when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter 's Mill in Coloma ( located some 50 miles ( 80.5 km ) northeast of the fort ) , a large number of gold - seekers came to the area , increasing the population . In August 1848 Sutter Sr. 's son , John Sutter Jr. arrived in the area to assist his father in relieving his indebtedness . Now compounding the problem of his father 's indebtedness , was the additional strain placed on the Sutters by the ongoing arrival of thousands of new gold miners and prospectors in the area , many quite content to squat on unwatched portions of the vast Sutter lands , or to abscond with various unattended Sutter properties or belongings if they could . In Sutter 's case , rather than being a ' boon ' for Sutter , his employee 's discovery of gold in the area turned out to be more of a personal ' bane ' for him . By December 1848 , John Sutter Jr. , in association with Sam Brannan , began laying out the City of Sacramento , 2 miles south of his father 's settlement of New Helvetia . This venture was undertaken against the wishes of Sutter Sr. , however the father , being deeply in debt , was in no position to stop the venture . For commercial reasons the new city was named `` Sacramento City , '' after the Sacramento River . Sutter Jr. and Brannon hired topographical engineer William H. Warner to draft the official layout of the city , which included 26 lettered and 31 numbered streets ( today 's grid from C St. to Broadway and from Front St. to Alhambra Blvd . ) . Unfortunately , a certain bitterness grew between the elder Sutter and his son as Sacramento became an overnight commercial success ( Sutter 's Fort , Mill and the town of Sutterville , all founded by John Sutter , Sr. , would eventually fail ) . The citizens of Sacramento adopted a city charter in 1849 , which was recognized by the state legislature in 1850 . Sacramento is the oldest incorporated city in California , incorporated on February 27 , 1850 . During the early 1850s , the Sacramento valley was devastated by floods , fires and cholera epidemics . Despite this , because of its position just downstream from the Mother Lode in the Sierra Nevada , the new city grew , quickly reaching a population of 10,000 . Remnants of downtown Sacramento 's Chinatown ( edit ) Paifang at Sacramento 's Chinatown Mall Throughout the early 1840s and 1850s , China was at war with Great Britain and France in the First and Second Opium Wars . The wars , along with endemic poverty in China , helped drive many Chinese immigrants to America . Many first came to San Francisco , which was then the largest city in California , and known as `` Dai Fow '' ( The Big City ) , and some came eventually to Sacramento ( then the second - largest city in California ) , also known as `` Yee Fow '' ( Second City ) . Many of these immigrants came in hope of a better life as well as the possibility of finding gold in the foothills east of Sacramento . Sacramento 's Chinatown was located on `` I '' Street from Second to Sixth Streets . At the time , this area of `` I '' Street was considered a health hazard because - lying within a levee zone - it was lower than other parts of the city , which were situated on higher land . Throughout Sacramento 's Chinatown history , there were fires , acts of discrimination , and prejudicial legislation such as the Chinese Exclusion Act that was not repealed until 1943 . The mysterious fires were thought to be set off by those who did not take a liking to the Chinese working class . Ordinances on what was viable building material were set into place to try to get the Chinese to move out . Newspapers such as The Sacramento Union wrote stories at the time that portrayed the Chinese in an unfavorable light to inspire ethnic discrimination and drive the Chinese away . As the years passed , a railroad was created over parts of the Chinatown , and further politics and laws would make it even harder for Chinese workers to sustain a living in Sacramento . While the east side of the country fought for higher wages and fewer working hours , many cities in the western United States wanted the Chinese out because of the belief that they were stealing jobs from the white working class . The Chinese remained resilient despite these efforts . They built their buildings out of bricks just as the building guidelines were established . They helped build part of the railroads that span the city as well as made a great contribution to the transcontinental railroad that spans the United States . They also helped build the levees within Sacramento and its surrounding cities . As a result , the Chinese are a well - recognized part of Sacramento 's history and heritage . While most of Sacramento 's Chinatown has now been razed , a small Chinatown mall remains as well as a museum dedicated to the history of Sacramento 's Chinatown and the contributions Chinese Americans have made to the city . Amtrak sits along what was part of Sacramento 's Chinatown `` I '' Street . Capital city ( edit ) See also : Urban redevelopment in Sacramento , California California 's State Capitol Building The California State Legislature , with the support of Governor John Bigler , moved to Sacramento in 1854 . The capital of California under Spanish ( and , subsequently , Mexican ) rule had been Monterey , where in 1849 the first Constitutional Convention and state elections were held . The convention decided that San Jose would be the new state 's capital . After 1850 , when California 's statehood was ratified , the legislature met in San Jose until 1851 , Vallejo in 1852 , and Benicia in 1853 , before moving to Sacramento . In the 1879 Constitutional Convention , Sacramento was named to be the permanent state capital . Begun in 1860 to be reminiscent of the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. , the Classical Revival style California State Capitol was completed in 1874 . In 1861 , the legislative session was moved to the Merchants Exchange Building in San Francisco for one session because of massive flooding in Sacramento . The legislative chambers were first occupied in 1869 while construction continued . From 1862 to 1868 , part of the Leland Stanford Mansion was used for the governor 's offices during Stanford 's tenure as the Governor ; and the legislature met in the Sacramento County Courthouse . Garden at Sacramento , California State Capitol photo taken July 3 , 2002 The Tower Bridge , built in 1935 , a popular landmark With its new status and strategic location , Sacramento quickly prospered and became the western end of the Pony Express . Later it became a terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad , which began construction in Sacramento in 1863 and was financed by `` The Big Four '' -- Mark Hopkins , Charles Crocker , Collis P. Huntington , and Leland Stanford . In 1850 and again in 1861 , Sacramento citizens were faced with a completely flooded town . After the devastating 1850 flood , Sacramento experienced a cholera epidemic and a flu epidemic , which crippled the town for several years . In 1861 , Governor Leland Stanford , who was inaugurated in early January 1861 , had to attend his inauguration in a rowboat , which was not too far from his house in town on N street . The flood waters were so bad , the legend says , that when he returned to his house , he had to enter into it through the second floor window . From 1862 until the mid-1870s Sacramento raised the level of its downtown by building reinforced brick walls on its downtown streets , and filling the resulting street walls with dirt . Thus the previous first floors of buildings became the basements , with open space between the street and the building , previously the sidewalk , now at the basement level . Most property owners used screw jacks to raise their buildings to the new grade . The sidewalks were covered , initially by wooden sidewalks , then brick barrel vaults , and eventually replaced by concrete sidewalks . Over the years , many of these underground spaces have been filled or destroyed by subsequent development . However , it is still possible to view portions of the `` Sacramento Underground '' . The same rivers that earlier brought death and destruction began to provide increasing levels of transportation and commerce . Both the American and especially Sacramento rivers would be key elements in the economic success of the city . In fact , Sacramento effectively controlled commerce on these rivers , and public works projects were funded though taxes levied on goods unloaded from boats and loaded onto rail cars in the historic Sacramento Rail Yards . Now both rivers are used extensively for recreation . The American River is a 5 - mph ( 8 - km / h ) waterway for all power boats ( including jet - ski and similar craft ) ( Source Sacramento County Parks & Recreation ) and has become an international attraction for rafters and kayaking . The Sacramento River sees many boaters , who can make day trips to nearby sloughs or continue along the Delta to the Bay Area and San Francisco . The Delta King , a paddlewheel steamboat which for eighteen months lay on the bottom of the San Francisco Bay , was refurbished and now boasts a hotel , a restaurant , and two different theaters for nightlife along the Old Sacramento riverfront . The modern era ( edit ) Sacramento Regional Transit Light - Rail The city 's current charter was adopted by voters in 1920 . As a charter city , Sacramento is exempt from many laws and regulations passed by the state legislature . The city has expanded continuously over the years . The 1964 merger of the City of North Sacramento with Sacramento substantially increased its population , and large annexations of the Natomas area eventually led to significant population growth throughout the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s . Sacramento County ( along with a portion of adjacent Placer County ) is served by a customer - owned electric utility , the Sacramento Municipal Utility District ( SMUD ) . Sacramento voters approved the creation of SMUD in 1923 . In April 1946 , after 12 years of litigation , a judge ordered Pacific Gas & Electric to transfer title of Sacramento 's electric distribution system to SMUD . Today SMUD is the sixth - largest public electric utility in the U.S. , and is a leader for innovative programs and services , including the development of clean fuel resources , such as solar power . The year following the creation of SMUD , 1924 , brought several events in Sacramento : Standard Oil executive Verne McGeorge established McGeorge School of Law , American department store Weinstock & Lubin opened a new store at 12th and K street , the US $2 million Senator Hotel was open , Sacramento 's drinking water became filtered and treated drinking water , and Sacramento boxer Georgie Lee fought Francisco Guilledo , a Filipino professional boxer known as Pancho Villa , at L Street Auditorium on March 21 . Barracks set up for families of Japanese ancestry at the Sacramento Assembly Center . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japanese American internment processing in Sacramento . Early in World War II , the Sacramento Assembly Center ( also known as the Walerga Assembly Center ) was established to house Japanese Americans forcibly `` evacuated '' from the West Coast under Executive Order 9066 . The camp was one of fifteen temporary detention facilities where over 110,000 Japanese Americans , two - thirds of them U.S. citizens , were held while construction on the more permanent War Relocation Authority camps was completed . The assembly center was built on the site of a former migrant labor camp , and inmates began arriving from Sacramento and San Joaquin Counties on May 6 , 1942 . It closed after only 52 days , on June 26 , and the population of 4,739 was transferred to the Tule Lake concentration camp . The site was then turned over to the Army Signal Corps and dedicated as Camp Kohler . After the war and the end of the incarceration program , returning Japanese Americans were often unable to find housing and so 234 families temporarily lived at the former assembly center . Camp Kohler was destroyed by a fire in December 1947 , and the assembly center site is now part of the Foothill Farms - North Highlands subdivision . The Sacramento - Yolo Port District was created in 1947 , and ground was broken on the Port of Sacramento in 1949 . On June 29 , 1963 , with 5,000 spectators waiting to welcome her , the Motor Vessel Taipei Victory arrived . The port was open for business . The Nationalist Chinese flagship , freshly painted for the historic event , was loaded with 5,000 tons of bagged rice for Mitsui Trading Co. bound for Okinawa and 1,000 tons of logs for Japan . She was the first ocean - going vessel in Sacramento since the steamship Harpoon in 1934 . The Port of Sacramento has been plagued with operating losses in recent years and faces bankruptcy . This severe loss in business is due to the heavy competition from the Port of Stockton , which has a larger facility and a deeper channel . As of 2006 , the city of West Sacramento took responsibility for the Port of Sacramento . During the Vietnam War era , the Port of Sacramento was the major terminus in the supply route for all military parts , hardware and other cargo going to Southeast Asia . West America Bank Building In 1967 , Ronald Reagan became the last Governor of California to live permanently in the city . A new executive mansion , constructed by private funds in a Sacramento suburb for Reagan , remained vacant for nearly forty years and was recently sold by the state . The 1980s and 1990s saw the closure of several local military bases : McClellan Air Force Base , Mather Air Force Base , and Sacramento Army Depot . In 1980 , there was another flood . The flood 's damage affected the `` boat section '' of Interstate 5 . The culmination of a series of storms as well as a faulty valve are believed to have caused this damage . US Bank Tower completed in 2008 In the early 1990s , Mayor Joe Serna attempted to lure the Los Angeles Raiders football team to Sacramento , selling $50 million in bonds as earnest money . When the deal fell through , the bond proceeds were used to construct several large projects , including expanding the Sacramento Convention Center Complex and refurbishing of the Memorial Auditorium . Serna renamed a city park for migrant worker rights activist Cesar Chavez . Through his effort , Sacramento became the first major city in the country to have a paid municipal holiday honoring Chavez . In spite of military base closures and the decline of agricultural food processing , Sacramento has continued to experience population growth in recent years . Primary sources of population growth are an influx of residents from the nearby San Francisco Bay Area , as well as immigration from Asia and Latin America . From 1990 to 2000 , the city 's population grew by 14.7 % . The United States Census Bureau estimates that from 2000 to 2007 , the county 's population increased by nearly 164,000 residents . In the late 1990s and early 2000s ( decade ) , Mayor Heather Fargo made several abortive attempts to provide taxpayer financing of a new sports arena for the Maloof brothers , owners of the Sacramento Kings NBA Basketball franchise . In November 2006 , Sacramento voters soundly defeated a proposed sales tax hike to finance the plan . The defeat was due in part to competing plans for the new arena and its location . After acquiring the majority stake in the Sacramento Kings , the team 's new owner , Vivek Ranadivé with the help of the city , agreed to build a new Arena in the downtown area . With a final estimated cost of $558.2 million , Sacramento 's Golden 1 Center opened on September 30 , 2016 . Despite a devolution of state bureaucracy , the state government remains by far Sacramento 's largest employer . The City of Sacramento expends considerable effort to keep state agencies from moving outside the city limits . In addition , many federal agencies have offices in Sacramento . ( The California Supreme Court normally sits in nearby San Francisco . ) Geography and climate ( edit ) Geography ( edit ) The Sacramento River near the old pumping station Aerial view of the city of Sacramento California , showing the geography of the surrounding area . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city covers an area of 100.1 square miles ( 259 km ) , 97.81 % of it land , and 2.19 % of it water . Depth to groundwater is typically about 30 feet ( 9 m ) . Much of the land to the west of the city ( in Yolo County ) is permanently reserved for a vast flood control basin ( the Yolo Bypass ) , due to the city 's historical vulnerability to floods . As a result , the greater metropolitan area sprawls only four miles ( 6 km ) west of downtown ( as West Sacramento , California ) but 30 miles ( 48 km ) northeast and east , into the Sierra Nevada foothills , and 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the south into valley farmland . The city is located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River , and has a deep - water port connected to the San Francisco Bay by a channel through the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta . It is the shipping and rail center for the Sacramento Valley . Food processing is among the major industries in the area . Cityscape ( edit ) Panoramic view of downtown Sacramento from West Sacramento Sacramento , California by drone Tower Bridge at dusk . City neighborhoods ( edit ) The city groups most of its neighborhoods into four areas : Area one ( central / eastern ) ( edit ) Alkali Flat , Boulevard Park , Campus Commons , Sacramento State , Dos Rios Triangle , Downtown , East Sacramento , Fab Forties , Mansion Flats , Marshall School , Midtown , New Era Park , McKinley Village , Newton Booth , Old Sacramento , Poverty Ridge , Richards , Richmond Grove , River Park , Elmhurst , Sierra Oaks , Southside Park . Area two ( southwestern ) ( edit ) Airport , Carleton Tract , Freeport Manor , Golf Course Terrace , Greenhaven , Curtis Park , Hollywood Park , Land Park , Little Pocket , Mangan Park , Meadowview , Parkway , Pocket , Sacramento City College , South Land Park , Valley Hi / North Laguna , Z'Berg Park . Area three ( southeastern ) ( edit ) Alhambra Triangle , Avondale , Brentwood , Carleton Tract , Colonial Heights , Colonial Village , Colonial Village North , Curtis Park , Elmhurst , Fairgrounds , Florin , Industrial Park , Fruitridge Manor , Glen Elder , Glenbrook , Granite Regional Park , Lawrence Park , Med Center , North City Farms , Oak Park , Packard Bell , South City Farms , Southeast Village , Tahoe Park , Tahoe Park East , Tahoe Park South , Tallac Village , Vintage Park , Churchill Downs , and Woodbine . Area four ( North of the American River ) ( edit ) Ben Ali , Del Paso Heights , Gardenland , Hagginwood , McClellan Heights West , Natomas ( north , south , west ) , North Sacramento , Northgate , Robla , Swanston Estates , Terrace Manor , Valley View Acres , and Woodlake . Other areas ( edit ) Additional prominent regions and neighborhoods in the city include American River Parkway , Arden - Arcade , Arden Fair , Cal Expo , Capital Avenue , Coffing , College Glen , College Greens , Colonial Manor , Cordova , Creekside , East Fruitridge , Elder Creek , Elkhorn , Elvas , Erikson Industrial Park , Excelsior Sunrise , Foothill Farms , Franklin , Frates Ranch , Gateway Center , Gateway West , Glenwood Meadows , Hansen Park , Heritage Park , Johnson Business Park , Johnson Heights , Mayhew , Metro Center , Mills , Natomas Corporate Center , Natomas Creek , Natomas Crossing , Natomas Park , Newton Booth , Noralto , Northpointe , Norwood , Oak Knoll , Old North Sacramento , Parker Homes , Point West , Raley Industrial Park , Regency Park , Richardson Village , Richmond Grove , Rosemont , Sierra Oaks , Sports Complex , Strawberry Manor , Sundance Lake , Swanston Palms , Town and Country Village , Upper Land Park , Village 5 , Village 7 , Village 12 , Village 14 , Village Green , Walerga , Walsh Station , West Del Paso Heights , Westlake , Willowcreek , Wills Acres , Winn Park , Woodside and Youngs Heights . Climate ( edit ) Sacramento has a hot - summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csa ) , characterized by damp to wet , mild winters and hot , dry summers . The wet season is generally October through April , though there may be a day or two of light rainfall in June or September . The normal annual mean temperature is 61.0 ° F ( 16.1 ° C ) , with the monthly daily average temperature ranging from 46.4 ° F ( 8.0 ° C ) in December to 75.5 ° F ( 24.2 ° C ) in July . Summer heat is often moderated by a sea breeze known as the `` delta breeze '' which comes through the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta from the San Francisco Bay , and temperatures cool down sharply at night . The foggiest months are December and January . Tule fog can be extremely dense , lowering visibility to less than 100 feet ( 30 m ) and making driving conditions extremely hazardous . Chilling tule fog events have been known to last for several consecutive days or weeks . During Tule fog events , temperatures do not exceed 50 degrees . Snowfall is rare in Sacramento , which is only 25 ft ( 7.6 m ) above sea level . In the downtown area , there have been only 3 significant snow accumulations since 1900 , the last one being in 1976 . During especially cold winter and spring storms , intense showers do occasionally produce a significant amount of hail , which can create hazardous driving conditions . Snowfall that does fall in the city often melts upon ground contact , with traceable amounts occurring in some years . Significant annual snow accumulations occur in the foothills located 40 miles ( 64 km ) east of the city , which had brief and traceable amounts of snowfall in January 2002 , December 2009 and February 2011 . The greatest snowfall ever recorded in Sacramento was 3 inches ( 8 cm ) on January 5 , 1888 . On average , there are 73 days where the high exceeds 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , and 14 days where the high exceeds 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) ; On the other extreme , there are 15 days where the temperature does not exceed 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) , and 15 freezing nights per year . Official temperature extremes range from 18 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) on December 22 , 1990 to 115 ° F ( 46 ° C ) on June 15 , 1961 ; a station around 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) east - southeast of the city dipped to 17 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) on December 11 , 1932 . The average annual precipitation is 18.52 inches ( 470 mm ) . On average , precipitation falls on 60 days each year in Sacramento , and nearly all of this falls during the winter months . Average January rainfall is 3.67 in ( 93 mm ) , and measurable precipitation is rare during the summer months . In February 1992 , Sacramento had 16 consecutive days of rain , resulting in an accumulation of 6.41 in ( 163 mm ) for the period . On rare occasions , monsoonal moisture surges from the Desert Southwest can bring upper - level moisture to the Sacramento region , leading to increased summer cloudiness , humidity , and even light showers and thunderstorms . Monsoon clouds do occur , usually during late July through early September . Sacramento is the second most flood susceptible city in the United States after New Orleans . Sacramento has been noted as being the sunniest location on the planet for three months of the year , from July through September . It holds the distinction as the sunniest month , in terms of percent possible sunshine , of anywhere in the world ; July in Sacramento averages 14 hours and 12 minutes of sunshine per day , amounting to approximately 98 % of possible sunshine . show Climate data for Sacramento , California ( Sacramento Executive Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1941 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 76 ( 24 ) 76 ( 24 ) 88 ( 31 ) 95 ( 35 ) 105 ( 41 ) 115 ( 46 ) 114 ( 46 ) 110 ( 43 ) 108 ( 42 ) 104 ( 40 ) 87 ( 31 ) 73 ( 23 ) 115 ( 46 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 64.0 ( 17.8 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 76.8 ( 24.9 ) 87.2 ( 30.7 ) 95.8 ( 35.4 ) 102.3 ( 39.1 ) 105.0 ( 40.6 ) 103.7 ( 39.8 ) 100.1 ( 37.8 ) 91.6 ( 33.1 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) 64.6 ( 18.1 ) 106.8 ( 41.6 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 53.8 ( 12.1 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 79.9 ( 26.6 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 92.1 ( 33.4 ) 91.2 ( 32.9 ) 87.2 ( 30.7 ) 77.6 ( 25.3 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 53.9 ( 12.2 ) 73.6 ( 23.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 38.8 ( 3.8 ) 41.4 ( 5.2 ) 44.1 ( 6.7 ) 46.2 ( 7.9 ) 51.1 ( 10.6 ) 55.8 ( 13.2 ) 58.4 ( 14.7 ) 58.0 ( 14.4 ) 55.7 ( 13.2 ) 50.2 ( 10.1 ) 42.8 ( 6 ) 38.4 ( 3.6 ) 48.4 ( 9.1 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 29.1 ( − 1.6 ) 31.5 ( − 0.3 ) 35.1 ( 1.7 ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 42.9 ( 6.1 ) 48.7 ( 9.3 ) 53.1 ( 11.7 ) 53.0 ( 11.7 ) 49.2 ( 9.6 ) 41.7 ( 5.4 ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 28.5 ( − 1.9 ) 26.6 ( − 3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 20 ( − 7 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) 41 ( 5 ) 48 ( 9 ) 48 ( 9 ) 42 ( 6 ) 35 ( 2 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 18 ( − 8 ) 18 ( − 8 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.64 ( 92.5 ) 3.47 ( 88.1 ) 2.75 ( 69.9 ) 1.15 ( 29.2 ) 0.68 ( 17.3 ) 0.21 ( 5.3 ) trace 0.05 ( 1.3 ) 0.29 ( 7.4 ) 0.97 ( 24.6 ) 2.11 ( 53.6 ) 3.25 ( 82.6 ) 18.75 ( 476.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.3 9.4 9.1 4.9 3.2 1.2 0.0 0.3 1.3 3.6 6.9 9.9 60.0 Average relative humidity ( % ) 83.3 76.8 71.6 64.5 58.9 55.0 53.2 55.7 57.0 63.1 75.6 82.9 66.5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 145.5 201.3 278.0 329.6 406.3 419.5 440.2 406.9 347.8 296.7 194.9 141.1 3,607.8 Percent possible sunshine 48 67 75 83 92 94 98 96 93 86 64 48 81 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) show Climate data for Sacramento 5 ESE , California ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1877 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 79 ( 26 ) 80 ( 27 ) 90 ( 32 ) 98 ( 37 ) 107 ( 42 ) 112 ( 44 ) 114 ( 46 ) 111 ( 44 ) 109 ( 43 ) 102 ( 39 ) 86 ( 30 ) 72 ( 22 ) 114 ( 46 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 65.7 ( 18.7 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 80.0 ( 26.7 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 97.9 ( 36.6 ) 104.1 ( 40.1 ) 106.6 ( 41.4 ) 105.4 ( 40.8 ) 101.7 ( 38.7 ) 93.1 ( 33.9 ) 77.0 ( 25 ) 65.6 ( 18.7 ) 108.3 ( 42.4 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 54.4 ( 12.4 ) 61.2 ( 16.2 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) 72.7 ( 22.6 ) 80.9 ( 27.2 ) 87.9 ( 31.1 ) 93.3 ( 34.1 ) 92.2 ( 33.4 ) 87.9 ( 31.1 ) 77.9 ( 25.5 ) 63.7 ( 17.6 ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 74.4 ( 23.6 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 43.7 ( 6.5 ) 46.5 ( 8.1 ) 49.0 ( 9.4 ) 53.9 ( 12.2 ) 58.4 ( 14.7 ) 60.9 ( 16.1 ) 60.5 ( 15.8 ) 58.4 ( 14.7 ) 52.8 ( 11.6 ) 45.5 ( 7.5 ) 40.4 ( 4.7 ) 50.9 ( 10.5 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 32.8 ( 0.4 ) 35.0 ( 1.7 ) 38.7 ( 3.7 ) 41.9 ( 5.5 ) 46.7 ( 8.2 ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) 55.3 ( 12.9 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 45.1 ( 7.3 ) 35.7 ( 2.1 ) 31.5 ( − 0.3 ) 30.1 ( − 1.1 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 19 ( − 7 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 34 ( 1 ) 37 ( 3 ) 43 ( 6 ) 47 ( 8 ) 48 ( 9 ) 44 ( 7 ) 34 ( 1 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 17 ( − 8 ) 17 ( − 8 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.63 ( 92.2 ) 3.90 ( 99.1 ) 2.86 ( 72.6 ) 1.36 ( 34.5 ) 0.75 ( 19 ) 0.21 ( 5.3 ) 0.02 ( 0.5 ) 0.04 ( 1 ) 0.35 ( 8.9 ) 1.06 ( 26.9 ) 2.46 ( 62.5 ) 3.43 ( 87.1 ) 20.06 ( 509.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 11.2 9.8 9.2 5.2 3.2 1.2 0.1 0.4 1.4 3.6 7.4 10.5 63.5 Source : NOAA , Western Regional Climate Center Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 6,820 -- 1860 13,785 102.1 % 1870 16,283 18.1 % 1880 21,420 31.5 % 1890 26,386 23.2 % 1900 29,282 11.0 % 1910 44,696 52.6 % 1920 65,908 47.5 % 1930 93,750 42.2 % 1940 105,958 13.0 % 1950 137,572 29.8 % 1960 191,667 39.3 % 1970 257,105 34.1 % 1980 275,741 7.2 % 1990 369,365 34.0 % 2000 407,018 10.2 % 466,488 14.6 % Est. 2017 501,901 7.6 % U.S. Decennial Census In 2002 , the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento `` America 's Most Diverse City '' . The U.S. Census Bureau also groups Sacramento with other U.S. cities having a `` high diversity '' rating of the diversity index . Moreover , Sacramento is one of the most well - integrated U.S. cities , having a relatively high level of ethnic and racial heterogeneity within its neighborhoods . hide Racial composition 1990 1970 1940 White 45.0 % 60.1 % 81.5 % 94.2 % -- Non-Hispanic 34.5 % 53.4 % 71.4 % n / a African American 14.6 % 15.3 % 10.7 % 1.4 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 26.9 % 16.2 % 11.0 % n / a Asian 18.3 % 15.0 % 6.5 % 4.3 % Map of racial distribution in Sacramento , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) The 2010 United States Census reported that Sacramento had a population of 466,488 . The population density was 4,660.0 people per square mile ( 1,799.2 / km ) . The racial makeup of Sacramento was : 210,006 ( 45.0 % ) White 68,335 ( 14.6 % ) African American 85,503 ( 17.8 % ) Asian ( 4.2 % Chinese , 3.3 % Hmong , 2.8 % Filipino , 1.6 % Indian , 1.4 % Vietnamese , 1.2 % Laotian , 1.2 % Japanese , 0.3 % Pakistani , 0.3 % Korean , 0.3 % Thai , 0.2 % Cambodian ) 6,655 ( 1.4 % ) Pacific Islander ( 0.6 % Fijian , 0.2 % Tongan , 0.2 % Samoan ) 5,291 ( 1.1 % ) Native American 57,573 ( 12.3 % ) other races 33,125 ( 7.1 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 125,276 persons ( 26.9 % ) ; 22.6 % of Sacramento 's population is of Mexican heritage , 0.7 % Puerto Rican , 0.5 % Salvadoran , 0.2 % Guatemalan , and 0.2 % Nicaraguan . Non-Hispanic Whites were 34.5 % of the population in 2010 , down from 71.4 % in 1970 . The Census reported that 458,174 people ( 98.2 % of the population ) lived in households , 4,268 ( 0.9 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 4,046 ( 0.9 % ) were institutionalized . Also , with the recent housing crash there have been no changes to these numbers . There were 174,624 households , out of which 57,870 ( 33.1 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 65,556 ( 37.5 % ) were opposite - sex married couples living together , 27,640 ( 15.8 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 10,534 ( 6.0 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . There were 13,234 ( 7.6 % ) unmarried opposite - sex partnerships , and 2,498 ( 1.4 % ) same - sex married couples or partnerships . 53,342 households ( 30.5 % ) were made up of individuals and 14,926 ( 8.5 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.62 . There were 103,730 families ( 59.4 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 3.37 . Sacramento has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita , ranking seventh among major American cities , and third in California behind San Francisco and slightly behind Oakland , with roughly 10 % of the city 's total population identifying themselves as gay , lesbian , or bisexual . The age distribution of the city was follows : 116,121 people ( 24.9 % ) were under the age of 18 , 52,438 people ( 11.2 % ) aged 18 to 24 , 139,093 people ( 29.8 % ) aged 25 to 44 , 109,416 people ( 23.5 % ) aged 45 to 64 , and 49,420 people ( 10.6 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33.0 years . For every 100 females , there were 94.9 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 92.2 males . There were 190,911 housing units at an average density of 1,907.1 per square mile ( 736.3 / km ) , of which 86,271 ( 49.4 % ) were owner - occupied , and 88,353 ( 50.6 % ) were occupied by renters . The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.8 % ; the rental vacancy rate was 8.3 % . 231,593 people ( 49.6 % of the population ) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 226,581 people ( 48.6 % ) lived in rental housing units . 2000 ( edit ) The Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in Cathedral Square , downtown . As of the census of 2000 , there are 407,018 people , 154,581 households , and 91,202 families residing in the city . The population density is 4,189.2 people per square mile ( 1,617.4 / km ) . There are 163,957 housing units at an average density of 1,687.5 per square mile ( 651.5 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city is 41.1 % White , 19.5 % African American , 1.3 % Native American , 12.6 % Asian , 0.9 % Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander , 11.0 % from other races , and 6.4 % from two or more races. 21.6 % of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race . There are 154,581 households out of which 30.2 % have children under the age of 18 living with them , 38.4 % are married couples living together , 15.4 % have a female householder with no husband present , and 41.0 % are non-families. 32.0 % of all households are made up of individuals and 9.2 % have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older . The average household size is 2.57 and the average family size is 3.35 . In the city , the age distribution of the population shows 27.3 % under the age of 18 , 10.4 % from 18 to 24 , 30.7 % from 25 to 44 , 20.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 11.4 % who are 65 years of age or older . The median age is 33 years . For every 100 females , there are 94.5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there are 91.0 males . The median income for a household in the city is $37,049 , and the median income for a family is $42,051 . Males have a median income of $35,946 versus $31,318 for females . The per capita income for the city is $18,721. 20.0 % of the population and 15.3 % of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population , 29.5 % of those under the age of 18 and 9.0 % of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line . Economy ( edit ) Sutter Health , Blue Diamond Growers , Aerojet , Teichert , and The McClatchy Company are among the companies based in Sacramento . Top employers ( edit ) As of 2012 , the top employers in the County of Sacramento were : # Employer Employees State of California 69,763 Sacramento County 11,450 UC Davis Health 7,725 Dignity Health / Catholic Healthcare West 7,069 5 Intel 6,633 6 Kaiser Permanente 6,360 7 Sutter Health 5,765 8 Elk Grove Unified School District 5,021 9 Sacramento City Unified School District 5,000 10 San Juan Unified School District 4,700 11 City of Sacramento 4,083 Culture and Arts ( edit ) The Big Four Building in Old Sacramento Old Sacramento ( edit ) The oldest part of the town besides Sutter 's Fort is Old Sacramento , which consists of cobbled streets and many historic buildings , several from the 1850s and 1860s . Buildings have been preserved , restored or reconstructed , and the district is now a substantial tourist attraction , with rides on steam - hauled historic trains and horse - drawn carriages . The historic buildings include the Lady Adams Building , built by the passengers and ship 's carpenters of the ship Lady Adams . Having survived the Great Conflagration of November 1852 , it is the oldest surviving building in Sacramento other than Sutter 's Fort . Reconstruction of California 's first permanent theatre , the Eagle Theatre ( Sacramento , California ) Another surviving landmark is the B.F. Hastings building , built in 1853 . Early home of the California Supreme Court and the location of the office of Theodore Judah , it also was the western terminus of the Pony Express . The `` Big Four Building '' , built in 1852 , was home to the offices of Collis Huntington , Mark Hopkins , Leland Stanford , and Charles Crocker . The Central Pacific Railroad and Southern Pacific Railroad were founded there . The original building was destroyed in 1963 for the construction of Interstate 5 , but was re-created using original elements in 1965 . It is now a National Historic Landmark . Also of historic interest is the Eagle Theatre ( Sacramento , California ) , a reconstruction of California 's first permanent theatre in its original location . Theater Arts ( edit ) The Community Center Theatre ( foreground ) There are several major theatre venues for Sacramento . The Sacramento Convention Center Complex governs both the Community Center Theatre and Memorial Auditorium . The Wells Fargo Pavilion is the most recent addition in 2003 . It is built atop the old Music Circus tent foundations . Next to that is the McClatchy Main stage , originally built as a television studio , which was renovated at the same time the pavilion was built . It is the smaller of the venues and provides seating for only 300 . The Sacramento Ballet , Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra and the Sacramento Opera perform at the Community Center Theater . Professional theatre is represented in Sacramento by a number of companies . California Musical Theatre and its Summer stock theatre , Music Circus , lure many directors , performers , and artists from New York and Los Angeles to work alongside a large local staff for their productions at the Wells Fargo Pavilion . The Wells Fargo Pavilion , Sacramento Theatre Company and Music Circus During the fall , winter and spring seasons Broadway Sacramento brings bus and truck tours to the Community Center Theater . At the B Street Theatre , smaller and more intimate professional productions are performed as well as a children 's theatre that will soon be opening a larger theatre complex in the heart of midtown in 2014 . Rounding out the professional companies is Capital Stage , which performed aboard the Delta King until the end of the 2010 -- 2011 season and soon took up residence at its own venue along the J - Street corridor . The Sacramento area has one of the largest collection of community theatres in California . Some of these include the Thistle Dew Dessert Theatre and Playwrights Workshop , Davis Musical Theatre Co. , El Dorado Musical Theatre , Runaway Stage Productions , River City Theatre Company , Flying Monkey Productions , The Actor 's Theatre , KOLT Run Productions , Kookaburra Productions , Big Idea Theatre , Celebration Arts , Lambda Player , Light Opera Theatre of Sacramento , Synergy Stage and the historic Eagle Theatre . The Sacramento Shakespeare Festival provides entertainment under the stars every summer in William Land Park . Many of these theatres compete annually for the Elly Awards overseen by The Sacramento Area Regional Theatre Alliance or SARTA . Visual Arts ( edit ) The Sacramento Metropolitan Arts Commission is an organization which was established as the Sacramento arts council in 1977 to provide several arts programs for the city . These include Art in Public Places , Arts Education , Grants and Cultural Programs , Poet Laureate Program , Arts Stabilization Programs and Other Resources and opportunities . Sacramento Second Saturday Art Walk is a program of local art galleries that stay open into the late evenings every second Saturday of each month , providing a unique experience for the local population as well as tourists to view original art and meet the artists themselves . Museums ( edit ) The Crocker Art Museum Sacramento has several major museums . The Crocker Art Museum is the oldest public art museum west of the Mississippi River . On July 26 , 2007 , the museum broke ground for an expansion that more than tripled the museum 's floor space . The modern architecture is very different from the museum 's original Victorian style building . Construction was completed in 2010 . Charles Christian Nahl , Sunday Morning in the Mines , 1872 , Part of the permanent collection of the Crocker Art Museum Also of interest is the Governor 's Mansion State Historic Park , a large Victorian Mansion which was home to 13 of California 's Governors , as well as the official residence for current governor Jerry Brown following renovations in 2015 . The Leland Stanford Mansion State Historic Park , which was completely restored in 2006 , serves as the State 's official address for diplomatic and business receptions . Guided public tours are available . The California Museum for History , Women , and the Arts , home of the California Hall of Fame , is a cultural destination dedicated to telling the rich history of California and its unique influence on the world of ideas , innovation , art and culture . The museum educates tens of thousands of school children through inspiring programs , sharing with world visitors California 's rich art , history and cultural legacy through dynamic exhibits , and serving as a public forum and international meeting place . The California State Railroad Museum in Old Sacramento has historical exhibits and live steam locomotives that patrons may ride . The California Automobile Museum , located just south of Old Sacramento , is filled with automotive history and vehicles from 1880 to 2006 and is the oldest non-profit automotive museum in the West . The mission of it is to preserve , promote , and teach automotive culture and its influence on our lives -- past , present and future . In addition , the Sacramento History Museum , in the heart of Old Sacramento , focuses on the history of Sacramento from the region 's pre-Gold Rush history through the present day . There is a Museum Day held in Sacramento every year , when 26 museums in the greater Sacramento area offer free admission . The 2009 Sacramento Museum Day brought out more than 80,000 people , the largest number the event has gathered . Sacramento Museum Day is held every year on the first Saturday of February . Music ( edit ) Tower Records was started and based in Sacramento until its closing . Rappers C - Bo , Marvaless , and Lunasicc are among those native to the area . Classical music is widely available . The Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra , the Sacramento Baroque Soloists , the Sacramento Choral Society & Orchestra , the Sacramento Youth Symphony , the Sacramento Master Singers , the Sacramento Children 's Chorus , and the Camellia Symphony each present a full season of concerts . Each year , the city hosts the Sammies , the Sacramento Music Awards . Sacramento also has a reputation as a center for Dixieland jazz , because of the Sacramento Jazz Jubilee which is held every Memorial Day weekend . Events and performances are held in multiple locations throughout the city . Each year thousands of jazz fans from all over the world visit for this one weekend . A growing number of rock , hardcore and metal bands hail from the Sacramento area , including Tesla , Deftones , Papa Roach , Will Haven , Trash Talk , Dance Gavin Dance , A Lot Like Birds , Far , CAKE , ! ! ! , Oleander and Steel Breeze ; plus some other famous musicians like record producer and recording artist Charlie Peacock , Bob Stubbs of Social Distortion and Craig Chaquico of Jefferson Starship . Along with these bands , the Aftershock Festival has been held at Discovery Park since 2012 . Scottish pop band Middle of the Road sang kindly of Sacramento in their 1972 European hit song `` Sacramento '' . Experimental groups such as Hella , Death Grips , and Tera Melos also come out of Sacramento . Film ( edit ) Sacramento is home to the Sacramento French Film Festival , a cultural event held every year in July that features U.S. premieres of French films and classic masterpieces of French cinema and the Sacramento Japanese Film Festival , also held in July . In addition , Sacramento is home to the Trash Film Orgy , a summer film festival celebrating the absurd , B - movies , horror , monster , exploitation . Founded in 2007 , the Sacramento Horror Film Festival showcases feature - length and short films as well as live musical and theatrical performances in the horror and macabre genres . Of note , Sacramento has been home to various actors , including Eddie Murphy , who resided in the Riverlake community of Pocket - Greenhaven with his then wife Nicole Mitchell Murphy , a fashion model and Sacramento native . It is also the home of director Greta Gerwig , whose solo directorial debut Lady Bird is set in Sacramento . Food and drink ( edit ) In 2012 , Sacramento started the marketing campaign as `` America 's Farm - to - Fork Capital '' due to Sacramento 's many restaurants that source their food locally from the numerous surrounding farms . The city has an annual Farm - to - Fork festival that showcases various grocers and growers in the industry . In 2012 , The Kitchen was nominated for Outstanding Restaurant by the James Beard Foundation . It continues to excel , earning the AAA 's Five Diamond dining award since 2011 . Sacramento is home to well - known cookbook authors , Biba Caggiano of Biba 's Restaurant and Mai Pham of Lemongrass and Star Ginger . Sacramento is also known for its beverage culture , with keystone events that include Cal Expo 's Grape and Gourmet , Sacramento Beer Week , and Sacramento Cocktail Week . Its growing beer scene is evident , with over 60 microbreweries in the region as of 2017 . Some local brews include Track 7 Brewing Company , Big Stump Brew Co , Oak Park Brewing Co. , and Sactown Union Brewery . Numerous beer festivals around the region highlight both local and visitor beers . In addition to festivals in Elk Grove , Davis , Roseville , Placerville , and Woodland , Sacramento hosts the annual California Beer Craft Summit , an exposition dedicated to the art of brewing . The summit also hosts the largest beer festival on the West Coast , featuring over 160 breweries in downtown Sacramento . Sacramento 's contemporary culture is reflected in its coffee . An `` underrated coffee city '' , Sacramento has above - average marks for local coffee . The city has numerous community roasters and coffee shops . Examples include Temple Coffee , Insight Coffee Roasters , Old Soul Co. , Chocolate Fish Roasters , Naked Lounge , Pachamama Roasting Co. , and Identity Coffees . In addition to local brands , the region offers other chains like Starbucks , Peet 's Coffee & Tea , and Philz Coffee . LGBTQ ( edit ) The Sacramento LGBT Community Center ( formerly the Lambda Center ) , located in the Lavender Heights district . Sacramento has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita , ranking seventh among major American cities , and third in California behind San Francisco and slightly behind Oakland , with roughly 10 % of the city 's total population identifying themselves as gay , lesbian , or bisexual . Lavender Heights , Sacramento , California is the hub for LGBTQ activities in the city and is a centrally located district in Midtown Sacramento centered within and around K & 20th streets . The area owes its name to the high number of gay - owned homes and businesses residing there . The area is also home to many of the city 's LGBTQ inclusive music and arts festivals , including the Second Saturday Block Party from May to September . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Sacramento Professional teams ( edit ) Sacramento is home to one major league sports team -- the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association . The Kings came to Sacramento from Kansas City in 1985 . On January 21 , 2013 , a controlling interest of the Sacramento Kings was sold to Chris Hansen , who intended to move the franchise to Seattle for the 2013 -- 2014 NBA season and rename the team the Seattle SuperSonics . Sacramento Mayor Kevin Johnson fought the move , forming an ownership group led by Vivek Ranadive to keep the Kings in Sacramento . On May 16 , 2013 , the NBA Board of Governors voted 22 -- 8 to keep the Kings in Sacramento . Sacramento has two other professional teams . Sacramento Republic FC began play in April 2014 at Hughes Stadium before a sellout crowd of 20,231 , setting a USL Pro regular - season single game attendance record . The Republic FC won the USL championship in their first season . In 2000 , AAA minor league baseball returned to Sacramento with the Sacramento River Cats , an affiliate of the San Francisco Giants and formerly an affiliate of the Oakland Athletics . The River Cats play in Raley Field , in West Sacramento . Sacramento is the former home of two professional basketball teams . The Sacramento Heatwave of the American Basketball Association previously played in the Sacramento area until 2013 . Sacramento was also formerly home to the now defunct Sacramento Monarchs of the WNBA . The Monarchs were one of the eight founding members of the WNBA in 1997 and won the WNBA Championship in 2005 , but folded in November 2009 . Raley Field , home of the Sacramento River Cats Sacramento professional teams ( ranked by attendance ) Club League Sport Venue Attendance Established Championships Sacramento Kings NBA Basketball Golden 1 Center 16,291 1923 ( 1985 ) 1 NBA , 2 NBL ( as Rochester Royals ) Sacramento Republic FC USL ( D2 ) Soccer Papa Murphy 's Park 13,763 2012 1 USL Pro Sacramento River Cats PCL ( AAA ) Baseball Raley Field 8,435 1978 ( 2000 ) 2 Triple - A titles , 4 League titles Other sports ( edit ) Sacramento has frequently hosted the NCAA Men 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship as well as the 1st and 2nd rounds of the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . The California International Marathon ( est. 1983 ) attracts a field of international elite runners who vie for a share of the $50,000 prize purse . The fast course is popular for runners seeking to achieve a Boston Marathon qualifying time and fitness runners . Parks and recreation ( edit ) Sacramento boasts an extensive park system consisting of over 5,000 acres ( 2,023 ha ) of parkland and recreation centers . The city features a collection of smaller parks in the Downtown districts , including Crocker Park , Pioneer Landing and Southside Park . Popular parks outside the central core include American River Parkway which spans 23 miles along the American River , and William Land Park . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that Sacramento was tied with San Francisco and Boston for having the 3rd best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities . ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city 's median park size , park acres as percent of city area , the percent of residents within a half - mile of a park , spending of park services per resident , and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents . Sacramento is a hotbed for high school rugby . Jesuit High is the recent defending national champion ( winning five times in total ) . Their arch - rival school Christian Brothers came in second nationwide . Burbank , Del Campo and Vacaville have also placed well in the national competition over the years . The Sacramento Valley High School Rugby Conference hosts the largest and arguably deepest preseason youth and high school rugby tournament in America . Sacramento hosts some recreational facilities and events . The Jedediah Smith Memorial Trail that runs between Old Sacramento and Folsom Lake grants access to the American River Parkway , a natural area that includes more than 5,000 acres ( 20 km ) of undeveloped land . It attracts cyclists and equestrians from across the state . The California State Fair is held in Sacramento each year at the end of the summer , ending on Labor Day . In 2010 , the State Fair moved to July . More than one million people attended this fair in 2001 . Among other recreational options in Sacramento is Discovery Park , a 275 - acre ( 1.1 km ) park studded with stands of mature trees and grasslands . This park is situated where the American River flows into the Sacramento River . In amateur sports , Sacramento claims many prominent Olympians such as Mark Spitz , Debbie Meyer ( 6 time gold medalist in for US swimming ) , Mike Burton , Summer Sanders ( Gold medalist in swimming , and trained in childhood by Debbie Meyer at Rio Del Oro Racquet Club ) , Jeff Float ( all swimming ) , and Billy Mills ( track ) . Coach Sherm Chavoor founded his world - famous Arden Hills Swim Club just east of the city and trained Burton , Spitz and others . Government and politics ( edit ) Main article : Government of Sacramento , California Sacramento City Hall On the brink of the 2003 invasion of Iraq , protesters gather at the California Capitol building The government of Sacramento operates as a charter city ( as opposed to a general law city ) under the Charter of the City of Sacramento . The elected government is composed of the Sacramento City Council with 8 city council districts and the Mayor of Sacramento , which operate under a mayor - council government . In addition , there are numerous departments and appointed officers such as the City Manager , Sacramento Police Department ( SPD ) , the Sacramento Fire Department ( SFD ) , City Clerk , City Attorney , and City Treasurer . As of 2016 , the mayor is Darrell Steinberg and the council members are Angelique Ashby , Allen Warren , Jeff Harris , Steve Hansen , Jay Schenirer , Rich Jennings , and Larry Carr . County government ( edit ) See also : Government of Sacramento County , California The City of Sacramento is part of Sacramento County , for which the government of Sacramento County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution , California law , and the Charter of the County of Sacramento . Much of the government of California is in practice the responsibility of county governments , such as the Government of Sacramento County . The county government provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration , law enforcement , jails , vital records , property records , tax collection , public health , and social services . The government of Sacramento County is composed of the elected five - member Board of Supervisors , several other elected offices , including the Sheriff , District Attorney , and Assessor , and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the County Executive Officer . Sacramento is located within all of the supervisorial districts , currently represented by Phil Serna , Jimmie R. Yee , Susan Peters , Roberta MacGlashan , and Don Nottoli . The other officials elected in part by Sacramento residents currently include Sheriff Scott Jones , District Attorney Anne Marie Schubert , and Assessor Kathleen Kelleher . In addition , several other entities of the government of California have jurisdiction conterminous with Sacramento County , such as the Sacramento County Superior Court . Federal and State representation ( edit ) In the California State Senate , Sacramento is the heart of the 6th district , represented by Democrat Richard Pan . In the California State Assembly , it is split between the 7th Assembly District , represented by Democrat Kevin McCarty , and the 9th Assembly District , represented by Democrat Jim Cooper . In the United States House of Representatives , Sacramento forms the majority of the California 's 6th congressional district , represented by Democrat Doris Matsui . Education ( edit ) Colleges and universities ( edit ) The Sacramento area hosts a wide variety of higher educational opportunities . There are two major public universities , many private institutions , community colleges , vocational schools , and McGeorge School of Law . Public ( edit ) Sacramento State north entrance Sacramento is home to Sacramento State ( California State University , Sacramento ) , founded as Sacramento State College in 1947 . In 2004 , enrollment was 22,555 undergraduates and 5,417 graduate students in the university 's eight colleges . The university 's mascot is the hornet , and the school colors are green and gold . The 300 acres ( 1.2 km ) campus is located along the American River Parkway a few miles east of downtown . The University of California has a campus , UC Davis , in nearby Davis and has a graduate center in downtown Sacramento . The UC Davis Graduate School of Management ( GSM ) is near the UC Davis Medical Center off of Stockton Boulevard near Highway 50 . Many students , about 400 out of 517 , at the UC Davis GSM are working professionals and are completing their MBA part - time . The part - time program is ranked in the top - 20 and is well known for its small class size , world class faculty , and involvement in the business community . UC also maintains the University of California Sacramento Center ( UCCS ) for undergraduate and graduate studies . Similar to the UC 's Washington , D.C. , program , `` Scholar Interns '' engage in both academic studies and as well as internships , often with the state government . The UC Davis School of Medicine is located at the UC Davis Medical Center between the neighborhoods of Elmhurst , Tahoe Park , and Oak Park . The Los Rios Community College District consists of several two - year colleges in the Sacramento area -- American River College , Cosumnes River College , Sacramento City College , Folsom Lake College , plus a large number of outreach centers for those colleges . Sierra College is on the outskirts of Sacramento in Rocklin . Private , not for profit ( edit ) University of the Pacific has its Sacramento Campus in the Oak Park neighborhood of Sacramento . The campus houses McGeorge School of Law , a top 100 law school according to U.S. News & World Report 's annual rankings of U.S. law schools ( 2006 , 2007 & 2008 ) . In 2015 , the campus was expanded to become a comprehensive graduate and professional campus , including programs in analytics , business , education , health sciences , and public policy . The National University Sacramento regional campus offers bachelor 's and master 's degrees in business , education , health - care and teaching credential programs . The University of San Francisco has one of its four regional campuses in Sacramento . At the undergraduate level they offer degrees in Applied Economics , Information Systems , Organizational Behavior and Leadership , and Public Administration . At the graduate level , Master 's programs are offered in : Information Security and Assurance , Information Systems , Organization Development , Project Management , Public Administration , Nonprofit Administration , and Counseling . The private University of Southern California has an extension in downtown Sacramento , called the State Capital Center . The campus , taught by main campus professors , Sacramento - based professors , and practitioners in the State Capitol and state agencies , offers Master of Public Administration , Masters of Public Policy , and Master of Public Health degrees . Epic Bible College and the Professional School of Psychology are also based in Sacramento . Western Seminary has one of its four campuses in Sacramento , which opened on the campus of Arcade Church in 1991 . Western is an evangelical , Christian graduate school that provides theological training for students who hope to serve in a variety of ministry roles including pastors , marriage and family therapists , educators , missionaries and lay leadership . The Sacramento campus offers four master 's degrees , and a variety of other graduate - level programs . Private , for profit ( edit ) Sacramento has a number of private vocational schools as well . A satellite campus of Alliant International University offers graduate and undergraduate programs of study . The Art Institute of California -- Sacramento was established in 2007 , and is a branch of The Art Institute of California -- Los Angeles . The school is focused on educating students in the field of commercial arts . The school offers both a Bachelor of Science and an Associate of Science degree , as well as diplomas in some areas of study . Some majors the school offers are Digital Film - making & Video Production , Culinary Management , Graphic Design , and Game Art & Design . On J Street , there is the Lincoln Law School of Sacramento , a private , evening - only law school program with a strong legal presence in the region . The Universal Technical Institute ( UTI ) is in Sacramento ; it offers automotive programs in auto mechanical , auto body , and diesel . K -- 12 schools ( edit ) The Sacramento Public Library system has 28 branches located in the greater area . The Sacramento area is served by various public school districts , including the Sacramento City Unified School District , Natomas Unified School District , San Juan Unified School District , Twin Rivers Unified School District , and Elk Grove Unified School District . As of 2009 , the area 's schools employed 9,600 elementary school teachers ( not including special education teachers ) , and 7,410 middle school teachers ( not including special education or vocational teachers ) . Public schools ( edit ) Almost all areas south of the American River are served by the Sacramento City Unified School District . The only exceptions are the Valley Hi / North Laguna and Florin areas that are served by the Elk Grove Unified School District . Areas north of the American River are served by the remaining school districts . This area was not originally part of the City of Sacramento and as such is not served by Sacramento City Unified School District . North Sacramento outside of Natomas and Robla ( for K - 8 ) is served by the Twin Rivers Unified School District . The Robla area is served by the Robla School District for K - 8 and by Twin Rivers for 9 -- 12 . The Natomas region is served by the Natomas Unified School District . The Campus Commons area and the small portions of the Sierra Oaks neighborhood that fall into the city of Sacramento are served by the San Juan Unified School District . Private schools ( edit ) Independent schools ( edit ) While Roman Catholic institutions still dominate the independent school scene in the Sacramento area , in 1964 , Sacramento Country Day School opened and offered Sacramento citizens an independent school that is affiliated with the California Association of Independent Schools . SCDS has grown to its present - day status as a learning community for students from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade . Additionally , the suburb of Fair Oaks hosts the expansive riverside campus of the Sacramento Waldorf School , a Steiner school adjacent to the Rudolf Steiner College , and the largest Waldorf school in North America . Sacramento Waldorf School educates students from pre-K through 12th grade on a secluded , pastoral site that incorporates a large , functioning biodynamic farm . Other religious schools ( edit ) Shalom School is the only Jewish day school in Sacramento ; however , Brookefield School on property owned by Congregation B'nai Israel provides extracurricular Jewish education . Capital Christian School is a pre-school -- 12th grade private , Christian school . There is a small Bible college on campus offering associate degrees in Bible studies or theology . Sacramento Adventist Academy is another Christian school in Greater Sacramento . This is a pre-school -- 12 institution , as well . There is one Islamic school in Sacramento , Masjid Annur , founded in 1988 . Media ( edit ) Magazines ( edit ) Comstock 's Magazine Government Technology Magazine Sacramento Magazine Sactown Magazine Newspapers ( edit ) Top two newspapers The Sacramento Bee , the primary newspaper , was founded in 1857 by James McClatchy . The Sacramento Bee is the flagship paper of The McClatchy Company , the second - largest newspaper publisher in the United States . The Sacramento Bee has won five Pulitzer Prizes in its history and numerous other awards , including many for its progressive public service campaigns promoting free speech ( the Bee often criticized government policy , and uncovered many scandals hurting Californians ) , anti-racism ( the Bee supported the Union during the American Civil War and later publicly denounced the Ku Klux Klan ) , worker 's rights ( the Bee has a strong history of supporting unionization ) , and environmental protection ( leading numerous tree - planting campaigns and fighting against environmental destruction in the Sierra Nevada ) . The Sacramento Union , the Sacramento Bee 's rival , started publishing six years earlier in 1851 ; it closed its doors in 1994 , with a revival attempt lasting from 2005 to 2009 . Writer and journalist Mark Twain wrote for the Union in 1866 . Other newspapers Sacramento Business Journal Sacramento News & Review The Sacramento Observer Radio ( edit ) Further information : List of radio stations in Sacramento Television stations ( edit ) Channel Call Sign Network Subchannels KCRA - TV NBC MeTV on 3.2 6 KVIE PBS PBS Encore on 6.2 , World on 6.3 , PBS Kids on 6.4 8 KBTV - CD Independent Ethnic Infomercials on 8.2 , SBN on 8.3 , Independent on 8.4 , Retro Television Network on 8.5 , HOT TV on 8.6 , Rev'n on 8.7 10 KXTV ABC Justice Network on 10.2 , Heroes & Icons on 10.3 13 KOVR CBS Decades on 13.2 19 KUVS - DT Univision Bounce TV on 19.3 , Escape on 19.4 27 K20JX - D 3ABN 29 KSPX - TV Ion Qubo on 29.2 , Ion Life on 29.3 , Ion Shop on 29.4 , QVC on 29.5 , HSN on 29.6 31 KMAX - TV CW 32 KSTV - LP Azteca 33 KCSO - LD Telemundo 40 KTXL Fox Antenna TV on 40.2 , This TV on 40.3 58 KQCA MyNetworkTV Movies ! on 58.2 64 KTFK Telefutura Transportation ( edit ) Roads and highways ( edit ) The Sacramento region is served by several highways and freeways . Interstate 80 ( I - 80 ) is the major east - west route , connecting Sacramento with San Francisco in the west , and Reno in the east . Business 80 ( the Capital City Freeway ) splits from I - 80 in West Sacramento , runs through Sacramento , and then rejoins its parent in the northwest portion of the city . U.S. Highway 50 also begins its eastern journey in West Sacramento , co-signed with Business 80 , but then splits off and heads toward South Lake Tahoe as the El Dorado Freeway . A sign at the eastern terminus of US 50 in Ocean City , Maryland gives the distance to Sacramento as 3,073 miles ( 4,946 km ) . Interstate 5 ( I - 5 ) runs though Sacramento , heads north up to Redding , and then heads south near the western edge of the California Central Valley towards Los Angeles . California State Highway 99 runs through Sacramento , heading closer to the eastern edge of the Central Valley , connecting to Marysville and Yuba City in the north , and Fresno and Bakersfield in the south . California State Highway 160 approaches the city after running along the Sacramento River from Contra Costa County in the south , and then becomes a major city street in Downtown Sacramento before turning into the North Sacramento Freeway , going over the American River to Business 80 . Some Sacramento neighborhoods , such as Downtown Sacramento and Midtown Sacramento are very bicycle friendly as are many other communities in the region . As a result of litigation , Sacramento has undertaken to make all city facilities and sidewalks wheelchair accessible . In an effort to preserve its urban neighborhoods , Sacramento has constructed traffic - calming measures in many areas . Rail service ( edit ) Amtrak ( edit ) Amtrak 's Sacramento Valley Rail Station serves as the city 's main rail gateway Amtrak provides passenger rail service to the city of Sacramento . The Sacramento Valley Rail Station is on the corner of 5th and I streets near the historic Old Town Sacramento and underwent extensive renovations in 2007 . The station serves as a Sacramento Regional Transit District Light Rail terminus . Amtrak California operates the Capitol Corridor , a multiple - frequency service providing service from the capital city to its northeastern suburbs and the San Francisco Bay Area . Sacramento is the northern terminus of the Amtrak California San Joaquins route which provide direct multiple - frequency passenger rail service to California 's Central Valley as far as Bakersfield ; Thruway Motorcoach connections are available from the trains at Bakersfield to Southern California and Southern Nevada . An additional service under this banner is expected to be routed through Midtown in 2020 . Sacramento is a stop along Amtrak 's Coast Starlight route which provides scenic service to Seattle via Klamath Falls and Portland to the north and to Los Angeles via San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara to the south . Amtrak 's California Zephyr serves Sacramento daily and provides service to the east serving Reno , Salt Lake , Denver , Omaha , Chicago and intermediate cities . The Sacramento Valley Rail Station provides numerous Thruway Motorcoach routes . One route serves the cities of Marysville , Oroville , Chico , Corning , Red Bluff and Redding with additional service to Yreka and even Medford , Oregon . A second serves the cities of Roseville , Rocklin , Auburn , Colfax , Truckee , Reno and Sparks . The third and final thruway motorcoach route serves Placerville , Lake Tahoe , Stateline Casinos , and Carson City , Nevada . Each of these routes provides multiple frequencies each day . Sacramento has the second busiest Amtrak station in California and the seventh busiest in the country . Altamont Corridor Express ( edit ) Altamont Corridor Express commuter rail service is expected to be routed through Sacramento in 2020 . This service will utilize the Union Pacific 's Sacramento Subdivison , the route of the original California Zephyr , where additional passenger capacity is available . California high - Speed rail ( edit ) Sacramento is expected to serve as the northern terminus of the California High - Speed Rail system . Walkability ( edit ) A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Sacramento 24th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities . Airport ( edit ) Sacramento International Airport Sacramento International Airport ( IATA : SMF , ICAO : KSMF , FAA LID : SMF ) is a public airport 10 miles ( 16 kilometers ) northwest of downtown Sacramento , in Sacramento County , California . It is run by Sacramento County . Southwest Airlines currently accounts for half the airline passengers . Other airlines include Delta , United , American Airlines and Alaska . Sacramento International Airport handles flights to and from various US destinations ( including Hawaii ) as well as Mexico , Canada and connecting flights to Europe , Asia , and South America , and served more than 10 million passengers in 2016 . The airport is best known for its red rabbit installation by Lawrence Argent entitled `` Leap '' . Other transportation options ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Regional Transit ( RT ) light rail train pulls onto K Street The city and its suburbs are served by Sacramento Regional Transit District , which ranks as the eleventh busiest in the United States . Sac RT is a bus and light - rail system , with 274 buses and 76 light - rail vehicles providing service for 58,200 daily passengers . The three Light - rail lines ( Blue , Gold , & Green ) is a 42.9 mi ( 69.0 km ) system with 54 stations . The Gold Line was extended east as far as the city of Folsom , and more recently the Blue Line was extended south from Meadowview Rd to Cosumnes River College . Sacramento 's light rail system goes to the Sacramento Valley Rail Station , Cosumnes River College ( Sacramento RT ) in south Sacramento , and north to Watt / I - 80 where I - 80 and Business 80 meet . The Light - rail Blue & Gold Lines have 15 minute weekday headways and 30 minute weekday evening and weekend / holiday headways ; the Green Line has 30 minute weekday headways and no weekend service . There are expansion plans to extend the Green Line to Sacramento International Airport and the Blue Line to the City of Roseville , California through the City of Citrus Heights , California . Yolobus provides bus service to West Sacramento and Yolo County . Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service to Portland , Reno , Los Angeles , and San Francisco from its new station along Richards Boulevard . Intercity bus service to San Francisco and Sparks , Nevada is offered by Megabus . Bicycling is an increasingly popular transportation mode in Sacramento , which enjoys a mild climate and flat terrain . Bicycling is especially common in the older neighborhoods of Sacramento 's center , such as Alkali Flat , Midtown , McKinley Park , Land Park , and East Sacramento . Many employees who work downtown commute by bicycle from suburban communities on a dedicated bicycle path on the American River Parkway . Sacramento was designated as a Silver Level Bicycle Friendly Community by the League of American Bicyclists in September 2006 . The advocacy organization Sacramento Area Bicycle Advocates co-sponsors the Sacramento Area Council of Governments ' May is Bike Month campaign . There is commuter bus service from Yolo County on Yolobus , from Solano County on FAST , on two bus lines from Yuba County 's Yuba Sutter Transit , from Amador Transit 's Sacramento Line , on Placer County Transit 's Auburn to Light Rail Line , and from San Joaquin County on several SMART bus lines . Cemeteries ( edit ) East Lawn Memorial Park & Crematory Odd Fellows Lawn Cemetery and Mausoleum Sacramento Historic City Cemetery Saint Mary 's Catholic Cemetery and Mausoleum Notable residents ( edit ) See also : List of people from Sacramento Sister cities ( edit ) As of 2015 , the City of Sacramento has 12 sister cities . They are : Country City Date of Partnership Israel Ashkelon August 15 , 2012 Palestine Bethlehem December 15 , 2009 Moldova Chişinău December 12 , 1989 New Zealand Hamilton December 6 , 1988 China Jinan , Shandong October 16 , 1984 Switzerland Liestal March 21 , 1989 Philippines Manila June 8 , 1961 Japan Matsuyama , Ehime March 17 , 1981 Mexico Mexicali Philippines Pasay City February 28 , 2006 Nicaragua San Juan de Oriente February 28 , 2006 South Korea Yongsan - gu , Seoul July 22 , 1997 Spain Valencia July 12 , 1990 See also ( edit ) Sacramento , California portal List of cities and towns in California List of largest California cities by population List of mayors of Sacramento , California List of people from Sacramento , California Sacramento Metropolitan Fire District University Arboretum at California State University , Sacramento Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official records for Sacramento were kept exclusively at the airport since 10 November 1941 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City Hall '' . City of Sacramento . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City Hall '' . City of Sacramento . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor & Council '' . City of Sacramento . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jun 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Fact Finder -- Results '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Fact Finder -- Results '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Fact Finder -- Results '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caraccio , David . `` Sacramento is fastest growing big city in California '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ State of California , Department of Finance , E-1 Population Estimates for Cities , Counties and the State with Annual Percent Change -- January 1 , 2016 and 2017 . Sacramento , California , May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Top 50 U.S. Cities by Population and Rank '' . Infoplease . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stodghill , Ron ( August 25 , 2002 ) . `` Welcome to America 's Most Diverse City '' . Time . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Louise Johnson , Hillary . `` Treepedia study confirms Sacramento as City of Trees '' . Sactown Magazine . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treepedia : : MIT Senseable City Lab '' . Treepedia . Senseable City Laboratory , Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Water Tower No Longer Reads ' Welcome to Sacramento , City of Trees ' '' . FOX40. 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Milne , Steve ; Serrieh , Joanne . `` Report : Sacramento Fourth Most Hipster U.S. City '' . Capital Public Radio . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` STUDY : Seattle Tops Portland As Most ' Hipster ' City in U.S. Infogroup '' . Infogroup . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Facts - America 's Farm - to - Fork Capital '' . America 's Farm - to - Fork Capital - Sacramento . Sacramento Convention & Visitors Bureau . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament -- Sacramento , California '' . Cathedralsacramento.org . November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Sacramento , California -- Walking on History '' . Legends of America . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Sutter : A Life on the North American Frontier By Albert L. Hurtado . University of Oklahoma Press , 2006 . p. 236 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` About the City of Sacramento '' . City of Sacramento . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento 's Chinatown -- News -- Local Stories -- June 28 , 2007 '' . Sacramento News & Review . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friends Of the Yee Fow Museum '' . Yee Fow Museum . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An Evidentiary Timeline on the History of Sacramento 's Chinatown '' . Yee Fow Museum . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Status quo for city governance ? '' . Sacramento Bee . September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Editorial Board ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Endorsements : Michael Picker is best pick for SMUD Ward 5 '' . Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UARP Relicensing Public Participation Community Oriented Utility '' . SMUD . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Don Stanle ( July 30 , 1989 ) . `` 1920s A Wet Prohibition , A City Of North Sac , The First Woman Mayor '' . Sacramento Bee . p. 27 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sacramento ( detention facility ) '' . Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Avella , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Sacramento : Indomitable City . Arcadia Publishing . p. 124 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2444 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Background '' . Vcarious.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Vacation Information Hotels , Restaurants , Events , and Things to Do '' . Visit Sacramento . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Area 1 '' ( PDF ) . City of Sacramento . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Area 2 Archived September 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Area 3 Archived September 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Area 4 Archived September 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` City of Sacramento : Neighborhoods '' ( PDF ) . City of Sacramento . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Community info : neighborhoods , schools , homes for rent , property management '' . Horizon Properties . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Forecasters Say Snow Possible In Sacramento '' . capradio.org . February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snow in Sacramento '' . December 19 , 2009 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Blast Could Bring Dusting Of Snow To Sacramento Valley and Several Feet To Sierra '' CBS Sacramento Jump up ^ `` SACRAMENTO 5 ESE , CALIFORNIA '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How the West May Flood : Winter 's Long , Long Reach '' . Time . June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Liz . `` Sunniest Places and Countries in the World '' . Current Results . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ThreadEx ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for SACRAMENTO / EXECUTIVE ARPT CA 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SACRAMENTO 5 ESE , CALIFORNIA '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Geography of U.S. Diversity ( PDF ) . United States Census . Retrieved on June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Diverse Cities Are Often The Most Segregated '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sacramento ( city ) , California '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` California -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search : CA -- Sacramento city '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Factfinder '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 12.9 % in Seattle are gay or bisexual , second only to S.F. , study says '' . The Seattle Times . November 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City of Sacramento Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , Fiscal Year Ended June 30 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . City of Sacramento . p. 194 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sacramento Archives and Museum Collection Center and the Historic Old Sacramento Foundation . Old Sacramento and Downtown . Arcadia , 2006 , 20 . Jump up ^ Sacramento Archives and Museum Collection Center and the Historic Old Sacramento Foundation . Old Sacramento and Downtown . Arcadia , 2006 , 23 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Adam ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Colin Hanks '' . Playmaker . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . `` I was born and raised in Sacramento , California , which most people do n't know is where Tower started and was based until the end . '' -- ¶ 4 . Jump up ^ `` Deathwish Inc '' . Deathwish Inc . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trash Talk 's anthology ' Shame ' is released this week , Band Of The Week is in the bag ! '' . Rock Sound . May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Diver , Mike ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Trash Talk Eyes & Nines Review '' . BBC . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SJFF Home '' . Sacramento Japanese Film Festival . July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pham , Jason ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Grown - up slumber party , Trash Film Orgy overtake downtown art center '' . Sactown Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Carla ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` Horror film fest to debut in Sac '' . The Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Macias , Chris ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sacramento 's farm - to - fork moniker to be official -- Food & Wine '' . The Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Macias , Chris . `` Appetizers : The Kitchen , former Sacramento chef receive James Beard nominations '' . The Sacramento Bee blogs . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AAA Five Diamond Award - Lucky # 7 ! '' . The Kitchen Restaurant . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premier Italian Restaurant Sacramento Italian Restaurant Home of Biba Caggiano '' . Biba Restaurant . October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brewery Directory - Beers in Sacramento '' . Beers in Sacramento . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elk Grove Brewfest '' . Beers in Sac . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Placerville Brewfest '' . Beers in Sac . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yolo Brewfest '' . Beers in Sac . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CA Craft Beer Summit '' . 2017 California Craft Beer Summit and Brewers Showcase . California Craft Brewers Association . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Emily . `` Five Underrated Coffee Cities '' . Sprudge . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Elyssa. `` 11 of the world 's best cities for coffee lovers '' . Matador Network . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maloofs sell Kings to Hansen - led Seattle group '' . NBA . January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle group has filed for relocation '' . ESPN . AP . February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Republic FC loses home opener before sellout crowd at Hughes Stadium '' Archived April 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Sacramento Bee , April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Republic FC opener sells out , sets league record '' Archived May 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Sacramento Bee , April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Warner , Anmargaret . ( June 6 , 2013 ) . ( www.businessinsider.com/us-cities-with-the-best-parks-2013-6 ? op = 1 `` New York Parks Rank No. 2 in a Survey of 50 U.S. cities '' ) . Business Insider . Accessed July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lindelof , Bill . `` Capitol rated highly for its parks '' Archived June 30 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... June 6 , 2013 . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved on July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ California Government Code § 23004 Jump up ^ `` Statewide Database '' . UC Regents . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communities of Interest -- City '' . California Citizens Redistricting Commission . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 6th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Welcome -- University of California Center Sacramento '' . University of California . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` University of the Pacific to launch five new graduate programs in Sacramento '' . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 11 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` USC Price School in Sacramento -- USC Price School of Public Policy '' . University of Southern California . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Western Seminary Sacramento Campus '' . Western Seminary . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento , Arden , Arcade , Roseville CA -- Elementary School Teachers ( Excluding Special Education ) -- Career , Salary & Employment Info '' . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento , Arden , Arcade , Roseville CA -- Middle School Teachers ( Excluding Special & Vocational Education ) -- Career , Salary & Employment Info '' . Jump up ^ `` Capital Christian Center Truth -- Growth -- Love '' . Ccconline . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived February 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Holland , John ( 27 April 2018 ) . `` Expanded train service coming to Modesto , Merced ; what it means for commuters '' . Modesto Bee . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amtrak Fact Sheet , Fiscal Year 2017 - State of California '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bizjak , Tony ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` Catch an Amtrak toward L.A. from midtown Sacramento ? Train officials propose new service . '' Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings '' . Walk Score . 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento airport 's big red rabbit means business -- really '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Low - cost Megabus.com gets service rolling Wednesday '' . bizjournals.com . December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commuter and Midday Express Services '' . Yuba Sutter Transit . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amador Transit Route 1 : Sacramento '' . Amador Transit . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Placer County Transit ( PCT ) '' . City of Placer . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` East Lawn Memorial Park & Crematory '' . East Lawn. 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Odd Fellows Lawn Cemetery and Mausoleum '' . Oddfellows-cmtry-sac.com . Jump up ^ `` Old City Cemetery Committee , Inc. , Sacramento , California '' . Old City Cemetery Committee , Inc. 2005 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` St. Mary Cemetery & Funeral Center FD2263 - CFCS Sacramento '' . CFCS Sacramento . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento , California '' . Sister Cities International . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oraşe înfrăţite ( Twin cities of Minsk ) ( via WaybackMachine.com ) '' ( in Romanian ) . Primăria Municipiului Chişinău . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . 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"The California State Legislature, with the support of Governor John Bigler, moved to Sacramento in 1854. The capital of California under Spanish (and, subsequently, Mexican) rule had been Monterey, where in 1849 the first Constitutional Convention and state elections were held. The convention decided that San Jose would be the new state's capital. After 1850, when California's statehood was ratified, the legislature met in San Jose until 1851, Vallejo in 1852, and Benicia in 1853, before moving to Sacramento. In the 1879 Constitutional Convention, Sacramento was named to be the permanent state capital.\n"
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"1879"
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-8632005673181055098 | Game of Thrones (season 7) | Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Accolades 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Home media 5.4 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of harming dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers to Tyene the same poison used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Maisie Williams ( Arya Stark ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Eddard Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) The seventh season contains original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some of the show 's sixth season also consists of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . In a June 2016 interview with Variety , co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran for 69 minutes . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 95 % approval rating from 42 critics with an average rating of 8.31 out of 10 , and a 92 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platforms . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 American Film Institute Awards 2017 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2017 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Robert McLachlan ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Gregory Middleton ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated IGN Awards Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won Humanitas Prize 60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television David Benioff , D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Color Grading Joe Finley ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter ( for `` Stormborn '' ) Nominated Jesse Parker ( for `` The Queen 's Justice '' ) Nominated Crispin Green ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley C. Katona , Paul Bercovitch ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated 2018 22nd Satellite Awards Best Genre Series Game of Thrones Won 23rd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 60th Annual Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Ramin Djawadi Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2018 Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 45th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Cajun Hylton , Georgy Arevshatov ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards 2017 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley ( for `` Dragonstone '' , `` The Queen 's Justice '' , and `` Eastwatch '' ) Won Cinema Audio Society Awards 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Brett Voss ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Costume Designers Guild Awards 2017 Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Won 70th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Jeremy Podeswa ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Matt Shakman ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Alan Taylor ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Nicola Matthews Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Nominated Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Won Producers Guild of America Awards 2017 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama '' David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2017 Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Chris Baird , David Ramos , Sam Conway ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real - Time Project Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Nicholas Wilson ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Zombie Polar Bear '' ) Nominated Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Philipp Winterstein , Andreas Krieg ( for `` Eastwatch '' -- `` Drogon Meets Jon '' ) Nominated Murray Stevenson , Jason Snyman , Jenn Taylor , Florian Friedmann ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Drogon Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Daniel Villalba , Antonio Lado , José Luis Barreiro , Isaac de la Pompa ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Won Patrice Poissant , Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , Gabriel Morin ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Manuel Ramírez , Óscar Márquez , Pablo Hernández , David Gacituaga ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , Sylvain Nouveau , Nathan Arbuckle ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' -- `` Wall Destruction '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Óscar Perea , Santiago Martos , David Esteve , Michael Crane ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Montminy Brodeur , Xavier Fourmond , Reuben Barkataki , Sébastien Raets ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Dom Hellier , Thijs Noij , Edwin Holdsworth , Giacomo Matteucci ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Golden Reel Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Effects / Foley Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Bradley Katona , Brett Voss and Jeffrey Wilhoit ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel , Paul Bercovitch and Tim Hands ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Music / Musical David Klotz ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 15th Irish Film & Television Awards Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Won Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Won Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank and Matthew Waters Nominated Best VFX Ed Bruce & Nicholas Murphy Nominated 5th Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period Television Series Robert Boake , Matt Jones , Pedro Tate Araez Pending Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . In some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Marketing ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participated in this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Home media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times , making Game of Thrones the most - pirated television series in 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . 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Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . 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Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2017 '' . American Film Institute . 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blade Runner , ' ' Mudbound , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 '' . IGN. 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Black - ish ' Top Humanitas Prize Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NOMINEES '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Rebecca ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` National Television Awards 2018 winners '' . Metro . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Netflix , FX 's FEUD Lead TV Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Grammys : Full list of winners at the 60th Grammy Awards ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television - Eddie Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' I , Tonya ' Top American Cinema Editors ' Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ; Petski , Denise ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` ADG Awards : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Blade Runner 2049 ' , ' Logan ' & ' Coco ' Take Film Trophies -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Cinema Audio Society Awards : Sound Mixers Hear ' Dunkirk ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I , Tonya , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Win at 2018 Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' Tops Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Reel Awards : Oscar Nominees ' Blade Runner 2049 , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Sound Editor Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ifta Awards 2018 : the full list of nominations '' . The Irish Times . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFTAs : Full list of winners as Gabriel Byrne is honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award '' . Irish Independent . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Three Billboards ' , ' Dunkirk ' , ' Game of Thrones ' Among Nominees For Location Managers Guild Awards '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2017 '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 7 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=827646179 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 22 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in the 7th season of game of thrones | [
"The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5][better source needed] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss."
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-7911783430137776536 | Guess Who? | Guess Who ? - Wikipedia Guess Who ? Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the game . For other uses , see Guess Who . Two people playing Guess Who ? at Spiel 2008 . Guess Who ? is a two - player character guessing game created by Ora and Theo Coster , also known as Theora Design , that was first manufactured by Milton Bradley , in 1979 , now owned by Hasbro . It was first brought to the UK by Jack Barr Sr in 1982 . The classic edition is currently being produced by Winning Moves . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Questions 3 Editions 4 Advertising 5 Reception 6 Criticism of lack of diversity 6.1 People 's names 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Each player starts the game with a board that includes cartoon images of 24 people and their first names with all the images standing up . Each player selects a card of their choice from a separate pile of cards containing the same 24 images . The object of the game is to be the first to determine which card one 's opponent has selected . Players alternate asking various yes or no questions to eliminate candidates , such as `` Does yout person wear glasses ? '' The player will then eliminate candidates by flipping those images down until all but one is left . Well - crafted questions allow players to eliminate one or more possible cards . Questions ( edit ) `` Does your person wear a hat ? '' `` Does your person wear glasses ? '' `` Does your person have a big nose ? '' `` What color hair is your person ? '' `` What race is your person ? '' Editions ( edit ) Special editions which have different faces have been released , including Star Wars , Marvel Comics and Disney . There are smaller , `` travel '' editions which have only 20 different faces . In 2008 and 2010 , extra and mix and match games were released . Hasbro also released a social app version of the game in 2011 . A computer game based on the series was released in 1999 by Hasbro Interactive . A spoof YouTube video was released , which added police procedural elements to the board game . `` Guess Who ? The Utley Rules '' is a fan - made version where `` players can only ask about the assumed characteristics of the characters '' based on their physical appearances . Advertising ( edit ) In the United States , advertisements for the board game often showed the characters on the cards coming to life , and making witty comments to each other . This caused later editions of such ads to carry the spoken disclaimer line `` game cards do not actually talk '' in order to meet Federal Trade Commission advertising guidelines requiring full disclosure of toy features unable to be replicated with the actual product . Reception ( edit ) The Blaze noted that the major perk of playing the game is `` watching your opponent ( watch you ) knock down several of the flipped up tiles with faces on them , putting you well on your way to guessing his or her main character '' . Criticism of lack of diversity ( edit ) An issue that has plagued the more recent history of the board game is the perceived bias toward white characters and male characters in Guess Who . A six year old sent in a letter regarding the mere 5 female characters she was able to pick , and Hasbro responded with a statement that according to TheMarySue was `` hilarious and awful '' . Despite the company 's claim that players should `` draw attention away from using gender or ethnicity as the focal point '' , the child 's mother pointed out that physical differences of humans was the whole point of the game , and that gender was generally the first question asked . The Huffington Post noted that various sources had deemed the remarks `` tone - deaf '' and `` condescending '' . Mamafesto blogger Avital Norman Nathman suggested that the decision to include five women in the game was n't a conscious choice , which she argues is a problem in itself . Newer editions of the game have added more women . The original version of Guess Who featured only one non-white character -- Anne , who was redrawn in a subsequent edition as a white woman . More recently , Hasbro has redesigned the board to feature a more racially diverse set of people . People 's names ( edit ) Richard ( Roger ) ( 1980 -- present ) Anne ( 1980 - 1998 ; 2002 -- present ) Frank ( 1980 - 1998 ) Eric ( 1980 -- present ) Sam ( Charles ) ( 1980 -- present ) Susan ( 1980 - 1998 ) Charles ( Hans ) ( 1980 -- present ) David ( Luke / Lucas ) ( 1980 -- present ) Peter ( 1980 - 1998 ; 2010 -- present ) Victor ( 1999 -- present ) Betty ( 1999 - 2001 ) Max ( Theo ) ( 1980 -- present ) Paul ( 1980 -- present ) Philip ( Max / Mario ) ( 1980 -- present ) Anita ( 1980 -- present ) Claire ( Sarah ) ( 1980 -- present ) Sally ( Sophie ) ( 1999 -- present ) Herman ( 1980 -- present ) Alfred ( Stephen ) ( 1980 -- present ) Bill ( Phillipe ) ( 1980 -- present ) Joe ( 1980 - 1998 ; 2002 -- present ) George ( Joe ) ( 1980 - 2001 ) Tom ( Albert / Daniel ) ( 1980 -- present ) Bernard ( 1980 -- present ) Maria ( 1980 -- present ) Holly ( Kaitlin ) ( 1999 -- present ) Carmen ( 2002 -- present ) Robert ( 1980 - 1999 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guess Who Star Wars : Toys & Games . Amazon.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hasbro Guess Who ? Marvel Heroes Edition : Toys & Games . Amazon.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Guess Who -- Disney Edition : Toys & Games . Amazon.com . Retrie Jump up ^ `` Hasbro : `` Guess Who '' Social iPhone App - Digital Buzz Blog `` . Jump up ^ `` This Is n't The Guess Who ? Game We Remember '' . The Huffington Post . 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Look at the rat - like features of the man in this photo . Do you think he could lead the Labour Party ? '' . Mail Online . 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Liz Klimas . `` Guess Who 's Calling Out Hasbro for Gender Inequality : A 6 - Year - Old ( Read Her Letter ) '' . The Blaze . ^ Jump up to : `` Six - Year - Old Girl ( Board ) Gamer Calls out Guess Who ? on Its Gender Inequality ; Hasbro 's Response is Both Hilarious and Awful '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer O'Connell , Mom , And 6 - Year - Old Daughter Ask Hasbro About Gender Inequality In ' Guess Who ? ' '' . The Huffington Post . 21 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Adam Sherwin ( 17 November 2012 ) . `` Guess Who 's sexist ? Classic board game 's gender bias leaves '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Laura Vitto ( 3 July 2013 ) . `` 5 Depressing Facts About Your Favorite Childhood Games '' . Mashable . External links ( edit ) Guess Who ? at BoardGameGeek Theora Design -- the designers . English online version of Guess Who Computers Helping People with Special Needs ( hide ) Hasbro Intellectual properties currently managed by Hasbro Toys Action Man Baby Alive Blythe Easy - Bake Oven Furby G.I. Joe Glo Worm Jem Koosh Kre - O Lite - Brite Littlest Pet Shop Mighty Muggs Mr. Potato Head My Little Pony Nerf Play - Doh Pound Puppies Rubik 's Cube Sit ' n Spin Spirograph Stickle Bricks Super Soaker Tinkertoy Tonka Transformers Weeble Games Acquire Aggravation Axis & Allies Barrel of Monkeys Battleship Boggle Bop It Buckaroo ! Candy Land Catch Phrase Chutes & Ladders Clue Connect 4 Cootie Cranium Crocodile Dentist Designer 's World Duel Masters Dungeons & Dragons Elefun Gator Golf Girl Talk Guess Who ? Hi Ho ! Cherry - O Hungry Hungry Hippos Jenga Lazer Tag Life Magic : The Gathering Mall Madness Milton Monopoly Mouse Trap Mystery Date Nerf Blaster Operation Ouija Parcheesi Perfection Pictionary Pit Risk Rook Scattergories Scrabble ( U.S. and Canada ) Simon Sorry ! Stratego Taboo Trivial Pursuit Trouble Twister Upwords Yahtzee Distributed worldwide by Hasbro Beyblade ( except Japan and parts of Asia ) CirKis ( except U.S. , UK , France and Germany ) FurReal Friends ( except Japan ) iDog ( except Japan ) Yo - kai Watch ( except Asia ) Licensed products Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ? Disney Disney Princess Elena of Avalor Frozen Indiana Jones Marvel Legends Marvel Super Hero Squad Marvel Universe Spider - Man Classics Star Wars Idaten Jump Nickelodeon Strawberry Shortcake Sid the Science Kid The Simpsons Wolverine and the X-Men X-Men Origins : Wolverine Subsidiaries Entertainment and Licensing Hasbro Studios Boulder Media Discovery Family ( 40 % ) Wizards of the Coast Avalon Hill Backflip Studios ( 70 % ) Divisions and brands Nerf Playskool Tiger Electronics Tonka Related media Comics Films Television See also Hasbro Universe HasCon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guess_Who%3F&oldid=828245360 '' Categories : Board games introduced in 1979 Children 's board games Guessing games 1980s toys Milton Bradley Company games Products introduced in 1979 British board games Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 12 : 10 . About Wikipedia | how many characters are there in guess who | [
"Each player starts the game with a board that includes cartoon images of 24 people and their first names with all the images standing up. Each player selects a card of their choice from a separate pile of cards containing the same 24 images. The object of the game is to be the first to determine which card one's opponent has selected. Players alternate asking various yes or no questions to eliminate candidates, such as \"Does yout person wear glasses?\" The player will then eliminate candidates by flipping those images down until all but one is left. Well-crafted questions allow players to eliminate one or more possible cards."
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"24"
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5201691425959428574 | French colonization of the Americas | French colonization of the Americas - wikipedia French colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search Map of North America ( 1750 ) - France ( blue ) , Britain ( pink ) , and Spain ( orange ) The French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century , and continued on into the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere . France founded colonies in much of eastern North America , on a number of Caribbean islands , and in South America . Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish , sugar , and furs . As they colonized the New World , the French established forts and settlements that would become such cities as Quebec and Montreal in Canada ; Detroit , Green Bay , St. Louis , Cape Girardeau , Mobile , Biloxi , Baton Rouge and New Orleans in the United States ; and Port - au - Prince , Cap - Haïtien ( founded as Cap - Français ) in Haiti , Cayenne in French Guiana and São Luís ( founded as Saint - Louis de Maragnan ) in Brazil . Contents ( hide ) 1 North America 1.1 Background 1.2 Colonization 1.3 French Florida 1.4 Canada and Acadia 1.5 Louisiana 1.5. 1 The Mississippi Bubble 1.6 Dissolution 2 West Indies 3 South America 3.1 Brazil 3.1. 1 1557 Calvinist arrival 3.1. 2 Portuguese intervention 3.2 Equinoctial France 3.3 History of France Équinoxiale 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 In French North America ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The French first came to the New World as explorers , seeking a route to the Pacific Ocean and wealth . Major French exploration of North America began under the rule of Francis I , King of France . In 1524 , Francis sent Italian - born Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the region between Florida and Newfoundland for a route to the Pacific Ocean . Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain and English Newfoundland , thus promoting French interests . Colonization ( edit ) Main article : New France Portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel , arr. 1844 In 1534 , Francis I of France sent Jacques Cartier on the first of three voyages to explore the coast of Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence River . He founded New France by planting a cross on the shore of the Gaspé Peninsula . The French subsequently tried to establish several colonies throughout North America that failed , due to weather , disease , or conflict with other European powers . Cartier attempted to create the first permanent European settlement in North America at Cap - Rouge ( Quebec City ) in 1541 with 400 settlers but the settlement was abandoned the next year after bad weather and attacks from Native Americans in the area . A small group of French troops were left on Parris Island , South Carolina in 1562 to build Charlesfort , but left after a year when they were not resupplied by France . Fort Caroline established in present - day Jacksonville , Florida , in 1564 , lasted only a year before being destroyed by the Spanish from St. Augustine . An attempt to settle convicts on Sable Island off Nova Scotia in 1598 failed after a short time . In 1599 , a sixteen - person trading post was established in Tadoussac ( in present - day Quebec ) , of which only five men survived the first winter . In 1604 , Saint Croix Island in Acadia was the site of a short - lived French colony , much plagued by illness , perhaps scurvy . The following year the settlement was moved to Port Royal . Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec ( 1608 ) and explored the Great Lakes . In 1634 , Jean Nicolet founded La Baye des Puants ( present - day Green Bay ) , which is one of the oldest permanent European settlements in America . In 1634 , Sieur de Laviolette founded Trois - Rivières . In 1642 , Paul de Chomedey , Sieur de Maisonneuve , founded Fort Ville - Marie which is now known as Montreal . Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette founded Sault Sainte Marie ( 1668 ) and Saint Ignace ( 1671 ) and explored the Mississippi River . At the end of the 17th century , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle established a network of forts going from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River . Fort Saint Louis was established in Texas in 1685 , but was gone by 1688 . Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit ( modern - day Detroit ) in 1701 and Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , Sieur de Bienville founded La Nouvelle Orléans ( New Orleans ) in 1718 . Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville founded Baton Rouge in 1719 . Governor Frontenac performing a tribal dance with Indian allies . The French were eager to explore North America but New France remained largely unpopulated . Due to the lack of women , intermarriages between French and Indians were frequent , giving rise to the Métis people . Relations between the French and Indians were usually peaceful . As the 19th - century historian Francis Parkman stated : `` Spanish civilization crushed the Indian ; English civilization scorned and neglected him ; French civilization embraced and cherished him '' -- Francis Parkman . To boost the French population , Cardinal Richelieu issued an act declaring that Indians converted to Catholicism were considered as `` natural Frenchmen '' by the Ordonnance of 1627 : `` The descendants of the French who are accustomed to this country ( New France ) , together with all the Indians who will be brought to the knowledge of the faith and will profess it , shall be deemed and renowned natural Frenchmen , and as such may come to live in France when they want , and acquire , donate , and succeed and accept donations and legacies , just as true French subjects , without being required to take no letters of declaration of naturalization . '' Louis XIV also tried to increase the population by sending approximately 800 young women nicknamed the `` King 's Daughters '' . However , the low density of population in New France remained a very persistent problem . At the beginning of the French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) , the British population in North America outnumbered the French 20 to 1 . France fought a total of six colonial wars in North America ( see the four French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War ) . See also : Franco - Indian alliance French Florida ( edit ) Map of French Florida In 1562 , Charles IX , under the leadership of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny sent Jean Ribault and a group of Huguenot settlers in an attempt to colonize the Atlantic coast and found a colony on a territory which will take the name of the French Florida . They discovered the probe and Port Royal Island , which will be called by Parris Island in South Carolina , on which he built a fort named Charlesfort . The group , led by René Goulaine de Laudonnière , moved to the south where they founded the Fort Caroline on the Saint John 's river in Florida on June 22 , 1564 . This irritated the Spanish who claimed Florida and opposed the Protestant settlers for religious reasons . In 1565 , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés led a group of Spaniards and founded Saint Augustine , 60 kilometers south of Fort Caroline . Fearing a Spanish attack , Ribault planned to move the colony but a storm suddenly destroyed his fleet . On 20 September 1565 the Spaniards , commanded by Menéndez de Avilés , attacked and massacred all the Fort Caroline occupants including Jean Ribault . Canada and Acadia ( edit ) Political map of the Northeastern part of North America in 1664 . The French interest in Canada focused first on fishing off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . However , at the beginning of the 17th century , France was more interested in fur from North America . The fur trading post of Tadoussac was founded in 1600 . Four years later , Champlain made his first trip to Canada in a trade mission for fur . Although he had no formal mandate on this trip , he sketched a map of the St. Lawrence River and in writing , on his return to France , a report entitled Savages ( Relation of his stay in a tribe of Montagnais near Tadoussac ) . Champlain needed to report his findings to Henry IV . He participated in another expedition to New France in the spring of 1604 , conducted by Pierre Du Gua de Monts . It helped the foundation of a settlement on Saint Croix Island , the first French settlement in the New World , which would be given up the following winter . The expedition then founded the colony of Port - Royal . In 1608 , Champlain founded a fur post that would become the city of Quebec , which would become the capital of New France . In Quebec , Champlain forged alliances between France and the Huron and Ottawa against their traditional enemies , the Iroquois . Champlain and other French travelers then continued to explore North America , with canoes made from Birch bark , to move quickly through the Great Lakes and their tributaries . In 1634 , the Normand explorer Jean Nicolet pushed his exploration to the West up to Wisconsin . Following the capitulation of Quebec by the Kirke brothers , the British occupied the city of Quebec and Canada from 1629 to 1632 . Samuel de Champlain was taken prisoner and there followed the bankruptcy of the Company of One Hundred Associates . Following the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , France took possession of the colony in 1632 . The city of Trois - Rivières was founded in 1634 . In 1642 , the Angevin Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière founded Ville - Marie ( later Montreal ) which was at that time , a fort as protection against Iroquois attacks ( the first great Iroquois war lasted from 1642 to 1667 ) . A new map of the north parts of America claimed by France in 1720 , according to the London cartographer Herman Moll . Despite this rapid expansion , the colony developed very slowly . The Iroquois wars and diseases were the leading causes of death in the French colony . In 1663 when Louis XIV provided the Royal Government , the population of New France was only 2500 European inhabitants . That year , to increase the population , Louis XIV sent between 800 and 900 ' King 's Daughters ' to become the wives of French settlers . The population of New France reached subsequently 7000 in 1674 and 15000 in 1689 . From 1689 to 1713 , the French settlers were faced with almost incessant war during the French and Indian Wars . From 1689 to 1697 , they fought the British in the Nine Years ' War . The war against the Iroquois continued even after the Treaty of Rijswijk until 1701 , when the two parties agreed on peace . Then , the war against the English took over in the War of the Spanish Succession . In 1690 and 1711 , Quebec City had successfully resisted the attacks of the English navy and then British army . Nevertheless , the British took advantage of the second war . With the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 , France ceded to Britain Acadia ( with a population of 1700 people ) , Newfoundland and Hudson Bay . Under the Sovereign Council , the population of the colony grew faster . However , the population growth was far inferior to that of the British Thirteen Colonies to the south . In the middle of the 18th century , New France accounted for 60,000 people while the British colonies had more than one million people . This placed the colony at a great military disadvantage against the British . The war between the colonies resumed in 1744 , lasting until 1748 . A final and decisive war began in 1754 . The Canadiens and the French were helped by numerous alliances with Native Americans , but they were usually outnumbered on the battlefield . Louisiana ( edit ) Louisiana before 1736 On May 17 , 1673 , explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi River , known to the Sioux as does Tongo , or to the Miami - Illinois as missisipioui ( the great river ) . They reached the mouth of the Arkansas and then up the river , after learning that it flowed into the Gulf of Mexico and not to the California Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) . In 1682 , the Normand Cavelier de la Salle and the Italian Henri de Tonti came down the Mississippi to its Delta . They left from Fort Crevecoeur on the Illinois River , along with 23 French and 18 Native Americans . In April 1682 , they arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi ; they planted a cross and a column bearing the arms of the king of France . La Salle returned to France and won over the Secretary of State of the Navy to give him the command of Louisiana . He believed that it was close to New Spain by drawing a map on which the Mississippi seemed much further west than its actual rate . He set up a maritime expedition with four ships and 320 emigrants , but it ended in disaster when he failed to find the Mississippi Delta and was killed in 1687 . In 1698 , Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville left La Rochelle and explored the area around the mouth of the Mississippi . He stopped between Isle - aux - Chats ( now Cat Island ) and Isle Surgeres ( renamed Isle - aux - Vascular or Ship Island ) on February 13 , 1699 and continued his explorations to the mainland , with his brother Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville to Biloxi . He built a precarious fort , called ' Maurepas ' ( later ' Old Biloxi ' ) , before returning to France . He returned twice in the Gulf of Mexico and established a fort at Mobile in 1702 . From 1699 to 1702 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville was governor of Louisiana . His brother succeeded him in that post from 1702 to 1713 . He was again governor from 1716 to 1724 and again 1733 to 1743 . In 1718 , Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville commanded a French expedition in Louisiana . He founded the city of New Orleans , in homage to Regent Duke of Orleans . The architect Adrian de Pauger drew the orthogonal plane of the Old Square . The Mississippi bubble ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Company In Weigel 's map ( 1719 ) intended to promote sales of the Mississippi Company in Germany ; most of the present - day United States appears under the name `` Louisiana '' . In 1718 , there were only 700 Europeans in Louisiana . The Mississippi Company arranged for ships to bring 800 more , who landed in Louisiana in 1718 , doubling the European population . John Law encouraged Germans , particularly Germans of the Alsatian region who had recently fallen under French rule , and the Swiss to emigrate . Prisoners were set free in Paris in September 1719 onwards , under the condition that they marry prostitutes and go with them to Louisiana . The newly married couples were chained together and taken to the port of embarkation . In May 1720 , after complaints from the Mississippi Company and the concessioners about this class of French immigrants , the French government prohibited such deportations . However , there was a third shipment of prisoners in 1721 . Dissolution ( edit ) The last French and Indian War resulted in the dissolution of New France , with Canada going to Great Britain and Louisiana going to Spain . Only the islands of Saint - Pierre - et - Miquelon are still in French hands . In 1802 Spain returned Louisiana to France , but Napoleon sold it to the United States in 1803 . The French left many toponyms ( Illinois , Vermont , Bayous ... ) and ethnonyms ( Sioux , Coeur d'Alene , Nez Percé ... ) in North America . West indies ( edit ) Further information : French West Indies A major French settlement lay on the island of Hispaniola , where France established the colony of Saint - Domingue on the western third of the island in 1664 . Nicknamed the `` Pearl of the Antilles '' , Saint - Domingue became the richest colony in the Caribbean due to slave plantation production of sugar cane . It had the highest slave mortality rate in the western hemisphere . A 1791 slave revolt , the only ever successful slave revolt , began the Haitian Revolution , led to freedom for the colony 's slaves in 1794 and , a decade later , complete independence for the country , which renamed itself Haiti . France briefly also ruled the eastern portion of the island , which is now the Dominican Republic . During the 17th and 18th centuries , France ruled much of the Lesser Antilles at various times . Islands that came under French rule during part or all of this time include Dominica , Grenada , Guadeloupe , Marie - Galante , Martinique , St. Barthélemy , St. Croix , St. Kitts , St. Lucia , St. Martin , St. Vincent and Tobago . Control of many of these islands was contested between the French , the British and the Dutch ; in the case of St. Martin , the island was divided in two , a situation that persists to this day . Great Britain captured some of France 's islands during the Seven Years ' War and the Napoleonic Wars . Following the latter conflict , France retained control of Guadeloupe , Martinique , Marie - Galante , St. Barthélemy , and its portion of St. Martin ; all remain part of France today . Guadeloupe ( including Marie - Galante and other nearby islands ) and Martinique each is an overseas department of France , while St. Barthélemy and St. Martin each became an overseas collectivity of France in 2007 . South America ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Wording , and the need to add more relevant wikilinks to newly added material Please help improve this section if you can . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brazil ( edit ) France Antarctique ( formerly also spelled France antartique ) was a French colony south of the Equator , in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which existed between 1555 and 1567 , and had control over the coast from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio . The colony quickly became a haven for the Huguenots , and was ultimately destroyed by the Portuguese in 1567 . On November 1 , 1555 , French vice-admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ( 1510 -- 1575 ) , a Catholic knight of the Order of Malta , who later would help the Huguenots to find a refuge against persecution , led a small fleet of two ships and 600 soldiers and colonists , and took possession of the small island of Serigipe in the Guanabara Bay , in front of present - day Rio de Janeiro , where they built a fort named Fort Coligny . The fort was named in honor of Gaspard de Coligny ( then a Catholic statesman , who about a year later would become a Huguenot ) , an admiral who supported the expedition and would use the colony in order to protect his co-religionists . To the still largely undeveloped mainland village , Villegaignon gave the name of Henriville , in honour of Henry II , the King of France , who also knew of and approved the expedition , and had provided the fleet for the trip . Villegaignon secured his position by making an alliance with the Tamoio and Tupinambá Indians of the region , who were fighting the Portuguese . 1557 calvinist arrival ( edit ) Unchallenged by the Portuguese , who initially took little notice of his landing , Villegaignon endeavoured to expand the colony by calling for more colonists in 1556 . He sent one of his ships , the Grande Roberge , to Honfleur , entrusted with letters to King Henry II , Gaspard de Coligny and according to some accounts , the Protestant leader John Calvin . After one ship was sent to France to ask for additional support , three ships were financed and prepared by the king of France and put under the command of Sieur De Bois le Comte , a nephew of Villegagnon . They were joined by 14 Calvinists from Geneva , led by Philippe de Corguilleray , including theologians Pierre Richier and Guillaume Chartrier . The new colonists , numbering around 300 , included 5 young women to be wed , 10 boys to be trained as translators , as well as 14 Calvinists sent by Calvin , and also Jean de Léry , who would later write an account of the colony . They arrived in March 1557 . The relief fleet was composed of : The Petite Roberge , with 80 soldiers and sailors was led by Vice Admiral Sieur De Bois le Comte . The Grande Roberge , with about 120 on board , captained by Sieur de Sainte - Marie dit l'Espine . The Rosée , with about 90 people , led by Captain Rosée . Doctrinal disputes arose between Villegagnon and the Calvinists , especially in relation to the Eucharist , and in October 1557 the Calvinists were banished from Coligny island as a result . They settled among the Tupinamba until January 1558 , when some of them managed to return to France by ship together with Jean de Léry , and five others chose to return to Coligny island where three of them were drowned by Villegagnon for refusing to recant . Portuguese intervention ( edit ) In 1560 Mem de Sá , the new Governor - General of Brazil , received from the Portuguese government the command to expel the French . With a fleet of 26 warships and 2,000 soldiers , on 15 March 1560 , he attacked and destroyed Fort Coligny within three days , but was unable to drive off their inhabitants and defenders , because they escaped to the mainland with the help of the Native Brazilians , where they continued to live and to work . Admiral Villegaignon had returned to France in 1558 , disgusted with the religious tension that existed between French Protestants and Catholics , who had come also with the second group ( see French Wars of Religion ) . Urged by two influential Jesuit priests who had come to Brazil with Mem de Sá , named José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega , and who had played a big role in pacifying the Tamoios , Mem de Sá ordered his nephew , Estácio de Sá to assemble a new attack force . Estácio de Sá founded the city of Rio de Janeiro on March 1 , 1565 , and fought the Frenchmen for two more years . Helped by a military reinforcement sent by his uncle , on January 20 , 1567 , he imposed final defeat on the French forces and decisively expelled them from Brazil , but died a month later from wounds inflicted in the battle . Coligny 's and Villegaignon 's dream had lasted a mere 12 years . Equinoctial France ( edit ) Equinoctial France was the contemporary name given to the colonization efforts of France in the 17th century in South America , around the line of Equator , before `` tropical '' had fully gained its modern meaning : Equinoctial means in Latin `` of equal nights '' , i.e. , on the Equator , where the duration of days and nights is nearly the same year round . The French colonial empire in the New World also included New France ( Nouvelle France ) in North America , particularly in what is today the province of Quebec , Canada , and for a very short period ( 12 years ) also Antarctic France ( France Antarctique , in French ) , in present - day Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . All of these settlements were in violation of the papal bull of 1493 , which divided the New World between Spain and Portugal . This division was later defined more exactly by the Treaty of Tordesillas . History of France Équinoxiale ( edit ) France Équinoxiale started in 1612 , when a French expedition departed from Cancale , Brittany , France , under the command of Daniel de la Touche , Seigneur de la Ravardière , and François de Razilly , admiral . Carrying 500 colonists , it arrived in the Northern coast of what is today the Brazilian state of Maranhão . De la Ravardière had discovered the region in 1604 but the death of the king postponed his plans to start its colonization . The colonists soon founded a village , which was named `` Saint - Louis '' , in honor of the French king Louis IX . This later became São Luís in Portuguese , ( 1 ) the only Brazilian state capital founded by France . On 8 September , Capuchin friars prayed the first mass , and the soldiers started building a fortress . An important difference in relation to France Antarctique is that this new colony was not motivated by escape from religious persecutions to Protestants ( see French Wars of Religion ) . The colony did not last long . A Portuguese army assembled in the Captaincy of Pernambuco , under the command of Alexandre de Moura , was able to mount a military expedition , which defeated and expelled the French colonists in 1615 , less than four years after their arrival in the land . Thus , it repeated the disaster spelt for the colonists of France Antarctique , in 1567 . A few years later , in 1620 , Portuguese and Brazilian colonists arrived in number and São Luís started to develop , with an economy based mostly in sugar cane and slavery . French traders and colonists tried again to settle a France Équinoxiale further North , in what is today French Guiana , in 1626 , 1635 ( when the capital , Cayenne , was founded ) and 1643 . Twice a Compagnie de la France Équinoxiale was founded , in 1643 and 1645 , but both foundered as a result of misfortune and mismanagement . It was only after 1674 , when the colony came under the direct control of the French crown and a competent Governor took office , that France Équinoxiale became a reality . To this day , French Guiana is a department of France . French Guiana located in the South American continent . French Guiana was first settled by the French in 1604 , although its earliest settlements were abandoned in the face of hostilities from the indigenous population and tropical diseases . The settlement of Cayenne was established in 1643 , but was abandoned . It was re-established in the 1660s . Except for brief occupations by the English and Dutch in the 17th century , and by the Portuguese in the 19th century , Guiana has remained under French rule ever since . From 1851 to 1951 it was the site of a notorious penal colony , Devil 's Island ( Île du Diable ) . Since 1946 , French Guiana has been an overseas department of France . See also ( edit ) Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Atlantic World History of Canada Former colonies and territories in Canada French and Indian Wars Franco - Indian alliance French colonial empire French in Canada French in the United States French intervention in Mexico Illinois Country List of French possessions and colonies List of French forts in North America Military of New France Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Canadian French Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas B. Costain , The white and the gold : the French regime in Canada ( Doubleday , 2012 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ Francis PArkman , The Pioneers of France in the New World ( 1865 ) . Jump up ^ Quoted in Cave , p. 42 Jump up ^ Acte pour l'établissement de la Compagnie des Cent Associés pour le commerce du Canada , contenant les articles accordés à la dite Compagnie par M. le Cardinal de Richelieu , le 29 avril 1627 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter N. Moogk , La Nouvelle - France : the making of French Canada : a cultural history ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ John T. McGrath , The French in early Florida : in the eye of the hurricane ( U Press of Florida , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Bartolome Barrientos , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés : Founder of Florida ( University of Florida Press , 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Des sauvages , ou , Voyage de Samuel Champlain , de Brouage , fait en la France Nouuelle , l'an mil six cens trois , A Paris : Chez Claude de Monstr'œil , tenant sa boutique en la Cour du Palais , au nom de Iesus , 1603 . OCLC 71251137 Jump up ^ James MacPherson Le Moine , Quebec , Past and Present : a history of Quebec , 1608 - 1876 ( 1876 ) . online Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV ( 1877 ) Jump up ^ Hubert , et al. Charbonneau , `` The population of the St - Lawrence Valley , 1608 -- 1760 . '' in A population history of North America ( 2000 ) : 99 - 142 . Jump up ^ R. Cole Harris , Historical Atlas of Canada : Volume I : From the Beginning to 1800 ( University of Toronto Press , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Bennett H Wall and John C. Rodrigue , Louisiana : A History ( 2014 ( ch 1 Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , La Salle and the discovery of the Great West ( 1891 ) . online Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Cat Island : The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island , By John Cuevas Jump up ^ `` Hispaniola Article '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33272 - 2 . Jump up ^ As the French and Indian War started two years earlier , and continued until the signing of the peace treaty , the name Seven Years ' War is more properly applied to the European phase of the war . Jump up ^ Philip Boucher , `` French Proprietary Colonies In The Greater Caribbean , 1620s -- 1670s . '' in Constructing Early Modern Empires ( Brill , 2007 ) pp. 163 - 188 . Jump up ^ Joshua R. Hyles ( 2013 ) . Guiana and the Shadows of Empire : Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World . Lexington Books . References ( edit ) Further information : Bibliography of Canadian history § Prior to 1763 Brecher , Frank W. Losing a Continent : France 's North American Policy , 1753 - 1763 ( 1998 ) Dechêne , Louise Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth - Century Montreal ( 2003 ) Eccles , W.J. The Canadian Frontier , 1534 - 1760 ( 1983 ) Eccles , W.J. Essays on New France ( 1988 ) Eccles , W.J. The French in North America , 1500 - 1783 ( Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited , 1998 . ) , a standard scholarly survey Havard , Gilles , and Cécile Vidal , `` Making New France New Again : French historians rediscover their American past , '' Common - Place ( July 2007 ) v 7 # 4 Holbrook , Sabra ( 1976 ) , The French Founders of North America and Their Heritage , New York : Atheneum , ISBN 0 - 689 - 30490 - 0 Katz , Ron . French America : French Architecture from Colonialization to the Birth of a Nation . Editions Didier Millet , 2004 . McDermott , John Francis . The French in the Mississippi Valley ( University of Illinois Press , 1965 ) McDermott , John F. , ed . Frenchmen and French ways in the Mississippi Valley ( 1969 ) Moogk , Peter N. La Nouvelle France : The Making of French Canada - A Cultural History ( 2000 ) . 340 pp . Trudel , Marcel . The Beginnings of New France 1524 - 1663 ( 1973 ) White , Sophie . Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians : Material Culture and Race in Colonial Louisiana ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 2013 ) In French ( edit ) Balvay , Arnaud . L'épée et la plume : Amérindiens et soldats des troupes de la marine en Louisiane et au Pays d'en Haut ( 1683 - 1763 ) ( Presses Université Laval , 2006 ) Balvay , Arnaud . La Révolte des Natchez ( Editions du Félin , 2008 ) Halford , Peter Wallace , and Pierre - Philippe Potier . Le français des Canadiens à la veille de la conquête : témoignage du père Pierre Philippe Potier , SJ . ( Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa , 1994 ) Moussette , Marcel & Waselkov , Gregory A. : Archéologie de l'Amérique coloniale française . Lévesque éditeur , Montréal 2014 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 38 - 1 ( print ) ; ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 39 - 8 ( eBook ) Former French colonies in the Americas New France Acadia Louisiana Canada Terre Neuve French Caribbean Dominica Grenada The Grenadines Saint - Domingue Haïti , Dominican Republic Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Tobago Virgin Islands Equinoctial France Berbice France Antarctique Inini French colonization of the Americas French West India Company New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Subdivisions Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Pays d'en Haut Domaine du roy Louisiana ( 1682 -- 1762 , 1802 -- 1803 ) Illinois Country Ohio Country Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) Towns Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiana Mobile New Orleans Newfoundland Plaisance List of towns Forts Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis ( Illinois ) Fort St. Louis ( Texas ) List of Forts Government Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois - Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadia Governor Lieutenant - General Newfoundland Governor Lieutenant - General Louisiana Governor Intendant Superior Council Île Royale Governor Intendant Superior Council Law Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Seigneurial court Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir Economy Seigneurial system Fur trade Company of 100 Associates Crozat 's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident Chemin du Roy Coureur des bois Voyageurs Society Population 1666 census Habitants King 's Daughters Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Religion Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians War and peace Military of New France Intercolonial Wars French and Iroquois Wars Great Upheaval Great Peace of Montreal Schenectady massacre Deerfield massacre Related French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French - Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade Category Portal Commons History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named Territories Vinland Markland Helluland Sites L'Anse aux Meadows Point Rosee French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of Forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=807753847 '' Categories : French colonization of the Americas Former French colonies French colonial empire France in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Ελληνικά Español Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 23 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the famous frenchman that founded the first major french settlement in louisiana | [
"From 1699 to 1702, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville was governor of Louisiana. His brother succeeded him in that post from 1702 to 1713. He was again governor from 1716 to 1724 and again 1733 to 1743. In 1718, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville commanded a French expedition in Louisiana. He founded the city of New Orleans, in homage to Regent Duke of Orleans. The architect Adrian de Pauger drew the orthogonal plane of the Old Square."
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"Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville"
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4100776939426840961 | Maya civilization | Maya civilization - wikipedia Maya civilization Jump to : navigation , search El Castillo , at Chichen Itza Detail of Lintel 26 from Yaxchilan Maya civilization People Society Languages Writing Religion Mythology Sacrifice Cities Architecture Astronomy Calendar Stelae Art Textiles Trade Music Dance Medicine Cuisine Warfare History Preclassic Maya Classic Maya collapse Spanish conquest of the Maya Yucatán Chiapas Guatemala Petén The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples , and noted for its hieroglyphic script -- the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas -- as well as for its art , architecture , mathematics , calendar , and astronomical system . The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico , all of Guatemala and Belize , and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador . This region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula , and the highlands of the Sierra Madre , running from the Mexican state of Chiapas , across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador , and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain . The Archaic period , prior to 2000 BC , saw the first developments in agriculture and the earliest villages . The Preclassic period ( c. 2000 BC to 250 AD ) saw the establishment of the first complex societies in the Maya region , and the cultivation of the staple crops of the Maya diet , including maize , beans , squashes , and chili peppers . The first Maya cities developed around 750 BC , and by 500 BC these cities possessed monumental architecture , including large temples with elaborate stucco façades . Hieroglyphic writing was being used in the Maya region by the 3rd century BC . In the Late Preclassic a number of large cities developed in the Petén Basin , and Kaminaljuyu rose to prominence in the Guatemalan Highlands . Beginning around 250 AD , the Classic period is largely defined as when the Maya were raising sculpted monuments with Long Count dates . This period saw the Maya civilization develop a large number of city - states linked by a complex trade network . In the Maya Lowlands two great rivals , Tikal and Calakmul , became powerful . The Classic period also saw the intrusive intervention of the central Mexican city of Teotihuacan in Maya dynastic politics . In the 9th century , there was a widespread political collapse in the central Maya region , resulting in internecine warfare , the abandonment of cities , and a northward shift of population . The Postclassic period saw the rise of Chichen Itza in the north , and the expansion of the aggressive K'iche ' kingdom in the Guatemalan Highlands . In the 16th century , the Spanish Empire colonized the Mesoamerican region , and a lengthy series of campaigns saw the fall of Nojpetén , the last Maya city , in 1697 . Classic period rule was centred on the concept of the `` divine king '' , who acted as a mediator between mortals and the supernatural realm . Kingship was patrilineal , and power would normally pass to the eldest son . A prospective king was also expected to be a successful war leader . Maya politics was dominated by a closed system of patronage , although the exact political make - up of a kingdom varied from city - state to city - state . By the Late Classic , the aristocracy had greatly increased , resulting in the corresponding reduction in the exclusive power of the divine king . The Maya civilization developed highly sophisticated artforms , and the Maya created art using both perishable and non-perishable materials , including wood , jade , obsidian , ceramics , sculpted stone monuments , stucco , and finely painted murals . Maya cities tended to expand haphazardly , and the city centre would be occupied by ceremonial and administrative complexes , surrounded by an irregular sprawl of residential districts . Different parts of a city would often be linked by causeways . The principal architecture of the city consisted of palaces , pyramid - temples , ceremonial ballcourts , and structures aligned for astronomical observation . The Maya elite were literate , and developed a complex system of hieroglyphic writing that was the most advanced in the pre-Columbian Americas . The Maya recorded their history and ritual knowledge in screenfold books , of which only three uncontested examples remain , the rest having been destroyed by the Spanish . There are also a great many examples of Maya text found on stelae and ceramics . The Maya developed a highly complex series of interlocking ritual calendars , and employed mathematics that included one of the earliest instances of the explicit zero in the world . As a part of their religion , the Maya practised human sacrifice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mesoamerica 2 Geography 3 History 3.1 Preclassic period ( c. 2000 BC -- 250 AD ) 3.2 Classic period ( c. 250 -- 900 AD ) 3.2. 1 Classic Maya collapse 3.3 Postclassic period ( c. 950 -- 1539 AD ) 3.4 Contact period and Spanish conquest ( 1511 -- 1697 AD ) 3.5 Persistence of Maya culture 3.6 Investigation of Maya civilization 4 Politics 5 Society 5.1 King and court 5.2 Commoners 6 Warfare 6.1 Warriors 6.2 Weapons 7 Trade 7.1 Merchants 7.2 Marketplaces 8 Art 9 Architecture 9.1 Urban design 9.2 Building materials and methods 9.3 Principal construction types 9.3. 1 Palaces and acropoleis 9.3. 2 Pyramids and temples 9.3. 3 E-Groups and observatories 9.3. 4 Triadic pyramids 9.3. 5 Ballcourts 9.4 Regional architectural styles 9.4. 1 Central Petén 9.4. 2 Puuc 9.4. 3 Chenes 9.4. 4 Río Bec 9.4. 5 Usumacinta 10 Language 11 Writing and literacy 11.1 Writing system 11.2 Hieroglyphic script 11.3 Writing tools 11.4 Scribes and literacy 12 Mathematics 13 Calendar 13.1 Correlation of the Long Count calendar 14 Astronomy 15 Religion and mythology 15.1 Human sacrifice 15.2 Deities 16 Agriculture 17 Maya sites 18 Museum collections 19 See also 20 References 21 Bibliography 22 Further reading 23 External links Mesoamerica Main article : Mesoamerica The Maya area within Mesoamerica The Maya civilization developed within the Mesoamerican cultural area , which covers a region that spreads from northern Mexico southwards into Central America . Mesoamerica was one of six cradles of civilization worldwide . The Mesoamerican area gave rise to a series of cultural developments that included complex societies , agriculture , cities , monumental architecture , writing , and calendrical systems . The set of traits shared by Mesoamerican cultures also included astronomical knowledge , blood and human sacrifice , and a cosmovision that viewed the world as divided into four divisions aligned with the cardinal directions , each with different attributes , and a three - way division of the world into the celestial realm , the earth , and the underworld . By 6000 BC , the early inhabitants of Mesoamerica were experimenting with the domestication of plants , a process that eventually led to the establishment of sedentary agricultural societies . The diverse climate allowed for wide variation in available crops , but all regions of Mesoamerica cultivated the base crops of maize , beans , and squashes . All Mesoamerican cultures used Stone Age technology ; after c. 1000 AD copper , silver and gold were worked . Mesoamerica lacked draft animals , did not use the wheel , and possessed few domesticated animals ; the principal means of transport was on foot or by canoe . Mesoamericans viewed the world as hostile and governed by unpredictable deities . The ritual Mesoamerican ballgame was widely played . Mesoamerica is linguistically diverse , with most languages falling within a small number of language families -- the major families are Mayan , Mixe -- Zoquean , Otomanguean , and Uto - Aztecan ; there are also a number of smaller families and isolates . The Mesoamerican language area shares a number of important features , including widespread loanwords , and use of a vigesimal number system . The territory of the Maya covered a third of Mesoamerica , and the Maya were engaged in a dynamic relationship with neighbouring cultures that included the Olmecs , Mixtecs , Teotihuacan , the Aztecs , and others . During the Early Classic period , the Maya cities of Tikal and Kaminaljuyu were key Maya foci in a network that extended beyond the Maya area into the highlands of central Mexico . At around the same time , there was a strong Maya presence at the Tetitla compound of Teotihuacan . Centuries later , during the 9th century AD , murals at Cacaxtla , another site in the central Mexican highlands , were painted in a Maya style . This may have been either an effort to align itself with the still - powerful Maya area after the collapse of Teotihuacan and ensuing political fragmentation in the Mexican Highlands , or an attempt to express a distant Maya origin of the inhabitants . The Maya city of Chichen Itza and the distant Toltec capital of Tula had an especially close relationship . Geography Maximum extent of the Maya civilization The Maya civilization occupied a wide territory that included southeastern Mexico and northern Central America . This area included the entire Yucatán Peninsula and all of the territory now incorporated into the modern countries of Guatemala and Belize , as well as the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador . Most of the peninsula is formed by a vast plain with few hills or mountains and a generally low coastline . The Petén region consists of densely forested low - lying limestone plain ; a chain of fourteen lakes runs across the central drainage basin of Petén . To the south the plain gradually rises towards the Guatemalan Highlands . Dense forest covers northern Petén and Belize , most of Quintana Roo , southern Campeche , and a portion of the south of Yucatán state . Farther north , the vegetation turns to lower forest consisting of dense scrub . The littoral zone of Soconusco lies to the south of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , and consists of a narrow coastal plain and the foothills of the Sierra Madre . The Maya highlands extend eastwards from Chiapas into Guatemala , reaching their highest in the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes . The major pre-Columbian population centres of the highlands were located in the largest highland valleys , such as the Valley of Guatemala and the Quetzaltenango Valley . In the southern highlands , a belt of volcanic cones runs parallel to the Pacific coast . The highlands extend northwards into Verapaz , and gradually descend to the east . History Main article : History of the Maya civilization The history of Maya civilization is divided into three principal periods : the Preclassic , Classic , and Postclassic periods . These were preceded by the Archaic Period , during which the first settled villages and early developments in agriculture emerged . Modern scholars regard these periods as arbitrary divisions of Maya chronology , rather than indicative of cultural evolution or decline . Definitions of the start and end dates of period spans can vary by as much as a century , depending on the author . Maya chronology Period Division Dates Archaic 8000 -- 2000 BC Preclassic Early Preclassic 2000 -- 1000 BC Middle Preclassic Early Middle Preclassic 1000 -- 600 BC Late Middle Preclassic 600 -- 350 BC Late Preclassic Early Late Preclassic 350 -- 1 BC Late Late Preclassic 1 BC -- AD 159 Terminal Preclassic AD 159 -- 250 Classic Early Classic AD 250 -- 550 Late Classic AD 550 -- 830 Terminal Classic AD 830 -- 950 Postclassic Early Postclassic AD 950 -- 1200 Late Postclassic AD 1200 -- 1539 Contact period AD 1511 -- 1697 Preclassic period ( C. 2000 BC -- 250 AD ) Main article : Preclassic Maya Kaminaljuyu , in the highlands , and El Mirador , in the lowlands , were both important cities in the Late Preclassic . The Maya developed their first civilization in the Preclassic period . Scholars continue to discuss when this era of Maya civilization began . Maya occupation at Cuello ( modern - day Belize ) has been carbon dated to around 2600 BC . Settlements were established around 1800 BC in the Soconusco region of the Pacific coast , and the Maya were already cultivating the staple crops of maize , beans , squash , and chili pepper . This period was characterized by sedentary communities and the introduction of pottery and fired clay figurines . During the Middle Preclassic Period , small villages began to grow to form cities . Nakbe in the Petén department of Guatemala is the earliest well - documented city in the Maya lowlands , where large structures have been dated to around 750 BC . The northern lowlands of Yucatán were widely settled by the Middle Preclassic . By approximately 400 BC , early Maya rulers were raising stelae . A developed script was already being used in Petén by the 3rd century BC . In the Late Preclassic Period , the enormous city of El Mirador grew to cover approximately 16 square kilometres ( 6.2 sq mi ) . Although not as large , Tikal was already a significant city by around 350 BC . In the highlands , Kaminaljuyu emerged as a principal centre in the Late Preclassic . Takalik Abaj and Chocolá were two of the most important cities on the Pacific coastal plain , and Komchen grew to become an important site in northern Yucatán . The Late Preclassic cultural florescence collapsed in the 1st century AD and many of the great Maya cities of the epoch were abandoned ; the cause of this collapse is unknown . Classic period ( C. 250 -- 900 AD ) Stela D from Quiriguá , representing king K'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat The Classic period is largely defined as the period during which the lowland Maya raised dated monuments using the Long Count calendar . This period marked the peak of large - scale construction and urbanism , the recording of monumental inscriptions , and demonstrated significant intellectual and artistic development , particularly in the southern lowland regions . The Classic period Maya political landscape has been likened to that of Renaissance Italy or Classical Greece , with multiple city - states engaged in a complex network of alliances and enmities . The largest cities had populations numbering 50,000 to 120,000 and were linked to networks of subsidiary sites . During the Early Classic , cities throughout the Maya region were influenced by the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the distant Valley of Mexico . In AD 378 , Teotihuacan decisively intervened at Tikal and other nearby cities , deposed their rulers , and installed a new Teotihuacan - backed dynasty . This intervention was led by Siyaj K'ak ' ( `` Born of Fire '' ) , who arrived at Tikal in early 378 . The king of Tikal , Chak Tok Ich'aak I , died on the same day , suggesting a violent takeover . A year later , Siyaj K'ak ' oversaw the installation of a new king , Yax Nuun Ahiin I . The installation of the new dynasty led to a period of political dominance when Tikal became the most powerful city in the central lowlands . Tikal 's great rival was Calakmul , another powerful city in the Petén Basin . Tikal and Calakmul both developed extensive systems of allies and vassals ; lesser cities that entered one of these networks gained prestige from their association with the top - tier city , and maintained peaceful relations with other members of the same network . Tikal and Calakmul engaged in the manoeuvering of their alliance networks against each other . At various points during the Classic period , one or other of these powers would gain a strategic victory over its great rival , resulting in respective periods of florescence and decline . Calakmul was one of the most important Classic period cities . In 629 , B'alaj Chan K'awiil , a son of the Tikal king K'inich Muwaan Jol II , was sent to found a new city at Dos Pilas , in the Petexbatún region , apparently as an outpost to extend Tikal 's power beyond the reach of Calakmul . For the next two decades he fought loyally for his brother and overlord at Tikal . In 648 , king Yuknoom Ch'een II of Calakmul captured Balaj Chan K'awiil . Yuknoom Ch'een II then reinstated Balaj Chan K'awiil upon the throne of Dos Pilas as his vassal . He thereafter served as a loyal ally of Calakmul . In the southeast , Copán was the most important city . Its Classic - period dynasty was founded in 426 by K'inich Yax K'uk ' Mo ' . The new king had strong ties with central Petén and Teotihuacan . Copán reached the height of its cultural and artistic development during the rule of Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil , who ruled from 695 to 738 . His reign ended catastrophically when he was captured by his vassal , king K'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat of Quiriguá . The captured lord of Copán was taken back to Quiriguá and was decapitated in a public ritual . It is likely that this coup was backed by Calakmul , in order to weaken a powerful ally of Tikal . Palenque and Yaxchilan were the most powerful cities in the Usumacinta region . In the highlands , Kaminaljuyu in the Valley of Guatemala was already a sprawling city by 300 . In the north of the Maya area , Coba was the most important capital . Classic Maya collapse Main article : Classic Maya collapse Chichen Itza was the most important city in the northern Maya region . During the 9th century AD , the central Maya region suffered major political collapse , marked by the abandonment of cities , the ending of dynasties , and a northward shift in activity . No universally accepted theory explains this collapse , but it likely had a combination of causes , including endemic internecine warfare , overpopulation resulting in severe environmental degradation , and drought . During this period , known as the Terminal Classic , the northern cities of Chichen Itza and Uxmal showed increased activity . Major cities in the northern Yucatán Peninsula continued to be inhabited long after the cities of the southern lowlands ceased to raise monuments . Classic Maya social organization was based on the ritual authority of the ruler , rather than central control of trade and food distribution . This model of rulership was poorly structured to respond to changes , because the ruler 's actions were limited by tradition to such activities as construction , ritual , and warfare . This only served to exacerbate systemic problems . By the 9th and 10th centuries , this resulted in collapse of this system of rulership . In the northern Yucatán , individual rule was replaced by a ruling council formed from elite lineages . In the southern Yucatán and central Petén , kingdoms declined ; in western Petén and some other areas , the changes were catastrophic and resulted in the rapid depopulation of cities . Within a couple of generations , large swathes of the central Maya area were all but abandoned . Both the capitals and their secondary centres were generally abandoned within a period of 50 to 100 years . One by one , cities stopped sculpting dated monuments ; the last Long Count date was inscribed at Toniná in 909 . Stelae were no longer raised , and squatters moved into abandoned royal palaces . Mesoamerican trade routes shifted and bypassed Petén . Postclassic period ( C. 950 -- 1539 AD ) Zaculeu was capital of the Postclassic Mam kingdom in the Guatemalan Highlands . Although much reduced , a significant Maya presence remained into the Postclassic period after the abandonment of the major Classic period cities ; the population was particularly concentrated near permanent water sources . Unlike during previous cycles of contraction in the Maya region , abandoned lands were not quickly resettled in the Postclassic . Activity shifted to the northern lowlands and the Maya Highlands ; this may have involved migration from the southern lowlands , because many Postclassic Maya groups had migration myths . Chichen Itza and its Puuc neighbours declined dramatically in the 11th century , and this may represent the final episode of Classic Period collapse . After the decline of Chichen Itza , the Maya region lacked a dominant power until the rise of the city of Mayapan in the 12th century . New cities arose near the Caribbean and Gulf coasts , and new trade networks were formed . The Postclassic Period was marked by changes from the preceding Classic Period . The once - great city of Kaminaljuyu in the Valley of Guatemala was abandoned after continuous occupation of almost 2,000 years . Across the highlands and neighbouring Pacific coast , long - occupied cities in exposed locations were relocated , apparently due to a proliferation of warfare . Cities came to occupy more - easily defended hilltop locations surrounded by deep ravines , with ditch - and - wall defences sometimes supplementing the protection provided by the natural terrain . One of the most important cities in the Guatemalan Highlands at this time was Q'umarkaj , the capital of the aggressive K'iche ' kingdom . The government of Maya states , from the Yucatán to the Guatemalan highlands , was often organized as joint rule by a council . However , in practice one member of the council could act as a supreme ruler , while the other members served him as advisors . Mayapan was an important Postclassic city in the northern Yucatán Peninsula . Mayapan was abandoned around 1448 , after a period of political , social and environmental turbulence that in many ways echoed the Classic period collapse in the southern Maya region . The abandonment of the city was followed by a period of prolonged warfare , disease and natural disasters in the Yucatán Peninsula , which ended only shortly before Spanish contact in 1511 . Even without a dominant regional capital , the early Spanish explorers reported wealthy coastal cities and thriving marketplaces . During the Late Postclassic , the Yucatán Peninsula was divided into a number of independent provinces that shared a common culture but varied in internal sociopolitical organization . On the eve of the Spanish conquest , the highlands of Guatemala were dominated by several powerful Maya states . The K'iche ' had carved out a small empire covering a large part of the western Guatemalan Highlands and the neighbouring Pacific coastal plain . However , in the decades before the Spanish invasion the Kaqchikel kingdom had been steadily eroding the kingdom of the K'iche ' . Contact period and Spanish conquest ( 1511 -- 1697 AD ) Main articles : Spanish conquest of the Maya , Chiapas , Guatemala , Petén , and Yucatán See also : Spanish conquest of Honduras , Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , and Spanish colonization of the Americas Page from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala showing the Spanish conquest of Iximche , known as Cuahtemallan in the Nahuatl language In 1511 , a Spanish caravel was wrecked in the Caribbean , and about a dozen survivors made landfall on the coast of Yucatán . They were seized by a Maya lord , and most were sacrificed , although two managed to escape . From 1517 to 1519 , three separate Spanish expeditions explored the Yucatán coast , and engaged in a number of battles with the Maya inhabitants . After the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan fell to the Spanish in 1521 , Hernán Cortés despatched Pedro de Alvarado to Guatemala with 180 cavalry , 300 infantry , 4 cannons , and thousands of allied warriors from central Mexico ; they arrived in Soconusco in 1523 . The K'iche ' capital , Q'umarkaj , fell to Alvarado in 1524 . Shortly afterwards , the Spanish were invited as allies into Iximche , the capital city of the Kaqchikel Maya . Good relations did not last , due to excessive Spanish demands for gold as tribute , and the city was abandoned a few months later . This was followed by the fall of Zaculeu , the Mam Maya capital , in 1525 . Francisco de Montejo and his son , Francisco de Montejo the Younger , launched a long series of campaigns against the polities of the Yucatán Peninsula in 1527 , and finally completed the conquest of the northern portion of the peninsula in 1546 . This left only the Maya kingdoms of the Petén Basin independent . In 1697 , Martín de Ursúa launched an assault on the Itza capital Nojpetén and the last independent Maya city fell to the Spanish . Persistence of Maya culture Main article : Maya peoples The Spanish conquest stripped away most of the defining features of Maya civilization . However , many Maya villages remained remote from Spanish colonial authority , and for the most part continued to manage their own affairs . Maya communities and the nuclear family maintained their traditional day - to - day life . The basic Mesoamerican diet of maize and beans continued , although agricultural output was improved by the introduction of steel tools . Traditional crafts such as weaving , ceramics , and basketry continued to be practised . Community markets and trade in local products continued long after the conquest . At times , the colonial administration encouraged the traditional economy in order to extract tribute in the form of ceramics or cotton textiles , although these were usually made to European specifications . Maya beliefs and language proved resistant to change , despite vigorous efforts by Catholic missionaries . The 260 - day tzolk'in ritual calendar continues in use in modern Maya communities in the highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas , and millions of Mayan - language speakers inhabit the territory in which their ancestors developed their civilization . Investigation of Maya civilization Drawing by Frederick Catherwood of the Nunnery complex at Uxmal The agents of the Catholic Church wrote detailed accounts of the Maya , in support of their efforts at evangelization , and absorption of the Maya into the Spanish Empire . This was followed by various Spanish priests and colonial officials who left descriptions of ruins they visited in Yucatán and Central America . In 1839 , American traveller and writer John Lloyd Stephens set out to visit a number of Maya sites with English architect and draftsman Frederick Catherwood . Their illustrated accounts of the ruins sparked strong popular interest , and brought the Maya to the attention of the world . The later 19th century saw the recording and recovery of ethnohistoric accounts of the Maya , and the first steps in deciphering Maya hieroglyphs . 1892 photograph of the Castillo at Chichen Itza , by Teoberto Maler The final two decades of the 19th century saw the birth of modern scientific archaeology in the Maya region , with the meticulous work of Alfred Maudslay and Teoberto Maler . By the early 20th century , the Peabody Museum was sponsoring excavations at Copán and in the Yucatán Peninsula . In the first two decades of the 20th century , advances were made in deciphering the Maya calendar , and identifying deities , dates , and religious concepts . Since the 1930s , archaeological exploration increased dramatically , with large - scale excavations across the Maya region . In the 1960s , the distinguished Mayanist J. Eric S. Thompson promoted the ideas that Maya cities were essentially vacant ceremonial centres serving a dispersed population in the forest , and that the Maya civilization was governed by peaceful astronomer - priests . These ideas began to collapse with major advances in the decipherment of the script in the late 20th century , pioneered by Heinrich Berlin , Tatiana Proskouriakoff , and Yuri Knorozov . With breakthroughs in understanding of Maya script since the 1950s , the texts revealed the warlike activities of the Classic Maya kings , and the view of the Maya as peaceful could no longer be supported . Politics Unlike the Aztecs and the Inca , the Maya political system never integrated the entire Maya cultural area into a single state or empire . Rather , throughout its history , the Maya area contained a varying mix of political complexity that included both states and chiefdoms . These polities fluctuated greatly in their relationships with each other and were engaged in a complex web of rivalries , periods of dominance or submission , vassalage , and alliances . At times , different polities achieved regional dominance , such as Calakmul , Caracol , Mayapan , and Tikal . The first reliably evidenced polities formed in the Maya lowlands in the 9th century BC . During the Late Preclassic , the Maya political system coalesced into a theopolitical form , where elite ideology justified the ruler 's authority , and was reinforced by public display , ritual , and religion . The divine king was the centre of political power , exercising ultimate control over the administrative , economic , judicial , and military functions of the polity . The divine authority invested within the ruler was such that the king was able to mobilize both the aristocracy and commoners in executing huge infrastructure projects , apparently with no police force or standing army . Some polities engaged in a strategy of increasing administration , and filling administrative posts with loyal supporters rather than blood relatives . Within a polity , mid-ranking population centres would have played a key role in managing resources and internal conflict . The Maya political landscape was highly complex and Maya elites engaged in political intrigue to gain economic and social advantage over neighbours . In the Late Classic , some cities established a long period of dominance over other large cities , such as the dominance of Caracol over Naranjo for half a century . In other cases , loose alliance networks were formed around a dominant city . Border settlements , usually located about halfway between neighbouring capitals , often switched allegiance over the course of their history , and at times acted independently . Dominant capitals exacted tribute in the form of luxury items from subjugated population centres . Political power was reinforced by military power , and the capture and humiliation of enemy warriors played an important part in elite culture . An overriding sense of pride and honour among the warrior aristocracy could lead to extended feuds and vendettas , which caused political instability and the fragmentation of polities . Society Main article : Maya society See also : Women in Maya society From the Early Preclassic , Maya society was sharply divided between the elite and commoners . As population increased over time , various sectors of society became increasingly specialized , and political organization became increasingly complex . By the Late Classic , when populations had grown enormously and hundreds of cities were connected in a complex web of political hierarchies , the wealthy segment of society multiplied . A middle class may have developed that included artisans , low ranking priests and officials , merchants , and soldiers . Commoners included farmers , servants , labourers , and slaves . According to indigenous histories , land was held communally by noble houses or clans . Such clans held that the land was the property of the clan ancestors , and such ties between the land and the ancestors were reinforced by the burial of the dead within residential compounds . King and court Stela from Toniná , representing the 6th - century king Bahlam Yaxuun Tihl Classic Maya rule was centred in a royal culture that was displayed in all areas of Classic Maya art . The king was the supreme ruler and held a semi-divine status that made him the mediator between the mortal realm and that of the gods . From very early times , kings were specifically identified with the young maize god , whose gift of maize was the basis of Mesoamerican civilization . Maya royal succession was patrilineal , and royal power only passed to queens when doing otherwise would result in the extinction of the dynasty . Typically , power was passed to the eldest son . A young prince was called a ch'ok ( `` youth '' ) , although this word later came to refer to nobility in general . The royal heir was called b'aah ch'ok ( `` head youth '' ) . Various points in the young prince 's childhood were marked by ritual ; the most important was a bloodletting ceremony at age five or six years . Although being of the royal bloodline was of utmost importance , the heir also had to be a successful war leader , as demonstrated by taking of captives . The enthronement of a new king was a highly elaborate ceremony , involving a series of separate acts that included enthronement upon a jaguar - skin cushion , human sacrifice , and receiving the symbols of royal power , such as a headband bearing a jade representation of the so - called `` jester god '' , an elaborate headdress adorned with quetzal feathers , and a sceptre representing the god K'awiil . Maya political administration , based around the royal court , was not bureaucratic in nature . Government was hierarchical , and official posts were sponsored by higher - ranking members of the aristocracy ; officials tended to be promoted to higher levels of office during the course of their lives . Officials are referred to as being `` owned '' by their sponsor , and this relationship continued even after the death of the sponsor . The Maya royal court was a vibrant and dynamic political institution . There was no universal structure for the Maya royal court , instead each polity formed a royal court that was suited to its own individual context . A number of royal and noble titles have been identified by epigraphers translating Classic Maya inscriptions . Ajaw is usually translated as `` lord '' or `` king '' . In the Early Classic , an ajaw was the ruler of a city . Later , with increasing social complexity , the ajaw was a member of the ruling class and a major city could have more than one , each ruling over different districts . Paramount rulers distinguished themselves from the extended nobility by prefixing the word k'uhul to their ajaw title . A k'uhul ajaw was `` divine lord '' , originally confined to the kings of the most prestigious and ancient royal lines . Kalomte was a royal title , whose exact meaning is not yet deciphered , but it was held only by the most powerful kings of the strongest dynasties . It indicated an overlord , or high king , and the title was only in use during the Classic period . By the Late Classic , the absolute power of the k'uhul ajaw had weakened , and the political system had diversified to include a wider aristocracy , that by this time may well have expanded disproportionately . Classic period sculpture showing sajal Aj Chak Maax presenting captives before ruler Itzamnaaj B'alam III of Yaxchilan A sajal was ranked below the ajaw , and indicated a subservient lord . A sajal would be lord of a second - or third - tier site , answering to an ajaw , who may himself have been subservient to a kalomte . A sajal would often be a war captain or regional governor , and inscriptions often link the sajal title to warfare ; they are often mentioned as the holders of war captives . Sajal meant `` feared one '' . The titles of ah tz'ihb and ah ch'ul hun are both related to scribes . The ah tz'ihb was a royal scribe , usually a member of the royal family ; the ah ch'ul hun was the Keeper of the Holy Books , a title that is closely associated with the ajaw title , indicating that an ajaw always held the ah ch'ul hun title simultaneously . Other courtly titles , the functions of which are not well understood , were yajaw k'ahk ' ( `` Lord of Fire '' ) , ti'huun and ti'sakhuun . These last two may be variations on the same title , and Mark Zender has suggested that the holder of this title may have been the spokesman for the ruler . Courtly titles are overwhelmingly male - oriented , and in those relatively rare occasions where they are applied to a woman , they appear to be used as honorifics for female royalty . Titled elites were often associated with particular structures in the hieroglyphic inscriptions of Classic period cities , indicating that such office holders either owned that structure , or that the structure was an important focus for their activities . A lakam was possibly the only non-elite post-holder in the royal court . The lakam was only found in larger sites , and they appear to have been responsible for the taxation of local districts . Different factions may have existed in the royal court . The k'uhul ahaw and his household would have formed the central power - base , but other important groups were the priesthood , the warrior aristocracy , and other aristocratic courtiers . Where ruling councils existed , as at Chichen Itza and Copán , these may have formed an additional faction . Rivalry between different factions would have led to dynamic political institutions as compromises and disagreements were played out . In such a setting , public performance was vital . Such performances included ritual dances , presentation of war captives , offerings of tribute , human sacrifice , and religious ritual . Commoners Commoners are estimated to have comprised over 90 % of the population , but relatively little is known about them . Their houses were generally constructed from perishable materials , and their remains have left little trace in the archaeological record . Some commoner dwellings were raised on low platforms , and these can be identified , but an unknown quantity of commoner houses were not . Such low - status dwellings can only be detected by extensive remote - sensing surveys of apparently empty terrain . The range of commoners was broad ; it consisted of everyone not of noble birth , and therefore included everyone from the poorest farmers to wealthy craftsmen and commoners appointed to bureaucratic positions . Commoners engaged in essential production activities , including that of products destined for use by the elite , such as cotton and cacao , as well as subsistence crops for their own use , and utilitarian items such as ceramics and stone tools . Commoners took part in warfare , and could advance socially by proving themselves as outstanding warriors . Commoners paid taxes to the elite in the form of staple goods such as maize flour and game . It is likely that hard - working commoners who displayed exceptional skills and initiative could become influential members of Maya society . Warfare Main article : Maya warfare Jaina Island figurine representing a Classic period warrior Obsidian spearheads with a lithic core , Takalik Abaj Warfare was prevalent in the Maya world . Military campaigns were launched for a variety of reasons , including the control of trade routes and tribute , raids to take captives , scaling up to the complete destruction of an enemy state . Little is known about Maya military organization , logistics , or training . Warfare is depicted in Maya art from the Classic period , and wars and victories are mentioned in hieroglyphic inscriptions . Unfortunately , the inscriptions do not provide information upon the causes of war , or the form it took . In the 8th -- 9th centuries , intensive warfare resulted in the collapse of the kingdoms of the Petexbatún region of western Petén . The rapid abandonment of Aguateca by its inhabitants has provided a rare opportunity to examine the remains of Maya weaponry in situ . Aguateca was stormed by unknown enemies around 810 AD , who overcame its formidable defences and burned the royal palace . The elite inhabitants of the city either fled or were captured , and never returned to collect their abandoned property . The inhabitants of the periphery abandoned the site soon after . This is an example of intensive warfare carried out by an enemy in order to completely eliminate a Maya state , rather than subjugate it . Research at Aguateca indicated that Classic period warriors were primarily members of the elite . From as early as the Preclassic period , the ruler of a Maya polity was expected to be a distinguished war leader , and was depicted with trophy heads hanging from his belt . In the Classic period , such trophy heads no longer appeared on the king 's belt , but Classic period kings are frequently depicted standing over humiliated war captives . Right up to the end of the Postclassic period , Maya kings led as war captains . Maya inscriptions from the Classic show that a defeated king could be captured , tortured , and sacrificed . The Spanish recorded that Maya leaders kept track of troop movements in painted books . The outcome of a successful military campaign could vary in its impact on the defeated polity . In some cases , entire cities were sacked , and never resettled , as at Aguateca . In other instances , the victors would seize the defeated rulers , their families , and patron gods . The captured nobles and their families could be imprisoned , or sacrificed . At the least severe end of the scale , the defeated polity would be obliged to pay tribute to the victor . Warriors During the Contact period , it is known that certain military positions were held by members of the aristocracy , and were passed on by patrilineal succession . It is likely that the specialized knowledge inherent in the particular military role was taught to the successor , including strategy , ritual , and war dances . Maya armies of the Contact period were highly disciplined , and warriors participated in regular training exercises and drills ; every able - bodied adult male was available for military service . Maya states did not maintain standing armies ; warriors were mustered by local officials who reported back to appointed warleaders . There were also units of full - time mercenaries who followed permanent leaders . Most warriors were not full - time , however , and were primarily farmers ; the needs of their crops usually came before warfare . Maya warfare was not so much aimed at destruction of the enemy as the seizure of captives and plunder . There is some evidence from the Classic period that women provided supporting roles in war , but they did not act as military officers with the exception of those rare ruling queens . By the Postclassic , the native chronicles suggest that women occasionally fought in battle . Weapons Lintel 16 from Yaxchilán , depicting king Yaxun B'alam in warrior garb The atlatl ( spear - thrower ) was introduced to the Maya region by Teotihuacan in the Early Classic . This was a 0.5 - metre - long ( 1.6 ft ) stick with a notched end to hold a dart or javelin . The stick was used to launch the missile with more force and accuracy than could be accomplished by simply hurling it with the arm alone . Evidence in the form of stone blade points recovered from Aguateca indicate that darts and spears were the primary weapons of the Classic Maya warrior . Commoners used blowguns in war , which also served as their hunting weapon . The bow and arrow is another weapon that was used by the ancient Maya for both war and hunting . Although present in the Maya region during the Classic period , its use as a weapon of war was not favoured ; it did not become a common weapon until the Postclassic . The Contact period Maya also used two - handed swords crafted from strong wood with the blade fashioned from inset obsidian , similar to the Aztec macuahuitl . Maya warriors wore body armour in the form of quilted cotton that had been soaked in salt water to toughen it ; the resulting armour compared favourably to the steel armour worn by the Spanish when they conquered the region . Warriors bore wooden or animal hide shields decorated with feathers and animal skins . Trade Main article : Trade in Maya civilization Trade was a key component of Maya society , and in the development of the Maya civilization . The cities that grew to become the most important usually controlled access to vital trade goods , or portage routes . Cities such as Kaminaljuyu and Q'umarkaj in the Guatemalan Highlands , and Chalchuapa in El Salvador , variously controlled access to the sources of obsidian at different points in Maya history . The most important cities in the northern Yucatán Peninsula controlled access to the sources of salt . In the Postclassic , the Maya engaged in a flourishing slave trade with wider Mesoamerica . The Maya engaged in long distance trade across the Maya region , and across greater Mesoamerica and beyond . Within Mesoamerica beyond the Maya area , trade routes particularly focused on central Mexico and the Gulf coast . In the Early Classic , Chichen Itza was at the hub of an extensive trade network that imported gold discs from Colombia and Panama , and turquoise from Los Cerrillos , New Mexico . Long distance trade of both luxury and utilitarian goods was probably controlled by the royal family . Prestige goods obtained by trade were used both for consumption by the city 's ruler , and as luxury gifts to consolidate the loyalty of vassals and allies . An Early Classic Maya merchant quarter has been identified at the distant metropolis of Teotihuacan , in central Mexico . Trade routes not only supplied physical goods , they facilitated the movement of people and ideas throughout Mesoamerica . Shifts in trade routes occurred with the rise and fall of important cities in the Maya region , and have been identified in every major reorganization of the Maya civilization , such as the rise of Preclassic Maya civilization , the transition to the Classic , and the Terminal Classic collapse . Even the Spanish Conquest did not immediately terminate all Maya trading activity ; for example , the Contact period Manche Ch'ol traded the prestige crops of cacao , annatto and vanilla into colonial Verapaz . Merchants Little is known of Maya merchants , although they are depicted on Maya ceramics in elaborate noble dress . From this , it is known that at least some traders were members of the elite . During the Contact period , it is known that Maya nobility took part in long distance trading expeditions . The majority of traders were middle class , but were largely engaged in local and regional trade rather than the prestigious long distance trading that was the preserve of the elite . The travelling of merchants into dangerous foreign territory was likened to a passage through the underworld ; the patron deities of merchants were two underworld gods carrying backpacks . When merchants travelled , they painted themselves black , like their patron gods , and went heavily armed . The Maya had no pack animals , so all trade goods were carried on the backs of porters when going overland ; if the trade route followed a river or the coast , then goods were transported in canoes . A substantial Maya trading canoe was encountered off Honduras on Christopher Columbus 's fourth voyage . It was made from a large hollowed - out tree trunk and had a palm - covered canopy . The canoe was 2.5 metres ( 8.2 ft ) broad and was powered by 25 rowers . Trade goods carried included cacao , obsidian , ceramics , textiles , food and drink for the crew , and copper bells and axes . Cacao was used as currency ( although not exclusively ) , and its value was such that counterfeiting occurred by removing the flesh from the pod , and stuffing it with dirt or avocado rind . Marketplaces Marketplaces are difficult to identify archaeologically . However , the Spanish reported a thriving market economy when they arrived in the region . At some Classic period cities , archaeologists have tentatively identified formal arcade - style masonry architecture and parallel alignments of scattered stones as the permanent foundations of market stalls . A 2007 study analysed soils from a modern Guatemalan market and compared the results with those obtained from analysis at a proposed ancient market at Chunchucmil . Unusually high levels of zinc and phosphorus at both sites indicated similar food production and vegetable sales activity . The calculated density of market stalls at Chunchucmil strongly suggests that a thriving market economy already existed in the Early Classic . Archaeologists have tentatively identified marketplaces at an increasing number of Maya cities by means of a combination of archaeology and soil analysis . When the Spanish arrived , Postclassic cities in the highlands had markets in permanent plazas , with officials on hand to settle disputes , enforce rules , and collect taxes . Art Main article : Ancient Maya art The elaborately carved wooden Lintel 3 from Tikal Temple IV . It celebrates a military victory by Yik'in Chan K'awiil in 743 . Jade funerary mask of king K'inich Janaab ' Pakal Maya art is essentially the art of the royal court . It is almost exclusively concerned with the Maya elite and their world . Maya art was crafted from both perishable and non-perishable materials , and served to link the Maya to their ancestors . Although surviving Maya art represents only a small proportion of the art that the Maya created , it represents a wider variety of subjects than any other art tradition in the Americas . Maya art has many regional styles , and is unique in the ancient Americas in bearing narrative text . The finest surviving Maya art dates to the Late Classic period . The Maya exhibited a preference for the colour green or blue - green , and used the same word for the colours blue and green . Correspondingly , they placed high value on apple - green jade , and other greenstones , associating them with the sun - god K'inich Ajau . They sculpted artefacts that included fine tesserae and beads , to carved heads weighing 4.42 kilograms ( 9.7 lb ) . The Maya nobility practised dental modification , and some lords wore encrusted jade in their teeth . Mosaic funerary masks could also be fashioned from jade , such as that of K'inich Janaab ' Pakal , king of Palenque . Early Classic wooden figurine , it may once have supported a mirror Eccentric flint in the Musées Roayaux d'art et d'Histoire , Brussels Maya stone sculpture emerged into the archaeological record as a fully developed tradition , suggesting that it may have evolved from a tradition of sculpting wood . Because of the biodegradability of wood , the corpus of Maya woodwork has almost entirely disappeared . The few wooden artefacts that have survived include three - dimensional sculptures , and hieroglyphic panels . Stone Maya stelae are widespread in city sites , often paired with low , circular stones referred to as altars in the literature . Stone sculpture also took other forms , such as the limestone relief panels at Palenque and Piedras Negras . At Yaxchilan , Dos Pilas , Copán , and other sites , stone stairways were decorated with sculpture . The hieroglyphic stairway at Copán comprises the longest surviving Maya hieroglyphic text , and consists of 2,200 individual glyphs . The largest Maya sculptures consisted of architectural façades crafted from stucco . The rough form was laid out on a plain plaster base coating on the wall , and the three - dimensional form was built up using small stones . Finally , this was coated with stucco and moulded into the finished form ; human body forms were first modelled in stucco , with their costumes added afterwards . The final stucco sculpture was then brightly painted . Giant stucco masks were used to adorn temple façades by the Late Preclassic , and such decoration continued into the Classic period . The Maya had a long tradition of mural painting ; rich polychrome murals have been excavated at San Bartolo , dating to between 300 and 200 BC . Walls were coated with plaster , and polychrome designs were painted onto the smooth finish . The majority of such murals have not survived , but Early Classic tombs painted in cream , red , and black have been excavated at Caracol , Río Azul , and Tikal . Among the best preserved murals are a full - size series of Late Classic paintings at Bonampak . Stucco mask adorning the Early Classic substructure of Tikal Temple 33 Late Classic painted mural at Bonampak Flint , chert , and obsidian all served utilitarian purposes in Maya culture , but many pieces were finely crafted into forms that were never intended to be used as tools . Eccentric flints are among the finest lithic artefacts produced by the ancient Maya . They were technically very challenging to produce , requiring considerable skill on the part of the artisan . Large obsidian eccentrics can measure over 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) in length . Their actual form varies considerably but they generally depict human , animal and geometric forms associated with Maya religion . Eccentric flints show a great variety of forms , such as crescents , crosses , snakes , and scorpions . The largest and most elaborate examples display multiple human heads , with minor heads sometimes branching off from larger one . Maya textiles are very poorly represented in the archaeological record , although by comparison with other pre-Columbian cultures , such as the Aztecs and the Andean region , it is likely that they were high - value items . A few scraps of textile have been recovered by archaeologists , but the best evidence for textile art is where they are represented in other media , such as painted murals or ceramics . Such secondary representations show the elite of the Maya court adorned with sumptuous cloths , generally these would have been cotton , but jaguar pelts and deer hides are also shown . Painted ceramic vessel from Sacul Ceramic figurine from Jaina Island , AD 650 -- 800 Ceramics are the most commonly surviving type of Maya art . The Maya had no knowledge of the potter 's wheel , and Maya vessels were built up by coiling rolled strips of clay into the desired form . Maya pottery was not glazed , although it often had a fine finish produced by burnishing . Maya ceramics were painted with clay slips blended with minerals and coloured clays . Ancient Maya firing techniques have yet to be replicated . A quantity of extremely fine ceramic figurines have been excavated from Late Classic tombs on Jaina Island , in northern Yucatán . They stand from 10 to 25 centimetres ( 3.9 to 9.8 in ) high and were hand modelled , with exquisite detail . The Ik - style polychrome ceramic corpus , including finely painted plates and cylindrical vessels , originated in Late Classic Motul de San José . It includes a set of features such as hieroglyphs painted in a pink or pale red colour and scenes with dancers wearing masks . One of the most distinctive features is the realistic representation of subjects as they appeared in life . The subject matter of the vessels includes courtly life from the Petén region in the 8th century AD , such as diplomatic meetings , feasting , bloodletting , scenes of warriors and the sacrifice of prisoners of war . Bone , both human and animal , was also sculpted ; human bones may have been trophies , or relics of ancestors . The Maya valued Spondylus shells , and worked them to remove the white exterior and spines , to reveal the fine orange interior . Around the 10th century AD , metallurgy arrived in Mesoamerica from South America , and the Maya began to make small objects in gold , silver and copper . The Maya generally hammered sheet metal into objects such as beads , bells , and discs . In the last centuries before the Spanish Conquest , the Maya began to use the lost - wax method to cast small metal pieces . One poorly studied area of Maya folk art is graffiti . Additional graffiti , not part of the planned decoration , was incised into the stucco of interior walls , floors , and benches , in a wide variety of buildings , including temples , residences , and storerooms . Graffiti has been recorded at 51 Maya sites , particularly clustered in the Petén Basin and southern Campeche , and the Chenes region of northwestern Yucatán . At Tikal , where a great quantity of graffiti has been recorded , the subject matter includes drawings of temples , people , deities , animals , banners , litters , and thrones . Graffiti was often inscribed haphazardly , with drawings overlapping each other , and display a mix of crude , untrained art , and examples by artists who were familiar with Classic - period artistic conventions . Architecture Main article : Maya architecture Reconstruction of the urban core of Tikal in the 8th century AD The Maya produced a vast array of structures , and have left an extensive architectural legacy that places the Maya civilization as one of the great preindustrial civilizations of the world . Maya architecture also incorporates various art forms and hieroglyphic texts . Masonry architecture built by the Maya evidences craft specialization in Maya society , centralized organization and the political means to mobilize a large workforce . It is estimated that a large elite residence at Copán required an estimated 10,686 man - days to build , which compares to 67 - man - days for a commoner 's hut . It is further estimated that 65 % of the labour required to build the noble residence was used in the quarrying , transporting , and finishing of the stone used in construction , and 24 % of the labour was required for the manufacture and application of limestone - based plaster . Altogether , it is estimated that two to three months were required for the construction of the residence for this single noble at Copán , using between 80 and 130 full - time labourers . A Classic - period city like Tikal was spread over 20 square kilometres ( 7.7 sq mi ) , with an urban core covering 6 square kilometres ( 2.3 sq mi ) . The labour required to build such a city was immense , running into many millions of man - days . The most massive structures ever erected by the Maya were built during the Preclassic period . Craft specialization would have required dedicated stonemasons and plasterers by the Late Preclassic , and would have required planners and architects . Urban design Main article : Maya city Maya cities were not formally planned , and were subject to irregular expansion , with the haphazard addition of palaces , temples and other buildings . Most Maya cities tended to grow outwards from the core , and upwards as new structures were superimposed upon preceding architecture . Maya cities usually had a ceremonial and administrative centre surrounded by a vast irregular sprawl of residential complexes . The centres of all Maya cities featured sacred precincts , sometimes separated from nearby residential areas by walls . These precincts contained pyramid temples and other monumental architecture dedicated to elite activities , such as basal platforms that supported administrative or elite residential complexes . Sculpted monuments were raised to record the deeds of the ruling dynasty . City centres also featured plazas , sacred ballcourts and buildings used for marketplaces and schools . Frequently causeways linked the centre to outlying areas of the city . Some of these classes of architecture formed lesser groups in the outlying areas of the city , which served as sacred centres for non-royal lineages . The areas adjacent to these sacred compounds included residential complexes housing wealthy lineages . The largest and richest of these elite compounds sometimes possessed sculpture and art of craftsmanship equal to that of royal art . The ceremonial centre of the Maya city was where the ruling elite lived , and where the administrative functions of the city were performed , together with religious ceremonies . It was also where the inhabitants of the city gathered for public activities . Elite residential complexes occupied the best land around the city centre , while commoners had their residences dispersed further away from the ceremonial centre . Residential units were built on top of stone platforms to raise them above the level of the rain season floodwaters . Building materials and methods Fired bricks with animal designs from Comalcalco The Maya built their cities with Neolithic technology ; they built their structures from both perishable materials and from stone . The exact type of stone used in masonry construction varied according to locally available resources , and this also affected the building style . Across a broad swathe of the Maya area , limestone was immediately available . The local limestone is relatively soft when freshly cut , but hardens with exposure . There was great variety in the quality of limestone , with good - quality stone available in the Usumacinta region ; in the northern Yucatán , the limestone used in construction was of relatively poor quality . Volcanic tuff was used at Copán , and nearby Quiriguá employed sandstone . In Comalcalco , where suitable stone was not available locally , fired bricks were employed . Limestone was burned at high temperatures in order to manufacture cement , plaster , and stucco . Lime - based cement was used to seal stonework in place , and stone blocks were fashioned using rope - and - water abrasion , and with obsidian tools . The Maya did not employ a functional wheel , so all loads were transported on litters , barges , or rolled on logs . Heavy loads were lifted with rope , but probably without employing pulleys . Wood was used for beams , and for lintels , even in masonry structures . Throughout Maya history , common huts and some temples continued to be built from wooden poles and thatch . Adobe was also applied ; this consisted of mud strengthened with straw and was applied as a coating over the woven - stick walls of huts . Like wood and thatch , adobe was used throughout Maya history , even after the development of masonry structures . In the southern Maya area , adobe was employed in monumental architecture when no suitable stone was locally available . Principal construction types The great cities of the Maya civilization were composed of pyramid temples , palaces , ballcourts , sacbeob ( causeways ) , patios and plazas . Some cities also possessed extensive hydraulic systems or defensive walls . The exteriors of most buildings were painted , either in one or multiple colours , or with imagery . Many buildings were adorned with sculpture or painted stucco reliefs . Palaces and acropoleis Terminal Classic palace complex at Sayil , in northern Yucatán These complexes were usually located in the site core , beside a principal plaza . Maya palaces consisted of a platform supporting a multiroom range structure . The term acropolis , in a Maya context , refers to a complex of structures built upon platforms of varying height . Palaces and acropoleis were essentially elite residential compounds . They generally extended horizontally as opposed to the towering Maya pyramids , and often had restricted access . Some structures in Maya acropoleis supported roof combs . Rooms often had stone benches , used for sleeping , and holes indicate where curtains once hung . Large palaces , such as at Palenque , could be fitted with a water supply , and sweat baths were often found within the complex , or nearby . During the Early Classic , rulers were sometimes buried underneath the acropolis complex . Some rooms in palaces were true throne rooms ; in the royal palace of Palenque there were a number of throne rooms that were used for important events , including the inauguration of new kings . Palaces are usually arranged around one or more courtyards , with their façades facing inwards ; some examples are adorned with sculpture . Some palaces possess associated hieroglyphic descriptions that identify them as the royal residences of named rulers . There is abundant evidence that palaces were far more than simple elite residences , and that a range of courtly activities took place in them , including audiences , formal receptions , and important rituals . Pyramids and temples Temple I , at Tikal , was a funerary temple in honour of king Jasaw Chan K'awiil I . Temples were sometimes referred to in hieroglyphic texts as k'uh nah , meaning `` god 's house '' . Temples were raised on platforms , most often upon a pyramid . The earliest temples were probably thatched huts built upon low platforms . By the Late Preclassic period , their walls were of stone , and the development of the corbel arch allowed stone roofs to replace thatch . By the Classic period , temple roofs were being topped with roof combs that extended the height of the temple and served as a foundation for monumental art . The temple shrines contained between one and three rooms , and were dedicated to important deities . Such a deity might be one of the patron gods of the city , or a deified ancestor . In general , freestanding pyramids were shrines honouring powerful ancestors . E-Groups and observatories The Maya were keen observers of the sun , stars , and planets . E-Groups were a particular arrangement of temples that were relatively common in the Maya region ; they take their names from Group E at Uaxactun . They consisted of three small structures facing a fourth structure , and were used to mark the solstices and equinoxes . The earliest examples date to the Preclassic period . The Lost World complex at Tikal started out as an E-Group built towards the end of the Middle Preclassic . Due to its nature , the basic layout of an E-Group was constant . A structure was built on the west side of a plaza ; it was usually a radial pyramid with stairways facing the cardinal directions . It faced east across the plaza to three small temples on the far side . From the west pyramid , the sun was seen to rise over these temples on the solstices and equinoxes . E-Groups were raised across the central and southern Maya area for over a millennium ; not all were properly aligned as observatories , and their function may have been symbolic . As well as E-Groups , the Maya built other structures dedicated to observing the movements of celestial bodies . Many Maya buildings were aligned with astronomical bodies , including the planet Venus , and various constellations . The Caracol structure at Chichen Itza was a circular multi-level edifice , with a conical superstructure . It has slit windows that marked the movements of Venus . At Copán , a pair of stelae were raised to mark the position of the setting sun at the equinoxes . Triadic pyramids Model of a triadic pyramid at Caracol , Belize Triadic pyramids first appeared in the Preclassic . They consisted of a dominant structure flanked by two smaller inward - facing buildings , all mounted upon a single basal platform . The largest known triadic pyramid was built at El Mirador in the Petén Basin ; it covers an area six times as large as that covered by Temple IV , the largest pyramid at Tikal . The three superstructures all have stairways leading up from the central plaza on top of the basal platform . No securely established forerunners of Triadic Groups are known , but they may have developed from the eastern range building of E-Group complexes . The triadic form was the predominant architectural form in the Petén region during the Late Preclassic . Examples of triadic pyramids are known from as many as 88 archaeological sites . At Nakbe , there are at least a dozen examples of triadic complexes and the four largest structures in the city are triadic in nature . At El Mirador there are probably as many as 36 triadic structures . Examples of the triadic form are even known from Dzibilchaltun in the far north of the Yucatán Peninsula , and Q'umarkaj in the Highlands of Guatemala . The triadic pyramid remained a popular architectural form for centuries after the first examples were built ; it continued in use into the Classic Period , with later examples being found at Uaxactun , Caracol , Seibal , Nakum , Tikal and Palenque . The Q'umarkaj example is the only one that has been dated to the Postclassic Period . The triple - temple form of the triadic pyramid appears to be related to Maya mythology . Ballcourts Postclassic ballcourt at Zaculeu , in the Guatemalan Highlands The Great Ballcourt of Chichen Itza The ballcourt is a distinctive pan-Mesoamerican form of architecture . Although the majority of Maya ballcourts date to the Classic period , the earliest examples appeared around 1000 BC in northwestern Yucatán , during the Middle Preclassic . By the time of Spanish contact , ballcourts were only in use in the Guatemalan Highlands , at cities such as Q'umarkaj and Iximche . Throughout Maya history , ballcourts maintained a characteristic form consisting of an ɪ shape , with a central playing area terminating in two transverse end zones . The central playing area usually measures between 20 and 30 metres ( 66 and 98 ft ) long , and is flanked by two lateral structures that stood up to 3 or 4 metres ( 9.8 or 13.1 ft ) high . The lateral platforms often supported structures that may have held privileged spectators . The Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza is the largest in Mesoamerica , measuring 83 metres ( 272 ft ) long by 30 metres ( 98 ft ) wide , with walls standing 8.2 metres ( 27 ft ) high . Regional architectural styles Although Maya cities shared many common features , there was considerable variation in architectural style . Such styles were influenced by locally available construction materials , climate , topography , and local preferences . In the Late Classic , these local differences developed into distinctive regional architectural styles . Central Petén The central Petén style of architecture is modelled after the great city of Tikal . The style is characterized by tall pyramids supporting a summit shrine adorned with a roof comb , and accessed by a single doorway . Additional features are the use of stela - altar pairings , and the decoration of architectural façades , lintels , and roof combs with relief sculptures of rulers and gods . One of the finest examples of Central Petén style architecture is Tikal Temple I. Examples of sites in the Central Petén style include Altun Ha , Calakmul , Holmul , Ixkun , Nakum , Naranjo , and Yaxhá . Puuc The exemplar of Puuc - style architecture is Uxmal . The style developed in the Puuc Hills of northwestern Yucatán ; during the Terminal Classic it spread beyond this core region across the northern Yucatán Peninsula . Puuc sites replaced rubble cores with lime cement , resulting in stronger walls , and also strengthened their corbel arches ; this allowed Puuc - style cities to build freestanding entrance archways . The upper façades of buildings were decorated with precut stones mosaic - fashion , erected as facing over the core , forming elaborate compositions of long - nosed deities such as the rain god Chaac and the Principal Bird Deity . The motifs also included geometric patterns , lattices and spools , possibly influenced by styles from highland Oaxaca , outside the Maya area . In contrast , the lower façades were left undecorated . Roof combs were relatively uncommon at Puuc sites . Chenes Elaborate Chenes - style façade at Hochob False pyramids adorn the façade of a Río Bec palace . The Chenes style is very similar to the Puuc style , but predates the use of the mosaic façades of the Puuc region . It featured fully adorned façades on both the upper and lower sections of structures . Some doorways were surrounded by mosaic masks of monsters representing mountain or sky deities , identifying the doorways as entrances to the supernatural realm . Some buildings contained interior stairways that accessed different levels . The Chenes style is most commonly encountered in the southern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula , although individual buildings in the style can be found elsewhere in the peninsula . Examples of Chenes sites include Dzibilnocac , Hochob , Santa Rosa Xtampak , and Tabasqueño . Río Bec The Río Bec style forms a sub-region of the Chenes style , and also features elements of the Central Petén style , such as prominent roof combs . Its palaces are distinctive for their false - tower decorations , lacking interior rooms , with steep , almost vertical , stairways and false doors . These towers were adorned with deity masks , and were built to impress the viewer , rather than serve any practical function . Such false towers are only found in the Río Bec region . Río Bec sites include Chicanná , Hormiguero , and Xpuhil . Usumacinta The Usumacinta style developed in the hilly terrain of the Usumacinta drainage . Cities took advantage of the hillsides to support their major architecture , as at Palenque and Yaxchilan . Sites modified corbel vaulting to allow thinner walls and multiple access doors to temples . As in Petén , roof combs adorned principal structures . Palaces had multiple entrances that used post-and - lintel entrances rather than corbel vaulting . Many sites erected stelae , but Palenque instead developed finely sculpted panelling to decorate its buildings . Language Main article : Mayan languages Map of Mayan language migration routes Before 2000 BC , the Maya spoke a single language , dubbed proto - Mayan by linguists . Linguistic analysis of reconstructed Proto - Mayan vocabulary suggests that the original Proto - Mayan homeland was in the western or northern Guatemalan Highlands , although the evidence is not conclusive . Proto - Mayan diverged during the Preclassic period to form the major Mayan language groups that make up the family , including Huastecan , Greater K'iche'an , Greater Q'anjobalan , Mamean , Tz'eltalan - Ch'olan , and Yucatecan . These groups diverged further during the pre-Columbian era to form over 30 languages that have survived into modern times . The language of almost all Classic Maya texts over the entire Maya area has been identified as Ch'olan ; Late Preclassic text from Kaminaljuyu , in the highlands , also appears to be in , or related to , Ch'olan . The use of Ch'olan as the language of Maya text does not necessarily indicate that it was the language commonly used by the local populace -- it may have been equivalent to Medieval Latin as a ritual or prestige language . Classic Ch'olan may have been the prestige language of the Classic Maya elite , used in inter-polity communication such as diplomacy and trade . By the Postclassic period , Yucatec was also being written in Maya codices alongside Ch'olan . Writing and literacy Pages from the Postclassic period Paris Codex , one of the few surviving Maya books in existence Maya script on Cancuén Panel 3 describes the installation of two vassals at Machaquilá by Cancuén king Taj Chan Ahk . Ceramic vessel painted with Maya script in the Ethnologisches Museum , Berlin The Maya writing system is one of the outstanding achievements of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas . It was the most sophisticated and highly developed writing system of more than a dozen systems that developed in Mesoamerica . The earliest inscriptions in an identifiably Maya script date back to 300 -- 200 BC , in the Petén Basin . However , this is preceded by several other Mesoamerican writing systems , such as the Epi - Olmec and Zapotec scripts . Early Maya script had appeared on the Pacific coast of Guatemala by the late 1st century AD , or early 2nd century . Similarities between the Isthmian script and Early Maya script of the Pacific coast suggest that the two systems developed in tandem . By about AD 250 , the Maya script had become a more formalized and consistent writing system . The Catholic Church and colonial officials , notably Bishop Diego de Landa , destroyed Maya texts wherever they found them , and with them the knowledge of Maya writing , but by chance three uncontested pre-Columbian books dated to the Postclassic period have been preserved . These are known as the Madrid Codex , the Dresden Codex and the Paris Codex . A few pages survive from a fourth , the Grolier Codex , whose authenticity is disputed . Archaeology conducted at Maya sites often reveals other fragments , rectangular lumps of plaster and paint chips which were codices ; these tantalizing remains are , however , too severely damaged for any inscriptions to have survived , most of the organic material having decayed . In reference to the few extant Maya writings , Michael D. Coe , a prominent archaeologist at Yale University , stated : ( O ) ur knowledge of ancient Maya thought must represent only a tiny fraction of the whole picture , for of the thousands of books in which the full extent of their learning and ritual was recorded , only four have survived to modern times ( as though all that posterity knew of ourselves were to be based upon three prayer books and ' Pilgrim 's Progress ' ) . -- Michael D. Coe , The Maya , London : Thames and Hudson , 6th ed. , 1999 , pp. 199 -- 200 . Most surviving pre-Columbian Maya writing dates to the Classic period and is contained in stone inscriptions from Maya sites , such as stelae , or on ceramics vessels . Other media include the aforementioned codices , stucco façades , frescoes , wooden lintels , cave walls , and portable artefacts crafted from a variety of materials , including bone , shell , obsidian , and jade . Writing system Main article : Maya script The Maya word B'alam ( `` jaguar '' ) written twice in the Maya script . The first glyph writes the word logographicaly with the jaguar head standing for the entire word . The second glyph block writes the word phonetically using the three syllable signs BA , LA and MA . The Maya writing system ( often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing ) is a logosyllabic writing system , combining a syllabary of phonetic signs representing syllables with logogram representing entire words . Among the writing systems of the Pre-Columbian New World , Maya script most closely represents the spoken language . At any one time , no more than around 500 glyphs were in use , some 200 of which ( including variations ) were phonetic . The Maya script was in use up to the arrival of the Europeans , its use peaking during the Classic Period . In excess of 10,000 individual texts have been recovered , mostly inscribed on stone monuments , lintels , stelae and ceramics . The Maya also produced texts painted on a form of paper manufactured from processed tree - bark generally now known by its Nahuatl - language name amatl used to produce codices . The skill and knowledge of Maya writing persisted among segments of the population right up to the Spanish conquest . The knowledge was subsequently lost , as a result of the impact of the conquest on Maya society . The decipherment and recovery of the knowledge of Maya writing has been a long and laborious process . Some elements were first deciphered in the late 19th and early 20th century , mostly the parts having to do with numbers , the Maya calendar , and astronomy . Major breakthroughs were made from the 1950s to 1970s , and accelerated rapidly thereafter . By the end of the 20th century , scholars were able to read the majority of Maya texts , and ongoing work continues to further illuminate the content . Hieroglyphic script Reading order of Maya hieroglyphic text The basic unit of Maya hieroglyphic text is the glyph block , which transcribes a word or phrase . The block is composed of one or more individual glyphs attached to each other to form the glyph block , with individual glyph blocks generally being separated by a space . Glyph blocks are usually arranged in a grid pattern . For ease of reference , epigraphers refer to glyph blocks from left to right alphabetically , and top to bottom numerically . Thus , any glyph block in a piece of text can be identified : C4 would be third block counting from the left , and the fourth block counting downwards . If a monument or artefact has more than one inscription , column labels are not repeated , rather they continue in the alphabetic series ; if there are more than 26 columns , the labelling continues as A ' , B ' , etc . Numeric row labels restart from 1 for each discrete unit of text . Although hieroglyphic text may be laid out in varying manners , generally text is arranged into double columns of glyph blocks . The reading order of text starts at the top left ( block A1 ) , continues to the second block in the double - column ( B1 ) , then drops down a row and starts again from the left half of the double column ( A2 ) , and thus continues in zig - zag fashion . Once the bottom is reached , the inscription continues from the top left of the next double column . Where an inscription ends in a single ( unpaired ) column , this final column is usually read straight downwards . Individual glyph blocks may be composed of a number of elements . These consist of the main sign , and any affixes . Main signs represent the major element of the block , and may be a noun , verb , adverb , adjective , or phonetic sign . Some main signs are abstract , some are pictures of the object they represent , and others are `` head variants '' , personifications of the word they represent . Affixes are smaller rectangular elements , usually attached to a main sign , although a block may be composed entirely of affixes . Affixes may represent a wide variety of speech elements , including nouns , verbs , verbal suffixes , prepositions , pronouns , and more . Small sections of a main sign could be used to represent the whole main sign , and Maya scribes were highly inventive in their usage and adaptation of glyph elements . Writing tools Sculpture of a scribe from Copán , Honduras Illustration of a Maya scribe on a Classic period vessel . Kimbell Art Museum , Fort Worth . Although the archaeological record does not provide examples of brushes or pens , analysis of ink strokes on the Postclassic codices suggests that it was applied with a brush with a tip fashioned from pliable hair . A Classic period sculpture from Copán , Honduras , depicts a scribe with an inkpot fashioned from a conch shell . Excavations at Aguateca uncovered a number of scribal artefacts from the residences of elite status scribes , including palettes and mortars and pestles . Scribes and literacy Commoners were illiterate ; scribes were drawn from the elite . It is not known if all members of the aristocracy could read and write , although at least some women could , since there are representations of female scribes in Maya art . Maya scribes were called aj tz'ib , meaning `` one who writes or paints '' . There were probably scribal schools where members of the aristocracy were taught to write . Scribal activity is identifiable in the archaeological record ; Jasaw Chan K'awiil I , king of Tikal , was interred with his paint pot . Some junior members of the Copán royal dynasty have also been found buried with their writing implements . A palace at Copán has been identified as that of a noble lineage of scribes ; it is decorated with sculpture that includes figures holding ink pots . Although not much is known about Maya scribes , some did sign their work , both on ceramics and on stone sculpture . Usually , only a single scribe signed a ceramic vessel , but multiple sculptors are known to have recorded their names on stone sculpture ; eight sculptors signed one stela at Piedras Negras . However , most works remained unsigned by their artists . Mathematics Main article : Maya numerals Maya numerals on a page of the Postclassic Dresden Codex Maya numerals In common with the other Mesoamerican civilizations , the Maya used a base 20 ( vigesimal ) system . The bar - and - dot counting system that is the base of Maya numerals was in use in Mesoamerica by 1000 BC ; the Maya adopted it by the Late Preclassic , and added the symbol for zero . This may have been the earliest known occurrence of the idea of an explicit zero worldwide , although it may have been predated by the Babylonian system . The earliest explicit use of zero occurred on monuments dated to 357 AD . In its earliest uses , the zero served as a place holder , indicating an absence of a particular calendrical count . This later developed into a numeral that was used to perform calculation , and was used in hieroglyphic texts for more than a thousand years , until its use was extinguished by the Spanish . The basic number system consists of a dot to represent one , and a bar to represent five . By the Postclassic period a shell symbol represented zero ; during the Classic period other glyphs were used . The Maya could write any number from 0 to 19 using a combination of these symbols . The precise value of a numeral was determined by its position ; as a numeral shifted upwards , its basic value multiplied by twenty . In this way , the lowest symbol would represent units , the next symbol up would represent multiples of twenty , and the symbol above that would represent multiples of 400 , and so on . For example , the number 884 would be written with four dots on the lowest level , four dots on the next level up , and two dots on the next level after that , to give 4x1 , plus 4x20 , plus 2x400 . Using this system , the Maya were able to record huge numbers . Simple addition could be performed by summing the dots and bars in two columns to give the result in a third column . Calendar Main articles : Maya calendar and Mesoamerican Long Count calendar The Maya calendrical system , in common with other Mesoamerican calendars , had its origins in the Preclassic period . However , it was the Maya that developed the calendar to its maximum sophistication , recording lunar and solar cycles , eclipses and movements of planets with great accuracy . In some cases , the Maya calculations were more accurate than equivalent calculations in the Old World ; for example , the Maya solar year was calculated to greater accuracy than the Julian year . The Maya calendar was intrinsically tied to Maya ritual , and it was central to Maya religious practices . The calendar combined a non-repeating Long Count with three interlocking cycles , each measuring a progressively larger period . These were the 260 - day tzolk'in , the 365 - day haab ' , and the 52 - year Calendar Round , resulting from the combination of the tzolk'in with the haab ' . There were also additional calendric cycles , such as an 819 - day cycle associated with the four quadrants of Maya cosmology , governed by four different aspects of the god K'awiil . The basic unit in the Maya calendar was one day , or k'in , and 20 k'in grouped to form a winal . The next unit , instead of being multiplied by 20 , as called for by the vigesimal system , was multiplied by 18 in order to provide a rough approximation of the solar year ( hence producing 360 days ) . This 360 - day year was called a tun . Each succeeding level of multiplication followed the vigesimal system . Long Count periods Period Calculation Span Years ( approx . ) k'in 1 day 1 day winal 1 x 20 20 days tun 18 x 20 360 days 1 year k'atun 20 x 18 x 20 7,200 days 20 years bak'tun 20 x 18 x 20 x 20 144,000 days 394 years piktun 20 x 18 x 20 x 20 x 20 2,880,000 days 7,885 years kalabtun 20 x 18 x 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 57,600,000 days 157,700 years kinchiltun 20 x 18 x 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 1,152,000,000 days 3,154,004 years alawtun 20 x 18 x 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 x 20 23,040,000,000 days 63,080,082 years The 260 - day tzolk'in provided the basic cycle of Maya ceremony , and the foundations of Maya prophecy . No astronomical basis for this count has been proved , and it may be that the 260 - day count is based on the human gestation period . This is reinforced by the use of the tzolk'in to record dates of birth , and provide corresponding prophecy . The 260 - day cycle repeated a series of 20 - day - names , with a number from 1 to 13 prefixed to indicated where in the cycle a particular day occurred . The 365 - day haab was produced by a cycle of eighteen named 20 - day winals , completed by the addition of a 5 - day period called the wayeb . The wayeb was considered to be a dangerous time , when the barriers between the mortal and supernatural realms were broken , allowing malignant deities to cross over and interfere in human concerns . In a similar way to the tz'olkin , the named winal would be prefixed by a number ( from 0 to 19 ) , in the case of the shorter wayeb period , the prefix numbers ran 0 to 4 . Since each day in the tz'olkin had a name and number ( e.g. 8 Ajaw ) , this would interlock with the haab , producing an additional number and name , to give any day a more complete designation , for example 8 Ajaw 13 Keh . Such a day name could only recur once every 52 years , and this period is referred to by Mayanists as the Calendar Round . In most Mesoamerican cultures , the Calendar Round was the largest unit for measuring time . As with any non-repeating calendar , the Maya measured time from a fixed start point . The Maya set the beginning of their calendar as the end of a previous cycle of bak'tuns , equivalent to a day in 3114 BC . This was believed by the Maya to be the day of the creation of the world in its current form . The Maya used the Long Count Calendar to fix any given day of the Calendar Round within their current great Piktun cycle consisting of either 20 bak'tuns . There was some variation in the calendar , specifically texts in Palenque demonstrate that the piktun cycle that ended in 3114 BC had only 13 bak'tuns , and other inscriptions seem to have used an exceptional cycle of 13 + 20 bak'tun in the current piktun . Additionally , there may have been some regional variation in how these exceptional cycles were managed . A full long count date consisted of an introductory glyph followed by five glyphs counting off the number of bak'tuns , kat'uns , tuns , winals , and k'ins since the start of the current creation . This would be followed by the tz'olkin portion of the Calendar Round date , and after a number of intervening glyphs , the Long Count date would end with the Haab portion of the Calendar Round date . Correlation of the long Count calendar Main article : Mesoamerican Long Count calendar § Correlations between Western calendars and the Long Count Although the Calendar Round is still in use today , the Maya started using an abbreviated Short Count during the Late Classic period . The Short Count is a count of 13 k'atuns . For this reason , there is no direct correlation between the Long Count and the European calendar . The most generally accepted correlation is the Goodman - Martínez - Thompson , or GMT , correlation . This equates the Long Count date 11.16. 0.0. 0 13 Ajaw 8 Xul with the Gregorian date of 12 November 1539 . Epigraphers Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube argue for a two - day shift from the standard GMT correlation . The Spinden Correlation would shift the Long Count dates back by 260 years ; it also accords with the documentary evidence , and is better suited to the archaeology of the Yucatán Peninsula , but presents problems with the rest of the Maya region . The George Vaillant Correlation would shift all Maya dates 260 years later , and would greatly shorten the Postclassic period . Radiocarbon dating of dated wooden lintels at Tikal supports the GMT correlation . Astronomy Main article : Maya astronomy See also : Archaeoastronomy The famous astrologer John Dee used an Aztec obsidian mirror to see into the future . We may look down our noses at his ideas , but one may be sure that in outlook he was far closer to a Maya priest astronomer than is an astronomer of our century . -- J. Eric S. Thompson , Maya Astronomy : Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , 1974 Representation of an astronomer from the Madrid Codex The Maya made meticulous observations of celestial bodies , patiently recording astronomical data on the movements of the sun , moon , Venus , and the stars . This information was used for divination , so Maya astronomy was essentially for astrological purposes . Maya astronomy did not serve to study the universe for scientific reasons , nor was it used to measure the seasons in order to calculate crop planting . It was rather used by the priesthood to comprehend past cycles of time , and project them into the future to produce prophecy . The priesthood refined observations and recorded eclipses of the sun and moon , and movements of Venus and the stars ; these were measured against dated events in the past , on the assumption that similar events would occur in the future when the same astronomical conditions prevailed . Illustrations in the codices show that priests made astronomical observations using the naked eye , assisted by crossed sticks as a sighting device . Analysis of the few remaining Postclassic codices has revealed that , at the time of European contact , the Maya had recorded eclipse tables , calendars , and astronomical knowledge that was more accurate at that time than comparable knowledge in Europe . The Maya measured the 584 - day Venus cycle with an error of just two hours . Five cycles of Venus equated to eight 365 - day haab calendrical cycles , and this period was recorded in the codices . The Maya also followed the movements of Jupiter , Mars and Mercury . When Venus rose as the Morning Star , this was associated with the rebirth of the Maya Hero Twins . For the Maya , the heliacal rising of Venus was associated with destruction and upheaval . Venus was closely associated with warfare , and the hieroglyph meaning `` war '' incorporated the glyph - element symbolizing the planet . Sight - lines through the windows of the Caracol building at Chichen Itza align with the northernmost and southernmost extremes of Venus ' path . Maya rulers launched military campaigns to coincide with the heliacal or cosmical rising of Venus , and would also sacrifice important captives to coincide with such conjunctions . Solar and lunar eclipses were considered to be especially dangerous events that could bring catastrophe upon the world . In the Dresden Codex , a solar eclipse is represented by a serpent devouring the k'in ( `` day '' ) hieroglyph . Eclipses were interpreted as the sun or moon being bitten , and lunar tables were recorded in order that the Maya might be able to predict them , and perform the appropriate ceremonies to ward off disaster . Religion and mythology Main articles : Maya religion and Maya mythology In common with the rest of Mesoamerica , the Maya believed in a supernatural realm inhabited by an array of powerful deities . These deities needed to be placated with ceremonial offerings and ritual practices . At the core of Maya religious practice was the worship of deceased ancestors , who would act as go - betweens for their living descendants in dealings with the denizens of the supernatural realm . The earliest intermediaries between humans and the supernatural realm were shamans . Maya ritual included the use of hallucinogens for chilan ( oracular ) priests . Visions for the chilan were likely facilitated by consumption of water lilies , which are hallucinogenic in high doses . As the Maya civilization developed , the ruling elite codified the general concepts held by Maya society , and developed them into religious cults that justified their right to rule . In the Late Preclassic , the pinnacle of this process was the combination of ultimate political and religious power in the divine king , the k'uhul ajaw . Although it is difficult to reconstruct the belief system through archaeology , some indicators of ritual practice do leave physical traces . These include dedicatory caches and other ritual deposits , shrines , and burials and their associated funerary offerings . In addition , Maya art , architecture , and writing all assist in the reconstruction of ancient Maya beliefs ; these can be combined with ethnographic sources , including records of Maya religious practices made by the Spanish during the conquest . The Maya viewed the cosmos as highly structured ; there were thirteen levels in the heavens , and nine levels in the underworld ; the mortal world occupied a position between the heavens and the underworld . Each level had four cardinal directions associated with a different colour . Major deities had aspects associated with these directions and colours ; north was white , east was red , south was yellow , and west was black . Maya households interred their dead underneath the floors of their houses , with offerings appropriate to the social status of the family . There the dead could act as protective ancestors . Maya lineages were patrilineal , so the worship of a prominent male ancestor would be emphasized , often with a household shrine . As Maya society developed , and the elite became more powerful , Maya royalty developed their household shrines into the great pyramids that held the tombs of their ancestors . Supernatural forces pervaded Maya life , and influenced every aspect of it from the simplest day - to - day activities such as food preparation , to trade , politics , and elite activities . Maya deities governed all aspects of the world , both visible and invisible . The Maya priesthood was a closed group , drawing its members from the established elite ; by the Early Classic they were recording increasingly complex ritual information in their hieroglyphic books , including astronomical observations , calendrical cycles , history and mythology . The priests performed public ceremonies that incorporated feasting , bloodletting , incense burning , music , ritual dance , and , on certain occasions , human sacrifice . During the Classic period , the Maya ruler was the high priest , and the direct conduit between mortals and the gods . It is highly likely that , among commoners , shamanism continued in parallel to state religion . By the Postclassic , religious emphasis had changed ; there was an increase in worship of the images of deities , and more frequent recourse to human sacrifice . Human sacrifice Main article : Human sacrifice in Maya culture Relief sculpture of a decapitated ballplayer , adorning the Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza Blood was viewed as a potent source of nourishment for the Maya deities , and the sacrifice of a living creature was a powerful blood offering . By extension , the sacrifice of a human life was the ultimate offering of blood to the gods , and the most important Maya rituals culminated in human sacrifice . Generally only high status prisoners of war were sacrificed , with lower status captives being used for labour . Important rituals such as the dedication of major building projects or the enthronement of a new ruler required a human offering . The sacrifice of an enemy king was the most prized offering , and such a sacrifice involved decapitation of the captive ruler in a ritual reenactment of the decapitation of the Maya maize god by the Maya death gods . In AD 738 , the vassal king K'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat of Quiriguá captured his overlord , Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil of Copán and a few days later he ritually decapitated him . The decapitation of an enemy king may have been performed as part of a ritual ballgame reenacting the victory of the Maya Hero Twins over the gods of the underworld . Sacrifice by decapitation is depicted in Classic period Maya art , and sometimes took place after the victim was tortured , being variously beaten , scalped , burnt or disembowelled . The Hero Twins myth recounted in the Popol Vuh relates how one of each pair of twins was decapitated by their ballgame opponents . During the Postclassic period , the most common form of human sacrifice was heart extraction , influenced by the method used by the Aztecs in the Valley of Mexico ; this usually took place in the courtyard of a temple , or upon the summit of the pyramid . Depending upon the exact ritual , sometimes the corpse would be skinned by assistant priests , except for the hands and feet . The officiating priest would then remove his ritual attire and dress himself in the skin of the sacrificial victim before performing a ritual dance that symbolized the rebirth of life . Archaeological investigations indicate that heart sacrifice was practised as early as the Classic period . Deities See also : List of Maya gods and supernatural beings Classic period Lintel 25 from Yaxchilan , depicting the Vision Serpent Postclassic ballcourt marker at Mixco Viejo , depicting Q'uq'umatz carrying Tohil across the sky in his jaws The Maya world was populated by a great variety of deities , supernatural entities and sacred forces . The Maya had such a broad interpretation of what was sacred that identifying distinct deities with specific functions is inaccurate . The Maya interpretation of deities was intrinsically tied to the calendar , astronomy , and their cosmovision . The importance of a deity , its characteristics , and its associations varied according to the movement of celestial bodies . The priestly interpretation of astronomical records and books was therefore crucial , since the priest would understand which deity required ritual propitiation , when the correct ceremonies should be performed , and what would be an appropriate offering . Each deity had four manifestations , associated with the cardinal directions , each identified with a different colour . They also had a dual day - night / life - death aspect . Itzamna was the creator god , but he also embodied the cosmos , and was simultaneously a sun god ; K'inich Ahau , the day sun , was one of his aspects . Maya kings frequently identified themselves with K'inich Ahau . Itzamna also had a night sun aspect , the Night Jaguar , representing the sun in its journey through the underworld . The four Pawatuns supported the corners of the mortal realm ; in the heavens , the Bacabs performed the same function . As well as their four main aspects , the Bakabs had dozens of other aspects that are not well understood . The four Chaacs were storm gods , controlling thunder , lightning , and the rains . The nine lords of the night each governed one of the underworld realms . Other important deities included the moon goddess , the maize god , and the Hero Twins . The Popol Vuh was written in the Latin script in early colonial times , and was probably transcribed from a hieroglyphic book by an unknown K'iche ' Maya nobleman . It is one of the most outstanding works of indigenous literature in the Americas . The Popul Vuh recounts the mythical creation of the world , the legend of the Hero Twins , and the history of the Postclassic K'iche ' kingdom . Deities recorded in the Popul Vuh include Hun Hunahpu , the K'iche ' maize god , and a triad of deities led by the K'iche ' patron Tohil , and also including the moon goddess Awilix , and the mountain god Jacawitz . In common with other Mesoamerican cultures , the Maya worshipped feathered serpent deities . Such worship was rare during the Classic period , but by the Postclassic the feathered serpent had spread to both the Yucatán Peninsula and the Guatemalan Highlands . In Yucatán , the feathered serpent deity was Kukulkan , among the K'iche ' it was Q'uq'umatz . Kukulkan had his origins in the Classic period War Serpent , Waxaklahun Ubah Kan , and has also been identified as the Postclassic version of the Vision Serpent of Classic Maya art . Although the cult of Kukulkan had its origins in these earlier Maya traditions , the worship of Kukulkan was heavily influenced by the Quetzalcoatl cult of central Mexico . Likewise , Q'uq'umatz had a composite origin , combining the attributes of Mexican Quetzalcoatl with aspects of the Classic period Itzamna . Agriculture Main article : Maya cuisine See also : Agriculture in Mesoamerica Maize was a staple of the Maya diet . The ancient Maya had diverse and sophisticated methods of food production . It was believed that shifting cultivation ( swidden ) agriculture provided most of their food , but it is now thought that permanent raised fields , terracing , intensive gardening , forest gardens , and managed fallows were also crucial to supporting the large populations of the Classic period in some areas . Indeed , evidence of these different agricultural systems persist today : raised fields connected by canals can be seen on aerial photographs . Contemporary rainforest species composition has significantly higher abundance of species of economic value to ancient Maya in areas that were densely populated in pre-Columbian times , and pollen records in lake sediments suggest that maize , manioc , sunflower seeds , cotton , and other crops have been cultivated in association with deforestation in Mesoamerica since at least 2500 BC . The basic staples of the Maya diet were maize , beans , and squashes . These were supplemented with a wide variety of other plants either cultivated in gardens or gathered in the forest . At Joya de Cerén , a volcanic eruption preserved a record of foodstuffs stored in Maya homes , among them were chilies and tomatoes . Cotton seeds were in the process of being ground , perhaps to produce cooking oil . In addition to basic foodstuffs , the Maya also cultivated prestige crops such as cotton , cacao and vanilla . Cacao was especially prized by the elite , who consumed chocolate beverages . Cotton was spun , dyed , and woven into valuable textiles in order to be traded . The Maya had few domestic animals ; dogs were domesticated by 3000 BC , and the Muscovy duck by the Late Postclassic . Ocellated turkeys were unsuitable for domestication , but were rounded up in the wild and penned for fattening . All of these were used as food animals ; dogs were additionally used for hunting . It is possible that deer were also penned and fattened . Maya sites See also : List of Maya sites There are hundreds of Maya sites spread across five countries : Belize , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras and Mexico . The six sites with particularly outstanding architecture or sculpture are Chichen Itza , Palenque , Uxmal , and Yaxchilan in Mexico , Tikal in Guatemala and Copán in Honduras . Other important , but difficult to reach , sites include Calakmul and El Mirador . The principal sites in the Puuc region , after Uxmal , are Kabah , Labna , and Sayil . In the east of the Yucatán Peninsula are Coba and the small site of Tulum . The Río Bec sites of the base of the peninsula include Becan , Chicanná , Kohunlich , and Xpuhil . The most noteworthy sites in Chiapas , other than Palenque and Yaxchilan , are Bonampak and Toniná . In the Guatemalan Highlands are Iximche , Kaminaljuyu , Mixco Viejo , and Q'umarkaj ( also known as Utatlán ) . In the northern Petén lowlands of Guatemala there are many sites , though apart from Tikal access is generally difficult . Some of the Petén sites are Dos Pilas , Seibal , and Uaxactún . Important sites in Belize include Altun Ha , Caracol , and Xunantunich . Museum collections Main article : Ancient Maya art § Museum collections The Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología , in Guatemala City There are a great many museums across the world with Maya artefacts in their collections . The Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies lists over 250 museums in its Maya Museum database , and the European Association of Mayanists lists just under 50 museums in Europe alone . See also Huastec civilization Index of Mexico - related articles Songs of Dzitbalche References ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Rosenwig 2010 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Blanton et al. 1993 , p. 35 . 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Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Estrada - Belli 2011 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Masson 2012 , p. 18238 . Pugh and Cecil 2012 , p. 315 . Jump up ^ Estrada - Belli 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Hammond et al. 1976 , pp. 579 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Drew 1999 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Olmedo Vera 1997 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 182 , 197 . Jump up ^ Saturno , Stuart and Beltrán 2006 , pp. 1281 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Olmedo Vera 1997 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Love 2007 , pp. 293 , 297 . Popenoe de Hatch and Schieber de Lavarreda 2001 , p. 991 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Schele and Mathews 1999 , pp. 179 , 182 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Coe 1999 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Masson 2012 , p. 18237 . ^ Jump up to : Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 218 . Estrada - Belli 2011 , pp. 123 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 322 . Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 324 . ^ Jump up to : Olmedo Vera 1997 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , pp. 224 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 383 , 387 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Koumenalis & Barbara Moffett 2002 . Martin & Grube 2000 , p. 108 . Sharer & Traxler 2006 , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , pp. 192 -- 93 . Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , pp. 200 , 203 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , pp. 203 , 205 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 134 -- 35 . Looper 2003 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Looper 1999 , pp. 81 , 271 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 554 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , pp. 151 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Becker 2004 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Sharer 2000 , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 613 , 616 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Masson 2012 , p. 18238 . ^ Jump up to : Arroyo 2001 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 618 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , pp. 100 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Masson and Peraza Lope 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrews 1984 , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 717 . Jump up ^ Restall and Asselbergs 2007 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 759 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 763 . Lovell 2005 , p. 58 . Matthew 2012 , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 763 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 764 -- 65 . Recinos 1986 , pp. 68 , 74 . Jump up ^ Schele and Mathews 1999 , p. 297 . Guillemín 1965 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Schele and Mathews 1999 , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Recinos 1986 , p. 110 . del Águila Flores 2007 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 766 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 772 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Jones 1998 , p. xix . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Zorich 2012 , p. 29 . Thompson 1932 , p. 449 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Demarest 2004 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Koch 2013 , pp. 1 , 105 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Cioffi - Revilla and Landman 1999 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Oakley and Rubin 2012 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Oakley and Rubin 2012 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Chase and Chase 2012 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Chase and Chase 2012 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Foias 2014 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Gillespie 2000 , pp. 470 , 473 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 178 . Witschey and Brown 2012 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Foias 2014 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , pp. 142 , 144 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , p. 144 . ^ Jump up to : D'Arcy Harrison 2003 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ D'Arcy Harrison 2003 , p. 114 . Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kimbell Art Museum 2015 . Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ D'Arcy Harrison 2003 , pp. 114 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2013 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Marcus 2004a , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Masson and Peraza Lope 2004 , p. 213 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Marcus 2004a , p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Aoyama 2005 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Aoyama 2005 , p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : Aoyama 2005 , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Webster 2000 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , pp. 167 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Wise and McBride 2008 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Wise and McBride 2008 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Phillips 2007 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , 128 , 132 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 146 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Aoyama 2005 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Aoyama 2005 , pp. 294 , 301 Jump up ^ Rice , Rice , Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2009 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Phillips 2007 , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 322 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 660 . Jump up ^ Caso Barrera and Aliphat Fernández 2006 , pp. 31 , 36 . Caso Barrera and Aliphat Fernández 2007 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 319 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Dahlin et al. 2007 , p. 363 . Jump up ^ Dahlin et al. 2007 , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Dahlin et al. 2007 , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Dahlin et al. 2007 , pp. 363 , 369 , 380 . Jump up ^ Foias 2014 , p. 14 . Sharer and Traxler 2006 , 659 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , 658 . Jump up ^ Stuart and Stuart 2008 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1999 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 78 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 9 , 80 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Estrada - Belli pp. 44 , 103 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Saturno , Stuart and Beltrán 2006 , 1281 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : SFU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology . Jump up ^ Williams 2010 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1990 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 378 . Jump up ^ Reents - Budet et al. 2007 , pp. 1417 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hutson 2011 , p. 403 . Jump up ^ Hutson 2011 , pp. 405 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 215 . Abrams 1994 , pp. 60 , 130 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 216 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Olmedo Vera 1997 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Schele and Mathews 1999 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Schele and Mathews 1999 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Olmedo Vera 1997 , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 238 . ^ Jump up to : Hohmann - Vogrin 2011 , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 238 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Fuente , Staines Cicero and Arellano Hernández 1999 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 546 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Christie 2003 , pp. 315 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Christie 2003 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Christie 2003 , p. 315 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 395 , 397 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Demarest 2004 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Doyle 2012 , p. 358 . Jump up ^ Drew 1999 , p. 186 . Laporte and Fialko 1994 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 235 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen 1998 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Forsyth 1993 , p. 113 . Szymanski 2013 , pp. 23 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Valdés 1994 , p. 101 . Szymanski 2013 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1991 , p. 166 . Hansen 1998 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Szymanski 2013 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1998 , p. 80 . Szymanski 2013 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1998 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Szymanski 2013 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1991 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Colas and Voß 2011 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Colas and Voß 2011 , p. 189 . Taladoire and Colsenet 1991 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Colas and Voß 2011 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Fuente , Staines Cicero and Arellano Hernández 1999 , pp. 144 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Fuente , Staines Cicero and Arellano Hernández 1999 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Fuente , Staines Cicero and Arellano Hernández 1999 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Fuente , Staines Cicero and Arellano Hernández 1999 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 226 . Fuente , Staines Cicero and Arellano Hernández 1999 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 274 . Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Estrada - Belli 2011 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Houston , Robertson and Stuart 2000 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Houston , Robertson and Stuart 2000 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Bricker 2007 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Demarest , Barrientos and Fahsen 2006 , pp. 832 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Diehl 2004 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Saturno , Stuart and Beltrán 2006 , p. 1282 . Jump up ^ Love 2007 , p. 293 . Schieber Laverreda and Orrego Corzo 2010 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Kettunen and Helmke 2008 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 126 . Foster 2002 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Kettunen and Helmke 2008 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Ellsworth Hamann 2008 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Tanaka 2008 , pp. 30 , 53 . Jump up ^ Macri and Looper 2003 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 120 , 123 . Jump up ^ Miller and Taube 1993 , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Tobin 2001 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Coe 1994 , pp. 245 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 135 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 271 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Macri and Looper 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Kettunen & Helmke 2014 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kettunen & Helmke 2014 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Kettunen & Helmke 2014 , pp. 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Webster et al. 1989 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 331 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Drew 1999 , p. 322 . Jump up ^ Drew 1999 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 278 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Blume 2011 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Blume 2011 , p. 53 . Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 101 . Justeson 2010 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Justeson 2010 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Justeson 2010 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Justeson 2010 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Justeson 2010 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 248 . Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 252 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Carter 2014 `` A single passage on a Late Classic hieroglyphic panel at Palenque makes two further points clear : first , that the count of bak'tuns will accumulate to 19 , as before the present era , before the number in the piktuns place will change ; and second , that that number will change to 1 , not to 14 , just as the bak'tuns did in 2720 BC . In other words , all piktuns except the present one contained 20 bak'tuns , but the current one contains 33 ; all previous kalabtuns , the next place up , contained 20 piktuns , but the current kalabtun contains 33 of those . Presumably the same pattern obtains for the rest of the higher places . This staggered resetting of the higher - order cycles , so jarringly unexpected from a contemporary , Western perspective , suggests an attitude towards time more numerological than mathematical . 13 and 20 , after all , are the key numbers of the tzolk'in , so it is fitting that they should be incorporated into the Long Count at enormous temporal scales . '' Jump up ^ Van Stone 2011 Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Tedlock 1992 , p. 1 . Miles 1952 , p. 273 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Martin and Grube 2000 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1974 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Milbrath 1999 , pp. 252 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : Foster 2002 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Demarest 2004 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Emboden 1979 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 721 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 91 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Demarest 2004 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 722 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 751 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , pp. 134 -- 35 . Looper 2003 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Miller and Taube 1993 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Gillespie 1991 , pp. 322 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 752 . Jump up ^ Tiesler and Cucina 2006 , p. 493 . Jump up ^ Fox 2008 , pp. 60 , 249 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , pp. 177 , 179 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Demarest 2004 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , pp. 182 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Demarest 2004 , pp. 181 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Miller and Taube 1993 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 729 . Jump up ^ Christenson 2007 , pp. 61n65 , 228n646 . Miller and Taube 1993 , p. 170 . Carmack 2001 , pp. 275 , 369 . Jump up ^ Miller and Taube 1993 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Miller and Taube 1993 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Christenson 2007 , pp. 52 -- 53n20 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Schele and Parker 1993 , pp. 289 , 325 , 441n26 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 582 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Fox 2008 , pp. 60 , 121 , 220 . Jump up ^ Fisher 2014 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Demarest 2004 , pp. 130 -- 38 . Ross 2011 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Adams , Brown and Culbert 1981 , p. 1460 . Jump up ^ Ross 2011 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Colunga - García Marín and Zizumbo - Villarreal 2004 , pp. S102 -- S103 Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 310 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , pp. 311 -- 312 . Jump up ^ Foster 2002 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , pp. 245 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Coe 1999 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Ros . Jump up ^ WAYEB . Bibliography Abrams , Elliot M. ( 1994 ) . How the Maya Built Their World : Energetics and Ancient Architecture . Austin , Texas , US : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70461 - 5 . OCLC 29564628 . Adams , Richard E.W. ( 2005 ) ( 1977 ) . Prehistoric Mesoamerica ( 3rd ed . ) . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3702 - 9 . OCLC 58975830 . Adams , R.E.W. ; W.E. Brown ; T. Patrick Culbert ( 25 September 1981 ) . `` Radar mapping , Archaeology , and Ancient Maya Land Use '' ( PDF ) . Science . New Series . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 213 ( 4515 ) : 1457 -- 63 . Bibcode : 1981Sci ... 213.1457 A . doi : 10.1126 / science. 213.4515. 1457 . ISSN 1095 - 9203 . OCLC 863047799 . Andrews , Anthony P. ( Winter 1984 ) . `` The Political Geography of the Sixteenth Century Yucatan Maya : Comments and Revisions '' . Journal of Anthropological Research . Albuquerque , New Mexico : University of New Mexico . 40 ( 4 ) : 589 -- 96 . ISSN 0091 - 7710 . JSTOR 3629799 . OCLC 1787802 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Aoyama , Kazuo ( July 2005 ) . `` Classic Maya Warfare and Weapons : Spear , dart , and arrow points of Aguateca and Copan '' . Ancient Mesoamerica . Cambridge University Press . 16 ( 2 ) : 291 -- 304 . doi : 10.1017 / S0956536105050248 . ISSN 0956 - 5361 . OCLC 43698811 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Arroyo , Bárbara ( July -- August 2001 ) . Enrique Vela , ed . `` El Poslclásico Tardío en los Altos de Guatemala '' ( The Late Postclassic in the Guatemalan Highlands ) . Arqueología Mexicana ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City , Mexico : Editorial Raíces . IX ( 50 ) : 38 -- 43 . ISSN 0188 - 8218 . OCLC 40772247 . Associated Press ( 2018 ) . `` Scientists discover ancient Mayan city hidden under Guatemalan jungle '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Becker , Marshall Joseph ( 2004 ) . `` Maya Heterarchy as Inferred from Classic - Period Plaza Plans '' . Ancient Mesoamerica . Cambridge University Press . 15 : 127 -- 38 . doi : 10.1017 / S0956536104151079 . ISSN 0956 - 5361 . OCLC 43698811 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Berlo , Janet Catherine ( 1989 ) . `` Early Writing in Central Mexico : In Tlilli , In Tlapalli before A.D. 1000 '' . In Richard A. Diehl ; Janet Catherine Berlo . Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan , A.D. 700 -- 900 . Washington , D.C. , US : Dumbarton Oaks , Trustees for Harvard University . pp. 19 -- 48 . ISBN 0 - 88402 - 175 - 0 . OCLC 18557289 . Blanton , Richard E. ; Stephen A. Kowalewski ; Gary M. Feinman ; Laura M. Finsten ( 1993 ) ( 1981 ) . Ancient Mesoamerica : A Comparison of Change in Three Regions . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44053 - X . OCLC 470193044 . Blume , Anna ( March 2011 ) . `` Maya Concepts of Zero '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US : American Philosophical Society . 155 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 88 . ISSN 0003 - 049X . JSTOR 23056849 . OCLC 1480553 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Bricker , Victoria R. ( December 2007 ) . `` A Quarter - Century of Mayan Linguistics '' . Mexicon . Göttingen , Germany : Verlag Anton Saurwein. 29 ( 6 ) : 138 -- 47 . ISSN 0720 - 5988 . JSTOR 23759758 . OCLC 5821915 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Brittenham , Claudia ( Spring -- Autumn 2009 ) . Francesco Pellizzi , ed . `` Style and substance , or why the Cacaxtla paintings were buried '' . Res : Anthropology and Aesthetics . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology and the Harvard Art Museum . 55 / 56 Absconding : 135 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87365 - 854 - 6 . ISSN 0277 - 1322 . OCLC 601057415 . Carmack , Robert M. ( 2001 ) . Kik'ulmatajem le K'iche'aab ' : Evolución del Reino K'iche ' ( Evolution of the K'iche Kingdom ) ( in Spanish ) . Guatemala City , Guatemala : Cholsamaj . ISBN 99922 - 56 - 22 - 2 . OCLC 253481949 . Carter , Nicholas P. ( 2014 ) . `` Sources and Scales of Classic Maya History '' . In Kurt Raaflaub . Thinking , Recording , and Writing History in the Ancient World . New York : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 340 -- 71 . Caso Barrera , Laura ; Mario Aliphat Fernández ( 2006 ) . `` Cacao , vanilla and annatto : three production and exchange systems in the Southern Maya lowlands , XVI -- XVII centuries '' . Journal of Latin American Geography . Austin , Texas , US : University of Texas Press . 5 ( 2 ) : 29 -- 52 . doi : 10.1353 / lag. 2006.0015 . ISSN 1545 - 2476 . JSTOR 25765138 . OCLC 356573308 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Caso Barrera , Laura ; Aliphat , Mario ( 2007 ) . J.P. Laporte ; B. Arroyo ; H. 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Taladoire , Eric ; Benoit Colsenet ( 1991 ) . `` '' Bois Ton Sang , Beaumanoir `` : The Political and Conflictual Aspects of the Ballgame in the Northern Chiapas Area '' . In Vernon Scarborough ; David R. Wilcox . The Mesoamerican Ballgame . Tucson , Arizona : University of Arizona Press . pp. 161 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 1360 - 0 . OCLC 51873028 . Tanaka , Yuki ( 2008 ) . A Comparative Study of Maya Hieroglyphic Writing and Japanese Orthography in the Quirigua Hieroglyphic Corpus . Ann Arbor , Michigan : ProQuest . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 99989 - 8 . Taube , Karl A. ( 2004 ) ( 2003 ) . `` Tetitla and the Maya Presence at Teotihuacan '' . In Geoffrey E. Braswell . The Maya and Teotihuacan : reinterpreting early classic interaction . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . pp. 273 -- 314 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70587 - 6 . OCLC 254181446 . Tedlock , Barbara ( 1992 ) ( 1982 ) . Time and the Highland Maya ( Revised ed . ) . Albuquerque , New Mexico : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1358 - 4 . OCLC 45732799 . Thompson , J. Eric S. ( July -- September 1932 ) . `` A Maya Calendar from the Alta Vera Paz , Guatemala '' . American Anthropologist . New Series . Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association . 34 ( 3 ) : 449 -- 54 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1932.34. 3.02 a00090 . ISSN 0002 - 7294 . JSTOR 661903 . OCLC 1479294 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Thompson , J. Eric S. ( 1966 ) . `` The Maya Central Area at the Spanish Conquest and Later : A Problem in Demography '' . Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . London , UK : Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1966 ) : 23 -- 37 . doi : 10.2307 / 3031712 . JSTOR 3031712 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Thompson , J. Eric S. ( 1990 ) ( 1970 ) . Maya History and Religion . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2247 - 1 . OCLC 715926981 . Thompson , J. Eric S. ( 2 May 1974 ) . `` Maya Astronomy '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series A , Mathematical and Physical Sciences . London , UK : The Royal Society . 276 ( 1257 , The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World ) : 83 -- 98 . Bibcode : 1974RSPTA. 276 ... 83T . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1974.0011 . ISSN 0261 - 0523 . JSTOR 74276 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Tiesler , Vera ; Andrea Cucina ( December 2006 ) . `` Procedures in Human Heart Extraction and Ritual Meaning : A Taphonomic Assessment of Anthropogenic Marks in Classic Maya Skeletons '' . Latin American Antiquity . Washington , D.C. : Society for American Archaeology. 17 ( 4 ) : 493 -- 510 . doi : 10.2307 / 25063069 . ISSN 2325 - 5080 . JSTOR 25063069 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Tobin , Thomas J. ( 2001 ) . `` The Construction of the Codex in Classic - and Postclassic - Period Maya Civilization '' . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania : Duquesne University . Archived from the original on 2002 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Valdés , Juan Antonio ( 1994 ) . J.P. Laporte ; H. Escobedo ; S. Villagrán , eds . `` El Grupo A de Uaxactun : Manifestaciones arquitectónicas y dinásticas durante el Clásico Temprano '' ( Uaxactun Group A : Architectural Manifestations and Dynasties during the Early Classic ) ( PDF ) . I Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala , 1987 ( in Spanish ) . Guatemala : Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología : 98 -- 111 . OCLC 31177419 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Van Stone , Mark ( 2011 ) . `` It 's not the End of the World : emic evidence for local diversity in the Maya Long Count '' . Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union . 7 ( 278 ) : 186 . doi : 10.1017 / S1743921311012610 . Viqueira , Juan Pedro ( 2004 ) ( 1995 ) . `` Chiapas y sus regiones '' ( Chiapas and its Regions ) . In Juan Pedro Viqueira ; Mario Humberto Ruz . Chiapas : los rumbos de otra historia ( Chiapas : The courses of a different history ) ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City , Mexico : Centro de Investigaciones Filológicas with Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social ( CIESAS ) . pp. 19 -- 40 . ISBN 968 - 36 - 4836 - 3 . OCLC 36759921 . WAYEB . `` Museums & Collections '' . European Association of Mayanists ( WAYEB ) . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Webster , David ( March 2000 ) . `` The Not So Peaceful Civilization : A Review of Maya War '' . Journal of World Prehistory . Springer . 14 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 119 . doi : 10.1023 / a : 1007813518630 . ISSN 1573 - 7802 . JSTOR 25801154 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Webster , David ; William L. Fash Jr. ; Claude F. Baudez ; Berthold Riese ; William T. Sanders ( 1989 ) . The House of the Bacabs , Copan , Honduras . Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology . Dumbarton Oaks , Trustees for Harvard University . pp. i -- iv , 1 -- 111 , 113 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88402 - 177 - 3 . JSTOR 41263469 . OCLC 18557303 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Williams , Josh ( 2010 ) . `` Mississippian and Maya Eccentric Flints '' . Springfield , Missouri : Board of Governors , Missouri State University . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Wise , Terence ; McBride , Angus ( 2008 ) ( 1980 ) . The Conquistadores . Men - at - Arms. 101 . Oxford , UK and New York : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 357 - 7 . OCLC 12782941 . Witschey , Walter R.T. ; Clifford T. Brown ( 2012 ) . Historical Dictionary of Mesoamerica . Plymouth , Devon , UK : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7167 - 0 . OCLC 754105610 . Zorich , Zach ( November -- December 2012 ) . `` The Maya Sense of Time '' . Archaeology . Vol. 65 no . 6 . New York : Archaeological Institute of America . pp. 25 -- 29 . ISSN 0003 - 8113 . JSTOR 41804605 . OCLC 1481828 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Further reading Braswell , Geoffrey E. ( 2003 ) . The Maya and Teotihuacan : Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70914 - 5 . OCLC 49936017 . Braswell , Geoffrey E. ( 2014 ) . The Maya and their Central American Neighbors : Settlement patterns , architecture , hieroglyphic texts , and ceramics . Oxford , UK and New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 74487 - 4 . OCLC 857897947 . Christie , Jessica Joyce ( 2003 ) . Maya Palaces and Elite Residences : An Interdisciplinary Approach . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71244 - 8 . OCLC 50630511 . Demarest , Arthur Andrew ; Prudence M. Rice & Don Stephen Rice ( 2004 ) . The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse , Transition , and Transformation . Boulder , Colorado : University Press of Colorado . ISBN 0 - 87081 - 739 - 6 . OCLC 52311867 . Fitzsimmons , James L. ( 2009 ) . Death and the Classic Maya Kings . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71890 - 6 . OCLC 699216836 . Garber , James ( 2004 ) . The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley : Half a Century of Archaeological Research . Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2685 - 7 . OCLC 52334723 . Herring , Adam ( 2005 ) . Art and Writing in the Maya cities , AD 600 -- 800 : A Poetics of Line . Cambridge , England ; New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84246 - 8 . OCLC 56834579 . Lohse , Jon C. & Fred Valdez ( 2004 ) . Ancient Maya Commoners . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70571 - 9 . OCLC 54529926 . Lucero , Lisa Joyce ( 2006 ) . Water and Ritual : The Rise and Fall of Classic Maya Rulers . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70999 - 4 . OCLC 61731425 . McKillop , Heather Irene ( 2005 ) . In Search of Maya Sea Traders . College Station , Texas : Texas A & M University Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 389 - 1 . OCLC 55145823 . McKillop , Heather Irene ( 2002 ) . Salt : White Gold of the Ancient Maya . Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2511 - 7 . OCLC 48893025 . Rice , Prudence M. ( 2004 ) . Maya Political Science : Time , Astronomy , and the Cosmos ( 1st ed . ) . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70261 - 2 . OCLC 54753496 . Tiesler , Vera & Andrea Cucina ( 2006 ) . Janaab ' Pakal of Palenque : Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler . Tucson , Arizona : University of Arizona Press . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 2510 - 2 . OCLC 62593473 . Webster , David L. ( 2002 ) . The Fall of the Ancient Maya . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05113 - 5 . Library resources about Maya civilization Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maya . Wikisource has several original texts related to : Maya civilization Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies , Inc . ( FAMSI ) Primary sources of Maya history -- part one by Ronald A. Barnett Mesoweb by Joel Skidmore . Maya Map -- A map of the Maya civilization . Maya civilization History Preclassic Maya Classic Maya collapse Spanish conquest Chiapas Guatemala Petén Yucatán Topics Architecture E-Group Triadic pyramid Twin - pyramid complex Art Graffiti Ceramics Cities Cuisine Dance Economy Trade Maritime trade Languages Classic Script List Mayanist Medicine Music Mythology Numerals People Sites Stelae Textiles Warfare Society Childhood Women Midwifery Religion Priesthood Sacrifice Human sacrifice Death rituals Social classes Ajaw Rulers Households Calendar Ajaw Baktun Haab ' K'atun K'in Tun Tzolk'in Winal Literature Annals of the Cakchiquels Chilam Balam Codices Dresden Grolier Madrid Paris Popol Vuh Rabinal Achí Ritual of the Bacabs Songs of Dzitbalche Título C'oyoi Título de Totonicapán Deities Classic Bacab Chaac Death gods God L Goddess I Hero Twins Howler monkey gods Itzamna Ixchel Jaguar gods K'awiil Kinich Ahau Maize god Mam Moon goddess Yopaat Post-Classic Acat Ah - Muzen - Cab Akna Chin Hunab Ku Ixtab Kukulkan Yum Kaax Popol Vuh Awilix Camazotz Hun Hunahpu Huracan Jacawitz Q'uq'umatz Tohil Vucub Caquix Xmucane and Xpiacoc Xquic Zipacna Kings B'alaj Chan K'awiil Ha ' K'in Xook Itzam K'an Ahk II K'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat K'inich Janaab ' Pakal K'inich Yat Ahk II K'inich Yax K'uk ' Mo ' K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil Yo'nal Ahk III Yuknoom Ch'een II Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk ' Queens Lady Eveningstar Lady of Itzan Lady of Tikal Lady Xoc Sak K'uk ' Wak Chanil Ajaw Yohl Ik'nal Maya sites Belize Actun Tunichil Muknal Altun Ha Baking Pot Barton Creek Cave Cahal Pech Caracol Cerros Chaa Creek Colha Cuello El Pilar Ka'Kabish K'axob La Milpa Lamanai Louisville Lower Dover Lubaantun Marco Gonzalez Minanha Nim Li Punit Nohmul Nohoch Che'en Pusilha San Estevan Santa Rita Tipu Uxbenka Xnaheb Xunantunich Guatemala Aguateca Altar de Sacrificios Arroyo de Piedra Balberta Bejucal Cancuén Cerro Quiac Chama Chitinamit Chocolá Chutixtiox Cotzumalhuapa Dos Pilas El Baúl El Chal El Mirador El Perú El Porvenir El Temblor El Tintal El Zotz Guaytán Holmul Holtun Itzan Iximche Ixkun Ixlu Ixtonton Ixtutz Kaminaljuyu Kinal K'atepan La Amelia La Blanca La Corona La Joyanca La Muerta Machaquila Mixco Viejo Montana Motul de San José Naachtun Nakbe Nakum Naranjo Pajaral Piedras Negras Punta de Chimino Quiriguá Q'umarkaj Río Azul Sacul San Bartolo San Clemente Seibal Takalik Abaj Tamarindito Tayasal Tikal Topoxte Tres Islas Uaxactun Ucanal Wajxaklajun Witzna Xultun Yaxha Zacpeten Zaculeu Zapote Bobal Honduras Copán El Puente Mexico Acanceh Aké Balamku Becan Bonampak Calakmul Chacchoben Chactún Chicanná Chinkultic Chichen Itza Chunchucmil Coba Comalcalco Dzibilchaltun Edzna Ek ' Balam Izamal Izapa Jaina Jolja ' Kabah Kiuic Kohunlich Komchen Labna La Mar Mayapan Maní Moral Reforma Muyil Oxkintok Palenque Plan de Ayutla ( Maya Site ) Pomona Punta Sur Río Bec San Gervasio Sayil Toniná Tortuguero Tulum Uxmal Uxul Xcaret Xelha Xlapak Xpuhil Yaxchilan Yaxuna Yula Yo'okop El Salvador Cara Sucia Casa Blanca Cihuatán Joya de Cerén San Andrés Tazumal See also : Pre-Columbian era Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures Americas Paleo - Indians Genetic history Archaeology of the Americas Indigenous peoples of the Americas North America North American pre-Columbian cultures Caddoan Mississippian Chichimeca Hopewell tradition Coles Creek Fremont Marksville Mississippian Mogollon Plaquemine Plum Bayou Poverty Point Troyville Weeden Island Mesoamerica Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology Capacha Chalcatzingo Cholula Coclé Epi - Olmec Huastec Izapa Mezcala Mixtec Olmec Pipil Quelepa Shaft tomb tradition Teuchitlan Purépecha Teotihuacan Tlatilco Tlaxcaltec Toltec Totonac Veracruz Xochipala Zapotec South America Andean civilizations South American Indigenous people El Abra Cañaris Chachapoya Chancay Chavín Chimú Chinchorro Cultural periods of Peru Hydraulic culture of mounds ( Bolivia ) Las Vegas Lima La Tolita ( Tumaco ) Manteño - Guancavilca Mapuche Moche Mollo Nariño Nazca Norte Chico Quimbaya San Agustín Shuar Sican Taíno Tairona Tiwanaku Tierradentro Valdivia Wankarani Wari Zenú Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Language Nahuatl Mayan languages Muysccubun Quechua Writing Script Script Numerals Quipu Religion Religion Religion Religion Religion Mythology Mythology Mythology Mythology Mythology Calendar Calendar Calendar Calendar Society Society Society Economy ( Women ) Society Infrastructure Chinampas Architecture Architecture Agriculture Architecture ( road system ) Agriculture History History History History Inca history Neo-Inca State People Moctezuma I Moctezuma II Cuitláhuac Cuauhtémoc K'inich Janaab ' Pakal Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil Jasaw Chan K'awiil I Nemequene Quemuenchatocha Tisquesusa Tundama Zoratama Manco Cápac Pachacuti Atahualpa Manco Inca Yupanqui Túpac Amaru Conquest Spanish conquest ( Hernán Cortés ) Spanish conquest Spanish conquest of Yucatán ( Francisco de Montejo ) Spanish conquest of Guatemala ( Pedro de Alvarado ) Spanish conquest ( Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ) ( Hernán Pérez de Quesada ) ( List of conquistadors ) Spanish conquest ( Francisco Pizarro ) See also Aztecs Portal : Indigenous peoples of North America Portal : Mesoamerica Columbian Exchange Mesoamerican writing systems Native American cuisine Native American pottery Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre ‐ Columbian art Painting in the Americas before European colonization GND : 4038108 - 0 NDL : 00567539 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maya_civilization&oldid=841510778 '' Categories : Maya sites Maya civilization Former monarchies of North America History of the Yucatán Peninsula History of Guatemala History of Belize History of Chiapas History of El Salvador 2nd - millennium BC establishments in the Maya civilization 1697 disestablishments in the Maya civilization Former countries in North America Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Featured articles Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - or - libraries content Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | on what peninsula was the mayan civilization based | [
"The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its hieroglyphic script—the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system. The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. This region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula, and the highlands of the Sierra Madre, running from the Mexican state of Chiapas, across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador, and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain."
] | [
"the Yucatán Peninsula"
] |
778470152307654663 | Immanuel | Immanuel - wikipedia Immanuel Jump to : navigation , search Christ Emmanuel , Christian icon with riza by Simon Ushakov , 1668 . According to the Gospel of Matthew Immanuel refers to Jesus Christ . `` Emmanuel '' redirects here . For other uses , see Emanuel . Immanuel ( Hebrew : עִמָּנוּאֵל meaning , `` God with us '' ; also romanized Emmanuel , Imanu'el ) is a Hebrew name which appears in the Book of Isaiah as a sign that God will protect the House of David . The Gospel of Matthew ( Matthew 1 : 22 -- 23 ) quotes part of this , `` a virgin shall be with child , and shall bring forth a son , and they shall call his name Emmanuel '' , as a prophecy of the birth of the Messiah and the fulfillment of Scripture in the person of Jesus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Isaiah 7 -- 8 1.1 Summary 1.2 Interpretation 2 Matthew 1 : 22 -- 23 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Isaiah 7 -- 8 ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) The setting is the Syro - Ephraimite War , 734 - 735 BCE , which saw the kingdom of Judah pitted against two northern neighbours , the kingdoms of Israel ( called Ephraim in the prophecy ) and Syria ( also known as Aram or Aram - Damascus or Syria - Damascus ) . Isaiah 7 : 1 -- 2 tells how the kings of Ephraim and Syria attack Jerusalem when Ahaz refuses to join them in their anti-Assyrian alliance . Ahaz wishes to ask Assyria for help , but Isaiah , at God 's command , takes his son Shear - jashub ( a symbolic name meaning `` a remnant shall return '' ) and assures Ahaz that the two enemy kings will not succeed ( Isaiah 7 : 3 -- 9 ) . Isaiah tells Ahaz of the apparent sign by which he will know that this is a true prophecy : a young woman will give birth to a child whom she will name Immanuel ( another symbolic name , meaning `` God is with us '' ) , and the lands of the `` two kings you dread '' will be laid waste before the child is old enough to `` reject the wrong and choose the right '' ( Isaiah 7 : 13 -- 16 ) . Isaiah 7 : 17 follows with a further prophecy that at some unspecified future date God will call up Assyria against Judah : `` The Lord will cause to come upon you and your people and your ancestral house such days as have not been seen since Ephraim broke away from Judah -- the king of Assyria '' ( verse 7 : 17 ) . Verses 18 -- 25 describe the desolation that will result : `` In that day a man will save alive a young cow and two sheep ... in that day every place where there used to be a thousand vines ... will be turned over to thorns and briars '' ( verses 21 -- 23 ) . Isaiah 8 : 1 -- 15 continues the previous chapter : the prophet tells of the birth of another child , his own son named Maher - shalal - hash - baz ( a third symbolic name ) , then predicts that after Ephraim and Syria are destroyed the Assyrians will come like a river in flood to `` cover the breadth of your land , Immanuel '' ( Isaiah 8 : 8 ) . A fourth , even longer , prophetic `` name '' , is found in Isaiah 9 : 6 with `` Pele - joez - el - gibbor - abi - ad - sar - shalom '' . This is generally translated fully in English Bible versions such as `` his name shall be called Wonderful , Counsellor , The mighty God , The everlasting Father , The Prince of Peace '' ( KJV ) . Interpretation ( edit ) Isaiah 7 : 1 -- 8 : 15 , is on the surface set in the time of king Ahaz , and a prophecy concerning the two kings whom Ahaz dreads , namely Pekah and Rezin . The defeat and death of both these kings at the hands of the Assyrians is dated around 732 BCE , placing the birth of the Immanuel child late in the reign of Ahaz . Scholars generally date the written version of these events from the reign of Ahaz 's son Hezekiah some thirty years later , the purpose being to persuade Hezekiah not to join with other kings who intended to rebel against their joint overlord , Assyria . Isaiah points to the dreadful consequences that followed for Judah 's northern neighbours , the kingdom of Israel and Aram - Damascus ( Syria ) when they rebelled in the days of Ahaz and brought the Assyrians down on themselves . In the event , Hezekiah ignored Isaiah and joined the rebels , and the prophet 's warning came true : the Assyrians ravaged Judah and Hezekiah barely escaped with his throne . A century later , in the time of Josiah , the prophecy was revised to present Ahaz as the faithless king who rejected God 's promise of protection for Jerusalem and the house of David , with the result that God brought Assyria to devastate the land until a new and faithful king ( presumably Josiah ) would arise . Isaiah 7 -- 8 mentions three children with symbolic names : Shear - jashub , meaning `` a remnant shall return '' ; Immanuel , `` God is with us '' ; and Maher - shalal - hash - baz , `` the spoil speeds , the prey hastens '' . Isaiah 8 : 18 informs the reader that Isaiah and his children are signs ( `` Here am I , and the children the Lord has given me . We are signs and symbols in Israel from the Lord Almighty , who dwells on Mount Zion '' ) . The meaning of these name - signs is not clear : Shear - jashub has been variously interpreted to mean that only a remnant of Ephraim and Syria will survive the Assyrian invasion , or that a remnant of Judah will repent and turn to God , while in Isaiah 10 : 20 -- 23 it seems to mean that a remnant of Israel will return to the Davidic monarchy . Maher - shalal - hash - baz is more clearly related to the expected destruction of Ephraim and Syria . As for Immanuel , `` God is with us '' , Isaiah might mean simply that any young pregnant woman in 734 BCE would be able to name her child `` God is with us '' by the time he is born ; but if a specific child is meant , then it might be a son of Ahaz , possibly his successor Hezekiah ( which is the traditional Jewish understanding ) ; or , since the other symbolic children are Isaiah 's , Immanuel might be the prophet 's own son . However this may be , the significance of the sign changes , from Isaiah 7 , where Immanuel symbolises the hope of imminent defeat for Syria and Ephraim , to Isaiah 8 : 8 , where Immanuel is addressed as the people whose land is about to be overrun by the Assyrians . Matthew 1 : 22 -- 23 ( edit ) The Gospel of Matthew cites the prophecy of the sign of Immanuel from Isaiah , using a Greek translation rather than the original Hebrew . Matthew begins with a genealogy of Jesus from Abraham through David to Joseph , with Jesus as `` the son of David '' , ( Matthew 1 : 1 ) a member of the `` house of David '' ( Isaiah 7 : 12 ) to whom the sign of Immanuel was given . Matthew 1 : 16 indicates that Jesus is not Joseph 's natural son , and Matthew never refers to Joseph as Jesus 's father . Verses 1 : 18 -- 25 turn to Mary , the future mother of Jesus , betrothed ( engaged ) to Joseph , but `` found with child of the Holy Ghost '' before she and Joseph `` came together '' . ( v. 18 ) Joseph was about to break the engagement , but an angel appeared to him in a dream and told him of the child 's divine origin , and Matthew 1 : 22 -- 23 declares how this was the fulfillment of Scripture : 22 Now all this was done , that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet , saying , 23 Behold , a virgin shall be with child , and shall bring forth a son , and they shall call his name Emmanuel , which being interpreted is , God with us . The gospel of Matthew was written by an author who believed that Jesus was the promised Messiah , `` God with us '' . At first , titles such as `` Messiah '' and `` son of God '' had described Jesus 's future nature at the `` deutera parousia '' , the Second Coming ; but very soon he came to be recognised as having become the Son of God at the resurrection ; then , in Mark , he becomes known as Son of God at his baptism ; and finally Matthew and Luke add infancy narratives in which Jesus is the Son of God from the very beginning , long before being conceived of a virgin mother without a human father . However , Paul 's letter to the Philippians ( an earlier text than any of the gospels ) identifies Jesus as being in the form of God before his birth . ( Phillipians 2 : 6 - 11 ) See also ( edit ) Dominus vobiscum Gott mit uns Isaiah 7 : 14 List of synagogues named Emanu - El Matthew 1 : 23 Theophory in the Bible References ( edit ) Jump up ^ sweeney 1996 , p. 169 , 174 . ^ Jump up to : France 2007 , p. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Childs 2001 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Finlay 2005 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Sweeney 1996 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Barker 1996 , p. 506 . ^ Jump up to : Finlay 2005 , p. 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2001 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Brown 2001 , p. 1002 . Jump up ^ Loewe 1996 , p. 184 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barker , Margaret ( 2001 ) . `` Isaiah '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 1996 ) . A History of Prophecy in Israel . Westminster John Knox Press . Brown , Raymond E. ; Fitzmyer , Joseph A. ; Donfried , Karl Paul ( 1978 ) . `` Gospel of Matthew '' . Mary in the New Testament . Paulist Press . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521007207 . Childs , Brevard S ( 1996 ) . Isaiah . Westminster John Knox Press . Coogan , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . `` Isaiah '' . In Coogan , Michael D. ; Brettler , Mark Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann . New Oxford Annotated Bible . Oxford University Press . Duling , Dennis C ( 2010 ) . `` The Gospel of Matthew '' . In Aune , David E. The Blackwell companion to the New Testament . Wiley - Blackwell . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1999 ) . Jesus : Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium . Oxford University Press . Finlay , Timothy D. ( 2005 ) . The Birth Report Genre in the Hebrew Bible . Mohr Siebeck . France , R.T. ( 2007 ) . The Gospel of Matthew . Eerdmans . Keener , Craig S. ( 1999 ) . A Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew . Eerdmans . Loewe , William P. ( 1996 ) . The College Student 's Introduction to Christology . Liturgical Press . Rhodes , Ron ( 2009 ) . The Complete Guide to Bible Translations . Harvest House Publishers . Saldarini , Anthony J. ( 2001 ) . `` Matthew '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . Sweeney , Marvin A ( 1996 ) . Isaiah 1 -- 39 : With an Introduction to Prophetic Literature . Eerdmans . Sweeney , Marvin A ( 2001 ) . King Josiah of Judah : The Lost Messiah of Israel . Oxford University Press . Tremmel , Robert ( 2011 ) . The Four Gospels . Xlibris Corporation . White , L. Michael ( 2010 ) . Scripting Jesus : The Gospels in Rewrite . HarperCollins . ( hide ) Book of Isaiah ספר ישעיה Sefer Yeshayah By number chapter 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 verse Isaiah 1 : 18 7 : 14 8 : 3 9 : 6 60 : 3 Places Ar - Moab Arabia Aram Arnon Ashdod Assyria Babylon Bashan Bozrah Brook of Egypt Canaan Carmel Chaldea Dibon Dimon Edom Eglaim Egypt Ethiopia Heshbon Horonaim Israel Jazer Jerusalem Kir - Moab Lebanon Medeba Medes Merodach - baladan Moab Nebo Nile Nimrim Noph Ophir Samaria Sela Sharon Shiloah Sodom and Gomorrah Zion Zoan Zoar Terminology Immanuel Leviathan Maher - shalal - hash - baz Pele - joez - el - gibbor - abi - ad - sar - shalom Servant songs Persons Abraham Ahaz Amoz Bel Cyrus David Hezekiah Immanuel Isaiah Jacob Jesse Jotham ( Judah ( son of Jacob ) Wikisource texts Book of Isaiah ( Hebrew ) Septuagint ( Greek ) Vulgate ( Latin ) Wycliffe / King James / American Standard / World English Bible ( English ) ← Song of Songs ( Song 8 ) Book of Jeremiah ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel&oldid=824841669 '' Categories : Book of Isaiah Christian terminology Gospel of Matthew Hebrew Bible people Hebrew - language names Isaiah 7 Judaism in the New Testament Matthew 1 Theophoric names Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 20 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does it say immanuel in the bible | [
"Immanuel (Hebrew: עִמָּנוּאֵל meaning, \"God with us\"; also romanized Emmanuel, Imanu'el) is a Hebrew name which appears in the Book of Isaiah as a sign that God will protect the House of David.[1] The Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 1:22–23) quotes part of this, \"a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel\", as a prophecy of the birth of the Messiah and the fulfillment of Scripture in the person of Jesus.[2]"
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"in the Book of Isaiah"
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-2221108776260359894 | Brad Carlton | Brad Carlton - Wikipedia Brad Carlton Jump to : navigation , search `` George Kaplan '' redirects here . Not to be confused with the George Kaplan featured in the 1959 film North by Northwest . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brad Carlton The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Don Diamont Duration 1985 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2009 First appearance April 7 , 1985 Last appearance September 17 , 2009 Created by William J. Bell Introduced by H. Wesley Kenney Crossover appearances The Bold and the Beautiful Classification Former , regular Profile Other names George Kaplan ( birth name ) Bradley George Carlton ( alias ) Brad ( nick name ) Occupation Businessman Gardener Navy SEAL ( show ) Family Father Arthur Kaplan Mother Rebecca Kaplan Sisters Stephanie Kaplan Wife Lisa Mansfield ( 1979 -- 84 ) Traci Abbott ( 1986 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Cassandra Rawlins ( 1991 ) Ashley Abbott ( 2000 -- 06 ) Victoria Newman ( 2006 -- 07 ) Sons Robert Carlton Daughters Colleen Carlton Adoptive daughters Abby Newman Aunts Isabel Montalcini Brad Carlton is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless , portrayed by Don Diamont . The character became a mainstay on the series for over ten years . He was known for his relationships with Traci Abbott , Ashley Abbott and Victoria Newman , as well as his business rivalries with Jack Abbott and Victor Newman . In 2009 , the character drowned in a frozen lake . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and portrayal 2 Storylines 2.1 1985 -- 2005 2.2 2006 -- 09 3 References 4 External links Casting and portrayal ( edit ) Don Diamont portrayed the role of Brad for the character 's entire run on the series . He first appeared on April 7 , 1985 , as the new Abbott family gardener . In 1993 , the role was temporarily recast to Russell Todd . The character also briefly crossed over to The Bold and the Beautiful that same year . He departed in 1996 , and returned after two years on July 28 , 1998 . Ten years later in December 2008 , news broke that Diamont had been let go from The Young and the Restless . Fellow cast member Eric Braeden , who portrays Victor Newman , spoke out on Diamont 's firing , saying : `` I was very sad about that , to be quite frank with you . He did some of his best work in the last months , where he played the `` shifty '' guy and the bad guy and you do n't know quite what he is up to . I think he played that extremely well . I always think that 's a mistake to let people go that have been part of the fabric as long as he has been . Furthermore , he was related to people on the show , and personally , I think those things are a mistake . If you want to want to save money , then cut down on hiring new actors . '' Diamont shot his final scenes for the series in January 2009 , and his final airdate was on February 5 when he drowned after falling in a frozen lake . Shortly after , it was announced that Diamont had been hired on The Bold and the Beautiful . He was to portray Bill Spencer , Jr. , created specifically for him by head writer Bradley Bell . `` It 's funny how one door closes and another opens , '' Diamont said . `` I had a lot of emotion tied to Y&R . My entire adult life had been there , including so many relationships . Little did I know that such a great character and work situation was literally around the corner . '' Diamont briefly reprised the role eight months after the character 's death as a hallucination by his daughter , Colleen . Storylines ( edit ) This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1985 -- 2005 ( edit ) Brad Carlton was first introduced as the Abbotts ' gardener , who caught the eye of the youngest Abbott daughter , Traci . The two were married twice , with the second marriage producing a daughter , Colleen Carlton . During his second marriage to Traci , Brad was held captive in a cage by his unstable ex-wife , Lisa Mansfield . After he divorced Traci , Brad was tricked into marrying the wealthy widow , Cassandra Rawlins , after a ski trip to Aspen . Brad eventually returned to Genoa City with plans to divorce Cassandra , but en route to finalize her divorce plans , Cassandra was hit by a truck and killed . Brad inherited her fortune and her estate . Throughout his on - and - off relationship with Traci , he had feelings for her sister , Ashley Abbott . They eventually married , and he adopted her daughter who was given his last name , Abby Carlton . Ashley was pregnant with Brad 's child , but she lost the baby in a car accident . They split up , and he later married Victoria Newman in November 2006 . Known as a `` playboy , '' Brad has also had flings with Lauren Fenmore , Jill Abbott , Diane Jenkins and Olivia Winters . He was also briefly engaged to Nikki Newman . In one 1994 storyline , Brad had a heart attack during a passionate night with Lauren . The consummate opportunist , Brad rose to prominence in Genoa City 's business world somewhat quickly , with his marriage to Traci Abbott and relationship with the Abbott family giving him his start . He stepped on a lot of toes over the years , particularly Victor Newman and his one - time brother - in - law , Jack Abbott . Brad 's anger boiled over in 2005 when Jack refused to instate him as CEO of Jabot . Brad stormed out of the office , and he soon took a job at Newman Enterprises to spite Jack . 2006 -- 09 ( edit ) In 2006 , Brad married Victor 's daughter , Victoria , much to her father 's dismay . For the duration of their marriage , Brad continued to fight his feelings for Victoria 's one - time sister - in - law , Sharon Newman . During this time , he also had an affair with Sharon . Upon Victor 's initiation of a background check on Brad , it was discovered in a Retroactive continuity storyline after almost twenty years of being on the show that Brad was not who he had initially claimed to be . Brad 's real name was George Kaplan , and he assumed the identity of a friend who died in an accident in order to hide from the people who had killed his family . A 2006 story arc involved Brad 's past catching up with him , as his mother , Rebecca Kaplan , had to help find an artifact that was stolen from its rightful owners by the Nazis who had put Rebecca to work in a concentration camp cataloging stolen art . Rebecca had been forced to do this because she was Jewish . Victoria became pregnant with Brad 's child , but she , too , miscarried shortly thereafter . Brad and Victoria subsequently divorced . Victoria discovered that she was pregnant again , but the father turned out to be J.T. Hellstrom , to whom she was now married . After the collapse of Clear Springs , Victoria got struck by falling debris , and she was in a coma for months . After waking up , Brad let the cat out of the bag about Victor firing Nick from Newman Enterprises . After the divorce , Brad still tried to be with Sharon , several times , but he failed . Frustrated and angered at his inability to advance at Newman Enterprises , Brad joined Jabot Cosmetics in May 2008 as Chief Operating Officer . At Jabot , Brad became somewhat of a confidant -- spy for Chancellor Industries CEO , Jill Abbott . Brad also had a somewhat difficult relationship with David Chow , the co-CEO of Jabot . Because of his dislike for Chow , who admitted to a problem with compulsive gambling , Brad repeatedly invited David to card games , lent him large sums of money to pay off gambling debts and gave him tips on horse races in a successful effort to take advantage of David 's gambling addiction and to gain leverage over him . Following the death of his wife Sabrina Costelana Newman , Victor disappeared to Mexico only to be declared dead by Mexican authorities after an apparent boating accident . As stipulated in Victor 's new will , the lion 's share of his estate was bequeathed to his son , Adam Newman , who was going by his birth name of Victor Adam Newman Jr . Adam embarked on radical changes within the company , assuming the position of Chairman of the Board and installing Brad as CEO of Newman Enterprises and right - hand man in `` expanding Newman globally '' . Adam fired long - time Newman employees , Neil Winters and Victoria Newman , while making an enemy of the executor of the Newman estate , Michael Baldwin . Having schemed , back - stabbed and betrayed to get ahead , it appeared that Brad had finally achieved the executive position that he coveted for so long . Shortly after being hired by Adam to be CEO of Newman Enterprises , Victor returned and fired his son . Victor also reinstated Neil Winters as CEO . Later that week , Neil asked Brad to step down as CEO of Newman saying that if he did n't , then he would sue Brad for hacking into Newman Enterprises personal files and taking them to Jabot Cosmetics . Brad agreed , and he stepped down as CEO . When Sharon 's marriage started to crumble again , Brad got another chance to approach her , especially after Phyllis had called him and tried to convince him to seduce Sharon so that she would stay away from Nick . Brad eventually revealed to Sharon that Phyllis sent him after her , and Sharon was n't able to forgive Brad . He followed Sharon to Jack 's cabin where he apologized and explained how much he still loved her , but she was n't able to return his feelings . He left the cabin , and on the road home , he found Noah Newman drowning in a lake after falling through the ice . He managed to pull Noah out of the water and back onto the ice , but tragically fell in himself and was swept under the frozen lake by the current . He drowned and his dead body , frozen in the ice , was discovered later . Brad 's last appearance on Y&R was several months later . He appeared to his daughter , Colleen , as she was herself dying after having fallen into a lake while trying to escape the clutches of the demented Patty Williams . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Brad Carlton - Soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Carlton Bio - TV Fanatic '' . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News ! Don Diamont to Leave The Young and the Restless ! '' . 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Don Diamont : Fired from The Young and the Restless ! - TV Fanatic '' . 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Braeden Speaks Out on Don Diamont Firing - TV Fanatic '' . 2 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Thursday , February 5 , 2009 - on CBS.com '' . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Daily Recaps Archives - 2009 - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diamont on New B&B Role '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2009 - 04 - 07 . pp. 4 -- 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Brad ' Goes Bad ! '' . Soaps In Depth. 2009 - 04 - 27 . pp. 10 -- 11 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Brad at soapcentral.com The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Ashby Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mackenzie Browning Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters ( hide ) Past characters Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brad_Carlton&oldid=834504508 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters The Bold and the Beautiful characters Fictional American Jews Fictional business executives Fictional characters introduced in 1985 Fictional businesspeople Fictional United States Navy SEALs personnel Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with a promotional tone from February 2012 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles slanted towards recent events from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 02 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played brad carlton on young and the restless | [
"Brad Carlton is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless, portrayed by Don Diamont. The character became a mainstay on the series for over ten years. He was known for his relationships with Traci Abbott, Ashley Abbott and Victoria Newman, as well as his business rivalries with Jack Abbott and Victor Newman. In 2009, the character drowned in a frozen lake."
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"Don Diamont"
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6825531033340789365 | List of Dragon Ball episodes | List of dragon ball episodes - wikipedia List of dragon ball episodes First volume of the Dragon Ball DVD series , released by Toei Entertainment on April 4 , 2007 . Dragon Ball is the first of two anime adaptations of the Dragon Ball manga series by Akira Toriyama . Produced by Toei Animation , the anime series premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on February 26 , 1986 , and ran until April 19 , 1989 . Spanning 153 episodes ( Episode 140 was delayed by the death of Emperor Hirohito ) , it covers the first 194 chapters of the 519 chapter - long manga series . It is followed by Dragon Ball Z , which covers the remainder of the manga . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sagas overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Emperor Pilaf Saga ( 1986 ) 2.2 Tournament Saga ( 1986 ) 2.3 Red Ribbon Army Saga ( 1986 -- 1987 ) 2.4 General Blue Saga ( 1987 ) 2.5 Commander Red Saga ( 1987 ) 2.6 Fortuneteller Baba Saga ( 1987 ) 2.7 Tien Shinhan Saga ( 1987 -- 1988 ) 2.8 King Piccolo Saga ( 1988 ) 2.9 Piccolo Jr . Saga ( 1988 -- 1989 ) 3 Films 3.1 TV Specials 4 DVD releases 4.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 4.1. 1 Season Box Sets 4.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4.2. 1 Dragon Box Set 5 Notes 6 References Sagas overview ( edit ) Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates Emperor Pilaf Saga 13 ( 1 -- 13 ) February 26 , 1986 -- May 21 , 1986 September 9 , 1995 -- December 2 , 1995 ( original ) August 20 , 2001 -- September 5 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Tournament Saga 15 ( 14 -- 28 ) May 28 , 1986 -- September 3 , 1986 September 6 , 2001 -- September 26 , 2001 Red Ribbon Army Saga 17 ( 29 -- 45 ) September 10 , 1986 -- January 7 , 1987 February 11 , 2002 -- March 5 , 2002 General Blue Saga 12 ( 46 -- 57 ) January 14 , 1987 -- April 8 , 1987 March 6 , 2002 -- March 15 , 2002 October 21 , 2002 -- October 24 , 2002 5 Commander Red Saga 10 ( 58 -- 67 ) April 15 , 1987 -- June 24 , 1987 October 28 , 2002 -- November 13 , 2002 6 Fortuneteller Baba Saga 16 ( 68 -- 83 ) July 1 , 1987 -- October 14 , 1987 November 14 , 2002 -- December 3 , 2002 7 Tien Shinhan Saga 18 ( 84 -- 101 ) October 21 , 1987 -- February 17 , 1988 December 4 , 2002 -- December 31 , 2002 8 King Piccolo Saga 21 ( 102 -- 122 ) February 24 , 1988 -- August 10 , 1988 September 1 , 2003 -- October 6 , 2003 9 Piccolo Jr . Saga 31 ( 123 -- 153 ) August 17 , 1988 -- April 19 , 1989 October 7 , 2003 -- December 1 , 2003 Episode list ( edit ) Emperor Pilaf Saga ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date `` Bulma and Son Goku '' / `` The Secret of the Dragon Balls '' `` Buruma to Son Gokū '' ( ブルマ と 孫悟空 ) Minoru Okazaki Yasushi Hirano Not Credited Minoru Maeda February 26 , 1986 September 9 , 1995 August 20 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku , a young , but strong orphan living alone in the mountains , and Bulma , a teenage girl searching for seven mystical balls , come together when Bulma hits Goku head - on while driving a motorized vehicle . The balls that Bulma is searching for , known as Dragon Balls , summon the wish granting `` dragon god '' , Shenron ( Shenlong ) . Before Goku 's grandfather died , he gave him a Dragon Ball with four stars in it : the Four - Star Ball ( Si Xing Qui ) . Bulma , already possessing two of the balls , decides to let Goku `` join her on a fun adventure '' so she can borrow his strength and Dragon Ball . They take off on a motorcycle , but Bulma is abducted by a giant flying dinosaur during a little pit stop . Goku takes out the monster with his Power Pole and rescues her . `` What the ... ? ! No Balls ! '' / `` The Emperor 's Quest '' `` Arararaa ! Tama ga Nai ! '' ( あ ららら ー ! タマ が ない ! ) Daisuke Nishio Toshiki Inoue Not Credited Tomekichi Take'uchi March 5 , 1986 September 16 , 1995 August 21 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku and Bulma set up a shelter to sleep in . At night , Goku goes out looking for some food . He sees a plane fly overhead , and , thinking that it is a bird , goes running after it . The plane belongs to Mai and Shu , who are servants of Emperor Pilaf . The Emperor is also looking for the Dragon Balls , and he plans to use them to rule the world ( Planet Earth ) . Goku saves them from wolves , and heads back . In the morning , he finds a Giant turtle who is looking for the sea . Goku volunteers to take him there , so he picks up the turtle on his back and begins running , with Bulma following on her motorcycle . `` The Turtle Hermit 's Kinto Un '' / `` The Nimbus Cloud of Roshi '' `` Kame - Sennin no Kinto - Un '' ( 亀 仙人 の キント 雲 ) Kazuhisa Takenōchi Keiji Terui Not Credited Masayuki Uchiyama March 12 , 1986 September 23 , 1995 August 22 , 2001 ( re-dub ) On their way to the sea , Goku and Bulma run into a giant beast that wants to eat the turtle . Goku makes short work of him , and they continue on their way . When they arrive at the shore , the turtle tells them to wait for him . When he comes back , a man is riding on his back . That man is the turtle hermit : Master Roshi , and as a reward for helping his sea turtle , he gives Goku a flying cloud called the Flying Nimbus . Master Roshi himself can not ride the cloud , because only good and pure people can . Bulma ca n't ride it either , but Goku can , because he has a good heart . Roshi also gives Bulma the Three - Star Ball ( San Xing Qui ) , not knowing what it is . When Master Roshi returns to his island , he finds Pilaf and his two henchmen searching his house for the Dragon Ball . After he tells them that he gave it away , the three leave his island . `` Oolong , the Kidnapping Monster '' / `` Oolong the Terrible '' `` Hitosarai Yōkai Ūron '' ( 人さらい 妖怪 ウーロン ) Minoru Okazaki Michiru Shimada Not Credited Minoru Maeda March 19 , 1986 September 30 , 1995 August 23 , 2001 ( re-dub ) The Dragon Radar leads Goku and Bulma into a remote village . They find that the village is being terrorized by a shape shifter named Oolong . An old woman in this village has the Six - Star Ball ( Liu Xing Qui ) , and she agrees to give it to them if they drive Oolong away from their village . Oolong wants to marry a girl in the village , so Goku dresses up like her to trick Oolong . When Oolong discovers this , he gets very angry . To protect his identity , he reverts back into his original state after he transformed and runs away from the village . Goku follows , and eventually catches and defeats him . With the village saved , the old woman gives them the Six - Star Ball . 5 `` Yamcha , The Strong Yet Cruel Desert Bandit '' / `` Yamcha the Desert Bandit '' `` Tsuyokute Warui Sabaku no Yamucha '' ( つよく て 悪い 砂漠 の ヤムチャ ) Daisuke Nishio Takao Koyama Not Credited Yukio Ebisawa March 26 , 1986 October 7 , 1995 August 24 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Bulma forces Oolong to join their group , thinking that his shape shifting ability will come in handy . Their boat runs out of gas , so they have to walk through the desert . Yamcha , a dangerous bandit , is said to live in this desert . While they walk through the desert , Yamcha and his shape shifting cat Puar ambush them . Goku and Yamcha begin to fight . Yamcha thinks he has won after he uses his Wolf Fang Fist , but Goku is able to get up . Just as Yamcha is about to attack again , he sees Bulma . Yamcha gets nervous around girls , so he panics and runs away . 6 `` Midnight Callers '' / `` Keep an Eye on the Dragon Balls '' `` Mayonaka no Hōmonsha - tachi '' ( 真夜中 の 訪問 者 たち ) Kazuhisa Takenōchi Yasushi Hirano Not Credited Masayuki Uchiyama April 2 , 1986 October 14 , 1995 August 27 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Oolong remembers that he has a camper Dyno - Cap , so the three spend the night in it . Goku tells Oolong about the Dragon Balls . Oolong drugs the drinks of Goku and Bulma , causing them to fall asleep . Yamcha and Puar have been listening from outside the window , and now plan to take the balls . Puar changes into Goku to lure Oolong ( who transformed into Bulma , thinking she was Goku ) out of the camper and Yamcha sneaks inside . But what he thinks are the Dragon Ball but after uncovering the `` Dragon Balls '' and finding out they were Bulma 's breasts ; Yamcha completely loses it and retreats with Puar who flew away from Oolong , after the shape shifting pig and cat discovered each other 's true identities from being Goku and Bulma . 7 `` Mt . Frypan 's Gyumao '' / `` The Ox King on Fire Mountain '' `` Furaipan Yama no Gyūmaō '' ( フライパン 山 の 牛 魔王 ) Yoshihiro Ueda Toshiki Inoue Katsumi Endō Mitsuo Shindō April 9 , 1986 October 21 , 1995 August 28 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku , Bulma , and Oolong arrive at Fire Mountain , with Yamcha and Puar following closely behind . There , they meet the Ox King , who lives in the castle on Fire Mountain . The Ox King notices Goku 's flying Nimbus Cloud , and realizes that he must have received it from Master Roshi . He sent his daughter Chi Chi to go to Master Roshi 's island to borrow the Bansho Fan to put out the flames on Fire Mountain , but she never came back . The Ox King tells Goku that if he finds Chi Chi and returns with the Bansho Fan , he can have the Dragon Ball that 's inside his castle . Goku takes off and finds Chi Chi right away . But after Chi Chi accidentally grabs Goku 's tail to help herself climbed onto the Nimbus Cloud which causes him to get dizzy , Yamcha and Puar discovered Goku 's tail is his only weak point . And as Goku and Chi Chi leaves for Master Roshi 's island , in order to steal the Dragon Balls , they planned to grab Goku 's tail to weaken him . After asking for directions from a dolphin , Goku and Chi Chi arrive at Master Roshi 's island . 8 `` The Turtle Hermit 's Kamehameha '' / `` The Kamehameha Wave '' `` Kame - Sennin no Kamehameha '' ( 亀 仙人 の カメハメ 波 ) Yoshihiro Ueda Keiji Terui Toshihiko Arisako Minoru Maeda April 16 , 1986 October 28 , 1995 August 29 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Master Roshi agrees to let Goku borrow the Bansho fan , but when he goes to retrieve it , he remembers that he spilled juice on it and threw it out . He decides to put out the fire himself . When they arrive back at Fire Mountain , Master Roshi uses his famous Kamehame - Ha to blow out the flames . The wave puts out the fire , but it also destroys the entire mountain . With the Dragon Radar , Bulma is able to search through the rubble and find the Seven - Star Ball ( Qi Xing Qui ) . Goku asks Master Roshi if he can learn the Kamehame - Ha , but is disappointed to find out that it took the turtle hermit 50 years to learn it . He tries it anyway , and is miraculously able to do it on the first try . 9 `` The Rabbit Boss ' Special Technique '' / `` Boss Rabbit 's Magic Touch '' `` Usagi Oyabun no Tokui Waza '' ( うさぎ オヤブン の 得意 技 ) Minoru Okazaki Michiru Shimada Not Credited Minoru Maeda April 23 , 1986 November 4 , 1995 August 30 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku , Bulma , and Oolong drive into a city to get gas , unaware that they were still being followed by Yamcha and Puar , who then hides behind the wall to spy on them . Everyone in this town seems to be afraid of Bulma , but after she buys some new clothes and gets rid of her bunny costume , so no one even notices her . Just as they 're about to leave , two men in bunny ears begin to hassle them . Goku beats both of them up , so they call in `` the boss '' . The boss , whose name is Monster Carrot arrives . He is a giant rabbit whose special power is his touch ; if anyone touch him , he / she turn into a carrot . Not knowing this , Bulma slaps him , turning her into a carrot which Monster Carrot grabs . His two men then started to beat up Goku . Watching from behind a wall , Puar turns into a bird and snatches the carrot out of his hand , and Yamcha beats up the two men to save Goku . Goku then hits him with his Power Pole , forcing Monster Carrot to surrender . He changes Bulma back . Goku then ties up Monster Carrot and his henchmen and takes them to the moon by extending his Power Pole , proceeding to force them to make treats for children . 10 `` The Dragon Balls are Stolen ! ! ! '' / `` The Dragon Balls are Stolen ! '' `` Doragon Bōru Ubawareru ! ! '' ( D.B. うば われる ! ! ) Kazuhisa Takenōchi Takao Koyama Not Credited Tomekichi Takeuchi April 30 , 1986 November 11 , 1995 August 31 , 2001 ( re-dub ) While they are driving towards the final Dragon Ball , Shu in his battle robot fires a rocket at their car . Then he jumps down and runs off with Bulma 's suitcase , which contains their Dragon Balls . Goku tries to follow , but loses him . Luckily , Goku still has the Four - Star Ball , so Pilaf ca n't make his wish to rule the world . Bulma 's Dyno - Caps were in her suitcase as well , so they have no ride . With no other options , Yamcha is forced to give them a lift . They arrive at Pilaf 's castle . Inside , they come to a dead end , but before they can turn around , a wall comes down , trapping them inside . 11 `` At Last the Dragon Appears ! '' / `` The Penalty is Pinball '' `` Tsui ni Doragon Arawaru ! '' ( ついに 龍 あらわ る ! ) Daisuke Nishio Yasushi Hirano Not Credited Masayuki Uchiyama May 7 , 1986 November 18 , 1995 September 3 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Pilaf releases sleeping gas inside the chamber , which knocks everyone out . Mai goes in and steals the Four - Star Ball from Goku while he 's sleeping . When they wake up , they realize the ball has been stolen , and begin to run through the hallways . Pilaf sends giant pinballs rolling after them . Just when one of the balls has them cornered , it suddenly backs off , and a wall comes down again . They are trapped in the same room as before . Goku tries to use a Kamehameha wave to blast away the wall , but only manages to open up a small hole that leads outside , where Pilaf is summoning Shenron to grant his wish for world domination . Puar and Oolong turn into bats and fly through the hole to try to steal one of the balls . But before they can get close enough , Shenron himself appears . 12 `` The Wish to Shen Long '' / `` A Wish to the Eternal Dragon '' `` Shenron e no Negai '' ( 神龍 へ の 願い ) Yoshihiro Ueda Toshiki Inoue Toshihiko Arisako Yukio Ebisawa May 14 , 1986 November 25 , 1995 September 4 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Desperate to stop Emperor Pilaf , and just as Goku manages to destroy the wall with another Kamehameha , Oolong interrupts his wish for world domination with his own : a pair of underpants . This wish is granted , Shenron disappears , and the seven balls scatter all over the earth . Furious , Pilaf sends Mai and Shu after Oolong and Puar , and noticing Goku , Yamcha and Bulma escaped , he orders them executed . Many guard dogs suddenly appear : some chase Oolong and Puar and others corner Goku , Yamcha and Bulma . Goku and Yamcha beat these dogs to protect Bulma , and on their way out they find Oolong and Puar . Before they can leave , Mai and Shu corner them with another pack of dogs . They are transported to a room with a glass ceiling that gathers energy from the sun and heats up . By morning , they will be burnt alive . Goku and Yamcha try to break down the walls , but fail . Puar notices the full moon and Goku warns them about a monster that appears during the full moon . This monster ( though it was Goku who killed his grandfather , but he has no memory of that ) trampled his grandfather Gohan to death , and that before that his grandfather told him never to look at the moon . He then accidentally looks at it and transforms into a Great Ape . 13 `` Goku 's Great Transformation '' / `` The Legend of Goku '' `` Gokū no Dai - Henshin '' ( 悟空 の 大 変身 ) Yutaka Satō Keiji Terui Akinori Nagaoka Mitsuo Shindō May 21 , 1986 December 2 , 1995 September 5 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku , now a Great Ape , begins demolishing Pilaf 's castle . Bulma , Yamcha , Oolong , and Puar are able to escape . Pilaf , Mai , and Shu board an airplane and start attacking Goku . They are able to bring him down temporarily , but Goku recovers and destroys their plane . He then picks up Bulma and prepares to eat her . Remembering that his tail is his weak point , Yamcha grabs Goku 's tail , and Puar changes into a giant pair of scissors and cuts it off . Goku regresses back to his normal self ; naked , and sleeps until morning . When he wakes up , he is shocked to find that his tail is missing and that he is naked , and remembers nothing about his transformation and rampage . He borrows Oolong 's pants and finds his Power Pole in the rubble , but finds it hard to balance without his tail . Yamcha and Bulma decide to go back to West City together , with Puar and Oolong tagging along . Goku decides to go find the turtle hermit to get the training he was promised . Bulma gives Goku the Dragon Radar so he can find the Four - Star Ball when the Dragon Balls reappear . Notes Emperor Pilaf Saga is referred to as The Saga of Goku in the original 1995 Funimation dub . Tournament Saga ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 14 `` Goku 's Rival ? Appears ! ! '' / `` Goku 's Rival '' `` Gokū no Raibaru ? Sanjō ! ! '' ( 悟空 の ライバル ? 参上 ! ! ) Kazuhisa Takenōchi Keiji Terui Not Credited Katsumi Aoshima May 28 , 1986 September 6 , 2001 Goku stops by his house to gather his things , then heads towards Master Roshi 's island . When he arrives , Master Roshi tells him that he will only train him if he brings him a girlfriend . Goku brings back a big ugly - looking girl but Master Roshi wanted a beautiful girl . So Goku brings a beautiful mermaid , but that does n't go well either . Suddenly , a small boy named Krillin paddles ashore on a boat and requests training from Master Roshi . With the help of a bribe , Master Roshi agrees to train him . He sends Goku and Krillin into the city to find him another girl . Meanwhile , Yamcha 's ship crashed , so he , Bulma , Puar , and Oolong are forced to walk through the jungle and desert . 15 `` The Peculiar Girl , Lunch '' / `` Look Out for Launch '' `` Fushigi na On'na no Ko Ranchi '' ( 不思議 な 女の子 ランチ ) Not Credited June 4 , 1986 September 7 , 2001 Because Krillin ca n't sit on the Nimbus Cloud , he is forced to cling to Goku 's back during their search for a girl . They find a girl being attacked by two men . Goku beats up these two guys , and they bring the girl back to Master Roshi 's island . Unknown to either of them , the girl , Launch , was being arrested when they found her . When she sneezes , she turns into a mean , aggressive , blonde criminal . Back on the island , Roshi likes Launch so much that he agrees to take her on as a student , along with Goku and Krillin . Launch sneezes , and then takes out a machine gun and shoots at the three boys . After another sneeze , everything is back to normal . 16 `` Training -- The Rock Hunt '' / `` Find That Stone ! '' `` Shugyō Ishi Sagashi '' ( 修業 石 さがし ) Not Credited June 11 , 1986 September 10 , 2001 Master Roshi packs up his house in a dyno capsule , and the four of them head to a bigger island . Master Roshi tests the boys ' speed by timing them in a 100 - meter dash . Krillin goes first , and runs the distance in 10.4 seconds . Goku 's time is 11 seconds , but after he takes off his old , beat - up shoes , he runs it in 8 seconds . Master Roshi dazzles them by running it in 5.6 seconds . Then he gives them their final test for the day . He makes a mark on a stone , then throws it into the woods , telling them to find it ; the loser must go without dinner for the night . Krillin tries to fool Master Roshi with a stone of his own , but Roshi sees through the lie . Goku finds the stone , but Krillin steals it and runs away . Goku catches up , and the two of them fight . Goku wins , so Krillin throws a decoy stone back into the woods , and Goku runs after it , thinking it 's the real one . Krillin takes the real stone back to Master Roshi . However , Krillin ultimately loses , as Launch made pufferfish for dinner and did n't know that it was poisonous . 17 `` With Life at Stake ! Milk Delivery '' / `` Milk Delivery '' `` Inochigake ! Gyūnyū Haitatsu '' ( 命がけ ! 牛乳 は いた つ ) Not Credited June 18 , 1986 September 11 , 2001 Master Roshi wakes the boys up early to begin their training . Their job is to deliver milk , but there are several miles between each house . After several exhausting runs , they are made to climb a mountain to deliver milk to the monk at the top . While at the top , Master Roshi tells them that in eight months , they will be competing in the 21st World Martial Arts Tournament . This encouraging thought is enough to drive Goku and Krillin through the end of their milk delivery . Once the delivery ends , Master Roshi tells them that they will be delivering milk every day until the tournament . The boys are shocked to find out that the milk delivery was only their early morning training , and that they have much more to do every day . Meanwhile , Yamcha is also training for the World Martial Arts Tournament . 18 `` The Turtle Hermit 's Intense Training '' / `` The Turtle Hermit Way '' `` Kame - senryū Kitsūi Shugyō '' ( 亀 仙 流 きつ ー い 修業 ) Yukio Ebisawa June 25 , 1986 September 12 , 2001 The boys continue their workout by plowing an entire field with their bare hands . After a quick breakfast , they head over to a construction site . Here , they dig holes and haul equipment . Their speed dazzles the foreman . They eat lunch and then take a nap . Goku is getting impatient , and wants to learn fighting moves , but Master Roshi says he will not teach them fighting moves until their bodies are in the proper condition . Their next task is to swim 10 laps on a lake while they 're being chased by sharks . Then Master Roshi ties them to a tree and makes them dodge angry wasps . At the end of the day 's training , Master Roshi tells them they will be doing the same thing every day for the next eight months , but with 50 lb . turtle shells on their backs . 19 `` The Tenkaichi Tournament Begins ! '' / `` The Tournament Begins '' `` Tenka'ichi Budōkai Hajimaru ! '' ( 天下 一 武道 会 はじまる ! ) Not Credited July 2 , 1986 September 13 , 2001 After several months of training , the boys are anxious to learn fighting techniques . Master Roshi tells them that he has no technique to teach them . The whole point of turtle hermit training is to get your body in superhuman condition . He says fighting is just the expression of your power . Then he gives them 100 lb . turtle shells to wear from now on . After a couple of months , the day before the tournament finally arrives . After everyone checks in ; Yamcha , Bulma , Oolong , and Puar meet up with Goku . The next morning , Master Roshi gives Goku and Krillin fighting uniforms to wear . 20 `` Will it Appear ! ? The Power From the Training '' / `` Elimination Round '' `` Deru ka ! ? Shugyō no Iryoku '' ( でる か ! ? 修行 の 威力 ) Not Credited July 9 , 1986 September 14 , 2001 The preliminary rounds are divided into four sections , with the top two from each section going on to the finals . Goku and Krillin are drawn into the same section , but are on opposite ends , so they wo n't have to fight each other . Goku 's first match is against a giant , but he is able to knock him out of the ring with only a slight tap to the leg . Krillin 's first opponent is an enemy from his old martial arts school . He kicks his opponent so hard that he breaks a hole in the wall . Bulma , Oolong , and Puar are able to watch the matches through this hole . At the end of the day , Goku , Krillin , and Yamcha all advance to the quarter final round of the World Martial Arts Tournament . 21 `` Watch Out ! Kuririn '' / `` Smells Like Trouble '' `` Ayaushi ! Kuririn '' ( 危うし ! クリリン ) Haruki Iwanami July 16 , 1986 September 17 , 2001 Goku and Krillin meet up with Bulma , Oolong , and Puar before the finals start . Master Roshi arrives , saying that he missed the preliminaries because of a long line in the bathroom . When the contestants are called to the arena , Goku and Krillin leave , and Master Roshi mysteriously disappears . They draw numbers to set the quarterfinal matches . Krillin is in the first match against Bacterian , a giant whose stench is paralyzing . Yamcha is in the second match against Jackie Chun , and Goku is in the fourth match . The first match starts , and right away Krillin is paralyzed by Bacterian 's stench . Just when it looks like he 's going to lose , Goku reminds him that he does n't have a nose , and Krillin is able to get up and give Bacterian a taste of his own medicine . Krillin moves on to the semifinals . 22 `` Yamucha vs. Jackie Chun '' / `` Quarterfinals Begin '' `` Yamucha Tai Jakkī Chun '' ( ヤムチャ VS ジャッキー チュン ) Not Credited July 23 , 1986 September 18 , 2001 The second match begins . Yamcha tries his best moves against Jackie Chun , but he ca n't even land a punch because the old man is far too quick for him . The fight ends when Jackie Chun pushes Yamcha out of the ring with his energy . The third match between Nam and Ranfan begins . Nam is fighting for prize money to buy water for his village . Nam hits Ranfan and she starts to cry , but the crying is just an act . She takes advantage of Nam 's hesitation and quickly attacks . When Nam is able to defend her attacks easily , she takes off her clothes to distract him . Jackie Chun begins hooting wildly , and Yamcha recognizes this laughter as Master Roshi 's . He realizes that Jackie Chun is Roshi . Nam closes his eyes and is able to beat Ranfan . 23 `` He 's Here ! The Mighty Foe Giran '' / `` Monster Beast Giran '' `` Detā ! Kyōteki Giran '' ( 出 た ー っ ! 強敵 ギラン ) Not Credited July 30 , 1986 September 19 , 2001 Goku 's match is postponed by rain . While they 're waiting for the weather to clear up , they relax in the bar . Giran , Goku 's opponent , comes in and gets made fun of by the monks where kurirun 's old temple and starts attacking them for bothering him . Yamcha warns Goku that Giran has been known to cheat . When the match finally starts , Giran tricks Goku into dropping his guard , then punches him . Goku responds with a furious attack and throws Giran out of the ring . Giran reveals that he can fly , and he lands safely back in bounds . He then spits rock - hard gum onto Goku , wraply trapping him . He throws Goku out of the ring , but Goku calls the flying Nimbus Cloud to save him . Just as Giran is about to punch Goku , his tail grows back and he dodges the punch . Since he is stronger with his tail , he is now able to break the gum . Shocked at this incredible display of strength , Giran forfeits the match . 24 `` Kuririn 's Desperate Offensive and Defensive Battle '' / `` Krillin 's Frantic Attack ! '' `` Kuririn Hisshi no Dai - Kōbōsen '' ( クリリン 必死 の 大 攻防 戦 ) Not Credited August 6 , 1986 September 20 , 2001 The first semifinal begins , as Krillin and Jackie Chun fight . Unfortunately , Jackie Chun 's punches are too fast for Krillin to see . He attacks Jackie Chun , and after a brief instant , they fly away from each other . The announcer asks them to slowly reenact what happened . Jackie Chun tried to kick Krillin , but he dodged it and then tried to land a punch , but Jackie spit at him . Krillin countered this with his own spit . Then they played janken , which was just a distraction , allowing Jackie to kick Krillin in the face . After the reenactment , Krillin distracts Jackie with a pair of panties , then kicks him far out of the ring . Jackie uses a Kamehameha wave to blast himself back into the ring . Then he uses the after - image technique to distract Krillin , allowing him to land a double karate chop , which knocks Krillin out . After the match , Yamcha , thinking that Jackie Chun is Master Roshi , tries to pull his wig off , but ca n't . Even though it seems like Jackie Chun is Master Roshi , no one can prove it . 25 `` Get Up , Goku ! The Fearsome Tenku Pekeji - ken '' / `` Danger From Above '' `` Tate Gokū ! Osoru Beki Tenkū Pekeji - ken '' ( た て 悟空 ! 恐る べき 天空 X 字 拳 ) Haruki Iwanami August 13 , 1986 September 21 , 2001 Goku starts his semifinal match against Nam . He uses a tornado attack to push Nam out of the ring , but gets too dizzy before he can finish it . Nam then uses his aerial attack , which is supposed to leave the victim unconscious . Goku is somehow able to stand up afterwards , and jumps up in the air just like Nam . Once Nam lands , Goku kicks him out of the ring . Afterwards , Nam packs up to leave , but Jackie Chun stops him . He gives him a dyno capsule that can be used for storage . Nam asks Jackie how he knew about his water problem , and Jackie says that he read his mind . Nam realizes that Jackie Chun is Master Roshi , but Jackie keeps him quiet . He explains that he is fighting undercover to beat Goku and Krillin . He does n't want them to think that they 're the strongest in the world if they win the tournament and stop trying to improve their skills afterwards . Nam then does Jackie a favor by dressing up like Master Roshi and standing in the crowd . Yamcha sees him , and no longer thinks that Jackie Chun is Master Roshi . 26 `` The Final Round ! ! Kamehame - Ha '' / `` The Grand Finals '' `` Kesshōsen da ! ! Kamehame - Ha '' ( 決勝 戦 だ ! ! カメハメ 波 ) Not Credited August 20 , 1986 September 24 , 2001 The final match begins . Goku jumps up in the air , but Jackie Chun sees it coming and kicks him out of the ring . Everyone thinks that Jackie has won , but Goku flies back into the ring by spinning his tail like a helicopter blade . Jackie challenges Goku to use the Kamehameha wave and ( to his great surprise ) Goku can do it just as well as he can . Jackie uses a double after - image to fool Goku . Goku counters with a triple after - image . Jackie then begins staggering wildly around the ring . With his unpredictable movements , he begins beating up Goku . Yamcha tells Goku that he is using the drunken boxing technique , so Goku counters with his crazy monkey attack . He runs around like a monkey , and Jackie Chun ca n't follow him . Once this is over , Jackie Chun says that his next move will win the match . 27 `` Goku 's Greatest Pinch '' / `` Number One Under the Moon ? '' `` Gokū Saidai no Pinch '' ( 悟空 最大 の ピンチ ) Not Credited August 27 , 1986 September 25 , 2001 The sun begins to go down for dusk as the final match between Goku and Jackie Chun continues . Jackie hypnotizes Goku and puts him to sleep . Goku ca n't wake up unless Jackie tells him to . Just before the count reaches 10 , Bulma yells `` Goku ! Your dinner is ready ! '' and Goku wakes up . Then Goku uses janken attack moves , but Jackie blocks them . Goku tries it again and this time tricks him by saying `` paper '' , but throwing rock . Jackie decides to use an attack that he 's only ever used once before : the Lightning Flash Surprise attack . He gathers his energy and shoots it at Goku . This energy is transformed into 20,000 volts when it hits Goku . Just as Goku is about to give up , he glimpses the full moon and transforms into a Great Ape again . Knowing that he must stop Goku 's rampage at any cost , Jackie Chun fires his most powerful Kamehameha wave . When the dust clears , Goku is nowhere to be seen and Bulma , Yamcha and the others believe Jackie killed Goku . 28 `` Clash ! ! Power vs. Power '' / `` The Final Blow '' `` Gekitotsu ! ! Pawā Tai Pawā '' ( 激突 ! ! パワー 対 パワー ) Not Credited September 3 , 1986 September 26 , 2001 Jackie Chun reveals that the actual target of his Kamehameha wave was the moon , and not Goku . Goku ; now in his normal but naked self , is shown to be asleep naked in the rubble but wakes up confused on why he is naked , and after borrowing Krillin 's clothes for his new one , continue fighting . When the match resumes , Jackie Chun attempts to fire another Kamehameha wave at Goku , but he finds that he does n't have the energy to do so . Goku then kicks him out of the ring , but Jackie cleverly avoids touching the ground by smashing his foot in the side of the platform . With both of them completely exhausted , they agree on a straightforward finish to the match . After a long bout of fighting , Goku and Jackie jump and kick each other in the face , knocking each other down . The count goes past 10 , and the judge says the first person to stand up and declare victory wins . Goku struggles to his feet and manages to stand , but he collapses before finishing his victory declaration . Jackie Chun then stands up and proudly announces his victory . Roshi later takes off his disguise and goes out to eat with his friends , where Goku eats so much food that Roshi has to spend all of his prize money . Red Ribbon Army Saga ( 1986 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 29 `` Another Adventure -- The Wandering Lake '' / `` The Roaming Lake '' `` Futatabi Bōken Samayō Mizūmi '' ( ふたたび 冒険 さまよう 湖 ) Not Credited September 10 , 1986 February 11 , 2002 Master Roshi tells Goku and Krillin to take a break from training for now , but Krillin still decides to go live with him . Goku sets off on his search for the four - star Dragon Ball . Meanwhile , Nam has arrived at his village with the water , but it is still not enough . The river has run dry , so Nam heads upstream to find the source of the disturbance . He is attacked by a dinosaur , but luckily Goku is swimming in a nearby lake and comes to rescue him . He and Nam continue upstream and find that a dam has been built . The monsters that live there refuse to tear it down . Their leader , Giran , recognizes Goku from the tournament . He says that he would tear it down , but it 's too strong for them to break . Goku fires a Kamehameha wave at it , which is enough to destroy the dam . With the river replenished , everything seems okay , but a sandstorm suddenly kicks up and dries up the river again . Goku notices the lake he was swimming before . This is the Roaming Lake , and it came to help the village . 30 `` Pilaf and the Mysterious Army '' / `` Pilaf and the Mystery Force '' `` Pirafu to Nazo no Gundan '' ( ピラフ と 謎 の 軍団 ) Not Credited September 17 , 1986 February 12 , 2002 Goku stops at a lake for a swim . When he gets out , he finds that the dragon radar and his clothes have been stolen . He is forced to go naked and searches for his belongings . He picks up on the thief 's scent and follows it to its source . The thief tells him that he sold the radar to an antique salesman in a nearby town . Goku locates the shop and finds his dragon radar there . He picks up a signal coming from the shop , so he turns around and sees Emperor Pilaf and Mai holding the four - star ball , having just bought it from this store . They are able to escape on their ship , but Goku follows them on the Nimbus Cloud . Back at the antique store , a mysterious military force has arrived looking for a Dragon Ball . The salesman gives them a four - star ball , but they recognize it as a fake . Pilaf 's four - star ball was also a fake , but Goku does not yet know . The signal he picked up on was the six - star ball in a nest above the shop . A bird then flies away with the ball in its talons . 31 `` Yikes ! A Fake Goku Appears ! ! '' / `` Wedding Plans ? '' `` Gege ! Nise Gokū Shutsugen ! ! '' ( ゲゲ ! ニセ 悟空 出現 ! ! ) Not Credited September 24 , 1986 February 13 , 2002 Emperor Pilaf gives Goku the fake four - star , but Goku drops it . The bird that had the six - star ball got eaten by a larger bird , and that bird got captured by the Ox King . Chi Chi thinks Goku is coming , and since she wants to marry him , the Ox King roasts the bird for a wedding feast . Emperor Pilaf 's radar picks up the signal coming from Ox King 's village , so Shu dresses up like Goku to get close enough to steal the ball . Goku follows his radar 's signal and finds Chi Chi in a field picking flowers for the wedding . Back at the feast , suddenly the mysterious military force , the Red Ribbon Army , attacks the village , having followed the six - star ball 's signal as well . Ox King tries to fight back , but gets captured . Pilaf snatches the Dragon Ball from inside the bird and takes off in his ship . Goku and Chi Chi notice smoke coming from the village , so they go to check it out . 32 `` Vanished ! ? The Flying Fortress in the Sky '' / `` The Flying Fortress -- Vanished ! '' `` Kieta ! ? Sora Tobu Yōsai '' ( 消え た ! ? 空 とぶ 要塞 ) Not Credited October 1 , 1986 February 14 , 2002 Goku and Chi Chi arrive at the village in time to rescue the Ox King . After a quick meal , Goku follows the signal on the dragon radar again . Emperor Pilaf 's flying fortress shoots down the jets of the Red Ribbon Army and escapes . Both the Red Ribbon Army and Goku follow their signals to a remote point in the middle of the desert , but neither can find Pilaf . Goku , searching on foot , is suddenly attacked by automatic guns rising from the sand . Colonel Silver notices this and realizes Pilaf is hiding in an underground base . Pilaf , Mai , and Shu all try to escape on the flying fortress . Goku follows them and clings to the wall of the ship . The Red Ribbon Army is waiting for them with hundreds of fighter jets , and they destroy the fortress . Pilaf , Mai , and Shu parachute down and are forced to hand over the six - star ball . 33 `` Legend of the Dragon '' / `` The Legend of a Dragon '' `` Doragon no Densetsu '' ( 龍 の 伝説 ) Not Credited October 8 , 1986 February 15 , 2002 Goku calls the Nimbus Cloud to save him just before the flying fortress explodes . Then he heads off towards the nearest signal on the dragon radar . Back at Kame House , Master Roshi tells Krillin and Launch the legend of the Dragon Balls . Long ago , the seven balls were one , but evil forces tried to steal it . The ball split itself into seven useless parts , but when combined , they summon the eternal dragon who will grant one wish . Goku follows the radar to a forest where he finds the Red Ribbon Army also in search of the ball . The army is burning down the forest , so Goku tries to stop them . Suddenly , a monkey runs by holding the five - star ball . Colonel Silver shoots at it , causing the monkey to fly over the edge of a cliff . Goku grabs it , but the monkey drops the ball into a river . 34 `` The Heartless Red Ribbon '' / `` Cruel General Red '' `` Hijō no Reddo Ribon '' ( 非情 の レッド リボン ) Not Credited October 15 , 1986 February 18 , 2002 While the Red Ribbon Army is searching the river for the five - star ball , Goku follows the dragon radar downstream and finds it . Before he can escape , Colonel Silver destroys the flying Nimbus . Angry , Goku easily defeats him . He finds some dyno caps in a nearby building and throws them . One is a robot , and the other is a plane . The robot flies the plane for Goku as he follows the nearest signal on the dragon radar . Goku instructs the robot to land the plane , but the robot 's circuits freeze up in the extreme cold , so the plane crashes . Goku , frozen solid , is dragged away by a mysterious young girl . 35 `` Suno , Girl of the North '' / `` Cold Reception '' `` Kita no Shōjo Suno '' ( 北 の 少女 スノ ) Not Credited October 22 , 1986 February 19 , 2002 The girl called Snow , takes Goku back to her house to recover . She and her mother explain that the Red Ribbon Army has taken their village chief hostage and are forcing the men to help them look for the Dragon Ball . The chief is being held in a fortress called Muscle Tower . Two soldiers break in , just as Goku is in the bathroom but Goku beats them . Snow gives Goku warm clothes to wear outside . Goku arrives at Muscle Tower and makes short work of the guards waiting outside . He uses his power pole to vault up onto the first level . 36 `` The Terror of Muscle Tower '' / `` Major Metallitron '' `` Massuru Tawā no Kyōfu '' ( マッスル 塔 の 恐怖 ) Not Credited October 29 , 1986 February 20 , 2002 Goku enters the second floor of Muscle Tower and defeats the guards waiting for him . He heads up to the third floor where he finds a large android named Major Metallitron . Goku and Major start to fight , and after a few hits , Goku knocks him over . Goku is caught off guard when the giant gets up and grabs him . Major launches a missile at him , but he dodges it . Goku counters with a Kamehameha wave and blows Metallitron 's head off . The android still moves though . Goku punches a hole through the robot 's chest , but even that does n't stop him . The fight finally ends when Major Metallitron 's batteries die . 37 `` Enter Ninja Murasaki '' / `` Ninja Murasaki is Coming ! '' `` Ninja Murasaki Sanjō '' ( 忍者 ムラサキ 参上 ) Not Credited November 5 , 1986 February 21 , 2002 Goku enters the fourth floor of Muscle Tower and finds himself in the middle of a forest . Ninja Murasaki who is hiding , has been sent to kill Goku . After games of hide and seek , racing and shuriken throwing , Ninja Murasaki finally decides to fight , and Goku breaks his sword with the power pole . Murasaki throws a boomerang at him which hits and knocks out Goku . 38 `` Be Afraid ! ! The Split - Image Technique '' / `` Five Murasakis '' `` Osorubeshi ! ! Bunshin no Jutsu '' ( 恐る べし ! ! 分身 の 術 ) Not Credited November 12 , 1986 February 22 , 2002 Goku recovers from his injury and begins to chase Murasaki . Murasaki , then Goku , cross a piranha invested lake . Murasaki decides to use his ultimate technique and seemingly splits into five . The five Murasakis nearly overwhelm Goku . They reveal that they are quintuplet brothers , not five parts of one person . Goku takes them out one by one . He chases the last Murasaki brother up to a cage . The ninja releases the monster within , Android 8 . 39 `` The Mysterious Cyborg No. 8 '' / `` Mysterious Android No. 8 '' `` Nazo no Jinzōningen Hachi - Gō '' ( 謎 の 人造 人間 8 号 ) Not Credited November 19 , 1986 February 25 , 2002 Ninja Murasaki releases Android 8 to fight Goku . Android 8 however refuses to fight . Murasaki threatens Android 8 with a remote to set off a bomb inside him . Goku stops Murasaki , destroys the remote and beats the ninja . Goku has walked into a labyrinth but can not find a way past . Android 8 comes to repay Goku with help to get past the maze . Goku nicknames Android 8 `` Eighter '' . They easily stop approaching soldiers . Finally they manage to get past the trick wall at the end of the maze . They find General White waiting for them in the 6th floor command room . General White wo n't give up and drops Goku and Eighter down a trapdoor . 40 `` What Now , Goku ! ! ? The Horrible Buyon '' / `` Horrifying Buyon '' `` Dō Suru Gokū ! ! Senritsu no Buyon '' ( どうする 悟空 ! ! 戦慄 の ブヨン ) Not Credited November 26 , 1986 February 26 , 2002 Goku and Eighter land on 5th floor . General White releases a monster to destroy both of them . Meanwhile Snow has found some sweet furry rodents . Eighter cowers at the other side of the room while Goku fights the monster Buyon . Goku ca n't even hurt Buyon . Buyon eats Goku , but he struggles out . Even a Kamehameha Wave does n't affect Buyon . Goku saves Eighter from being eaten . Recalling an earlier exchange with Snow , Goku punches a hole in the wall letting in cold air and freezing Buyon solid . Goku smashes Buyon and ascends with Eighter back to the command room . 41 `` The End of Muscle Tower '' / `` The Fall of Muscle Tower '' `` Massuru Tawā no Saigo '' ( マッスル タワー の 最期 ) Not Credited December 3 , 1986 February 27 , 2002 Goku fights General White who is not very fit . Eighter is too pacifistic to join in the fight as General White grabs Goku by the tail . After giving General White a severe bashing , the latter pretends to surrender and releases the village chief . When the chief 's back is turned , General White threatens Goku and Eighter to shoot the chief . The chief is hesitant whether he wants to live or die . Then the General blackmails Eighter into beating Goku . Hearing this , an enraged Goku demands that White deal with him , and White promptly shoots Goku . Eighter loses his temper and punches General White out of the tower . Finally all three leave the tower and Eighter destroys it . They all receive a warm welcome back at Snow 's house . 42 `` Imminent Danger ! ! Go for it , Ha - chan '' / `` The Secret of Dr. Flappe '' `` Kiki Ippatsu ! ! Ganbare Hatchan '' ( 危機 一髪 ! ! ガンバレ 8 ちゃん ) Not Credited December 10 , 1986 February 28 , 2002 The village is safe again but Snow 's parents wonder where the dragon ball was . Eighter had it all along so General White would n't exterminate the village . Unfortunately Eighter can not risk staying in the village with the bomb still inside him . The chief suggests they go to Dr. Flappe to sort the problem . Goku has broken his dragon radar . While Snow , Goku and Eighter head to Dr. Flappe , Murasaki ( who has survived ) stalks them . Before Dr. Flappe can get to work , Murasaki surprises him . It is revealed Dr. Flappe created Eighter , not the RR Army . Murasaki forces Dr. Flappe to swipe Goku 's dragon balls . Goku chases and beats the ninja . Dr. Flappe is able to take the bomb out of Eighter but can not fix Goku 's radar . Goku throws the bomb which kills Murasaki . 43 `` Bulma 's House in Metro West '' / `` A Trip to the City '' `` Nishi no Miyako no Buruma n'chi '' ( 西 の 都 の ブルマ ん ち ) Not Credited December 17 , 1986 March 1 , 2002 After spending a night in Snow 's house one of the villagers helps Goku summon his Nimbus next morning . Goku reaches West City , but has no idea where to find Bulma . Nobody he meets has a clue . Goku does not have any money , but manages to win a lot in a street fighting competition . Along the way , Goku is abducted by a couple of thieving rogues , but they are far from a problem for him . Goku finds a policeman to direct him to Bulma 's house which is the Capsule Corp where dyno caps were first invented . 44 `` Goku and Friends and Tons of Danger '' / `` Master Thief , Hasky '' `` Gokū to Nakama to Kiken ga Ippai '' ( 悟空 と 仲間 と 危険 が いっぱい ) Not Credited December 24 , 1986 March 4 , 2002 Bulma is currently out . Bulma shortly returns skipping school hours . Bulma leads Goku and the policeman to the garden where Bulma 's father is . While Bulma fixes the radar , her father fixes the policeman 's motorcycle . Bulma finds Goku has procured two dragon balls . To come with Goku , Bulma demonstrates her Microband invention . Meanwhile the RR Army are plotting against Goku . General Black has hired a master thief , Hasky , to get the balls from him . The thieving rogues team up with her . Goku and Bulma meet up with Yamcha , Puar and Oolong . They all decide to go to the new Dreamland amusement park . Hasky is ready to make her move . 45 `` Watch Out ! A Mid-Air Trap '' / `` Danger in the Air '' `` Ki o Tsukero ! Kūchū no Wana '' ( 気 を つけろ ! 空中 の 罠 ) Tetsuo Imazawa January 7 , 1987 March 5 , 2002 Goku 's group enters the Dreamland amusement park , with Hasky and her two men stalking them . Hasky plans how to steal the Dragon Balls while Goku 's group is having fun . Hasky baits the group into thinking she is a poor but promising fortuneteller . Goku makes it difficult for Hasky but with the Dragon Balls in Yamcha 's possession , Hasky seizes her chance . Hasky 's cover is shortly blown but she swipes the Dragon Balls . Hasky says she has planted a bomb to blow up Dreamland . Yamcha manages to tell Goku . On his Flying Nimbus , Goku chases Hasky 's hover ship . Goku pins down Hasky , disarms the bomb and takes back the Dragon Balls . Bulma dumps Yamcha and she and Goku head off to search for the remaining Dragon Balls . General Blue Saga ( 1987 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 46 `` Bulma 's Big Failure '' / `` Bulma 's Bad Day '' `` Buruma no Dai - Shippai '' ( ブルマ の 大 失敗 ) Not Credited January 14 , 1987 March 6 , 2002 Goku and Bulma head to an island to look for a dragon ball . The island however is under the control of General Blue of the RR Army . Goku lands on the island and Bulma finds only one dyno cap in her father 's case , and there are several nudie mags . Bulma snatches the lot and gets frustrated and furious that her father is into this , and shreds them up . Goku dives into the ocean but can not dive deep enough to find the dragon ball . Meanwhile a couple of RR pilots are shooting at Bulma . As the pilots harass Bulma , Goku comes and blows them from the sky . Goku decides to go to Master Roshi 's , much to Bulma 's dismay . 47 `` Kame House is Discovered ! ! '' / `` Kame House -- Found ! '' `` Kame Hausu Hakken Saru ! ! '' ( KAME HOUSE 発見 さる ! ! ) Not Credited January 21 , 1987 March 7 , 2002 As General Blue 's men recover the scouts , Goku makes it to Roshi 's island . Roshi offers the submarine ( which Krillin and Launch are using ) in exchange for Bulma 's microband . Meanwhile Commander Red orders General Blue to take action . Roshi attempts to use the microband for some indecent mischief , and Launch and Krillin return . While planning to find the dragon ball , Krillin mentions something about Pirates ' Treasure and Master Roshi tells its tale . After Goku , Bulma and Krillin leave , a RR scout spies the island . 48 `` General Blue Begins Attacking ! ! '' / `` Deep Blue Sea '' `` Burū Shōgun Kōgeki Kaishi ! ! '' ( ブルー 将軍 攻撃 開始 ! ! ) Not Credited January 28 , 1987 March 8 , 2002 Krillin manages to maneuver the air / sub ship to the location where the dragon ball is . General Blue plans to tail Goku , while another squad heads to Roshi 's Island . Despite their searching , Bulma , Krillin and Goku do not find the dragon ball on the ocean bed . Meanwhile , General Blue prepares and launches all his forces . As Krillin drives the sub into a cave , General Blue 's submarines tail and attack them . Krillin makes it to narrower caves , but General Blue sends his mini-subs to pursue them . 49 `` Lunch - san in Danger '' / `` Roshi Surprise '' `` Ayaushi Ranchi - san '' ( 危うし ランチ さん ) Tatsuo Higashino February 4 , 1987 March 11 , 2002 General Blue continues to chase Bulma , Goku and Krillin in their submarine . He resorts to ramming them into the cave walls . Meanwhile , Master Roshi is having a bit of trouble with an aggressive Launch . As Launch turns back into her gentle self , Captain Dock 's flying circus approaches and lands on the island . Roshi mocks the Captain and does a surprise attack on the men , aggressive Launch finishing it off . Goku , Bulma and Krillin narrowly escape Blue 's subs and surface into a long dark tunnel . Goku finds a button and lights up the tunnel . At the sight of a skeleton , Krillin confirms the place is the Pirates ' hideout . Hearing that the legend is true , General Blue has new ideas . 50 `` The Pirates ' Traps '' / `` The Trap is Sprung ! '' `` Kaizoku - tachi no Wana '' ( 海賊 たち の ワナ ) Not Credited February 11 , 1987 March 12 , 2002 General Blue continues to follow Goku , Krillin and Bulma , whilst Commander Red is impatient for results . The trio walk into a spear trap room . Goku and Krillin jump over the floor buttons but Goku has to maneuver Bulma with his power pole . Blue 's soldiers are killed by the trap but General Blue finds a secret passage . As the trio cross a dark passage , they fall down an unstable floor into a lava pit , but Goku vaults them out with his power pole . General Blue gets attacked by an electric eel but manages to kill it . As the trio linger in the Pirates ' port , a deadly robot emerges bent on terminating intruders . 51 `` The Security Guard at the Bottom of the Ocean '' / `` Beware of Robot '' `` Kaitei no Gādoman '' ( 海底 の ガードマン ) Not Credited February 18 , 1987 March 13 , 2002 Goku and Krillin fight the Pirate robot in between evading its heavy machine gun and sword . Krillin manages to disarm the sword from it . General Blue stays in hiding watching the fight . Bulma fires a gun cannon on the robot as it skis across a pool . As Goku fights the robot with his power pole , Bulma rams a truck on it . Next , the robot drags Goku into an underwater battle , Goku narrowly escaping . The robot chases Bulma and Krillin through the hideout where all the pirates are dead . Goku recovers and rescues the other two . Goku performs an aerial attack smashing the robot . As everyone makes their way through the inner halls , the place begins to collapse . Goku takes a different route from the others . Bulma , Krillin and General Blue dive into a well . 52 `` We Did It ! Treasure Discovered '' / `` The Pirate Treasure '' `` Yatta ! Otakara Hakken '' ( やっ た ! お宝 発見 ) Not Credited February 25 , 1987 March 14 , 2002 As the hideout continues to collapse , Goku reaches a dead end and falls down a trapdoor onto a giant octopus . Krillin and Bulma emerge into a room with a booby trapped 10 - armed statue and three chests , and General Blue emerges . Krillin disarms the statue and opens the gold chest while Goku blasts and eats the octopus . Bulma inserts a key in the statue and General Blue shows himself to the two . General Blue mocks Krillin as he fights him . Goku hears the fight and swims to them . General Blue demonstrates that he is very sensitive about his good looks and stuns Krillin , making it easy to beat him . General Blue is n't affected by Bulma 's charms . Goku arrives just before General Blue can kill Krillin . 53 `` The Eyes that Sparkle with Terror '' / `` Blue , Black and Blue '' `` Kyōfu no Hikaru Me '' ( 恐怖 の 光る 眼 ) Not Credited March 4 , 1987 March 15 , 2002 Goku and Blue start fighting and Goku is winning until Blue powers up . Meanwhile , the whole ceiling is collapsing . He is just about to kill Goku when a mouse scares him . Goku gets up and beats Blue . Bulma and Krillin want to get out before the ceiling falls , but Goku wants to find the dragon ball . Once he gets it , he picks the mouse that saved him and runs , but Bulma and Krillin are about to leave . 54 `` Run ! Run ! The Great Escape '' / `` Escape From Pirate Cave '' `` Nigero ya Nigero ! ! Dai - Dasshutsu '' ( 逃げろ や 逃げろ ! ! 大 脱出 ) Not Credited March 11 , 1987 October 21 , 2002 Goku makes it to the getaway submarine in the nick of time , still carrying the mouse in his mouth . As the trio escape , rocks collapse and hit the sub and it soon runs out of fuel . Goku manages to launch the sub to the surface with a Kamehameha Wave . Bulma has managed to take one diamond with her . General Blue also reaches the surface . In the Blue Sector HQ , Goku fiddles with the radio . As the trio make their way to Master Roshi 's , General Blue follows . As Roshi gets the diamond , he is forced to hand it to aggressive Launch who makes off with it . General Blue lands on the island preparing for revenge . 55 `` ' Lo ! Chased to Penguin Village '' / `` Penguin Village '' `` Ncha ! Otte Pengin Mura '' ( ん ちゃ ! 追って ペンギン 村 ) Not Credited March 18 , 1987 October 22 , 2002 General Blue binds the occupants of the Kame house with rope he powered with psychic waves . General Blue then steals the dragon balls and sets a 5 minute bomb . Gentle Launch makes it in time to release Goku and Goku throws out the bomb . Goku then chases General Blue . As Goku and General Blue speed up to max , they both fly across a strange island . A speedy girl with a couple of sprites watch in awe . General Blue causes Goku to fall but crashes his jet into a mountain . 56 `` Woohoo ! Arale Rides the Cloud '' / `` Strange Visitor '' `` Uhohōi ! Arare Kumo ni Noru '' ( う ほほ ー い ! アラレ 雲 に の る ) Yukio Ebisawa March 25 , 1987 October 23 , 2002 The girl introduces herself as Arale and the sprites are Gachem 1 & 2 . Blue flees before Goku can find him . Arale and Gachem 1 & 2 catch up with Goku and are able to ride on the Nimbus with him . Blue meets Sour Man and commandeers his car . Goku meets a lady called Akuma and a policeman called Toro , both incapable of riding the Nimbus . The mention of the RR Army terrifies Toro . Blue meets someone who resembles his little brother and attacks Toro and his partners . As Goku tries to find the General , Arale bumps into Blue , and she and Gachem 1 and 2 try to socialise with him , to Blue 's horror . Goku fails to find Blue and can not get the dragon radar to work . Arale takes Goku to a doctor to get it fixed . 57 `` A Face - off ! Arale vs. Blue '' / `` Arale vs. Blue '' `` Taiketsu ! Arare Tai Burū '' ( 対決 ! アラレ VS ブルー ) Not Credited April 8 , 1987 October 24 , 2002 Senbei attempts to fix the dragon radar while Officer Toro stumbles in the coffee shop . Baby Turbo manages to help Senbei fix the radar . Blue arrives and waits for his chance to steal the plane by the family 's house . Blue tries to avoid detection from Goku 's fixed radar . The police at the station are getting trigger happy . Goku finds Blue by surprise and Blue threatens Arale with a knife in front of the family . Blue stuns Goku and swipes his radar . Before Blue can kill Goku , Arale jumps in and chases him through Penguin village . Meanwhile a small fight occurs between the police and a couple of aliens , mistaken for the Red Ribbon Army . Turbo offers to make a new radar for the one Goku lost . Blue is shown making contact with Red from a desolated area . Commander Red Saga ( 1987 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 58 `` The Sacred , Yet Ominous Land of Karin '' / `` The Land of Korin '' `` Makyō no Seichi Karin '' ( 魔境 の 聖地 カリン ) Not Credited April 15 , 1987 October 28 , 2002 In the Land of Korin , Captain Yellow finds another dragon ball in a volcano crater . Near a massive tower that reaches the sky , Bora and his son Upa are fishing . As Captain Yellow 's men retrieve the dragon ball , the volcano erupts . Bora gets hold of the dragon ball . As Yellow and his men land , Bora demands they leave . When they see him carrying the dragon ball they attack him but Bora resists . Bora kills a grenadier who comes from behind him and beats down Yellow 's men . Yellow kidnaps Upa to blackmail Bora . Goku arrives in time to defeat Yellow and save Upa ( who is able to ride the Nimbus ) . The dragon ball Bora has is the very one Goku was looking for . Meanwhile , the guards of the RR base hardly recognize General Blue on his arrival . Commander Red has summoned the infamous Mercenary Tao . 59 `` It 's Him ! The World 's Greatest Assassin , Taopaipai '' / `` The Notorious Mercenary '' `` Kita ! Sekaiichi no Koroshiya Taopaipai '' ( きた ! 世界 一 の 殺し 屋 `` 桃 白白 '' ) Not Credited April 22 , 1987 October 29 , 2002 General Blue enters the RR base and meets with Commander Red . Despite procuring the dragon radar , Red is displeased with Blue and offers him a second chance if he can defeat Mercenary Tao , which he fails and Mercenary Tao easily kills him . Meanwhile , Bora tells Goku the legend of the Korin Tower . After being briefed on his target , Tao travels on a flying pillar to Korin 's Land . As Goku , Bora and Upa are enjoying themselves , Tao storms in and Bora fights him . Bora is killed by Tao , leaving Upa in grief and Goku in anger . 60 `` A Battle ! ! The Kamehameha vs. the Dodonpa '' / `` Tao Attacks ! '' `` Shōbu ! ! Kamehameha Tai Dodonpa '' ( 勝負 ! ! カメハメ 波 VS どど ん 波 ) Not Credited April 29 , 1987 October 30 , 2002 Goku fights Tao , taking a severe beating from Tao . A Kamehameha Wave has no effect on Tao , but it sears his outfit . Angered , Tao fires a lethal beam ( Dodon Ray ) on Goku . Tao takes the dragon balls and taunts Upa before making his leave . Tao heads to a town to get a new outfit , while Red tells him that he is one dragon ball short . Upa has buried his father and is about to bury Goku when an RR pilot lands . As the pilot tries to take the dragon ball Goku kept , Goku beats him and blasts his jet . Apparently Goku 's grandfather 's dragon ball blocked the Dodon Wave . Goku begins to climb the Korin Tower , while Tao waits for his outfit to be tailored to Red 's frustration . 61 `` Karin - sama of Karin Tower '' / `` Korin Tower '' `` Karin - Tō no Karin - sama '' ( カリン 塔 の カリン 様 ) Not Credited May 6 , 1987 November 4 , 2002 Goku eventually reaches the summit of Korin 's tower . Goku is then met with Korin , who is not about to hand the sacred water to Goku . An assassin fails to kill Mercenary Tao as he heads to his usual luxurious hotel to take a boiling hot bath . Korin seems to be deceitful not letting Goku take the bottle of sacred water . After a long hard attempt trying to get the sacred water , Korin reveals that Master Roshi was the first to climb the tower and it took him three years to get the water . 62 `` What Will the Effect of the Super Spirit Water Be ! ? '' / `` Sacred Water '' `` Hatashite ! ? Chōseisui no Kikime '' ( 果して ! ? 超 聖水 の き きめ ) Not Credited May 13 , 1987 November 5 , 2002 Goku attempts to snatch the sacred water from Korin with his `` After Image '' technique which is no surprise to Korin . The next day Korin gives Goku a Sensu Bean to last Goku 's appetite and energy for 10 days . Korin throws Goku 's dragon ball out of the tower forcing Goku to run down and up the tower again . Goku attempts to take the sacred water while Korin sleeps , but thinks better of it . Goku tries long and hard for the next two days to get the sacred water . Mercenary Tao realises how he was n't able to kill Goku . Goku attempts to read Korin by mimicking his every move . The very next day , Goku finally manages to get the sacred water . To his disappointment it does n't strengthen him , but all that exercise did him good . Tao kills the tailor who made his outfit before leaving . 63 `` Son Goku 's Revenge '' / `` The Return of Goku '' `` Son Gokū no Gyakushū '' ( 孫悟空 の 逆襲 ) Yukio Ebisawa May 20 , 1987 November 6 , 2002 Tao arrives and bullies Upa . Goku arrives to save him and rounds on Tao . After some small talk , Goku demonstrates his speed and strength on Tao . Tao also happens to know the legend of Korin 's tower and the sacred water . Goku blocks most attacks from Tao to Upa 's surprise . Meanwhile , Bulma is working on a new scout plane to assist Goku . Goku beats Tao a lot . Tao 's Dodon Ray only singes Goku 's hands . Tao resorts to wielding a sword on Goku , but Upa fetches Goku his power pole and Goku breaks Tao 's sword . Tao kicks a stone , missing Upa and destroying the teepee . Tao decides to climb the tower to get the sacred water . 64 `` The End of Taopaipai '' / `` The Last of Mercenary Tao '' `` Saigo no Taopaipai '' ( 最後 の 桃 白白 ) Not Credited May 27 , 1987 November 7 , 2002 While Mercenary Tao tires himself climbing the tower , Goku enjoys his moments with Upa who is amazed at Goku 's confidence . Meanwhile , Bulma 's dragon radar is malfunctioning due to some radar jamming situation which is also affecting Commander Red . Tao reaches the tower summit and meets Korin . Arrogant Tao drinks the sacred water and Korin tricks him into thinking his strength is boosted . In addition , Korin gives Tao a dark cloud to ride . Korin then causes Tao to plummet to the ground . Tao beats Goku , but Goku was just taking blows to read his moves . Tao acts as if to surrender and throws a napalm grenade at Goku , but Goku kicks it back . The bomb explodes right in front of Tao , killing him . Meanwhile , Bulma has finished engineering her radar against the radar jammer , which also boosts Goku 's . Goku is off to defeat the RR at their HQ . 65 `` Go , Goku ! Commence Assault '' / `` Confront the Red Ribbon Army '' `` Yuke Gokū ! Totsugeki Kaishi '' ( ゆけ 悟空 ! 突撃 開始 ) Not Credited June 10 , 1987 November 8 , 2002 Commander Red receives word that Colonel Violet has tracked another dragon ball . Her divers successfully procure the ball . As they are attacked by a giant alligator and savages , Violet selfishly leaves her men to die , giving her the chance to escape with the ball . Violet hands the ball to Commander Red , receiving a pint - sized reward . Bulma has completed her spy camera to find Goku and launches it . As Goku makes his way to the RR HQ , Commander Red is convinced it is Mercenary Tao . Bulma 's spy camera is destroyed when it hovers above the RR base . Bulma , Launch and Roshi realise Goku is making a direct attack on the RR base . Yamcha , Oolong and Puar receive the news and take off with the others to follow Goku . 66 `` The Red Ribbon Army Desperately Fights Back '' / `` A Real Bind '' `` Reddo Ribon Gun Hisshi no Kōbō '' ( レッド リボン 軍 必死 の 攻防 ) Not Credited June 17 , 1987 November 11 , 2002 While Yamcha and the others are flying after Goku , they decide to find Krillin . They find Krillin swimming but he flees before he realises they are here to pick him up . Goku beats a scout out of the sky and his cover is blown . Goku gets past the defenses and penetrates the base perimeter . All at once , he has the entire army on top of him . Yamcha flies the plane into the RR sector barely escaping a heat seeker missile . Colonel Violet is grabbing every scrap of money she can get . Goku infiltrates Red 's command building as Commander Red retreats to his office with General Black . 67 `` Commander Red Perishes ! ! '' / `` The End of Commander Red '' `` Reddo Sōsui Shisu ! ! '' ( レッド 総帥 死す ! ! ) Not Credited June 24 , 1987 November 12 , 2002 The warfare against Goku continues for the RR Army . Then , the soldiers flee in terror except for Colonel Violet who is heading for Red 's treasure vault . Violet swipes all the money and valuables and makes her leave . Red gets frustrated and angry and leaves Black to face Goku as he retreats to his penthouse . As Goku beats Black , Red activates the ceiling to crush Goku . Having been betrayed and risking his life , Black kills Red . Goku emerges from the wreckage and Black tries to talk his way out , but Goku wo n't fall for his lies . As a last resort Black uses a mech robot machine to take out Goku . Meanwhile , Yamcha and Violet are both trying to evade each other . General Black beats Goku plenty and is preparing to fire a lethal weapon on him . Fortuneteller Baba Saga ( 1987 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 68 `` The Last Dragon Ball '' / `` The Last Dragon Ball '' `` Saigo no Doragon Bōru '' ( 最後 の ドラゴンボール ) Not Credited July 1 , 1987 November 13 , 2002 As Yamcha nears the RR base , Goku evades Black 's laser cannon . Black uses all he has got against him , and Goku destroys the robot mech suit along with Black . Goku now has six Dragon Balls but can not track the last one . By the time Yamcha and the others arrive , the war is over and Goku reunites with the lot . Goku 's success in crippling the RR Army amazes everyone . Puar scouts around the RR base with her ability to fly , but she finds no one . Even Goku 's climbing Korin 's Tower surprises Roshi . Bulma promises to fix the Dragon Radar and Goku promises to have Bora resurrected . 69 `` The Possibly Cute Fortuneteller Baba '' / `` Who is Fortuneteller Baba ? '' `` Kyūto na ! ? Uranai Baba '' ( キュート な ! ? 占い ババ ) Not Credited July 8 , 1987 November 14 , 2002 Bulma finds there is nothing wrong with the dragon radar and thinks something organic may have swallowed the ball that puts the ball off detection . Roshi suggests Goku visits Fortuneteller Baba to find the last Dragon Ball with her clairvoyance . Goku takes off with Yamcha , Puar and Krillin . They stop at a town and Goku needs to get a new suit of clothes . While a new martial suit is being made , Goku takes Upa on the adventure with him . After changing into his new clothes , Goku and his friends head off to Fortuneteller Baba 's palace , passing desert tornadoes and storms . They are greeted by Fortuneteller Baba 's assistant Ghost at the palace . A group of mean - looking visitors enter the palace and leave in a devastated state . Goku and the others enter and meet Fortuneteller Baba herself who is not what they expected . Baba is asking a huge price for a single fortune and Goku 's only alternative is to battle five warriors of Baba 's . 70 `` Attack ! We Five Fighters '' / `` We are the Five Warriors '' `` Totsugeki ! Warera Gonin no Senshi '' ( 突撃 ! われ ら 5 人 の 戦士 ) Haruki Iwanami July 15 , 1987 November 15 , 2002 Yamcha , Krillin and Goku feel up to fighting while Upa and Puar choose to stay back . Krillin starts against Fangs the Vampire . Krillin misses every time , and is beaten when Fangs sinks his fangs into Krillin 's scalp and suck almost all of his blood . Krillin loses a lot of blood and Fangs pushes him into the lake with a knee kick . Ghost attends to Krillin 's blood loss . Unsuspecting Upa and Puar volunteer to be the next to fight Fangs together , which Fangs agrees to . Scared but determined , Upa breathes crunched up garlic in Fangs ' face . Fangs then rounds on Puar , but she turns into porcupine that impales Fangs ' jaws . Upa then used his resemblance to form the cross of Jesus Christ which scares Fangs , and he transformed into a bat to retreat . Puar then turns into a giant hand and slaps Fangs into the lake . Yamcha chooses to fight next . Baba tells Yamcha he is fighting an invisible warrior . While Yamcha 's attempts are unsuccessful , Krillin sends Goku to fetch Bulma and Roshi . Yamcha tries hearing the invisible man out . 71 `` A Bloody and Desperate Battle ! '' / `` Deadly Battle '' `` Kesshi no Dairyūkessen '' ( 決死 の 大 流血 戦 ) Not Credited July 22 , 1987 November 18 , 2002 Goku locates Roshi and Bulma in their capsule ship . Goku collects Roshi and Bulma in a careless manner then makes the ship swerve down and aggressive Launch takes control in the nick of time . Yamcha 's hearing the invisible man works out at first until Baba starts singing awfully . Yamcha takes repetitive blows . Krillin diverts the invisible man with applause giving Yamcha the chance to fight back , but the invisible man becomes silent and starts devastating Yamcha . Goku arrives with Roshi and Bulma . With a thrust of Bulma 's breasts , Krillin causes Roshi to have a violent nosebleed right on the invisible man , exposing him to Yamcha . Yamcha beats the invisible man with a Wolf Fang Fist , making him surrender . Roshi reveals that Baba is his sister . For the next fight , Baba leads the whole lot into her creepy tower . Yamcha is to fight in a realm called `` The Devil 's Toilet '' . Baba takes Goku to her home room , serving him a meal while testing his reflexes . Baba has creepy ideas in store for Goku and his friends . 72 `` Meet Son Goku ! The Demons ' Toilet '' / `` Goku 's Turn '' `` Son Gokū Kenzan ! Akuma no Benjo '' ( 孫悟空 見参 ! 悪魔 の 便所 ) Not Credited July 29 , 1987 November 19 , 2002 Baba summons a coffin . Out comes Yamcha 's opponent , a mummified warrior . The mummy is a lot faster and stronger than he looks and Yamcha nearly falls in the Devil 's Toilet . The mummy beats Yamcha despite his attempt to retaliate a surprise attack as the gang watched in horror , threatening to crush him by breaking his limbs if he refuse to surrender . Unable to watch his master being tortured in the fight , Puar has finally had enough . He cuts in and transformed into a woodpecker to peck the mummy , forcing him to release Yamcha , but it makes matters worse ; the mummy knocked down Puar to the ground with Yamcha and he was seemingly dead ( he was only knocked out and not dead ) . Furiously pained by the loss of his shape shifting friend , Yamcha tries his last effort to defeat the mummy , but was too weaken from the beating . The mummy then grabs Yamcha and forces him to give up or fall into the Devil 's Toilet . When Yamcha refuses , he drops him into the green lava of the Devil 's Toilet . Goku saves Yamcha with his Power Pole thus Baba decides he 's already lost , and while Yamcha and Puar recovered to watch with the others , he enters the next fight . 73 `` What is the Deadly Devil Might Beam ! ? '' / `` The Devilmite Beam '' `` Hissatsu Akumaitokōsen to wa ! ? '' ( 必殺 アクマイト 光線 と は ! ? ) Not Credited August 5 , 1987 November 20 , 2002 The mummy feels a bit hesitant to fight Goku . Goku whets the mummy 's appetite and counter-strikes . The mummy binds Goku with his own bandages . After a long struggle , Goku jumps down just beyond the deadly toilet water and breaks free . Goku defeats the mummy with a single punch . Goku 's next opponent is a demon called Spike . The demon seems easy to beat and he nearly falls in the toilet . Spike prepares to use his Devilmite beam to finish Goku . 74 `` The Mysterious Fifth Man '' / `` The Mysterious Fifth Man '' `` Nazo no Goninme no Otoko '' ( なぞ の 五 人目 の 男 ) Haruki Iwanami August 12 , 1987 November 21 , 2002 Master Roshi briefs the others on the story of Spike . Spike fires his Devilmite beam on Goku . Goku resists the beam entirely . Spike fires a stronger Devilmite beam . Goku resists that one entirely as well . Spike then flails a trident at Goku . A mysterious man wearing a cat mask and a halo on his head has been watching Goku closely . Goku almost falls in the Devil 's Toilet but climbs on the other side of the bridge and surprises Spike . Goku finishes Spike with a mighty kick . The final fighter requests Baba that he and Goku fight outside . Roshi senses some familiarity about the fifth fighter . The fight begins . 75 `` A Clash ! ! Powerful Adversaries '' / `` The Strong Ones '' `` Gekitotsu ! ! Kyōteki Dōshi '' ( 激突 ! ! 強敵 同志 ) Not Credited August 19 , 1987 November 22 , 2002 The final fight begins with a struggle . Both opponents are evenly matched . The masked man launches Goku in the air and sends him crashing through the stage , but Goku attacks back . The masked man launches a Kamehameha Wave , which Goku avoids . Goku does his own Kamehameha Wave on the masked man , causing him to fell on the ground and lands a knee blow on him . Goku believes he has won , but it was not over . The masked man grabs Goku 's tail , disabling him through his weakness from fighting and starts slamming him . The masked man is becoming more familiar to Roshi all the time and he has a good idea who is under the mask . Roshi reveals to the gang that the man is none other than Goku 's deceased grandfather , Gohan . 76 `` The Identity of the Masked Man '' / `` True Colors of the Masked Man '' `` Kamen Otoko no Shōtai ha ! ? '' ( 仮面 男 の 正体 は ! ? ) Not Credited August 26 , 1987 November 25 , 2002 Gohan repeatedly slams Goku against the floor . Meanwhile , Emperor Pilaf is trying out his new power suit and Shu and Mai spy from a satellite on Goku . It turns out Pilaf has the final Dragon Ball and has jammed the Dragon Radar . After they soon discovered Goku 's weak point is his tail , Pilaf , Shu and Mai sets off to Fortuneteller Baba 's palace to squeeze Goku 's tail for defeat and steal his last six Dragon Balls . Back at Fortuneteller Baba 's palace , as Goku is still refusing to give up through the weakness of his tail , Gohan is about to slam Goku one more time to kill his own grandson much to the horror of Goku 's friends . However , Goku 's tail eventually rips off , just in the nick of time to avoid the final blow . Completely free from his weak point , but enraged at Gohan for pulling off his tail , Goku is about fight back . But Gohan surrenders and reveals his face to Goku . Bulma retells her adventures with Goku . Gohan chooses to stay dead and vanishes after a farewell . Baba reveals the exact location of the last Dragon Ball . 77 `` Pilaf 's Great Strategy '' / `` Pilaf 's Tactics '' `` Pirafu no Daisakusen '' ( ピラフ の 大 作戦 ) Not Credited September 2 , 1987 November 26 , 2002 Goku flies his Nimbus after Pilaf 's car to get the last Dragon Ball . Emperor Pilaf is heading to Baba 's place in the hope of procuring the other dragon balls , thinking that Goku still has a weakness . Goku stops the car and recognises his previous enemies . Pilaf challenges Goku to a battle , with his dragon ball against all six in Goku 's possession . Pilaf , Shu and Mai get in their powersuits . The machines are unaffected by Goku 's first attacks . The machines corner Goku and Shu burns his clothes off . To Pilaf 's horror he finds Goku has no tail . Pilaf , Mai and Shu combine their powersuits into a titanic machine . Using a Kamehameha Wave , Goku blasts the side of Mai 's powersuit . Mai ditches her broken powersuit and rides Pilaf 's and Shu 's combined powersuits as the trio flees . Shu fires a missile , but Goku throws it right back , trashing the powersuits . Pilaf gives Goku the dragon ball and Shu gives him his clothes . 78 `` Shen Long , Again '' / `` The Eternal Dragon Rises '' `` Shenron Futatabi '' ( 神龍 ふたたび ) Minoru Okazaki Not Credited September 9 , 1987 November 27 , 2002 Goku flies back to Baba 's place and takes Upa with all the dragon balls to the Land of Korin . Yamcha wants to train with Roshi who does n't feel up to it but Bulma changes his mind . Goku and Upa have fun on their journey . Goku summons the eternal dragon and with a pluck of his courage , Upa wishes his father be resurrected . The dragon grants the wish and Bora rises from his grave . Upa delightfully embraces his father and the dragon vanishes into the seven balls . Before they can scatter , Goku grabs the four - star ball , which is already turning into stone . Goku bids Bora and Upa farewell and heads back to Baba 's place . Roshi says that he has nothing more to teach Goku . Master Roshi tells Goku that he will get more training by walking instead of riding on the Nimbus Cloud , so Goku starts his journey across the globe , while Yamcha and Krillin head off to Master Roshi 's for another round of training . 79 `` Kinkaku and Ginkaku 's Man - Eating Gourd '' / `` Terror and Plague '' `` Kinkaku Ginkaku no Hito Kui Hyōtan '' ( 金 角 銀 角 の 人 食い ひょうたん ) Not Credited September 16 , 1987 November 28 , 2002 Goku is traveling when he sees a girl about to be eaten by a tiger - monster . He saves her and she asks him to help her village which is being terrorized by two men called Terror and Plague . When they reach the village , they see that there is a call going on in which when a person 's name is called , and if they do n't reply `` here '' , they will be sent inside the gourd ( a bottle used by Terror and Plague to trap people and dissolve them into a drinkable potion ) . Goku shows , challenges and beats them , but they use the gourd and trap him . Goku uses his power pole to prevent himself from completely falling into the bottle . One of the thugs decides to drink the new potion thinking Goku has been dissolved . Once Goku is freed , he surprises Terror and Plague and traps them into the gourd . Terror and Plague beg for mercy and as punishment for their tyranny they are put to work . 80 `` Imperial Match ! Goku vs. Ten Long '' / `` Goku vs. Sky Dragon '' `` Iza Gozen Shiai ! Gokū Tai Tenron '' ( いざ 御前 試合 ! 悟空 VS 天龍 ) Not Credited September 23 , 1987 November 29 , 2002 Goku makes an enduring journey to challenge Master Chin . Chin is busy fending off Rising Dragon and his two men . Before Rising Dragon can begin a fight , his brother Sky Dragon stops him . Chin agrees to work out with Goku , his son Shoken getting worried . Goku finds Chin has been in weak health lately and learns from him about the King 's Tournament . Goku manages to get medicine for Chin , managing to avoid conflict with the Dragon brothers . Sky Dragon spends his time terrifying his students . Goku volunteers to take Chin 's place in the King 's Tournament . Jealous Shoken spikes Goku 's breakfast . At the tournament Goku is battling Sky Dragon as the laxative kicks in , but he resists the effect and beats Sky Dragon . The Dragon brothers and students join Chin for his teachings and Goku resumes his journey . 81 `` Goku Goes to the Demon World '' / `` Goku Goes to Demon Land '' `` Gokū Makai e Iku '' ( 悟空 魔界 へ 行く ) Not Credited September 30 , 1987 December 2 , 2002 In a castle , Princess Misa is taken by a demon . Goku reaches the village avoiding the traps . In the castle , the king has doubts Goku will succeed but recruits him to face the demon Shula , after seeing his fighting skills . At that moment , the demons are rampaging the village . The king escorts Goku to the portal the next day , and Goku can not pull Shula 's sword from the door . At the Kame House , Launch is getting agitated with Roshi , while Yamcha and Krillin are hard at training . Goku meets the guards Gola and Maylay , who advise caution fighting Shula , who intends to marry Princess Misa . Goku defeats the first demon and shocks everyone with his intention to fight Shula . Goku beats Shula and escapes with Misa , Maylay and Gola helping . Goku pulls out Shula 's sword and seals the portal . 82 `` The Ferocious Beast , Inoshi Kacho '' / `` The Rampage of InoShikaCho '' `` Abare Kaijū InoShikaChō '' ( あばれ 怪獣 イノシカ チョウ ) Not Credited October 7 , 1987 December 3 , 2002 Goku finds some people running away from their village . They say that a monster named InoShikaCho is terrorizing their village . Goku goes to the village and finds two men , one of whom has a third eye , who defeated Inoshikacho . The villagers pay them 100,000 zeni for their services . Later , Goku finds them in the woods with InoShikaCho around a campfire . Goku realizes that they only pretended to kill the monster to get money . The three - eyed stranger fights Goku . He chops down a tree , which falls on Goku . A girl wakes him up , saying that she found him unconscious in the woods . Goku goes to the next village and finds the two strangers pulling the same trick . Goku says that they 're friends with InoShikaCho , but they trick the villagers into believing Goku is friends with them . Goku picks up InoShikaCho and runs off , but the villagers catch him . The girl who saved him appears and clears Goku 's name . 83 `` Hurry to the Tenkaichi Martial Arts Tournament , Goku ! '' / `` Which Way to Papaya Island ? '' `` Isoge Gokū ! Tenka - ichi Budōkai '' ( いそげ 悟空 ! 天下 一 武道 会 ) Not Credited October 14 , 1987 December 4 , 2002 Three years have passed , and it is the day before the World Martial Arts Tournament . Goku sees three guys beating someone up , so he steps in and fights . They run away , and the guy he saved , Konkichi , is very thankful . Konkichi takes Goku to the airport so he can fly to Papaya Island , the site of the tournament . Goku has no money , so they go to a carnival to win some . Goku wins enough money for the tickets , so they head back to the airport . Goku sees Fortuneteller Baba , so he stops to talk . Konkichi runs off , but is caught by the same guys as before . They force him to rob a bank , but he gets caught . Konkichi admits to Goku that he was a criminal , but he wants to change . Baba tells Goku where the three men are , so he takes off after them . He catches them and brings them to jail . Unfortunately , he missed his flight , so he decides to swim to Papaya Island . Tien Shinhan Saga ( 1987 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 84 `` Aim to Be the World 's Best Martial Artist ! ! '' / `` Rivals and Arrivals '' `` Mezase Budō Tenka - ichi ! ! '' ( めざせ 武道 天下 一 ! ! ) Not Credited October 21 , 1987 December 5 , 2002 Krillin , Yamcha and the others arrive at Papaya Island and check - in . While they wait for Goku to arrive -- who is having troubles of his own , even if they are minor ( for his standards ) -- the Crane Hermit and his two students , the same two who were swindling villages with Inoshikacho , turn up . Once they check - in , Master Roshi says that he and Master Shen , the Crane Hermit , used to be friends . Just as the registration period is about to end , Goku shows up . He and the others go out for a meal , and Master Roshi promises the restaurant owner he will pay him with the prize money from the tournament . That night , Krillin and Yamcha go out for a run and come across many of the other contestants training . The next morning , Goku , Krillin and Yamcha head towards the preliminary round arena . Master Roshi disappears , and Jackie Chun arrives . 85 `` Devoted to Victory ! ! Qualifier Survival '' / `` Preliminary Peril '' `` Kachinokoru zo ! ! Yosen Sabaibaru '' ( 勝ち のこる ぞ っ ! ! 予選 サバイバル ) Satoru Kusuda October 28 , 1987 December 6 , 2002 Goku , Krillin , Yamcha and Jackie Chun all get drawn into separate eighths of the bracket , so they wo n't meet each other until the finals . Yamcha easily defeats his first opponent . Krillin pretends to struggle with his opponent , but is easily victorious . Master Shen 's two students , Tien Shinhan , who has three eyes , and Chiaotzu , approach Yamcha , Krillin and Goku to tell them how weak they are . Chiaotzu also calls Krillin a `` midget '' . With tensions running high , Yamcha and Tien square off to fight , but Jackie Chun steps in and reminds them that fighting now would disqualify them . Later , Tien quickly wins his first match . The time has come for Goku 's match , but unfortunately he is up against King Choppa . The last time King Choppa entered the tournament , he won without even getting hit . 86 `` It 's Decided ! ! Eight Brave Men '' / `` Then There Were Eight '' `` Kettei ! ! Hachinin no Yūshatachi '' ( 決定 ! ! 8 人 の 勇者 たち ) Not Credited November 4 , 1987 December 9 , 2002 From the start , it is clear that Goku is much faster and stronger than King Choppa . He jumps in the air , and on his way down , he blows at the ground to slow himself down and throw off King Choppa 's timing . He then delivers the final blow . Jackie Chun then enters his fight , and although he is completely distracted with thoughts of Goku 's new strength , he defeats his opponent in three blows . The preliminary rounds continue until the first intermission . During the meal , Yamcha and Tien nearly get in a fight , but once again , Jackie Chun stops them . Nam comes up to Goku to greet him . He is fighting in the tournament again , but this time it is only for fun , since his village is in no need of water anymore . Later , in the last match before the finals , Nam is nearly killed by Tien . Goku , Krillin , Yamcha and Jackie Chun all advance to the final round . 87 `` Showdown ! ! Yamcha vs. Tenshinhan '' / `` Yamcha vs. Tien '' `` Taiketsu ! ! Yamucha Tai Tenshinhan '' ( 対決 ! ! ヤムチャ VS 天津飯 ) Not Credited November 11 , 1987 December 10 , 2002 The finalists prepare to draw their numbers for the championship round . Chiaotzu uses his powers to rig the seeding . The first match is Yamcha against Tien , the second match is Jackie Chun against Man Wolf , the third is Krillin against Chiaotzu , and the fourth is Goku against Pomput . After a quick meal for Goku , the finals begin . Yamcha and Tien start fighting , and the two of them seem evenly matched . They each are surprised with the other 's strength . During a lull in the action , Yamcha says that he is going to use his new technique : Wolf Fang Blowing Wind . 88 `` Onwards , Yamcha ! The Incredible Tenshinhan '' / `` Yamcha 's Big Break '' `` Yuke Yamucha ! Osoru Beshi Tenshinhan '' ( ゆけ ヤムチャ ! 恐る べし 天津飯 ) Not Credited November 18 , 1987 December 11 , 2002 Yamcha uses his Wolf Fang Blowing Wind technique , but it has no effect . He lands dozens of punches on Tien , but they too , do n't seem to work . To everyone 's surprise , Yamcha fires a Kamehameha Wave , but Tien deflects it back at him . Yamcha jumps up to avoid it , but Tien is there and kicks him to the ground . Tien comes down hard on Yamcha 's leg , breaking it . Once Tien is declared the winner , Puar rushes in and transforms into a flying carpet to transport Yamcha to the hospital . Everyone heads back to the hotel to await tomorrow 's match : Jackie Chun vs. Man Wolf . 89 `` Scary ! ! The Full Moon 's Grudge '' / `` Full - Moon Vengeance '' `` Kyōfu ! ! Mangetsu no Urami '' ( 恐怖 ! ! 満月 の 恨み ) Not Credited November 25 , 1987 December 12 , 2002 Man Wolf has been waiting three years for the opportunity to fight Jackie Chun . He is angry with Jackie because he destroyed the moon , preventing him from changing back into a human . Man Wolf tries to hit Jackie as hard as he can , but Jackie dodges with no effort . Man Wolf pulls a knife on Jackie Chun , thereby disqualifying himself , but Jackie easily stops Man Wolf from hurting him . He paralyzes Man Wolf with a special technique , then brings Krillin out into the ring . He hypnotizes Man Wolf into thinking that Krillin 's bald , shiny head is the moon . Man Wolf changes back into a human . He thanks Jackie Chun and leaves the tournament . 90 `` Nanana ! ! What , a Dodon Wave ? '' / `` The Dodon Wave '' `` Nanana ! ! Nanto Dodonpa '' ( な な なっ ! ! なんと どど ん 波 ) Not Credited December 2 , 1987 December 13 , 2002 Krillin and Chiaotzu begin to fight . Chiaotzu reveals that he has the ability to fly . Before Krillin can lay a hand on him , he floats up above the ring . He starts firing Dodon rays at Krillin , who is forced to run wildly around the ring to avoid them . Goku realizes that the Dodon ray is the same technique that was used by Mercenary Tao . Tien overhears Goku talking about the Dodon ray , so Goku tells him that Tao used it right before he killed him . Tien is shocked to hear this because Tao was one of the strongest men he ever knew . Jackie Chun tells Goku that Tao was Master Shen 's brother . Tien tells Shen about Tao , causing Shen to become even angrier at Master Roshi 's students . Meanwhile , Krillin tries to knock Chiaotzu out of the air , but fails . He decides to try the Kamehameha wave , even though he 's never used it . Jackie Chun tries to tell Krillin that he 's not ready to use it yet . 91 `` A Sudden Reversal ! ! Kuririn 's Great Strategy '' / `` Counting Controversy ! ! '' `` Gyakuten ! ! Kuririn no Paaden ne Daisakusen '' ( 逆転 ! ! クリリン の 8 で ん ネ 大 作戦 ) Not Credited December 9 , 1987 December 16 , 2002 Chiaotzu fires his Dodon ray at Krillin , and it seems to destroy him . Suddenly , Krillin appears in the air behind Chiaotzu and fires a Kamehameha wave at him . Chiaotzu is only barely able to float above the ring now , so he tries another special attack . He jumps head - first towards Krillin in an attempt to push him out of the ring , but Krillin pushes him back . Chiaotzu then uses his special powers to paralyze Krillin . As Krillin is getting beaten up , he realizes Chiaotzu needs his hands to use his powers , so he gives him a math problem . Chiaotzu begins counting on his fingers , allowing Krillin to punch him out of the ring . Later that night , someone sneaks into Goku 's room and tries to kill him . Goku wakes up , so the man flees . Goku and Krillin catch up to him and find that it was the Crane Hermit trying to avenge the death of Tao . They square off to fight , but Tien suddenly shows up and stops them . He says that Goku must be punished and humiliated in the ring , not in the street at night . 92 `` Hang on ! Son Goku is here ! ! '' / `` Goku Enters the Ring '' `` Omatase ! Son Gokū Sanjō ! ! '' ( お またせ ー っ ! 孫悟空 参上 ! ! ) Not Credited December 16 , 1987 December 17 , 2002 Goku and Master Roshi have a sparring session before the fourth match . Pomput 's manager sees how strong Goku is and realizes Pomput ca n't beat him . Goku goes for a quick run and Pomput 's manager follows in his car . He catches Goku and tells him that the fight has been moved . He offers to take Goku to the new arena . Launch , who is getting some ice cream , witnesses Goku getting in the car , so she chases after them . When she catches up to him , she easily defeats the manager 's bodyguards . Goku runs back to the arena just in time for his fight . Pomput is a movie star and has never lost a fight , so he is very confident he can win . Once the fight starts , he tries to punch Goku , but Goku dodges it and gives Pomput three quick elbows to the gut , knocking him out . 93 `` Evenly Matched ! ! Tenshinhan vs. Jackie '' / `` Tien Shinhan vs. Jackie Chun '' `` Jitsuryoku Hakuchū ! ! Tenshinhan Tai Jakkii '' ( 実力 伯仲 ! ! 天津飯 VS ジャッキー ) Not Credited December 23 , 1987 December 18 , 2002 Everyone waits for the first semifinal to start . Finally , Jackie Chun and Tien Shinhan begin their match . Tien attacks first , and Jackie Chun grabs him and throws him out of the ring . Tien reveals that he too , has the ability to fly , and floats back into the ring . Jackie Chun tries the mirror - image technique . He creates eight images of himself that rapidly rotate around Tien . They close in and attack from all sides . Tien uses his three eyes to figure out which is the real Jackie Chun , and give that one a harsh kick to the face . Jackie discards his shirt and powers up . The two of them begin attacking wildly . After a while , they fall apart from each other , badly beaten . 94 `` Gegege ! ! The New Crane Hermit School Technique : Taiyōken '' / `` Stepping Down '' `` Gegege ! ! Shintsurusenryū Taiyōken '' ( ゲゲゲッ ! ! 新鶴 仙 流 太陽 拳 ) Not Credited December 30 , 1987 December 19 , 2002 Tien and Jackie Chun continue fighting . Tien kicks Jackie in the face , causing him to fly to the edge of the ring . Tien tries to push him out , but Jackie manages to get away and get back to the center of the ring . Tien decides to use his Solar Flare technique , which blinds everyone in the stadium , including Jackie . He delivers a powerful blow , nearly knocking Jackie out . The announcer begins to count , but before he reaches 10 , Jackie gets up . Jackie then begins preaching to Tien , telling him the error of his ways . Tien ignores him and begins a furious attack . As Jackie continues preaching , Master Shen suddenly realizes Jackie Chun is really Master Roshi in disguise . He telepathically communicates this to Tien , who then fires a Kamehameha wave . Jackie Chun is able to deflect it upwards , and with some last words of wisdom , he inexplicably walks out of the ring . 95 `` Fight ! ! Goku vs. Kuririn '' / `` Goku vs. Krillin '' `` Faito ! ! Gokū Tai Kuririn '' ( ファイト ! ! 悟空 VS クリリン ) Not Credited January 6 , 1988 December 20 , 2002 Goku and Krillin start their semifinal match . After several minutes of fighting , they seem evenly matched . Goku jumps high in the air , and Krillin follows him . The sun reflects off of Krillin 's bald head and blinds Goku , allowing Krillin to kick him to the ground . Goku somehow lands on his feet and attacks Krillin as he falls . Krillin sucks in some air , causing him to float , thus throwing off Goku 's timing . Meanwhile , Tien confronts Master Roshi to ask him why he quit the match . Master Roshi tells Tien that he is not a killer , even though he acts like it . He says that Tien has a conscience , and this will make him into a hero . Tien tries to ignore Roshi 's teachings , and promises to kill Goku to prove him wrong . 96 `` Really , Goku ? ! Kuririn 's Great Strategy '' / `` Tail 's Tale '' `` Masa ka Gokū ! ? Kuririn no Daisakusen '' ( まさか 悟空 ! ? クリリン の 大 作戦 ) Not Credited January 13 , 1988 December 23 , 2002 Goku and Krillin continue their fight . Goku runs toward Krillin , creating a Kamehameha wave as he goes . He jumps in the air and uses the wave to blast himself into Krillin . The announcer begins the count , but Krillin gets up , so they continue fighting . Goku gets several powerful hits in on Krillin , who realizes he only has one chance to win . He fires a Kamehameha wave at Goku , who easily blocks it . Suddenly , Krillin appears behind Goku and grabs his tail . Goku passes out and the announcer begins counting . Before he reaches 10 , Goku gets up and slams Krillin to the ground , saying that during the last three years , he worked with his tail until the weakness was gone . Krillin fools Goku and gets in a cheap shot , causing the two of them to launch into another furious bout . After Krillin hits him again , Goku disappears . He is moving so fast that no one can see him . He suddenly appears next to Krillin and kicks him out of the ring . 97 `` The Finals ! ! The World 's Greatest Martial Artist is ... ? ! '' / `` Final Match : Goku vs. Tien '' `` Kesshō ! ! Hatashite Budō Tenka - ichi wa ! ? '' ( 決勝 ! ! はたして 武道 天下 一 は ! ? ) Not Credited January 20 , 1988 December 25 , 2002 Yamcha sneaks out of the hospital to watch the final match , while Oolong and Puar transforms into giant monsters to save front - row seats for everyone . The match finally starts , and right away Goku attacks . He grabs Tien 's leg with his tail and swings around to punch him in the face . Tien flies up in the air , and Goku jumps up after him . Tien hits Goku with a Dodon ray , blasting him down through the floor of the ring . Goku jumps up from the rubble and continues his assault . He tries his disappearing trick again , but Tien 's three eyes help him to keep track of Goku 's movements . While Goku is running around , Tien hits him , sending him flying to the wall of the ring . Tien pins Goku against the wall and beats him mercilessly . 98 `` The Secret Technique Haikyūken vs. Fighting Power '' / `` Victory 's Edge / Battle Power ! '' `` Higi Haikyūken Tai Sentō Pawā '' ( 秘技 排球 拳 VS 戦闘 パワー ) Not Credited January 27 , 1988 December 26 , 2002 Tien grabs Goku and begins to play volleyball with him . He spikes Goku down into the ground , but to his surprise , Goku gets up . He says that throughout the tournament , he had only been using a fraction of his strength to protect his opponent , but now he is going to fight at full power . He unleashes a brutal assault on Tien , then starts conjuring a Kamehameha wave , but stops , realizing Tien would have dodged it . Tien meditates briefly , then they continue the match . Goku 's next assault nearly pushes Tien out of the ring , but Tien is able to counter it . Goku then creates 10 images of himself to confuse Tien . When Tien attacks one of the false images , Goku sneaks up and knocks him down . Tien uses his Solar Flare technique , but Goku borrows Master Roshi 's glasses and counters with his own attack . Goku jumps up for an attack , but is mysteriously frozen , allowing Tien to knock him down . 99 `` Tenshinhan in Distress ! ! '' / `` Tien 's Insurrection '' `` Tenshinhan no Kunō ! ! '' ( 天津飯 の 苦悩 ! ! ) Satoru Kusuda February 3 , 1988 December 27 , 2002 Goku once again gets frozen in midair , allowing Tien to kick him down to the ground . Goku uses a Kamehameha wave to prevent landing outside the ring . He attacks Tien , but is frozen again . Yamcha realizes Chiaotzu is using his powers to paralyze Goku . Tien hits Goku dozens of times , nearly knocking him out . Goku gets up and kicks Tien in the face , but is frozen once more . Tien once again pounds Goku mercilessly . Realizing that he 's winning too easily , Tien figures out that Chiaotzu is helping him and forces him to stop , wanting to beat Goku in a fair fight . Seeing the error in Shen 's teachings , Tien refuses to kill Goku . An angry Shen tells Chiaotzu to paralyze Tien and Goku to kill them , but he refuses . Shen tries to kill him , but Master Roshi hits him with a Kamehameha wave , blasting him out of the arena . Goku then attacks Tien with incredible force . Afterwards , Tien says that he let Goku beat him up to make up for the beating Goku took when he was paralyzed . Suddenly , Tien grows two extra arms out from his back . 100 `` Life ? ! Death ? ! A Last Resort '' / `` The Spirit Cannon '' `` Sei ka Shi ka ! ? Saigo no Shudan '' ( 生か 死 か ! ? 最後 の 手段 ) Katsumi Aoshima February 10 , 1988 December 30 , 2002 With four arms , Tien clearly has an advantage over Goku . He nearly pushes him out of the ring , forcing Goku to jump up . Tien grabs Goku 's arms and legs and repeatedly headbutts him . Goku begins to smack Tien in the face with his tail , forcing Tien to let him go . Goku then appears to grow six extra arms to counter Tien 's four . The two of them continue fighting until they simultaneously knock each other down . The count reaches eight before they both stand up . Goku trips Tien and grabs his legs . He pulls on his legs , causing Tien tremendous pain . Tien 's extra arms reach up and choke Goku , but Tien quickly give up . After a long struggle , Tien 's legs flip Goku off of him and into the wall . Goku gets up , so Tien decides to use the Tri-Beam Cannon , a devastatingly powerful attack . Tien first tells Goku to dodge what is coming then Tien floats high above the ring and fires the Tri-Beam on Goku . When the dust clears , the entire ring is gone , leaving a gaping hole in the ground . Goku is nowhere to be found . 101 `` The Martial Arts Tournament Comes to an End ! And Then ... ! ! '' / `` The Fallen '' `` Budōkai Shūryō ! Soshite ... ! ! '' ( 武道 会 終了 ! そして ... ! ! ) Not Credited February 17 , 1988 December 31 , 2002 Everyone looks up and finds Goku miles above the surface . Tien jumps up and tells Goku that he never meant to hit him with the Tri-Beam Cannon . He just wanted to knock him out of bounds , and since there 's no stage to land on and since Tien can fly , Goku seems to have no chance . With a Kamehameha wave , Goku blasts himself into Tien . As they rapidly approach the surface , Goku is hit by a car , causing him to touch the ground slightly before Tien . The announcer declares Tien the winner , and the entire crowd rushes over to the landing site . Later , Tien offers Goku half of his prize money , but Goku declines the offer . Tien apologizes to Yamcha for breaking his leg , then takes everyone out to dinner . Right before they eat , Goku realizes he left the power pole and the four - star ball at the arena , so Krillin leaves to get them for him . While they 're eating , Goku has a bad feeling something has happened to Krillin . He suddenly runs back to the arena and finds Krillin dead . King Piccolo Saga ( 1988 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 102 `` The Terrifying Conspiracy of Kuririn 's Death ! ! '' / `` Enter King Piccolo '' `` Kuririn no Shi Osoroshiki Inbō ! ! '' ( クリリン の 死 恐ろしき 陰謀 ! ! ) Not Credited February 24 , 1988 September 1 , 2003 Goku and his friends find Krillin murdered . The referee says it was a monster that also took Goku 's Dragon Ball and a list of tournament participants . Goku takes the Dragon Radar and charges off in pursuit of the killer . Judging by a crest on a paper , Roshi knows this to be the work of King Piccolo . Roshi explains how the world suffered his carnage long ago and how he and his master Mutaito trapped him in a jar at the cost of his own life . It turns out Emperor Pilaf released King Piccolo and is assisting him . Having learned from Pilaf about the origin of the dragon balls , Piccolo insist on using them to restore his youth while continuing his plan of world conquest . Meanwhile , Goku catches up with King Piccolo 's minion Tambourine . 103 `` The Terror of Piccolo - Daimaō ! '' / `` Tambourine Attacks ! '' `` Pikkoro Daimaō no Kyōfu ! ! '' ( ピッコロ 大 魔王 の 恐怖 ! ! ) Not Credited March 2 , 1988 September 2 , 2003 Goku engages Tambourine in combat , but Goku is weak from hunger , so Tambourine overpowers him and destroys the Flying Nimbus , leaving Goku for dead . Roshi and the others head to the Kame house . After Tambourine hands King Piccolo the dragon ball and list of fighters , he is sent to kill all the fighters , starting with King Chappa . 104 `` Come Back to Life , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Mark of the Demon '' `` Yomigaere Son Gokū ! ! '' ( よみがえれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) Not Credited March 9 , 1988 September 3 , 2003 While Tambourine kills fighter after fighter around the world ( leaving the mark of the demon behind ) , King Piccolo creates and sends a new warrior called Cymbal to gather the remaining dragon balls . Goku wakes up and tries to look for food . Roshi plans to move from the island to somewhere else once Bulma makes another dragon radar . Goku finds a fish cooking and eats it . When he 's finished , he vows for revenge . Suddenly , a mountain man emerges from the thickets mad that Goku ate his fish . 105 `` A Mysterious Man : Enter Yajirobe ! ! '' / `` Here Comes Yajirobe '' `` Kaidanji Yajirobee Tōjō ! ! '' ( 怪 男児 ヤジロベー 登場 ! ! ) Satoru Kusuda March 16 , 1988 September 4 , 2003 Goku fights with Yajirobe . Yajirobe is a skilled and tough fighter . Roshi finds a safe haven for his friends and sets out with Tien and Chiaotzu to find the dragon balls and stop King Piccolo . Bulma preserves Krillin in a freezing capsule . Goku accuses Yajirobe of assisting Tambourine but Goku learns Yajirobe is not lying and never steals . Cymbal appears eyeing Yajirobe 's dragon ball . After a game of rock , paper and scissors , Yajirobe fights Cymbal . Eventually Yajirobe slices Cymbal killing him . At that moment , King Piccolo feels the presence of Cymbal 's death . 106 `` Demon Beast Tambourine is Coming ! ! '' / `` Terrible Tambourine '' `` Majū Tanbarin ga Yatte Kuru ! ! '' ( 魔 獣 タンバリン が やってくる ! ! ) Yukio Ebisawa March 23 , 1988 September 5 , 2003 King Piccolo is furious about Cymbal 's death . Tambourine next targets Giran . Yamcha is next on Tambourine 's hit list . Goku requests for Yajirobe 's dragon ball explaining their powers to him . Tambourine finds Yamcha but before he can kill him , King Piccolo telepathically orders him to find Cymbal 's killer . Master Roshi procures one of the dragon balls . Goku intends to use the dragon balls to resurrect Krillin . 107 `` Son Goku : Explosive Rage ! ! '' / `` Tien 's Atonement '' `` Son Gokū Ikari Bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 怒り 爆発 ! ! ) Not Credited April 6 , 1988 September 9 , 2003 Master Roshi drives a hard bargain with pirates on a land battleship to get another dragon ball . Yajirobe refuses to hand his dragon ball to Goku . Goku wo n't leave Yajirobe until Tambourine finds them . They both stop at a river , exhausted from their long run . During their search for another dragon ball in a town , Tien comes across an old rival he previously broke a leg in a fight . Tien tries to ask nicely for the dragon ball , but the man refuses . Several soldiers storm the house thinking Tien is the killer of the martial arts fighters , but Master Roshi convinces them they 're mistaken . The man forgives Tien and offers to give the dragon ball . Tambourine finds Yajirobe and Goku catches up ready to take his revenge . 108 `` Piccolo - Daimaō Descends ! ! '' / `` Goku 's Revenge '' `` Pikkoro Daimaō Oritatsu ! ! '' ( ピッコロ 大 魔王 降り立つ ! ! ) Not Credited April 13 , 1988 September 10 , 2003 As Roshi follows a dragon ball in motion , Goku begins his fight with Tambourine , immediately overwhelming him . Tambourine fires an incinerating beam at Goku , but Goku evades it and kills him with a Kamehameha Wave in midair . Sensing Tambourine 's death , King Piccolo decides to deal with Goku himself . Roshi and Tien find a fourth dragon ball in a cave , tangled with crows . King Piccolo decides to wait for all the other dragon balls to be gathered as he gets closer to Goku 's location . 109 `` Son Goku vs. Piccolo - Daimaō '' / `` Goku vs. King Piccolo '' `` Son Gokū Tai Pikkoro Daimaō '' ( 孫悟空 対 ピッコロ 大 魔王 ) Not Credited April 20 , 1988 September 11 , 2003 Roshi is on the verge of getting the fifth dragon ball . Pilaf 's ship lands near Goku and Yajirobe . Recalling King Piccolo , Yajirobe hands Goku the dragon ball and hides . King Piccolo jumps down to face Goku . Goku uses his speed to land a few hits on King Piccolo , but it is not enough against King Piccolo 's counter attack . King Piccolo stuns Goku . Roshi procures the fifth dragon ball , but drops it down a canyon . After a long fight , King Piccolo fires several explosive beams at Goku . When Goku 's Kamehameha fails , King Piccolo prepares to finish him off . 110 `` Keep at it ! Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Piccolo Closes In '' `` Ganbare ! Son Gokū ! ! '' ( がんばれ っ ! 孫悟空 ! ! ) Satoru Kusuda May 4 , 1988 September 15 , 2003 After a few more hits , King Piccolo critically wounds Goku with one of his most powerful beams and takes his dragon ball . King Piccolo makes his way to get the rest of the dragon balls . In his state , Goku requests Yajirobe to take him to Korin Tower . Meanwhile Chiaotzu finds the fifth dragon ball . Roshi decides they head to King Piccolo to get the other two balls . Roshi takes to the ground and hides the dragon balls he collected . King Piccolo swallows his two dragon balls thwarting Roshi 's plan . To prevent Tien from fighting , Roshi paralyses him . King Piccolo jumps down to face Roshi . 111 `` The Turtle Hermit 's Last Mafūba '' / `` Roshi 's Gambit '' `` Kame - Sennin no Saigo no Mafūba ! ! '' ( 亀 仙人 の 最後 の 魔 封 波 ! ! ) Not Credited May 11 , 1988 September 16 , 2003 Roshi tells King Piccolo where his dragon balls are , but knowing full well that he is no match for King Piccolo , has no wish to fight , and toys with King Piccolo , enduring the pain he receives . King Piccolo does n't recall meeting Roshi before , until Roshi mentions Mutaito , and grows fearful as he realizes what Roshi is here to do . Roshi takes a special jar out a capsule and unleashes an evil containment wave , King Piccolo attempting to resist . Unfortunately , Roshi misses at the last second and dies . King Piccolo unites all seven balls and summons the Eternal Dragon . 112 `` Newfound Youth ? ! Piccolo - Daimaō '' / `` King Piccolo 's Wish '' `` Wakagaeru ka ! ? Pikkoro Daimaō '' ( 若がえる か ! ? ピッコロ 大 魔王 ) Not Credited May 18 , 1988 September 17 , 2003 Chiaotzu tries to thwart King Piccolo 's wish , but is killed instead . King Piccolo makes his wish and becomes younger . Before Shenron can disperse , King Piccolo kills him , and nobody else can use the Dragon Balls against him . King Piccolo intends to target the Kingdom of Chow . There , King Furry is a kindhearted person . Tien intends to use the evil containment wave on King Piccolo . Pilaf tries to reclaim his reward but King Piccolo dumps him , Mai and Shu off the ship . Yajirobe and Goku finally reach Korin 's tower . 113 `` King Castle , on Offense and Defense ! ! '' / `` Siege on Chow Castle '' `` Kingu Kyassuru no Kōbō ! ! '' ( キング キャッスル の 攻防 ! ! ) Not Credited May 25 , 1988 September 18 , 2003 As King Piccolo prepares to attack Chow Castle , everyone is celebrating King Furry 's anniversary including Snow . Goku intends to climb Korin 's tower to meet Korin once more . With Bora 's help , Yajirobe begins his climb up the tower . Yamcha and the others arrive , where Tien is waiting . As girls hand King Furry bouquets , King Piccolo storms the castle . Things get ugly in the kingdom , even for King Furry . King Piccolo kills the commander and captures the evacuating king . Yajirobe finally reaches near the tower summit . 114 `` Goku 's Wish ! ! Even Karin - sama is worried '' / `` Conquest and Power '' `` Gokū no Negai ! ! Karin - sama mo Nayamu '' ( 悟空 の ねがい ! ! カリン 様 も なやむ ) Not Credited June 1 , 1988 September 22 , 2003 King Piccolo kills King Furry 's first officer and demands Furry send word to the world of his conquest . Furry refuses and King Piccolo destroys a large part of the city making him give in . Bulma places Chiaotzu and Roshi 's corpses in freezing capsules . Meanwhile Yajirobe meets Korin and eats too many Sensu beans . Goku 's friends are trying to enjoy themselves while Tien is trying hard to learn the evil containment wave . Sadly Korin has nothing left to teach Goku , but tips Goku on Ultra Divine Water . 115 `` Go Get It ! The Mysterious Super God Water '' / `` Awaken Darkness '' `` Te ni Irero ! Nazo no Chōshinsui '' ( 手 に 入れろ ! 謎 の 超 神 水 ) Satoru Kusuda June 8 , 1988 September 23 , 2003 Piano antagonizes King Piccolo 's enslaved subjects . Korin tells Goku that the Ultra Divine Water is hidden deep in an icy labyrinth where many have perished trying to pass . Yajirobe refuses to go , but accidentally goes in the same portal that Goku enters after . As Goku fights an indestructible ice monster , Darkness awakens . Yajirobe and Goku escape sliding down a long twisty path . Snow is very tempted to shoot King Piccolo with a rifle , but knows how unwise it is . Darkness has something bad in store for Goku and Yajirobe . 116 `` The Turtle Hermit Lives ? ! '' / `` A Taste of Destiny '' `` Ikite Ita Kame - sen'nin ! ? '' ( 生き てい た 亀 仙人 ! ? ) Not Credited June 22 , 1988 September 24 , 2003 As Yajirobe and Goku press on , they go their separate ways . Goku meets Master Roshi and is taken to the Kame House in the middle of the labyrinth where all his friends await him . Goku sees all this is an illusion to bait him into danger and this Roshi is a fraud . Yajirobe falls onto Goku and they both fall off a cliff clinging for their lives . With effort , Goku stays put , even as Roshi injures him . Satisfied , Darkness meets with Goku and warns him the possibility of death from drinking the water if he is not fit for it . Goku takes the risk and drinks the water . Meanwhile , King Piccolo broadcasts that criminals are free to reign in the world . 117 `` Son Goku Finally Departs ! ! '' / `` The Ultimate Sacrifice '' `` Son Gokū Tsui ni Hasshin ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 ついに 発進 ! ! ) Katsumi Aoshima June 29 , 1988 September 25 , 2003 Goku has survived the Ultra Divine Water and vaults his and Yajirobe 's way out with the power pole . Meanwhile a crime wave spreads throughout the world . Eighter has traveled to Chow Kingdom to find Snow . Snow is making use herself helping those in casualty as Eighter finds her . Eighter forcefully persuades a band of rogues to aid the casualties . Tien finally masters the evil containment wave and makes his way to confront King Piccolo . Goku and Yajirobe manage to get back to Korin 's Tower . Korin gives Goku a new Nimbus cloud and Goku makes his way to face King Piccolo once more . 118 `` Tenshinhan 's Determination '' / `` Prelude to Vengeance '' `` Tenshinhan no Ketsui ! ! '' ( 天津飯 の 決意 ! ! ) Not Credited July 6 , 1988 September 29 , 2003 King Piccolo keeps the world at suspense as he chooses a target sector to annihilate . King Piccolo chooses to destroy Sector 28 , which is none other than Bulma 's homeland . The entire city tries to evacuate in a frenzy , including Bulma 's parents . A team of convicts storms the Kame House , but Yamcha and Launch beat them . Tien arrives at Chow Castle just as King Piccolo is about to depart . Before Tien can start his plan , King Piccolo creates a new warrior called Drum . 119 `` Will it Work ? ! The Legendary Mafūba '' / `` Battle Cry '' `` Kimaru ka ! ? Densetsu no Mafūba '' ( きまる か ! ? 伝説 の 魔 封 波 ) Not Credited July 20 , 1988 September 30 , 2003 As crisis continues in West City , Tien is forced to fight Drum . Goku stops halfway on his journey to help the Ox King and Chi Chi from soldiers blackmailed into killing martial artists by King Piccolo . Tired of waiting , Yamcha and the others decide to go after Tien . After taking blows Tien seizes his chance to perform the evil containment wave , but Piccolo destroys the jar . Goku arrives and kicks Drum hard , killing him . 120 `` Goku : Rage at Full Power ! ! '' / `` Goku Strikes Back '' `` Gokū Ikari no Furu Pawā ! ! '' ( 悟空 怒り の フル パワー ! ! ) Yukio Ebisawa July 27 , 1988 October 1 , 2003 Goku starts his fight by throwing King Piccolo through Chow Castle . King Piccolo 's first attacks fail to harm Goku . Piccolo gets many blows from Goku , so he harnesses his full power , killing Piano in the process . Goku takes a powerful hit and Piccolo rounds on Tien . Goku suddenly leaps out about to launch a Kamehameha Wave . 121 `` Son Goku 's Greatest Crisis '' / `` The Biggest Crisis '' `` Son Gokū Saidai no Kiki ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 最大 の 危機 ! ! ) Not Credited August 3 , 1988 October 2 , 2003 Goku blasts King Piccolo in the back with a Kamehameha Wave . Goku continues to devastate King Piccolo . News of the fight reaches everywhere . King Piccolo manages to wound Goku 's right knee , forcing Goku to use his power pole to strike back . King Piccolo fired deadly beams until Goku lost his power pole and hits him , destroying the entire kingdom , King Furry evading death . Tien was able to save Goku from certain death but gets exhausted . Goku prevents King Piccolo from conjuring another explosive wave , but King Piccolo manages to hit Goku and create a huge crater . Goku gets out with his Nimbus Cloud . 122 `` The Final Gamble '' / `` Final Showdown '' `` Saigo no Kake ! ! '' ( 最後 の 賭け ! ! ) Not Credited August 10 , 1988 October 6 , 2003 Sensing he is in a losing battle , King Piccolo resorts to a cowardly act , threatening to kill Tien , if Goku moves a muscle . Yamcha reaches the place and lands his plane . Yajirobe has also arrived to watch Goku fight . Upon discovering that King Piccolo killed Shenron , Goku resigns himself to endure repetitive pains getting his limbs crippled . With Goku incapacitated , King Piccolo prepares to finish him off , but Goku uses full power in his right fist to punch a hole through King Piccolo 's torso . Seconds before King Piccolo 's death , he uses the last of his energy to create his final offspring . Yajirobe saves Goku from falling to his death and retrieves Tien . Piccolo jr . Saga ( 1988 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 123 `` The Nyoibō 's Secret '' / `` Lost and Found '' `` Nyoibō no Himitsu '' ( 如意 棒 の 秘密 ) Osamu Kasai August 17 , 1988 October 7 , 2003 Tien retrieves Goku 's power pole as Bulma , Yamcha and sweet Launch scan the place . Yajirobe takes Goku back to Korin 's tower . News of King Piccolo 's defeat spreads with much celebration . Even as the eternal dragon is dead , Bulma procured all the stones anyway . An old lady spots King Piccolo 's egg and she and her husband bring to their house and Piccolo Junior is about to hatch . Korin is shocked to hear that the eternal dragon is dead . Korin knows the creator of the dragon balls , Kami . To get to him Goku searches for the power pole while meeting King Furry . Fortuneteller Baba tells Goku the power pole is at Master Roshi 's . Goku gets the power pole and flies back to Korin 's tower . Piccolo Junior destroys the couple 's house and vows for revenge . 124 `` Temple Above the Clouds '' / `` Temple Above the Clouds '' `` Kumo no Ue no Shinden '' ( 雲の上 の 神殿 ) Yutaka Satō August 24 , 1988 October 8 , 2003 Goku extends the Power Pole from the top of Korin 's Tower to reach the temple above . Once there he must battle Mr. Popo in order to obtain an audience with Kami . The placid Mr. Popo proves to be a lot stronger than he appears . Meanwhile , back on the ground , Kame House gets flooded with reporters looking for Goku after it is discovered that he is the one who defeated King Piccolo . 125 `` Kami - sama Appears ! ! '' / `` Earth 's Guardian Emerges '' `` Kami - sama Tōjō ! ! '' ( 神様 登場 ! ! ) Not Credited August 31 , 1988 October 9 , 2003 Mr. Popo finally agrees to train Goku after seeing his potential . At the same time , Tien vows to train hard to beat Goku in the next Martial Arts Tournament . Realizing Goku 's determination , Kami reveals himself to Goku , who is shocked by his appearance and the story he tells . Kami agrees to revive the Eternal Dragon if Goku will stay and train with Mr. Popo for a while , terms which Goku gladly accepts . 126 `` Shen Long is Resurrected ! ! '' / `` Eternal Dragon Resurrected '' `` Yomigaeru Shenron ! ! '' ( よみがえる 神龍 ! ! ) Not Credited September 14 , 1988 October 13 , 2003 Kami revives Shenron , the Eternal Dragon . When Goku 's friends down on Earth call Shenron , he tells them that Goku is training in Heaven under Kami - sama and will meet them at the next Martial Arts Tournament . They wish for everyone who was killed by Piccolo to be revived . The news that Goku is training under Kami spurs Tien , Yamcha , and Krillin to train hard as well for the competition . 127 `` Faster than Lightning ! ! '' / `` Quicker than Lightning '' `` Kaminari yori mo Hayaku ! ! '' ( カミナリ より も 速く ! ! ) Osamu Kasai September 21 , 1988 October 14 , 2003 Tien , Krillin , and Yamcha continue to train at Kame House . Simultaneously , Kami and Mr. Popo send Goku on a special training mission to fetch a crown . As Goku tries to take the crown from the top of a mountain , he is struck by lightning . Goku meets a young girl who uses her `` sixth sense '' to find her lost bird . This makes Goku realize how he must acquire the crown : he must be faster than lightning . 128 `` Quiet as the Sky '' / `` Secret of the Woods '' `` Sora no yō ni Shizuka ni '' ( 空 の よう に 静か に ) Satoru Kusuda September 28 , 1988 October 15 , 2003 Tien , Krillin , and Yamcha ask Master Roshi why he is not teaching them anymore and he explains to them that he has nothing more to teach and that they should seek training on their own . Mr. Popo sends Goku to a forest in search of someone who can train his mind . Goku meets a large family that lives in a cabin and the grandfather of the family , a simple fisherman , turns out to be able to teach Goku more than he expected . 129 `` Time Traveler Goku '' / `` The Time Room '' `` Toki o Kakeru Gokū '' ( 時 を かける 悟空 ) Not Credited October 12 , 1988 October 16 , 2003 Mr. Popo sends Goku back in time to train more . In the past he meets the young Master Roshi and his rival , the young Crane Hermit . Goku learns from their master Mutaito how to harness his spirit energy . During an incident where the Crane Hermit steals Roshi 's love interest , Goku gets angry and manages to use his spirit energy successfully . Back in the present , Tien contemplates visiting Korin 's Tower in order to train as Goku once had . 130 `` Goku 's Opponent is ... Goku ? ! '' / `` Goku 's Doll '' `` Gokū no Teki wa ... Gokū ! ? '' ( 悟空 の 敵 は ... 悟空 ! ? ) Mitsuo Hashimoto Hajime Satsuki Daisuke Nishio Masayuki Uchiyama October 19 , 1988 October 20 , 2003 Tien , Krillin , Yamcha , and Chaozu all are heading toward 's Korin 's Tower , and are training on the way . Mr. Popo finally gives Goku an opponent to train with , and it turns out to be a clay version of Goku . Their skills are exactly the same , the only difference is that the clay Goku has no interference in his mind , and can concentrate completely on fighting . This shows Goku that he needs to quiet his mind , and he begins to realize how to achieve that . 131 `` Each on Their Own Way '' / `` Walking Their Own Ways '' `` Sorezore no Michi o Mezashite '' ( それぞれ の 道 を めざし て ) Yukio Ebisawa October 26 , 1988 October 21 , 2003 Mr. Popo plays hide and seek with Goku to teach him about concentration and finding people 's ki . Meanwhile , Tien , Krillin , Yamcha , and Chaozu continue their search for Korin 's Tower . In doing so they happen across a small village at the base of a large mountain that the townsfolk consider to be their protecting god . Suddenly the mountain explodes and the four warriors rush to try to stop the lava flowing towards the town . 132 `` Hotter than Magma '' / `` Hotter than Lava '' `` Maguma yori Atsuku '' ( マグマ より 熱く ) Not Credited November 2 , 1988 October 22 , 2003 Still training with Mr. Popo , Goku can not yet harness his ki . Back on the ground , Tien , Krillin , Yamcha , and Chaozu each try individually to stop the flow of lava towards the defenseless village . Just as it looks like the threat has passed , the volcano erupts again with even more power . This time the four warriors work together to avert the magma for good . Training continues as the next Martial Arts Tournament is only three years away . 133 `` Reunion Before the Storm '' / `` Changes '' `` Arashi no Mae no Saikai '' ( 嵐 の 前 の 再会 ) Not Credited November 9 , 1988 October 23 , 2003 Three years have passed and all of the warriors reunite for the 23rd Martial Arts Tournament . Goku , Tien , Krillin , Yamcha , and Chaozu have all been training for the last three years , resulting in drastic physical changes and improvement in martial arts skills . However , on the first day of the preliminary rounds , the warriors are encountered by an old nemesis . 134 `` Trouble at the Tenkaichi Tournament '' / `` Preliminary Peril '' `` Haran no Tenka - ichi Budōkai '' ( 波乱 の 天下 一 武道 会 ) Not Credited November 16 , 1988 October 27 , 2003 Goku and Tien agree to keep it a secret that Piccolo 's spawn is at the tournament . In the preliminaries , all the fighters get a chance to show off the benefits of their training . Goku demonstrates that he has learned to harness his ki . Tao surfaces again , still alive and now a cyborg . He has entered the tournament and plans to kill Goku and Tien for vengeance . Tao who had become a cyborg seriously injures Chiaotzu . 135 `` The Chosen Eight '' / `` Battle of the Eight '' `` Erabareta Hachinin '' ( 選ば れ た 8 人 ) Not Credited November 23 , 1988 October 28 , 2003 Even the preliminary rounds of the 23rd Martial Arts Tournament are more brutal than those of years past . Eventually eight people come out on top to advance to the final rounds : Tien , Tao , a strangely familiar girl , Goku , Krillin , Piccolo , Yamcha , and a bumbling man known as Hero . Everyone is worried that Tao will defeat Tien in the first match , but Goku is certain that Tien is stronger . 136 `` The Assassin Taopaipai 's Counterattack '' / `` Tien Shinhan vs. Mercenary Tao '' `` Koroshiya Taopaipai no Gyakushū '' ( 殺し 屋 桃 白白 の 逆襲 ) Not Credited November 30 , 1988 October 29 , 2003 Tien proves to be much stronger than Tao . Being a former student under the assassin , Tien gives Tao a chance to back down . After Tao tries to kill Tien , however , he loses all respect for his former master and takes him out easily . The battle ends up being more of an emotional victory than one of strength . Meanwhile , Goku must face the angry , familiar woman . 137 `` Son Goku 's Marriage '' / `` Anonymous Proposal '' `` Son Gokū no Kekkon '' ( 孫悟空 の 結婚 ) Not Credited December 7 , 1988 October 30 , 2003 Goku 's female opponent proves to be a worthy contender , fueled by her anger at Goku . She says she will tell Goku who she is if he defeats her , which he does easily . It turns out that she is none other than Chi - Chi , daughter of the Ox King , and the girl who Goku promised he would marry . Goku agrees to live up to this promise , and warns Krillin to be careful of his opponent in the next match . Realizing that Krillin is indeed strong , Piccolo agrees to show his true strength . 138 `` The Mysterious Man , Shen '' / `` The Mysterious Hero '' `` Nazo no Otoko Shen '' ( 謎 の 男 シェン ) Not Credited December 14 , 1988 November 3 , 2003 As a final act of desperation , Krillin unleashes a powerful Kamehameha upon Piccolo , who is unaffected . After getting what Piccolo thought was a fatal blow , Krillin surrenders ; everyone realizes he still did very well . In the next match , Yamcha does not take his seemingly foolish opponent , Hero , seriously . However , Hero decides to battle Yamcha with his real power , exhibiting strength that surprises everyone . 139 `` Another Fierce Fight ! Goku vs. Tenshinhan '' / `` Rematch '' `` Gekitō Futatabi ! Gokū Tai Tienshinhan '' ( 激闘 ふたたび ! 悟空 VS 天津飯 ) Not Credited December 21 , 1988 November 4 , 2003 Hero tries to teach Yamcha as they battle , but Yamcha will hear nothing of it . Finally , after rebounding from Yamcha 's toughest attack , Hero ends the match with ease . Yamcha then thanks Hero for what he has taught him . Goku realizes that Hero is Kami in a human body . In the next battle , Tien and Goku seem to be of equal strength . But after an intense bout of sparring , Tien is panting while Goku breathes normally , seeming to have the upper hand . 140 `` True Strength '' / `` Goku Gains Speed '' `` Hontō no Chikara '' ( ほんとう の 力 ) Not Credited January 11 , 1989 November 5 , 2003 Tien exhibits a drastic increase in speed , and notes that Goku has not sped up at all since the most recent tournament . However , asking for a quick pause , Goku removes his shirt , wrist bands , and boots -- a combined weight of 100 kg . With the extra training weight off Goku is faster than ever . Having no other choice , Tien decides to use a new skill : 12 eyes . 141 `` Four Tenshinhans '' / `` The Four Faces of Tien '' `` Yonin no Tenshinhan '' ( 四 人 の 天津飯 ) Not Credited January 18 , 1989 November 6 , 2003 Tien splits his body into four separate Tiens , with a total of 12 eyes . Goku gets knocked down by their first attack , but used the opportunity to find the two weaknesses in this skill : the 12 eyes are too sensitive and each Tien is only a fourth as strong as the actual Tien . Goku uses Tien 's own Taiyoken technique against him to blind the 12 eyes , and then knocks all four Tiens out of the ring for the victory . 142 `` Who is Stronger ? ! Kami vs. Piccolo - Daimaō '' / `` Kami vs. Piccolo '' `` Docchi ga Tsuyoi ! ? Kami Tai Pikkoro Daimaō '' ( どっち が 強い ! ? 神 VS ピッコロ 大 魔王 ) Not Credited January 25 , 1989 November 10 , 2003 Finally Kami battles his evil half . He tells Goku that he must vanquish Piccolo because he knows that Goku , knowing that if Piccolo dies Kami must die as well , will not have the heart to kill Piccolo himself . Kami uses the Mafuba technique to seal Piccolo in a Denshi jar , just like what happened centuries earlier . Piccolo counters the attack , sealing Kami in the Denshi jar and swallowing it . Before he is sealed Kami implores Goku to destroy Piccolo at any cost . 143 `` A Gamble on the Fate of the Earth ! '' / `` Battle for the Future '' `` Kono Yo no Unmei o Kakete ! '' ( この世 の 運命 を 賭け て ! ) Not Credited February 1 , 1989 November 11 , 2003 Goku explains to Master Roshi , Tien , Krillin , and Yamcha that Hero was Kami in a human body . He tells them about Kami and Piccolo splitting into two separate entities , good and evil . Goku realizes that it is up to him to stop Piccolo now . As their match begins , their strength appears to be equal . Soon , however , Piccolo unleashes a flurry of attacks that leaves Goku lying in a hole as the count rises . 144 `` Let Loose ! The Ultimate Super Kamehameha '' / `` Super Kamehameha '' `` Deta ! Kyūkyoku no Chōkamehameha '' ( で た ! 究極 の 超 カメハメ 波 ) Not Credited February 8 , 1989 November 12 , 2003 Goku turned out to be just testing Piccolo 's attacks , as he usually does . As they resume battling , Goku seems to be superior to his opponent . Getting worried , Piccolo decides to unleash a devastating attack that will wipe out everyone at the tournament . Krillin reminds Goku that even if Kami dies in the course of destroying Piccolo , they always have the dragon balls to revive him . Realizing this , Goku combats Piccolo 's blast with his most powerful Kamehameha . 145 `` Piccolo - Daimaō 's Super Giant - Body Technique '' / `` Junior No More '' `` Pikkoro Daimaō Chōkyoshinjutsu '' ( ピッコロ 大 魔王 超 巨 身 術 ) Not Credited February 15 , 1989 November 13 , 2003 Piccolo reveals to everyone that he is , in fact , the reincarnation of King Piccolo . Upon hearing this , all of the spectators rush from the arena leaving only Goku and his friends , though this works to Goku 's advantage , as he no longer has to worry about innocent bystanders getting hurt . Piccolo then concentrates his energy to turn into a giant form of himself . Even though he is considerably larger , Goku still has no problem battling him . However , he says that if Piccolo were to be any bigger he would be in trouble . Of course , Piccolo does just that , becoming gargantuan . 146 `` Son Goku 's Trap '' / `` Goku 's Trap '' `` Son Gokū no Wana '' ( 孫悟空 の ワナ ) Not Credited February 22 , 1989 November 17 , 2003 As soon as Piccolo increases his size again , Goku jumps down his throat to retrieve the swallowed Denshi jar , saving Kami . Realizing he was tricked , Piccolo returns to his normal size . As they continue battling , Kami jumps in to protect Goku from a punch . Goku says he wants to fight alone and allows Piccolo to redo the punch . As the battle continues , Piccolo resorts to using his ultimate attack . 147 `` Nothing More That Can Be Done ! ! '' / `` Goku Hangs On '' `` Banji Kyūsu ! ! '' ( 万事休す ! ! ) Not Credited March 1 , 1989 November 18 , 2003 As his friends run for cover , Goku prepares to take Piccolo 's final attack . Piccolo unleashes a giant wave of energy comparable to a nuclear explosion , leveling the entire island . As the dust settles Goku is still standing . He takes advantage of Piccolo 's weakened state after his huge energy expenditure and knocks him into the ground with a Kamehameha . Just as the count reaches nine , Piccolo lifts his head and emits an energy beam impaling Goku -- but he wo n't give up just yet . 148 `` Hooray ! The Earth 's Strongest Man '' / `` The Victor '' `` Yatta ! Chikyūjō Saikyō no Otoko '' ( やっ た ! 地球 上 最強 の 男 ) Not Credited March 8 , 1989 November 19 , 2003 After Piccolo weakens Goku to the point where he ca n't lift any limbs ( including the one arm his father made the mistake of leaving Goku ) , Piccolo flies to the sky , like his dad , to finish off his nemesis . However , unknown to Piccolo and the others , Goku can fly , and he uses the opportunity to headbutt Piccolo in mid-air for a ring out victory . Later , Goku uses a sensu bean on himself and to revive Piccolo , not wanting to jeopardize Kami 's health . Piccolo shows complete contempt for this , thinking Goku to be soft , and departs after vowing to defeat Goku . 149 `` Wedding Dress in Flames '' / `` Dress in Flames '' `` Honō no Naka no Uedingu Doresu '' ( 炎 の 中 の ウエディング ドレス ) Not Credited March 15 , 1989 November 20 , 2003 Everyone starts heading home after the tournament . Goku and Chichi headed towards Chichi 's new home . Goku eats many meals ( which surprises all the maids and chefs ) . The Ox King shows Chichi 's wedding dress which belonged to her mother . Suddenly a blast of fire envelopes the entire castle ! Everyone heads out except the Ox King , who stays to retrieve the wedding dress . The Ox King gets trapped in his own castle and Goku and Chichi head to Baba for help . 150 `` The Phantom Fire - Eating Bird '' / `` The Fire - Eater '' `` Maboroshi no Hi Kui Dori '' ( 幻 の 火 喰い 鳥 ) Not Credited March 22 , 1989 November 24 , 2003 The people of Frying Pan are unable to extinguish the flames consuming the castle . Goku and Chi Chi seek the Turtle hermit 's help to make another Bansho fan . Goku and Chi Chi travel south to get one of the materials . In the volcano , Goku calms down an inhabiting beast . Mai and Shu are after the Fire Eater as well . Chi Chi finds a large egg being warmed by a scientist who explains what became of the Fire Eaters . Emperor Pilaf , Mai and Shu burst in , but they flee when Goku smashes their drill vehicle . A surviving Fire Eater comes out of the crater and hatches the egg . After Goku and Chi Chi escape with the scientist , they are disappointed to come empty handed ( Chi Chi has kept an egg fragment ) . The scientist tells them where they can find the Bansho fan . 151 `` Thanks to Chi Chi 's Homemaker Training ... '' / `` Outrageous Octagon '' `` Chichi no Hanayome Shugyō no Okage Desu '' ( チチ の 花嫁 修業 の おかげ です ) Not Credited April 5 , 1989 November 25 , 2003 Goku and Chi Chi reach the mountain , but as they get close , a blizzard starts up . They meet an old woman named Octagon . She tells the mountain is disrupted by the presence of females but knows nothing about the Bansho fan . Goku goes to the mountain to gather snow while Pilaf , Shu and Mai are searching after the fan . The mountain starts up another blizzard . The cold weather prevents Pilaf from firing missiles and flamethrowers on Goku . Hearing from Goku that the mountain is provoked by women , Pilaf pushes Mai away . While Goku gathers snow and scares Pilaf , Chi Chi cleans up Octagon 's house , but smashes many of her dishes . Chi Chi comes across the Bansho fan as she sweeps the yard , while Goku 's snow is melting . Shu takes the fan but blows away his companions and flees . Before Goku and Chi Chi leave , Octagon gives them a jar of honey . The Ox King is getting desperate as they successfully return . Goku waves the fan , but the flames persist . 152 `` Hurry , Goku ! The Mysterious Mountain of Five Elements '' / `` Mystery of the Dark World '' `` Isoge Gokū ! Gogyōzan no Nazo '' ( いそげ 悟空 ! 五行 山 の なぞ ) Not Credited April 12 , 1989 November 26 , 2003 Baba warns Goku that the fan wo n't work and he must go to the Magical Furnace in the Dark World and meet Tajoro . Goku and Chi Chi journey and enter the Dark World . They jump over a large gap on the road and get chased by bats . As Goku and Chi Chi go further things become more dangerous , but they discover all the dangers are imaginary and proceed . The Ox King gets trapped at the peak of the castle . Goku meets Gohan at the furnace , who tells him Tajoro is called Amin . Goku wants to put out the furnace which Gohan and Amin object to . 153 `` Mt . Frypan is Burning ! An Instant Do - or - Die Journey '' / `` The End , the Beginning '' `` Moeru Furaipan Yama ! Isshun no Kesshikō '' ( 燃える フライパン 山 ! 一瞬 の 決死 行 ) Not Credited April 19 , 1989 December 1 , 2003 Gohan and Amin wo n't let Goku turn off the furnace for the simple reason that spirits would n't have access to their afterlife especially evil spirits . Instead of helping Goku , Amin resorts to fighting him . Amin formulates a plan after seeing Goku has the Bansho fan . Luckily Chi Chi has both vital requirements on her . With aid of the Bansho fan and Amin lifting the pot , Goku descends into the furnace and manages to seal the hole , barely making it out alive . The flames at the castle have died down and the Ox King has survived and kept the wedding dress intact . Goku and Chi Chi proceed with their wedding and the two of them are married . Films ( edit ) # Title Original release English release `` Dragon Ball : Curse of the Blood Rubies '' `` Doragon Bōru : Shenron no Densetsu '' ( ドラゴンボール 神龍 の 伝説 ) December 20 , 1986 September 9 , 1995 December 28 , 2010 ( Funimation re-dub ) `` Dragon Ball : Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle '' `` Doragon Bōru : Majin - Jō No Nemuri Hime '' ( ドラゴンボール 魔神 城 の ねむり 姫 ) July 18 , 1987 December 1998 `` Dragon Ball : Mystical Adventure '' `` Doragon Bōru : Makafushigi Dai - Bōken '' ( ドラゴンボール 魔 訶 不思議 大 冒険 ) July 9 , 1988 November 21 , 2000 `` Dragon Ball : The Path to Power '' `` Doragon Bōru : Saikyō e no Michi '' ( ドラゴンボール 最強 へ の 道 ) March 4 , 1996 April 29 , 2003 TV Specials ( edit ) # Title Original airdate `` Dragon Ball : Goku 's Fire Brigade '' `` Doragon Bōru : Gokū no shōbō tai '' ( ドラゴンボール 悟空 の 消防 隊 ) June 1988 `` Dragon Ball : Goku 's Traffic Safety '' `` Doragon Bōru : Gokū no kōtsū anzen '' ( ドラゴンボール 悟空 の 交通 安全 ) June 1988 DVD releases ( edit ) Region 1 ( north america ) ( edit ) Season box sets ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Sagas Season One September 15 , 2009 5 1 - 31 Emperor Pilaf / Tournament Saga Season Two November 10 , 2009 5 32 - 61 Red Ribbon Army / General Blue Saga Season Three February 2 , 2010 5 62 - 92 Commander Red / Fortuneteller Baba Saga Season Four May 4 , 2010 5 93 - 122 Tien Shinhan / King Piccolo Saga Season Five July 27 , 2010 5 123 - 153 Piccolo Jr . Saga Notes The season box sets has a few episodes from next saga that follows it . The sagas which have the majority episodes are listed above . Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Dragon Box Set ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Dragon Box July 7 , 2004 26 1 - 153 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ These sagas correspond to the sets released by Funimation in 2003 . However , they only correspond to story arcs , which are themselves split at debatable points , and not to the pattern in which the show aired in either Japan or the United States . In Japan , Dragon Ball like both of the other Dragon Ball series was aired year - round continuously with regular off - days for sporting events and television specials taking place about once every six weeks on average . References ( edit ) General `` Official list of Dragon Ball episodes '' . Toei Animation . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . `` Official list Dragon Ball episodes '' . Funimation . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . `` Unofficial list of Dragon Ball episodes '' . Dragonball Hub . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Specific Jump up ^ Oversees the entire process of the episode Jump up ^ A visual version of the script , for Toei Animation series unless the 絵 コンテ ( storyboard ) is credited specifically the 演出 ( episode director ) storyboarded it . Jump up ^ Corrects the layouts and key animation drawings of the key animators . Jump up ^ For Toei Animation series unless the 絵 コンテ ( storyboard ) is credited specifically the 演出 ( episode director ) storyboarded it . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 4 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . hide Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr. Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Puff Puff Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_episodes&oldid=849985118 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Italiano Magyar Polski Português Română ไทย Tiếng Việt 吴语 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 19 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the last season of dragon ball | [
"\n\n\nSaga[n 1]\n\nEpisodes\n\nJapanese Airdates\n\nEnglish Airdates\n\n\n\n\n1\n\nEmperor Pilaf Saga\n\n13 (1–13)\n\nFebruary 26, 1986 – May 21, 1986\n\nSeptember 9, 1995 – December 2, 1995 (original)August 20, 2001 – September 5, 2001 (re-dub)\n\n\n\n\n2\n\nTournament Saga\n\n15 (14–28)\n\nMay 28, 1986 – September 3, 1986\n\nSeptember 6, 2001 – September 26, 2001\n\n\n\n\n3\n\nRed Ribbon Army Saga\n\n17 (29–45)\n\nSeptember 10, 1986 – January 7, 1987\n\nFebruary 11, 2002 – March 5, 2002\n\n\n\n\n4\n\nGeneral Blue Saga\n\n12 (46–57)\n\nJanuary 14, 1987 – April 8, 1987\n\nMarch 6, 2002 – March 15, 2002October 21, 2002 – October 24, 2002\n\n\n\n\n5\n\nCommander Red Saga\n\n10 (58–67)\n\nApril 15, 1987 – June 24, 1987\n\nOctober 28, 2002 – November 13, 2002\n\n\n\n\n6\n\nFortuneteller Baba Saga\n\n16 (68–83)\n\nJuly 1, 1987 – October 14, 1987\n\nNovember 14, 2002 – December 3, 2002\n\n\n\n\n7\n\nTien Shinhan Saga\n\n18 (84–101)\n\nOctober 21, 1987 – February 17, 1988\n\nDecember 4, 2002 – December 31, 2002\n\n\n\n\n8\n\nKing Piccolo Saga\n\n21 (102–122)\n\nFebruary 24, 1988 – August 10, 1988\n\nSeptember 1, 2003 – October 6, 2003\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nPiccolo Jr. Saga\n\n31 (123–153)\n\nAugust 17, 1988 – April 19, 1989\n\nOctober 7, 2003 – December 1, 2003\n"
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"Piccolo Jr. Saga"
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-4918567615338323958 | Furman v. Georgia | Furman v. Georgia - wikipedia Furman v. Georgia Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Furman v. Georgia Supreme Court of the United States Argued January 17 , 1972 Decided June 29 , 1972 Full case name William Henry Furman v. State of Georgia Citations 408 U.S. 238 ( more ) 92 S. Ct. 2726 ; 33 L. Ed . 2d 346 ; 1972 U.S. LEXIS 169 Prior history Certiorari granted ( 403 U.S. 952 ) Subsequent history Rehearing denied ( 409 U.S. 902 ) Holding The arbitrary and inconsistent imposition of the death penalty violates the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments , and constitutes cruel and unusual punishment . Court membership Chief Justice Warren E. Burger Associate Justices William O. Douglas William J. Brennan , Jr . Potter Stewart Byron White Thurgood Marshall Harry Blackmun Lewis F. Powell , Jr . William Rehnquist Case opinions Per curiam . Concurrence Douglas Concurrence Brennan Concurrence Stewart Concurrence White Concurrence Marshall Dissent Burger , joined by Blackmun , Powell , Rehnquist Dissent Blackmun Dissent Powell , joined by Burger , Blackmun , Rehnquist Dissent Rehnquist , joined by Burger , Blackmun , Powell Laws applied U.S. Const . amends . VIII , XIV Wikisource has original text related to this article : Furman v. Georgia Furman v. Georgia , 408 U.S. 238 ( 1972 ) was a criminal case in which the United States Supreme Court struck down all death penalty schemes in the United States in a 5 -- 4 decision , with each member of the majority writing a separate opinion . Following Furman , in order to reinstate the death penalty , states had to at least remove arbitrary and discriminatory effects , to satisfy the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The decision ruled on the requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty . This case led to a de facto moratorium on capital punishment throughout the United States , which came to an end when Gregg v. Georgia was decided in 1976 to allow the death penalty . The Supreme Court consolidated Jackson v. Georgia and Branch v. Texas with the Furman decision , and thus also invalidated the death penalty for rape ( this ruling was confirmed post-Gregg in Coker v. Georgia ) . The Court had also intended to include the case of Aikens v. California , but between the time Aikens had been heard in oral argument and a decision was to be issued , the Supreme Court of California decided in California v. Anderson that the death penalty violated the state constitution . The Aikens case was dismissed as moot since all death sentences in California were reduced to life imprisonment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Decision 3 Dissents 4 Aftermath 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) In the Furman v. Georgia case , the resident awoke in the middle of the night to find William Henry Furman committing burglary in his house . At trial , in an unsworn statement allowed under Georgia criminal procedure , Furman said that while trying to escape , he tripped and the weapon he was carrying fired accidentally , killing the victim . This contradicted his prior statement to police that he had turned and blindly fired a shot while fleeing . In either event , because the shooting occurred during the commission of a felony , Furman would have been guilty of murder and eligible for the death penalty under then - extant state law , according to the felony murder rule . Furman was tried for murder and was found guilty based largely on his own statement . Although he was sentenced to death , the punishment was never carried out . Jackson v. Georgia , like Furman , was also a death penalty case confirmed by the Supreme Court of Georgia . Unlike Furman , however , the convicted man in Jackson had not killed anyone , but attempted to commit armed robbery and committed rape in the process of doing so . Branch v. Texas was brought to the Supreme Court of the United States on appeal on certiorari to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals . Like Jackson , Branch was convicted of rape . Decision ( edit ) In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court 's one - paragraph per curiam opinion held that the imposition of the death penalty in these cases constituted cruel and unusual punishment and violated the Constitution . However , the majority could not agree as to a rationale . There was no opinion of the court or plurality as none of the five justices constituting the majority joined in the opinion of any other . Justices Potter Stewart , Byron White and William O. Douglas expressed similar concerns about the apparent arbitrariness with which death sentences were imposed under the existing laws , often indicating a racial bias against black defendants . Because these opinions were the narrowest , finding only that the death penalty as currently applied was cruel and unusual , they are often considered the controlling majority opinions . Stewart wrote : These death sentences are cruel and unusual in the same way that being struck by lightning is cruel and unusual . For , of all the people convicted of rapes and murders in 1967 and 1968 , many just as reprehensible as these , the petitioners are among a capriciously selected random handful upon whom the sentence of death has in fact been imposed . My concurring Brothers have demonstrated that , if any basis can be discerned for the selection of these few to be sentenced to death , it is the constitutionally impermissible basis of race . See McLaughlin v. Florida , 379 U.S. 184 ( 1964 ) But racial discrimination has not been proved , and I put it to one side . I simply conclude that the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments can not tolerate the infliction of a sentence of death under legal systems that permit this unique penalty to be so wantonly and so freakishly imposed . Justices William Brennan and Thurgood Marshall concluded that the death penalty was in itself `` cruel and unusual punishment , '' and incompatible with the evolving standards of decency of a contemporary society . Dissents ( edit ) Chief Justice Warren Burger and Justices Harry Blackmun , Lewis F. Powell , and William H. Rehnquist , each appointed by President Richard Nixon , dissented . They argued that a punishment provided in 40 state statutes ( at the time ) and by the federal government could not be ruled contrary to the so - called `` evolving standard of decency . '' Aftermath ( edit ) The Furman decision caused all death sentences pending at the time to be reduced to life imprisonment , and it was described by scholars as a `` legal bombshell . '' The next day , columnist Barry Schweid wrote that it was `` unlikely '' that the death penalty could exist anymore in the United States . The Court 's decision forced states and the U.S. Congress to rethink their statutes for capital offenses to ensure that the death penalty would not be administered in a capricious or discriminatory manner . In the following four years , 37 states enacted new death penalty laws aimed at overcoming the court 's concerns about arbitrary imposition of the death penalty . Several statutes that mandated bifurcated trials , with separate guilt - innocence and sentencing phases , and imposing standards to guide the discretion of juries and judges in imposing capital sentences , were upheld in a series of Supreme Court decisions in 1976 , led by Gregg v. Georgia . Other statutes enacted in response to Furman , such as Louisiana 's which mandated imposition of the death penalty upon conviction of a certain crime , were struck down in cases of that same year . See also ( edit ) Capital punishment in the United States List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 408 Gregg v. Georgia Baze v. Rees Glossip v. Gross References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Criminal Law - Cases and Materials , 7th ed. 2012 , Wolters Kluwer Law & Business ; John Kaplan , Robert Weisberg , Guyora Binder , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4548 - 0698 - 1 , ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Branch v. Texas '' . TheFreeDictionary.com . Jump up ^ Cornell University Law School . `` Furman v. Georgia ( No. 69 - 5003 ) '' . cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Barry Latzer ( 2010 ) , Death Penalty Cases : Leading U.S. Supreme Court Cases on Capital Punishment , Elsevier , p. 37 . Jump up ^ The Free Lance - Star - Jun 30 , 1972 : `` New laws unlikely on death penalty , '' by Barry Schweid Jump up ^ `` Furman v. Georgia - The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law '' . oyez.org . Further reading ( edit ) Smith , Stephen F. ( 2008 ) . `` The Supreme Court and the Politics of Death '' . Virginia Law Review . 94 ( 2 ) : 283 -- 383 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 04 . Hull , Elizabeth ( January 2010 ) . `` Guilty On All Counts '' . Social Policy . 39 ( 4 ) : 11 -- 25 , 15p . External links ( edit ) Furman v. Georgia , 408 U.S. 238 ( 1972 ) ( full text with links to cited material ) Works related to Furman v. Georgia at Wikisource Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Furman_v._Georgia&oldid=815158882 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause and death penalty case law Capital punishment in Georgia ( U.S. state ) 1972 in United States case law 20th century American trials Legal history of Georgia ( U.S. state ) American Civil Liberties Union litigation United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Nederlands Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 03 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the supreme court's ruling in furman v. georgia revolved around | [
"In the following four years, 37 states enacted new death penalty laws aimed at overcoming the court's concerns about arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. Several statutes that mandated bifurcated trials, with separate guilt-innocence and sentencing phases, and imposing standards to guide the discretion of juries and judges in imposing capital sentences, were upheld in a series of Supreme Court decisions in 1976, led by Gregg v. Georgia. Other statutes enacted in response to Furman, such as Louisiana's which mandated imposition of the death penalty upon conviction of a certain crime, were struck down in cases of that same year."
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"1976"
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1477142392883690157 | Weigh station | Weigh station - wikipedia Weigh station Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A weigh station is a checkpoint along a highway to inspect vehicular weights . Usually , trucks and commercial vehicles are subject to the inspection . Weigh stations are equipped with truck scales , some of which are weigh in motion and permit the trucks to continue moving while being weighed , while older scales require the trucks to stop . There are many different scales used , from single axle scales to multi-axle sets . Signal lights indicate if the driver should pull over for additional inspection or if they are allowed to return to the highway . Many jurisdictions employ the use of portable scales , allowing weigh stations to be set up at any point . Portable scales allow states to set up temporary scales for situations such as seasonal check points , temporary checkpoints on isolated roads often used by trucks , and help prevent drivers from avoiding scales at fixed locations . Portable scales may be set up at purpose built locations that are not normally manned . A common reason for setting up portable scales is to monitor trucks during harvest season . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Electronic weigh station bypass 2 Canada 2.1 British Columbia 2.2 Alberta 2.3 North West Territories 3 Taiwan 4 See also 5 References 6 External links United states ( edit ) Road signs , like this one in Interstate 70 in Colorado , typically indicate that a weigh station is upcoming , and a signal indicates whether it is open . A weigh station located near a state border is called a port of entry . States may also locate weigh stations in the interior of the state . Interior weigh stations are often located at choke points or areas where freight originates or is delivered . Weigh stations were primarily created to collect road use taxes before IFTA created an integrated system of doing so . While taxes can still be paid at weigh stations , their primary function is now enforcement of tax and safety regulations . These include : to check freight carrier compliance with fuel tax laws ; to check weight restrictions ; to check equipment safety ; to check compliance with hours of service Regulations . Weigh stations are regulated by individual state governments and therefore have vastly different requirements from state to state . They are typically operated by the state 's Department of Transportation ( DOT ) or Department of Motor Vehicles ( DMV ) in conjunction with the state highway patrol or state police , thus enabling enforcement of applicable laws . The federal maximum weight is set at 80,000 pounds . Trucks exceeding the federal weight limit can still operate on the country 's highways with an overweight permit , but such permits are only issued before the scheduled trip and expire at the end of the trip . Overweight permits are only issued for loads that can not be broken down to smaller shipments that fall below the federal weight limit , and if there is no other alternative to moving the cargo by truck . Permitted oversize trucks are often required to coordinate with the Departments of Transportation and law enforcement agencies of the transited states before the trip begins , as most states require oversize trucks to be escorted . Many states have weigh in motion technology that allow a continuous flow of truck weighing . Many states also check freight paperwork , vehicle paperwork , and logbooks to ensure that fuel taxes have been paid and that truck drivers are obeying the hours of service ( a federal requirement ) . Also , the truck and driver may have to undergo a DOT inspection , as most states perform the bulk of their DOT inspections at their weigh stations . In some cases , if a truck is found to be overweight , the vehicle is ordered to stop until the situation can be fixed by acquiring an overweight permit . In other cases , the driver may receive an overweight ticket and may or may not be required to offload the extra freight . Offloading the extra freight may not be practical for perishable or hazardous loads . The first state to implement a weight law was Maine , which set a limit of 18,000 pounds ( 9 tons ; 8,200 kg ) in 1918 . Two types of loads may result in overweight trucks : divisible and non-divisible . A divisible load is a load which can be easily divided into smaller parts , such as products that are shipped on pallets , automobiles or grains . A non-divisible load is a load which is unable to be divided into smaller parts , like a piece of equipment or a steel beam . All states provide permits for non-divisible loads though the truck may have restricted routing . Some states allow tolerances for any over weight truck . Some states have specific allowances for types of loads for which they will allow tolerances . For example , Wyoming allows 2000 pounds for chains , tarps and dunnage that accompany a non-divisible load . Truckers often refer to weigh stations as `` chicken coops . '' Electronic weigh station bypass ( edit ) Many states now use electronic bypass systems ( or AVI - Automatic Vehicle Identification ) to alleviate some of the truck traffic through the weigh station . Some of the best known are PrePass , NORPASS and Drivewyze . The system may consist of equipment at the weigh station itself , as well as a truck mounted transponder or smartphone , usually placed on the inside of the windshield or on the dashboard . These are similar to transponders used for toll collection . Each transponder is directly registered to a specific truck , and contains a unique identification . The registration process propagates information such as carrier name , unit number , and elected gross weight to weigh stations . In addition , the system keeps a basic safety and compliance record for each vehicle . As a truck approaches a weigh station ( approximately one mile before ) , an electronic `` reader '' on a boom over the freeway reads the information from the truck transponder . It also looks at the safety and compliance record on the database . A display shows the results to the weigh master , including the speed of the vehicle . The weigh master may have the system automatically determine if a truck needs to stop or may override the system . Approximately one - half to one full mile after passing under the `` reader '' , the truck will pass under another boom which has an electronic unit to send the transponder a signal . If the safety information is acceptable the truck may receive a green light and can continue without entering the weigh station at all . There are weight detecting devices in the roadway itself . A driver may get a red light . On these occasions , the truck must pull into the weigh station for the normal weigh - in procedure . The most common reason a truck is `` redlighted '' is a weight problem , or a random check . Each time a truck is randomly pulled in , it is noted in the system whether the driver was compliant or not during the check . This affects how often a truck ( or different trucks from the same company ) are pulled in . For example , a company which is very compliant with the law will probably only have 5 % of its trucks `` redlighted . '' Canada ( edit ) British columbia ( edit ) Weigh Stations ( aka `` Scales '' ) are usually on the right - hand side of the travelled highway , but median scales are appearing ( as of 2005 ) on divided highways , often combined with `` weigh - in - motion '' technology . A median scale is placed between the opposing lanes of traffic , necessitating heavy vehicles exiting from the left lane ( rather than the right ) and re-entering traffic from the left , potentially at a lower speed than the normal `` free - flow '' traffic would expect in the left ( often thought of as `` fast '' ) lane . `` Weigh - in - motion '' technology allows heavy vehicles that do not exceed limits of weight ( and size ) to pass the scale , thus improving both freight and weigh scale operation efficiency . Alberta ( edit ) In Alberta , scales can be on either side of the road , on the median or off - highway . Flashing lights inform drivers as to whether the scale is operational . Occasionally , the lights may be operational in only one direction . Alberta scales are all of the ' weigh - in - motion ' type , and vehicles are not required to stop ; they merely have to slow to 10 km / h . Scales which are not operational are often available to drivers as a ' self - weigh ' site , where drivers can check their axle loads without enforcement officials being involved . North West Territories ( edit ) The government of the North West Territories operates only one scale . It is situated in the townsite of Enterprise , 83 kilometres north of the border with Alberta , and issues permits for vehicles from other jurisdictions as well as weighing vehicles and enforcing hours of service legislation . Taiwan ( edit ) A weigh station sign in Taiwan with Chinese text reading : `` trucks are to be weighed '' In Taiwan , weigh stations ( Chinese : 地磅 站 ) are located on major highways , especially at all toll booths on freeways . Advanced signs tell that trucks must enter the weigh stations when the attached lights are flashing , usually when tolls are collected . Since the National Highway 1 was built with older designs , all weigh stations have older scales so trucks must stop . Weigh stations along the National Highway 3 have weigh - in - motion scales at 7 central and southern toll stations , but northern stations at Cidu , Shulin , and Longtan have traditional scales where trucks must stop . The Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau applies for periodical inspections of truck scales every three months . Truckers entering a weigh - in - motion scale are advised not to accelerate or decelerate suddenly , or they may be required to be weighed again . See also ( edit ) Commercial Vehicle Inspection References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Overweight in Wyoming ? '' . Coopsareopen.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chicken Obsessions '' . Coopsareopen.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau : Frequently asked questions ( in Chinese ) Jump up ^ Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau : Safe Driving Guide ( in Chinese ) External links ( edit ) Look up weigh station in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Weigh stations . United States Truck Weigh Stations and Scales Truck Weigh Stations and Scales Real Time Status Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weigh_station&oldid=825053401 '' Categories : Freight transport Industrial buildings Road infrastructure Weighing instruments Hidden categories : Articles with Chinese - language external links Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 05 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do you have to pull into a weigh station | [
"Weigh stations were primarily created to collect road use taxes before IFTA created an integrated system of doing so. While taxes can still be paid at weigh stations, their primary function is now enforcement of tax and safety regulations. These include: to check freight carrier compliance with fuel tax laws; to check weight restrictions; to check equipment safety; to check compliance with hours of service Regulations. Weigh stations are regulated by individual state governments and therefore have vastly different requirements from state to state. They are typically operated by the state's Department of Transportation (DOT) or Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in conjunction with the state highway patrol or state police, thus enabling enforcement of applicable laws. The federal maximum weight is set at 80,000 pounds. Trucks exceeding the federal weight limit can still operate on the country's highways with an overweight permit, but such permits are only issued before the scheduled trip and expire at the end of the trip. Overweight permits are only issued for loads that cannot be broken down to smaller shipments that fall below the federal weight limit, and if there is no other alternative to moving the cargo by truck. Permitted oversize trucks are often required to coordinate with the Departments of Transportation and law enforcement agencies of the transited states before the trip begins, as most states require oversize trucks to be escorted. Many states have weigh in motion technology that allow a continuous flow of truck weighing."
] | [
"vastly different requirements from state to state"
] |
6873585089990668750 | List of Cleveland Browns head coaches | List of Cleveland Browns head coaches - wikipedia List of Cleveland Browns head coaches Hue Jackson has coached the Browns since 2016 . Bill Belichick coached the Browns from 1991 to 1995 . The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football franchise based in Cleveland , Ohio . They are a member of the North Division of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team began playing in 1946 as a charter member of the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , and joined the NFL as part of the AAFC -- NFL merger in 1950 . The team played their home games at Cleveland Stadium from 1946 to 1995 before moving to FirstEnergy Stadium , where they have played since 1999 . The Browns did not play from 1996 to 1998 when the team 's owner , Art Modell , moved the team to Baltimore , Maryland and formed the Baltimore Ravens . The team was re-activated under new ownership in Cleveland in 1999 . The team is currently owned by Jimmy Haslam III , and Joe Banner is their Chief Executive Officer . Tom Heckert was their general manager until the end of the 2012 season , when he was fired along with the team 's incumbent head coach Pat Shurmur . There have been 15 non-interim head coaches for the Browns franchise . Their first head coach was Paul Brown , who coached for 17 complete seasons . Brown is also the franchise 's all - time leader for the most regular season games coached ( 214 ) , the most regular season game wins ( 158 ) , the most playoffs games coached ( 14 ) , and the most playoff game wins ( 9 ) . Brown is the only Browns head coach to win an AAFC championship with four , the NFL championship with three , the Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year three times , the United Press International ( UPI ) NFL Coach of the Year once , and to have been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a coach . Blanton Collier , Dick Modzelewski , Sam Rutigliano , Bud Carson , Jim Shofner , Chris Palmer , Butch Davis , Pat Shurmur , and Rob Chudzinski have spent their entire NFL head coaching careers with the Browns . Eric Mangini had been the head coach of the Browns since the firing of Romeo Crennel , but was himself fired on January 3 , 2011 . Shurmur replaced Mangini as head coach , but was fired after posting a 9 -- 23 record over two seasons in charge . On January 11 , 2013 , the Cleveland Browns officially named Rob Chudzinski as the replacement for Pat Shurmur . Chudzinski compiled a 4 -- 12 record during the 2013 season , but he was fired on December 29 . On January 23 , 2014 , the Browns hired Mike Pettine as their head coach . Pettine was fired on January 3 , 2016 , hours after the Browns lost their 2015 season finale . On January 13 , 2016 , Hue Jackson was named the Browns ' new head coach . Contents 1 Key 2 Coaches 3 Footnotes 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) The Browns have played their home games in FirstEnergy Stadium since 1999 . # Number of coaches GC Games coached Wins Losses Ties Win % Winning percentage 00 † Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a coach 00 ‡ Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a player 00 * Spent entire NFL head coaching career with the Browns Coaches ( edit ) Note : Statistics are updated through the 2017 NFL season . # Name Term Regular season Playoffs Achievements Ref . GC Win % GC Win % Paul Brown † 1946 -- 1962 214 158 48 8 . 767 14 9 5 . 643 Four AAFC championships ( 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 ) Three NFL championships ( 1950 , 1954 , 1955 ) Seven NFL Conference championships ( 1950 -- 55 , 1957 ) 1949 , 1951 , and 1953 Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year 1957 UPI NFL Coach of the Year Blanton Collier * 1963 -- 1970 112 76 34 . 691 7 . 429 NFL Champion in 1964 Four Eastern conference champions ( 1964 , 1965 , 1968 , 1969 ) Three Century Division Champions ( 1967 , 1968 , 1969 ) Nick Skorich 1971 -- 1975 56 30 24 . 556 0 . 000 AFC Central Division Champions 1971 Forrest Gregg ‡ 1975 -- 1977 41 18 23 0 . 439 -- -- -- -- 1976 Associated Press ( AP ) NFL Coach of the Year 5 Dick Modzelewski * 1977 0 0 . 000 -- -- -- -- 6 Sam Rutigliano * 1978 -- 1984 97 47 50 0 . 485 0 . 000 1979 and 1980 UPI NFL Coach of the Year , AFC Central Division Champions 1980 7 Marty Schottenheimer 1984 -- 1988 71 44 27 0 . 620 6 . 333 1986 UPI NFL Coach of the Year Three AFC Central Division Champions ( 1985 , 1986 and 1987 ) 8 Bud Carson * 1989 -- 1990 25 11 13 . 458 . 500 AFC Central Division Champions 1989 9 Jim Shofner * 1990 7 6 0 . 143 -- -- -- -- 10 Bill Belichick 1991 -- 1995 80 36 44 0 . 450 . 500 -- 1996 -- 1998 11 Chris Palmer * 1999 -- 2000 32 5 27 0 . 156 -- -- -- -- 12 Butch Davis * 2001 -- 2004 58 24 34 0 . 414 0 . 000 13 Terry Robiskie 6 5 0 . 167 -- -- -- -- 14 Romeo Crennel 2005 -- 2008 64 24 40 0 . 375 -- -- -- -- 15 Eric Mangini 2009 -- 2010 32 10 22 0 . 313 -- -- -- -- 16 Pat Shurmur 2011 -- 2012 32 9 23 0 . 281 -- -- -- -- 17 Rob Chudzinski * 2013 16 12 0 . 250 -- -- -- -- 18 Mike Pettine * 2014 -- 2015 32 10 22 0 . 313 -- -- -- -- 19 Hue Jackson 2016 -- present 32 31 0 . 031 -- -- -- -- Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A running total of the number of coaches of the Browns . Thus , any coach who has two or more separate terms as head coach is only counted once . Jump up ^ Each year is linked to an article about that NFL season . Jump up ^ The Browns did not play from 1996 to 1998 due to events in the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy . Notes ( edit ) General `` History : All - Time Head Coaches '' . Cleveland Browns . NFL Enterprises LLC . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season Results '' . Cleveland Browns . NFL Enterprises LLC . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Stadium '' . Cleveland Browns . NFL Enterprises LLC . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Henkel 2005 , p. 111 Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns -- Front Office '' . January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` Pat Shurmur , Tom Heckert fired by Cleveland Browns '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Brown '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hickok , Ralph ( 2008 - 04 - 17 ) . `` NFL Coach of the Year Award '' . Hick OK Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Brown '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( December 29 , 2013 ) . `` Rob Chudzinski fired by Cleveland Browns '' . National Football League . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History : NFL Champions '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Coach of the Year '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blanton Collier '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Skorich '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AP NFL Coach of the Year Winners '' . The Washington Post . 2005 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forrest Gregg '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Modzelewski '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Rutigliano '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Schottenheimer '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bud Carson '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Shofner '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Palmer '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Davis '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Robiskie '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo Crennel '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Mangini '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Shurmur 's Coaching Record '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AP Source : Browns Hire Rob Chudzinski as New Coach '' . abcnews.go.com . AP . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Pettine Record , Statistics , and Category Ranks '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cabot , Mary Kay ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Hue Jackson hired as Cleveland Browns ' 8th head coach since 1999 '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Henkel , Frank M. ( 2005 ) . Cleveland Browns History . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3428 - 2 . Cleveland Browns Founded in 1946 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Headquartered in Berea , Ohio Franchise History Players Head coaches Seasons Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks 1999 expansion draft Starting quarterbacks Pro Bowlers Stadiums Cleveland Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Key personnel Owners : Jimmy Haslam Dee Haslam President ( de facto ) : Paul DePodesta General manager : John Dorsey Head coach : Hue Jackson Culture and lore Art Modell Cleveland sports curse Dawg Pound Draft Day Hot Tub Time Machine Kardiac Kids Marty Ball Miracle at the Met Paul Brown Red Right 88 Relocation controversy `` The Best Man '' The Drive The Express The Fortune Cookie The Fumble Rivalries Cincinnati Bengals Pittsburgh Steelers Baltimore Ravens Playoff appearances ( 28 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1971 1972 1980 1982 1985 1986 1988 1989 1994 2002 Division championships ( 12 ) 1946 1947 1948 1967 1968 1969 1971 1980 1985 1986 1989 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1964 1965 1968 1969 League championships ( 8 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1954 1955 1964 Retired numbers 14 32 45 46 76 Hall of Fame inductees Players : Brown DeLamielleure Ford Gatski Graham Groza Hickerson Kelly Lavelli McCormack Mitchell Motley Newsome Warfield Willis Coach : Brown Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WKNR WKRK - FM WNCX Spanish : WLFM - LP Television : WEWS - TV SportsTime Ohio Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1950 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Former league affiliation League : All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Seasons ( 69 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1994 1995 2001 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Cleveland Browns head coaches Paul Brown ( 1946 -- 1962 ) Blanton Collier ( 1963 -- 1970 ) Nick Skorich ( 1971 -- 1974 ) Forrest Gregg ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Dick Modzelewski # ( 1977 ) Sam Rutigliano ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Marty Schottenheimer ( 1984 -- 1988 ) Bud Carson ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Jim Shofner # ( 1990 ) Bill Belichick ( 1991 -- 1995 ) Inactive ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Chris Palmer ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Butch Davis ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Terry Robiskie # ( 2004 ) Romeo Crennel ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Eric Mangini ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Pat Shurmur ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Rob Chudzinski ( 2013 ) Mike Pettine ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Hue Jackson ( 2016 -- ) # denotes interim head coach Current head coaches of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Sean McDermott ( Buffalo Bills ) Adam Gase ( Miami Dolphins ) Bill Belichick ( New England Patriots ) Todd Bowles ( New York Jets ) John Harbaugh ( Baltimore Ravens ) Marvin Lewis ( Cincinnati Bengals ) Hue Jackson ( Cleveland Browns ) Mike Tomlin ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Bill O'Brien ( Houston Texans ) Frank Reich ( Indianapolis Colts ) Doug Marrone ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Mike Vrabel ( Tennessee Titans ) Vance Joseph ( Denver Broncos ) Andy Reid ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Anthony Lynn ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Jon Gruden ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Jason Garrett ( Dallas Cowboys ) Pat Shurmur ( New York Giants ) Doug Pederson ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Jay Gruden ( Washington Redskins ) Matt Nagy ( Chicago Bears ) Matt Patricia ( Detroit Lions ) Mike McCarthy ( Green Bay Packers ) Mike Zimmer ( Minnesota Vikings ) Dan Quinn ( Atlanta Falcons ) Ron Rivera ( Carolina Panthers ) Sean Payton ( New Orleans Saints ) Dirk Koetter ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Steve Wilks ( Arizona Cardinals ) Sean McVay ( Los Angeles Rams ) Kyle Shanahan ( San Francisco 49ers ) Pete Carroll ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cleveland_Browns_head_coaches&oldid=856115736 '' Categories : Cleveland Browns head coaches Lists of National Football League head coaches by team Cleveland Browns lists Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 00 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the head coach of the cleveland browns | [
"\n\n#\n\nName\n\nTerm[N 2]\n\nRegular season\n\nPlayoffs\n\nAchievements\n\nRef.\n\n\nGC\n\nW\n\nL\n\nT\n\nWin%\n\nGC\n\nW\n\nL\n\nWin%\n\n\n1\nPaul Brown †\n1946–1962\n214\n158\n48\n8\n.767\n14\n9\n5\n.643\n\nFour AAFC championships (1946, 1947, 1948, 1949)[11]Three NFL championships (1950, 1954, 1955)[12]Seven NFL Conference championships(1950–55,1957)\n1949, 1951, and 1953 Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year[13]1957 UPI NFL Coach of the Year[7]\n\n\n[6][8]\n\n\n2\nBlanton Collier*\n1963–1970\n112\n76\n34\n2\n.691\n7\n3\n4\n.429\n\nNFL Champion in 1964 Four Eastern conference champions (1964, 1965, 1968, 1969)Three Century Division Champions (1967,1968, 1969)\n\n[14]\n\n\n3\nNick Skorich\n1971–1975\n56\n30\n24\n2\n.556\n2\n0\n2\n.000\n\nAFC Central Division Champions 1971\n\n[15]\n\n\n4\nForrest Gregg ‡\n1975–1977\n41\n18\n23\n0\n.439\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n1976 Associated Press (AP) NFL Coach of the Year[16]\n\n[17]\n\n\n5\nDick Modzelewski*\n1977\n1\n0\n1\n0\n.000\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[18]\n\n\n6\nSam Rutigliano*\n1978–1984\n97\n47\n50\n0\n.485\n2\n0\n2\n.000\n\n1979 and 1980 UPI NFL Coach of the Year,[7] AFC Central Division Champions 1980\n\n[19]\n\n\n7\nMarty Schottenheimer\n1984–1988\n71\n44\n27\n0\n.620\n6\n2\n4\n.333\n\n1986 UPI NFL Coach of the Year[7]Three AFC Central Division Champions (1985, 1986 and 1987)\n\n[20]\n\n\n8\nBud Carson*\n1989–1990\n25\n11\n13\n1\n.458\n2\n1\n1\n.500\n\nAFC Central Division Champions 1989\n\n[21]\n\n\n9\nJim Shofner*\n1990\n7\n1\n6\n0\n.143\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[22]\n\n\n10\nBill Belichick\n1991–1995\n80\n36\n44\n0\n.450\n2\n1\n1\n.500\n\n\n\n[23]\n\n\n\n— [N 3]\n1996–1998\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11\nChris Palmer*\n1999–2000\n32\n5\n27\n0\n.156\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[24]\n\n\n12\nButch Davis*\n2001–2004\n58\n24\n34\n0\n.414\n1\n0\n1\n.000\n\n\n\n[25]\n\n\n13\nTerry Robiskie\n2004\n6\n1\n5\n0\n.167\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[26]\n\n\n14\nRomeo Crennel\n2005–2008\n64\n24\n40\n0\n.375\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[27]\n\n\n15\nEric Mangini\n2009–2010\n32\n10\n22\n0\n.313\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[28]\n\n\n16\nPat Shurmur\n2011–2012\n32\n9\n23\n0\n.281\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[29]\n\n\n17\nRob Chudzinski*\n2013\n16\n4\n12\n0\n.250\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[30]\n\n\n18\nMike Pettine*\n2014–2015\n32\n10\n22\n0\n.313\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[31]\n\n\n19\nHue Jackson\n2016–present\n32\n1\n31\n0\n.031\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[32]\n"
] | [
"Hue Jackson"
] |
-2802869240595297119 | List of Florida State Seminoles football seasons | List of Florida State Seminoles football seasons - wikipedia List of Florida State Seminoles football seasons Jump to : navigation , search The Florida State Seminoles football team has represented Florida State University in collegiate football since 1947 . The following is a list of Florida State Seminoles football seasons . Seasons ( edit ) Year Coach Overall Conference Standing Bowl / playoffs Coaches AP Ed Williamson ( Independent ) ( 1947 ) 1947 Williamson 0 -- 5 Don Veller ( Dixie ) ( 1948 -- 1950 ) 1948 Veller 7 -- 1 1st 1949 Veller 9 -- 1 1st W Cigar 1950 Veller 8 -- 0 1st Don Veller ( Independent ) ( 1951 -- 1952 ) 1951 Veller 6 -- 2 1952 Veller 1 -- 8 -- 1 Tom Nugent ( Independent ) ( 1953 -- 1958 ) 1953 Nugent 5 -- 5 1954 Nugent 8 -- 4 L Sun 1955 Nugent 5 -- 5 1956 Nugent 5 -- 4 -- 1 1957 Nugent 4 -- 6 1958 Nugent 7 -- 4 L Bluegrass Perry Moss ( Independent ) ( 1959 ) 1959 Moss 4 -- 6 Bill Peterson ( Independent ) ( 1960 -- 1970 ) 1960 Peterson 3 -- 6 -- 1 1961 Peterson 4 -- 5 -- 1 1962 Peterson 4 -- 3 -- 3 1963 Peterson 4 -- 5 -- 1 1964 Peterson 9 -- 1 -- 1 W Gator 11 1965 Peterson 4 -- 5 -- 1 1966 Peterson 6 -- 5 L Sun 1967 Peterson 7 -- 2 -- 2 T Gator 15 1968 Peterson 8 -- 3 L Peach 14 1969 Peterson 6 -- 3 -- 1 1970 Peterson 7 -- 4 Larry Jones ( Independent ) ( 1971 -- 1973 ) 1971 Jones 8 -- 4 L Fiesta 19 1972 Jones 7 -- 4 1973 Jones 0 -- 11 Darrell Mudra ( Independent ) ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Mudra 1 -- 10 Mudra 3 -- 8 Bobby Bowden ( Independent ) ( 1976 -- 1991 ) 1976 Bowden 5 -- 6 1977 Bowden 10 -- 2 W Tangerine 11 14 1978 Bowden 8 -- 3 1979 Bowden 11 -- 1 L Orange 8 6 1980 Bowden 10 -- 2 L Orange 5 5 1981 Bowden 6 -- 5 1982 Bowden 9 -- 3 W Gator 10 13 Bowden 8 -- 4 W Peach 1984 Bowden 7 -- 3 -- 2 T Citrus 19 17 1985 Bowden 9 -- 3 W Gator 13 15 1986 Bowden 7 -- 4 -- 1 W All - American 20 Bowden 11 -- 1 W Fiesta 1988 Bowden 11 -- 1 W Sugar 1989 Bowden 10 -- 2 W Fiesta 1990 Bowden 10 -- 2 W Blockbuster 1991 Bowden 11 -- 2 W Cotton Bobby Bowden ( ACC ) ( 1992 -- 2009 ) 1992 Bowden 11 -- 1 8 -- 0 1st W Orange 1993 Bowden 12 -- 1 8 -- 0 1st W Orange 1994 Bowden 10 -- 1 -- 1 8 -- 0 1st W Sugar 5 1995 Bowden 10 -- 2 7 -- 1 1st W Orange 5 Bowden 11 -- 1 8 -- 0 1st L Sugar 1997 Bowden 11 -- 1 8 -- 0 1st W Sugar 1998 Bowden 11 -- 2 7 -- 1 1st L Fiesta 1999 Bowden 12 -- 0 8 -- 0 1st W Sugar 2000 Bowden 11 -- 2 8 -- 0 1st L Orange 5 2001 Bowden 8 -- 4 6 -- 2 2nd W Gator 15 15 2002 Bowden 9 -- 5 7 -- 1 1st L Sugar 23 21 2003 Bowden 10 -- 3 7 -- 1 1st L Orange 10 11 Bowden 9 -- 3 6 -- 2 2nd W Gator 14 15 2005 Bowden 8 -- 5 5 -- 3 1st Atlantic L Orange 23 23 2006 Bowden 2 -- 6 0 -- 5 5th Atlantic W Emerald 2007 Bowden 0 -- 6 0 -- 4 4th Atlantic L Music City 2008 Bowden 9 -- 4 5 -- 3 2nd Atlantic W Champs Sports 23 21 2009 Bowden 7 -- 6 4 -- 4 3rd Atlantic W Gator Jimbo Fisher ( ACC ) ( 2010 -- present ) Fisher 10 -- 4 6 -- 2 1st Atlantic W Chick - fil - A 16 17 2011 Fisher 9 -- 4 5 -- 3 2nd Atlantic W Champs Sports 23 23 2012 Fisher 12 -- 2 7 -- 1 1st Atlantic W Orange 8 10 2013 Fisher 14 -- 0 8 -- 0 1st Atlantic W BCS NCG 2014 Fisher 13 -- 1 8 -- 0 1st Atlantic L Rose 6 5 2015 Fisher 10 -- 3 6 -- 2 2nd Atlantic L Peach 14 14 2016 Fisher 10 -- 3 5 -- 3 3rd Atlantic W Orange Bowl 8 8 2017 Fisher 3 -- 6 3 -- 5 4th Atlantic Total : 535 -- 250 -- 17 National championship Conference title Conference division title Indicates Bowl Coalition , Bowl Alliance , BCS , or CFP / New Years ' Six bowl . Rankings from final Coaches Poll . Note : FSU was forced to vacate five wins in 2006 and seven wins in 2007 due to an academic cheating scandal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CFRC College Football Database - Florida State Archived 2013 - 12 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2013 - Dec - 08 . Jump up ^ NationalChamps.net - Florida State . Retrieved 2013 - Dec - 08 . Florida State Seminoles football Venues Doak Campbell Stadium Bowls & rivalries Bowls Florida Cup Clemson Florida Miami Virginia ( Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy ) Culture & lore Osceola and Renegade The War Chant Marching Chiefs FSU Hymns Sod Cemetery Wide Right I Wide Right II 1993 ' Game of the Century ' Choke at Doak / The Fifth Quarter in the French Quarter Bob Crenshaw Award People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Florida_State_Seminoles_football_seasons&oldid=809867712 '' Categories : Lists of college football seasons Florida State Seminoles football seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 23 : 51 . About Wikipedia | when was the last time florida state football had a losing season | [
"\n\nYear\nCoach\nOverall\nConference\nStanding\nBowl/playoffs\nCoaches#\nAP°\n\n\nEd Williamson (Independent) (1947)\n\n\n1947\nWilliamson\n0–5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDon Veller (Dixie) (1948–1950)\n\n\n1948\nVeller\n7–1\n\n1st\n\n\n\n\n\n1949\nVeller\n9–1\n\n1st\nW Cigar\n\n\n\n\n1950\nVeller\n8–0\n\n1st\n\n\n\n\n\nDon Veller (Independent) (1951–1952)\n\n\n1951\nVeller\n6–2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1952\nVeller\n1–8–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Nugent (Independent) (1953–1958)\n\n\n1953\nNugent\n5–5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1954\nNugent\n8–4\n\n\nL Sun\n\n\n\n\n1955\nNugent\n5–5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1956\nNugent\n5–4–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1957\nNugent\n4–6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1958\nNugent\n7–4\n\n\nL Bluegrass\n\n\n\n\nPerry Moss (Independent) (1959)\n\n\n1959\nMoss\n4–6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBill Peterson (Independent) (1960–1970)\n\n\n1960\nPeterson\n3–6–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1961\nPeterson\n4–5–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1962\nPeterson\n4–3–3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1963\nPeterson\n4–5–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1964\nPeterson\n9–1–1\n\n\nW Gator\n11\n\n\n\n1965\nPeterson\n4–5–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1966\nPeterson\n6–5\n\n\nL Sun\n\n\n\n\n1967\nPeterson\n7–2–2\n\n\nT Gator\n15\n\n\n\n1968\nPeterson\n8–3\n\n\nL Peach\n14\n\n\n\n1969\nPeterson\n6–3–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1970\nPeterson\n7–4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLarry Jones (Independent) (1971–1973)\n\n\n1971\nJones\n8–4\n\n\nL Fiesta\n19\n\n\n\n1972\nJones\n7–4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1973\nJones\n0–11\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDarrell Mudra (Independent) (1974–1975)\n\n\n1974\nMudra\n1–10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1975\nMudra\n3–8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBobby Bowden (Independent) (1976–1991)\n\n\n1976\nBowden\n5–6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1977\nBowden\n10–2\n\n\nW Tangerine\n11\n14\n\n\n1978\nBowden\n8–3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1979\nBowden\n11–1\n\n\nL Orange\n8\n6\n\n\n1980\nBowden\n10–2\n\n\nL Orange\n5\n5\n\n\n1981\nBowden\n6–5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1982\nBowden\n9–3\n\n\nW Gator\n10\n13\n\n\n1983\nBowden\n8–4\n\n\nW Peach\n\n\n\n\n1984\nBowden\n7–3–2\n\n\nT Citrus\n19\n17\n\n\n1985\nBowden\n9–3\n\n\nW Gator\n13\n15\n\n\n1986\nBowden\n7–4–1\n\n\nW All-American\n20\n\n\n\n1987\nBowden\n11–1\n\n\nW Fiesta\n2\n2\n\n\n1988\nBowden\n11–1\n\n\nW Sugar\n3\n3\n\n\n1989\nBowden\n10–2\n\n\nW Fiesta\n2\n3\n\n\n1990\nBowden\n10–2\n\n\nW Blockbuster\n4\n4\n\n\n1991\nBowden\n11–2\n\n\nW Cotton\n4\n4\n\n\nBobby Bowden (ACC) (1992–2009)\n\n\n1992\nBowden\n11–1\n8–0\n1st\nW Orange†\n2\n2\n\n\n1993\nBowden\n12–1\n8–0\n1st\nW Orange†\n1\n1\n\n\n1994\nBowden\n10–1–1\n8–0\n1st\nW Sugar†\n5\n4\n\n\n1995\nBowden\n10–2\n7–1\n1st\nW Orange†\n5\n4\n\n\n1996\nBowden\n11–1\n8–0\n1st\nL Sugar†\n3\n3\n\n\n1997\nBowden\n11–1\n8–0\n1st\nW Sugar†\n3\n3\n\n\n1998\nBowden\n11–2\n7–1\n1st\nL Fiesta†\n3\n3\n\n\n1999\nBowden\n12–0\n8–0\n1st\nW Sugar†\n1\n1\n\n\n2000\nBowden\n11–2\n8–0\n1st\nL Orange†\n4\n5\n\n\n2001\nBowden\n8–4\n6–2\n2nd\nW Gator\n15\n15\n\n\n2002\nBowden\n9–5\n7–1\n1st\nL Sugar†\n23\n21\n\n\n2003\nBowden\n10–3\n7–1\n1st\nL Orange†\n10\n11\n\n\n2004\nBowden\n9–3\n6–2\n2nd\nW Gator\n14\n15\n\n\n2005\nBowden\n8–5\n5–3\n1st Atlantic\nL Orange†\n23\n23\n\n\n2006\nBowden\n2–6\n0–5\n5th Atlantic\nW Emerald\n\n\n\n\n2007\nBowden\n0–6\n0–4\n4th Atlantic\nL Music City\n\n\n\n\n2008\nBowden\n9–4\n5–3\n2nd Atlantic\nW Champs Sports\n23\n21\n\n\n2009\nBowden\n7–6\n4–4\n3rd Atlantic\nW Gator\n\n\n\n\nJimbo Fisher (ACC) (2010–present)\n\n\n2010\nFisher\n10–4\n6–2\n1st Atlantic\nW Chick-fil-A\n16\n17\n\n\n2011\nFisher\n9–4\n5–3\n2nd Atlantic\nW Champs Sports\n23\n23\n\n\n2012\nFisher\n12–2\n7–1\n1st Atlantic\nW Orange†\n8\n10\n\n\n2013\nFisher\n14–0\n8–0\n1st Atlantic\nW BCS NCG†\n1\n1\n\n\n2014\nFisher\n13–1\n8–0\n1st Atlantic\nL Rose†\n6\n5\n\n\n2015\nFisher\n10–3\n6–2\n2nd Atlantic\nL Peach†\n14\n14\n\n\n2016\nFisher\n10–3\n5–3\n3rd Atlantic\nW Orange Bowl†\n8\n8\n\n\n2017\nFisher\n3–6\n3–5\n4th Atlantic\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal:\n535–250–17\n\n\n\n National championship Conference title Conference division title\n\n\n\n\n†Indicates Bowl Coalition, Bowl Alliance, BCS, or CFP / New Years' Six bowl.\n#Rankings from final Coaches Poll.\n\n\n\n"
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-4559242030559215446 | Colorado Rockies | Colorado Rockies - wikipedia Colorado Rockies This article is about the current Major League Baseball club . For the former NHL ice hockey club , see Colorado Rockies ( NHL ) . For the mountains , see Southern Rocky Mountains . For other uses , see Colorado Rockies ( disambiguation ) . Colorado Rockies 2018 Colorado Rockies season Established in 1991 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1993 -- present ) West Division ( 1993 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers 17 42 KSM Colors Purple , Black , Silver Name Colorado Rockies ( 1993 -- present ) Other nicknames The Rox , The Blake Street Bombers Ballpark Coors Field ( 1995 -- present ) Mile High Stadium ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 0 ) None NL Pennants ( 1 ) 2007 West Division titles ( 0 ) None Wild card berths ( 4 ) 1995 2007 2009 2017 Front office Owner ( s ) Charles K. Monfort Manager Bud Black General Manager Jeff Bridich President of Baseball Operations Jeff Bridich The Colorado Rockies are an American professional baseball team based in Denver , Colorado . The Rockies compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . The team 's home venue is Coors Field , located in the Lower Downtown area of Denver . The Rockies won their first National League championship in 2007 , after having won 14 of their final 15 games in order to secure a Wild Card position . In the World Series they were swept by the American League ( AL ) champion Boston Red Sox in four games . Contents 1 History 2 Season record 3 Uniform 4 Baseball Hall of Famers 4.1 Colorado Sports Hall of Fame 5 Individual awards 5.1 NL MVP 5.2 NLCS MVP 5.3 NL Rookie of the Year 5.4 Silver Slugger Award 5.5 Hank Aaron Award 5.6 Gold Glove Award 5.7 Manager of the Year Award 5.8 NL Batting Champion 5.9 DHL Hometown Heroes ( 2006 ) 6 Team award 7 Team records ( single - game , single - season , career ) 8 Championships 9 Retired numbers 10 Current roster 11 Minor league affiliations 12 Radio and television 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of the Colorado Rockies See also : 1993 Major League Baseball expansion Denver had long been a hotbed of Denver Bears / Zephyrs minor league baseball and many in the area desired a Major League team . Following the Pittsburgh drug trials , an unsuccessful attempt was made to purchase the Pittsburgh Pirates and relocate them . However , in 1991 , as part of Major League Baseball 's two - team expansion ( along with the Florida ( now Miami ) Marlins ) , an ownership group representing Denver led by John Antonucci and Michael I. Monus was granted a franchise ; they took the name `` Rockies '' due to Denver 's proximity to the Rocky Mountains , which is reflected in their logo . Monus and Antonucci were forced to drop out in 1992 after Monus ' reputation was ruined by an accounting scandal . Trucking magnate Jerry McMorris stepped in at the 11th hour to save the franchise , allowing the team to begin play in 1993 . The Rockies shared Mile High Stadium ( which had originally been built for the Bears ) with the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Denver Broncos for their first two seasons while Coors Field was constructed . It was completed for the 1995 Major League Baseball season . In 1993 , they started play in the West division of the National League . The Rockies have reached the Major League Baseball postseason four times , each time as the National League wild card team . Twice ( 1995 and 2009 ) they were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs . In 2007 , the Rockies advanced to the World Series , only to be swept by the Boston Red Sox . The Rockies have played their home games at Coors Field since 1995 . Their newest spring training home , Salt River Fields at Talking Stick in Scottsdale , Arizona , opened in March 2011 and is shared with the Arizona Diamondbacks . Season record ( edit ) Main article : List of Colorado Rockies seasons Uniform ( edit ) Further information : Major League Baseball uniforms At the start of the 2012 season , the Rockies introduced `` Purple Mondays '' in which the team wears its purple uniform every Monday game day . Baseball Hall of famers ( edit ) No inducted members of the Baseball Hall of Fame have played for or managed the Rockies . Colorado Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Colorado Sports Hall of Fame Colorado Rockies in the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position ( s ) Seasons Notes -- Jerry McMorris Owner 1992 -- 2005 KSM Keli McGregor President 2001 -- 2010 Attended Colorado State University 9 , 14 Vinny Castilla 3B 1993 -- 1999 2004 , 2006 10 Dante Bichette OF 1993 -- 1999 14 Andrés Galarraga 1B 1993 -- 1997 17 Todd Helton 1B 1997 -- 2013 25 Don Baylor Manager 1993 -- 1998 33 Larry Walker RF 1995 -- 2004 Individual awards ( edit ) See also : Baseball awards and List of Major League Baseball awards NL MVP ( edit ) 1997 -- Larry Walker NLCS MVP ( edit ) 2007 -- Matt Holliday NL Rookie of the Year ( edit ) 2002 -- Jason Jennings Silver Slugger Award ( edit ) Dante Bichette ( 1995 ) Vinny Castilla ( 1995 , 1997 -- 98 ) Andrés Galarraga , Eric Young & Ellis Burks ( 1996 ) Larry Walker ( 1997 , 1999 ) Mike Hampton ( 2001 -- 02 ) Todd Helton ( 2000 -- 03 ) Matt Holliday ( 2006 -- 08 ) Carlos González ( 2010 , 2015 ) Troy Tulowitzki ( 2010 -- 11 ) Michael Cuddyer ( 2013 ) Nolan Arenado ( 2015 -- 17 ) Charlie Blackmon ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hank Aaron Award ( edit ) 2000 -- Todd Helton Gold Glove Award ( edit ) Larry Walker ( 1997 -- 99 , 2001 -- 02 ) Neifi Pérez ( 2000 ) Todd Helton ( 2001 -- 02 , 2004 ) Carlos González ( 2010 , 2012 -- 13 ) Troy Tulowitzki ( 2010 -- 11 ) Nolan Arenado ( 2013 -- Present ) DJ LeMahieu ( 2014 , 2017 ) Manager of the Year Award ( edit ) 1995 -- Don Baylor 2009 -- Jim Tracy NL Batting Champion ( edit ) Andrés Galarraga ( 1993 ) Larry Walker ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 ) Todd Helton ( 2000 ) Matt Holliday ( 2007 ) Carlos González ( 2010 ) Michael Cuddyer ( 2013 ) Justin Morneau ( 2014 ) DJ LeMahieu ( 2016 ) Charlie Blackmon ( 2017 ) DHL Hometown Heroes ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Larry Walker -- voted by MLB fans as the most outstanding player in the history of the franchise , based on on - field performance , leadership quality and character value Team award ( edit ) 2007 -- Warren Giles Trophy ( National League champion ) 2007 -- Baseball America Organization of the Year Team records ( single - game , single - season , career ) ( edit ) Main article : Colorado Rockies team records Championships ( edit ) National League Champions Preceded by : St. Louis Cardinals 2007 Succeeded by : Philadelphia Phillies National League Wild Card Winners Preceded by : None ( First ) 1995 Succeeded by : Los Angeles Dodgers Preceded by : Los Angeles Dodgers 2007 Succeeded by : Milwaukee Brewers Preceded by : Milwaukee Brewers 2009 Succeeded by : Atlanta Braves Retired numbers ( edit ) Todd Helton is the sole Colorado player to have his number ( 17 ) retired , which was done on Sunday , August 17 , 2014 . Jackie Robinson 's number , 42 , was retired throughout all of baseball in 1997 . Keli McGregor had worked with the Rockies since their inception in 1993 , rising from senior director of operations to team president in 2002 , until his death on April 20 , 2010 . He is honored at Coors Field alongside Helton and Robinson with his initials . Todd Helton 1B Retired August 17 , 2014 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 Keli McGregor President Honored September 28 , 2010 Current roster ( edit ) Colorado Rockies roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 44 Tyler Anderson 21 Kyle Freeland 55 Jon Gray 48 Germán Márquez 49 Antonio Senzatela Bullpen 35 Chad Bettis 51 Jake McGee 45 Scott Oberg 18 Seung - hwan Oh 0 Adam Ottavino 52 Chris Rusin 29 Bryan Shaw Closer 71 Wade Davis Catchers 22 Chris Iannetta 14 Tony Wolters Infielders 28 Nolan Arenado 20 Ian Desmond 9 DJ LeMahieu 24 Ryan McMahon 27 Trevor Story Outfielders 19 Charlie Blackmon 26 David Dahl 5 Carlos González 7 Matt Holliday 8 Gerardo Parra Pitchers 62 Yency Almonte 54 Carlos Estévez 34 Jeff Hoffman 61 Sam Howard 59 Harrison Musgrave 74 Jesús Tinoco 30 Jerry Vasto Catchers 23 Tom Murphy Infielders 2 Garrett Hampson 25 Jordan Patterson 4 Pat Valaika Outfielders 56 Noel Cuevas 72 Yonathan Daza 15 Raimel Tapia 3 Mike Tauchman Manager 10 Bud Black Coaches 39 Stu Cole ( third base ) 43 Tony Diaz ( first base ) 58 Duane Espy ( hitting ) 36 Steve Foster ( pitching ) 53 Ron Gideon ( coach ) 40 Darren Holmes ( bullpen ) 66 Aaron Muñoz ( bullpen catcher ) 11 Mike Redmond ( bench ) 41 Jeff Salazar ( assistant hitting ) 60 - day disabled list 38 Mike Dunn 64 Rayan Gonzalez 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated August 23 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Colorado Rockies minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Albuquerque Isotopes Pacific Coast League Albuquerque , New Mexico AA Hartford Yard Goats Eastern League Hartford , Connecticut A-Advanced Lancaster JetHawks California League Lancaster , California Asheville Tourists South Atlantic League Asheville , North Carolina Short Season A Boise Hawks Northwest League Boise , Idaho Rookie Grand Junction Rockies Pioneer League Grand Junction , Colorado DSL Rockies Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Radio and television ( edit ) See also : List of Colorado Rockies broadcasters As of 2010 , Rockies ' flagship radio station is KOA 850AM , with some late - season games broadcast on KHOW 630 AM due to conflicts with Denver Broncos games . Jerry Schemmel and Jack Corrigan are the radio announcers which both serve as backup TV announcers whenever Drew Goodman is not on the broadcast . The Rockies Radio Network is composed of 38 affiliate stations in eight states . As of 2013 , Spanish broadcasts of the Rockies are heard on KNRV 1150 AM . As of 2013 , all games are produced and televised by AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain . All 150 games produced by AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain are broadcast in HD . Jeff Huson , Drew Goodman and Ryan Spilborghs form the TV broadcast team with Marc Stout , Jenny Cavnar , Jason Hirsh and Cory Sullivan handling the pre-game and post-game shows . See also ( edit ) List of Colorado Rockies managers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` General Club Information '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Colorado Rockies Information Guide . MLB Advanced Media . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Harding , Thomas ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Rockies outfitted with one shade of purple '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rockies Introduce Purple Mondays Campaign During ' Year of the Fan ' '' ( Press release ) . Colorado Rockies. April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockies introduce ' Purple Monday ' campaign '' . KKTV. April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batting Average Year - by - Year Leaders / Batting Champions on Baseball Almanac '' . www.baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Harding , Thomas ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Helton calls No. 17 jersey retirement ' very special ' '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harding , Thomas ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Rox unveil McGregor memorial at Coors Field '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colorado Rockies . Colorado Rockies official website Minor League Affiliates of the Colorado Rockies Colorado Rockies Established in 1993 Based in Denver , Colorado Franchise History Expansion Expansion Draft Seasons Records Players First - round draft picks Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Mile High Stadium Coors Field Spring training Hi Corbett Field Salt River Fields at Talking Stick Culture Dinger Blake Street Bombers `` Hey ! Baby '' ( DJ Ötzi song ) `` Rocky Mountain Way '' ( Joe Walsh song ) Continental League Mike Coolbaugh `` The Losing Edge '' ( South Park ) Lore Rocktober 2007 NL Wild Card tie - breaker 2017 NL Wild Card Game Key personnel Owners : Charlie and Dick Monfort President : vacant General Manager : Jeff Bridich Manager : Bud Black National League pennants ( 1 ) 2007 Wild card berths ( 4 ) 1995 2007 2009 2017 Minor league affiliates Albuquerque Isotopes ( AAA ) Hartford Yard Goats ( AA ) Lancaster JetHawks ( A Adv . ) Asheville Tourists ( A ) Boise Hawks ( Short A ) Grand Junction Rockies ( Rookie Adv . ) DSL Colorado ( Rookie ) DSL Rockies ( Rookie ) Broadcasting Television AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain Radio KOA ( AM ) Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Drew Goodman Jeff Huson Ryan Spilborghs Jack Corrigan Jerry Schemmel Seasons ( 26 ) 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 2000s 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Colorado Rockies managers Don Baylor ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Jim Leyland ( 1999 ) Buddy Bell ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Clint Hurdle ( 2002 -- 2009 ) Jim Tracy ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Walt Weiss ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Bud Black ( 2017 -- ) Colorado Rockies general managers Bob Gebhard Dan O'Dowd Jeff Bridich Colorado Rockies Presidents Jerry McMorris Keli McGregor Principal owners of the Colorado Rockies franchise Jerry McMorris Monfort brothers Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL National League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : American League Honorary president : Bill Giles Current teams East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Former , relocated , and disestablished teams 19th - century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball Major League Baseball owners by team American League East Peter Angelos ( Baltimore Orioles ) John W. Henry ( Boston Red Sox ) Hal Steinbrenner ( New York Yankees ) Stuart Sternberg ( Tampa Bay Rays ) Rogers Communications ( Toronto Blue Jays ) Central Jerry Reinsdorf ( Chicago White Sox ) Larry Dolan ( Cleveland Indians ) Christopher Ilitch ( Detroit Tigers ) David Glass ( Kansas City Royals ) Jim Pohlad ( Minnesota Twins ) West Jim Crane ( Houston Astros ) Arte Moreno ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) John J. Fisher ( Oakland Athletics ) John W. Stanton ( Seattle Mariners ) Ray Davis and Bob R. Simpson ( Texas Rangers ) National League East Liberty Media ( Atlanta Braves ) Bruce Sherman ( Miami Marlins ) Fred Wilpon ( New York Mets ) John S. Middleton ( Philadelphia Phillies ) Ted Lerner ( Washington Nationals ) Central Thomas S. Ricketts ( Chicago Cubs ) Bob Castellini ( Cincinnati Reds ) Mark Attanasio ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Robert Nutting ( Pittsburgh Pirates ) William DeWitt , Jr . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the colorado rockies won the world series | [
"Colorado Rockies\n 2018 Colorado Rockies season\nEstablished in 1991\n\nTeam logoCap insignia\nMajor league affiliations\n\nNational League (1993–present)\nWest Division (1993–present)\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\nRetired numbers\n1742KSMColors\n\nPurple, Black, Silver[1][2]\n Name\n\nColorado Rockies (1993–present)\nOther nicknames\n\nThe Rox, The Blake Street Bombers\nBallpark\n\nCoors Field (1995–present)\nMile High Stadium (1993–1994)\nMajor league titlesWorld Series titles (0)\nNoneNL Pennants (1)\n2007West Division titles (0)\nNoneWild card berths (4)\n1995200720092017Front officeOwner(s)\nCharles K. MonfortManager\nBud BlackGeneral Manager\nJeff BridichPresident of Baseball Operations\nJeff Bridich"
] | [
"None"
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5067065290112822087 | Premier League records and statistics | Premier League records and Statistics - wikipedia Premier League records and Statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992 -- 93 season . The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League . Contents ( hide ) 1 League records 1.1 Titles 1.2 Points 1.3 Wins 1.4 Defeats 1.5 Draws 1.6 Goals 1.7 Attendances 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.2 Goals 2.3 Assists 2.4 Goalkeepers 2.5 Disciplinary 2.6 Youngest goalscorers 3 Match records 3.1 Scorelines 4 All - time Premier League table 5 Managers 6 References League records ( edit ) Titles ( edit ) Most titles : 13 , Manchester United Most consecutive title wins : 3 Manchester United ( 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 ) Manchester United ( 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ) Biggest title - winning margin : 19 points , 2017 -- 18 ; Manchester City ( 100 points ) over Manchester United ( 81 points ) Smallest title - winning margin : 0 points and 8 goal difference -- 2011 -- 12 ; Manchester City ( + 64 ) over Manchester United ( + 56 ) . Both finished on 89 points , but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference -- the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League . Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : 100 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest points in a season : 11 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home points in a season : 55 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest home points in a season : 7 , Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Most away points in a season : 50 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest away points in a season : 3 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most points in a season without winning the league : 89 , Manchester United ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest points in a season while winning the league : 75 , Manchester United ( 1996 -- 97 ) Most points in a season while being relegated : 42 games : 49 , Crystal Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) 38 games : 42 , West Ham United ( 2002 -- 03 ) Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation : 34 , West Bromwich Albion ( 2004 -- 05 ) Wins ( edit ) Most wins in total : 629 , Manchester United Most wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 32 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 1 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 18 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 1 , joint record : Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most away wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 16 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest away wins in a season ( 19 / 21 games ) : 0 , joint record : Leeds United ( 1992 -- 93 ) Coventry City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2003 -- 04 ) Norwich City ( 2004 -- 05 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Hull City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive wins : 18 , Manchester City ( between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive home wins : 20 , Manchester City ( between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012 ) Most consecutive away wins : 11 , joint record : Chelsea ( between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008 ) Manchester City ( between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season : 16 , Queens Park Rangers ( between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012 ) Defeats ( edit ) Most defeats in total : 351 , Everton Longest unbeaten run : 49 games , Arsenal ( 7 May 2003 -- 24 October 2004 ) Fewest defeats in a season ( 38 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest home defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , joint record : Manchester United ( 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 ) Arsenal ( 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 ) Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15 ) Liverpool ( 2008 -- 09 , 2017 -- 18 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tottenham Hotspur ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 ) Most consecutive home games undefeated : 86 , Chelsea ( 20 March 2004 -- 5 October 2008 ) Most consecutive away games undefeated : 27 , Arsenal ( 5 April 2003 -- 25 September 2004 ) Most defeats in a season ( 42 games or 38 games ) : 29 , joint record : Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 14 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Most away defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 17 , Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive defeats over more than one season ( 38 games ) : 20 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws in total : 287 , Everton Most draws in a season ( 42 games ) : 18 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Sheffield United ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most draws in a season ( 38 games ) : 17 -- joint record : Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Aston Villa ( 2006 -- 07 , 2011 -- 12 ) Sunderland ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most home draws in a season : 10 -- joint record : Sheffield Wednesday ( 1996 -- 97 ) Leicester City ( 1997 -- 98 , 2003 -- 04 ) Manchester United ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most away draws in a season : 10 , Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest draws in a season : 3 , Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 , 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest home draws in a season : 0 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester United ( 2012 -- 13 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away draws in a season : 1 -- joint record : Bolton Wanderers ( 1995 -- 96 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 1995 -- 96 , 2014 -- 15 ) Barnsley ( 1997 -- 98 ) Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 ) Bradford City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Everton ( 2000 -- 01 ) Ipswich Town ( 2000 -- 01 ) Portsmouth ( 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 ) Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Liverpool ( 2011 -- 12 ) Newcastle United ( 2013 -- 14 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most consecutive draws : 7 -- joint record : Norwich City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Manchester City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Goals ( edit ) Most goals scored in a season : 106 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest goals scored in a season : 20 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 42 games ) : 100 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 38 games ) : 89 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest goals conceded in a season : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Best goal difference in a season : 79 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Worst goal difference in a season : -- 69 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team : 55 , Blackpool ( 2010 -- 11 ) Most goals scored at home in a season : 68 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored at home in a season : 10 , Manchester City ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games ) : 45 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 19 games ) : 43 Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games or 19 games ) : 4 , Manchester United ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals scored away in a season : 48 , Liverpool ( 2013 -- 14 ) Fewest goals scored away in a season : 8 Middlesbrough ( 1995 -- 96 ) Southampton ( 1998 -- 99 ) Sheffield United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 21 games ) : 59 , Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 19 games ) : 55 , Wigan Athletic ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals conceded away in a season : 9 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest failures to score in a match in a season : 0 ( scored in every game ) , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) Most goals scored in total : 1,924 , Manchester United Most goals conceded in total : 1,267 , Tottenham Hotspur League history of current and former Premier League teams from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 . Attendances ( edit ) Highest attendance , single game : 83,222 , Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Arsenal ( at Wembley Stadium , 10 February 2018 ) Lowest attendance , single game : 3,039 , Wimbledon 1 -- 3 Everton ( at Selhurst Park , 26 January 1993 ) Highest season average attendance : 75,821 -- Old Trafford , Manchester United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Lowest season average attendance : 8,353 -- Selhurst Park , Wimbledon ( 1992 -- 93 ) Player records ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Most Premier League appearances : 653 , Gareth Barry ( 2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018 ) Oldest player : John Burridge , 43 years and 162 days ( for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers , 14 May 1995 ) Youngest player : Matthew Briggs , 16 years and 65 days ( for Fulham v. Middlesbrough , 13 May 2007 ) Most consecutive Premier League appearances : 310 , Brad Friedel ( 14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012 ) Most seasons appeared in : 22 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 ) Goals ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals First Premier League goal : Brian Deane ( for Sheffield United v. Manchester United , 15 August 1992 ) Most Premier League goals : 260 , Alan Shearer Most Premier League goals at one club : 183 , Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) Oldest goalscorer : 40 years and 268 days , Teddy Sheringham ( for West Ham United v. Portsmouth , 26 December 2006 ) Youngest goalscorer : 16 years and 271 days , James Vaughan ( for Everton v. Crystal Palace , 10 April 2005 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in : 11 , Jamie Vardy ( for Leicester City , 29 August to 28 November 2015 ) Most seasons scored in : 21 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2012 -- 13 ) Rank Name Goals Games Goals per game Playing position First goal Last goal Alan Shearer 260 441 0.59 Forward 1992 -- 93 2005 -- 06 Wayne Rooney 208 491 0.42 Forward 2002 -- 03 2017 -- 18 Andy Cole 187 414 0.45 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 Frank Lampard 177 609 0.29 Midfield 1997 -- 98 2014 -- 15 5 Thierry Henry 175 258 0.68 Forward 1999 -- 2000 2011 -- 12 6 Robbie Fowler 163 379 0.43 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 7 Jermain Defoe 162 492 0.33 Forward 2001 -- 02 2017 -- 18 8 Michael Owen 150 326 0.46 Forward 1996 -- 97 2012 -- 13 9 Les Ferdinand 149 351 0.42 Forward 1992 -- 93 2004 -- 05 10 Teddy Sheringham 146 418 0.35 Forward 1992 -- 93 2006 -- 07 Most goals in a season ( 42 games ) : 34 , joint record : Andy Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Further information : Premier League Golden Boot Most goals in a season ( 38 games ) : 32 , Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) Most games scored in during a Premier League season : 24 , Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) Most Premier League goals in a calendar year : 39 , Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur , 2017 ) Number of teams scored against in a season : 17 , joint record : 20 - team league : Ian Wright ( Arsenal , 1996 -- 97 ) Robin van Persie ( Arsenal , 2011 -- 12 ) Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) 22 - team league : Andy Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals in a debut season : 30 , Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland , 1999 -- 2000 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks in a season : 5 , Alan Shearer ( 38 games ) ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks : 11 , Alan Shearer Most goals in a game : 5 , joint record : Andy Cole ( for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town , 4 March 1995 ) W 9 -- 0 Alan Shearer ( for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday , 19 September 1999 ) W 8 -- 0 Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Dimitar Berbatov ( for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers , 27 November 2010 ) W 7 -- 1 Sergio Agüero ( for Manchester City v. Newcastle United , 3 October 2015 ) W 6 -- 1 Further information : List of Premier League hat - tricks Most goals in one half : 5 , Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Fastest goal : 10 seconds , Ledley King ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City , 9 December 2000 ) Most goals scored by a substitute in a game : 4 , Ole Gunnar Solskjær ( for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest , 6 February 1999 ) Most consecutive away league matches scored in : 9 , Robin van Persie ( for Arsenal , 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011 ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals : 3 ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , Alan Shearer ( all for Blackburn Rovers ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals : 4 ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Alan Shearer ( 1993 -- 1996 for Blackburn Rovers , 1996 -- 1997 for Newcastle United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals : 5 ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , Thierry Henry ( all for Arsenal ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals : 11 ( 2004 -- 2015 ) , Wayne Rooney ( all for Manchester United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal : 21 ( 1992 -- 2013 ) , Ryan Giggs ( all for Manchester United ) Fastest Premier League hat - trick : 2 minutes 56 seconds , Sadio Mané ( for Southampton v. Aston Villa , 16 May 2015 ) Most different clubs to score for : 7 , Craig Bellamy ( for Coventry City , Newcastle United , Blackburn Rovers , Liverpool , West Ham United , Manchester City , Cardiff City ) Most own goals : 10 , Richard Dunne Most own goals in a season : 4 , joint record : Martin Škrtel ( 2013 -- 14 ) Lewis Dunk ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most hat - tricks against a single club : 3 , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool v. Norwich City ) Most goals in a calendar month : 10 ( December 2013 ) , Luis Suárez ( Liverpool ) Assists ( edit ) Most assists ( career ) Rank Player Assists Ryan Giggs 162 Cesc Fàbregas 111 Wayne Rooney 103 Frank Lampard 102 5 Dennis Bergkamp 94 6 Steven Gerrard 92 7 David Beckham 80 8 James Milner 78 9 Teddy Sheringham 76 10 David Silva 75 Most Premier League assists in a season : 20 , Thierry Henry ( Arsenal , 2002 -- 03 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist : 7 , Mesut Özil ( for Arsenal , 26 September to 21 November 2015 ) Most assists in a single Premier League match : 4 , joint record : Dennis Bergkamp ( for Arsenal v. Leicester City , 20 February 1999 ) José Antonio Reyes ( for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough , 14 January 2006 ) Cesc Fàbregas ( for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers , 4 October 2009 ) Emmanuel Adebayor ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United , 11 February 2012 ) Santi Cazorla ( for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic , 14 May 2013 ) Dušan Tadić ( for Southampton v. Sunderland , 18 October 2014 ) Goalkeepers ( edit ) Further information : Premier League Golden Glove Most clean sheets ( career ) Rank Player Clean sheets Petr Čech 201 David James 169 Mark Schwarzer 151 David Seaman 140 5 Nigel Martyn 137 6 Pepe Reina 134 7 Edwin van der Sar 132 Tim Howard Brad Friedel 10 Peter Schmeichel 128 Most clean sheets in one season : 24 , Petr Čech ( for Chelsea , 2004 -- 05 ) Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal : 14 games ( 1,311 minutes ) , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Goalscoring goalkeepers ( excluding own goals ) : Peter Schmeichel ( Everton 3 -- 2 Aston Villa , 20 October 2001 ) Brad Friedel ( Charlton Athletic 3 -- 2 Blackburn Rovers , 21 February 2004 ) Paul Robinson ( Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Watford , 17 March 2007 ) Tim Howard ( Everton 1 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers , 4 January 2012 ) Asmir Begović ( Stoke City 1 -- 1 Southampton , 2 November 2013 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards : 8 , joint record : Duncan Ferguson Patrick Vieira Richard Dunne Most yellow cards for a player : 103 , Gareth Barry Most yellow cards for a single team in one game : 9 ( Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea , 2 May 2016 ) Fouling record : 782 , Kevin Davies ( since 2000 -- 01 , the first season for which reliable records are available ) Longest ban : 12 matches , Joey Barton . After being dismissed for violent conduct , Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal against Manchester City , 23 May 2012 Youngest Goalscorers ( edit ) This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League . Player Date Team Age Opposition James Vaughan 10 April 2005 Everton 16 years , 270 days Crystal Palace James Milner 26 December 2002 Leeds United 16 years , 346 days Sunderland Wayne Rooney 19 October 2002 Everton 16 years , 351 days Arsenal Cesc Fàbregas 25 August 2004 Arsenal 17 years , 114 days Blackburn Rovers 5 Michael Owen 6 May 1997 Liverpool 17 years , 144 days Wimbledon 6 Andy Turner 5 September 1992 Tottenham 17 years , 166 days Everton 7 Federico Macheda 5 April 2009 Manchester United 17 years , 226 days Aston Villa 8 Raheem Sterling 20 October 2012 Liverpool 17 years , 317 days Reading 9 Mikael Forssell 20 February 1999 Chelsea 17 years , 342 days Nottingham Forest 10 Danny Cadamarteri 20 September 1997 Everton 17 years , 344 days Barnsley Match records ( edit ) Scorelines ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League highest scoring games Biggest home win : 9 -- 0 , Manchester United v. Ipswich Town ( 4 March 1995 ) Biggest away win : 1 -- 8 , Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United ( 6 February 1999 ) Biggest aggregate win : 12 -- 1 , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 0 Nottingham Forest ( 18 November 1995 ) & Nottingham Forest 1 -- 5 Blackburn Rovers ( 13 April 1996 ) Tottenham Hotspur 9 -- 1 Wigan Athletic ( 22 November 2009 ) & Wigan Athletic 0 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur ( 21 February 2010 ) Biggest loss by reigning champions : 1 -- 6 , joint record : Manchester United 1 -- 6 Manchester City ( 23 October 2011 ) , after Manchester United won the 2010 -- 11 season Leicester City 1 -- 6 Tottenham Hotspur ( 18 May 2017 ) , after Leicester City won the 2015 -- 16 season Largest goal deficit overcome to win : 3 Leeds United 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 8 November 1997 ) West Ham United 3 -- 4 Wimbledon ( 9 September 1998 ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 5 Manchester United ( 29 September 2001 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 3 Leicester City ( 25 October 2003 ) Largest goal deficit overcome to draw : 4 , Newcastle United 4 -- 4 Arsenal ( 5 February 2011 ) Highest scoring : 7 -- 4 , Portsmouth v. Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Highest scoring draw : 5 -- 5 , West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United ( 19 May 2013 ) Highest scoring in the first half : 7 goals , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 4 Leeds United ( 14 September 1997 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Bradford City 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 21 April 2000 -- final score ; 4 -- 4 ) Reading 3 -- 4 Manchester United ( 1 December 2012 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game : 9 , joint record : Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 5 Arsenal ( 13 November 2004 ) Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team : 7 , joint record : Chelsea 8 -- 0 Aston Villa ( 23 December 2012 ) Manchester City 7 -- 0 Norwich City ( 2 November 2013 ) Southampton 8 -- 0 Sunderland ( 18 October 2014 ) All - time Premier League Table ( edit ) The all - time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results , points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992 . The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2018 -- 19 Premier League . Numbers in bold are the record ( highest either positive or negative ) numbers in each column . Pos . Club Seasons Pld Win Draw Loss GF GA GD Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Relegated Avg Pts Best Pos . Manchester United 26 1000 629 215 156 1924 875 1049 2102 13 6 80.85 Arsenal 26 1000 544 253 203 1772 962 810 1885 6 5 7 72.50 Chelsea 26 1000 537 248 215 1707 963 744 1859 5 71.50 Liverpool 26 1000 499 255 246 1685 1024 661 1752 5 7 67.38 5 Tottenham Hotspur 26 1000 423 255 322 1480 1267 213 1524 58.62 6 Everton 26 1000 362 287 351 1303 1265 38 1373 52.81 7 Manchester City 21 810 359 194 257 1279 952 327 1271 60.52 8 Newcastle United 23 882 334 225 323 1207 1187 20 1227 53.35 9 Aston Villa 24 924 316 275 333 1117 1186 − 69 1223 50.96 10 West Ham United 22 844 275 221 348 1012 1214 − 202 1046 47.55 5 11 Blackburn Rovers 18 696 262 184 250 927 907 20 970 53.89 12 Southampton 19 734 229 202 303 892 1022 − 130 889 46.79 6 13 Leeds United 12 468 189 125 154 641 573 68 692 57.67 14 Middlesbrough 15 574 165 169 240 648 794 − 146 661 44.01 7 15 Sunderland 16 608 153 159 296 612 904 − 292 618 38.63 7 16 Fulham 13 494 150 136 208 570 697 − 127 586 45.08 7 17 Bolton Wanderers 13 494 149 128 217 575 745 − 170 575 44.23 6 18 Leicester City 12 460 142 129 189 572 670 − 98 555 46.25 19 West Bromwich Albion 12 456 112 128 216 475 696 − 221 464 38.67 8 20 Stoke City 10 380 116 109 155 398 525 − 127 457 45.70 9 21 Coventry City 9 354 99 112 143 387 490 − 103 409 45.40 11 22 Sheffield Wednesday 8 316 101 89 126 409 453 − 44 392 49.00 7 23 Wimbledon 8 316 99 94 123 384 472 − 88 391 48.88 6 24 Crystal Palace 9 350 97 89 164 374 511 − 137 380 42.22 10 25 Charlton Athletic 8 304 93 82 129 342 442 − 100 361 45.13 7 26 Norwich City 8 316 89 92 135 365 510 − 145 359 44.88 27 Wigan Athletic 8 304 85 76 143 316 482 − 166 331 41.38 10 28 Swansea City 7 266 82 66 118 306 383 − 77 312 44.57 8 29 Queens Park Rangers 7 278 81 65 132 339 431 − 92 308 44.00 5 30 Birmingham City 7 266 73 82 111 273 360 − 87 301 43.00 9 31 Portsmouth 7 266 79 65 122 292 380 − 88 293 41.86 8 32 Derby County 7 266 68 70 128 271 420 − 149 274 39.14 8 33 Nottingham Forest 5 198 60 59 79 229 287 − 58 239 47.80 34 Ipswich Town 5 202 57 53 92 219 312 − 93 224 44.80 5 35 Watford 5 190 45 43 102 188 318 − 130 178 35.60 13 36 Hull City 5 190 41 48 101 181 323 − 142 171 34.20 16 37 Burnley 152 40 37 75 145 229 − 84 157 39.25 7 38 Wolverhampton Wanderers 152 32 40 80 156 281 − 125 136 34.00 15 39 Sheffield United 122 32 36 54 128 168 − 40 132 44.00 14 40 Bournemouth 114 34 30 50 145 195 − 50 132 44.00 9 41 Reading 114 32 23 59 136 186 − 50 119 39.67 8 42 Oldham Athletic 84 22 23 39 105 142 − 37 89 44.50 19 43 Bradford City 76 14 20 42 68 138 − 70 62 31.00 17 44 Brighton & Hove Albion 38 9 13 16 34 54 -- 20 40 40 15 45 Blackpool 38 10 9 19 55 78 − 23 39 39.00 19 46 Huddersfield Town 38 9 10 19 28 58 -- 30 37 37 16 47 Barnsley 38 10 5 23 37 82 − 45 35 35.00 19 48 Cardiff City 38 7 9 22 32 74 − 42 30 30.00 20 49 Swindon Town 42 5 15 22 47 100 − 53 30 30.00 22 League or status at 2018 -- 19 : 2018 -- 19 Premier League 2018 -- 19 EFL Championship 2018 -- 19 EFL League One 2018 -- 19 EFL League Two Defunct : by a 2007 agreement , neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C. 's statistics . Managers ( edit ) Most Premier League titles : 13 , Sir Alex Ferguson ( Manchester United ) -- 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards : 27 , Sir Alex Ferguson Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards : 4 , Pep Guardiola Most promotions to the Premier League : 4 , Steve Bruce ( Birmingham City in 2001 -- 02 and 2006 -- 07 and Hull City in 2012 -- 13 and 2015 -- 16 ) Most relegations from the Premier League : 3 , Dave Bassett ( Sheffield United in 1993 -- 94 , Nottingham Forest in 1996 -- 97 , and Leicester City in 2001 -- 02 ) Longest spell as manager : 21 years , 224 days , Arsène Wenger ( Arsenal , 1 October 1996 to 13 May 2018 ) Shortest spell as manager ( excluding caretakers ) : 41 days , Les Reed ( Charlton Athletic , 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006 ) ( 8 games ) References ( edit ) General `` For the record : Premier League facts and figures '' . premierleague.com . 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Premier League . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suárez is on course for Premier League record as Liverpool eye Champions League spot '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Liverpool 's Mohamed Salah breaks Premier League goals records , wins Golden Boot '' . ESPN . 13 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Dominic Raynor ( 16 May 2018 ) . `` When , where and how Salah broke record after record '' . Liverpool FC . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Caroline ( 26 December 2017 ) . `` Tottenham Hotspur 5 -- 2 Southampton '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Phillips proved size is not an issue for great strikers '' . 28 April 2014 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Dart , James ; Bandini , Paolo ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` Who has scored the most hat - tricks in a single season ? '' -- via The Guardian . 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( hide ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2018 -- 19 Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Bournemouth Burnley Cardiff City Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Fulham Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Stoke City Sunderland Swansea City Swindon Town West Bromwich Albion Wigan Athletic Wimbledon ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Goal of the Season Playmaker of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=843363677 '' Categories : Premier League All - time football league tables Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 All articles that may contain original research Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Eesti Italiano 日本 語 Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | top premier league goal scorer in one season | [
"\nMost goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[68]\n\nAndy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)\nAlan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)\n\n\n",
"\nMost goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[68]\n\nAndy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)\nAlan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)\n\n\n"
] | [
"Andy Cole",
"Alan Shearer"
] |
-3211936048459072274 | A Love to Last | A love to Last - wikipedia A love to Last Jump to : navigation , search A Love To Last A Love to Last title card Genre Romance , Family drama , Comedy Created by Henry King Quitain Jay Fernando Developed by Malou N. Santos Des M. de Guzman Written by BJ Lingan Rona Co Carlota Balane Directed by Jerry Lopez Sineneng Frasco Mortiz Richard I. Arellano Rory B. Quintos Creative director ( s ) Johnny Delos Reyes Jay Fernando Starring Bea Alonzo Ian Veneracion Iza Calzado Opening theme A Love to Last A Lifetime by Juris Composer ( s ) Jose Mari Chan Country of origin Philippines Original language ( s ) Filipino , English , German No. of seasons No. of episodes 178 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Kristine P. Sioson Ronald Faina Producer ( s ) Myleen Ongkiko Location ( s ) Philippines Germany Editor ( s ) Bernie Diasanta Joshua Ducasen Running time 30 - 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Star Creatives Release Original network ABS - CBN Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 9 ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) -- September 22 , 2017 Chronology Related shows Flordeliza The Better Half External links Website alovetolast.abs-cbn.com A Love to Last is a 2017 Philippine romantic family drama television series directed by Jerry Lopez - Sineneng , Frasco Mortiz , Richard I. Arellano , and Rory B. Quintos , starring Bea Alonzo , Ian Veneracion , and Iza Calzado with an ensemble cast . The series premiered on ABS - CBN 's Primetime Bida evening block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel on January 9 , 2017 , replacing Magpahanggang Wakas . The show will end on September 22 . The story revolves around relationships in a diversified family setting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 2.3 Special participation 3 Episodes 4 Reception 5 Production 5.1 Title change 5.2 Timeslot change 6 References 7 See also Plot ( edit ) The story follows two different people , Andeng ( Bea Alonzo ) , and Anton ( Ian Veneracion ) , that will prove that two brokenhearts can make their love last or not . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Bea Alonzo as Andrea `` Andeng '' Agoncillo - Noble , the main female protagonist . Anton 's wife and stepmother of Chloe , Lucas , and Kitty . She is about 25 years younger than Anton , but is matured beyond her years . Despite the age difference , she falls in love and marries Anton . She embraces her role as step mother of three children and supportive wife of a successful and ambitious man , whose first marriage failed because of his ambition . A career woman herself , she successfully balances her priorities , and brings much happiness into Anton 's life and his family 's . Her biggest challenge is Grace , her husband 's ex wife , who is obsessed and determined to destroy their marriage , pushing Andrea 's fears of infidelity and insecurities about her place in Anton 's heart . This has caused friction in their marriage . Ian Veneracion as Antonio `` Anton '' Noble IV . The main male protagonist. Grace 's ex-husband who marries Andrea . Devastated after Grace left him and their children , he picked up the pieces of his family 's broken hearts . To fill the vacuum left by Grace 's departure , he became a hands on Dad , re stacked his priorities , and place his career and business second to his children 's needs . Because of Anton 's nurturing , the children adjusted to a happy single parent household . After their annulment , he became the country 's most eligible bachelor , but no one captured his heart except Andrea . Despite various challenges from their individual families , their relationship prevailed and finally accepted by everyone , except his ex-wife . Anton is determined to protect his second marriage from Grace 's manipulations and obsession to reclaim him . He 's a kind hearted man , who finds it difficult to put her in her place , although he has tried to many times . Iza Calzado as Grace Silverio , the main female antagonist . Anton 's ex-wife and the mother of Chloe , Lucas , and Kitty who she abandoned three years ago . Grace is a spoiled heiress who felt she needed to be free from the domineering and controlling personality of her husband . In reality , she met someone in LA . Despite Anton 's pleas to return to Manila , and the risk of losing custody of her children , she insisted on an annulment . She left behind a 15 year old , 13 year old and a 5 year old . Three years later , after two failed relationships , Andrea decided to return home to reclaim her husband and children . She realizes that she is still in love with him and tries everything to drive a wedge between Anton and Andrea and her children , in the hope that she can win him back . Her obsession becomes a major concern for her children . Enchong Dee as Andrew Agoncillo , Andrea 's para-triathlete half - brother who tries his best to fit in with Andrea 's family . He works in Andrea 's event management firm , and falls in love with their client , Bianca Silverio , Grace 's niece and gets her pregnant . Despite the insults and objections hurled at Andrew by the wealthy Silverios , the young couple are determined to prove their love . Andrew depends on the emotional support from his family . JK Labajo as Lucas S. Noble . Anton and Grace 's only son who disliked Andrea in the beginning and dreamt of making his family complete again . He learns to respect and love Andrea , who made sure she and Anton would not get married until Lucas accepted their relationship . He is the child who was most sensitive to Andrea 's feelings during the first months of their marriage , particularly when Grace tried to ruin it in many ways possible . He loved his mother but understood that Andrea completed his father 's happiness . He wanted his mother to move on . He was also very disappointed and disillusioned with Grace after he learned she had a boyfriend after his parents ' separation . Hannah Lopez Vito as Katherine `` Kitty '' S. Noble . Anton and Grace 's youngest child who is supportive of her father 's relationship with Andrea . She genuinely loved Andrea as she would love her own mother . She showed this when she used a family portrait with Andrea as her `` treasure '' at a family camp activity . Kitty also loves her mother , but she has already accepted that her mother left her , for reasons she ca n't fully understand , and could very well leave her again . She is very affected by Andrea and Anton 's quarrels caused by her mother 's obsession . She asked her siblings to help her do something to fix it . She is terrified that Andrea would leave their home like their real mother did . Julia Barretto as Chloe S. Noble . Anton and Grace 's eldest child who filled the role of `` mother - figure '' to her siblings when Grace left them . She was in a relationship with Fort , but actually likes Tupe . She eventually chose Tupe , but Fort remained her best friend . Chloe 's priority is to ensure her family remained intact and her father 's happiness was more important than her own mother 's . She was happy about Andrea 's relationship with her father , and she was instrumental in Lucas ' change of heart for Andrea . She struggled with her father 's disciplinary actions regarding her relationship with Tupe . Andrea successful bridged this challenge . Chloe also saw through her mother 's antics towards Andrea . She asked her mother to back off Andrea. Grace 's obsession remains a big concern for the children , and Chloe has taken it upon herself to communicate their dismay at their mother . They loved and respected their mother , but they made it clear they valued more the importance of Andrea in their lives . They loved their stepmother very much and wanted to make sure their mother would not destroy the family they had built with her . Ronnie Alonte as Christopher `` Tupe '' Dimayuga . Chloe 's boyfriend . He is a brilliant scholar , who interned at Anton 's company , and earned the respect of his colleagues and teachers . Unfortunately , his lack of maturity to handle first love and its responsibilities , has driven him into situations that made him lose his scholarship and employment . Chloe loves him deeply , tries hard to understand him , and struggles to preserve their relationship , even if she was forbidden by her father to embark into a boyfriend relationship with him . Unfortunately , their disobedience has caused various conflicts and heartaches for both . As Tupe drives the relationship towards a downward spiral because of his immature decisions , Chloe is understanding more now what it takes to keep a relationship . She is opening her eyes to the large maturity gap that exists in her relationship with Tupe . Supporting cast ( edit ) Tirso Cruz III as Antonio `` Tony '' Noble III , Anton 's father who became a renowned scientist from poor roots . He had little faith in his son 's decisions and initially did not support Anton 's relationship with Andrea . He changed his mind after Andrea won him over , and he saw how happy his son was . Irma Adlawan as Virginia `` Baby '' Custodio - Agoncillo , Andrea 's mother and Andrew 's stepmother who is supportive in all of Andrea 's decisions , especially with Anton . She dispenses very good advise to Andrea , always bringing her out of sadness when dealing with her marriage problems . Perla Bautista as Carla `` Mameng '' Agoncillo , Andrea 's grandmother and the matriarch of the Agoncillo family . In the beginning , she did not approve of Andrea 's relationship with Anton , until he proved her wrong . Despite her initial misgivings and ongoing concerns over her granddaughter 's issues in her marriage , she remains supportive of Andrea and Anton . She is equally supportive of Andrew and Bianca , despite their situation . Bernard Palanca as Tom Gonzales , Anton 's best friend who secretly likes Andrea 's best friend , Tracy . He is supportive to Anton 's relationship with Andrea . He is ready to ask Tracy to marry him . Matet de Leon as Tracy Buenaventura , Andrea 's best friend who likes Anton 's best friend , Tom . She was with Andrea in Germany when they went to the CELBA conference . She is a bit too much in her support of Andrea , too nosy , but she means well . Jameson Blake as Andres Bonifacio `` Fort '' Gonzales . Chloe 's childhood best friend who pretends to be her boyfriend to help Chloe get the attention of Tupe . His parents suffer from a broken marriage and he relies on Chloe to be the person to talk to . He is in love with Chloe . He is much more mature than Tupe . Justin Cuyugan as Gerry , Anton 's lawyer friend . Melanie Marquez as Miriam `` Mimi '' Stuart , Andrea 's business partner in Good Events . Arlene Muhlach as Noemi Agoncillo , Andrea 's aunt ( her late father 's sister ) who was against Andrea and Anton 's relationship in their early stages of courtship . Anna Marin as Cecilia Hernandez - Noble , Anton 's loving mother and the grandmother to Chloe , Lucas , and Kitty . Unlike Tony , she fully trusts and supports Anton 's relationship with Andrea . She 's never seen Anton so happy . Jenine Desiderio as Bettina `` Betty '' Agoncillo , Andrea 's aunt ( her late father 's sister ) who was the godmother at her wedding . Denise Joaquin as Maggie Agoncillo , Andrea 's cousin . Khalil Ramos as Red Fernandez Claire Ruiz as Gena , Tupe 's ex-girlfriend who is jealous of Chloe , and a trouble maker . Pamu Pamorada as Maxine , Andrea 's friend who works with her in Good Events . Prince Stefan as Oscar , Andrea 's friend who works with her in Good Events . Sam Thurman as Marcus , Andrea 's friend who works with her in good events . Kazel Kinouchi as Bianca Silverio , Grace 's niece who is living with her due to business reasons . She falls in love with Andrew and ends up pregnant . Patricia Ysmael as Astrid , Anton 's loyal secretary . Troy Montero as Michael , Grace 's ex-boyfriend who is persistent in getting back together with her . He is whom the family is suspecting the reason why Grace left them . He confronted Lucas , introducing himself as Grace 's boyfriend . Carla Martinez as Dianne Silverio , Grace 's mother and the maternal grandmother to Chloe , Lucas , and Kitty . She returns to the Philippines and helps Grace in her battle with Andrea and Anton because she thought Grace simoky wanted to get her children back . When she realized her daughter 's real agenda , she tries to put a stop to Grace 's plans . Lilet as Amina Gonzales , Fort 's mother who strives to keep her family together despite her husband 's persistent affairs . She forgave her husband when he returned . Michael Flores as Marlon Gonzales , Fort 's father who left them for his mistress . He realized his error and returned to his original family , Alvin Anson as Simon Sumulong Cris Villanueva as Paul Silverio , Bianca 's father who disapproves her daughter 's relationship with Andrew . He is Grace 's brother and equally selfish and greedy . Lui Manansala as Yaya Diding , a long time retainer of the Silverio who served as nanny and major doma in Anton 's house who keeps Grace updated with news on Anton and Andrea 's relationship . She hates Andrea for Anton and thinks that she is only after his money . She tries to undermine Andrea until she overstepped her boundaries and was fired by Anton . She ended up returning to Grace . Kim Molina as Anjanette , Andrea 's friend who is directing Lucas 's music video launch . Minnie Aguilar as Lota Kyra Custodio as Lucy Ethyl Osorio as Francia Trina `` Hopia '' Legaspi as Kath , Chloe 's friend . Josh Ivan Morales as Berto Miguel Diokno as Santino Agoncillo , Andrea 's nephew who is scared that Kitty might replace him as her baby . Lance Lucido as Marty Aaliyah Belmoro Eric Nicolas as Gaston Dimayuga Marc Santiago as Donald Dimayuga Via Veloso as Susan Richard Manabat as Boyet Agoncillo Dwight Gaston as Jordan Via Carillo as Morgana Agoncillo Uajo Manarang as Vincent Agoncillo Khalil Ramos as Red Fernandez Jade Ecleo as Catherine Agoncillo Marianne Guidiotti as Karen Noble Erika Padilla as Melissa Riva Quenery as Coleen Luke Jickain as Mr. Salcedo Krystal Mejes Scott Tibayan as Fred , Anton 's batchmate Special participation ( edit ) Xian Lim as Sebastian `` Totoy '' Cruz , Andrea 's childhood friend who is in love with her . He later gives way to Andrea and Anton 's love knowing that it would make Andrea happy , and he went abroad as a seaman . Daniel Matsunaga as Patrick Buendia , Andrea 's client , who appears to be interested in Andrea . Andrea Brillantes as young Andrea `` Andeng '' Agoncillo , the daughter of Baby and Reynaldo who believes that she does not need her father because he left them . Pilar Pilapil as Mrs. Victoria Madrigal , a client of Andrea 's company , Good Events , who introduced her to Anton . Victor Silayan as Jerold Francisco , Andrea 's former soon - to - be husband who she caught cheating on her with another woman . TJ Trinidad as Ben Toby Alejar as Reynaldo Agoncillo , Andrea and Andrew 's father as well as Baby 's husband who had an affair with another woman which caused him to leave them . Bobby Andrews as Bobby Andrews , a fellow business associate of Anton . Bea Rose Santiago as Herself Wendy Cornejo as Himself Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of A Love to Last episodes Reception ( edit ) Kantar Media National TV Ratings ( 8 : 45PM / 9 : 30PM / 9 : 15PM PST ) Pilot Episode Finale Episode Peak Average 25.0 % 000000002017 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2017 ( 8 : 45PM PST ) TBD 27.8 % 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 ( 8 : 45PM PST ) TBD Production ( edit ) Title change ( edit ) The initial title for the series was The Second Wife . However , the Wife titles became redundant , and thus the title was later renamed by the management as A Love To Last . Timeslot change ( edit ) On January 23 , 2017 , A Love To Last was moved to a later timeslot at 9 : 30pm to give way for My Dear Heart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bea Binene maraming dapat matutunan kay Bea Alonzo ! '' . PhilStar . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bea and Ian to shoot scenes in Germany for new teleserye '' . starcinema.abs-cbn.com . Star Cinema . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL TV RATINGS ( JANUARY 9 , 2017 -- MONDAY ) '' . abscbnpr.com . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL TV RATINGS ( January 12 - 15 , 2017 ) '' . abscbnpr.com . January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bea Alonzo 's new teleserye `` The Second Wife '' changes its title to `` A Love To Last '' `` . Pinoy Showbiz Daily . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of programs broadcast by ABS - CBN List of drama series of ABS - CBN ABS - CBN drama series 1960s debuts Hiwaga sa Bahay na Bato 1980s debuts Agila ( 1989 - 1992 ) Anna Luna 1990s debuts ! Oka Tokat Ang Munting Paraiso Esperanza Familia Zaragoza Labs Ko Si Babe Mara Clara Marinella Mula sa Puso Saan Ka Man Naroroon Valiente 2000s debuts ' Til Death Do Us Part Basta 't Kasama Kita Bituin Bituing Walang Ningning Calla Lily Crazy for You Dahil May Isang Ikaw Darating ang Umaga Dyosa Eva Fonda Gulong ng Palad Hiram I Love Betty La Fea Iisa Pa Lamang Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin It Might Be You Kahit Isang Saglit Kambal sa Uma Pablo S. Gomez 's Kampanerang Kuba Kapalaran Katorse Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay Kokey Krystala Kung Fu Kids Mars Ravelo 's Lastikman Ligaw na Bulaklak Lobo Lovers in Paris Maging Sino Ka Man Maging Sino Ka Man : Ang Pagbabalik Maid in Heaven Mangarap Ka Margarita Maria Flordeluna Marina May Bukas Pa Mga Anghel na Walang Langit My Girl Nagsimula sa Puso Only You Palos Carlo J. Caparas ' Panday Pangako Sa ' Yo Pangarap na Bituin Carlo J. Caparas ' Pieta Precious Hearts Romances Presents Princess Sarah Prinsesa ng Banyera Recuerdo de Amor Rounin Sa Dulo Ng Walang Hanggan Sa Piling Mo Sa Puso Ko Iingatan Ka Sana Maulit Muli Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas Sarah the Teen Princess Sineserye Presents Spirits Super Inggo Tayong Dalawa Vietnam Rose Walang Kapalit The Wedding Ysabella 2010s debuts 1DOL 100 Days to Heaven A Beautiful Affair Rod Santiago 's Agua Bendita All Of Me And I Love You So Angelito : Ang Bagong Yugto Angelito : Batang Ama Annaliza Apoy Sa Dagat Aryana Bagito Be Careful With My Heart Be My Lady Born for You Bridges of Love Budoy Bukas Na Lang Kita Mamahalin Dahil Sa Pag - ibig Doble Kara Dolce Amore Dream Dad Carlo J. Caparas ' Dugong Buhay Mars Ravelo 's Dyesebel E-Boy FlordeLiza Forevermore Jim Fernandez 's Galema : Anak ni Zuma Got to Believe Green Rose Guns and Roses Habang May Buhay Hawak Kamay Honesto Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala Ikaw Ay Pag - Ibig Ikaw Lamang Imortal Ina , Kapatid , Anak Pablo S. Gomez 's Inday Bote Juan dela Cruz Pablo S. Gomez 's Juanita Banana Kahit Konting Pagtingin Kahit Puso'y Masugatan Kailangan Ko'y Ikaw Kokey @ Ako Kung Ako'y Iiwan Mo Kung Tayo'y Magkakalayo Langit Lupa The Legal Wife Little Champ Lorenzo 's Time Gilda Olvidado 's Magkano Ang Iyong Dangal ? Magkaribal Magpahanggang Wakas Emil Cruz Jr. 's Mara Clara Maria la del Barrio Maria Mercedes May Isang Pangarap Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin Mirabella Elena M. Patron 's Momay Moon of Desire Wenn Deramas ' Mula Sa Puso Muling Buksan Ang Puso Salvador Royales ' Mundo Man ay Magunaw Pablo S. Gomez 's Mutya My Binondo Girl My Dear Heart My Little Juan My Super D Nasaan Ka Elisa ? Ricky Lee 's Nasaan Ka Nang Kailangan Kita Nathaniel Ningning Noah Oh My G ! Oka2kat On the Wings of Love Pangako Sa ' Yo ( 2015 ) Pasión de amor Princess and I Pure Love Reputasyon Rosalka Rubi Sabel Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon The Story of Us The Better Half The Greatest Love Tanging Yaman Till I Met You Tubig at Langis Two Wives Wako Wako Walang Hanggan Walang Iwanan We Will Survive You 're My Home Current A Love to Last ( since 2017 ) FPJ 's Ang Probinsyano ( since 2015 ) Ikaw Lang ang Iibigin ( since 2017 ) La Luna Sangre ( since 2017 ) The Promise of Forever ( since 2017 ) Pusong Ligaw ( since 2017 ) Wildflower ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Bagani ( 2018 ) The Good Son ( 2017 ) Sana Dalawa ang Puso Ko ( 2017 ) Victims of Love ( 2017 ) Written in Our Stars ( 2017 ) ABS - CBN programming ( current and upcoming ) Telenovelas A Love to Last ( since 2017 ) Ang Probinsyano ( since 2015 ) Ikaw Lang ang Iibigin ( since 2017 ) Ipaglaban Mo ! ( since 2014 ) La Luna Sangre ( since 2017 ) MMK ( since 1991 ) The Promise of Forever ( since 2017 ) Pusong Ligaw ( since 2017 ) Wansapanataym ( since 1997 ) Wildflower ( since 2017 ) Cartoons SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 2010 ) Superbook Reimagined ( season 3 ) ( new season ; since 2017 ) Variety ASAP ( since 1995 ) It 's Showtime ( since 2009 ) Reality show Little Big Shots ( since 2017 ) Game show Bet on Your Baby ( season 3 ) ( new season ; since 2017 ) Talk shows Gandang Gabi , Vice ! ( since 2011 ) Magandang Buhay ( since 2016 ) Tonight with Boy Abunda ( since 2015 ) Comedy Banana Sundae ( since 2008 ) Goin ' Bulilit ( since 2005 ) Home Sweetie Home ( since 2014 ) News and current affairs Bandila ( since 2006 ) The Bottomline with Boy Abunda ( since 2009 ) Failon Ngayon ( since 2009 ) Mission Possible ( since 2015 ) My Puhunan ( since 2015 ) News Patrol ( since 2004 ) Rated K ( since 2004 ) Red Alert ( since 2015 ) S.O.C.O. ( Scene of the Crime Operatives ) ( since 2005 ) Sports U ( since 2015 ) TNT : Tapatan ni Tunying ( since 2013 ) TV Patrol ( since 1987 ) TV Patrol Weekend ( since 2004 ) Umagang Kay Ganda ( since 2007 ) Informative G Diaries ( since 2017 ) Matanglawin ( since 2008 ) Salamat Dok ( since 2004 ) Swak na Swak ( since 2006 ) Infomercial O Shopping ( since 2013 ) Foreign drama Lethal Weapon ( since 2017 ) Love in the Moonlight ( re-run ; since 2017 ) Legend of the Blue Sea ( re-run ; since 2017 ) Upcoming Ang Alamat ni Bagani ( 2018 ) Haikyū ! ! ( season 2 ) ( new season ; 2017 ) Jane the Virgin ( season 3 ) ( new season ; 2017 ) Kuroko 's Basketball ( season 3 ) ( new season ; 2017 ) Naruto Shippūden ( season 9 ) ( new season ; 2017 ) Pilipinas Got Talent ( season 6 ) ( new season ; 2017 ) Sana Dalawa ang Puso Ko ( 2017 ) The Good Son ( 2017 ) Victims of Love ( 2017 ) Written in Our Stars ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Love_to_Last&oldid=800756874 '' Categories : ABS - CBN telenovelas Philippine drama television series Philippine television series 2017 Philippine television series debuts Philippine telenovelas 2017 telenovelas Television series by Star Creatives ABS - CBN television drama filmed in high definition Television shows set in Germany Television shows set in the Philippines Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español Français 한국어 Italiano Português Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 13 : 39 . About Wikipedia | real name of fort in a love to last | [
"Jameson Blake as Andres Bonifacio \"Fort\" Gonzales. Chloe's childhood best friend who pretends to be her boyfriend to help Chloe get the attention of Tupe. His parents suffer from a broken marriage and he relies on Chloe to be the person to talk to. He is in love with Chloe. He is much more mature than Tupe."
] | [
"Jameson Blake"
] |
-5151353618501013514 | The Hunchback of Notre-Dame | The Hunchback of Notre - Dame - wikipedia The Hunchback of Notre - Dame Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Victor Hugo novel . For other uses , see The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( disambiguation ) . The Hunchback of Notre - Dame 1st edition cover Author Victor Hugo Original title Notre - Dame de Paris Translator Frederic Shoberl ( English ) Illustrator Luc - Olivier Merson ( original ) Country France Language French Genre Romanticism , Gothic fiction Set in Paris , 1482 Publisher Gosselin Publication date 16 March 1831 Published in English 1833 Media type Hardback Pages 940 , in 3 volumes Dewey Decimal 843.7 The Hunchback of Notre - Dame ( French : Notre - Dame de Paris ) is a French Romantic / Gothic novel by Victor Hugo , published in 1831 . The original French title refers to Notre Dame Cathedral , on which the story is centered . English translator Frederic Shoberl named the novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1833 because at the time , Gothic novels were more popular than Romance novels in England . The story is set in Paris , France in the Late Middle Ages , during the reign of Louis XI . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Major themes 4.1 Architecture 5 Literary significance and reception 6 Allusions and references 6.1 Allusions to actual history , geography and current science 6.2 Allusions in other works 7 Drama adaptations 7.1 Films 7.2 Television 7.3 Theatre 7.4 Music 7.5 Musical theatre 7.6 Ballet 7.7 Radio 8 Video games 9 Translation history 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) Illustration from Victor Hugo et son temps ( 1881 ) Victor Hugo began writing Notre - Dame de Paris in 1829 , largely to make his contemporaries more aware of the value of the Gothic architecture , which was neglected and often destroyed to be replaced by new buildings or defaced by replacement of parts of buildings in a newer style . For instance , the medieval stained glass panels of Notre - Dame de Paris had been replaced by white glass to let more light into the church . This explains the large descriptive sections of the book , which far exceed the requirements of the story . A few years earlier , Hugo had already published a paper entitled Guerre aux Démolisseurs ( War to the Demolishers ) specifically aimed at saving Paris ' medieval architecture . The agreement with his original publisher , Gosselin , was that the book would be finished that same year , but Hugo was constantly delayed due to the demands of other projects . In the summer of 1830 , Gosselin demanded that Hugo complete the book by February 1831 . Beginning in September 1830 , Hugo worked nonstop on the project thereafter . The book was finished six months later . Plot ( edit ) Paris , 1482 . The gypsy Esmeralda ( born as Agnés ) captures the hearts of many men , including those of Captain Phoebus and Pierre Gringoire , but especially Quasimodo and his guardian Archdeacon Claude Frollo . Frollo is torn between his obsessive lust for Esmeralda and the rules of the Notre Dame Cathedral . He orders Quasimodo to kidnap her , but the hunchback is captured by Phoebus and his guards , who save Esmeralda . Gringoire , who attempted to help Esmeralda but was knocked out by Quasimodo , is about to be hanged by beggars when Esmeralda saves him by agreeing to marry him for four years . The following day , Quasimodo is sentenced to be flogged and turned on the pillory for one hour , followed by another hour 's public exposure . He calls for water . Esmeralda , seeing his thirst , approaches the public stocks and offers him a drink of water . It saves him , and she captures his heart . Later , Esmeralda is arrested and charged with the attempted murder of Phoebus , whom Frollo actually attempted to kill in jealousy after seeing him trying to seduce Esmeralda . She is sentenced to death by hanging . As she is being led to the gallows , Quasimodo swings down by the bell rope of Notre - Dame and carries her off to the cathedral under the law of sanctuary , temporarily protecting her from arrest . Frollo later informs Gringoire that the Court of Parlement has voted to remove Esmeralda 's right to the sanctuary so she can no longer seek shelter in the Cathedral and will be taken away to be killed . Clopin , the leader of the Gypsies , hears the news from Gringoire and rallies the citizens of Paris to charge the cathedral and rescue Esmeralda . When Quasimodo sees the Gypsies , he assumes they are there to hurt Esmeralda , so he drives them off . Likewise , he thinks the King 's men want to rescue her , and tries to help them find her . She is rescued by Frollo and Gringoire . But after yet another failed attempt to win her love , Frollo betrays Esmeralda by handing her to the troops and watches while she is being hanged . When Frollo laughs during Esmeralda 's hanging , Quasimodo pushes him from the heights of Notre Dame to his death . Quasimodo later goes to Montfaucon , a huge graveyard in Paris where the bodies of the condemned are dumped , where he stays with Esmeralda 's dead body until he dies . About eighteen months later , the tomb is opened , and the skeletons are found . As someone tries to separate them , they crumble to dust . Characters ( edit ) Quasimodo , despite the English title , is not the protagonist of the novel , though he is essential to the plot . He is the bell - ringer of Notre Dame and a barely verbal and half - blind hunchback . Ringing the church bells has also made him deaf . Abandoned by his mother as a baby , he was adopted by Claude Frollo . Quasimodo 's life within the confines of the cathedral and his only two outlets -- ringing the bells and his love and devotion for Frollo -- are described . He rarely ventures outside the Cathedral because the citizens of Paris despise and shun him for his appearance . The notable occasions when he does leave include taking part in the Festival of Fools -- during which he is elected the Pope of Fools due to his perfect hideousness -- and his subsequent attempt to kidnap Esmeralda , his rescue of Esmeralda from the gallows , his attempt to bring Phoebus to Esmeralda , and his final abandonment of the cathedral at the end of the novel . It is revealed in the story that the baby Quasimodo was left by the Gypsies in place of Esmeralda , whom they abducted . Esmeralda ( born Agnes ) is a beautiful young Gypsy street dancer who is naturally compassionate and kind . She is the novel 's protagonist . A popular focus of the citizens ' attentions , she experiences their changeable attitudes , being first adored as an entertainer , then hated as a witch , before being lauded again by Quasimodo . She is loved by both Quasimodo and Claude Frollo , but , unfortunately she falls hopelessly in love with Captain Phoebus , a handsome soldier who she believes will rightly protect her but who simply wants to seduce her . She is one of the few characters to show Quasimodo a moment of human kindness , as when she gives him water after the hunchback 's flogging . She is eventually revealed to not actually be a gypsy , but to have been kidnapped by them and replaced by the deformed Quasimodo . Claude Frollo , the novel 's anti-hero , is the Archdeacon of Notre Dame . His dour attitude and his alchemical experiments have alienated him from the Parisians , who believe him a sorcerer . His parents having died of plague when he was a young man , he is without family save for Quasimodo , for whom he cares , and his dissolute younger brother Jehan , whom he unsuccessfully attempts to reform towards a better life . Frollo 's numerous sins include lechery , failed alchemy and other listed vices . His mad attraction to Esmeralda sets off a chain of events , including her attempted abduction , leading to Quasimodo 's sentence to be lashed in the square , and Frollo almost murdering Phoebus in a jealous rage , leading to Esmeralda 's execution . Jehan Frollo is Claude Frollo 's 16 - year - old dissolute younger brother . He is a troublemaker and a student at the university . He is dependent on his brother for money , which he then proceeds to squander on alcohol . After his brother stops giving him money , he becomes rogue . He briefly enters the cathedral by ascending one of the towers with a borrowed ladder , but Quasimodo sees him and throws him down to his death . Phoebus de Chateaupers is the Captain of the King 's Archers , and a minor antagonist in the novel . After he saves Esmeralda from abduction , she becomes infatuated with him , and he is intrigued by her . Already betrothed to the beautiful but spiteful Fleur - de-Lys , he wants to lie with Esmeralda nonetheless but is prevented when Frollo stabs him . Phoebus survives , but Esmeralda is taken to be the attempted assassin by all , including Phoebus himself , who no longer wants her . He is condemned to a miserable married life with Fleur - de-Lys . Fleur - de-Lys de Gondelaurier is a beautiful and wealthy socialite engaged to Phoebus . Phoebus 's attentions to Esmeralda make her insecure and jealous , and she and her friends respond by treating Esmeralda with contempt and spite . Fleur - de-Lys later neglects to inform Phoebus that Esmeralda has not been executed , which serves to deprive the pair of any further contact -- though as Phoebus no longer loves Esmeralda by this time , this does not matter . The novel ends with their wedding . Pierre Gringoire is a struggling poet . He mistakenly finds his way into the `` Court of Miracles '' , the domain of the Truands . In order to preserve the secrecy , Gringoire must either be killed by hanging , or marry a Gypsy . Although Esmeralda does not love him , and in fact believes him to be a coward rather than a true man , she takes pity on his plight and marries him . But , because she is already in love with Phoebus , much to his disappointment , she will not let him touch her . Sister Gudule , formerly named Paquette la Chantefleurie , is an anchoress , who lives in seclusion in an exposed cell in central Paris . She is tormented by the loss of her daughter Agnes , whom she believes to have been cannibalised by Gypsies as a baby , and devotes her life to mourning her . Her long - lost daughter turns out to be Esmeralda , a fact she discovers only moments before Esmeralda is hanged . Gudule is accidentally killed by one of the King 's soldiers while attempting to prevent them from taking her daughter . Louis XI is the King of France . He appears as an old and sick man , but his personality is very sly and Machiavellian , as well as self - centred . He appears briefly when he is brought the news of the rioting at Notre Dame . He orders his guard to kill the rioters , and also the `` witch '' Esmeralda , because of being misinformed about the reason of rioting . Tristan l'Hermite is a friend of King Louis XI . He leads the band that goes to capture Esmeralda . Henriet Cousin is the city executioner , who hangs Esmeralda . Florian Barbedienne is the judge who sentences Quasimodo to be tortured . He is also deaf . Jacques Charmolue is Frollo 's friend in charge of torturing prisoners . He gets Esmeralda to falsely confess to killing Phoebus . He then has her imprisoned . Clopin Trouillefou is the King of Truands . He sentences Gringoire to be hanged , and presides over his `` wedding '' to Esmerelda . He rallies the Court of Miracles to rescue Esmeralda from Notre Dame after the idea is suggested by Gringoire . He is eventually killed during the attack by the King 's soldiers . Pierrat Torterue is the torturer who tortures Esmeralda after her interrogation . He hurts Esmeralda so badly she falsely confesses , sealing her own fate . He was also the official who administered the savage flogging administered to Quasimodo by Barbedienne . Major themes ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The novel 's original French title , Notre - Dame de Paris , indicates that the cathedral itself is the most significant aspect of the novel , both the main setting and the focus of the story 's themes . The building had fallen into disrepair at the time of writing , which was something Hugo felt strongly about . The book portrays the Romantic era as one of the extremes in architecture , passion , and religion . The theme of determinism ( fate and destiny , as set up in the preface of the novel through the introduction of the word `` ANANKE '' ) is explored , as well as revolution and social strife . Architecture ( edit ) Architecture is a major concern of Hugo 's in Notre - Dame de Paris , not just as embodied in the cathedral itself , but as representing throughout Paris and the rest of Europe an artistic genre which , Hugo argued , was about to disappear with the arrival of the printing press . Claude Frollo 's portentous phrase , ' Ceci tuera cela ' ( `` This will kill that '' , as he looks from a printed book to the cathedral building ) , sums up this thesis , which is expounded on in Book V , chapter 2 . Hugo writes that ' quiconque naissait poète se faisait architecte ' ( `` whoever was born a poet became an architect '' ) , arguing that while the written word was heavily censored and difficult to reproduce , architecture was extremely prominent and enjoyed considerable freedom . Il existe à cette époque , pour la pensée écrite en pierre , un privilège tout - à - fait comparable à notre liberté actuelle de la presse . C'est la liberté de l'architecture . There exists in this era , for thoughts written in stone , a privilege absolutely comparable to our current freedom of the press . It is the freedom of architecture . -- Book V , Chapter 2 With the recent introduction of the printing press , it became possible to reproduce one 's ideas much more easily on paper , and Hugo considered this period to represent the last flowering of architecture as a great artistic form . As with many of his books , Hugo was interested in a time which seemed to him to be on the cusp between two types of society . The major theme of the third book is that over time the cathedral has been repaired , but the repairs and additions have made the cathedral worse : `` And who put the cold , white panes in the place of those windows '' and `` ... who substituted for the ancient Gothic altar , splendidly encumbered with shrines and reliquaries , that heavy marble sarcophagus , with angels ' heads and clouds '' are a few examples of this . This chapter also discusses how , after repairs to the cathedral after the French Revolution , there was not a significant style in what was added . It seems as if the new architecture is actually now uglier and worse than it was before the repairing . Literary significance and reception ( edit ) Hugo introduced with this work the concept of the novel as Epic Theatre . A giant epic about the history of a whole people , incarnated in the figure of the great cathedral as witness and silent protagonist of that history . The whole idea of time and life as an ongoing , organic panorama centered on dozens of characters caught in the middle of that history . It is the first novel to have beggars as protagonists . Notre Dame de Paris was the first work of fiction to encompass the whole of life , from the King of France to Paris sewer rats , in a manner later co-opted by Honoré de Balzac , Gustave Flaubert and many others , including Charles Dickens . The enormous popularity of the book in France spurred the nascent historical preservation movement in that country and strongly encouraged Gothic revival architecture . Ultimately it led to major renovations at Notre - Dame in the 19th century led by Eugène Viollet - le - Duc . Much of the cathedral 's present appearance is a result of this renovation . Allusions and references ( edit ) Allusions to actual history , geography and current science ( edit ) In The Hunchback of Notre - Dame , Victor Hugo makes frequent reference to the architecture of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris . He also mentions the invention of the printing press , when the bookmaker near the beginning of the work speaks of `` the German pest . '' In 2010 , British archivist Adrian Glew discovered references to a real - life hunchback who was a foreman of a government sculpting studio in Paris in the 1820s who worked on post-Revolution restorations to the Cathedral . Allusions in other works ( edit ) The name Quasimodo has become synonymous with `` a courageous heart beneath a grotesque exterior . '' Drama adaptations ( edit ) To date , all of the film and TV adaptations have strayed somewhat from the original plot , some going as far as to give it a happy ending , as in the classic 1939 film starring Charles Laughton as Quasimodo and Maureen O'Hara as Esmeralda ( although Quasimodo loses her to Gringoire in this version ) . The 1956 French film , starring Anthony Quinn and Gina Lollobrigida , is one of the few versions to end almost exactly like the novel , although it changes other sections of the story . Unlike most adaptations , the 1996 Disney version has an ending that is inspired by an opera created by Hugo himself . Films ( edit ) Esmeralda ( 1905 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1911 film ) The Darling of Paris Esmeralda ( 1922 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1939 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1956 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1986 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 film ) The Secret of the Hunchback ( 1996 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 film ) ( Golden Films ) The Hunchback ( 1997 film ) Quasimodo d'El Paris Television ( edit ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1966 miniseries ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1977 miniseries ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1982 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1986 film ) The Magical Adventures of Quasimodo Theatre ( edit ) In 1977 , an adaptation by Ken Hill was commissioned and staged by the National Theatre in London . In 2010 , an adaptation by Pip Utton was staged at The Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival . In 2010 , an original adaptation by Myriad Theatre & Film was staged in London and then toured South England . In 2012 , an adaptation by Belt Up Theatre was staged in Selby Abbey . In 2013 , an adaptation by James Villafuerte was staged in Tanghalang Pasigueño Villa Teatro . Music ( edit ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame by Alec R. Costandinos and the Syncophonic Orchestra from 1977 , a lush orchestral disco 28 minute epic re-telling the tale of Quasimodo and Esmeralda . The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1996 recording of music written by Styx singer Dennis DeYoung for his musical adaptation of the novel . The Hunchback of Notre Dame is the soundtrack to the 1996 Disney film , released by Walt Disney Records . The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( Studio Cast Recording ) , a 2016 musical album based on Victor Hugo 's novel and songs from the Disney film version . Musical Theatre ( edit ) La Esmeralda , opera by Louise Bertin ( 1836 ) , libretto by Victor Hugo . Esmeralda , opera by Alexander Dargomyzhsky ( 1847 ) based on the Victor Hugo novel . Notre - Dame of Paris , opera by William Henry Fry ( 1864 ) with libretto by his brother Joseph Reese Fry based on the Victor Hugo novel . First performance : Academy of Music , Philadelphia , 4 May 1864 , conducted by Theodore Thomas . Esmeralda , opera by Arthur Goring Thomas ( 1883 ) , also based on the same Victor Hugo novel . Notre Dame , romantic Opera in two acts by Franz Schmidt , text after Victor Hugo by Schmidt and Leopold Wilk ; composed : 1902 -- 4 , 1st perf. : Vienna 1914 . The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1993 ) , an Off Broadway musical with music by Byron Janis , lyrics by Hal Hackady and book by Anthony Scully . The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1993 ) , a dramatic sung - through musical with book and lyrics by Gary Sullivan and music by John Trent Wallace . After a production at the Mermaid Theatre in London it was published by Samuel French Ltd in 1997 and has received several UK productions as well as productions in New Zealand and Australia . In 2010 it was re-written as a conventional musical , with the new title Notre Dame . El Jorobado de París ( 1993 ) , an Argentinian sung - through musical with book and lyrics by Pepe Cibrián Campoy and music by Ángel Mahler . Revised versions opened in 1995 , 2006 and 2013 . Notre - Dame de Paris is an operatic melodrama by Zigmars Liepiņš based on the novel . In 1998 , Notre - Dame de Paris opened in Paris and became an instant success . It is considered the most successful adaptation of any novel except for `` The Phantom of the Opera '' and `` Les Misérables . '' It was also adapted for the stage by Nicholas DeBaubien . From 1999 to 2002 , the Disney film was adapted into a darker , more Gothic musical production called Der Glöckner von Notre Dame ( translated in English as The Bellringer of Notre Dame ) in Berlin . A cast recording was also recorded in German . The musical received an American remake in 2014 . A rock musical version was released in Seattle , Washington in 1998 titled `` Hunchback '' with music and script by C. Rainey Lewis . A musical version , scored by Dennis DeYoung , opened in Chicago at the Bailiwick Repertory in the summer of 2008 . A re-adaptation of the piece entitled Our Lady of Paris , with music and lyrics by David Levinson and book by Stacey Weingarten , was produced in a reading format in ( ( Manhattan . It re-sets the action to 1954 at the beginning of the French Algerian conflict . After the first reading , the piece underwent revisions ; a second reading was produced in January 2011 under the musical 's new title , Les Enfants de Paris . Ballet ( edit ) La Esmeralda ( 1844 ) - choreography by Jules Perrot , music by Cesare Pugni . First performed at Her Majesty 's Theatre in London . The ballet has a long performance history in Russia via the revivals of the choreographer Marius Petipa in St. Petersburg throughout the late 19th century . Gudule 's Daughter , or Esmiralda ( 1902 ) -- choreography by Alexander Alexeyevich Gorsky , music by Antoine Simon Notre - Dame de Paris ( 1965 ) -- choreography by Roland Petit , first performed by the Paris Opera Ballet . The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1998 ) -- choreography and direction by Michael Pink and original music score by Philip Feeney ; currently in the repertoire of Milwaukee Ballet , Boston Ballet , Royal New Zealand Ballet , Atlanta Ballet and Colorado Ballet . Ringaren i Notre Dame ( The Bellringer of Notre Dame ; 2009 ) -- choreography by Pär Isberg and original music score by Stefan Nilsson , first performed on Friday , April 3 , by the Royal Swedish Ballet . Radio ( edit ) The book was twice adapted and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 as its Classic Serial : in 5 parts from 6 January to 3 February 1989 , with Jack Klaff as Quasimodo in 2 parts on 30 November and 7 December 2008 , with deaf actor David Bower playing Quasimodo . Video games ( edit ) Hunchback , a 1983 arcade video game developed by Century Electronics , starring Quasimodo . Translation history ( edit ) The Hunchback of Notre - Dame has been translated into English many times . Translations are often reprinted in various imprints . Some translations have been revised over time . 1833 . Translated by Frederic Shoberl as The Hunchback of Notre Dame . Later revisions . 1833 . Translated by William Hazlitt as Notre Dame : A Tale of the Ancien Régime . Later revisions . 1888 . Translated by Isabel F. Hapgood as Notre - Dame de Paris . 1895 . Translated by M.W. Artois et al. , part of the 28 - vol The Novels of Victor Hugo , re-printed in the 20th century under other titles . 1956 . Translated by Lowell Bair , for Bantam Books and included in Bantam Classics 1964 . Translated by Walter J. Cobb . In multiple editions , see for example Signet Classics ISBN 0 - 451 - 52788 - 7 1978 . Translated by John Sturrock . In multiple editions , see for example Penguin Classics ISBN 0 - 14 - 044353 - 3 1993 . Translated by Alban J. Krailsheimer as Notre - Dame de Paris . See Oxford World 's Classics ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955580 - 2 2002 . Revised translation by Catherine Liu of an anonymous 19th century translation . See Modern Library Classics ISBN 0 - 679 - 64257 - 9 This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ hubpages.com/entertainment/quasimodo Jump up ^ fr : Cathédrale Notre - Dame de Paris Jump up ^ fr : Notre - Dame de Paris ( roman ) # cite note - 21 Jump up ^ Zaretsky , Rob . `` Victor Hugo and Architecture '' , Engines of our Ingenuity . Accessed 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sparknotes.com '' . Sparknotes.com . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Online-literature.com '' . Online-literature.com. 26 January 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real - life Quasimodo uncovered in Tate archives '' , Roya Nikkhah , The Daily Telegraph , 15 August 2010 Jump up ^ Webber , Elizabeth ; Mike Feinsilber ( 1999 ) . Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of Allusions . Merriam - Webster . p. 592 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 628 - 9 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` Sanctuary ! THE HUNCHBACK OF NOTRE DAME Cast Album Released Today '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Jump up ^ `` The Hunchback of Notre Dame '' . Lortel.org . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johntrentwallace.com '' . Johntrentwallace.com. 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Notre-dame.co.uk '' . Notre-dame.co.uk . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Mainstage 1997 -- Nicholas De Beabien 's The Hunchback of Notre Dame , sacred.fools.org Jump up ^ Collins , Suzanne . `` Amazon.com '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hunchback '' . Hunchback . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hunchback of Notre Dame Musical By Styx Front - Man to Play Chicago 's Bailiwick '' . Playbill . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Rebello , Stephen . The Art of The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ed . ) . Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6208 - 4 . Pascal Tonazzi , Florilège de Notre - Dame de Paris ( anthologie ) , Editions Arléa , Paris , 2007 , ISBN 2 - 86959 - 795 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Notre - Dame de Paris ( Victor Hugo ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hunchback of Notre - Dame Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Hunchback of Notre Dame The Hunchback of Notre Dame at Internet Archive and Google Books , multiple English translations ( scanned books original editions color illustrated ) Notre - Dame De Paris at Project Gutenberg , 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood ( plain text and HTML ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame public domain audiobook at LibriVox , 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood and French available Notre Dame de Paris Harvard Classics Notre - Dame de Paris at Wikisource ( HTML ) ( in French ) ( hide ) The Hunchback of Notre - Dame by Victor Hugo Characters Quasimodo Esmeralda Claude Frollo Captain Phoebus Clopin Trouillefou Pierre Gringoire Films Esmeralda ( 1905 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1911 ) The Darling of Paris ( 1917 ) Esmeralda ( 1922 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1939 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1956 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1966 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1977 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1982 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1986 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) The Hunchback ( 1997 ) Quasimodo d'El Paris ( 1999 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame II ( 2002 ) Opera La Esmeralda ( 1836 ) Esmeralda ( 1883 ) Ballet La Esmeralda ( 1844 ) Notre Dame de Paris ( 1967 ) Musicals Notre - Dame de Paris ( 1998 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Klokkeren fra Notre Dame ( 2002 ) Music `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` Topsy Turvy '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Heaven 's Light '' `` Hellfire '' `` A Guy Like You '' `` The Court of Miracles '' `` Someday '' Video games Hunchback ( 1983 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame : Topsy Turvy Games ( 1996 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Related Disney franchise Victor Hugo Novels Han d'Islande ( 1823 ) Bug - Jargal ( 1826 ) The Last Day of a Condemned Man ( 1829 ) The Hunchback of Notre - Dame ( 1831 ) Les Misérables ( 1862 ) Toilers of the Sea ( 1866 ) The Man Who Laughs ( 1869 ) Ninety - Three ( 1874 ) Plays Inez de Castro ( 1820 ; published in 1863 ) Cromwell ( 1827 ) Hernani ( 1830 ) Marion Delorme ( 1831 ) Le roi s'amuse ( 1832 ) Lucrezia Borgia ( 1833 ) Marie Tudor ( 1833 ) Angelo , Tyrant of Padua ( 1835 ) La Esmeralda ( 1836 ; libretto only ) Ruy Blas ( 1838 ) Les Burgraves ( 1843 ) Torquemada ( 1882 ) Short stories `` Claude Gueux '' ( 1834 ) Poetry collections Odes et poésies diverses ( 1822 ) Nouvelles Odes ( 1824 ) Odes et Ballades ( 1828 ) Les Orientales ( 1829 ) Les Feuilles d'automne ( 1831 ) Les Chants du crépuscule ( 1835 ) Les Voix intérieures ( 1837 ) Les Rayons et les Ombres ( 1840 ) Les Châtiments ( 1853 ) Les Contemplations ( 1856 ) La Légende des siècles ( Part One 1859 ) Les Chansons des rues et des bois ( 1865 ) L'Année terrible ( 1872 ) L'Art d'être grand - père ( 1877 ) La Légende des siècles ( Part Two 1877 ) Le Pape ( 1878 ) La Pitié suprême ( 1879 ) L'Âne ( 1880 ) Les Quatre Vents de l'esprit ( 1881 ) Final part of La Légende des siècles ( 1883 ) La Fin de Satan ( 1886 ) Dieu ( 1891 , 1941 ) Toute la Lyre ( 1888 , 1893 , 1897 , 1935 - 1937 ) Les Années funestes ( 1898 ) Dernière Gerbe ( 1902 , 1941 ) Océan , Tas de pierres ( 1942 ) Le Verso de la page ( 1960 ) Œuvres d'enfance et de jeunesse , 1814 - 20 ( juvenilia , 1964 ) Other writings Le Rhin ( 1842 ) Napoléon le Petit ( 1852 pamphlet ) William Shakespeare ( 1864 essay ) Actes et Paroles ( 1875 ) Religions et religion ( 1880 ) Related Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale Berne Convention Hauteville House Maison de Victor Hugo Léopoldine Hugo ( daughter ) François - Victor Hugo ( son ) Adèle Hugo ( daughter ) Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo ( father ) Juliette Drouet Avenue Victor - Hugo ( Paris ) France portal French and Francophone literature portal VIAF : 310912222 GND : 4342614 - 1 BNF : cb119675961 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame&oldid=801456797 '' Categories : The Hunchback of Notre - Dame 1831 French novels Cathedrals in fiction French novels adapted into films Notre Dame de Paris Novels about cities Novels adapted into television programs Novels by Victor Hugo Novels set in Paris Novels set in the Middle Ages Gothic novels Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles that may contain original research from February 2015 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Incomplete lists from May 2010 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული لۊری شومالی Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what time period does the hunchback of notre dame take place in | [
"The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (French: Notre-Dame de Paris) is a French Romantic/Gothic novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1831. The original French title refers to Notre Dame Cathedral, on which the story is centered. English translator Frederic Shoberl named the novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1833 because at the time, Gothic novels were more popular than Romance novels in England.[1] The story is set in Paris, France in the Late Middle Ages, during the reign of Louis XI."
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"the Late Middle Ages, during the reign of Louis XI"
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-3313705477487951044 | Cricket World Cup | Cricket World Cup - wikipedia Cricket World Cup Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's tournament . For the women 's tournament , see Women 's Cricket World Cup . For the recent tournament , see 2015 Cricket World Cup . For the Twenty20 tournament , see ICC World Twenty20 . ICC Cricket World Cup Official trophy awarded since the 1999 World Cup Administrator International Cricket Council ( ICC ) Format One Day International First tournament 1975 ( England ) Last tournament 2015 ( Australia , New Zealand ) Next tournament 2019 ( England , Wales ) Tournament format ↓ various Number of teams 20 ( all tournaments ) 14 ( most recent ) 10 ( next ) Current champion Australia ( 5th title ) Most successful Australia ( 5 titles ) Most runs Sachin Tendulkar ( 2,278 ) Most wickets Glenn McGrath ( 71 ) The ICC Cricket World Cup is the international championship of One Day International ( ODI ) cricket . The event is organised by the sport 's governing body , the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , every four years , with preliminary qualification rounds leading up to a finals tournament . The tournament is one of the world 's most viewed sporting events and is considered the `` flagship event of the international cricket calendar '' by the ICC . The first World Cup was organised in England in June 1975 , with the first ODI cricket match having been played only four years earlier . However , a separate Women 's Cricket World Cup had been held two years before the first men 's tournament , and a tournament involving multiple international teams had been held as early as 1912 , when a triangular tournament of Test matches was played between Australia , England and South Africa . The first three World Cups were held in England . From the 1987 tournament onwards , hosting has been shared between countries under an unofficial rotation system , with fourteen ICC members having hosted at least one match in the tournament . The finals of the World Cup are contested by the ten full members of the ICC ( all of which are Test - playing teams ) and a number of teams made up from associate and affiliate members of the ICC , selected via the World Cricket League and a later qualifying tournament . A total of twenty teams have competed in the eleven editions of the tournament , with fourteen competing in the latest edition in 2015 . Australia has won the tournament five times , with the West Indies , India ( twice each ) , Pakistan and Sri Lanka ( once each ) also having won the tournament . The best performance by a non-full - member team came when Kenya made the semi-finals of the 2003 tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before the first Cricket World Cup 1.2 Prudential World Cups ( 1975 -- 1983 ) 1.3 Different champions ( 1987 -- 1996 ) 1.4 Australian treble ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 1.5 Hosts triumph ( 2011 - 2015 ) 2 Format 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Tournament 3 Trophy 4 Media coverage 5 Selection of hosts 6 Tournament history 7 Results 7.1 Teams ' performances 7.2 Debutant teams 7.3 Overview 8 Awards 8.1 Man of the tournament 8.2 Man of the Match in the Final 9 Tournament records 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Cricket World Cup Before the first Cricket World Cup ( edit ) The first international cricket match was played between Canada and the United States , on 24 and 25 September 1844 . However , the first credited Test match was played in 1877 between Australia and England , and the two teams competed regularly for The Ashes in subsequent years . South Africa was admitted to Test status in 1889 . Representative cricket teams were selected to tour each other , resulting in bilateral competition . Cricket was also included as an Olympic sport at the 1900 Paris Games , where Great Britain defeated France to win the gold medal . This was the only appearance of cricket at the Summer Olympics . The first multilateral competition at international level was the 1912 Triangular Tournament , a Test cricket tournament played in England between all three Test - playing nations at the time : England , Australia and South Africa . The event was not a success : the summer was exceptionally wet , making play difficult on damp uncovered pitches , and attendances were poor , attributed to a `` surfeit of cricket '' . Since then , international Test cricket has generally been organised as bilateral series : a multilateral Test tournament was not organised again until the triangular Asian Test Championship in 1999 . The number of nations playing Test cricket increased gradually over time , with the addition of West Indies in 1928 , New Zealand in 1930 , India in 1932 , and Pakistan in 1952 . However , international cricket continued to be played as bilateral Test matches over three , four or five days . In the early 1960s , English county cricket teams began playing a shortened version of cricket which only lasted for one day . Starting in 1962 with a four - team knockout competition known as the Midlands Knock - Out Cup , and continuing with the inaugural Gillette Cup in 1963 , one - day cricket grew in popularity in England . A national Sunday League was formed in 1969 . The first One - Day International match was played on the fifth day of a rain - aborted Test match between England and Australia at Melbourne in 1971 , to fill the time available and as compensation for the frustrated crowd . It was a forty over game with eight balls per over . In the late 1970s , Kerry Packer established the rival World Series Cricket ( WSC ) competition . It introduced many of the now commonplace features of One Day International cricket , including coloured uniforms , matches played at night under floodlights with a white ball and dark sight screens , and , for television broadcasts , multiple camera angles , effects microphones to capture sounds from the players on the pitch , and on - screen graphics . The first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink , played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979 . The success and popularity of the domestic one - day competitions in England and other parts of the world , as well as the early One - Day Internationals , prompted the ICC to consider organising a Cricket World Cup . Prudential World Cups ( 1975 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) The Prudential Cup trophy The inaugural Cricket World Cup was hosted in 1975 by England , the only nation able to put forward the resources to stage an event of such magnitude at the time . The 1975 tournament started on 7 June . The first three events were held in England and officially known as the Prudential Cup after the sponsors Prudential plc . The matches consisted of 60 six - ball overs per team , played during the daytime in traditional form , with the players wearing cricket whites and using red cricket balls . Eight teams participated in the first tournament : Australia , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , and the West Indies ( the six Test nations at the time ) , together with Sri Lanka and a composite team from East Africa . One notable omission was South Africa , who were banned from international cricket due to apartheid . The tournament was won by the West Indies , who defeated Australia by 17 runs in the final at Lord 's . The 1979 World Cup saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy competition to select non-Test playing teams for the World Cup , with Sri Lanka and Canada qualifying . The West Indies won a second consecutive World Cup tournament , defeating the hosts England by 92 runs in the final . At a meeting which followed the World Cup , the International Cricket Conference agreed to make the competition a quadrennial event . The 1983 event was hosted by England for a third consecutive time . By this stage , Sri Lanka had become a Test - playing nation , and Zimbabwe qualified through the ICC Trophy . A fielding circle was introduced , 30 yards ( 27 m ) away from the stumps . Four fieldsmen needed to be inside it at all times . The teams faced each other twice , before moving into the knock - outs . India , an outsider , quoted at 66 -- 1 to win by bookmakers before the competition began , were crowned champions after upsetting the West Indies by 43 runs in the final . Different champions ( 1987 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) India and Pakistan jointly hosted the 1987 tournament , the first time that the competition was held outside England . The games were reduced from 60 to 50 overs per innings , the current standard , because of the shorter daylight hours in the Indian subcontinent compared with England 's summer . Australia won the championship by defeating England by 7 runs in the final , the closest margin in World Cup final history . The 1992 World Cup , held in Australia and New Zealand , introduced many changes to the game , such as coloured clothing , white balls , day / night matches , and a change to the fielding restriction rules . The South African cricket team participated in the event for the first time , following the fall of the apartheid regime and the end of the international sports boycott . Pakistan overcame a dismal start in the tournament to eventually defeat England by 22 runs in the final and emerge as winners . The 1996 championship was held in the Indian subcontinent for a second time , with the inclusion of Sri Lanka as host for some of its group stage matches . In the semi-final , Sri Lanka , heading towards a crushing victory over India at Eden Gardens after the hosts lost eight wickets while scoring 120 runs in pursuit of 252 , were awarded victory by default after crowd unrest broke out in protest against the Indian performance . Sri Lanka went on to win their maiden championship by defeating Australia by seven wickets in the final at Lahore . Australian treble ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) In 1999 the event was hosted by England , with some matches also being held in Scotland , Ireland , Wales and the Netherlands . Twelve teams contested the World Cup . Australia qualified for the semi-finals after reaching their target in their Super 6 match against South Africa off the final over of the match . They then proceeded to the final with a tied match in the semi-final also against South Africa where a mix - up between South African batsmen Lance Klusener and Allan Donald saw Donald drop his bat and stranded mid-pitch to be run out . In the final , Australia dismissed Pakistan for 132 and then reached the target in less than 20 overs and with eight wickets in hand . A crowd of over 10,000 fans welcome the Australian team on completing the first World Cup hat - trick -- Martin Place , Sydney . South Africa , Zimbabwe and Kenya hosted the 2003 World Cup . The number of teams participating in the event increased from twelve to fourteen . Kenya 's victories over Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe , among others -- and a forfeit by the New Zealand team , which refused to play in Kenya because of security concerns -- enabled Kenya to reach the semi-finals , the best result by an associate . In the final , Australia made 359 runs for the loss of two wickets , the largest ever total in a final , defeating India by 125 runs . In 2007 the tournament was hosted by the West Indies and expanded to sixteen teams . Following Pakistan 's upset loss to World Cup debutants Ireland in the group stage , Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer was found dead in his hotel room . Jamaican police had initially launched a murder investigation into Woolmer 's death but later confirmed that he died of heart failure . Australia defeated Sri Lanka in the final by 53 runs ( D / L ) in farcical light conditions , and extended their undefeated run in the World Cup to 29 matches and winning three straight championships . Hosts triumph ( 2011 - 2015 ) ( edit ) India , Sri Lanka and Bangladesh together hosted the 2011 Cricket World Cup . Pakistan were stripped of their hosting rights following the terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in 2009 , with the games originally scheduled for Pakistan redistributed to the other host countries . The number of teams participating in the World Cup dropped down to fourteen . Australia lost their final group stage match against Pakistan on 19 March 2011 , ending an unbeaten streak of 35 World Cup matches , which had begun on 23 May 1999 . India won their second World Cup title by beating Sri Lanka by 6 wickets in the final in Mumbai , and became the first country to win the final on home soil . MS Dhoni later became the first captain in history to win all the major ICC tournaments - World T20 in 2007 , Champions Trophy in 2013 and this edition of the World Cup . Australia and New Zealand jointly hosted the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The number of participants remained at fourteen . Ireland was the most successful Associate nation with a total of three wins in the tournament . New Zealand beat South Africa in a thrilling first semi-final to qualify for their maiden World Cup final . Australia defeated New Zealand by seven wickets in the final at Melbourne to lift the World Cup for the fifth time . Format ( edit ) Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup qualification The Test - playing nations qualify automatically for the World Cup main event while the other teams have to qualify through a series of preliminary qualifying tournaments . A new qualifying format was introduced for the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The top two teams of the 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship qualify directly . The remaining six teams join the third and fourth - placed teams of 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two and the top two teams of the 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three in the World Cup Qualifier to decide the remaining two places . Qualifying tournaments were introduced for the second World Cup , where two of the eight places in the finals were awarded to the leading teams in the ICC Trophy . The number of teams selected through the ICC Trophy had varied throughout the years . The World Cricket League ( administered by the International Cricket Council ) is the qualification system provided to allow the Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC more opportunities to qualify . The name `` ICC Trophy '' has been changed to `` ICC World Cup Qualifier '' . Under the current qualifying process , the World Cricket League , all Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC are able to qualify for the World Cup . Associate and Affiliate members must play between two and five stages in the ICC World Cricket League to qualify for the World Cup finals , depending on the Division in which they start the qualifying process . Process summary in chronological order ( 2011 - 2014 ) : 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two : 6 Teams -- Top 2 were promoted to the 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The third and fourth - placed teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . The fifth and sixth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2013 . 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship : 8 Teams -- Top 2 automatically qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The remaining six teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three : 6 Teams -- Top 2 were qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . The fifth and sixth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Four for 2014 . 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier : 10 Teams -- Top 2 qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup and the 2015 -- 17 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The third and fourth - placed teams qualified for the 2015 -- 17 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The fifth , sixth , seventh , and eighth - placed teams remained in the Division Two for 2015 . The ninth and tenth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2014 Tournament ( edit ) See also : History of the Cricket World Cup § Historical formats of final tournament The captains of the 2007 Cricket World Cup . The format of the Cricket World Cup has changed greatly over the course of its history . Each of the first four tournaments was played by eight teams , divided into two groups of four . The competition consisted of two stages , a group stage and a knock - out stage . The four teams in each group played each other in the round - robin group stage , with the top two teams in each group progressing to the semi-finals . The winners of the semi-finals played against each other in the final . With South Africa returning in the fifth tournament in 1992 as a result of the end of the apartheid boycott , nine teams played each other once in the group phase , and the top four teams progressed to the semi-finals . The tournament was further expanded in 1996 , with two groups of six teams . The top four teams from each group progressed to quarter - finals and semi-finals . A distinct format was used for the 1999 and 2003 World Cups . The teams were split into two pools , with the top three teams in each pool advancing to the Super 6 . The Super 6 teams played the three other teams that advanced from the other group . As they advanced , the teams carried their points forward from previous matches against other teams advancing alongside them , giving them an incentive to perform well in the group stages . The top four teams from the Super 6 stage progressed to the semi-finals , with the winners playing in the final . The format used in the 2007 World Cup involved 16 teams allocated into four groups of four . Within each group , the teams played each other in a round - robin format . Teams earned points for wins and half - points for ties . The top two teams from each group moved forward to the Super 8 round . The Super 8 teams played the other six teams that progressed from the different groups . Teams earned points in the same way as the group stage , but carried their points forward from previous matches against the other teams who qualified from the same group to the Super 8 stage . The top four teams from the Super 8 round advanced to the semi-finals , and the winners of the semi-finals played in the final . The format used in the 2011 and 2015 World Cups featured two groups of seven teams , each playing in a round - robin format . The top four teams from each group proceeded to the knock out stage consisting of quarter - finals , semi-finals and ultimately the final . It is proposed that in 2019 World Cup , the number of teams participating will go down to 10 and all the teams will play against each other once in round robin format , before entering the knock - outs . this would be similar to the one used in 1992 World Cup . Trophy ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup Trophy The ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy is presented to the winners of the World Cup . The current trophy was created for the 1999 championships , and was the first permanent prize in the tournament 's history . Prior to this , different trophies were made for each World Cup . The trophy was designed and produced in London by a team of craftsmen from Garrard & Co over a period of two months . The current trophy is made from silver and gilt , and features a golden globe held up by three silver columns . The columns , shaped as stumps and bails , represent the three fundamental aspects of cricket : batting , bowling and fielding , while the globe characterises a cricket ball . The seam is tilted to symbolize the axial tilt of the Earth . It stands 60 centimetres high and weighs approximately 11 kilograms . The names of the previous winners are engraved on the base of the trophy , with space for a total of twenty inscriptions . The ICC keeps the original trophy . A replica differing only in the inscriptions is permanently awarded to the winning team . Media coverage ( edit ) Mello , the mascot of the 2007 World Cup The tournament is the world 's third largest with only the FIFA World Cup and the Summer Olympics exceeding it . The 2011 Cricket World Cup final was televised in over 200 countries to over 2.2 billion television viewers . Television rights , mainly for the 2011 and 2015 World Cup , were sold for over US $1.1 billion , and sponsorship rights were sold for a further US $500 million . The 2003 Cricket World Cup matches were attended by 626,845 people , while the 2007 Cricket World Cup sold more than 672,000 tickets . Successive World Cup tournaments have generated increasing media attention as One - Day International cricket has become more established . The 2003 World Cup in South Africa was the first to sport a mascot , Dazzler the zebra . An orange mongoose known as Mello was the mascot for the 2007 Cricket World Cup . Stumpy , a blue elephant was the mascot for the 2011 World Cup . On 13 February , the opening of the 2015 tournament was celebrated with a Google Doodle . Selection of hosts ( edit ) Civic Centre , South Africa honours the 2003 World Cup . Main article : Cricket World Cup hosts The International Cricket Council 's executive committee votes for the hosts of the tournament after examining the bids made by the nations keen to hold a Cricket World Cup . England hosted the first three competitions . The ICC decided that England should host the first tournament because it was ready to devote the resources required to organising the inaugural event . India volunteered to host the third Cricket World Cup , but most ICC members preferred England as the longer period of daylight in England in June meant that a match could be completed in one day . The 1987 Cricket World Cup was held in India and Pakistan , the first hosted outside England . Many of the tournaments have been jointly hosted by nations from the same geographical region , such as South Asia in 1987 , 1996 and 2011 , Australasia in 1992 and 2015 , Southern Africa in 2003 and West Indies in 2007 . Tournament history ( edit ) Main article : List of ICC Cricket World Cup finals Year Host ( s ) Final venue Result Winner Margin Runner - up Details England London West Indies 291 / 8 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 17 runs Scorecard Australia 274 all out ( 58.4 overs ) 1979 Details England London West Indies 286 / 9 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 92 runs Scorecard England 194 all out ( 51 overs ) Details England London India 183 all out ( 54.4 overs ) India won by 43 runs Scorecard West Indies 140 all out ( 52 overs ) Details India Pakistan Kolkata Australia 253 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 7 runs Scorecard England 246 / 8 ( 50 overs ) 1992 Details Australia New Zealand Melbourne Pakistan 249 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan won by 22 runs Scorecard England 227 all out ( 49.2 overs ) Details Pakistan India Sri Lanka Lahore Sri Lanka 245 / 3 ( 46.2 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets Scorecard Australia 241 / 7 ( 50 overs ) 1999 Details England Scotland Wales Ireland Netherlands London Australia 133 / 2 ( 20.1 overs ) Australia won by 8 wickets Scorecard Pakistan 132 all out ( 39 overs ) 2003 Details South Africa Zimbabwe Kenya Johannesburg Australia 359 / 2 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 125 runs Scorecard India 234 all out ( 39.2 overs ) 2007 Details West Indies Bridgetown Australia 281 / 4 ( 38 overs ) Australia won by 53 runs ( D / L ) Scorecard Sri Lanka 215 / 8 ( 36 overs ) 2011 Details India Sri Lanka Bangladesh Mumbai India 277 / 4 ( 48.2 overs ) India won by 6 wickets Scorecard Sri Lanka 274 / 6 ( 50 overs ) 2015 Details Australia New Zealand Melbourne Australia 186 / 3 ( 33.1 overs ) Australia won by 7 wickets Scorecard New Zealand 183 all out ( 45 overs ) 2019 Details England Wales London 2023 Details India Kolkata Notes Jump up ^ The England and Wales Cricket Board was the sole designated host , but matches were also played in Ireland , the Netherlands , and Scotland . Jump up ^ Cricket South Africa and Zimbabwe were joint hosts , but matches were also played in Kenya . Jump up ^ Eight member countries of the West Indies Cricket Board hosted matches -- Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , and Trinidad and Tobago . Results ( edit ) Twenty nations have qualified for the Cricket World Cup at least once ( excluding qualification tournaments ) . Seven teams have competed in every finals tournament , five of which have won the title . The West Indies won the first two tournaments , Australia has won five , India has won two , while Pakistan and Sri Lanka have each won once . The West Indies ( 1975 and 1979 ) and Australia ( 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . Australia has played in seven of the eleven final matches ( 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) . England has yet to win the World Cup , but has been runners - up three times ( 1979 , 1987 , 1992 ) . The best result by a non-Test playing nation is the semi-final appearance by Kenya in the 2003 tournament ; while the best result by a non-Test playing team on their debut is the Super 8 ( second round ) by Ireland in 2007 . Sri Lanka as a co-host of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was the first host to win the tournament though the final was held in Pakistan . India won in 2011 as host and was the first team to win in a final played in their own country . Australia repeated the feat in 2015 . England is the only other host to have made the final , in 1979 . Other countries which have achieved or equalled their best World Cup results while co-hosting the tournament are New Zealand as finalists in 2015 ; Zimbabwe who reached the Super Six in 2003 ; and Kenya as semi-finalists in 2003 . In 1987 , co-hosts India and Pakistan both reached the semi-finals , but were eliminated by Australia and England respectively . Australia in 1992 , England in 1999 , South Africa in 2003 , and Bangladesh in 2011 have been the host teams that were eliminated in the first round . Teams ' performances ( edit ) An overview of the teams ' performances in every World Cup : Team \ Host ( 8 ) 1979 ( 8 ) ( 8 ) ( 8 ) 1992 ( 9 ) ( 12 ) 1999 ( 12 ) 2003 ( 14 ) 2007 ( 16 ) 2011 ( 14 ) 2015 ( 14 ) 2019 ( 10 ) 2023 Afghanistan GP Australia 2nd GP GP 1st GP 2nd 1st 1st 1st QF 1st Q Bangladesh GP GP S8 GP QF Q Bermuda GP Canada GP GP GP GP East Africa GP England SF 2nd SF 2nd 2nd QF GP GP S8 QF GP Q India GP GP 1st SF GP SF S6 2nd GP 1st SF Q Q Ireland S8 GP GP Kenya GP GP SF GP GP Namibia GP Netherlands GP GP GP GP New Zealand SF SF GP GP SF QF SF S6 SF SF 2nd Q Pakistan GP SF SF SF 1st QF 2nd GP GP SF QF Q Scotland GP GP GP South Africa SF QF SF GP SF QF SF Q Sri Lanka GP GP GP GP GP 1st GP SF 2nd 2nd QF Q United Arab Emirates GP GP West Indies 1st 1st 2nd GP GP SF GP GP S8 QF QF Zimbabwe GP GP GP GP S6 S6 GP GP GP † No longer exists . Before the 1992 World Cup , South Africa was banned due to apartheid . The number of wins followed by Run - rate is the criteria for determining the rankings till the 1987 World Cup . The number of points followed by , head to head performance and then net run - rate is the criteria for determining the rankings for the World Cups from 1992 onwards . Legend 1st -- Winner 2nd -- Runner up SF -- Semi-finals S6 -- Super Six ( 1999 -- 2003 ) S8 -- Super Eight ( 2007 ) QF -- Quarter - finals ( 1996 , 2011 -- 2015 ) GP -- Group -- First round Debutant teams ( edit ) Year Teams Australia , East Africa , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , West Indies 1979 Canada Zimbabwe none 1992 South Africa Kenya , Netherlands , United Arab Emirates 1999 Bangladesh , Scotland 2003 Namibia 2007 Bermuda , Ireland 2011 none 2015 Afghanistan † No longer exists . Overview ( edit ) The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past World Cups , as of the end of group stage of the 2015 tournament . Teams are sorted by best performance , then by appearances , total number of wins , total number of games , and alphabetical order respectively . Appearances Statistics Team Total First Latest Best result Mat . Won Lost Tie NR Win % * Australia 11 2015 1.1 ! Champions ( 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) 84 62 20 75.30 India 11 2015 1.3 ! Champions ( 1983 , 2011 ) 75 46 27 62.83 West Indies 11 2015 1.3 ! Champions ( 1975 , 1979 ) 71 41 29 0 58.57 Sri Lanka 11 2015 1.5 ! Champions ( 1996 ) 73 35 35 50.00 Pakistan 11 2015 1.5 ! Champions ( 1992 ) 71 40 29 0 57.97 England 11 2015 2.3 ! Runners - up ( 1979 , 1987 , 1992 ) 72 41 29 58.45 New Zealand 11 2015 2.5 ! Runners - up ( 2015 ) 79 48 30 0 61.53 South Africa 7 1992 2015 3.2 ! Semi-finals ( 1992 , 1999 , 2007 , 2015 ) 55 35 18 0 65.45 Kenya 5 2011 3.5 ! Semi-finals ( 2003 ) 29 6 22 0 21.42 Zimbabwe 9 2015 5.4 ! Super 6 ( 1999 , 2003 ) 57 11 42 21.29 Bangladesh 5 1999 2015 7.4 ! Quarter - finals ( 2015 ) , Super 8 ( 2007 ) 32 11 20 0 35.48 Ireland 2007 2015 7.5 ! Super 8 ( 2007 ) 21 7 13 0 35.71 Netherlands 2011 9.2 ! Group Stage ( 1996 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) 20 18 0 0 10.00 Canada 1979 2011 9.2 ! Group Stage ( 1979 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) 18 16 0 0 11.11 Scotland 1999 2015 9.3 ! Group Stage ( 1999 , 2007 , 2015 ) 14 0 14 0 0 0.00 United Arab Emirates 2015 9.4 ! Group Stage ( 1996 , 2015 ) 11 10 0 0 9.09 Afghanistan 2015 2015 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2015 ) 6 5 0 0 16.66 Namibia 2003 2003 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2003 ) 6 0 6 0 0 0.00 Bermuda 2007 2007 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2007 ) 0 0 0 0.00 East Africa 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 1975 ) 0 0 0 0.00 Last Updated : 29 March 2015 Source : Cricinfo The Win percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win . † No longer exists . Awards ( edit ) Man of the tournament ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup awards Since 1992 , one player has been declared as `` Man of the Tournament '' at the end of the World Cup finals : Year Player Performance details 1992 Martin Crowe 456 runs Sanath Jayasuriya 221 runs and 7 wickets 1999 Lance Klusener 281 runs and 17 wickets 2003 Sachin Tendulkar 673 runs and 2 wickets 2007 Glenn McGrath 26 wickets 2011 Yuvraj Singh 362 runs and 15 wickets 2015 Mitchell Starc 22 wickets Man of the Match in the Final ( edit ) There were no Man of the Tournament awards before 1992 but Man of the Match awards have always been given for individual matches . Winning the Man of the Match in the final is logically noteworthy , as this indicates the player deemed to have played the biggest part in the World Cup final . To date the award has always gone to a member of the winning side . The Man of the Match award in the final of the competition has been awarded to : Year Player Performance details Clive Lloyd 102 runs 1979 Viv Richards 138 * Mohinder Amarnath 3 / 12 and 26 David Boon 75 runs 1992 Wasim Akram 33 and 3 / 49 Aravinda de Silva 107 * and 3 / 42 1999 Shane Warne 4 / 33 2003 Ricky Ponting 140 * 2007 Adam Gilchrist 149 2011 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 91 * 2015 James Faulkner 3 / 36 Tournament records ( edit ) Main article : List of Cricket World Cup records Sachin Tendulkar , the leading run - scorer in World Cup history . World Cup records Batting Most runs Sachin Tendulkar 2,278 ( 1992 -- 2011 ) Highest average ( min . 20 inns . ) AB de Villiers 63.52 ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Highest score Martin Guptill v West Indies 237 * ( 2015 ) Highest partnership Chris Gayle & Marlon Samuels ( 2nd wicket ) v Zimbabwe 372 ( 2015 ) Most runs in a tournament Sachin Tendulkar 673 ( 2003 ) Most hundreds Sachin Tendulkar 6 ( 1992 -- 2011 ) Bowling Most wickets Glenn McGrath 71 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Lowest average ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Glenn McGrath 18.19 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Best strike rate ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Lasith Malinga 23.8 ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Best economy rate ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Andy Roberts 3.24 ( 1975 -- 1983 ) Best bowling figures Glenn McGrath v Namibia 7 / 15 ( 2003 ) Most wickets in a tournament Glenn McGrath 26 ( 2007 ) Fielding Most dismissals ( wicket - keeper ) Kumar Sangakkara 54 ( 2003 -- 2015 ) Most catches ( fielder ) Ricky Ponting 28 ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Team Highest score Australia v Afghanistan 417 / 6 ( 2015 ) Lowest score Canada v Sri Lanka 36 ( 2003 ) Highest win % Australia 74 % ( Played 84 , Won 62 ) Most consecutive wins Australia 27 ( 20 Jun 1999 -- 19 Mar 2011 , one N / R excluded ) Most consecutive tournament wins Australia 3 ( 1999 -- 2007 ) See also ( edit ) Cricket portal ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup ICC World Twenty20 Women 's Cricket World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ICC Cricket World Cup : About Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . -- International Cricket Council . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin Williamson . `` The oldest international contest of them all '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` 1st Test Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo. 15 March 1877 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games , 1900 , Final '' . ESPNcricinfo. 19 August 1900 . Retrieved 9 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The original damp squib '' . ESPNcricinfo. 23 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The run - out that sparked a riot '' . ESPNcricinfo. 30 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The low - key birth of one - day cricket '' . ESPNcricinfo. 9 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is One - Day International cricket ? '' . newicc.cricket.org . Archived from the original on 19 November 2006 . 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Jump up ^ Browning ( 1999 ) , pp. 264 -- 274 Jump up ^ Browning ( 1999 ) , p. 274 Jump up ^ French Toast ( 2014 ) . Cricket World Cup : A Summary of the Tournaments Since 1975 ( e-book ) . Smashwords . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Browning ( 1999 ) , pp. 229 -- 231 Jump up ^ Browning ( 1999 ) , pp. 232 -- 238 Jump up ^ `` Washouts , walkovers , and black armband protests '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 30 August 2015 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthless Aussies lift World Cup '' . London : BBC . 23 March 2003 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Full tournament schedule '' . London : BBC . 23 March 2003 . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australia triumph in a tournament to forget '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Woolmer 's death stuns cricket world '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Woolmer investigation round - up '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 6 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australia v Sri Lanka , World Cup final , Barbados '' . Cricinfo. 28 April 2007 . Retrieved 6 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` No World Cup matches in Pakistan '' . BBC . 18 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` India end a 28 - year - long wait '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 25 August 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan top group after ending Australia 's unbeaten World Cup streak '' . CNN . 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cricket World Cup 2015 : Australia crush New Zealand in final '' . BBC Sport. 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Results of the ICC Chief Executives ' Committee meeting in London '' . 12 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ICC spells out 2015 WC qualification plan '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN Sports Media . 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Cricket League '' . ICC . Archived from the original on 19 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1st tournament '' . icc.cricket.org . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 92 tournament '' . icc.cricket.org . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 96 tournament '' . icc.cricket.org . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super 6 '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup groups '' . cricket world cup . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About the Event '' ( PDF ) . cricketworldcup.com . p. 1 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Cricket World Cup '' . cricknews.net . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Nayar , K.R. ( 29 June 2011 ) . `` International Cricket Council approves 14 - team cup '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trophy is first permanent prize in Cricket World Cup '' . cricket-worldcup2015.net . Archived from the original on 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket World Cup - Past Glimpses '' . webindia123.com . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About the Tournament '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CRICKET WORLD CUP 2015 3RD MOST WATCHED SPORTS EVENT IN THE WORLD '' . Total Sportek. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More money , more viewers and fewer runs in prospect for intriguing World Cup '' . The Guardian . 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Overview '' . cricketworldcup.com . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Papa John 's CEO Introduces Cricket to Jerry Jones and Daniel Snyder '' . ir.papajohns.com . Archived from the original on 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 4 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Cricinfo staff ( 9 December 2006 ) . `` ICC rights for to ESPN - star '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Cricinfo staff ( 18 January 2006 ) . `` ICC set to cash in on sponsorship rights '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket World Cup 2003 '' ( PDF ) . ICC . p. 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 March 2006 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup profits boost debt - ridden Windies board '' . Content-usa.cricinfo.com . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ICC CWC 2007 Match Attendance Soars Past 400,000 '' . cricketworld.com . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Cup launched in Soweto '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ICC cricket mascot Mello tours Guyana to raise AIDS awareness '' . UNICEF . Archived from the original on 4 November 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 World Cup mascot named as ' Stumpy ' '' . The Times of India . India . 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Asia to host 2011 World Cup '' . Cricinfo. 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 1979 World Cup in England -- West Indies retain their title '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The 1987 World Cup in India and Pakistan -- Australia win tight tournament '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph '' . BBC Sport. 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records -- Records -- World Cup -- Result summary -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 27 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cricket World Cup Past Glimpses '' . webindia123.com . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ All records are based on statistics at Cricinfo. com 's list of World Cup records Archived 3 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Batting records '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / World Cup / Result summary '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Team records '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Sources Browning , Mark ( 1999 ) . A complete history of World Cup Cricket . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7318 - 0833 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Official ICC Cricket World Cup website Official ICC website Cricket World Cup Tournaments England 1975 England 1979 England 1983 India / Pakistan 1987 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1996 England 1999 South Africa / Zimbabwe 2003 West Indies 2007 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Australia / New Zealand 2015 England 2019 India 2023 TBA 2027 Finals 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Statistics 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Qualification 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls Teams Trophy ICC Cricket World Cup winners 1975 : West Indies 1979 : West Indies 1983 : India 1987 : Australia 1992 : Pakistan 1996 : Sri Lanka 1999 : Australia 2003 : Australia 2007 : Australia 2011 : India 2015 : Australia ICC Cricket World Cup hosts 1975 : England 1979 : England 1983 : England 1987 : India / Pakistan 1992 : Australia / New Zealand 1996 : Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1999 : England / Scotland / Wales / Ireland / Netherlands 2003 : South Africa / Zimbabwe / Kenya 2007 : West Indies 2011 : India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2015 : Australia / New Zealand 2019 : England / Wales 2023 : India World cup competitions List of world cups Team American football men women flag football Association football men men 's club women women 's club Athletics Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women wheelchair Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men test men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts Field hockey men women Fistball men women Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Handball men women Ice hockey Korfball Lacrosse men women Nine - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the most world cup in cricket | [
"\n Australia\n11\n1975\n2015\n1.1 !Champions (1987, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015)\n84\n62\n20\n1\n1\n75.30\n"
] | [
"Australia"
] |
6343785650704454472 | Sur La Table | Sur La Table - Wikipedia Sur La Table This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sur La Table Type Private Industry Retail Founded 1972 Headquarters Seattle , Washington , USA Number of locations 121 Products Cookware , bakeware , cutlery , small electrics , cooks tools and housewares . Owner Investcorp Website http://www.surlatable.com/ Sur La Table , Inc. is a privately held retail company based in Seattle , Washington , that sells kitchenware products , including cookware , cutlery , cooks ' tools , small electrics , tabletop and linens , bakeware , glassware and bar , housewares , food and outdoor . As of June 2015 , Sur La Table sells products in over 100 stores in 30 states across the country and the District of Columbia , as well as through their website and catalogs . Cooking classes are available in 82 stores . The company launched a new website and gift registry program in January 2011 . Started in 2014 , Sur La Table has a blog , A Sharp Knife & Salt , that focuses on food , chefs , restaurants and products . Sur La Table plans to include a kitchen into every new store that they open . In French , sur la table means on the table . French pronunciation : ( syʁ la tabl ) History ( edit ) Sur La Table 's Pike Place location in Seattle , Washington . Shirley Collins founded Sur La Table in 1972 , opening a single retail location in Seattle 's Pike Place Market . In 1995 , Collins sold the company . Sur La Table is currently owned by Bahrain - based Investcorp . Sur La Table 's Corporate headquarters are located in Seattle 's Georgetown neighborhood . Jack Schwefel , who was the company 's chief executive officer until he was removed by Investcorp in September 2014 , advocated an expansion policy of opening new stores in lifestyle centers , malls , and on city streets , `` with a mix of upscale national brands and creative local merchants , anchored by an upscale or organic - themed grocery store that encourages frequent trips . '' As of 2005 , it is the second - largest specialty cookware retailer in the US , after Williams - Sonoma , Inc . Many of the stores offer cooking classes , which serve the dual purpose of teaching kitchen techniques and promoting the sale of Sur La Table 's inventory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sur La Table '' . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Sharp Knife & Salt '' . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Oxford French Minidictionary . Oxford University Press . 2002 . p. 279 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860467 - X . Jump up ^ `` Sale of Sur La Table may be recipe for growth '' . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tice , Carol ( June 24 , 2005 ) . `` A wiser Sur La Table picks its outlets selectively '' . Puget Sound Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` Cooking Classes - Cooking Courses and Lessons at Sur La Table '' . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Pike Place Market Main History of the Pike Place Market Victor Steinbrueck Park Notable people Betty Bowen Victor Steinbrueck Mark Tobey Emmett Watson Businesses Beecher 's Handmade Cheese Lowell 's Original Starbucks Pike Place Fish Market Sur La Table Uli 's Famous Sausage Unexpected Productions Landmarks Butterworth Building Gum Wall Rachel the Pig This Washington - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sur_La_Table&oldid=848293324 '' Categories : Retail companies of the United States Companies based in Seattle Private equity portfolio companies Pike Place Market Home decor retailers Washington ( state ) stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 01 : 25 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what does sur la table mean in english | [
"In French, sur la table means on the table. French pronunciation: [syʁ la tabl][3]\n"
] | [
"on the table"
] |
4394389040326875186 | Fooled Around and Fell in Love | Fooled Around and Fell in Love - wikipedia Fooled Around and Fell in Love `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' Single by Elvin Bishop from the album Struttin ' My Stuff B - side `` Have A Good Time '' Released March 1976 Format 7 '' 45 RPM Single Recorded Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 35 ( album version ) 2 : 59 ( single version ) Label Capricorn Songwriter ( s ) Elvin Bishop Producer ( s ) Bill Szymczyk Elvin Bishop singles chronology `` Sure Feels Good '' ( 1975 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' ( 1976 ) `` Struttin ' My Stuff '' ( 1976 ) `` Sure Feels Good '' ( 1975 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' ( 1976 ) `` Struttin ' My Stuff '' ( 1976 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' is a single written and performed by blues guitarist Elvin Bishop . It appeared on his 1975 album Struttin ' My Stuff and was released as a single the following year . Bishop does not sing lead vocals on the track ; feeling that his gravelly voice would n't do the song justice , he invited vocalist Mickey Thomas , who was a background singer in his band at the time , to sing it . The song peaked at # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in May 1976 . The record was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on June 23 , 1976 . In Canada , the song reached number 22 on the singles chart and number 8 on the Adult Contemporary chart . The song became a Gold record . Based on his work with Bishop , Thomas was invited to become the lead singer for Jefferson Starship . The song is featured in the films Queens Logic ( 1991 ) , Illtown ( 1996 ) , Boogie Nights ( 1997 ) , Summer of Sam ( 1999 ) , Big Daddy ( 1999 ) , According to Spencer ( 2001 ) , The Devil 's Rejects ( 2005 ) , The Family Stone ( 2005 ) , Invincible ( 2006 ) , The Education of Charlie Banks ( 2007 ) , Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay ( 2008 ) , Stand Up Guys ( 2012 ) , Lovelace ( 2013 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) and Handsome : A Netflix Mystery Movie ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Style 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Personnel 4 Cover versions 5 References 6 External links Style ( edit ) In their 1990 essay `` Rock and Sexuality '' , Simon Frith and Angela McRobbie offer the song as one which `` lyrically captures '' their idea of an essential distinction in rock music between `` cock rock '' and `` teeny bop '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia 16 Canada RPM Top Singles 22 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 8 New Zealand U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 167 New Zealand 13 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 56 U.S. Cash Box 28 Personnel ( edit ) Mickey Thomas : vocals Elvin Bishop : guitar Johnny ' V ' Vernazza : guitar , backing vocals Philip Aaberg : piano Mike Keck : organ Donny Baldwin : drums , percussion Michael Brooks : bass Bill Szymczyk : producer `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' Single by T.G. Sheppard from the album Livin ' on the Edge B - side `` Banging My Heart '' Released May 11 , 1985 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Elvin Bishop Producer ( s ) Rick Hall T.G. Sheppard singles chronology `` You 're Going Out of My Mind '' ( 1985 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Doncha ? '' ( 1985 ) `` You 're Going Out of My Mind '' ( 1985 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Doncha ? '' ( 1985 ) Cover versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1985 , T.G. Sheppard had a # 21 country hit with a cover of the song . A music video was also produced for this version and has aired on CMT , TNN and GAC . In 1991 , Henry Lee Summer covered this song which appeared on his album Way Past Midnight , and the Queens Logic soundtrack ( with the lead guitar solo played by Joe Walsh ) . In 2004 , country music artist Mark Wills covered this song for the southern rock tribute album Southern Rock Country Style . In 2006 , Rod Stewart covered this song for the album Still the Same ... Great Rock Classics of Our Time . In 2010 , Japanese band Superfly covered this song for the compilation album Wildflower & Cover Songs : Complete Best ' Track 3 ' . In 2013 , The Winery Dogs covered this song for their live album , Unleashed In Japan 2013 . In 2013 , a re-imagined version of the song ( sung from the female perspective ) was recorded and released by Kirsten Thien on her album Solo Live from the Meisenfrei Blues Club . In 2014 , Morgan James covered the song in a YouTube video . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA records search '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Janovitz , Bill . `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fricth , Simon ; McRobbie , Angela ( 1990 ) . Frith , Simon ; Goodwin , Andrew , eds . On Record : Rock , Pop and the Written Word . London : Routledge . p. 320 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05306 - 4 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1976 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn , Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1976 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1963 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1976 / Top 100 Songs of 1976 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1976 '' . 50.6. 195.142. 1976 - 12 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Elvin Bishop - Struttin ' My Stuff @ Discogs.com Retrieved 3 - 24 - 2018 . Jump up ^ I Remember Clif Confessions of a Lapsed Bohemian Retrieved 3 - 24 - 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide T.G. Sheppard Notable singles `` Devil in the Bottle '' `` Tryin ' to Beat the Morning Home '' `` Motels and Memories '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Happy Together '' `` You Feel Good All Over '' `` Last Cheater 's Waltz '' `` I 'll Be Coming Back for More '' `` Smooth Sailin ' '' `` Do You Wanna Go to Heaven '' `` I Feel Like Loving You Again '' `` I Loved ' Em Every One '' `` Party Time '' `` Only One You '' `` Finally '' `` War Is Hell ( On the Homefront Too ) '' `` Faking Love '' ( with Karen Brooks ) `` Without You '' `` Slow Burn '' `` Make My Day '' ( with Clint Eastwood ) `` Somewhere Down the Line '' `` One Owner Heart '' `` You 're Going Out of My Mind '' `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' `` Doncha ? '' `` In Over My Heart '' `` Strong Heart '' `` Half Past Forever ( Till I 'm Blue in the Heart ) '' `` You 're My First Lady '' `` One for the Money '' `` You Still Do '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fooled_Around_and_Fell_in_Love&oldid=844279929 '' Categories : 1975 songs 1976 singles 1985 singles T.G. Sheppard songs Rod Stewart songs Columbia Records singles Capricorn Records singles Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 22 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang fooled around and fell in love lyrics | [
"\"Fooled Around and Fell in Love\" is a single written and performed by blues guitarist Elvin Bishop. It appeared on his 1975 album Struttin' My Stuff and was released as a single the following year. Bishop does not sing lead vocals on the track; feeling that his gravelly voice wouldn't do the song justice, he invited vocalist Mickey Thomas, who was a background singer in his band at the time, to sing it. The song peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in May 1976.[1] The record was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on June 23, 1976.[2] In Canada, the song reached number 22 on the singles chart[3] and number 8 on the Adult Contemporary chart.[4] The song became a Gold record."
] | [
"Mickey Thomas"
] |
-5984484106561291716 | Afghan Independence Day | Afghan independence day - Wikipedia Afghan independence day Jump to : navigation , search Afghan Victory Day د افغانستان د ملاتړ ورځ Da Afġānistān da Mlatar Wraź ( Pashto ) روز پیروزی افغانستان Roz - e Peroz - e Afġānestān ( Dari ) President Hamid Karzai observing the honor guard of the Afghan Armed Forces during the 2011 Afghan Independence Day in Kabul . Observed by Afghanistan Significance Marks Afghanistan 's regaining of full independence from British influence in 1919 . Date 19 August Next time 19 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) Frequency annual Afghan Independence Day is celebrated in Afghanistan on 19 August to commemorate the Anglo - Afghan Treaty of 1919 and relinquishment from protected state status . The treaty granted a complete neutral relation between Afghanistan and Britain . Afghanistan became a British protectorate after they made negotiations in the Second Anglo - Afghan War although Afghanistan had planned not to follow this protectorate in that time . The First Anglo - Afghan War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) led to the British force taking and occupying Kabul . After this , due to strategic errors by Elphinstone , the entire British - led Indian invasion force was defeated by Afghan forces under Akbar Khan somewhere at the Kabul - Jalalabad Road , near the city of Jalalabad . After this defeat , the British - led forces returned to Afghanistan on a special mission to rescue their prisoners of war ( POWs ) and afterward withdrew until coming back in order to commence the Second Anglo - Afghan War . The Second Anglo - Afghan War ( 1878 -- 80 ) first led to the British defeat followed by their victory at the Battle of Kandahar , which led to Abdur Rahman Khan becoming the new emir and the start of friendly British - Afghan relations . The British were told they would be given control of Afghanistan 's foreign affairs ( Afghanistan did n't let them have that control even when the deal was made ) in exchange for protection against the Russians and Persians , large sums of money and complete withdrawal of British forces from Afghanistan . The Third Anglo - Afghan War in 1919 led the British to give up control of Afghanistan 's foreign affairs finally in 1921 . See also ( edit ) Culture of Afghanistan Hotaki dynasty Durrani Empire References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook : Afghanistan '' . Central Intelligence Agency . 2009 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Onley , James . ( 2007 ) , `` The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj : Merchants , Rulers , and the British in the Nineteenth - Century Gulf '' Oxford University Press . p. 24 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` War - battered Afghanistan celebrates independence day '' . Associated Press . 2000 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . This Afghanistan - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This holiday - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghan_Independence_Day&oldid=831155076 '' Categories : Public holidays in Afghanistan Independence days August observances Afghanistan stubs Holiday stubs Hidden categories : Infobox holiday fixed day ( 2 ) All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Español Esperanto فارسی עברית پښتو Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 01 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did afghanistan gain independence from great britain | [
"Afghan Independence Day is celebrated in Afghanistan on 19 August to commemorate the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919[1] and relinquishment from protected state status.[2] The treaty granted a complete neutral relation between Afghanistan and Britain. Afghanistan became a British protectorate after they made negotiations in the Second Anglo-Afghan War although Afghanistan had planned not to follow this protectorate in that time."
] | [
"1919"
] |
-6517379008917048712 | New Delhi metro station | New Delhi Metro station - Wikipedia New Delhi Metro station New Delhi Delhi Metro station Location Ajmeri Gate , New Delhi , Delhi 110006 28 ° 38 ′ 32 '' N 77 ° 13 ′ 18 '' E / 28.642229 ° N 77.221538 ° E / 28.642229 ; 77.221538 Owned by Delhi Metro Line ( s ) Yellow Line Airport Express Platforms Island platform Platform - 1 → HUDA City Centre Platform - 2 → Samaypur Badli Platform - 3 → Dwarka Sector 21 Platform - 4 → Dwarka Sector 21 Tracks Construction Structure type Underground Platform levels Parking Available Disabled access Other information Station code NDI History Opened 3 July 2005 ( Yellow Line ) 23 February 2011 ( Airport Express ) Electrified 25 kV 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary Traffic Passengers ( Jan 2015 ) 16 , 16,021 52,130 Daily Average Services Preceding station Delhi Metro Following station Chawri Bazar toward Samaypur Badli Yellow Line Rajiv Chowk toward HUDA City Centre Terminus Orange Line Shivaji Stadium toward Dwarka Sector 21 Location Central Delhi New Delhi is a station on the Yellow Line of the Delhi Metro . It is within walking distance from the Indian Railways New Delhi station . It is on the Ajmeri Gate ( Platform Number 16 ) side of the New Delhi Railway Station . The Airport Express also terminates at New Delhi Metro Station . Check - in facilities of some of the carriers including Air India are available at this station . Contents 1 Station layout 2 Gallery 3 Connections 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Station layout ( edit ) Street Level Exit / Entrance Mezzanine Fare control , station agent , Ticket / token , shops Southbound Platform 1 → Toward HUDA City Centre Island platform , doors will open on the right Northbound Platform 2 Toward ← Samaypur Badli Gallery ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) Connections ( edit ) Delhi Transport Corporation bus routes number 39STL , 120B , 172 , 213 , 213A , 307A , 308 , 430A , 433 , 433CL , 433LSTL , 440A , 445 , 445A , 453 , 454 , 457 , 458 , 460A , 467 , 500 , 522SPL , 604 , 622 , 716 , 728A , 781 , 840EXT , 853 , 910A , 949 , Airport Exp - 4 , RL - 75 , RL - 77A , RL - 77B , RL - 77Ext , RL - 79 serves the station . See also ( edit ) List of Delhi Metro stations Transport in Delhi Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Delhi Suburban Railway Delhi Transport Corporation North Delhi National Capital Region ( India ) List of rapid transit systems List of metro systems Delhi portal Trains portal Railways in India portal Transport portal Infrastructure portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Daily Ridership Jan - 2015 '' ( PDF ) . DMRC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Station Information '' . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delhi Metro . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Delhi . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . ( Official site ) Delhi Metro Annual Reports `` Station Information '' . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . ( DMRC ) . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . UrbanRail.Net -- descriptions of all metro systems in the world , each with a schematic map showing all stations . Delhi Metro Lines Red Line Dilshad Garden Rithala Yellow Line Samaypur Badli HUDA City Centre Blue Line Main Line Noida City Centre Dwarka Sector 21 Branch Line Yamuna Bank Vaishali Green Line Main Line Inderlok Bahadurgarh City Park Branch Line Ashok Park Main Kirti Nagar Violet Line Kashmere Gate Escorts Mujesar Airport Express New Delhi IGI Airport Dwarka Sector 21 Pink Line Majlis Park Shiv Vihar Magenta line Janakpuri West Botanical Garden Delhi Metro stations Red Line New Bus Adda Arthala Mohan Nagar Shyam Park Rajendra Nagar Raj Bagh Shahid Nagar Dilshad Garden Jhilmil Mansarovar Park Shahdara Welcome Seelampur Shastri Park Kashmere Gate Tis Hazari Pul Bangash Pratap Nagar Shastri Nagar Inderlok Kanhiya Nagar Keshav Puram Netaji Subhash Place Kohat Enclave Pitam Pura Rohini East Rohini West Rithala Yellow Line Samaypur Badli Rohini Sector 18 , 19 Haiderpur Jahangirpuri Adarsh Nagar Azadpur Model Town GTB Nagar Vishwa Vidyalaya Vidhan Sabha Civil Lines Kashmere Gate Chandni Chowk Chawri Bazar New Delhi Rajiv Chowk Patel Chowk Central Secretariat Udyog Bhawan Lok Kalyan Marg Jor Bagh INA AIIMS Green Park Hauz Khas Malviya Nagar Saket Qutab Minar Chhatarpur Sultanpur Ghitorni Arjan Garh Guru Dronacharya Sikandarpur MG Road IFFCO Chowk HUDA City Centre Blue Line Dwarka Sector 21 Dwarka Sector 8 Dwarka Sector 9 Dwarka Sector 10 Dwarka Sector 11 Dwarka Sector 12 Dwarka Sector 13 Dwarka Sector 14 Dwarka Dwarka Mor Nawada Uttam Nagar West Uttam Nagar East Janakpuri West Janakpuri East Tilak Nagar Subhash Nagar Tagore Garden Rajouri Garden Ramesh Nagar Moti Nagar Kirti Nagar Shadipur Patel Nagar Rajendra Place Karol Bagh Jhandewalan Ramakrishna Ashram Marg Rajiv Chowk Barakhamba Road Mandi House Pragati Maidan Indraprastha Yamuna Bank Akshardham Mayur Vihar - I Mayur Vihar Extension New Ashok Nagar Noida Sector 15 Noida Sector 16 Noida Sector 18 Botanical Garden Golf Course Noida City Centre Noida Sector 34 Noida Sector 52 Noida Sector 61 Noida Sector 59 Noida Sector 62 Noida Electronic City Yamuna Bank -- Vaishali Branch Yamuna Bank Laxmi Nagar Nirman Vihar Preet Vihar Karkarduma Anand Vihar Kaushambi Vaishali Dwarka -- Najafgarh Branch ( under construction ) Dwarka Nangli Najafgarh Green Line Inderlok Ashok Park Main Punjabi Bagh East Shivaji Park Madipur Paschim Vihar East Paschim Vihar West Peera Garhi Udyog Nagar Surajmal Stadium Nangloi Nangloi Railway Station Rajdhani Park Mundka Mundka Industrial Area Ghevra Metro Station Tikri Kalan Tikri Border Modern Industrial Estate Bus Stand City Park Ashok Park Main -- Kirti Nagar Branch Ashok Park Main Satguru Ram Singh Marg Kirti Nagar Violet Line Kashmere Gate Lal Qila Jama Masjid Delhi Gate ITO Mandi House Janpath Central Secretariat Khan Market Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jangpura Lajpat Nagar Moolchand Kailash Colony Nehru Place Kalkaji Mandir Govind Puri Harkesh Nagar Okhla Jasola Apollo Sarita Vihar Mohan Estate Tughlakabad Station Badarpur Border Sarai NHPC Chowk Mewala Maharajpur Sector - 28 Badkhal Mor Old Faridabad Neelam Chowk Ajronda Bata Chowk Escorts Mujesar NCB Colony Ballabhgarh Airport Express New Delhi Shivaji Stadium Dhaula Kuan Delhi Aerocity Airport Dwarka Sector 21 Pink Line Majlis Park Azadpur Shalimar Bagh Netaji Subhash Place Shakurpur Punjabi Bagh West ESI Hospital Rajouri Garden Mayapuri Naraina Vihar Delhi Cantt South Campus Moti Bagh Bhikaji Cama Place Sarojini Nagar INA South Extension Lajpat Nagar Vinoba Puri Ashram Hazrat Nizamuddin Mayur Vihar Mayur Vihar Pocket I Trilokpuri Vinod Nagar East Vinod Nagar IP Extension Anand Vihar Karkarduma Krishna Nagar East Azad Nagar Welcome Jaffrabad Maujpur Gokulpuri Johri Enclave Shiv Vihar Magenta Line Janakpuri West Dabri Mor Dashrath Puri Palam Sadar Bazaar Cantonment Terminal 1 - IGI Airport Shankar Vihar Vasant Vihar Munirka R.K Puram IIT Delhi Hauz Khas Panchsheel Park Chirag Delhi Greater Kailash Nehru Enclave Kalkaji Mandir Okhla NSIC Sukhdev Vihar Jamia Millia Islamia Okhla Vihar Jasola Vihar Shaleen Bagh Kalindi Kunj Okhla Bird Sanctuary Botanical Garden Stations along operational lines that are denoted in italics have yet to open . Urban rail transit in India Suburban rail Operational Chennai Suburban Railway Delhi Suburban Railway Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System Kolkata Kolkata Suburban Railway Kolkata Circular Railway Lucknow Barabanki -- Lucknow Suburban Railway Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway Mumbai Suburban Railway Pune Suburban Railway Planned Ahmedabad Suburban Railway Bengaluru Commuter Rail Proposed Delhi -- Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System Rapid transit Operational Chennai Metro Delhi Metro Rapid Metro Gurgaon Hyderabad Metro Jaipur Metro Kochi Metro Kolkata Metro Lucknow Metro Mumbai Metro Namma Metro Under construction Metro - Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad Nagpur Metro Navi Mumbai Metro Noida Metro Pune Metro Planned Agra Metro Bhopal Metro Chandigarh Metro Guwahati Metro Indore Metro Jabalpur Metro Kanpur Metro Ludhiana Metro Meerut Metro Patna Metro Surat Metro Varanasi Metro Vijayawada Metro Visakhapatnam Metro Proposed Allahabad Metro Bareilly Metro Coimbatore Metro Greater Gwalior Metro Greater Nasik Metro Ranchi Metro Srinagar Metro Western railway elevated corridor Monorail Operational Mumbai Monorail Planned Chennai Monorail Coimbatore Monorail Proposed Ahmedabad Monorail Aizawl Monorail Bengaluru Monorail Bhubaneswar Monorail Delhi Monorail Indore Monorail Kanpur Monorail Kolkata Monorail Navi Mumbai Monorail Patna Monorail Pune Monorail Tiruchirappalli Monorail Light rail Proposed Delhi Light Rail Transit Kolkata Light Rail Transit Kozhikode Light Metro Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro Tram Operational Trams in Kolkata Rapid transit in Asia Azerbaijan Baku Metro Armenia Yerevan Metro China Beijing Subway Changchun Subway Changsha Metro Changsha Maglev Chengdu Metro Chongqing Rail Transit Dalian Metro Dongguan Rail Transit Foshan Metro Fuzhou Metro Guangzhou Metro Guiyang Metro Hangzhou Metro Harbin Metro Hefei Metro Hong Kong MTR Kunming Rail Transit Nanchang Metro Nanjing Metro Nanning Metro Ningbo Rail Transit Qingdao Metro Shanghai Maglev Train Shanghai Metro Shenyang Metro Shenzhen Happy Line Shenzhen Metro Shenzhen Window of the World Monorail Shijiazhuang Metro Suzhou Rail Transit Tianjin Metro Wuhan Metro Wuxi Metro Xi'an Metro Xi'an Monorail Xiamen Metro Zhengzhou Metro Georgia ( country ) Tbilisi Metro India Chennai Metro Delhi Metro Rapid Metro Gurgaon Hyderabad Metro Jaipur Metro Kochi Metro Kolkata Metro Lucknow Metro Mumbai Metro Mumbai Monorail Namma Metro Iran Isfahan Metro Mashhad Urban Railway Shiraz Metro Tabriz Metro Tehran Metro Japan Chiba Urban Monorail Fukuoka City Subway Hiroshima Astram Line Hiroshima Skyrail Midorizaka Line Kanagawa Shonan Monorail Kitakyushu Monorail Kōbe Rapid Transit Railway Kobe Municipal Subway Kyoto Municipal Subway Kyoto Municipal Subway Nagoya Linimo Nagoya Municipal Subway Okinawa Monorail Osaka Monorail Osaka Metro Sapporo Municipal Subway Sendai Subway Tokyo Metro Tokyo Monorail Tokyo Rinkai Line Tokyo Tama Toshi Monorail Line Tokyo Toei Subway Tokyo Ueno Zoo Monorail Urayasu Chiba Urban Monorail Yokohama Municipal Subway Yokohama Minatomirai Line Kazakhstan Almaty Metro North Korea Pyongyang Metro South Korea Busan Metro Daegu Metro Daejeon Metro Gwangju Metro Incheon Subway Incheon Airport Maglev Seoul Korail metro lines Seoul Metropolitan Subway Seoul Shinbundang NeoTrans Line Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Metropolitian Rapid Transit Philippines Manila LRT Manila MRT Russia Kazan Metro Moscow Metro Moscow Monorail Nizhny Novgorod Metro Novosibirsk Metro Saint Petersburg Metro Samara Metro Yekaterinburg Metro Saudi Arabia Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro Southern Line Mecca Metro Riyadh Metro Dammam Metro Jeddah Metro Medina Metro Singapore Singapore MRT Singapore LRT Sentosa Express Taiwan Kaohsiung MRT Taichung Metro Taipei Metro Taoyuan Metro Thailand Bangkok MRT Bangkok Skytrain Turkey Adana Metro Ankara Metro Bursaray Istanbul F1 Funicular Istanbul Marmaray Istanbul Metro Istanbul Tünel İzmir Metro Turkmenistan Ashgabat Monorail United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Metro Dubai Metro Dubai Palm Jumeirah Monorail Uzbekistan Tashkent Metro This article related to the Delhi Metro is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a railway station in the Indian union territory of Delhi is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Delhi_metro_station&oldid=853321888 '' Categories : Delhi Metro stations Railway stations opened in 2005 Railway stations in Central Delhi district Delhi Metro stubs Delhi railway station stubs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2015 Articles using Infobox station with map locator Articles using Infobox station with markup inside name Articles using Infobox station with links or images inside name Articles using Infobox station with markup inside type Articles to be expanded from May 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from May 2017 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 22 : 44 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the nearest metro station to new delhi railway station | [
"New Delhi is a station on the Yellow Line of the Delhi Metro. It is within walking distance from the Indian Railways New Delhi station.[2] It is on the Ajmeri Gate (Platform Number 16) side of the New Delhi Railway Station. \n"
] | [
"New Delhi"
] |
-914985700462301887 | Gluconeogenesis | Gluconeogenesis - wikipedia Gluconeogenesis Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Glycogenesis or Glyceroneogenesis . Simplified Gluconeogenesis Pathway Gluconeogenesis ( GNG ) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates . From breakdown of proteins , these substrates include glucogenic amino acids ( although not ketogenic amino acids ) ; from breakdown of lipids ( such as triglycerides ) , they include glycerol ( although not fatty acids ) ; and from other steps in metabolism they include pyruvate and lactate . Gluconeogenesis is one of several main mechanisms used by humans and many other animals to maintain blood glucose levels , avoiding low levels ( hypoglycemia ) . Other means include the degradation of glycogen ( glycogenolysis ) and fatty acid catabolism . Gluconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process , present in plants , animals , fungi , bacteria , and other microorganisms . In vertebrates , gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and , to a lesser extent , in the cortex of the kidneys . In ruminants , this tends to be a continuous process . In many other animals , the process occurs during periods of fasting , starvation , low - carbohydrate diets , or intense exercise . The process is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or GTP , effectively making the process exergonic . For example , the pathway leading from pyruvate to glucose - 6 - phosphate requires 4 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of GTP to proceed spontaneously . Gluconeogenesis is often associated with ketosis . Gluconeogenesis is also a target of therapy for type 2 diabetes , such as the antidiabetic drug , metformin , which inhibits glucose formation and stimulates glucose uptake by cells . In ruminants , because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms , gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting , low - carbohydrate diets , exercise , etc . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors 2 Location 3 Pathway 4 Regulation 5 References 6 External links Precursors ( edit ) Catabolism of proteinogenic amino acids . Amino acids are classified according to the abilities of their products to enter gluconeogenesis : Glucogenic amino acids have this ability Ketogenic amino acids do not . These products may still be used for ketogenesis or lipid synthesis . Some amino acids are catabolized into both glucogenic and ketogenic products . In humans the main gluconeogenic precursors are lactate , glycerol ( which is a part of the triacylglycerol molecule ) , alanine and glutamine . Altogether , they account for over 90 % of the overall gluconeogenesis . Other glucogenic amino acids as well as all citric acid cycle intermediates , the latter through conversion to oxaloacetate , can also function as substrates for gluconeogenesis . In ruminants , propionate is the principal gluconeogenic substrate . Generally , consumption of gluconeogenic substrates in food does not result in increased gluconeogenesis . Lactate is transported back to the liver where it is converted into pyruvate by the Cori cycle using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase . Pyruvate , the first designated substrate of the gluconeogenic pathway , can then be used to generate glucose . Transamination or deamination of amino acids facilitates entering of their carbon skeleton into the cycle directly ( as pyruvate or oxaloacetate ) , or indirectly via the citric acid cycle . The contribution of Cori cycle lactate to overall glucose production increases with fasting duration . Specifically , after 12 , 20 , and 40 hours of fasting by human volunteers , the contribution of Cori cycle lactate to gluconeogenesis was 41 % , 71 % , and 92 % , respectively . Whether even - chain fatty acids can be converted into glucose in animals has been a longstanding question in biochemistry . It is known that odd - chain fatty acids can be oxidized to yield propionyl - CoA , a precursor for succinyl - CoA , which can be converted to pyruvate and enter into gluconeogenesis . In plants , specifically seedlings , the glyoxylate cycle can be used to convert fatty acids ( acetate ) into the primary carbon source of the organism . The glyoxylate cycle produces four - carbon dicarboxylic acids that can enter gluconeogenesis . In 1995 , researchers identified the glyoxylate cycle in nematodes . In addition , the glyoxylate enzymes malate synthase and isocitrate lyase have been found in animal tissues . Genes coding for malate synthase have been identified in other metazoans including arthropods , echinoderms , and even some vertebrates . Mammals found to possess these genes include monotremes ( platypus ) and marsupials ( opossum ) but not placental mammals . Genes for isocitrate lyase are found only in nematodes , in which , it is apparent , they originated in horizontal gene transfer from bacteria . The existence of glyoxylate cycles in humans has not been established , and it is widely held that fatty acids can not be converted to glucose in humans directly . However , carbon - 14 has been shown to end up in glucose when it is supplied in fatty acids . Despite these findings , it is considered unlikely that the 2 - carbon acetyl - CoA derived from the oxidation of fatty acids would produce a net yield of glucose via the citric acid cycle - however , acetyl - CoA can be converted into pyruvate and lactate through the ketogenic pathway . Put simply , acetic acid ( in the form of acetyl - CoA ) is used to partially produce glucose ; acetyl groups can only form part of the glucose molecules ( not the 5th carbon atom ) and require extra substrates ( such as pyruvate ) in order to form the rest of the glucose molecule . But a roundabout pathway does lead from acetyl - coA to pyruvate , via acetoacetate , acetone , hydroxyacetone ( acetol ) and then either propylene glycol or methylglyoxal . Location ( edit ) In mammals , gluconeogenesis has been believed to be restricted to the liver , the kidney , the intestine , and muscle , but recent evidence indicates gluconeogenesis occurring in astrocytes of the brain . These organs use somewhat different gluconeogenic precursors . The liver preferentially uses lactate , alanine and glycerol ( especially alanine ) while the kidney preferentially uses lactate , glutamine and glycerol ( especially glutamine ) . Lactate from the Cori cycle , is quantitatively the largest source of substrate for gluconeogenesis , especially for the kidney . The liver uses both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to produce glucose , whereas the kidney only uses gluconeogenesis . After a meal , the liver shifts to glycogen synthesis , whereas the kidney increases gluconeogenesis . The intestine uses mostly glutamine and glycerol . Propionate is the principal substrate for gluconeogenesis in the ruminant liver , and the ruminant liver may make increased use of gluconeogenic amino acids , e.g. alanine , when glucose demand is increased . The capacity of liver cells to use lactate for gluconeogenesis declines from the preruminant stage to the ruminant stage in calves and lambs . In sheep kidney tissue , very high rates of gluconeogenesis from propionate have been observed . In all species , the formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate and TCA cycle intermediates is restricted to the mitochondrion , and the enzymes that convert Phosphoenolpyruvic acid ( PEP ) to glucose are found in the cytosol . The location of the enzyme that links these two parts of gluconeogenesis by converting oxaloacetate to PEP -- PEP carboxykinase ( PEPCK ) -- is variable by species : it can be found entirely within the mitochondria , entirely within the cytosol , or dispersed evenly between the two , as it is in humans . Transport of PEP across the mitochondrial membrane is accomplished by dedicated transport proteins ; however no such proteins exist for oxaloacetate . Therefore , in species that lack intra-mitochondrial PEPCK , oxaloacetate must be converted into malate or aspartate , exported from the mitochondrion , and converted back into oxaloacetate in order to allow gluconeogenesis to continue . Gluconeogenesis pathway with key molecules and enzymes . Many steps are the opposite of those found in the glycolysis . Pathway ( edit ) Gluconeogenesis is a pathway consisting of a series of eleven enzyme - catalyzed reactions . The pathway will begin in either the liver or kidney , in the mitochondria or cytoplasm of those cells , this being dependent on the substrate being used . Many of the reactions are the reverse of steps found in glycolysis . Gluconeogenesis begins in the mitochondria with the formation of oxaloacetate by the carboxylation of pyruvate . This reaction also requires one molecule of ATP , and is catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase . This enzyme is stimulated by high levels of acetyl - CoA ( produced in β - oxidation in the liver ) and inhibited by high levels of ADP and glucose . Oxaloacetate is reduced to malate using NADH , a step required for its transportation out of the mitochondria . Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate using NAD in the cytosol , where the remaining steps of gluconeogenesis take place . Oxaloacetate is decarboxylated and then phosphorylated to form phosphoenolpyruvate using the enzyme PEPCK . A molecule of GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP during this reaction . The next steps in the reaction are the same as reversed glycolysis . However , fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase converts fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphate to fructose 6 - phosphate , using one water molecule and releasing one phosphate ( in glycolysis , phosphofructokinase 1 converts F6P and ATP to F1 , 6BP and ADP ) . This is also the rate - limiting step of gluconeogenesis . Glucose - 6 - phosphate is formed from fructose 6 - phosphate by phosphoglucoisomerase ( the reverse of step 2 in glycolysis ) . Glucose - 6 - phosphate can be used in other metabolic pathways or dephosphorylated to free glucose . Whereas free glucose can easily diffuse in and out of the cell , the phosphorylated form ( glucose - 6 - phosphate ) is locked in the cell , a mechanism by which intracellular glucose levels are controlled by cells . The final reaction of gluconeogenesis , the formation of glucose , occurs in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum , where glucose - 6 - phosphate is hydrolyzed by glucose - 6 - phosphatase to produce glucose and release an inorganic phosphate . Like two steps prior , this step is not a simple reversal of glycolysis , in which hexokinase catalyzes the conversion of glucose and ATP into G6P and ADP . Glucose is shuttled into the cytoplasm by glucose transporters located in the endoplasmic reticulum 's membrane . ( show ) Metabolism of common monosaccharides , including glycolysis , gluconeogenesis , glycogenesis and glycogenolysis Regulation ( edit ) While most steps in gluconeogenesis are the reverse of those found in glycolysis , three regulated and strongly endergonic reactions are replaced with more kinetically favorable reactions . Hexokinase / glucokinase , phosphofructokinase , and pyruvate kinase enzymes of glycolysis are replaced with glucose - 6 - phosphatase , fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , and PEP carboxykinase / pyruvate carboxylase . These enzymes are typically regulated by similar molecules , but with opposite results . For example , acetyl CoA and citrate activate gluconeogenesis enzymes ( pyruvate carboxylase and fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , respectively ) , while at the same time inhibiting the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase . This system of reciprocal control allow glycolysis and gluconeogenesis to inhibit each other and prevents a futile cycle of synthesizing glucose to only break it down . The majority of the enzymes responsible for gluconeogenesis are found in the cytosol ; the exceptions are mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase and , in animals , phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase . The latter exists as an isozyme located in both the mitochondrion and the cytosol . The rate of gluconeogenesis is ultimately controlled by the action of a key enzyme , fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , which is also regulated through signal transduction by cAMP and its phosphorylation . Global control of gluconeogenesis is mediated by glucagon ( released when blood glucose is low ) ; it triggers phosphorylation of enzymes and regulatory proteins by Protein Kinase A ( a cyclic AMP regulated kinase ) resulting in inhibition of glycolysis and stimulation of gluconeogenesis . Recent studies have shown that the absence of hepatic glucose production has no major effect on the control of fasting plasma glucose concentration . Compensatory induction of gluconeogenesis occurs in the kidneys and intestine , driven by glucagon , glucocorticoids , and acidosis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Silva , Pedro . `` The Chemical Logic Behind Gluconeogenesis '' . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David L Nelson ; Michael M Cox ( 2000 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . 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External links ( edit ) Overview at indstate.edu Interactive diagram at uakron.edu The chemical logic behind gluconeogenesis metpath : Interactive representation of gluconeogenesis Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism : glycolysis / gluconeogenesis enzymes Glycolysis Hexokinase ( HK1 , HK2 , HK3 , Glucokinase ) → / Glucose 6 - phosphatase ← Glucose isomerase Phosphofructokinase 1 ( Liver , Muscle , Platelet ) → / Fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase ← Fructose - bisphosphate aldolase ( Aldolase A , B , C ) Triosephosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase Phosphoglycerate kinase Phosphoglycerate mutase Enolase Pyruvate kinase ( PKLR , PKM2 ) Gluconeogenesis only to oxaloacetate : Pyruvate carboxylase Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from lactate ( Cori cycle ) : Lactate dehydrogenase from alanine ( Alanine cycle ) : Alanine transaminase from glycerol : Glycerol kinase Glycerol dehydrogenase Regulatory Fructose 6 - P , 2 - kinase : fructose 2 , 6 - bisphosphatase PFKFB1 , PFKFB2 , PFKFB3 , PFKFB4 Bisphosphoglycerate mutase Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gluconeogenesis&oldid=796702393 '' Categories : Metabolism Biochemistry Metabolic pathways Carbohydrates Glycobiology Exercise physiology Hepatology Diabetes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when are amino acids used instead of glucose | [
"Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. From breakdown of proteins, these substrates include glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides), they include glycerol (although not fatty acids); and from other steps in metabolism they include pyruvate and lactate."
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"Gluconeogenesis (GNG)"
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It originally occurs in the Chandogya Upanishad 6.8. 7 , in the dialogue between Uddalaka and his son Śvetaketu ; it appears at the end of a section , and is repeated at the end of the subsequent sections as a refrain . The meaning of this saying is that the Self - in its original , pure , primordial state - is wholly or partially identifiable or identical with the Ultimate Reality that is the ground and origin of all phenomena . Major Vedantic schools offer different interpretations of the phrase : Advaita - absolute equality of ' tat ' , the Ultimate Reality , Brahman , and ' tvam ' , the Self , Atman . Shuddhadvaita - oneness in `` essence '' between ' tat ' and individual self ; but ' tat ' is the whole and self is a part . Vishishtadvaita - identity of individual self as a part of the whole which is ' tat ' , Brahman . Dvaitadvaita - equal non-difference and difference between the individual self as a part of the whole which is ' tat ' . Dvaita of Madhvacharya - `` Sa atmaa - tat tvam asi '' in Sanskrit is actually `` Sa atma - atat tvam asi '' or `` Atman , thou art not that '' . In refutation of Mayavada ( Mayavada sata dushani ) , text 6 , ' tat tvam asi '' is translated as `` you are a servant of the Supreme ( Vishnu ) '' Acintya Bheda Abheda - inconceivable oneness and difference between individual self as a part of the whole which is ' tat ' . Contents 1 In Advaita 2 In Vishishtadvaita 3 In Dvaita 3.1 Atman , That and Thou 3.2 Context and examples 4 Avadhuta Gita 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links In Advaita ( edit ) Tat tvam asi is the Mahāvākya ( Grand Pronouncement ) from Chandogya Upanishad . The Advaita school of Shankara assigns a fundamental importance to this Mahāvākya and three others of the same kind from three other Upanishads . In Vishishtadvaita ( edit ) The Vedas form the fundamental source text for everything in Hinduism . Each of the four Vedas has metaphysical speculations , known as Upanishads , at the end . Among the various discussions in these Upanishads there are mahavakyas ( Grand pronouncements ) , which are of foundational import and deep significance . Tat tvam asi ( meaning , That Thou Art ) is one such . This is from Chandogya Upanishad . Different schools of philosophy interpret such fundamental statements in significantly different ways , so as to be consistent with their own philosophical thought . Below is the interpretation of the Vishishtadvaita school . In dvaita ( edit ) The argument that AtmA + atat ( आत्मा + अतत् ) can not happen just as brahmaa + ashiraha ( ब्रह्मा + अशिरः ) can not is not valid . In the word brahmārpanam ( ब्रह्मार्पणम् ) , it can not be split as brahma+ rpanam ( ब्रह्मा + र्पणम् ) , but it can only be brahma+ arpanam ( ब्रह्मा + अर्पणम् ) . One can not even argue that since rpanam is meaningless , it has to be arpanam . The argument that AtmA + atat ( आत्मा + अतत् ) can not happen is baseless , just as brahma + arpanam ( ब्रह्मा + अर्पणम् ) can not happen is also baseless . AtmA + atat ( आत्मा + अतत् ) means Atman + atat ( आत्मन् + अतत् ) . Atman , that and thou ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Uddalaka is having dialog with his son Shvetaketu , if he is saying `` O Atman , that thou art '' , what are these words referring to ? Since `` Atman '' is addressing , `` thou '' must also refer to Atman . If `` thou '' points to the Supreme inner self , then the statement simply means `` O Supreme inner self , you , the Supreme inner self is that , Supreme inner self '' . This simply becomes a redundant statement that is trivially true . There are only two ways the triviality can go . One is Atman refers to individual self and that refers to Supreme inner self and negating their selfsameness is the purport . `` O Individual self , you are not that Supreme inner self . '' The second way is to note that in Vedic grammar , the Nominative case is representative of other cases . In Accusative case sense , it means that the very object and purpose of an Individual self is Supreme self . In Instrumental case it means that the Supreme inner self or the Lord is instrumental for every action of Individual self . In Dative case , it means the very goal of Individual self is to reach the Supreme inner self . In Ablative case , it means the very origin of Individual self is the Supreme Self . It also means that Individual self is eternally dependent on Supreme self . In Genitive case , it means that Individual self does not own anything as everything belongs to Supreme self . The individual self itself belongs to Supreme self . In Locative case it means the Individual self is located in Supreme self and thus always seeking support for the very existence . Thus in every which way , the eternal dependence is indicated . Context and examples ( edit ) Now when Shvetaketu completes his studies and comes home and shows his arrogance , that is when his father Uddalaka starts this dialog . His instructions must include something that takes away his arrogance . That being the case , why would the father address the son and tell him that the Individual self of Shvetaketu is same as the Supreme self ? No philosopher would equate the dress or the physical body to either the individual self or Supreme self . On the same token , one must not also equate the Individual self with the Supreme self . The Supreme self is not dependent on cosmic Maya to perform His actions like creation nor can He become a victim of avidya ( ignorance ) that can degenerate Him to the level of Individual self . Further , the nine examples that are given by Uddalaka to Shvetaketu speak of the differences and dependency and thus removing any scope for interpretation of identity in that statement . Avadhuta Gita ( edit ) The following was extracted from Avadhuta Gita 1.25 on Wikisource : Sanskrit in Devanagari : तत्त्वमस्यादिवाक्येन स्वात्मा हि प्रतिपादितः । नेति नेति श्रुतिर्ब्रूयादनृतं पाञ्चभौतिकम् । । २५ । । IAST : tattvamasyādivākyena svātmā hi pratipāditaḥ / neti neti śrutirbrūyādanṛtaṁ pāñcabhautikam / / 25 / / By such sentences as `` That thou art , '' our own Self is affirmed . Of that which is untrue and composed of the five elements - the Shruti ( scripture ) says , `` Not this , not this . '' See also ( edit ) Vedanta Brahman Jiva Soham ( Sanskrit ) Uddalaka Open individualism I Am that I Am References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Raphael , Edwin ( 1992 ) . The pathway of non-duality , Advaitavada : an approach to some key - points of Gaudapada 's Asparśavāda and Śaṁkara 's Advaita Vedanta by means of a series of questions answered by an Asparśin . Iia : Philosophy Series . Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0929 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0929 - 1 . Source : ( 1 ) ( accessed : Tuesday April 27 , 2010 ) , p. Back Cover Jump up ^ Valerie J. Roebuck ( 2003 ). Penguin Books . London . Bibliography ( edit ) Sri Vidyaranya : Panchadashi . Ed . in Tamil with notes by Swami Gnanananda Bharati . Gnanananda Bharati Publications Trust , Madurai , 1972 . S. Radhakrishnan : The Principal Upanishads . External links ( edit ) Look up tat tvam asi in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Mahavakyas Chandogya Upanishad Chandogya Upanishad Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tat_Tvam_Asi&oldid=842801371 '' Categories : Hindu philosophical concepts Advaita Vedanta Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2012 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული മലയാളം 日本 語 Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 19 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the phrase tat tvam asi ( you are that ) refers to | [
"Tat Tvam Asi (Devanagari: तत्त्वमसि), a Sanskrit phrase, translated variously as \"Thou art that,\" (That thou art, That art thou, You are that, or That you are, or You're it) is one of the Mahāvākyas (Grand Pronouncements) in Vedantic Sanatana Dharma. It originally occurs in the Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7,[1] in the dialogue between Uddalaka and his son Śvetaketu; it appears at the end of a section, and is repeated at the end of the subsequent sections as a refrain. The meaning of this saying is that the Self - in its original, pure, primordial state - is wholly or partially identifiable or identical with the Ultimate Reality that is the ground and origin of all phenomena.\n"
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"that the Self - in its original, pure, primordial state - is wholly or partially identifiable or identical with the Ultimate Reality that is the ground and origin of all phenomena"
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-2888395160058789221 | Lucio | Lucio - wikipedia Lucio Lucio Pronunciation Italian : ( ˈlutʃjo ) , Spanish : ( ˈluθjo ) Gender Male Origin Word / name Latin Meaning Light Region of origin Italy , Spain , Portugal Other names Related names Lucius , Lucia , Lucy , Luci , Lucas , Luke Lucio is an Italian , Spanish , male given name derived from the Latin name Lucius . In Portuguese , the given name is accented Lúcio Lucio is also an Italian surname . Contents 1 People 2 Surname 3 Fictional characters 4 See also People ( edit ) `` Lúcio '' , ( Lucimar Ferreira da Silva ) ( born 1978 ) , Brazilian footballer Eduardo Lúcio Esteves Pereira ( born 1954 ) , Portuguese goalkeeper , an earlier football `` Lúcio '' Lucio Amanti ( born 1977 ) , Canadian cellist Lucio Battisti ( 1943 -- 1998 ) , Italian singer - songwriter Lucio Blanco ( 1879 -- 1922 ) , Mexican military officer Lúcio Carlos Cajueiro Souza ( born 1979 ) , Brazilian footballer Lucio Cabañas ( 1938 -- 1974 ) , Mexican teacher , who became a revolutionary Lúcio Costa ( 1902 -- 1998 ) , Brazilian architect and urban planner Lucio Dalla ( 1943 -- 2012 ) , Italian singer - songwriter Lúcio Teófilo da Silva ( born 1984 ) , Brazilian football player Lucio Diodati ( born 1955 ) , Italian painter Lucio Fontana ( 1899 -- 1968 ) , Italian painter and sculptor Lucio Fulci ( 1927 -- 1996 ) , Italian horror film director Lucio Gutiérrez ( born 1957 ) , President of Ecuador from 2003 -- 2005 Lucio Serrani ( born 1961 ) , Italian hammer thrower Lúcio Soares ( 1934 -- 1988 ) , Portuguese footballer Lucio Urtubia ( born 1931 ) , Spanish anarchist Lúcio Cardoso ( 1812 -- 1968 ) , Brazilian writer Lúcio Wagner ( born 1976 ) , Bulgarian footballer Lucio Derick Ayornu ( born 1992 ) , Ghana football Manager Surname ( edit ) Francisco Andres Lucio ( born 1973 ) , American record producer , singer - songwriter , musician and DJ Shannon Lucio ( born 1980 ) , American actress Hanibal Lucić ( 1485 -- 1553 ) known in Italian as Annibale Lucio , Croatian language poet and playwright from Venetian Dalmatia Johannes Lucius Croatian : Ivan Lučić , Italian : Giovanni Lucio ( 1604 -- 1679 ) historian Lucius Accius ( 170 -- c. 86 BC ) , Roman tragic poet Lucius Annaeus Seneca ( c. 4 BC -- AD 65 ) , Roman philosopher Fictional characters ( edit ) Lúcio ( Overwatch ) , a character in the 2016 video game Lucio , a minor character in Shakespeare 's Measure for Measure See also ( edit ) Lucius Lucas ( disambiguation ) Lucia ( disambiguation ) Luciano Luci San Lucio Pass Lúcio Flávio ( disambiguation ) Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucio&oldid=828467430 '' Categories : Given names Surnames Italian masculine given names Spanish masculine given names Portuguese masculine given names Latin - language surnames Italian - language surnames Spanish - language surnames Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 18 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where does the last name lucio come from | [
"Lucio is also an Italian surname.\n"
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"Italian"
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-4137920700744509423 | World's fair | World 's Fair - Wikipedia World 's Fair Jump to : navigation , search For the Hip - Hop Group , see World 's Fair ( group ) . A poster advertising the Brussels International Exposition `` Viking '' replica of the Gokstad Viking ship at the 1893 Chicago World 's Fair The palace of the railways and great connexions at the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism The China pavilion at the Expo 2010 A world 's fair , world fair , world expo , universal exposition , or international exposition ( sometimes expo or Expo for short ) is a large international exhibition designed to showcase achievements of nations . These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world . The most recent international exhibition , Expo 2017 , was held in Astana , Kazakhstan . Since the 1928 Convention Relating to International Exhibitions came into force , the Bureau International des Expositions ( BIE ; English : International Bureau of Exhibitions ) has served as an international sanctioning body for world 's fairs . Four types of international exhibition are organised under the auspices of the BIE : World Expos , Specialized Expos , Horticultural Expos ( regulated by the International Association of Horticultural Producers ) and the Triennale di Milano . Depending on their category , international exhibitions may last from three weeks to six months . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Industrialization ( 1851 -- 1938 ) 1.2 Cultural exchange ( 1939 -- 1987 ) 1.3 Nation branding ( 1988 -- present ) 2 Types 2.1 World Expos 2.2 Specialised Expos 3 List of expositions 4 Legacy 5 Current and upcoming expositions 5.1 2020 Dubai 5.2 2023 Buenos Aires 5.3 2025 bids 5.4 Non-BIE Efforts 5.5 International Horticultural Exhibition 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Further information : List of world expositions and List of world 's fairs World 's fairs originated in the French tradition of national exhibitions , a tradition that culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris . This fair was followed by other national exhibitions in continental Europe and the United Kingdom . The best - known ' first World Expo ' was held in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park , London , United Kingdom , in 1851 , under the title `` Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations '' . The Great Exhibition , as it is often called , was an idea of Prince Albert , Queen Victoria 's husband , and is usually considered to be the first international exhibition of manufactured products . It influenced the development of several aspects of society , including art - and - design education , international trade and relations , and tourism . These events have resulted in a remarkable form of Prince Albert 's life history , one that continues to be reflected in London architecture in a number of ways , including in the Albert Memorial later erected to the Prince . This expo was the most obvious precedent for the many international exhibitions , later called world 's fairs , that have continued to be held to the present time . Since their inception in 1851 , the character of World Expos has evolved . Three eras can be distinguished : the era of industrialization , the era of cultural exchange , and the era of nation branding . Industrialization ( 1851 -- 1938 ) ( edit ) The first era could be called the era of `` industrialization '' and covered , roughly , the period from 1800 to 1938 . In these days , world expositions were especially focused on trade , and were famous for the display of technological inventions and advancements . World expositions were the platforms where the state - of - the - art in science and technology from around the world were brought together . The world expositions of 1851 London , 1853 New York , 1862 London , 1876 Philadelphia , 1889 Paris , 1893 Chicago , 1897 Brussels , 1900 Paris , 1901 Buffalo , 1904 St. Louis , 1915 San Francisco , and 1933 -- 34 Chicago were landmarks in this respect . Inventions such as the telephone were first presented during this era . An important part of the image of world 's fairs stems from this first era . Cultural exchange ( 1939 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) Ice Follies at the Seattle 1962 World 's Fair Further information : Technological utopianism The 1939 -- 40 New York World 's Fair diverged from the original focus of the world 's fair expositions . From then on , world 's fairs adopted specific cultural themes ; they forecast a better future for society . Technological innovations were no longer the primary exhibits at fairs . The theme of the 1939 fair was `` Building the World of Tomorrow '' ; at the 1964 -- 65 New York World 's Fair , it was `` Peace Through Understanding '' ; at the 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal , it was `` Man and His World '' . The fairs encouraged effective intercultural communication for the exchange of innovation . The 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal was promoted under the name Expo 67 . Event organizers retired the term world 's fair in favor of Expo . ( The Montreal Expos , a former Major League Baseball team , was named for the 1967 fair . ) Nation branding ( 1988 -- present ) ( edit ) From World Expo 88 in Brisbane onwards , countries started to use expos more widely and more strongly as a platform to improve their national images through their pavilions . Finland , Japan , Canada , France , and Spain are cases in point . A large study by Tjaco Walvis called `` Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers '' showed that improving national image was the primary participation goal for 73 % of the countries at Expo 2000 . In a world where a strong national image is a key asset , pavilions became advertising campaigns , and the Expo a vehicle for `` nation branding '' . Apart from cultural and symbolic reasons , organizing countries ( and the cities and regions hosting them ) also utilize the world exposition to brand themselves . According to branding expert Wally Olins , Spain used Expo ' 92 and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in the same year to underline its new position as a modern and democratic country and present itself as a prominent member of the European Union and the global community . At Expo 2000 Hannover , where countries created their own architecture , the average pavilion investment was about € 12 million . Given these costs , governments are sometimes hesitant to participate , because benefits are often assumed not to outweigh the costs . Tangible effects are difficult to measure , but an independent study for the Dutch pavilion at Expo 2000 estimated that the pavilion ( which cost around € 35 million ) generated around € 350 million of potential revenues for the Dutch economy . It also identified several key success factors for world - exposition pavilions in general . Types ( edit ) St. Louis 1904 World 's Fair Boer War program . Battle recreations took 2 -- 3 hours and included several Generals and 600 veteran soldiers from both sides of the war . At the conclusion of the show , the Boer General Christiaan de Wet would escape on horseback by leaping from a height of 35 feet ( 11 m ) into a pool of water . Presently , there are two types of international exhibition : World Expos ( formally known as International Registered Exhibitions ) and Specialised Expos ( formally known as International Recognised Exhibitions ) . World Expos , previously known as universal expositions , are the biggest category events . At World Expos , participants generally build their own pavilions . They are therefore the most extravagant and most expensive expos . Their duration may be between six weeks and six months . Since 1995 , the interval between two World Expos has been at least five years . The latest World Expo Expo 2015 was held in Milan , Italy , from May 1 to October 31 , 2015 . Specialized Expos are smaller in scope and investments and generally shorter in duration ; between three weeks and three months . Previously , these Expos were called Special Exhibitions or International Specialized Exhibitions but these terms are no longer used officially . Their total surface area must not exceed 25 ha and organizers must build pavilions for the participating states , free of rent , charges , taxes and expenses . The largest country pavilions may not exceed 1,000 m . Only one Specialised Expo can be held between two World Expos . An additional two types of international exhibition may be recognized by the BIE : horticultural exhibitions , which are joint BIE and AIPH - sanctioned ' garden ' fairs in which participants present gardens and garden pavilions ; and the semi-regular Milan Triennial ( not always held every third year ) art and design exhibition , held in Milan , Italy , with the BIE granting official international exhibition status to 14 editions of the Triennale between 1996 and 2016 . World Expos ( edit ) World Expos ( formally known as International Registered Exhibitions ) encompass universal themes that affect the full gamut of human experience , and international and corporate participants are required to adhere to the theme in their representations . Registered expositions are held every 5 years because they are more expensive as they require total design of pavilion buildings from the ground up . As a result , nations compete for the most outstanding or memorable structure -- recent examples include Japan , France , Morocco & Spain at Expo ' 92 . Recent Registered Expositions include Brussels Expo ' 58 , Montreal Expo 67 , Osaka Expo ' 70 , and Seville Expo ' 92 . Sometimes prefabricated structures are also used to minimize costs for developing countries or for countries from a geographical block to share space ( i.e. Plaza of the Americas at Seville ' 92 ) . The only Registered ( Universal ) exposition to be held without BIE approval was the 1964 -- 1965 New York World 's Fair . The sanctioning organization at Paris denied them `` official '' status because its president , Robert Moses , did not comply with BIE rules in place at the time , namely the one limiting the duration for universal expositions to six months only . Both World 's Fairs in New York ( 1939 -- 40 and 1964 -- 65 ) have the distinction of being the only two - year world expositions in history . The Fair proceeded without BIE approval and turned to tourism and trade organizations to host national pavilions in lieu of official government sponsorship . However , a large number of countries did participate in the world 's fair including several newly independent African and Asian states . Frederick Pittera , a producer of international fairs and exhibitions and author of the history of world 's fairs in the Encyclopædia Britannica and Compton Encyclopedia , was commissioned by Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. of New York City in 1959 to prepare the first feasibility studies for the 1964 New York World 's Fair . Pittera was joined in his study by Austrian architect Victor Gruen ( Inventor of the ' Shopping Mall ' ). The Eisenhower Commission ultimately awarded the world 's fair bid to New York City against several major U.S. cities . Since the turn of the 21st century the BIE has moved to sanction expos only every five years ; following the numerous expos of the 1980s and 1990s , some see this as a means to cut down potential expenditure by participating nations . The move was also seen by some as an attempt to avoid conflicting with the Summer Olympics . The rule may apply to all expos , or it may end up that universal expositions will be restricted to every five years or so , with international or specialized expositions in the in - between years for countries wishing to celebrate a special event . The most recent universal expo is Expo 2015 in Milan . Specialised Expos ( edit ) Panoramic view of Expo 2012 Yeosu Specialized Expos ( formally known as International Recognized Exhibitions ) are usually united by a precise theme -- such as ' Future Energy ' ( Expo 2017 Astana ) , ' The Living Ocean and Cost ' ( Expo 2012 Yeosu , or ' Leisure in the Age of Technology ' ( Brisbane , Expo ' 88 ) . Such themes are more specific than the wider scope of world expositions . The Specialized Exposition , Tsukuba , Japan , popularly known as Expo ' 85 was held in the city of Tsukuba located near Tokyo . This Exposition is more formally known as `` The International Science Technology Exposition '' . Specialized Expos are usually smaller in scale and cheaper to run for the host committee and participants because the architectural fees are lower and they only have to customize pavilion space provided free of charge from the Organiser , usually with the prefabricated structure already completed . Countries then have the option of ' adding ' their own colours , design etc. to the outside of the prefabricated structure and filling in the inside with their own content . List of expositions ( edit ) Main article : List of world expositions List of official world expositions ( Universal , International / Specialised , Horticultural ) according to the Bureau International des Expositions . Dates Name of Exposition Country City Category Theme 04 / 1851 -- 10 / 1851 The Great Exhibition United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland London World Expo Industry of all Nations 05 / 1855 -- 11 / 1855 Exhibition Universelle / Paris International France Paris World Expo Agriculture , Industry and Art 05 / 1862 -- 11 / 1862 International Exhibition United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland London World Expo Industry and Arts 04 / 1867 -- 11 / 1867 Exposition Universelle / Paris International France Paris World Expo Agriculture , Industry and Arts 05 / 1873 -- 10 / 1873 Weltausstellung 1873 Wien / Austrian International Exposition Austria - Hungary Vienna World Expo Culture and Education 05 / 1876 -- 11 / 1876 Centennial Exposition United States Philadelphia World Expo Arts , Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine 05 / 1878 -- 11 / 1878 Exposition Universelle / Paris International Exposition France Paris World Expo New Technologies 10 / 1880 -- 04 / 1881 Melbourne International Exhibition Australia ( colony of Victoria ) Melbourne World Expo Arts , Manufacturing , Agriculture and Industrial Products of all Nations 04 / 1888 -- 12 / 1888 Exposición Universal de Barcelona ( 1888 ) Spain Barcelona World Expo Fine and Industrial Arts 05 / 1889 -- 10 / 1889 Exposition Universelle / Paris International Exposition France Paris World Expo French Revolution 05 / 1893 -- 10 / 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition United States Chicago World Expo Discovery of America 05 / 1897 -- 11 / 1897 Brussels International Exposition Belgium Brussels World Expo Modern Life 04 / 1900 -- 11 / 1900 Paris International France Paris World Expo 19th Century : an overview 04 / 1904 -- 12 / 1904 Louisiana Purchase United States St. Louis World Expo Louisiana Purchase 04 / 1905 -- 11 / 1905 Liège International ( 1905 ) Belgium Liège World Expo Commemoration of the 75th anniversary of independence 04 / 1906 -- 11 / 1906 Milan International Italy Milan World Expo Transport 04 / 1910 -- 11 / 1910 Brussels International Exhibition Belgium Brussels World Expo Works of Art and Science , Agricultural and Industrial Products of All Nations 04 / 1913 -- 11 / 1913 Exposition universelle et international / Ghent International Exposition Belgium Ghent World Expo Peace , Industry and Art 02 / 1915 -- 12 / 1915 Panama -- Pacific International Exposition United States San Francisco World Expo Inauguration of the Panama Canal 05 / 1929 -- 01 / 1930 Barcelona International Exposition Spain Barcelona World Expo Arts , Industry and Sport 05 / 1933 -- 10 / 1934 Century of Progress United States Chicago World Expo The independence among Industry and scientific research 04 / 1935 -- 11 / 1935 Brussels International Exposition Belgium Brussels World Expo Transports 05 / 1936 -- 06 / 1936 ILIS 1936 Sweden Stockholm Specialised Expo Aviation 05 / 1937 -- 11 / 1937 Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne / Paris International Exposition France Paris World Expo Arts and Technology in modern life 05 / 1938 -- 05 / 1938 Second International Aeronautic Exhibition Finland Helsinki Specialised Expo Aerospace 04 / 1939 -- 10 / 1940 New York World 's Fair United States New York City World Expo Building The World of Tomorrow 05 / 1939 -- 09 / 1939 Exposition internationale de l'eau ( 1939 ) Belgium Liège Specialised Expo Art of Water 07 / 1947 -- 08 / 1947 International Exhibition on Urbanism and Housing France Paris Specialised Expo Urbanism and Housing 07 / 1949 -- 08 / 1949 Universal Sport Exhibition ( 1949 ) Sweden Stockholm Specialised Expo Sport and physical culture 09 / 1949 -- 10 / 1949 The International Exhibition of Rural Habitat in Lyon France Lyon Specialised Expo Rural Habitat 12 / 1949 -- 06 / 1950 Exposition internationale du bicentenaire de Port - au - Prince Haiti Port - au - Prince World Expo The festival of Peace 04 / 1951 -- 05 / 1951 The International Textile Exhibition France Lille Specialised Expo Textile 07 / 1953 -- 10 / 1953 EA 53 Italy Rome Specialised Expo Agriculture 09 / 1953 -- 10 / 1953 Conquest of the Desert ( exhibition ) Israel Jerusalem Specialised Expo Conquest of the Desert 05 / 1954 -- 10 / 1954 The International Exhibition of Navigation ( 1954 ) Italy Naples Specialised Expo Navigation 05 / 1955 -- 06 / 1955 The International Expo of Sport ( 1955 ) Italy Turin Specialised Expo Sport 06 / 1955 -- 08 / 1955 Helsingborg exhibition 1955 Sweden Helsingborg Specialised Expo Modern Man in the Environment 05 / 1956 -- 06 / 1956 Exhibition of citriculture Israel Beit Dagan Specialised Expo Citrus 07 / 1957 -- 09 / 1957 Interbau Germany Berlin Specialised Expo Reconstruction of Hansa District 07 / 1958 -- 09 / 1958 Brussels World 's Fair Belgium Brussels World Expo A World View : A New Humanism 05 / 1961 -- 10 / 1961 Expo 61 Italy Turin Specialised Expo Celebration of centennial of Italian unity 04 / 1962 -- 10 / 1962 Century 21 Exposition United States Seattle World Expo Man in the Space Age 06 / 1965 -- 10 / 1965 IVA 65 Germany Munich Specialised Expo Transport 04 / 1967 -- 10 / 1967 Expo ' 67 Canada Montreal World Expo Man and His World 04 / 1968 -- 10 / 1968 HemisFair ' 68 United States San Antonio Specialised Expo Confluence of Civilizations in the Americas 03 / 1970 -- 09 / 1970 Expo ' 70 Japan Osaka World Expo Progress and Harmony for Mankind 08 / 1971 -- 09 / 1971 Expo 71 Hungary Budapest Specialised Expo The Hunt through the World 05 / 1974 -- 11 / 1974 Expo ' 74 United States Spokane Specialised Expo Celebrating Tomorrow 's Fresh New Environment 07 / 1975 -- 01 / 1976 Expo ' 75 Japan Okinawa Specialised Expo The Sea We would like to See 06 / 1981 -- 07 / 1981 Expo 81 Bulgaria Plovdiv Specialised Expo Hunting 05 / 1982 -- 10 / 1982 1982 World 's Fair United States Knoxville Specialised Expo Energy Turns the World 05 / 1984 -- 11 / 1984 1984 World 's Fair United States New Orleans Specialised Expo The World of Rivers -- Fresh Water as a source of life 03 / 1985 -- 09 / 1985 1985 World 's Fair Japan Tsukuba Specialised Expo Dwellings and Surroundings -- Science and Technology for Man at Home 11 / 1985 -- 11 / 1985 Expo 85 Bulgaria Plovdiv Specialised Expo Inventions 05 / 1986 -- 10 / 1986 Expo ' 86 Canada Vancouver Specialised Expo Transportation and Communication : World in Motion - World in Touch 04 / 1988 -- 10 / 1988 Expo ' 88 Australia Brisbane Specialised Expo Leisure in the Age of Technology 06 / 1991 -- 07 / 1991 Expo 91 Bulgaria Plovdiv Specialised Expo The activity of young people in the service of a World of Peace 04 / 1992 -- 10 / 1992 Expo ' 92 Spain Seville World Expo The Era of Discovery 05 / 1992 -- 08 / 1992 Expo Colombo ' 92 Italy Genoa Specialised Expo Christopher Columbus , The Ship and the Sea 08 / 1993 -- 11 / 1993 Expo ' 93 South Korea Daejeon Specialised Expo The Challenge of a New Road of Development 05 / 1998 -- 09 / 1998 Expo ' 98 Portugal Lisbon Specialised Expo The Oceans : A Heritage for the Future 06 / 2000 -- 10 / 2000 Expo 2000 Germany Hanover World Expo Man , Nature , Technology 03 / 2005 -- 09 / 2005 Expo 2005 Japan Aichi Specialised Expo Nature 's Wisdom 06 / 2008 -- 09 / 2008 Expo 2008 Spain Zaragoza Specialised Expo Water and Sustainable development 05 / 2010 -- 10 / 2010 Expo 2010 China Shanghai World Expo Better City , Better Life 05 / 2012 -- 08 / 2012 Expo 2012 South Korea Yeosu Specialised Expo The Living Ocean and Coast 05 / 2015 -- 10 / 2015 Expo 2015 Italy Milan World Expo Feeding the planet , Energy for life 06 / 2017 -- 09 / 2017 Expo 2017 Kazakhstan Astana Specialised Expo Future Energy ASIMO at Expo 2005 in Japan . Legacy ( edit ) The iconic Space Needle and Monorail depicted on this 1962 stamp are survivors . The majority of the structures are temporary and are dismantled after the fair closes . Landmark towers from several fairs are notable exceptions . By far the most famous of these is the Eiffel Tower , built for the Exposition Universelle ( 1889 ) . Although it is now the most recognized symbol of its host city Paris , a number of influential contemporary critics opposed its construction , and there were demands for it to be dismantled after the fair 's conclusion . Other major structures that were held over from these fairs : 1851 : The Crystal Palace , from the first World 's Fair in London , designed so that it could be recycled to recoup losses , was such a success that it was moved and intended to be permanent , only to be destroyed by a fire in 1936 . 1876 : The Centennial Exposition 's main building , Memorial Hall , is still in Fairmount Park , Philadelphia , and serving as the new home for the Please Touch Museum . The space under the entrance to Memorial Hall houses a scale model of the entire Exposition . 1880 : The World Heritage - listed Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne , constructed for the Melbourne International Exhibition . 1893 : The Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago is housed in the former Palace of Fine Arts , one of the last remaining buildings of the World 's Columbian Exposition . In conjunction with the fair , the Art Institute of Chicago building was built to house conferences , as the World 's Congress Auxiliary Building . The intent or hope was to make all Columbian structures permanent , but most of the structures burned , possibly the result of arson during the Pullman Strike . The foundation of the world 's first Ferris wheel , which operated at the Exposition , was unearthed on the Chicago Midway during a construction project by the University of Chicago , whose campus now surrounds the Midway . Relocated survivors include the Norway pavilion , a small house now at a museum in Wisconsin , and the Maine State Building , now at the Poland Springs Resort in Maine . 1894 : The Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park is the last major remnant of the California Midwinter International Exposition . Large ornamental wooden gates and a pagoda from the 1915 Panama - Pacific International Exposition were brought in after the latter fair closed , making the Tea Garden a rare if not unique instance of a survivor that incorporates architectural features from two completely separate fairs . 1897 : A full - scale replica of the Parthenon was built for the Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition where it stands today in Centennial Park . It features plaster reproductions of the Elgin Marbles and , in 1990 , a re-creation of the original Athena Parthenos statue was installed inside just as it was in the original Parthenon in ancient Greece . 1900 : the Grand Palais and Petit Palais . 1901 : The New York State pavilion at the Pan-American Exposition remains today as the home of the Buffalo History Museum , and is set on grounds originally laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted . Across the man - made lake on the Scajaquada Creek is the Albright -- Knox Art Gallery , originally intended as the Beaux Arts Exhibition Hall , but not completed in time for the exhibition . 1904 : The St. Louis Art Museum in Forest Park , originally the Palace of the Fine Arts , and Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis , are remnants of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( held a year late , as it was originally intended to be the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase ) , better known as the St. Louis World 's Fair . The aviary in Forest Park gave root to the St. Louis Zoo . 1906 : The Civic Aquarium of Milan built for the Milan Exposition is still open after 100 years and was recently renovated . The International Commission on Occupational Health ( ICOH ) was settled in Milan during the fair and had its first congress in the Expo pavilions . In June 2006 the ICOH celebrated the first century of its life in Milan . An elevated railway with trains running at short intervals linked the fair to the city center . It was dismantled in the 1920s . 1909 : The landscaping ( by the Olmsted brothers ) from the Alaska -- Yukon -- Pacific Exposition ( AYPE ) in Seattle still forms much of the University of Washington campus . The only major building left from the AYPE , Architecture Hall , is used by the university 's architecture school . 1915 : The Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco and its adjacent artificial lagoon are the only major remnants of the Panama - Pacific International Exposition still in their original locations on the former fairgrounds ( now the city 's Marina District neighborhood ) , but the building is almost entirely a reconstruction . The plaster - surfaced original , not intended to survive the fair , was a crumbling ruin in 1964 when all but the steel framework was demolished so that it could be reproduced in concrete . The San Francisco Civic Auditorium , now the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium , is another major legacy of the fair but was built off - site in the city 's Civic Center . The independent Panama - California Exposition in San Diego left a substantial legacy of permanent buildings and other structures which today define its site , San Diego 's central Balboa Park , including the Prado walkway , the California Tower and Dome ( now home to the Museum of Man ) , the 1500 - foot Cabrillo Bridge , the lily pond and botanical gardens , and the Spreckels Organ Pavilion . 1929 : Much survives from the two simultaneous fairs Spain hosted in that year . Most famous are the remnants of the Ibero - American Exposition in Seville , in which the Spanish Pavilion 's Plaza de España forms part of a large park and forecourt . Most of that fair 's pavilions have survived and been adapted for other uses , with many of them becoming consulates - general for the countries that built them . The Barcelona International Exposition featured the famous German pavilion designed by Mies van der Rohe , which was demolished but later recreated on the original site . 1942 : A special case is the EUR quarter in Rome , built for a World 's Fair planned for 1942 but cancelled because of World War II . Today it hosts various offices , both governmental and private , and several museums . 1958 : In Brussels , the Atomium still stands at the exposition site . It is a 165 - billion - times - enlarged iron - crystal - shaped building . Until June 2012 , the `` American Theatre '' on the Expo grounds was frequently used as a television studio by the VRT . Seattle -- World 's Fair sign at 47th and Aurora , 1962 1962 : The Space Needle , theme building of the Century 21 Exposition commonly known as the Seattle World 's Fair , still stands as Seattle 's iconic landmark . The Seattle Center Monorail , the other widely known `` futuristic '' feature of the fair , still operates daily . The US pavilion became the Pacific Science Center . 1964 : The Unisphere , built for the second New York World 's Fair , still stands on its original site in Flushing Meadows , Queens , New York City . Also surviving are the building housing the New York State Museum , and the former Singer Bowl , since converted into Louis Armstrong Stadium , part of the Billie Jean King National Tennis Center , site of the US Open . 1967 : Among the structures still standing from Expo 67 in Montreal are Moshe Safdie 's Habitat 67 , Buckminster Fuller 's American pavilion the `` Montreal Biosphere , '' and the French pavilion ( now the Montreal Casino ) . 1968 : San Antonio kept the Tower of the Americas , the Institute of Texan Cultures and the Convention Center from HemisFair ' 68 . 1974 : Spokane still has its Riverfront Park that was created for Expo ' 74 -- the park remains a popular and iconic part of Spokane 's downtown . 1982 : The Sunsphere from the Knoxville World 's Fair remains as a feature of Knoxville 's skyline . 1984 : The main pavilions of the 1984 New Orleans World 's Fair became the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center , which is also known for its use as a shelter of last resort during Hurricane Katrina . 1986 : In Vancouver , many Expo 86 projects were designed as legacy projects . Of note are the Skytrain , Science World and Canada Place . 1988 : The Skyneedle , the symbol tower of Expo ' 88 in Brisbane , Queensland , Australia , still stands . Other survivors are the Nepal Peace Pagoda of the Nepalese representation , now at the transformed World Expo ' 88 site South Bank Parklands , and the Japan Pond and Garden from the Japanese representation , now at the Brisbane Mount Cooth - tha Botanic Gardens . 1992 : The pavilions of Expo ' 92 in Seville had been converted into a technological square and a theme park . 1998 : The main buildings of Expo ' 98 in Lisbon were completely integrated into the city itself and many of the art exhibition pieces still remain . 2005 : The home of Satsuki & Mei Kusakabe , built for the 2005 Expo in Aichi , remains operating at its original site in Morikoro Park and is a popular tourist attraction . 2010 : The China pavilion from Expo 2010 in Shanghai , the largest display in the history of the World Expo , is now the China Art Museum , the largest art museum in Asia . 2015 : The Italian Pavilion of Expo 2015 remains on the original site . Some world 's fair sites became ( or reverted to ) parks incorporating some of the expo elements , such as : Audubon Park , New Orleans : Site of New Orleans 's World Cotton Centennial in 1884 Jackson Park , Chicago and the Chicago Midway : Site of the 1893 Columbian Exposition Centennial Park , Nashville : Tennessee Centennial Expo in 1897 Forest Park , Saint Louis : Home of the Saint Louis Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 San Diego : Panama - California Exposition ( 1915 ) & California Pacific International Exposition ( 1935 ) Seattle Center : Century 21 Exposition in 1962 Flushing Meadows Park , Queens , New York City : Site of both the 1939 New York World 's Fair and the 1964 New York World 's Fair Montreal : Expo 67 San Antonio : HemisFair ' 68 Expo Commemoration Park , Osaka : Expo ' 70 Riverfront Park , Spokane : Expo ' 74 World 's Fair Park , Knoxville : 1982 World 's Fair Vancouver : Expo 86 Brisbane : Expo ' 88 : now represented with the South Bank Parklands Seville : Expo ' 92 Daejeon ( Taejŏn ) : Expo ' 93 Lisbon : Expo ' 98 which was divided in several structures , namely Pavilhão Atlântico , Casino Lisboa , Oceanário and Pavilhão do Conhecimento ( pt ) . Shanghai Expo Park : Expo 2010 World exposition site at Rho , Milano , Lombardy District Some pavilions have been moved overseas intact : The Argentine Pavilion from the 1889 Paris was relocated to Buenos Aires , Argentina until its demolition in 1932 . The Chilean Pavilion from 1889 Paris is now in Santiago , Chile and following significant refurbishment in 1992 functions as the Museo Artequin The Peruvian Pavilion from 1900 Paris is now in Lima , as home to the Military Academy of History . The Japanese Tower of the 1900 World 's Fair in Paris was relocated to Laken ( Brussels ) on request of King Leopold II of Belgium . The Belgium Pavilion from the 1939 New York World 's Fair was relocated to Virginia Union University in Richmond , Virginia . The USSR Pavilion from Expo 67 is now in Moscow . The Sanyo Pavilion from Expo ' 70 is the Asian Centre at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver . The Portugal Pavilion from Expo 2000 is now in Coimbra , Portugal . The United Arab Emirates Pavilion from Expo 2010 is now in Saadiyat Island in Abu Dhabi in UAE The Bahrain Pavilion from Expo 2015 is relocated to Bahrain. The Azerbaijan Pavilion is in the country 's capital Baku. The Chinese Pavilion was brought back to Qingdao and is on the site of the 2014 horticultural exhibition . The Save the Children Italy pavilion from Expo 2015 was dismantled and re-built as school for Syrian refugee children in Lebanon . The Brussels Expo ' 58 relocated many pavilions within Belgium : the pavilion of Jacques Chocolats moved to the town of Diest to house the new town swimming pool . Another pavilion was relocated to Willebroek and has been used as dance hall Carré ever since . One smaller pavilion still stands on the boulevard towards the Atomium : the restaurant `` Salon 58 '' in the pavilion of Comptoir Tuilier . Many exhibitions and rides created by Walt Disney and his WED Enterprises company for the 1964 New York World 's Fair ( which was held over into 1965 ) were moved to Disneyland after the closing of the Fair . Many of the rides , including `` it 's a small world '' , and `` Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln '' , as well as the building that housed the Carousel of Progress are still in operation . Disney had contributed so many exhibits to the New York fair in part because the corporation had originally envisioned a `` permanent World 's Fair '' at the Flushing site . That concept instead came to fruition with the Disney theme park Epcot , an extension of the Walt Disney World Resort , near Orlando , Florida . Epcot has many of the characteristics of a typical universal exposition : national pavilions , as well as exhibits concerning technology and / or the future , along with more typical amusement park rides . Meanwhile , several of the 1964 attractions , relocated to Disneyland , have been duplicated at the Walt Disney World Resort . Occasionally other bits and pieces of the fairs remain . In the New York City subway system , signs directing people to Flushing Meadows , Queens remain from the 1964 -- 65 event . In the Montreal subway at least one tile artwork of its theme , `` Man and His World '' , remains . Also , a seemingly endless supply of souvenir items from fair visits can be found , and in the United States , at least , can often be bought at garage or estate sales . Many of these events also produced postage stamps and commemorative coins . The 1904 Olympic Games , officially known as the Games of the III Olympiad , were held in conjunction with the 1904 St. Louis fair , although no particular tie - in seems to have been made . The Exposition Universelle ( 1900 ) Paris was also loosely tied to the Olympic Games . ) Current and upcoming expositions ( edit ) 2020 Dubai ( edit ) Expo 2020 will be held in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , as a Registered Exposition . The bidding process for this larger sized exposition formally began in 2011 , with five cities being selected to participate in the final round of votes : São Paulo , Brazil -- the largest city in Brazil , the Americas and the Southern Hemisphere Yekaterinburg , the Russian capital of the Ural region Dubai , United Arab Emirates has placed a bid themed `` Connecting Minds , Creating the Future '' . İzmir , Turkey -- following a victory in a national competition with Ankara . Other participating cities and countries that were not selected for the final voting process to host Expo 2020 , or did not submit bids for consideration by the BIE : Ayutthaya was Thailand 's official nomination to host World Expo 2020 . The province was chosen and approved as Thailand 's bid city to host World Expo 2020 by the Thai cabinet as the Prime Minister , Abhisit Vejjajiva , announced during the Shanghai World Expo 2010 . Ayutthaya brought a bid under the theme `` Redefine Globalisation -- Balanced Life , Sustainable Living '' concept when bidding on behalf of Thailand to be the host country . However , Thailand 's bid was disqualified by the Bureau of International Expositions due to concerns that the bid did not have sufficient government support . The United States has had several citizen efforts directed at bringing a World 's Fair to the country . These efforts included the following cities : Houston -- `` Inspired Innovation '' New York City -- `` Showcasing the World '' San Francisco -- `` Interculture : Celebrating the World 's Cultures while Creating New Ones through Interaction and Exchange . '' Las Vegas -- `` The future of my future , '' according to the Wall Street Journal Philippines did not bid for the Expo 2020 although Manila had been considered a possible contender under the theme `` Manila , Celebrating Light and Life '' Brisbane , Queensland , Australia also considered putting an official bid to host Expo 2020 but did not bid . Sydney , New South Wales , Australia has been quoted by media reports as another potential candidate for the Australian 2020 bid . 2023 Buenos Aires ( edit ) Expo 2023 will be held at the Argentine capital and will have a theme of `` Science , Innovation , Art and Creativity for Human Development . Creative Industries in Digital Convergence '' . Four countries had submitted bids to host Specialised Expo 2022 / 23 : Łódź The central Polish city of Łódź announced its candidacy to host EXPO 2022 . It was promoted in the Polish Pavilion at the EXPO 2015 in Milan . Consequently , the Polish government officially submitted Łódź 's candidacy to the International Bureau of Expositions on 15 June 2016 . Minneapolis - Saint Paul made joint bids . Buenos Aires Los Angeles ( cancelled ) Rio de Janeiro ( cancelled ) At the end of the project examination phase , BIE Member States voted for Buenos Aires as the host city of Expo 2022 / 23 via a secret ballot at the BIE General Assembly , held in November 2017 . 2025 bids ( edit ) Main article : Expo 2025 Osaka , Japan Osaka made its official bid for the Expo on April 24 , 2017 with the theme `` Designing Future Society for Our Lives '' . Baku , Azerbaijan The Azerbaijani capital entered its candidacy before the deadline under the theme `` Human Capital '' . Paris , France ( withdrawn ) The French capital was the first to declare its candidacy , under the theme `` Sharing our Knowledge , Caring for our Planet '' . The candidacy was withdrawn in January 2018 . Yekaterinburg , Russia The Russian city entered its candidacy on 22 May 2017 under the theme `` Changing world : inclusive innovation is for our children and future generations '' . Non-BIE efforts ( edit ) Due to the U.S. government 's withdrawing its membership in the BIE from 2002 to 2017 , Worlds Fair USA is the first private Worlds Fair effort in history . Worlds Fair USA is organizing a series of mini-World's Fairs around the country called World 's Fair Nano in cities like San Francisco and New York City in order to build excitement for the six month World 's Fair , which Worlds Fair USA hopes to organize within the decade . The Los Angeles World 's Fair is another non-BIE effort . International Horticultural exhibition ( edit ) The BIE , since 1959 grants recognition to the International Horticultural Exhibitions ( Category A1 ) approved by the International Association of Horticultural Producers ( AIPH ) subject to it meeting certain criteria including being approved by the BIE general assembly . International Horticultural Exhibitions ( upcoming in italics ) : 1960 Rotterdam ( Netherlands ) 1963 Hamburg ( Germany ) 1964 Vienna ( Austria ) 1969 Paris ( France ) 1972 Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) 1973 Hamburg ( Germany ) 1974 Vienna ( Austria ) 1980 Montreal ( Canada ) 1982 Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) 1983 Munich ( Germany ) 1984 International Garden Festival Liverpool ( United Kingdom ) 1990 Osaka ( Japan ) 1992 Zoetermeer ( Netherlands ) 1993 Stuttgart ( Germany ) 1999 Kunming ( China ) 2002 Floriade in Haarlemmermeer ( Netherlands ) 2003 Rostock ( Germany ) 2006 -- 7 Chiang Mai ( Thailand ) 2012 Floriade in Venlo ( Netherlands ) 2016 Antalya ( Turkey ) 2019 Beijing ( China ) 2022 Almere ( Netherlands ) 2024 Łódź ( Poland ) See also ( edit ) Agricultural show County fair State fair References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John R. Davies in Findling and Pelle ( 2008 ) , `` Encyclopedia of World 's Fairs and Expositions '' , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Walvis , Tjaco , ed. ( April 2004 ) . `` Three eras of World Expositions : 1851 -- present '' . Cosmopolite : Stardust World Expo & National Branding Newsletter . Amsterdam : Stardust New Ventures ( 5 ) : 1 . Jump up ^ Ted Dykstra ( Director ) ( 2004 ) . Expo'67 : Back to the future ( DVD ) . Canada : CBC Home Video . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Tjaco Walvis ( 2003 ) , `` Building Brand Locations '' , Corporate Reputation Review , Vol. 5 , No. 4 , pp. 358 -- 366 Jump up ^ http://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/expos/about-expos/expo-categories Jump up ^ Based on : BIE Convention Jump up ^ http://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/expo-timeline/expo-timeline-triennale Jump up ^ Harrison Jacobs ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) . `` 15 Gorgeous Retro - Future Photos From The 1964 World 's Fair '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle , Encyclopedia of World 's Fairs and Expositions , 9780786434169 p330 Jump up ^ `` Building the Fair -- Five Men '' . nywf64.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site of the Bureau International des Expositions '' . Bie-paris.org. 2013 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of International Exhibitions '' . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Controversy about the Eiffel Tower '' . Paris Eiffel Tower News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Palace : Joseph Paxton -- Transported by moving company '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ PPIE Found Remnants : Architecture : Japanese Gates and Pagoda . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Balboa Park History '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Expo , International Expositions 1851 -- 2010 , Anna Jackson , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Home -- South Bank -- Visitor Info -- What 's On -- Shopping -- Dining -- Attractions and more '' . Visit South Bank . 2009 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Artequin '' . Artequin.cl . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The UAE in World Expos World Expos Expo 2020 , Dubai , UAE '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jarahieh School for Syrian refugee children in Lebanon '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La nuova vita del villaggio Expo : una scuola in Libano '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Carré '' . Carre.be . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Oliveira , Elida ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Deu na Imprensa -- Disputa acirrada '' ( in Portuguese ) . Portal da Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Louis ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Yekaterinburg presents city 's bid for 2020 World Expo '' . Yekaterinburg News . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Overview Expo 2020 Dubai , UAE '' . Expo2020dubai.ae . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` EXPO 2020 için büyük yarış -- Yeni Asır '' . Yeniasir.com.tr . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand wants to host World Expo 2020 '' . Channelnewsasia.com. 2010 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand , World Expo 2020 : Ayutthaya to be nominated as World Expo site '' . Bangkokpost.com. 2011 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 2020 World Expo : Three candidates '' . Bangkokpost.com. 2010 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand World expo 2020 Ayutthaya via YOUTUBE '' . Youtube.com. 2011 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ TCEB and Ayutthaya declare confidence in officially bidding for Thailand to host the World Expo 2020 Jump up ^ Sritama , Suchat ( 2011 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Thailand , World Expo 2020 : Ayutthaya chosen as Thailand 's bid city '' . My.news.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ayutthaya disqualified for World Expo 2020 '' . 2013 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Fair EXPO 2020 '' . Expo2020.us . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` New York City 2020 `` Showcasing The World '' `` . Freewebs.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Expo 2020 Silicon Valley '' . 2020worldsfair.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Daniel ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` The U.S. Ca n't Host a World Expo , and Fans Say That 's No Fair '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` ExpoMuseum / potential bids for 2020 '' . Expomuseum.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Cook 250th Anniversary Celebration Citizens ' Committee '' . Foundationexpo88.org . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Who stole our mojo ? asks Sydney '' . The Age . July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EXPO for Łódź . 60,000 visitors every day '' . Gazeta Wyborcza ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site of the Bureau International des Expositions '' . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Specialised Expo 2022 / 23 '' . BIE Paris . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles World 's Fair '' . Jump up ^ `` Election '' . BIE Paris . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Osaka launches formal bid to host 2025 World Expo '' . www.mainichi.jp/english/ . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Japan submits bid for World Expo 2025 '' . www.bie-paris.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Baku bids for World Expo 2025 '' . azernews.az . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Expo 2025 '' . www.bie-paris.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Application idea '' . www.expofrance2025.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` France drops bid to host 2025 World Expo '' . reuters.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The United States becomes the 170th Member State of the BIE '' . 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing the World 's Fair Back to the U.S. '' 17 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 -- via www.bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ Stone , Zara . `` Inside San Francisco 's 21st Century World 's Fair '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virtual reality features heavily at upcoming Worlds Fair Nano in Brooklyn '' . Full Dive Gamer. 2017 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Wants a Transit - Themed World 's Fair , and It Might Actually Be a Great Idea '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Horticultural Expos '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . , Jump up ^ `` International Horticultural Exhibition '' . Bie-paris.org. 2011 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibitions , actual programme '' . AIPH. 2011 - 01 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floriade Amsterdam Almere 2022 ( A1 ) -- International Association of Horticultural Producers '' . aiph.org . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Alexander C.T. Geppert : Fleeting Cities . Imperial Expositions in Fin - de-Siècle Europe , Basingstoke / New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2010 . Findling , John E. and Kimberly D. Pelle , ed . Encyclopedia of World 's Fairs and Expositions Jefferson , NC and London : McFarland , 2008 . External links ( edit ) This section 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Look up Expo in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to World 's Fairs . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for World 's Fair . Wikiquote has quotations related to : World 's fair ExpoBids.com , information about bids for future world 's fairs Official website of the Bureau International des Expositions ( BIE ) ExpoMuseum , The Online World 's Fair Museum ExpositionMedals , Award medals of American World 's Fairs and Expos Expo FAQs Celebrate 88 A lot of World 's Fairs presented by a lot of photographs `` Spin City '' . CNBC Business . April 2009 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . `` Exposition Posters '' . Paintings and Drawings . Victoria and Albert Museum . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19 . `` A Treasury of World 's Fair Art and Architecture : A Digital Archive , 1851 -- 1986 '' . essays , images , virtual exhibits , postcards and ephemera . University of Maryland Libraries , Digital Collections . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 12 . Burnham , Beaux - Arts , Plan of Chicago , & Fairs : Ryerson & Burnham Libraries : Archives Collection Alexander C.T. Geppert , Jean Coffey , Tammy Lau : International Exhibitions , Expositions Universelles and World 's Fairs , 1851 -- 1951 . A Bibliography . Donald G. Larson Collection on International Expositions and Fairs , from the website of California State University , Fresno World 's Fairs and the Landscapes of the Modern Metropolis Posters , photographs , pamphlets , commemorative books , maps , government reports , and ephemera from the collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University The contribution of the buildings built for the World 's Fairs to the history of architecture structural typologies . PhD Thesis written by Isaac López César . `` World Expos . A history of structures '' . Isaac López César . This book has been published with the support of the Bureau International des Expositions ( BIE ) ( hide ) Amusement parks Types Amusement park Animal theme park Family entertainment center Marine mammal park Safari park Water park Terminology Exclusive ride time ( ERT ) Show building Single rider Related articles Amusement park accidents Fair Traveling carnival World 's fair Amusement park lists Amusement parks Amusement park rankings Roller coaster rankings Closed rides and attractions Defunct amusement parks Water parks Related lists Amusement rides Tourist attractions World 's fairs Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World%27s_fair&oldid=842623893 '' Categories : World 's fairs Exhibitions Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2012 Wikipedia spam cleanup from June 2012 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 16 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where will the next world's fair be held | [
"Expo 2020 will be held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, as a Registered Exposition."
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"Dubai, United Arab Emirates"
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-7904643321902704823 | First Continental Congress | First Continental Congress - wikipedia First Continental Congress Jump to : navigation , search For the first seating of the United States Congress , see 1st United States Congress . The First Continental Congress Thirteen Colonies First Continental Congress 1774 Type Type Unicameral History Established September 5 , 1774 Disbanded October 26 , 1774 Preceded by Stamp Act Congress Succeeded by Second Continental Congress Leadership President of Congress Peyton Randolph Henry Middleton Secretary Charles Thomson Seats 56 from 12 colonies ( excluding Georgia ) Meeting place Carpenters ' Hall , Philadelphia This article is part of a series on the United States Continental Congress Predecessors Albany Congress 1754 Stamp Act Congress 1765 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves Continental Association Petition to the King 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Committee of Secret Correspondence Necessity of Taking Up Arms Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Articles of Confederation Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture Congress of the Confederation Bank of North America Land Ordinance of 1784 / of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Members List of delegates Presidents of the Continental Congress Secretary of the Continental Congress United States portal The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies who met from September 5 to October 26 , 1774 , at Carpenters ' Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , early in the American Revolution . It was called in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament , which the British referred to as the Coercive Acts , with which the British intended to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party . The Congress met briefly to consider options , including an economic boycott of British trade and drawing up a list of rights and grievances ; in the end , they petitioned King George III for redress of those grievances . The Congress also called for another Continental Congress in the event that their petition was unsuccessful in halting enforcement of the Intolerable Acts . Their appeal to the Crown had no effect , and so the Second Continental Congress was convened the following year to organize the defense of the colonies at the onset of the American Revolutionary War . The delegates also urged each colony to set up and train its own militia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Convention 2 Declaration and Resolves 3 Accomplishments 4 List of delegates 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Convention Carpenters ' Hall The Congress met from September 5 to October 26 , 1774 . Peyton Randolph presided over the proceedings ; Henry Middleton took over as President of the Congress from October 22 to 26 . Charles Thomson , leader of Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence , was selected to be Secretary of the Continental Congress . The delegates who attended were not of one mind concerning why they were there . Conservatives such as Joseph Galloway , John Dickinson , John Jay , and Edward Rutledge believed their task to be forging policies to pressure Parliament to rescind its unreasonable acts . Their ultimate goal was to develop a reasonable solution to the difficulties and bring about reconciliation between the Colonies and Great Britain . Others such as Patrick Henry , Roger Sherman , Samuel Adams , and John Adams believed their task to be developing a decisive statement of the rights and liberties of the Colonies . Their ultimate goal was to end what they felt to be the abuses of parliamentary authority , and to retain their rights which had been guaranteed under both Colonial charters and the English constitution . Roger Sherman denied the legislative authority of Parliament , and Patrick Henry believed that the Congress needed to develop a completely new system of government , independent from Great Britain , for the existing Colonial governments were already dissolved . In contrast to these ideas , Joseph Galloway put forward a `` Plan of Union '' which suggested that an American legislative body be formed with some authority , whose consent would be required for imperial measures . Declaration and Resolves In the end , the voices of compromise carried the day . Rather than calling for independence , the First Continental Congress passed and signed the Continental Association in its Declaration and Resolves , which called for a boycott of British goods to take effect in December 1774 . It requested that local Committees of Safety enforce the boycott and regulate local prices for goods . These resolutions adopted by the Congress did not endorse any legal power of Parliament to regulate trade , but consented , nonetheless , to the operation of acts for that purpose . Furthermore , they did not repudiate control by the royal prerogative , which was explicitly acknowledged in the Petition to the King a few days later . Accomplishments The Congress had two primary accomplishments . The first was a compact among the Colonies to boycott British goods beginning on December 1 , 1774 . The West Indies were threatened with a boycott unless the islands agreed to non-importation of British goods . Imports from Britain dropped by 97 percent in 1775 , compared with the previous year . Committees of observation and inspection were to be formed in each Colony to ensure compliance with the boycott . All of the Colonial Houses of Assembly approved the proceedings of the Congress , with the exception of New York . If the Intolerable Acts were not repealed , the Colonies would also cease exports to Britain after September 10 , 1775 . The boycott was successfully implemented , but its potential for altering British colonial policy was cut off by the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The second accomplishment of the Congress was to provide for a Second Continental Congress to meet on May 10 , 1775 . In addition to the Colonies which had sent delegates to the First Continental Congress , the Congress resolved on October 21 , 1774 , to send letters of invitation to Quebec , Saint John 's Island ( now Prince Edward Island ) , Nova Scotia , Georgia , East Florida , and West Florida . However , letters appear to have been sent only to Quebec ( three letters in all ) . None of these other colonies sent delegates to the opening of the Second Congress , though a delegation from Georgia arrived the following July . List of delegates This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) # Name Colony Notes Folsom , Nathaniel Nathaniel Folsom New Hampshire Sullivan , John John Sullivan New Hampshire 3rd and 5th Governor of New Hampshire ; general in the Continental Army Adams , John John Adams Massachusetts Lawyer , first Vice-President of the United States and second President Adams , Samuel Samuel Adams Massachusetts cousin of John Adams ; sometimes called `` Father of the American Revolution '' 5 Cushing , Thomas Thomas Cushing Massachusetts 6 Paine , Robert Treat Robert Treat Paine Massachusetts 7 Hopkins , Stephen Stephen Hopkins Rhode Island Authored pamphlet The Rights of the Colonies 8 Ward , Samuel Samuel Ward Rhode Island 9 Deane , Silas Silas Deane Connecticut 10 Dyer , Eliphalet Eliphalet Dyer Connecticut 11 Sherman , Roger Roger Sherman Connecticut Created the Great Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise at the Constitutional Convention ; Congressman ; a member of the Committee of Five who presented the Declaration of Independence 12 Duane , James James Duane New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 13 Jay , John John Jay New York Lawyer ; First Chief Justice of the United States ; co-author of The Federalist Papers ; appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 14 Livingston , Philip Philip Livingston New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 15 Low , Isaac Isaac Low New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 16 Boerum , Simon Simon Boerum New York 17 Haring , John John Haring New York Appointed by the General Meeting of all the Committees of the County of Orange 18 Wisner , Henry Henry Wisner New York Appointed by the General Meeting of all the Committees of the County of Orange 19 Floyd , William William Floyd New York For Suffolk County 20 Alsop , John John Alsop New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 21 Crane , Stephen Stephen Crane New Jersey 22 De Hart , John John De Hart New Jersey 23 Kinsey , James James Kinsey New Jersey 24 Livingston , William William Livingston New Jersey 25 Smith , Richard Richard Smith New Jersey 26 Biddle , Edward Edward Biddle Pennsylvania 27 Dickinson , John John Dickinson Pennsylvania author of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 28 Galloway , Joseph Joseph Galloway Pennsylvania Originator of the Galloway Plan of Union 29 Humphreys , Charles Charles Humphreys Pennsylvania 30 Mifflin , Thomas Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania Later served as the first governor of Pennsylvania ; Quartermaster general of the U.S. Army 31 Morton , John John Morton Pennsylvania 32 Rhoads , Samuel Samuel Rhoads Pennsylvania 33 Ross , George George Ross Pennsylvania 34 McKean , Thomas Thomas McKean Delaware 35 Read , George George Read Delaware 36 Rodney , Caesar Caesar Rodney Delaware 37 Chase , Samuel Samuel Chase Maryland Later served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 38 Goldsborough , Robert Robert Goldsborough Maryland 39 Johnson , Thomas Thomas Johnson Maryland 40 Paca , William William Paca Maryland 41 Tilghman , Matthew Matthew Tilghman Maryland 42 Bland , Richard Richard Bland Virginia 43 Harrison , Benjamin Benjamin Harrison Virginia Later served as the fifth governor of Virginia ; father of President William Henry Harrison and great - grandfather of President Benjamin Harrison 44 Henry , Patrick Patrick Henry Virginia Creator of the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions 45 Lee , Richard Henry Richard Henry Lee Virginia 46 Pendleton , Edmund Edmund Pendleton Virginia 47 Randolph , Peyton Peyton Randolph Virginia Served as President of this First Continental Congress 48 Washington , George George Washington Virginia Future commander of the Continental Army ; first President of the United States 49 Caswell , Richard Richard Caswell North Carolina 50 Hewes , Joseph Joseph Hewes North Carolina Secretary of Naval Affairs Committee in 1776 51 Hooper , William William Hooper North Carolina 52 Gadsden , Christopher Christopher Gadsden South Carolina 53 Lynch Jr. , Thomas Thomas Lynch Jr . South Carolina 54 Middleton , Henry Henry Middleton South Carolina 55 Rutledge , Edward Edward Rutledge South Carolina 56 Rutledge , John John Rutledge South Carolina Second Chief Justice ; Associate Justice ; first Governor of South Carolina See also List of delegates to the Continental and Confederation congresses Papers of the Continental Congress Timeline of United States revolutionary history ( 1760 -- 1789 ) Notes Jump up ^ Risjord , Norman K. ( 2002 ) . Jefferson 's America , 1760 - 1815 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 114 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1936 ) . `` A constitutional History of the United States '' . New York , London : D. Appleton - Century Company . pp. 83 -- 90 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Evarts Boutell ( 1922 ) . The Foundations of American Nationality . American Book Company . p. 434 . Jump up ^ Miller , Marion Mills ( 1913 ) . Great Debates in American Hist : From the Debates in the British Parliament on the Colonial Stamp . Current Literature Pub. Co. p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Kramnick , Isaac ( ed ) ; Thomas Paine ( 1982 ) . Common Sense . Penguin Classics . p. 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Launitz - Schurer p. 144 . Jump up ^ Worthington C. Ford , Library of Congress ( United States ) ; et al. , eds. ( 1774 ( printed 1901 ) ) . Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 - 1789 . p. 101 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Worthington C. Ford ; et al. ( eds . ) . Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . pp. 2 : 192 -- 193 . References Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol 4 - 10 online edition Burnett , Edmund C. ( 1975 ) ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress . Greenwood Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 8386 - 3 . Henderson , H. James ( 2002 ) ( 1974 ) . Party Politics in the Continental Congress . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8191 - 6525 - 5 . Launitz - Schurer , Loyal Whigs and Revolutionaries , The making of the revolution in New York , 1765 - 1776 , 1980 , ISBN 0 - 8147 - 4994 - 1 Ketchum , Richard , Divided Loyalties , How the American Revolution came to New York , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6120 - 7 Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) online edition Puls , Mark , Samuel Adams , father of the American Revolution , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 4039 - 7582 - 5 Montross , Lynn ( 1970 ) ( 1950 ) . The Reluctant Rebels ; the Story of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Barnes & Noble . ISBN 0 - 389 - 03973 - X . Primary sources Peter Force , ed . American Archives , 9 vol 1837 - 1853 , major compilation of documents 1774 - 1776 . online edition External links Full text of Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 - 1789 Papers of the Continental Congress ( Digitized Original Documents ) Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War 1774 First Continental Congress Articles of Association 1775 Independence Hall Second Continental Congress 1776 United States Declaration of Independence Pennsylvania Constitution Washington Crosses the Delaware 1777 Articles of Confederation Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of the Clouds Liberty Bell moved to Allentown Battle of Paoli Battle of Germantown Siege of Fort Mifflin Battle of White Marsh Battle of Matson 's Ford Valley Forge 1778 Battle of Crooked Billet Battle of Barren Hill British occupation of Philadelphia ends Wyoming Valley battle and massacre 1781 Congress of the Confederation Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line 1783 1783 Mutiny Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble and Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors 1774 First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1775 -- 81 Second Continental Congress Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia 1781 -- 89 Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City 1789 -- present Federal government of the United States New York City → Philadelphia → Washington , D.C. Government of the United States under the Articles of Confederation Congresses 1st Continental Congress 2nd Continental Congress The US in Congress Assembled Delegates Committee of the States Congressional Officers President Secretary Civil Offices / Officers Postmaster General Superintendent of Finance / Agent of the Marine Secretary at War Secretary of Foreign Affairs Court of Appeals Military Board of War Continental Army Commander in Chief Continental Navy Continental Marines Preceded by Stamp Act Congress Legislature of the United States September 5 , 1774 , to October 26 , 1774 Succeeded by the Second Continental Congress Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Continental_Congress&oldid=833164017 '' Categories : 1774 in the Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress History of Philadelphia Pennsylvania in the American Revolution 1774 in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 00 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was a goal of the first continental congress | [
"The Congress met briefly to consider options, including an economic boycott of British trade and drawing up a list of rights and grievances; in the end, they petitioned King George III for redress of those grievances."
] | [
"an economic boycott of British trade"
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-4893641077671366557 | Dirty Jobs | Dirty Jobs - Wikipedia Dirty Jobs Jump to : navigation , search Dirty Jobs Starring Mike Rowe Opening theme `` We Care A Lot '' by Faith No More ( Seasons 1 , 3 - 7 ) by Matt Koskenmaki ( Season 2 ) Composer ( s ) David Vanacore ( Vanacore Music ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 169 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 40 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Pilgrim Films & Television Release Original network Discovery Channel Original release November 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 07 ) ( pilot ) July 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 26 ) -- September 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 12 ) External links Website Production website Dirty Jobs is a TV series on the Discovery Channel in which host Mike Rowe is shown performing difficult , strange , disgusting , or messy occupational duties alongside the typical employees . The show , produced by Pilgrim Films & Television , premiered with three pilot episodes in November 2003 . It returned as a series on July 26 , 2005 , running for eight seasons until September 12 , 2012 . The show 's setting was refocused in Australia for the eighth season , advertised as Dirty Jobs Down Under . There is also a European edition of the show hosted by former Manchester United and Denmark goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel . On November 21 , 2012 , Rowe announced that Discovery Channel had cancelled Dirty Jobs . In 2014 , Rowe announced that CNN had picked up Somebody 's Gotta Do It , starring him and featuring many of the Dirty Jobs crew . The series was nominated for 5 Primetime Emmys : 3 for Outstanding Reality Program , which Rowe was nominated for as a producer , and 2 for Cinematography . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 History 2.1 New show 3 Episodes 3.1 Submissions 3.2 Unaired segments 4 Music 5 Promotion 6 DVD releases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) A worker or team of workers takes on Rowe as a fully involved assistant for a typical work day , working hard to complete every task as best he can despite discomfort , hazards , or repulsive situations - and , at times , all three . The Dirty Jobs crew , including field producer Dave Barsky , cameramen Doug Glover , Troy Paff , and Dan Eggiman , and audio technician Josh Atkins , often get just as dirty as Rowe does . Rowe frequently takes on - camera jabs at Dave Barsky , regarding Barsky 's penchant for setting up scenes where Rowe will encounter the most dangerous or dirty part of the job in order to get a great camera shot ; indeed , the entire crew frequently joke and prank each other on - camera , for example , when a safety officer finishes going over the rules and regulations for the Billboard Installer job in the third season ( the safety officer asks Rowe to sign a release , which he does while mock - voicing the words he signs : `` Dave ... Barsky ... '' ) , or attempting to film Troy defecating in the woods . Rowe engages in near - constant self - deprecating humor , making what he calls `` dirty jokes '' , but rarely more than the occasional playful jab at the workers themselves . Nearly every job is even more difficult than he had expected , and this often has him expressing admiration and respect for the workers ' skills and their willingness to take on jobs that most people avoid . The show always begins with the following quote from Rowe , usually spoken while in the midst of a particularly dirty task : My name 's Mike Rowe , and this is my job . I explore the country looking for people who are n't afraid to get dirty -- hard - working men and women who earn an honest living doing the kinds of jobs that make civilized life possible for the rest of us . Now , get ready to get dirty . History ( edit ) The show is a spin - off of a segment host Mike Rowe once did on a local San Francisco show called Evening Magazine . The segment was called Somebody 's Gotta Do It . After completing a graphic piece on cow artificial insemination , Rowe was inundated with letters expressing `` shock , horror , fascination , disbelief , and wonder '' . Rowe sent the tape to numerous networks , including Comedy Central , who replied saying `` At this time , our fall schedule does not allow for a talk show that takes place inside a septic tank . '' Ultimately Rowe also sent the tape to the Discovery Channel , which commissioned a series based on this format . Dirty Jobs was produced by Craig Piligian ( executive producer ) of Pilgrim Films & Television . The Discovery Channel executive producer was Gena McCarthy . New show ( edit ) On May 6 , 2013 Mike Rowe posted on Facebook that he was open to creating a new show that is similar to Dirty Jobs using Somebody 's Gotta Do It , the title of the original segment that had inspired Dirty Jobs . Rowe said that if half the people on his Facebook fan page said `` Hey , Mike , here 's 10 bucks for jet fuel and basic production costs , '' he 'd `` put the band back together and start shooting Somebody 's Gotta Do It tomorrow . '' On April 10 , 2014 Rowe announced on his Facebook page that CNN had decided to air the show . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Dirty Jobs episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale Pilots November 7 , 2003 November 21 , 2003 6 July 26 , 2005 August 30 , 2005 45 September 27 , 2005 March 20 , 2007 34 June 26 , 2007 July 29 , 2008 21 October 7 , 2008 April 12 , 2009 5 22 October 6 , 2009 June 14 , 2010 6 23 October 19 , 2010 March 8 , 2011 7 11 December 13 , 2011 February 21 , 2012 8 August 22 , 2012 September 12 , 2012 In July 2006 , the show aired two special episodes to kick off and wrap up Discovery 's annual Shark Week , of which Mike Rowe was the host . The episodes featured him in a number of jobs related to the animals , some as outlandish as shark repellent tester and shark suit tester , both of which necessitated his jumping into a shark feeding frenzy . As a pun on Discovery Channel 's `` Shark Week '' theme , the two episodes were named `` Jobs That Bite '' and `` Jobs That Bite ... Harder '' for the opening and closing hours respectively . In late August 2006 , the show reached a milestone with Mike Rowe 's 100th dirty job . This was commemorated with a special two - hour episode which mainly showed Mike 's day with the U.S. Army 's 187th Ordnance Battalion at Fort Jackson , and included bloopers plus an `` about me '' segment of Mike 's crew . At the end of the episode , Mike Rowe and Dave Barsky had a guitar / banjo duet and performed a song about the 100 dirty jobs . A 2 - hour 150th job special aired in early December 2007 , which combined footage of Rowe 's 150th job ( working on a yak and bison farm in Montana ) with footage of a party held at a San Francisco garbage dump where people featured in past Dirty Jobs segments were reunited with Rowe . In 2009 , the show returned for a fifth season , with Rowe commenting in promotional spots , `` After 200 dirty jobs , I 'm back for more . '' It was renewed for a seventh season , which Rowe described as including `` a broader geographical palate . '' An eighth season , marketed as Dirty Jobs Down Under , premiered on August 22 , 2012 . There were only four episodes filmed for season eight . As a result of being featured in the season 1 episode `` Vexcon '' , exterminator Billy Bretherton later starred in his own series on A&E , Billy the Exterminator . Submissions ( edit ) Each episode ends with a segment , usually shot at a previous dirty job , where Rowe tells the viewers that the show 's continued existence depends on viewer submissions of suggestions for additional dirty jobs , and instructs them to go to the show 's website for details on how to submit ideas ( this segment is , however , usually edited out of the Canadian broadcasts of the series on Discovery Channel Canada ) . Rowe has often noted on - screen and off - screen that without viewer contributions , the show would be lost ; Rowe originally concocted a list of a dozen jobs that could be featured in the three episodes that served as the show 's pilot , and within days after the first episode aired , viewers flooded Discovery Channel with e-mail and video featuring their own dirty jobs , a tradition that has kept the show going ever since . As Rowe explained to Craig Ferguson on an episode of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson in July 2007 about his original cache of jobs for the pilots , `` I have n't had an original idea since then '' . Unaired segments ( edit ) According to roadkill taxidermy artist Stephen Paternite , Dirty Jobs filmed a segment featuring him in 2003 , which was ultimately cut by the Discovery Channel as `` too gross '' . The segment follows Mike Rowe and Paternite as they gather and skin dead raccoons , which Paternite will eventually turn into art pieces . The segment is available to view on Paternite 's website , and on YouTube , under the name `` Too Gross for Discovery '' . In an interview on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson , Rowe also mentioned that there were several segments which they have chosen not to air because they were too disturbing , including a `` body farmer '' . Even aired segments can be heavily edited , such as the `` skull cleaner '' segment , the final aired version of which Mike has likened to `` The Sound of Music with the songs edited out '' because parts of it were deemed too graphic for television . There is also an episode produced in 2006 wherein Rowe visited his doctor while producers Piligian and Eddie Barbini try two dirty jobs themselves . The episode , entitled `` Mike 's Day Off '' , was never aired in the United States for that season ; it was only available as a DVD - exclusive episode ( bundled with the episode `` Skull Cleaner '' ) and a downloadable episode in iTunes . The episode has been aired in some local Discovery Channel feeds such as those of Southeast Asia and Australia , as well as on Discovery Channel Canada before finally being aired in the United States on March 3 , 2009 . Various episodes air in certain countries with different scenes . Music ( edit ) The show 's theme song was originally Faith No More 's `` We Care A Lot '' which features the lyrics , `` Oh , it 's a dirty job but someone 's got ta do it '' . In the first half of 2007 , it was replaced with a generic theme song by Matt Koskenmaki ( who also did the other music cues for the show ) , due to rights issues ; older episodes aired at the time had their introductions reedited . Mike Rowe has said `` Bottom line , the rights to ' We Care a Lot ' were either not renewed on time , or not properly acquired in the first place '' . Although the network has not issued any statement clarifying the situation , `` We Care A Lot '' returned as the show 's theme song beginning with the June 26 , 2007 episode and has been retained on subsequent DVD releases of earlier episodes . Season 2 commercials for the show feature the song `` Dirty White Boy '' by Foreigner . Season 3 commercials feature Rowe sharing the stage with a pig positioned on a rounded white pedestal , with nondescript formal - sounding light instrumental music in the background . Rowe often sings on - camera during the segments as part of a sardonic hat - tip to his days as an opera singer . During the candy making segment in episode 34 ( `` Fuel Tank Cleaner '' ) , Rowe discovers that one of the candy makers makes a confection called `` opera fudge '' and ask if she sings opera during the making of opera fudge , then belts out a segment of `` Vecchia zimarra '' from Puccini 's La Bohéme . During the cow pots segment of episode 47 ( `` Poo Pot Maker '' ) , Rowe imitates the singing gondoliers of Venice while paddling around the liquid holding lagoon on the Freund farm : `` ' O Sole Mio / Do n't know the words / I 've paddled for hours / In ponds of turds ... '' In a 2007 episode set at Prince George 's Stadium with Mike spending the day doing the `` dirty jobs '' associated with groundskeeping and dugout maintenance for the Bowie Baysox minor league baseball team in Bowie , Maryland , Mike ended the segment singing the National Anthem prior to the game and throwing out the first pitch . When Mike reads the very last piece of viewer mail in the viewer 's choice episode , he was asked if he could sing the Dirty Jobs Theme Song because his online bio says that he used to be an opera singer . So he explained that one night , as they sat on `` Foley '' Creek ( actually `` Folly '' Creek , but he has a tendency to pronounce it incorrectly ) , after a night of oysters and drinking ( likely during the Oyster Harvester segment of the shrimper episode ) , he , Juke Joint Johnny and Sam ( likely Silky Sam ) jotted down some lyrics and the `` official , unofficial Dirty Jobs Theme Song '' was born . This shortest version of the song clocked in at just under a minute in length , and it varies a bit from later versions , but it is fun in that it was less planned than the later ones . At the end of the pipe organ specialist segment of the geoduck farmer episode , Mike Rowe sang what he called the Dirty Jobs Anthem . Rowe reprised this moment in the `` Leather Tanner '' episode from the third season on an antique piano at the tannery . At the conclusion of a two - hour special edition commemorating Mike 's 100th dirty job , he and field producer Dave Barsky faked a guitar / banjo duet , featuring an extended version of this anthem which ran a little over two minutes in length ( Rowe actually sang all the parts while Rowe 's friend Matt played all the instruments ) . The extended song differs slightly from the shorter versions which aired previously , and even the words that are similar vary somewhat . Mike performed the song again with slightly different lyrics on the 150th Job Extravaganza with the Burning Embers . Promotion ( edit ) Discovery Channel issued the following statement in its publicity of the program : Host and everyman Mike Rowe gets the grimy scoop on downright nasty , but vital , occupations in DIRTY JOBS . Rowe could be processing smelly seafood in a fish factory , collecting bat guano for prized fertilizer or cleaning septic tanks to maintain a fresh - smelling environment . His apprenticeship never ends as he learns from those who keep our world running smoothly . DVD releases ( edit ) Main article : List of Dirty Jobs DVDs Discovery Channel has released over 130 episodes on DVD and on iTunes . DVD Name No. of episodes Run time ( minutes ) Release Dirty Jobs Season 1 DVD Set 10 430 July 2006 Dirty Jobs Season 2 DVD Set 25 1,080 January 28 , 2008 Dirty Jobs Season 3 DVD Set 23 1,032 2008 Dirty Jobs Season 4 DVD Set 25 1,075 April 6 , 2010 Dirty Jobs Season 5 DVD Set 17 817 2011 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 1 9 494 September 4 , 2007 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 2 12 502 February 5 , 2008 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 3 12 480 August 26 , 2008 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 4 13 576 February 24 , 2009 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 5 17 430 January 26 , 2010 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 6 11 430 September 7 , 2010 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 7 10 430 May 3 , 2011 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 8 10 450 August 7 , 2012 Dirty Jobs -- Something Fishy 167 February 23 , 2010 Dirty Jobs -- Toughest Jobs 5 220 May 15 , 2012 Dirty Jobs Down Under 176 March 11 , 2014 See also ( edit ) The Worst Jobs in History -- a UK series that debuted in 2004 with a similar premise to Dirty Jobs except host Tony Robinson experiences `` dirty jobs '' that were common in British society centuries ago . Somebody 's Gotta Do It -- the indirect successor to Dirty Jobs , a CNN series hosted by Rowe and including a number of Dirty Jobs crew . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dirty Jobs Down Under With Mike Rowe '' . Discovery Communications . Discovery Channel . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs with Peter Schmeichel '' . Discovery.com . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Mike Rowe Announces End of Discovery 's `` Dirty Jobs '' `` . TheFutonCritic.com . November 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : A Cameraman Poops in the Woods '' . discovery.com . February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody 's Gotta Do It '' . mikeroweWORKS . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( September 6 , 2006 ) . `` Sure , it 's a dirty job , but ... '' St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Mike ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Possible New Show '' . Facebook . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Mike ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` This Just In ... '' Facebook.com . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` insidetvratings.com '' . insidetvratings.com . January 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Mike . `` Mike 's Next `` Big Thing '' ? `` . Discovery Channel . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Mike ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thread : Brown Snakes '' . mikeroweWORKS . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Rowe on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Paternite , Stephen . `` Re : Too Gross for Discovery '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Paternite , Stephen . `` Paternite on YouTube '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Mike Rowe Classic : Mike on Skull Cleaning '' . Discovery.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TV Show Tracker list of Dirty Jobs episodes '' . TV Show Tracker . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.koskenmaki.com/ Jump up ^ Rowe , Mike . `` Re : New Theme SONG ? ? ? ? ? ? '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Viewer 's Choice , Dirty Jobs Anthem '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Geoduck Farmer , Dirty Jobs Anthem '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Mike . `` Re : Musical Tribute in Episode 100 '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : 100th Dirty Job Special , Dirty Jobs Anthem '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs with Mike Rowe - One of the best Dirty Jobs Fansites '' Blog Archive '' Dirty Jobs Confirmed to Return `` . Dirtyjobsmikerowe.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bindy . `` Dirty Jobs DVD Dirty Jobs : Season 1 DVD Set , Dirty Jobs Video , Dirty Jobs Season One DVD Discovery Channel Store '' . store.discovery.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barbara ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` Dirty Jobs DVD Dirty Jobs Season 2 DVD Set , Dirty Jobs Video , Dirty Jobs Season Two DVD Discovery Channel Store '' . store.discovery.com . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Purplehybiscus . `` Dirty Jobs Season 3 DVD Set Shows Dirty Jobs Discovery Channel '' . store.discovery.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MonaGirl . `` Dirty Jobs Season 4 DVD Set + 200 Jobs Look Back Bonus Shows Dirty Jobs Discovery Channel '' . store.discovery.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ akclark96 ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Dirty Jobs Season 5 DVD Discovery Channel '' . store.discovery.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Collection 1 : Mike Rowe : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Collection 2 : Mike Rowe : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Collection 3 : Mike Rowe , David M. Barsky , Doug Glover , Troy Paff , Christopher Jones , Chris Whiteneck , Adam Bradley , Dan Eggiman , Billy Bretherton , Edward Barbini , Ryan Walsh , Amber McClarin : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Collection 4 : Mike Rowe , David M. Barsky , Mike Gardner , Jayme Necaise , Scott Sander , James Watson , Ira Anderson , John Engelmohr , James Gee , Mark Gladney , Mike Shain , Doug Glover , Amber Mike , Craig Piligian , Dayna McTavish , Edward Barbini , Edward Rohwedder , Gena McCarthy , Heath Banks : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs Collection Five : Mike Rowe , Discovery Channel : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Collection 6 : Mike Rowe , Pilgrim Films & Television : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs Collection 7 : Mike Rowe , Pilgrim Films & Television : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs with Mike Rowe -- One of the best Dirty Jobs Fansites '' Blog Archive '' Dirty Jobs -- Collection 7 DVD Set Delayed `` . Dirtyjobsmikerowe.com . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Dirty Jobs -- 2 - DVD Set of ' Collection 8 ' , Starring Mike Rowe '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Something Fishy DVD '' . store.discovery.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Toughest Jobs : Mike Rowe , Pilgram Films : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs Down Under '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dirty Jobs on IMDb Dirty Jobs at TV.com Pilgrim Films Dirty Jobs Website Mike Rowe talks about Dirty Jobs at TED Dirty Jobs Emmy profile ( hide ) Discovery Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Discover Magazine ( 1996 -- 2000 ) The FBI Files ( 1998 -- 2006 ) 2000s debuts Biker Build - Off ( 2002 -- 07 ) American Chopper ( 2003 -- 10 ) Dinosaur Planet ( 2003 ) Extreme Engineering ( 2003 -- 11 ) Dirty Jobs ( 2003 -- 12 ) American Hot Rod ( 2004 -- 08 ) Animal Face - Off ( 2004 ) Big ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did dirty jobs go off the air | [
"Dirty Jobs is a TV series on the Discovery Channel in which host Mike Rowe is shown performing difficult, strange, disgusting, or messy occupational duties alongside the typical employees. The show, produced by Pilgrim Films & Television, premiered with three pilot episodes in November 2003. It returned as a series on July 26, 2005, running for eight seasons until September 12, 2012. The show's setting was refocused in Australia for the eighth season, advertised as Dirty Jobs Down Under.[1]"
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"September 12, 2012"
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5489023794391344260 | Loose lips sink ships | Loose lips sink ships - wikipedia Loose lips sink ships This article is about the English idiom . For other uses , see Loose lips sink ships ( disambiguation ) . American World War II poster by Seymour R. Goff , who signed it with his common pen name `` Ess - ar - gee '' Loose lips sink ships is an American English idiom meaning `` beware of unguarded talk '' . The phrase originated on propaganda posters during World War II . The phrase was created by the War Advertising Council and used on posters by the United States Office of War Information . The most famous poster that helped popularize the phrase ( pictured at right ) was created for the Seagram Distillers Corporation by the designer Seymour R. Goff ( also known by the pseudonym `` Ess - ar - gee '' or Essargee ) . This type of poster was part of a general campaign of American propaganda during World War II to advise servicemen and other citizens to avoid spreading rumors -- or truths -- containing bad news that might hurt morale . Historian D'Ann Campbell argues that the purpose of the wartime posters , propaganda , and censorship of soldiers ' letters was not to foil spies but , `` to clamp as tight a lid as possible on rumors that might lead to discouragement , frustration , strikes , or anything that would cut back military production . '' The British equivalent used `` Careless Talk Costs Lives '' , and variations on the phrase `` Keep mum '' , while in neutral Sweden the State Information Board promoted the wordplay `` en svensk tiger '' ( the Swedish word `` tiger '' means both `` tiger '' and `` keeping silent '' ) , and Germany used `` Schäm Dich , Schwätzer ! '' ( English : `` Shame on you , blabbermouth ! '' ) . The gist of this particular slogan was that one should avoid speaking of ship movements , as this talk ( if directed at or overheard by covert enemy agents ) might allow the enemy to intercept and destroy the ships . There were many similar such slogans , but `` Loose lips sink ships '' remained in the American idiom for the remainder of the century and into the next , usually as an admonition to avoid careless talk in general . Some examples of use the phrase outside the World War II propaganda context are : US Action / crime movie Den of Thieves ( said by character Donnie ) O'Shea Jackson Jr ... A pop band , a pop album ( by Des Ark ) , and pop songs by various artists , including Camper Van Beethoven , A Change of Pace , Hit the Lights , and others . A musical play produced by the American Folklore Theatre . An episode of the American - animated television program , Fish Hooks . A Variation Poster `` Round Hips Sink Ships '' on the American - animated television program Futurama The title an episode of the American television program Survivor : Heroes vs. Villains , and a variation , `` Loose Lips Sink Relationships '' , is an episode of the American television program Will & Grace . The title of a paper exploring labiaplasty by Simone Weil Davis of the University of Toronto . A line in `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution '' video game at the end of the letter ( about evacuation of Federal Emergency Management Agency station MICH. 355. sos. 7 at Highland Park ( Detroit ) sent by Joseph Manderley A slogan on one of the many shirts of Billy Talent 's lead singer , Ben Kowalewicz A mention in the alehouses in the game Tradewinds . An achievement in a video game called Curve Fever 2 . A lyric from the song `` I Know Places '' by Taylor Swift . A lyric in the song `` I Get Around '' by Tupac Shakur . A lyric at the beginning of the song Let 's Get It Up by AC / DC . A repeated lyric in the song `` XO '' , from Fall Out Boy 's second studio album , From Under the Cork Tree . A lyric in the song `` Swallow my Pride '' by Ramones . A lyric at the beginning of the song `` Ben Threw '' by Of Mice and Men . A lyric at the beginning of the song `` Sweetwater Kill ( The Ocean Song ) '' by the cello rock band Rapustina . A repeated lyric in the song `` Cherry Tree '' by The National . A lyric repeated throughout the song `` Snitches Get Stitches '' , from The Amity Affliction 's first studio album , Severed Ties . A lyric in the song `` Nobody 's Safe Chump '' by EPMD . A lyric in the song `` Covered in Cowardice '' by Billy Talent A lyric in Travie McCoy 's `` Rough Water '' ft . Jason Mraz . A lyric in the song `` Beneath the Waves '' by Young Guns . A lyric in the song `` Slip of the Lip '' by Ratt . A lyric in the song `` Loose Lips '' by Kimya Dawson . A lyric in the song `` Icebergs '' by Madison Bloodbath . A lyric in the song `` We Alright '' by Young Money . A lyric in the song `` Parties for Prostitutes '' by Brody Dalle . The final line in the song `` Seaward '' by The Acacia Strain . US television show Deadliest Catch ( Season 13 Episode 8 ) Jonathan Hillstrand says this about sharing good crabbing location and water depth with Keith Colburn . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World War II ' Loose Lips ' Poster ( product description ) '' . Olive Drav . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Loose lips sink ships '' . The Phrase Finder . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Security of War Information - Loose Lips Sink Ships ( 1942 - 1945 ) '' . Ad Council . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hadley Digital Archive `` Loose Lips Might Sink Ships '' `` . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ D'Ann Campbell , Women at War with America : Private Lives in a Patriotic Era ( 1984 ) p 71 . Jump up ^ `` Loose Lips Sink Ships '' . Eyewitness to History . 1997 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Keep mum -- she 's not so dumb '' - Charcoal , gouache , ink & pastel on board `` . British National Archives . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schäm Dich , Schwätzer ! Feind hört mit - Schweigen ist ... '' The Memory of the Netherlands . Koninklijke Bibliotheek . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . ( in Dutch ) ^ Jump up to : `` Idiom : Loose lips sink ships '' . Using English . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Loose lips sink ships '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Loose lips sink ships -- Anti Espionage Posters from WWII '' . www.successfullearningcommunities.com . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LOOSE LIPS SINK SHIPS '' . progarchives.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Albums containing a track with the title : Loose Lips Sink Ships '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Simone . `` Loose lips sink ships '' , Feminist Studies , Vol. 28 , No. 1 ( Spring , 2002 ) , pp. 7 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` Cherry Tree Lyrics '' . See also ( edit ) Loose Lips ( disambiguation ) ( usually an anapodoton ( shortening ) of the full phrase `` Loose lips sink ships '' ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loose_lips_sink_ships&oldid=864813362 '' Categories : American English idioms American propaganda during World War II World War II propaganda United States government secrecy Naval warfare Hidden categories : Articles with Dutch - language external links Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 16 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where does the phrase loose lips sink ships come from | [
"The phrase originated on propaganda posters during World War II.[2] The phrase was created by the War Advertising Council[3] and used on posters by the United States Office of War Information.[2]\n"
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"propaganda posters during World War II"
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-8333575385893735907 | Ask Me How I Know | Ask Me How I Know - Wikipedia Ask Me How I Know Jump to : navigation , search `` Ask Me How I Know '' Single by Garth Brooks from the album Gunslinger Released March 17 , 2017 Format CD single , music download Genre Country Length 2 : 53 Label Pearl Songwriter ( s ) Mitch Rossell Producer ( s ) Mark Miller Garth Brooks singles chronology `` Baby , Let 's Lay Down and Dance '' ( 2016 ) `` Ask Me How I Know '' ( 2017 ) `` Baby , Let 's Lay Down and Dance '' ( 2016 ) `` Ask Me How I Know '' ( 2017 ) `` Ask Me How I Know '' is a song recorded by American country music singer Garth Brooks , and written by Mitch Rossell . It was released on March 17 , 2017 as the second single off Brooks 's 2016 album , Gunslinger . The single 's release coincided with the announcement of Brooks performing at South by Southwest , as well as the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo . It became his first number one song since `` More Than a Memory '' in 2007 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 30 US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position US Billboard Country Airplay 40 Preceded by `` Greatest Love Story '' by Lanco Billboard Country Airplay number - one single December 16 , 2017 Succeeded by `` Light It Up '' by Luke Bryan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Snider , Mike . `` Garth Brooks explains why he chose Amazon over Apple Music '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack . `` Why Garth Brooks Went To SXSW -- And Amazon Music '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe . `` Garth Brooks Hits Austin for Free Concert , Elaborates on Decision to Pair With Amazon Music at SXSW '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tingle , Lauren . `` Garth Brooks Books Houston Rodeo 2018 and Free SXSW 2017 Concert , Launches New Single `` Ask Me How I Know '' `` . CMT.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Garth Brooks singles Garth Brooks `` Much Too Young ( To Feel This Damn Old ) '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` Not Counting You '' `` The Dance '' No Fences `` Friends in Low Places '' `` Unanswered Prayers '' `` Two of a Kind , Workin ' on a Full House '' `` The Thunder Rolls '' `` Wild Horses '' ( released in 2001 ) Ropin ' the Wind `` Rodeo '' `` Shameless '' `` What She 's Doing Now '' `` Papa Loved Mama '' `` The River '' The Chase `` We Shall Be Free '' `` Somewhere Other Than the Night '' `` Learning to Live Again '' `` That Summer '' In Pieces `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' `` American Honky - Tonk Bar Association '' `` Standing Outside the Fire '' `` One Night a Day '' `` Callin ' Baton Rouge '' `` The Red Strokes '' Fresh Horses `` She 's Every Woman '' `` The Fever '' `` The Beaches of Cheyenne '' `` The Change '' `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' `` That Ol ' Wind '' Sevens `` Longneck Bottle '' `` She 's Gonna Make It '' `` Two Piña Coladas '' `` You Move Me '' `` Do What You Gotta Do '' ( released in 2000 ) The Limited Series `` To Make You Feel My Love '' Double Live `` It 's Your Song '' Greatest Hits ( as Chris Gaines ) `` Lost in You '' `` It Do n't Matter to the Sun '' `` That 's the Way I Remember It '' Scarecrow `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' ( released in 2000 ) `` Wrapped Up in You '' `` Squeeze Me In '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` Thicker Than Blood '' `` Why Ai n't I Running '' The Lost Sessions `` Good Ride Cowboy '' `` Love Will Always Win '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` That Girl Is a Cowboy '' The Ultimate Hits `` More Than a Memory '' `` Workin ' for a Livin ' '' ( with Huey Lewis ) `` Midnight Sun '' Man Against Machine `` People Loving People '' `` Mom '' Gunslinger `` Baby , Let 's Lay Down and Dance '' `` Ask Me How I Know '' Guest singles `` Whatcha Gonna Do with a Cowboy ( with Chris LeDoux ; uncredited ) `` In Another 's Eyes '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` One Heart at a TIme '' ( charity single ) `` Burnin the Roadhouse Down '' ( with Steve Wariner ) `` Where Your Road Leads '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` Katie Wants a Fast One '' ( with Steve Wariner ) `` Beer Run ( B Double E Double Are You In ? ) '' ( with George Jones ) Other songs `` Hard Luck Woman '' `` Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy '' `` The Call '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) This 2010s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ask_Me_How_I_Know&oldid=816076205 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2016 songs Garth Brooks songs 2010s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 03 : 00 . About Wikipedia | when does garth brooks song ask me how i know come out | [
"\"Ask Me How I Know\" is a song recorded by American country music singer Garth Brooks, and written by Mitch Rossell. It was released on March 17, 2017 as the second single off Brooks's 2016 album, Gunslinger.[1][2] The single's release coincided with the announcement of Brooks performing at South by Southwest, as well as the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. It became his first number one song since \"More Than a Memory\" in 2007.[3][4]"
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"March 17, 2017"
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-8120150148213248133 | Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! | Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! - Wikipedia Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Jump to : navigation , search Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Japanese release poster , designed and illustrated by Yoshitoshi Shinomiya Japanese 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! Hepburn Gekijō - ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta ! Literally Pocket Monsters the Movie : I Choose You ! Directed by Kunihiko Yuyama Produced by Satoshi Shimohira Susumu Matsuyama Atsushi Chiku Hidenaga Katakami Screenplay by Shoji Yonemura Based on Pokémon : Indigo League by Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Takeshi Shudo Narrated by Unsho Ishizuka Music by Shinji Miyazaki Cinematography Aya Aoshima Edited by Toshio Henmi Production company OLM Distributed by Toho Release date July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) ( Japan Expo ) July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) ( Japan ) Running time 98 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Box office ¥ 3.31 billion ( US $30 million ) Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! , known in Japan as Pocket Monsters the Movie : I Choose You ! ( 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! , Gekijō - ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta ! ) is a Japanese adventure anime film produced by OLM . Released as the twentieth Pokémon movie and the first film in the Sun and Moon series , it acts as a loose retelling of the original Indigo League saga of the show , released to commemorate the anime 's twentieth anniversary . It premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6 , 2017 and was released in Japan on July 15 , 2017 . Fathom Events will release the film as a limited theatrical run in the rest of the world on November 5 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Returning cast 2.2 New characters 3 Development 4 Music 5 Release and promotion 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) There is a world that is inhabited by mysterious and powerful creatures called Pocket Monsters , or Pokémon for short . For the time eternal , both humans and Pokémon have interacted with each other , befriended each other and fought alongside each other in tournaments . In the small town of Pallet Town in the Kanto region , a brash 10 - year old trainer named Ash Ketchum dreams of becoming a Pokémon Trainer to travel across the world and earn the title of `` Pokémon Master '' . But when he is late to picking up his first Pokémon from the town 's local Professor and ends up with an unruly Pikachu , his life as a Pokémon Trainer begins in a rather fun but challenging way as Ash must forge his bond with his new friend as well as discovering the secrets of the world they 're living in . As Ash begins to earn Pikachu 's trust on the first day of their journey together , they witness the Legendary Pokémon Ho - Oh fly overhead , and pick up one of its feathers . From there , Ash and Pikachu promise to find Ho - Oh again as they travel the Kanto region , meeting up with new friends Sorrel and Verity on Ash 's journey to become a Pokémon Master . Cast ( edit ) Returning cast ( edit ) Character Voice Actor ( Japan ) Voice Actor ( US ) Ash Ketchum ( Satoshi ) Rica Matsumoto Sarah Natochenny Pikachu Ikue Ōtani Professor Samuel Oak ( Professor Yukinari Okido ) Narrator Unshō Ishizuka Carter Cathcart ( Oak ) Rodger Parsons Jessie ( Musashi ) Megumi Hayashibara Michele Knotz James ( Kojiro ) Shin - ichiro Miki Carter Cathcart Meowth ( Nyarth ) Inuko Inuyama Carter Cathcart Nurse Joy Shoko Nakagawa N / A Jigglypuff ( Purin ) Mika Kanai Rachael Lillis Giovanni ( Sakaki ) Kenta Miyake N / A New characters ( edit ) Ho - Oh , the mysterious Rainbow Pokémon who is once seen by Ash and Pikachu . Known extensively in legends , it was sought after by some Trainers , including an old man named Bonzi . Kōichi Yamadera as Marshadow , the Gloomdweller Pokémon who is not known to show itself to people and thus a few only knew its existence . It mysteriously travels with Ash and his friends . Kanata Hongō as Sorrel ( Souji ) , a young Trainer who aims to become a Pokémon Professor . He is seen with a Lucario . Shiori Sato as Verity ( Makoto ) , an energetic Trainer who travels alongside Ash and Sorrel . She has a Piplup as her starter Pokémon . Arata Furuta as Bonzi , a mysterious old man who knows about the Legendary Pokémon Ho - Oh and is determined to chase it at any costs . Ryōta Ōsaka as Cross , an arrogant trainer who believes strength is everything and aims to become the ultimate Trainer . He is seen with an Incineroar and Midnight Form Lycanroc . Development ( edit ) The film was officially revealed during the December 15 broadcast of TV Tokyo 's Oha Suta program , revealing a teaser trailer and poster of the film . This early content revealed Ash and Pikachu alongside the Legendary Pokémon Ho - Oh , showing that the film would act as a retelling of the first season , exploring some of the important plot points of the series . Ho - Oh 's appearance in the film was also detailed to be important to the film 's storyline . A second trailer for the film was revealed at the March 1 broadcast of Oha Suta , revealing remade scenes from the first episode and its official English title . It was then officially posted on the official YouTube page the next day . Later on , the film 's second official trailer , which also featured a new version of the original Japanese opening theme , `` Mesaze Pokémon Master '' , was previewed on April 7 , 2017 . The next day , the producers announced that the current last Pokémon in the Pokédex , Marshadow , would debut in the film alongside several other brand - new characters . As the film is not a direct remake , it diverts itself from the original season that it is based on , and features an original story . Two days before the film 's release , Yoshitoshi Shinomiya , who draw background art for Kara no Kyoukai : Mirai Fukuin and Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works released a new poster for the film . With the film confirmed to be initially released at the French Japan Expo 2017 , Western fans requested for the film to be released in theaters in the United States . This was eventually confirmed to be released by Fathom Events as a limited release across November 4 and 5 , 2017 . In Australia , the film was also confirmed to be released by Event Cinemas across November 11 and 12 , 2017 . Some fans also requested that voice actress Veronica Taylor should reprise her role as the English voice of Ash Ketchum for the film , but it was later confirmed that the current set of voice actors would stay on . The title of the film is also a reference to the first episode of the anime , `` Pokémon - I Choose You ! '' . Music ( edit ) Regular series composer Shinji Miyazaki wrote the film 's score for its original release . The film 's opening song is titled Aim to Be a Pokémon Master - 20th Anniversary - ( めざせ ポケモン マスター - 20th Anniversary - , Mezase Pokemon Master - 20th Anniversary - ) by Rica Matsumoto while the ending is titled Oración 's Theme ~ Let 's Walk Together ~ ( オラシオン の テーマ ~ 共に 歩 こう ~ , Orashion no Tēma ~ Tomoni Arukou ~ ) by Asuca Hayashi . Ed Goldfarb , the composer for the North American adaptations of the anime beginning with Pokémon : XY , composed a new background score for the film 's North American release . Release and promotion ( edit ) The movie premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6 , 2017 , and officially released in Japanese theaters on July 15 , 2017 . Advanced pre-orders the movie tickets across limited time periods ( from September 19 to October 30 , 2017 ) allowed moviegoers to receive a serial code to obtain one of the six special Pikachu in Pokémon Sun and Moon , each wearing one of Ash 's signature hats from each anime season . These Pikachu were holding an exclusive Pikashunium Z - Crystal . Also , both Marshadow and Ho - Oh were distributed during the film 's release in Japan . Merchandise coinciding with the film was also released . Bandai will release official Poké Ball Breath Mint Cases in both regular and Premium - Bandai versions to coincide with the film 's release . The first set is released in August 2017 , and the second is released in September 2017 , with pre-orders started on April 23 , 2017 . Bandai also released S.H. Figuarts figures of Ash and the Team Rocket trio on July 2017 , while Good Smile Company also announced they will release a Nendoroid of Ash in December 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Some older fans of the anime expressed negative criticism over the film on social media due to the exclusion of Misty and Brock in favor of two new companions , with one saying `` It 's almost like Brock and Misty never existed '' . As shown at the film 's first screening at the 2017 Japan Expo , most of the main characters from the first six series were delegated to cameos , which also caused some criticism from older fans . Despite this , reviews of the movie were mostly positive . Callum May of Anime News Network called the film a `` Pokémon movie for classic Pokémon fans '' and `` While it features new Pokémon from Sun and Moon like Lycanroc and Incineroar , many of the stories and references are from the series 20 years ago , repurposed into far more emotionally moving encounters . '' It was also praised for having a stronger narrative than the other movies in the franchise , but often criticized on Sorrel and Verity 's personalities , calling them `` more like bystanders of someone else 's story , and the attempts at creating backstories for them are n't built up at all . '' The film also topped Japanese box office records , earning first place and grossing more than 516 million yen ( US $4.61 million ) in the first two days , beating Gintama on its premiere . The movie earned ¥ 2.14 billion ( $19.6 million ) in its fourth week and remained at the sixth position . In its fifth week it grossed US $22 million and climbed up to the fourth position before being dethroned by Transformers : The Last Knight . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 「 ポケモン 映画 20 周年 記念 ビジュアル 」 が 解禁 ! アニメイト タイムズ '' . Animate Times ( in Japanese ) . animateLAB . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Film Opens at # 1 , Live - Action Gintama at # 2 '' . Anime News Network . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie 20 : I Choose You ! '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` World Premiere : The 20th Pokémon Movie '' . Japan Expo . SEFA Event. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 作 目 は 何 か が 違う ... ... ! ? 『 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! 』 2017 年 7 月 15 日 公開 決定 、 トレーラー が 公開 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Gzbrain. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! '' . Fathom Events . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Pokémon I Choose You ! Film Announced ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 劇場 版 ポケモン 新作 タイトル は 「 キミ に きめ た ! 」 、 ポスター に ホウオウ の 姿 '' . Natalie ( in Japanese ) . Natasha , Inc. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Pokémon 's next movie takes Ash back to the beginning '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ Baseel , Casey ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` Here 's the first trailer for the Pokémon reboot / remake anime movie ( Video ) '' . SoraNews24 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon I Choose You ! Anime Film 's 2nd Trailer Reveals Guest Cast , New Mythical Pokémon '' . Anime News Network . 8 April 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Pokémon 's next movie revisits the show 's first season before shaking everything up '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ Yoshitoshi , Shinomiya ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` 映画 『 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! 』 ( 7 月 15 日 公開 ) 「 ポケモン 映画 20 周年 記念 ビジュアル 」 の 情報 が 解禁 され まし た . '' . Shinomiya Yoshitoshi ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffer , Christian ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` Fans Clamor for Veronica Taylor to Return as Ash Ketchum for New Pokemon Movie '' . WWG . Pop Culture Media . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Paul ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Pokémon Reprises `` The Rise of Darkrai '' Song for 20th Summer Movie `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Ed ( @ edgoldfarbmusic ) ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` For 20 years of Pokémon , Ash and Pikachu 's origin story is in theaters 11 / 5 & 11 / 6 . Excited to be part of it . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Casey ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` A Special Hat - Wearing Ash Pikachu Is Headed To Japan For Pokémon Sun & Moon '' . Siliconera . Curse . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Baseel , Casey ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` Poké Ball breath mint holder series will keep you from being a smelly Pokémon otaku '' . SoraNews24 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Become a Pokémon Master with Bandai 's Poké Ball Collection ! '' . Tokyo Otaku Mode. 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara ( 23 April 2017 ) . `` Premium Bandai Now Offering Real * Pokéballs '' . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` S.H. Figuarts Brings Ash and Team Rocket Together Again ! '' . Tokyo Otaku Mode. 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahotan ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Nendoroid Ash & Pikachu ( Pokémon ) '' . Kahotan 's Blog . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sounders , Mike ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Still not a Pokemon champion Ash Ketchum is now available in Nendoroid form , with a catch '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffer , Christian ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` New Pokemon Movie Just Erased Two Key Characters from Ash 's Past '' . WWG . Pop Culture Media . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` New Pokémon Movie Rewrites History , Ditches Brock And Misty '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hemmings , Hannah Mylrea ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Brock and Misty are being written out of Pokémon , and these people 's childhoods are ruined '' . NME . Time Inc . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ May , Callum ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 国内 映画 ランキング : 2017 年 7 月 18 日 発表 ( 毎週 火曜 更新 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Eiga.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 国内 映画 ランキング : 2017 年 8 月 7 日 発表 ( 毎週 火曜 更新 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Eiga.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Japanese movie website Pokemon.co.jp movie website Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! on IMDb Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Pokémon Nintendo Game Freak Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Junichi Masuda Creatures Inc . The Pokémon Company Video games ( Video games list ) Main series Red & Blue Yellow Gold & Silver ( Crystal ) Ruby & Sapphire Emerald Diamond & Pearl Platinum Black & White B2 & W2 X & Y Sun & Moon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon Remakes FireRed & LeafGreen HeartGold & SoulSilver Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire Console games Snap Stadium Stadium 2 Colosseum XD : Gale of Darkness Battle Revolution Pokkén Tournament Other Go Mystery Dungeon TCG Online Shuffle Duel Television series ( seasons 1 -- 13 , 14 -- current ) Original Indigo League `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' Adventures on the Orange Islands The Johto Journeys Johto League Champions Master Quest Advanced Generation Advanced Advanced Challenge Advanced Battle Battle Frontier Diamond and Pearl Diamond and Pearl DP : Battle Dimension DP : Galactic Battles DP : Sinnoh League Victors Best Wishes Black & White BW : Rival Destinies BW : Adventures in Unova BW : Adventures in Unova and Beyond XY XY Kalos Quest XY & Z Sun and Moon Sun and Moon Specials Mewtwo Returns Chronicles The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon Origins Generations Films Original The First Movie 2000 4Ever Heroes Advanced Generation Jirachi Wish Maker Destiny Deoxys Lucario and the Mystery of Mew Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea Diamond and Pearl The Rise of Darkrai Giratina and the Sky Warrior Arceus and the Jewel of Life Zoroark : Master of Illusions Best Wishes Black -- Victini and Reshiram & White -- Victini and Zekrom Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Genesect and the Legend Awakened XY Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction Hoopa and the Clash of Ages Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel Sun and Moon I Choose You ! Manga series ( Volume list ) Pocket Monsters Pokémon Adventures Magical Pokémon Journey The Electric Tale of Pikachu Battle Frontier Ginji 's Rescue Team Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure ! Pocket Monsters RéBURST Pokémon Black and White Characters TV series Ash Ketchum Pikachu Brock Misty Team Rocket Meowth Others Pokémon Adventures Pokémon species Controversies Burger King recall Black and Blue Controversial episodes `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' Fandom Pokémon Apokélypse Pokémon Sage Pokémon Uranium Twitch Plays Pokémon Other Gameplay of Pokémon Pikachu ( sculpture ) Pokémon Live ! Trading Card Game Trading Figure Game Universe Theme songs `` Pokémon Theme '' Lavender Town Play ! Pokémon Poképark Pokémon : Tenth Anniversary Pokémon Junior Super Smash Bros . Pokémon : Symphonic Evolutions `` Gotta Catch ' Em All '' World Championships 2014 2015 2016 Book Category Portal Works by Oriental Light and Magic Television series Wedding Peach ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Mojacko ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Pokémon ( 1997 -- present ) Berserk ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Adventures of Mini-Goddess ( 1998 -- 1999 ) To Heart ( 1999 ) Steel Angel Kurumi ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Pokémon : Mewtwo Returns ( 2000 ) Comic Party ( 2001 ) Steel Angel Kurumi 2 ( 2001 ) Figure 17 ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Kasumin ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Piano : The Melody of a Young Girl 's Heart ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Croket ! ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Godannar ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Full - Blast Science Adventure -- So That 's How It Is ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Monkey Turn ( 2004 ) Monkey Turn V ( 2004 ) Agatha Christie 's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple ( 2004 -- 2005 ) To Heart : Remember My Memories ( 2004 ) Guyver : The Bioboosted Armor ( 2005 -- 2006 ) To Heart 2 ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Utawarerumono ( 2006 ) Makai Senki Disgaea ( 2006 ) Ray the Animation ( 2006 ) Pokémon : The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon ( 2006 ) Pokémon Chronicles ( 2006 ) Super Robot Wars Original Generation : Divine Wars ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Gift : Eternal Rainbow ( 2006 ) Deltora Quest ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Let 's Go ! Tamagotchi ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Inazuma Eleven ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Usaru - san ( 2009 ) Tamagotchi ! ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Hana Kappa ( 2010 -- present ) Little Battlers Experience ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Inazuma Eleven GO ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Little Battlers Experience W ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Inazuma Eleven GO : Chrono Stone ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Tamagotchi ! Yume Kira Dream ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Little Battlers Experience Wars ( 2013 ) Inazuma Eleven GO : Galaxy ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Tamagotchi ! Miracle Friends ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Pokémon Origins ( 2013 ) Future Card Buddyfight ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Yo - kai Watch ( 2014 -- present ) GO - GO Tamagotchi ! ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Dragon Collection ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Monster Retsuden Oreca Battle ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Omakase ! Miracle Cat - dan ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Tamagotchi ! Tama Tomo Daishū GO ! ( 2015 ) Future Card Buddyfight 100 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Pikaia ! ( 2015 ) Kamisama Minarai : Himitsu no Cocotama ( 2015 -- present ) Future Card Buddyfight Triple D ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Age 12 : A Little Heart - Pounding ( 2016 ) Beyblade Burst ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cardfight ! ! Vanguard G : NEXT ( 2016 -- 2017 ) BanG Dream ! ( 2017 ) Pikaia ! ! ( 2017 ) Future Card Buddyfight X ( 2017 -- present ) Idol x Warrior Miracle Tunes ( 2017 -- present ) Beyblade Burst God ( 2017 -- present ) The Snack World ( 2017 -- present ) 100 % Pascal - sensei ( 2017 -- present ) PriPri Chi - chan ! ! ( 2017 -- present ) Atom : The Beginning ( 2017 ) Tomica Hyper Rescue Drive Head Kidō Kyūkyū Keisatsu ( 2017 -- present ) Cardfight ! ! Vanguard G : Z ( 2017 -- present ) Films Pokémon : The First Movie ( 1998 ) Pokémon : The Movie 2000 ( 1999 ) Pokémon 3 : The Movie ( 2000 ) Pokémon 4Ever ( 2001 ) Pokémon Heroes ( 2002 ) Pokémon : Jirachi Wish Maker ( 2003 ) Pokémon : Destiny Deoxys ( 2004 ) Blade of the Phantom Master ( 2004 ) Pokémon : Lucario and the Mystery of Mew ( 2005 ) Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea ( 2006 ) Dōbutsu no Mori ( 2006 ) Pokémon : The Rise of Darkrai ( 2007 ) Tamagotchi : The Movie ( 2007 ) Pokémon : Giratina and the Sky Warrior ( 2008 ) Tamagotchi : Happiest Story in the Universe ! ( 2008 ) Pokémon : Arceus and the Jewel of Life ( 2009 ) Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva ( 2009 ) Pokémon : Zoroark : Master of Illusions ( 2010 ) Inazuma Eleven : Saikyō Gundan Ōga Shūrai ( 2010 ) Pokémon the Movie : Black -- Victini and Reshiram and White -- Victini and Zekrom ( 2011 ) Inazuma Eleven GO : Kyūkyoku no Kizuna Gurifon ( 2011 ) Pokémon the Movie : Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice ( 2012 ) Inazuma Eleven GO vs. Danbōru Senki W ( 2012 ) Pokémon the Movie : Genesect and the Legend Awakened ( 2013 ) Eiga Hana Kappa Hana - sake ! Pakkaan Cho no Kuni no Daiboken ( 2013 ) Inazuma Eleven : Chō Jigen Dream Match ( 2014 ) Pokémon the Movie : Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction ( 2014 ) Yo - kai Watch : The Movie ( 2014 ) Pokémon the Movie : Hoopa and the Clash of Ages ( 2015 ) Yo - kai Watch : Enma Daiō to Itsutsu no Monogatari da Nyan ! ( 2015 ) Pokémon the Movie : Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel ( 2016 ) Rudolf the Black Cat ( 2016 ) Cyborg 009 : Call of Justice ( 2016 ) Yo - kai Watch : Soratobu Kujira to Double no Sekai no Daibōken da Nyan ! ( 2016 ) Eiga Kamisama Minarai : Himitsu no Cocotama : Kiseki o Okose ♪ Teppuru to Dokidoki Cocotama Kai ( 2017 ) Eiga Tamagotchi : Himitsu no Otodoke Daisakusen ! ( 2017 ) Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! ( 2017 ) Yo - kai Watch Shadowside : Oni - ō no Fukkatsu ( 2017 ) OVAs / ONAs Makeruna ! Makendō ( 1995 ) Gunsmith Cats ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Power DoLLS ( 1996 ) Wedding Peach DX ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Queen Emeraldas ( 1998 ) High School Aurabuster ( 1999 ) Steel Angel Kurumi Encore ( 2000 ) Steel Angel Kurumi Zero ( 2001 ) Early Reins ( 2003 ) Gift : Eternal Rainbow ( 2007 ) Bee and PuppyCat ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Kong : King of the Apes ( 2016 -- present ) Pokémon Generations ( 2016 ) Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Pokémon_the_Movie : _I_Choose_You ! &oldid = 807138595 '' Categories : 2017 films Japanese - language films 2017 anime films 2010s Japanese films Anime film remakes Films directed by Kunihiko Yuyama Japanese films Pokémon films Toho animated films Viz Media anime Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 04 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the pokemon movie i choose you coming out | [
"Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You!, known in Japan as Pocket Monsters the Movie: I Choose You! (劇場版ポケットモンスター キミにきめた！, Gekijō-ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta!) is a Japanese adventure anime film produced by OLM. Released as the twentieth Pokémon movie and the first film in the Sun and Moon series, it acts as a loose retelling of the original Indigo League saga of the show, released to commemorate the anime's twentieth anniversary. It premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6, 2017[4] and was released in Japan on July 15, 2017.[5] Fathom Events will release the film as a limited theatrical run in the rest of the world on November 5, 2017.[6]"
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"November 5, 2017"
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-561655858625102133 | List of The Incredibles characters | List of the Incredibles Characters - wikipedia List of the Incredibles Characters The Incredibles . From left to right : Elastigirl , Mr. Incredible , Violet , and Dash . Bottom : Jack - Jack . The following is a list of fictional characters from the 2004 Disney / Pixar computer - animated superhero film The Incredibles and its 2018 sequel Incredibles 2 . Contents 1 The Parr Family 1.1 Bob Parr ( Mr. Incredible ) 1.2 Helen Parr ( Elastigirl ) 1.3 Violet Parr 1.4 Dash Parr 1.5 Jack - Jack Parr 2 Allies 2.1 Frozone 2.2 Edna Mode 2.3 Rick Dicker 2.4 Snug 2.5 Winston Deavor 3 Civilians 3.1 Oliver Sansweet 3.2 Gilbert Huph 3.3 Bernie Kropp 3.4 Tony Rydinger 3.5 Kari McKeen 3.6 The Ambassador 4 Antagonists 4.1 Syndrome 4.1. 1 Omnidroid 4.2 Mirage 4.3 Bomb Voyage 4.4 The Underminer 4.5 Evelyn Deavor 5 List of known superheroes 5.1 Aspiring superheroes 6 References The Parr family Bob Parr ( Mr. Incredible ) Robert Parr ( a.k.a. Mr. Incredible ) ( voiced by Craig T. Nelson in the films , Richard McGonagle in Rise of the Underminer , and Jeff Bergman in Lego The Incredibles ) possesses superhuman strength , stamina , and durability . He is married to Helen Parr , the superheroine known as Elastigirl , and they have three children together : Violet , Dash , and Jack - Jack . Sometime after his marriage , Mr. Incredible was sued by Oliver Sansweet for thwarting his suicide and the passengers of the train he stopped from running off the tracks which was part of the events that led to the government silently initiating the Superhero Relocation Program . Bob found forced retirement difficult , and often had to cheat his way out of the house on Wednesdays so that he could continue his superheroics . He was shocked to discover that his `` Number 1 fan '' , Buddy Pine , had recreated himself as the supervillain Syndrome after Mr. Incredible had squelched Pine 's wish to be his ward in an attempt to protect him . It was not until Syndrome threatened his family that Bob realized that they were his `` greatest adventure '' . His red superhero suit , designed by Edna Mode , appears to have the same level of durability as Mr. Incredible himself . In his prime , Mr. Incredible drove a gadget - laden car , the Incredimobile , reminiscent of ones driven by James Bond or Batman . The silhouette of a newer version of the Incredimobile for the entire family is seen in the end credits of the first , and the new car makes a full appearance at the end of the second film . His face was physically modeled after director Brad Bird . Mr. Incredible was ranked number 5 in IGN 's list of the Top 10 Pixar Characters . Readers of Empire magazine also voted Mr. Incredible number 8 in that magazine 's list of The Top 20 Pixar Characters . Helen Parr ( Elastigirl ) Main article : Helen Parr ( The Incredibles ) Helen Parr ( a.k.a. Elastigirl or Mrs. Incredible ) ( voiced by Holly Hunter ) is Mr. Incredible 's wife . Helen can stretch any part of her body up to 300 feet and can be 1 mm thin . She can also reshape her body in a variety of ways . In the movie she becomes a parachute and a rubber boat , and has used her arms for swings and a slingshot . In her early years she seemed to be a feminist and had no desire to `` settle down '' . Since her marriage to Bob , Helen has become a dedicated spouse and mother , although she is frustrated with her husband 's continuing dreams of glory . Helen is also an experienced jet pilot , from having a close friend who flew her around the world when she was a Super . Her sharp wit and superb espionage skills , as well as her experience as a superhero , make her an excellent tactician and leader . Her red superheroine suit , designed by Edna Mode , can stretch as far as she can and still retain its shape . It is virtually indestructible yet it breathes like Egyptian cotton . The filmmakers drew inspiration from actresses Mary Tyler Moore , Marilyn Monroe and Audrey Hepburn for Helen 's role and appearance in the sequel . Gina Bennett , interviewed by Maureen Dowd as part of a group of current and former CIA professionals , said `` the Band of Sisters had a favorite crime fighter ... Just think of us as a work force of Elastigirls . '' Violet Parr Main article : Violet Parr Violet Parr ( voiced by Sarah Vowell ) is a 14 - year - old junior high school teenager stuck at the crossroads between girl and woman . Violet desperately wants to be like everyone else , to blend in with normal people , and not to stand out . Her superpowers allow her to turn instantly invisible , and to generate spherical force fields to protect herself and also to levitate extremely heavy objects ; the interiors of the force fields have an anti-gravitational effect , allowing Violet to levitate inside , but she can be stunned temporarily if the field is struck by a sufficiently large force . During the first film , she and Dash combine their powers to create the IncrediBall ( named in the video game ) , a tactic in which Violet generates a force field around herself , and Dash uses his speed power to use the ball like a cannonball or battering ram . Her struggle with her shyness and lack of confidence constitutes a major side story in the movie ; she is spurred on by Helen 's encouragement that she has more power than she realizes and that she just has to believe it . In the end , Violet sheds her shyness and ends up at the confident side when her crush Tony Rydinger asks her for a date . Unlike her normal clothes , her red superheroine suit , designed by Edna Mode , also turns invisible when Violet does . Dash Parr Main article : Dashiell Robert Parr Dashiell `` Dash '' Robert Parr ( voiced by Spencer Fox in the first film , Huck Milner in the second film ) is a speedster . While he is only as strong as the average 10 - year - old boy , the film 's official website lists `` enhanced durability '' amongst Dash 's powers , which is implied in the film by the amount of incidental high - speed collisions and crashes Dash endures without apparent injury . Dash also discovers throughout the course of the movie that his speed allows him to be able to run over water without submerging . Dash would like to go out for sports , but his mother Helen will not allow it because she thinks that he would show off his superspeed and blow the family 's civilian cover . To vent his frustration , Dash uses his power to play pranks on his teacher , Bernie Kropp , which also threatens their cover . Dash 's reckless and impulsive nature and one - track mind have put him at odds with Violet 's gloomier and more sarcastic nature more often than their parents would like , but when Dash is in battle , he cares deeply about his family ; he was willing to attack a fully grown man who was about to kill his sister . His red superhero suit , designed by Edna Mode , is resistant to air friction , wear and heat when Dash is running at super speed . Jack - Jack Parr John Jackson `` Jack - Jack '' Parr ( voiced by Eli Fucile and Maeve Andrews in the first film , Fucile and Nicholas Bird in the second film ) is the Parrs ' infant son , the youngest of the Parr children . Initially believed to be the only family member without any powers , he manifests a multitude of superhuman abilities at the end of the first film , most of which are types of shapeshifting . More powers are seen in the short film Jack - Jack Attack on the Incredibles DVD , making his powers the most versatile of the family , and according to a collectible poster included with some Incredibles toys , still more powers are undisclosed . Although Edna Mode did not know what powers Jack - Jack might develop , she covered various possibilities by making him a fireproof and bulletproof blanket sleeper - like jumpsuit . Creator Brad Bird explains on the DVD that Jack - Jack 's varied abilities are a metaphor for how young children have infinite possibilities ahead of them in life . He begins to manifest a broader range of powers during Incredibles 2 , inspiring Edna to upgrade his suit with sensors that allow his family to track him or rein in his powers via remote control . Jack - Jack was ranked number 15 in Empire magazine 's list of the Top 20 Pixar Characters . Allies Frozone Lucius Best ( a.k.a. Frozone ) ( voiced by Samuel L. Jackson in the films , Isaac C. Singleton Jr. in Rise of the Underminer , and John Eric Bentley in Lego The Incredibles ) is a long - time friend of the Parr family . Frozone is Bob Parr 's best friend , and was the best man at Bob and Helen 's wedding . Similar to the Marvel Comics superhero Iceman , Frozone has the power to freeze water , or even ambient moisture in the air . He is limited by the amount of water available , either in liquid form , or in the air . It is also indicated that he can use the moisture of his own body , and that dehydration weakens his abilities as a result . During the first film , it is suggested that he has adapted to civilian life much more easily than his long - time friend , Bob Parr , though he still possesses a hidden cache containing his costume and all of his old gadgets in working condition . Lucius married an unseen woman whom he refers to as Honey ( voiced by Kimberly Adair Clark ) , who is aware of his superhero past , but is unsupportive of his public minded ideals . Lucius is best friends with Bob , and a close friend of Helen and the kids , who are the only supers he socializes with following the banning of superheroes . Whenever Lucius and Bob go out on Wednesdays to engage in superheroics , they have to cover from their respective wives by claiming to be going bowling , but they stop going out when Bob is caught by Helen . Lucius 's super suit is designed to keep him warm in the cold , but he must wear a special set of refraction goggles not only to protect his identity , but also to protect his eyes from the glare of the sunlight that bounces off his ice crystals . The soles of Frozone 's snow boots can change into ice skates , alpine ice skis , and a concave disc he uses as a snowboard . These forms of transport , combined with chutes of ice , result in particularly speedy travel . Frozone was ranked number 16 in Empire magazine 's list of the Top 20 Pixar Characters . Frozone returns in Incredibles 2 . He helps the Incredibles stop the Underminer 's drill , and after the battle learns of Winston Deavor 's offer to restore public trust in superheroes , bringing Helen and Bob with him to meet Deavor together . He is later overwhelmed by other hypnotized Supers when he unsuccessfully attempts to protect the Parr children from them , and is put under Evelyn 's mind control via goggles . However , he is freed by Helen and her children and aids in foiling Evelyn 's plan . Edna Mode Main article : Edna Mode Edna Marie `` E '' Mode ( voiced by Brad Bird ) is an eccentric fashion designer who designs the costumes for many members of the superhero community . To that end , not only does she take the aesthetics of the clothes into account , but also their practical uses such as protective qualities and accommodation to the powers of the wearer . She was a guest at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding . Rick Dicker , who felt that Edna was `` difficult '' to work with , was the one who first referred Elastigirl to Edna . Edna was conceived as an amalgam between James Bond 's gadget supplier , Q , and Oscar - winning costume designer Edith Head . Pixar artist Teddy Newton , who co-designed the character , stated that the film 's animators looked for inspiration in the 1995 fashion documentary Unzipped , which spotlighted a number of designers , including Isaac Mizrahi and Polly Mellen . Edna Mode also appeared with Pierce Brosnan to present the Academy Award for Costume Design at the 77th Academy Awards . Edna refuses to design super suits with capes in light of the number of supers having unfortunate accidents because their capes got caught in airliner turbines , elevators , missiles , etc . The film 's creators originally could not find an appropriate actress to voice Edna . Finally , when asking actress Lily Tomlin to voice Edna , Brad Bird provided an example of what she should sound like . Tomlin told Bird that he successfully captured her voice so well that he should provide it in the film himself , which Bird did . Edna Mode was ranked number 8 in IGN 's list of the Top 10 Pixar Characters , and number 6 in Empire magazine 's list of the Top 20 Pixar Characters . Edna returns in Incredibles 2 . She agrees to babysit super toddler Jack - Jack when an overwhelmed Bob becomes exhausted with taking care of him . She also outfits the baby with his first super suit . Rick Dicker Rick Dicker ( voiced by Pixar animator Bud Luckey in the first film , Jonathan Banks in the second film ) is a government agent who was once part of the NSA ( National Supers Agency ) and now oversees the Superhero Relocation Program . He was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding . Rick is often frustrated by Bob clinging on to the `` Glory Days '' , which usually ends up in Rick having to erase memories and repair damages caused by Bob 's actions . By the first film 's conclusion , Dicker congratulates Bob and his family after they stop the Omnidroid and expose Syndrome 's plot . Rick Dicker also appears in the short film Jack - Jack Attack where he interrogates Jack - Jack 's babysitter Kari about the events that unfolded while she was babysitting Jack - Jack and then erases Kari 's memories at the end . In the DVD commentary , Brad Bird jokes that he had an idea to start Luckey 's short film Boundin ' with Rick Dicker coming into his office late at night , pulling out a bottle of `` booze '' and a banjo to start in on Boundin . Rick returns in Incredibles 2 . He informs the Parr family that his department 's `` Super Relocation '' program is being shut down , forcing supers across the world to permanently adhere to their secret identities . He then goes on to tell the family that they are on their own now and that he can not help them any longer , because he is going into forced retirement . It is later revealed that as a result of Tony accidentally witnessing Violet in her super-suit without her mask during the battle with the Underminer , Rick was forced to wipe Tony 's mind of the day including that of Violet . Snug Snug is an old friend of Helen Parr , presumably from her super days as Elastigirl . He never appears in the films , but his voice can be heard on the phone when Helen calls him to acquire a jet to access Syndrome 's island ( in The Incredibles ) . In the movie , Snug can be seen in a photograph which Helen holds , showing the two of them in holiday clothing . In the deleted scenes , Snug was intended to travel with them on the plane to the island and would be killed in the following crash with the missiles . This scene was cut out , however . Winston Deavor Winston Deavor ( voiced by Bob Odenkirk ) is an ardent superhero fan who leads a telecommunications company with his sister Evelyn . In Incredibles 2 , he wants to re-legalize supers , whose activities have been outlawed by the government , through a marketing campaign . Winston selects Helen Parr to carry out a publicity stunt as Elastigirl in order to regain the general public 's support of supers , and houses the Parr family in a luxurious mansion . His sister , however , places him under her control via hypnotic signals transmitted by television screens , as part of her scheme to permanently undermine the legal status of supers . She intends to do this by sabotaging a summit of supers and similarly - hypnotized political delegates taking place on the Deavors ' cruise ship by crashing the ship into the city . When Winston is freed from her control , he aids in foiling Evelyn 's plan to collide his cruise ship into the city by reboarding the runaway ship and freeing the delegates to then ensure their safety , while the supers attempt to regain control of the ship . He later presumably explains the truth of his sister 's scheme to the delegates and to the authorities to exonerate the superheroes . Civilians Oliver Sansweet Oliver Sansweet is the president of a bank in Municiberg . While en route to his wedding , Mr. Incredible sees him jump off a building and saves him , getting him injured in the process . Following the incident , Sansweet sues Mr. Incredible in Superior Court for preventing his suicide . He claims that he did n't want to be saved nor did he ask to be saved and the injuries caused by Mr. Incredible 's intervention brings him daily pain . Oliver 's lawsuit against Mr. Incredible , alongside a series of other Super related lawsuits , leads to the government silently initiating the Superhero Relocation Program . Gilbert Huph Gilbert Huph ( voiced by Wallace Shawn ) is Bob Parr 's diminutive , strict supervisor at his insurance company Insuricare . His main priority at Insuricare is its profits despite concerns from the company 's staff or its customers . He is a stickler for bureaucracy , but prefers that customers should be unaware of any `` loopholes '' that would help secure an insurance claim . When Huph refuses to let Bob stop a mugging out in the street by threatening to fire him if he takes action , Bob loses his temper and throws Huph through several office walls , leaving him hospitalized and in traction , and resulting in Bob 's termination from Insuricare . A deleted scene on the film 's official website shows that his memories of the incident were erased by Rick . Bernie Kropp Bernard `` Bernie '' Kropp ( voiced by Lou Romano ) is a teacher at Dash Parr 's school , whom Dash pulls pranks on . After sitting on a tack placed on his seat at his desk , Kropp sends Dash to the principal 's office where they conference with Helen Parr . Kropp reveals that he had secretly videotaped the incident with Dash , which he claims `` proves '' Dash placed the tack on his desk chair . However , the principal is unconvinced and Dash is allowed to leave with Helen with no school repercussions , infuriating Kropp . Tony Rydinger Anthony `` Tony '' Rydinger ( voiced by Michael Bird ) is a junior high school teenager , attending the same school as Violet Parr . Violet harbors a secret crush on him . In the end of The Incredibles , with boosted confidence , Violet manages to attract Tony 's attention and he asks her out on a date , which she accepts . Tony returns in Incredibles 2 . It is revealed that Tony accidentally witnessed Violet in her supersuit unmasked during their battle with the Underminer , which resulted in Rick Dicker being forced to wipe Tony 's memory of the day , including that of Violet and his planned date with her . Following Evelyn Deavor 's defeat , Violet is forced to start from scratch with Tony , asking him out to the movies again . However , she is forced to leave him at the cinema ( with the promise of returning quickly ) when a new threat calls for the Incredibles to take action . Kari McKeen Kari McKeen ( voiced by Bret Parker ) is a friend of the Parrs , whom Violet calls upon to babysit Jack - Jack while the rest of the family are flying to save Mr. Incredible ( in The Incredibles ) . She has taken numerous babysitting classes and feels more than adequately prepared to care for Jack - Jack in any capacity , and assures Helen Parr to that effect . She has one scene in the film , and she is heard later on Mrs. Parr 's voice mail , complaining that some `` very weird things '' are happening ; she does apparently learn all of Jack - Jack 's powers as she has a defense for all of them after one day . Her eventful night with the baby ( see above ) is documented in the Jack - Jack Attack short included on the DVD release , ending with Rick Dicker erasing her memory of the incident . The Ambassador The Ambassador ( voiced by Isabella Rossellini ) is a dignified foreign official committed to the support and legalization of superheroes . She is rescued by Elastigirl in Incredibles 2 , when Evelyn attempts to kill her . Antagonists Syndrome In The Incredibles , Buddy Pine ( a.k.a. Syndrome ) ( voiced by Jason Lee ) first appears as a 10 - year - old child who professes to be Mr. Incredible 's `` number 1 fan '' . However , Mr. Incredible , having his patience long exhausted by this obsessed child pestering him , bluntly tells the child to leave him alone . In an attempt to earn his hero 's respect , Buddy Pine tries to aid him in fighting crime as `` IncrediBoy '' , with gadgets of his own invention . Mr. Incredible declines Buddy 's offer , and during a subsequent conflict between Mr. Incredible and the supervillain Bomb Voyage , Buddy intervenes and ends up with a bomb attached to his cape . Mr. Incredible 's attempt to remove it leads to the destruction of a section of train tracks , which requires him to save the approaching L - Train . Mr. Incredible then hands Buddy over to the police to have them take him home and tell his mother what he 's been doing . Buddy feels rejected and completely misconstrues his hero 's reasons , blindly disregarding all the trouble he caused because of his reckless obsession , and rationalizing that it is simply because Mr. Incredible considers him inferior because he does not have innate powers . Fifteen years later , Buddy has recreated himself as an evil genius called Syndrome who plans to exact revenge on his former idol , whom he now regards as his nemesis . He starts by having his assistant Mirage lure a series of Supers to his lair on Nomanisan Island under the cover of a job offer so that his Omnidroids can be improved by killing each one . After his plans to fraudulently become a superhero and replace the Supers that he had killed off are foiled by the Omnidroid turning against him , and then by both the Incredibles and Frozone destroying the robot themselves , Syndrome has his assets frozen by the authorities and a warrant issued for his arrest . However , he abducts Jack - Jack with the intention of raising him as a sidekick , but fails due to the sudden emergence of Jack - Jack 's powers . Syndrome vows to eventually abduct Jack - Jack , but Mr. Incredible tosses his car at him , causing his cape to get caught in his jet 's intake and suck him in to his demise . Syndrome has no superhuman powers , but he is incredibly intelligent , having invented numerous weapons and high - tech vehicles that use such principles as robotics , anti-gravity , and zero - point energy , which he sold to black market buyers to make himself rich . He owns his own island , complete with a mansion , a sophisticated monorail system , missiles , and a staff of guards equipped with exotic vehicles of Syndrome 's design . Like Mr. Incredible , his character was also physically modeled after Brad Bird . Syndrome was chosen as the 64th Greatest Villain Ever by Wizard Magazine . Omnidroid The Omnidroids are a series of intelligent and destructive robots developed by Syndrome to fight and kill Supers . Syndrome made many different versions of this battle robot . All were designed to fight and kill Supers , and each subsequent model improved upon the previous one by correcting flaws and weaknesses found during fights . The Omnidroid 's only weakness is itself : in the film , Mr. Incredible climbs into the Omnidroid 's internal structure , causing the robot to pierce its own armor in a vain attempt to pry Mr. incredible out of itself . The Omnidroid series of robots were designed by Syndrome to use AI and destructive features such as claws and laser guns to target and destroy its enemies . It is self - learning and can correct its own mistakes , and also collects information on superheroes it encounters . Omnidroids were used to kill various superheroes - each time a superhero eventually defeated an Omnidroid , data from the nearly destroyed version was then used to create an improved model , specifically designed to have functions to defeat the superhero who had previously destroyed it . Through the instructions of Mirage , the superheroes do not fully destroy the Omnidroid as `` it is government property '' . The final Omnidroid created by Syndrome was controlled via a remote , which he uses to appear as a superhero by `` destroying '' it after launching it himself into Metroville . However , the Omnidroid learns that Syndrome is controlling it and turns on him . The Omnidroid is eventually destroyed by the combined efforts of the Parr family and Frozone when a separated claw is used to rip out its power core . The Incredibles credits includes the sentence , `` The term OMNIDROID used by permission of Lucasfilm Ltd '' . George Lucas apparently holds a trademark on the term `` droid '' ( it 's the word used to refer to the robots in the Star Wars franchise ) and as `` Omnidroid '' has the term `` droid '' in it , permission was requested ( and granted ) from Lucasfilm to use the term in the film . Mirage In The Incredibles , Mirage ( voiced by Elizabeth Peña ) is Syndrome 's seductive right - hand woman and accomplice in the murder of many Supers . Though she has no superhuman abilities , she has extensive computer and espionage skills . In her video - tablet message to Mr. Incredible , Mirage mentions that , according to the government , neither of them officially exists . Initially , Mirage is at ease with Syndrome 's casual regard to murder , but has a change of heart after Syndrome takes a gamble on her life , daring an imprisoned Mr. Incredible to go through with his threat to kill her . Incredible abandons his bluff , after which Mirage secretly frees him , and helps his family escape the island . Bomb Voyage Bomb Voyage ( voiced by Dominique Louis ) is a mime - themed , explosive using , French supervillain and a recurring enemy of Mr. Incredible . The character 's name is intended to be a pun for the French phrase `` Bon Voyage '' . He is first seen in The Incredibles confronting Mr. Incredible when stealing money from a bank vault . Buddy Pine , Mr. Incredible 's big - time fan , interrupts their impending showdown and tries to appeal to Mr. Incredible that he would be a worthy sidekick . As Buddy flies off to get the police , Voyage plants a bomb on his cape , forcing Mr. Incredible to release him to save Buddy , thus allowing Voyage to escape . Brad Bird originally pitched the idea of Bomb Voyage 's name . His original idea was that he would be named Bomb Pérignon in reference to the similarly named champagne Dom Pérignon , but the Moët et Chandon company rejected that . Voyage makes a cameo in the 2007 Pixar film Ratatouille as a street mime . The Underminer The Underminer ( voiced by John Ratzenberger ) is a mole - like supervillain who appears at the end of The Incredibles riding on a gigantic drill - tipped vehicle , where he announces his `` war on peace and happiness '' , leading into the last shot of the Parr family putting their masks on for battle . He returns in Incredibles 2 , where he robs the Metroville Bank and escapes before his rampaging drill machine is disabled by the Incredibles and Frozone . Evelyn Deavor In Incredibles 2 , Evelyn Deavor ( voiced by Catherine Keener ) is the sister of Winston Deavor and the technological brain behind DevTech . She utilizes a smokescreen in the form of the masked Screenslaver in order to carry out her plans to hypnotize and control people undiscovered . When the Screenslaver himself is unmasked by Elastigirl , he turns out to be just a confused pizza delivery guy ( voiced by Bill Wise ) with no knowledge of what he has done . When Elastigirl finds out that the Screenslaver was being mind controlled , Evelyn forces her hypnotizing goggles on her and reveals her plan to ruin her brother 's summit with various world leaders so that the Supers ca n't be legalized . After gaining control of Mr. Incredible and Frozone , she is thwarted when Dash , Violet , and Jack - Jack free their parents and Winston exposes Evelyn 's plans to the world leaders . Evelyn attempts to flee while setting the ship everyone is on to go runaway and collide with the city of Municiberg . However , the superheroes manage to stop the ship with a minimum of harm while Evelyn is apprehended by Elastigirl and arrested by the authorities . List of known superheroes Most of the following information comes from one of four main sources , two of which are scenes from the first film . The first is Edna Mode 's explanation to Bob of why she refuses to design supersuits with capes , which is accompanied by a montage of a number of late supers ' deaths . The second is when Bob hacks into Syndrome 's computer files . The third is the `` NSA Files '' feature in the `` Top Secret '' section of Disc 2 of The Incredibles two - disc DVD edition . A minor amount of information , such as information on Fironic , comes from other scenes in the film , as noted . Apogee - Her superpowers involved gravity control and levitation , which were powered by sunlight . She was a former member of The Thrilling Three , along with Gazerbeam and Phylange . Apogee believed that The Thrilling Three was really The Thrilling 1 + 2 in Gazerbeam 's mind . The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 6.5 . She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X4 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Blazestone - Her superpowers involved the control of fire and the production of pyrotechnic discharges ; She was a member of Beta Force and was once partners with Frozone before their partnership soured even when Frozone and Downburst competed for her affection . The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 5.5 . She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X2 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Blitzerman - His superpowers were unknown as the only mention of his powers were the words `` High - powered ... '' , seen in a close - up of his profile in Syndrome 's Operation Kronos files . He was killed by a version of the Omnidroid , as early as version X4 but before X9 . Downburst - In the film , his superpowers are given by Syndrome 's Operation Kronos files as gaseous downburst , but in the `` NSA Files '' feature on Disc 2 of the DVD , his powers are indicated to be atomic manipulation , meaning he could disrupt the atomic force among atoms . A member of Beta Force , he had an unrequited crush on Blazestone , but harbored a dislike of Frozone due to them competing for Blazestone 's affection . The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 6.5 . He was killed by the Omnidroid v. X3 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Dynaguy - He had the ability to project a disintegration ray from his forehead and could fly courtesy of ion propulsion gauntlets . He was present as a guest at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding . Dynaguy was one of the first supers sued ( for public endangerment ) following the Mr. Incredible lawsuits . He was killed when his cape got snagged during a takeoff . Following his death , Gazerbeam replaced him as leader of The Thrilling Three . Everseer - His superpowers included telepathy , clairvoyance , and `` magnoscopic vision '' , with which he could see microscopically and telescopically . At one time , he was the leader of the Phantasmics and later fired Gazerbeam over a rivalry between the two . Everseer had a British accent in the audio file in the `` NSA Files '' feature on Disc 2 of the DVD . The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 3.2 . Because of his ability to see things like germs , he suffered from obsessive - compulsive disorder . He shared a therapist practice with Psycwave . He was killed by the Omnidroid v. X1 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Fironic - Near the end of the film , a woman mistook Syndrome -- who had just saved her and others from being crushed by a tanker truck which the Omnidroid v. 10 had hurled at them -- for this superhero . He only appears in a flashback scene in Incredibles 2 , where it is shown that he and Gazerbeam were friends with Winston and Evelyn Deavor 's father before his death . Gamma Jack - His superpower was the ability to create controlled bursts of radiation . He believed supers to be a `` superior race . '' The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 7.9 . Gamma Jack did manage to destroy one prototype Omnidroid during the training sessions for Operation Kronos , but was killed by its successor . The exact versions are unknown , but they were at least as early as version X5 , but before X9 . Simon J. Paladino ( a.k.a. Gazerbeam ) - He is a super mentioned and briefly seen in The Incredibles . His powers allow him to generate energy blasts from his eyes . According to his biography on the DVD , Gazerbeam was originally a member of the superhero team The Phantasmics , but rivalry with team leader Everseer led to Gazerbeam 's dismissal . Following the death of Dynaguy , Gazerbeam replaced him as leader of the Thrilling Three , along with previously established members Phylange and Apogee . In - group tensions and arguments eventually led the threesome to disband . When the public began suing superheroes for damages done , Gazerbeam true identity of Simon J. Paladino was a pro-bono lawyer who entered politics to become a long - time advocate for superhero rights . Gazerbeam appears alive only once in the film -- as a guest during Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding -- and is mostly seen in photos or mentioned by others . He was featured in a Super postage stamp collection alongside Frozone , Elastigirl and Mr. Incredible ; this is seen among Mr. Incredible 's selection of memorabilia . His disappearance ( in his civilian identity ) was reported in an article in the Metroville Tribune newspaper , which is how Bob first learned of his disappearance . His address is shown to be Traction Avenue , in the financial district of Metroville ( the street where Operation Kronos is put into effect ) . In the film , Frozone compares Mr. Incredible 's difficulties in adjusting to civilian life with those of the recently disappeared Gazerbeam , who experienced similar problems . As events would reveal , Gazerbeam was killed on Nomanisan Island while attempting to disable an Omnidroid - the same machine that took the lives of the other members of the Thrilling Three . The exact version was not revealed , but it was at least as late as version X4 , but before X8 , the first version later faced by Mr. Incredible . He apparently discovered the reason for his mission -- i.e. , Operation Kronos -- and used his powers to burn the word `` KRONOS '' into a cavern wall on the island before his death . Mr. Incredible locates Gazerbeam 's skeletal remains by chance while attempting to evade Syndrome and his Omnidroid ; Mr. Incredible then uses the remains to convince Syndrome that he had been killed by one of Syndrome 's mini-bombs . Mr. Incredible proceeds to sneak back into Syndrome 's base and access the Operation Kronos computer , using Gazerbeam 's final message as the password . Hyper Shock - His superpower was the ability to generate seismic waves with his fists , with which he could create earthquake - like disruptions measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale . He also used dual seismic amplification hammers to amplify this effect , though the maximum range of this amplification is unknown . The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 7.5 . Hyper Shock managed to destroy the Omnidroid v. X3 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos , but was then killed by its successor , the Omnidroid v. X4 . Macroburst - According to the government file on the DVD , Macroburst is an androgynous superhero , to the point that their gender is actually not known by the government . Their superpower was the ability to project a high velocity winds . Macroburst was a sidekick to Everseer , and later a member of the Phantasmics . The Operation Kronos database assigned them a threat rating of 5.9 . Macroburst was the first Super to score a victory over an Omnidroid , defeating the Omnidroid v. X1 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Unfortunately , he was then killed by the successor to the v. X1 , the Omnidroid v. X2 . Macroburst is one of five Supers without an audio file ; Rick Dicker claims that it was damaged during a mission , and that although it was recovered , NSA Division Delta determined it to be incomplete . Meta - Man - His superpowers included flight , enhanced strength , x-ray vision , a sonic scream , teleportation , magnetic manipulation , partial invisibility and the ability to communicate with aquatic animals . He was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding . One of his enemies was Baron von Ruthless ( whom Dicker assumes to be responsible for the absence of Meta - Man 's audio file -- it was presumably confiscated during a surprise attack by von Ruthless ; Frozone also mentions von Ruthless ) . He was killed when his cape got caught in steel framework while lifting an express elevator back into place . Phylange - An opera singer in his civilian life , his superpower was the ability to project sonic fields with his voice , similar to Marvel 's Banshee . He was a former member of The Thrilling Three , along with Gazerbeam and Apogee . The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 4.7 . He was killed by the Omnidroid v. X2 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Plasmabolt - Her superpowers involved shooting waves of plasma . She could also project electromagnetic energy , which was gathered from the antenna mounted on the head of her super suit , and channelled to her hands . Her body also exhibited an electromagnetic aura . She was a member of the Phantasmics . She was not seen in the movie , but in the `` NSA Files '' file on Disc 2 of the DVD as one of five Supers without an audio file ; Dicker says that hers was inadvertedly erased by her electromagnetic aura and that a re-recording has been scheduled . Psycwave - Her superpowers included mental force wave generation , temporary mental paralysis , and the ability to possess the bodies of others . A member of the Phantasmics , she shared a therapist practice with Everseer . The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 1.6 , the lowest rating of the Supers displayed . She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X1 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Splashdown - Flight and water - based superpowers . He was capable of underwater high - speed travel and communication with undersea life . He was sucked into the vortex of a waterspout by his cape and went missing . He is one of five Supers without an audio file . Dicker says that his is irretrievable due to water damage . Stormicide - The Operation Kronos file seen in the movie listed her powers as electrical discharges and gale - force bursts , but the NSA Files on the DVD , Disc 2 , which was clearer , and corroborated by an audio file of an interview with Stormicide , indicated that her power was the absorbance and expulsion of a variety gases , such as oxygen , carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide , etc . The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 6.7 . She was killed by an Omnidroid during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . The exact version is unknown , but it was at least as early as version X5 , but before X9 . Stratogale - Gifted with the superpowers of flight , superstrength and the ability to communicate with birds , Stratogale had just pulled a commercial jet airliner out of a steep dive on April 23 , 1957 , after a serious emergency occurred to its # 2 jet turbine . When she flew up in front of the left wing while waving at the passengers , her cape was sucked into the damaged engine , pulling her in and killing her . She was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding and is the last of five Supers without an audio file , with Dicker saying that hers has been deemed incomprehensible , suspecting either faulty recording equipment or a high level of ambient wind noise . Thunderhead - Gifted with storm - controlling powers , courteous , and `` good with kids '' , Thunderhead unfortunately had a reputation for low intelligence , according to Mr. Incredible , which is corroborated in his NSA file . This would prove his undoing on November 15 , 1958 , when his cape caught on the fin of an outbound missile , tearing Thunderhead right out of his boots and gauntlets after he saved a woman and defeated the criminal responsible . He was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding . Tradewind - His superpower involved control of the elements . He was killed by a version of the Omnidroid , as early as version X4 but before X9 , during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Universal Man - His superpower involved the ability to manipulate the atomic density of materials , and can alter the density of his own body to be as low as that of gas , to that of a black hole . The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 2.9 . Universal Man had the unlucky distinction of being the first `` Super '' killed by an Omnidroid , the Omnidroid v. X1 , during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . In the `` NSA Files '' feature on Disc 2 of the DVD , an audio file of an interview with him reveals him to have had an Austrian accent , and was apparently conducted in a weightlifting gym , given the background sounds , indicating that Universal Man was a parody of Arnold Schwarzenegger , who won the Mr. Universe multiple times . Vectress - Her superpower was the ability to generate sub-sonic bursts . She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X4 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Aspiring superheroes The following are characters that aspire to be superheroes and appear in Incredibles 2 : Concretia `` Connie '' Mason ( a.k.a. Brick ) - A brick - themed aspiring Super with super-strength and invulnerability . He - Lectrix ( voiced by Phil LaMarr ) - An aspiring Super who has the power of controling and projecting electrical currents . Krushauer ( voiced by Phil LaMarr ) - An aspiring Super who has the power of telekinesis . Gus Burns ( a.k.a. Reflux ) ( voiced by Paul Eiding ) - An elderly Super who has the power of heaving hot lava . Screech - An owl - like aspiring Super who has the ability of flight and a supersonic screech . Karen ( a.k.a. Voyd ) ( voiced by Sophia Bush ) - A young Elastigirl fan who has the power of creating wormholes or warps for teleporting / displacing objects and people . References ^ Jump up to : This was revealed in the DVD commentary . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 Pixar Characters '' . IGN. 21 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2009 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 20 Pixar Characters '' . Empire . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` First Look at Incredibles 2 Has Elastigirl Leading the Family '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Mrs. Incredible , aka Elastigirl , is tackling her own ambition instead of being forced out of retirement . Jump up ^ Aitchison , Sean ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` The Incredibles : 15 Dark Facts About Mr. Incredible '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Even Elastigirl is sometimes referred to as ' Mrs. Incredible ' . Jump up ^ Lorch , Mark ; Miah , Andy ( 2017 ) . Secret Science of Superheroes . United Kingdom : Royal Society of Chemistry . p. 151 . ISBN 9781782624875 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Martin , John Llewellyn ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Cosplay of the Day : Elastigirl Is One ' Incredible ' Lady '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Helen Parr , otherwise known as Mrs. Incredible from Pixar 's ' The Incredibles , ' went by the name Elastigirl in her earlier days as a bachelorette . Jump up ^ Friday , Wednesday Lee ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` 15 Female Pixar Characters Who Deserve a Feature Film '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . We mainly know Helen Parr , AKA Mrs. Incredible , as a wife and mom . Jump up ^ Potter , Courtney ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` How to Costume a Super in Incredibles 2 '' . D23 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen , `` Good Riddance , Carrie Mathison '' , New York Times , April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : This was indicated in the `` NSA Files '' feature in the `` Top Secret '' section of Disc 2 of The Incredibles DVD . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( 2004 ) . `` Glasses Menagerie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Hischak , Thomas S. ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) . Disney Voice Actors : A Biographical Dictionary . McFarland . p. 25 . ISBN 9780786486946 . Jump up ^ Staff ( July 2006 ) . `` Top 100 Greatest Villains '' . Wizard Magazine . 1 ( 177 ) . Jump up ^ Bird , Brad ( 2005 ) . The Incredibles DVD Commentary ( DVD ) . Walt Disney Home Entertainment . The Incredibles Films The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Video games The Incredibles Rise of the Underminer When Danger Calls Lego The Incredibles Disney Infinity Shorts Jack - Jack Attack Mr. Incredible and Pals Characters Dashiell Robert Parr Helen Parr Violet Parr Edna Mode Miscellaneous Incredicoaster Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Incredibles_characters&oldid=865831813 '' Categories : The Incredibles Pixar characters Lists of Disney animated film characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Nederlands Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 13 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what's the baby's name in incredibles | [
"John Jackson \"Jack-Jack\" Parr (voiced by Eli Fucile and Maeve Andrews in the first film, Fucile and Nicholas Bird in the second film) is the Parrs' infant son, the youngest of the Parr children. Initially believed to be the only family member without any powers, he manifests a multitude of superhuman abilities at the end of the first film, most of which are types of shapeshifting. More powers are seen in the short film Jack-Jack Attack on the Incredibles DVD, making his powers the most versatile of the family, and according to a collectible poster included with some Incredibles toys, still more powers are undisclosed.\n"
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"John Jackson \"Jack-Jack\" Parr"
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2716874533301380774 | Nice & Wild | Nice & Wild - Wikipedia Nice & Wild Jump to : navigation , search The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for music . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Nice & Wild '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nice N ' Wild Also known as Nice & Wild Origin United States Genres Eurodance , freestyle Years active 1986 -- 1996 Labels Atlantic Associated acts John Minnis , David L Cook Past members David Torres , Reggie Pierre , Remy Palacios Nice N ' Wild , also known as Nice & Wild , was a U.S. Freestyle music group that rose to fame in 1986 after their release of `` Diamond Girl '' . Former band members included David Torres , Reggie Pierre and Remy Palacios . The group has since broken up . The original vocals were never performed by the performance group but rather lip synced . David Torres did sing the Spanish parts after completing vocal training . The final record track was recorded by John Minnis and the origination demo vocal was performed by David L Cook . Many believed that Stevie B was the original vocalist of the song , but that proved to be false . The song was written and produced by Joe Granda in 1986 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discography 1.1 Albums 1.2 Singles and EPs 2 References Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Energy , Love and Unity ( LP , Atlantic , 1987 ) Infatuation ( CD , Right Touch Production , 1996 ) Singles and EPs ( edit ) `` Diamond Girl '' ( Top Hits , 1986 ) `` Obsession '' ( Atlantic , 1987 ) `` Oh Baby ( I Want to Make Love Tonight ) '' ( 7 `` , promo , Atlantic , 1987 ) `` Infatuation '' ( Freestyle Records , 1995 ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' ( 12 `` , Right Touch Production , 1996 ) References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ `` Nice & Wild '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Wild , Nice & . `` Minnis original singer of Diamond Girl '' . Free Style Dance Party . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Granda , Joe . `` Granda pens Diamond Girl '' . Granda Entertainment . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . This article on an electronic music band is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nice_%26_Wild&oldid=838039889 '' Categories : Atlantic Records artists American Eurodance groups American dance music groups Musical groups established in 1986 Musical groups disestablished in 1987 Musical trios 1986 establishments in the United States Electronic musical group stubs Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2012 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 15 : 23 . About Wikipedia | who sang diamond girl in the 80's | [
"Nice N' Wild, also known as Nice & Wild, was a U.S. Freestyle music group that rose to fame in 1986 after their release of \"Diamond Girl\".[1]"
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"Nice N' Wild"
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-6055666270928017856 | Cell nucleus | Cell nucleus - wikipedia Cell nucleus A membrane - bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated . HeLa cells stained for nuclear DNA with the blue fluorescent Hoechst dye . The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , thus their entire nuclei are labeled . On the left , a cell is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed . Cell biology The animal cell Components of a typical animal cell : Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome ( little dots ) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus ( or `` Golgi body '' ) Cytoskeleton Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Vacuole Cytosol ( fluid that contains organelles , comprising the cytoplasm ) Lysosome Centrosome Cell membrane In cell biology , the nucleus ( pl . nuclei ; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus , meaning kernel or seed ) is a membrane - enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus , but a few cell types , such as mammalian red blood cells , have no nuclei , and a few others including osteoclasts have many . Cell nuclei contain most of the cell 's genetic material , organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in a complex with a large variety of proteins , such as histones , to form chromosomes . The genes within these chromosomes are the cell 's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to promote cell function . The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression -- the nucleus is , therefore , the control center of the cell . The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope , a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm , and the nuclear matrix ( which includes the nuclear lamina ) , a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support , much like the cytoskeleton , which supports the cell as a whole . Because the nuclear envelope is impermeable to large molecules , nuclear pores are required to regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope . The pores cross both nuclear membranes , providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions . Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes . Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane - bound subcompartments , its contents are not uniform , and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist , made up of unique proteins , RNA molecules , and particular parts of the chromosomes . The best - known of these is the nucleolus , which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes . After being produced in the nucleolus , ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Structures 2.1 Nuclear envelope and pores 2.2 Nuclear lamina 2.3 Chromosomes 2.4 Nucleolus 2.5 Other subnuclear bodies 2.5. 1 Cajal bodies and gems 2.5. 2 RAFA and PTF domains 2.5. 3 PML bodies 2.5. 4 Splicing speckles 2.5. 5 Paraspeckles 2.5. 6 Perichromatin fibrils 2.5. 7 Clastosomes 3 Function 3.1 Cell compartmentalization 3.2 Gene expression 3.3 Processing of pre-mRNA 4 Dynamics and regulation 4.1 Nuclear transport 4.2 Assembly and disassembly 4.3 Disease - related dynamics 5 Nuclei per cell 5.1 Anucleated cells 5.2 Multinucleated cells 6 Evolution 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Oldest known depiction of cells and their nuclei by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , 1719 Drawing of a Chironomus salivary gland cell published by Walther Flemming in 1882 . The nucleus contains Polytene chromosomes . The nucleus was the first organelle to be discovered . What is most likely the oldest preserved drawing dates back to the early microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 -- 1723 ) . He observed a `` lumen '' , the nucleus , in the red blood cells of salmon . Unlike mammalian red blood cells , those of other vertebrates still contain nuclei . The nucleus was also described by Franz Bauer in 1804 and in more detail in 1831 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown in a talk at the Linnean Society of London . Brown was studying orchids under microscope when he observed an opaque area , which he called the `` areola '' or `` nucleus '' , in the cells of the flower 's outer layer . He did not suggest a potential function . In 1838 , Matthias Schleiden proposed that the nucleus plays a role in generating cells , thus he introduced the name `` cytoblast '' ( cell builder ) . He believed that he had observed new cells assembling around `` cytoblasts '' . Franz Meyen was a strong opponent of this view , having already described cells multiplying by division and believing that many cells would have no nuclei . The idea that cells can be generated de novo , by the `` cytoblast '' or otherwise , contradicted work by Robert Remak ( 1852 ) and Rudolf Virchow ( 1855 ) who decisively propagated the new paradigm that cells are generated solely by cells ( `` Omnis cellula e cellula '' ) . The function of the nucleus remained unclear . Between 1877 and 1878 , Oscar Hertwig published several studies on the fertilization of sea urchin eggs , showing that the nucleus of the sperm enters the oocyte and fuses with its nucleus . This was the first time it was suggested that an individual develops from a ( single ) nucleated cell . This was in contradiction to Ernst Haeckel 's theory that the complete phylogeny of a species would be repeated during embryonic development , including generation of the first nucleated cell from a `` monerula '' , a structureless mass of primordial mucus ( `` Urschleim '' ) . Therefore , the necessity of the sperm nucleus for fertilization was discussed for quite some time . However , Hertwig confirmed his observation in other animal groups , including amphibians and molluscs . Eduard Strasburger produced the same results for plants in 1884 . This paved the way to assign the nucleus an important role in heredity . In 1873 , August Weismann postulated the equivalence of the maternal and paternal germ cells for heredity . The function of the nucleus as carrier of genetic information became clear only later , after mitosis was discovered and the Mendelian rules were rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century ; the chromosome theory of heredity was therefore developed . Structures The nucleus is the largest cellular organelle in animal cells . In mammalian cells , the average diameter of the nucleus is approximately 6 micrometres ( μm ) , which occupies about 10 % of the total cell volume . The viscous liquid within it is called nucleoplasm ( or karyolymph ) , and is similar in composition to the cytosol found outside the nucleus . It appears as a dense , roughly spherical or irregular organelle . The composition by dry weight of the nucleus is approximately : DNA 9 % , RNA 1 % , Histone Protein 11 % , Residual Protein 14 % , Acidic Proteins 65 % . In some types of white blood cells specifically most granulocytes the nucleus is lobated and can be present as a bi-lobed , tri-lobed or multi-lobed organelle . Nuclear envelope and pores Main articles : Nuclear envelope and Nuclear pores The eukaryotic cell nucleus . Visible in this diagram are the ribosome - studded double membranes of the nuclear envelope , the DNA ( complexed as chromatin ) , and the nucleolus . Within the cell nucleus is a viscous liquid called nucleoplasm , similar to the cytoplasm found outside the nucleus . A cross section of a nuclear pore on the surface of the nuclear envelope ( 1 ) . Other diagram labels show ( 2 ) the outer ring , ( 3 ) spokes , ( 4 ) basket , and ( 5 ) filaments . The nuclear envelope , otherwise known as nuclear membrane , consists of two cellular membranes , an inner and an outer membrane , arranged parallel to one another and separated by 10 to 50 nanometres ( nm ) . The nuclear envelope completely encloses the nucleus and separates the cell 's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm , serving as a barrier to prevent macromolecules from diffusing freely between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm . The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ( RER ) , and is similarly studded with ribosomes . The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space and is continuous with the RER lumen . Nuclear pores , which provide aqueous channels through the envelope , are composed of multiple proteins , collectively referred to as nucleoporins . The pores are about 125 million daltons in molecular weight and consist of around 50 ( in yeast ) to several hundred proteins ( in vertebrates ) . The pores are 100 nm in total diameter ; however , the gap through which molecules freely diffuse is only about 9 nm wide , due to the presence of regulatory systems within the center of the pore . This size selectively allows the passage of small water - soluble molecules while preventing larger molecules , such as nucleic acids and larger proteins , from inappropriately entering or exiting the nucleus . These large molecules must be actively transported into the nucleus instead . The nucleus of a typical mammalian cell will have about 3000 to 4000 pores throughout its envelope , each of which contains an eightfold - symmetric ring - shaped structure at a position where the inner and outer membranes fuse . Attached to the ring is a structure called the nuclear basket that extends into the nucleoplasm , and a series of filamentous extensions that reach into the cytoplasm . Both structures serve to mediate binding to nuclear transport proteins . Most proteins , ribosomal subunits , and some DNAs are transported through the pore complexes in a process mediated by a family of transport factors known as karyopherins . Those karyopherins that mediate movement into the nucleus are also called importins , whereas those that mediate movement out of the nucleus are called exportins . Most karyopherins interact directly with their cargo , although some use adaptor proteins . Steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone , as well as other small lipid - soluble molecules involved in intercellular signaling , can diffuse through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm , where they bind nuclear receptor proteins that are trafficked into the nucleus . There they serve as transcription factors when bound to their ligand ; in the absence of a ligand , many such receptors function as histone deacetylases that repress gene expression . Nuclear lamina Main article : Nuclear lamina In animal cells , two networks of intermediate filaments provide the nucleus with mechanical support : The nuclear lamina forms an organized meshwork on the internal face of the envelope , while less organized support is provided on the cytosolic face of the envelope . Both systems provide structural support for the nuclear envelope and anchoring sites for chromosomes and nuclear pores . The nuclear lamina is composed mostly of lamin proteins . Like all proteins , lamins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and later transported to the nucleus interior , where they are assembled before being incorporated into the existing network of nuclear lamina . Lamins found on the cytosolic face of the membrane , such as emerin and nesprin , bind to the cytoskeleton to provide structural support . Lamins are also found inside the nucleoplasm where they form another regular structure , known as the nucleoplasmic veil , that is visible using fluorescence microscopy . The actual function of the veil is not clear , although it is excluded from the nucleolus and is present during interphase . Lamin structures that make up the veil , such as LEM3 , bind chromatin and disrupting their structure inhibits transcription of protein - coding genes . Like the components of other intermediate filaments , the lamin monomer contains an alpha - helical domain used by two monomers to coil around each other , forming a dimer structure called a coiled coil . Two of these dimer structures then join side by side , in an antiparallel arrangement , to form a tetramer called a protofilament . Eight of these protofilaments form a lateral arrangement that is twisted to form a ropelike filament . These filaments can be assembled or disassembled in a dynamic manner , meaning that changes in the length of the filament depend on the competing rates of filament addition and removal . Mutations in lamin genes leading to defects in filament assembly cause a group of rare genetic disorders known as laminopathies . The most notable laminopathy is the family of diseases known as progeria , which causes the appearance of premature aging in its sufferers . The exact mechanism by which the associated biochemical changes give rise to the aged phenotype is not well understood . Chromosomes Main article : Chromosome A mouse fibroblast nucleus in which DNA is stained blue . The distinct chromosome territories of chromosome 2 ( red ) and chromosome 9 ( green ) are stained with fluorescent in situ hybridization . The cell nucleus contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes . Each human cell contains roughly two meters of DNA . During most of the cell cycle these are organized in a DNA - protein complex known as chromatin , and during cell division the chromatin can be seen to form the well - defined chromosomes familiar from a karyotype . A small fraction of the cell 's genes are located instead in the mitochondria . There are two types of chromatin . Euchromatin is the less compact DNA form , and contains genes that are frequently expressed by the cell . The other type , heterochromatin , is the more compact form , and contains DNA that is infrequently transcribed . This structure is further categorized into facultative heterochromatin , consisting of genes that are organized as heterochromatin only in certain cell types or at certain stages of development , and constitutive heterochromatin that consists of chromosome structural components such as telomeres and centromeres . During interphase the chromatin organizes itself into discrete individual patches , called chromosome territories . Active genes , which are generally found in the euchromatic region of the chromosome , tend to be located towards the chromosome 's territory boundary . Antibodies to certain types of chromatin organization , in particular , nucleosomes , have been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases , such as systemic lupus erythematosus . These are known as anti-nuclear antibodies ( ANA ) and have also been observed in concert with multiple sclerosis as part of general immune system dysfunction . As in the case of progeria , the role played by the antibodies in inducing the symptoms of autoimmune diseases is not obvious . Nucleolus Main article : Nucleolus An electron micrograph of a cell nucleus , showing the darkly stained nucleolus 3D rendering of nucleus with location of nucleolus The nucleolus is a discrete densely stained structure found in the nucleus . It is not surrounded by a membrane , and is sometimes called a suborganelle . It forms around tandem repeats of rDNA , DNA coding for ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) . These regions are called nucleolar organizer regions ( NOR ) . The main roles of the nucleolus are to synthesize rRNA and assemble ribosomes . The structural cohesion of the nucleolus depends on its activity , as ribosomal assembly in the nucleolus results in the transient association of nucleolar components , facilitating further ribosomal assembly , and hence further association . This model is supported by observations that inactivation of rDNA results in intermingling of nucleolar structures . In the first step of ribosome assembly , a protein called RNA polymerase I transcribes rDNA , which forms a large pre-rRNA precursor . This is cleaved into the subunits 5.8 S , 18S , and 28S rRNA . The transcription , post-transcriptional processing , and assembly of rRNA occurs in the nucleolus , aided by small nucleolar RNA ( snoRNA ) molecules , some of which are derived from spliced introns from messenger RNAs encoding genes related to ribosomal function . The assembled ribosomal subunits are the largest structures passed through the nuclear pores . When observed under the electron microscope , the nucleolus can be seen to consist of three distinguishable regions : the innermost fibrillar centers ( FCs ) , surrounded by the dense fibrillar component ( DFC ) , which in turn is bordered by the granular component ( GC ) . Transcription of the rDNA occurs either in the FC or at the FC - DFC boundary , and , therefore , when rDNA transcription in the cell is increased , more FCs are detected . Most of the cleavage and modification of rRNAs occurs in the DFC , while the latter steps involving protein assembly onto the ribosomal subunits occur in the GC . Other subnuclear bodies Subnuclear structure sizes Structure name Structure diameter Cajal bodies 0.2 -- 2.0 μm Clastosomes 0.2 - 0.5 μm PIKA 5 μm PML bodies 0.2 -- 1.0 μm Paraspeckles 0.2 -- 1.0 μm Speckles 20 -- 25 nm Besides the nucleolus , the nucleus contains a number of other non-membrane - delineated bodies . These include Cajal bodies , Gemini of coiled bodies , polymorphic interphase karyosomal association ( PIKA ) , promyelocytic leukaemia ( PML ) bodies , paraspeckles , and splicing speckles . Although little is known about a number of these domains , they are significant in that they show that the nucleoplasm is not a uniform mixture , but rather contains organized functional subdomains . Other subnuclear structures appear as part of abnormal disease processes . For example , the presence of small intranuclear rods has been reported in some cases of nemaline myopathy . This condition typically results from mutations in actin , and the rods themselves consist of mutant actin as well as other cytoskeletal proteins . Cajal bodies and gems A nucleus typically contains between 1 and 10 compact structures called Cajal bodies or coiled bodies ( CB ) , whose diameter measures between 0.2 μm and 2.0 μm depending on the cell type and species . When seen under an electron microscope , they resemble balls of tangled thread and are dense foci of distribution for the protein coilin . CBs are involved in a number of different roles relating to RNA processing , specifically small nucleolar RNA ( snoRNA ) and small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ) maturation , and histone mRNA modification . Similar to Cajal bodies are Gemini of Cajal bodies , or gems , whose name is derived from the Gemini constellation in reference to their close `` twin '' relationship with CBs . Gems are similar in size and shape to CBs , and in fact are virtually indistinguishable under the microscope . Unlike CBs , gems do not contain small nuclear ribonucleoproteins ( snRNPs ) , but do contain a protein called survival of motor neuron ( SMN ) whose function relates to snRNP biogenesis . Gems are believed to assist CBs in snRNP biogenesis , though it has also been suggested from microscopy evidence that CBs and gems are different manifestations of the same structure . Later ultrastructural studies have shown gems to be twins of Cajal bodies with the difference being in the coilin component ; Cajal bodies are SMN positive and coilin positive , and gems are SMN positive and coilin negative . Rafa and PTF domains RAFA domains , or polymorphic interphase karyosomal associations , were first described in microscopy studies in 1991 . Their function remains unclear , though they were not thought to be associated with active DNA replication , transcription , or RNA processing . They have been found to often associate with discrete domains defined by dense localization of the transcription factor PTF , which promotes transcription of small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ) . PML bodies Promyelocytic leukaemia bodies ( PML bodies ) are spherical bodies found scattered throughout the nucleoplasm , measuring around 0.1 -- 1.0 μm . They are known by a number of other names , including nuclear domain 10 ( ND10 ) , Kremer bodies , and PML oncogenic domains . PML bodies are named after one of their major components , the promyelocytic leukemia protein ( PML ) . They are often seen in the nucleus in association with Cajal bodies and cleavage bodies . PML bodies belong to the nuclear matrix , an ill - defined super-structure of the nucleus proposed to anchor and regulate many nuclear functions , including DNA replication , transcription , or epigenetic silencing . The PML protein is the key organizer of these domains that recruits an ever - growing number of proteins , whose only common known feature to date is their ability to be SUMOylated . Yet , pml - / - mice ( which have their PML gene deleted ) can not assemble nuclear bodies , develop normally and live well , demonstrating that PML bodies are dispensable for most basic biological functions . Splicing speckles Speckles are subnuclear structures that are enriched in pre-messenger RNA splicing factors and are located in the interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm of mammalian cells . At the fluorescence - microscope level they appear as irregular , punctate structures , which vary in size and shape , and when examined by electron microscopy they are seen as clusters of interchromatin granules . Speckles are dynamic structures , and both their protein and RNA - protein components can cycle continuously between speckles and other nuclear locations , including active transcription sites . Studies on the composition , structure and behaviour of speckles have provided a model for understanding the functional compartmentalization of the nucleus and the organization of the gene - expression machinery splicing snRNPs and other splicing proteins necessary for pre-mRNA processing . Because of a cell 's changing requirements , the composition and location of these bodies changes according to mRNA transcription and regulation via phosphorylation of specific proteins . The splicing speckles are also known as nuclear speckles ( nuclear specks ) , splicing factor compartments ( SF compartments ) , interchromatin granule clusters ( IGCs ) , B snurposomes . B snurposomes are found in the amphibian oocyte nuclei and in Drosophila melanogaster embryos . B snurposomes appear alone or attached to the Cajal bodies in the electron micrographs of the amphibian nuclei . IGCs function as storage sites for the splicing factors . Paraspeckles Main article : Paraspeckle Discovered by Fox et al. in 2002 , paraspeckles are irregularly shaped compartments in the nucleus ' interchromatin space . First documented in HeLa cells , where there are generally 10 -- 30 per nucleus , paraspeckles are now known to also exist in all human primary cells , transformed cell lines , and tissue sections . Their name is derived from their distribution in the nucleus ; the `` para '' is short for parallel and the `` speckles '' refers to the splicing speckles to which they are always in close proximity . Paraspeckles are dynamic structures that are altered in response to changes in cellular metabolic activity . They are transcription dependent and in the absence of RNA Pol II transcription , the paraspeckle disappears and all of its associated protein components ( PSP1 , p54nrb , PSP2 , CFI ( m ) 68 , and PSF ) form a crescent shaped perinucleolar cap in the nucleolus . This phenomenon is demonstrated during the cell cycle . In the cell cycle , paraspeckles are present during interphase and during all of mitosis except for telophase . During telophase , when the two daughter nuclei are formed , there is no RNA Pol II transcription so the protein components instead form a perinucleolar cap . Perichromatin fibrils Perichromatin fibrils are visible only under electron microscope . They are located next to the transcriptionally active chromatin and are hypothesized to be the sites of active pre-mRNA processing . Clastosomes Clastosomes are small nuclear bodies ( 0.2 - 0.5 μm ) described as having a thick ring - shape due to the peripheral capsule around these bodies . This name is derived from the Greek klastos , broken and soma , body . Clastosomes are not typically present in normal cells , making them hard to detect . They form under high proteolysis conditions within the nucleus and degrade once there is a decrease in activity or if cells are treated with proteasome inhibitors . The scarcity of clastosomes in cells indicates that they are not required for proteasome function . Osmotic stress has also been shown to cause the formation of clastosomes . These nuclear bodies contain catalytic and regulatory sub-units of the proteasome and its substrates , indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins . Function The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm , allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes . The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle . The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane , it contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material . This material is organized as DNA molecules , along with a variety of proteins , to form chromosomes . Cell compartmentalization The nuclear envelope allows the nucleus to control its contents , and separate them from the rest of the cytoplasm where necessary . This is important for controlling processes on either side of the nuclear membrane . In most cases where a cytoplasmic process needs to be restricted , a key participant is removed to the nucleus , where it interacts with transcription factors to downregulate the production of certain enzymes in the pathway . This regulatory mechanism occurs in the case of glycolysis , a cellular pathway for breaking down glucose to produce energy . Hexokinase is an enzyme responsible for the first the step of glycolysis , forming glucose - 6 - phosphate from glucose . At high concentrations of fructose - 6 - phosphate , a molecule made later from glucose - 6 - phosphate , a regulator protein removes hexokinase to the nucleus , where it forms a transcriptional repressor complex with nuclear proteins to reduce the expression of genes involved in glycolysis . In order to control which genes are being transcribed , the cell separates some transcription factor proteins responsible for regulating gene expression from physical access to the DNA until they are activated by other signaling pathways . This prevents even low levels of inappropriate gene expression . For example , in the case of NF - κB - controlled genes , which are involved in most inflammatory responses , transcription is induced in response to a signal pathway such as that initiated by the signaling molecule TNF - α , binds to a cell membrane receptor , resulting in the recruitment of signalling proteins , and eventually activating the transcription factor NF - κB . A nuclear localisation signal on the NF - κB protein allows it to be transported through the nuclear pore and into the nucleus , where it stimulates the transcription of the target genes . The compartmentalization allows the cell to prevent translation of unspliced mRNA . Eukaryotic mRNA contains introns that must be removed before being translated to produce functional proteins . The splicing is done inside the nucleus before the mRNA can be accessed by ribosomes for translation . Without the nucleus , ribosomes would translate newly transcribed ( unprocessed ) mRNA , resulting in malformed and nonfunctional proteins . Gene expression Main article : Gene expression A micrograph of ongoing gene transcription of ribosomal RNA illustrating the growing primary transcripts . `` Begin '' indicates the 5 ' end of the DNA , where new RNA synthesis begins ; `` end '' indicates the 3 ' end , where the primary transcripts are almost complete . Gene expression first involves transcription , in which DNA is used as a template to produce RNA . In the case of genes encoding proteins , that RNA produced from this process is messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , which then needs to be translated by ribosomes to form a protein . As ribosomes are located outside the nucleus , mRNA produced needs to be exported . Since the nucleus is the site of transcription , it also contains a variety of proteins that either directly mediate transcription or are involved in regulating the process . These proteins include helicases , which unwind the double - stranded DNA molecule to facilitate access to it , RNA polymerases , which bind to the DNA promoter to synthesize the growing RNA molecule , topoisomerases , which change the amount of supercoiling in DNA , helping it wind and unwind , as well as a large variety of transcription factors that regulate expression . Processing of pre-mRNA Main article : Post-transcriptional modification Newly synthesized mRNA molecules are known as primary transcripts or pre-mRNA . They must undergo post-transcriptional modification in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm ; mRNA that appears in the cytoplasm without these modifications is degraded rather than used for protein translation . The three main modifications are 5 ' capping , 3 ' polyadenylation , and RNA splicing . While in the nucleus , pre-mRNA is associated with a variety of proteins in complexes known as heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles ( hnRNPs ) . Addition of the 5 ' cap occurs co-transcriptionally and is the first step in post-transcriptional modification . The 3 ' poly - adenine tail is only added after transcription is complete . RNA splicing , carried out by a complex called the spliceosome , is the process by which introns , or regions of DNA that do not code for protein , are removed from the pre-mRNA and the remaining exons connected to re-form a single continuous molecule . This process normally occurs after 5 ' capping and 3 ' polyadenylation but can begin before synthesis is complete in transcripts with many exons . Many pre-mRNAs , including those encoding antibodies , can be spliced in multiple ways to produce different mature mRNAs that encode different protein sequences . This process is known as alternative splicing , and allows production of a large variety of proteins from a limited amount of DNA . Dynamics and regulation Nuclear transport Main article : Nuclear transport Macromolecules , such as RNA and proteins , are actively transported across the nuclear membrane in a process called the Ran - GTP nuclear transport cycle . The entry and exit of large molecules from the nucleus is tightly controlled by the nuclear pore complexes . Although small molecules can enter the nucleus without regulation , macromolecules such as RNA and proteins require association karyopherins called importins to enter the nucleus and exportins to exit . `` Cargo '' proteins that must be translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus contain short amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals , which are bound by importins , while those transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm carry nuclear export signals bound by exportins . The ability of importins and exportins to transport their cargo is regulated by GTPases , enzymes that hydrolyze the molecule guanosine triphosphate ( GTP ) to release energy . The key GTPase in nuclear transport is Ran , which can bind either GTP or GDP ( guanosine diphosphate ) , depending on whether it is located in the nucleus or the cytoplasm . Whereas importins depend on RanGTP to dissociate from their cargo , exportins require RanGTP in order to bind to their cargo . Nuclear import depends on the importin binding its cargo in the cytoplasm and carrying it through the nuclear pore into the nucleus . Inside the nucleus , RanGTP acts to separate the cargo from the importin , allowing the importin to exit the nucleus and be reused . Nuclear export is similar , as the exportin binds the cargo inside the nucleus in a process facilitated by RanGTP , exits through the nuclear pore , and separates from its cargo in the cytoplasm . Specialized export proteins exist for translocation of mature mRNA and tRNA to the cytoplasm after post-transcriptional modification is complete . This quality - control mechanism is important due to these molecules ' central role in protein translation . Mis - expression of a protein due to incomplete excision of exons or mis - incorporation of amino acids could have negative consequences for the cell ; thus , incompletely modified RNA that reaches the cytoplasm is degraded rather than used in translation . Assembly and disassembly An image of a newt lung cell stained with fluorescent dyes during metaphase . The mitotic spindle can be seen , stained green , attached to the two sets of chromosomes , stained light blue . All chromosomes but one are already at the metaphase plate . During its lifetime , a nucleus may be broken down or destroyed , either in the process of cell division or as a consequence of apoptosis ( the process of programmed cell death ) . During these events , the structural components of the nucleus -- the envelope and lamina -- can be systematically degraded . In most cells , the disassembly of the nuclear envelope marks the end of the prophase of mitosis . However , this disassembly of the nucleus is not a universal feature of mitosis and does not occur in all cells . Some unicellular eukaryotes ( e.g. , yeasts ) undergo so - called closed mitosis , in which the nuclear envelope remains intact . In closed mitosis , the daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus , which then divides in two . The cells of higher eukaryotes , however , usually undergo open mitosis , which is characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope . The daughter chromosomes then migrate to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle , and new nuclei reassemble around them . At a certain point during the cell cycle in open mitosis , the cell divides to form two cells . In order for this process to be possible , each of the new daughter cells must have a full set of genes , a process requiring replication of the chromosomes as well as segregation of the separate sets . This occurs by the replicated chromosomes , the sister chromatids , attaching to microtubules , which in turn are attached to different centrosomes . The sister chromatids can then be pulled to separate locations in the cell . In many cells , the centrosome is located in the cytoplasm , outside the nucleus ; the microtubules would be unable to attach to the chromatids in the presence of the nuclear envelope . Therefore , the early stages in the cell cycle , beginning in prophase and until around prometaphase , the nuclear membrane is dismantled . Likewise , during the same period , the nuclear lamina is also disassembled , a process regulated by phosphorylation of the lamins by protein kinases such as the CDC2 protein kinase . Towards the end of the cell cycle , the nuclear membrane is reformed , and around the same time , the nuclear lamina are reassembled by dephosphorylating the lamins . However , in dinoflagellates , the nuclear envelope remains intact , the centrosomes are located in the cytoplasm , and the microtubules come in contact with chromosomes , whose centromeric regions are incorporated into the nuclear envelope ( the so - called closed mitosis with extranuclear spindle ) . In many other protists ( e.g. , ciliates , sporozoans ) and fungi , the centrosomes are intranuclear , and their nuclear envelope also does not disassemble during cell division . Apoptosis is a controlled process in which the cell 's structural components are destroyed , resulting in death of the cell . Changes associated with apoptosis directly affect the nucleus and its contents , for example , in the condensation of chromatin and the disintegration of the nuclear envelope and lamina . The destruction of the lamin networks is controlled by specialized apoptotic proteases called caspases , which cleave the lamin proteins and , thus , degrade the nucleus ' structural integrity . Lamin cleavage is sometimes used as a laboratory indicator of caspase activity in assays for early apoptotic activity . Cells that express mutant caspase - resistant lamins are deficient in nuclear changes related to apoptosis , suggesting that lamins play a role in initiating the events that lead to apoptotic degradation of the nucleus . Inhibition of lamin assembly itself is an inducer of apoptosis . The nuclear envelope acts as a barrier that prevents both DNA and RNA viruses from entering the nucleus . Some viruses require access to proteins inside the nucleus in order to replicate and / or assemble . DNA viruses , such as herpesvirus replicate and assemble in the cell nucleus , and exit by budding through the inner nuclear membrane . This process is accompanied by disassembly of the lamina on the nuclear face of the inner membrane . Disease - related dynamics Initially , it has been suspected that immunoglobulins in general and autoantibodies in particular do not enter the nucleus . Now there is a body of evidence that under pathological conditions ( e.g. lupus erythematosus ) IgG can enter the nucleus . Nuclei per cell Most eukaryotic cell types usually have a single nucleus , but some have no nuclei , while others have several . This can result from normal development , as in the maturation of mammalian red blood cells , or from faulty cell division . Anucleated cells Human red blood cells , like those of other mammals , lack nuclei . This occurs as a normal part of the cells ' development . An anucleated cell contains no nucleus and is , therefore , incapable of dividing to produce daughter cells . The best - known anucleated cell is the mammalian red blood cell , or erythrocyte , which also lacks other organelles such as mitochondria , and serves primarily as a transport vessel to ferry oxygen from the lungs to the body 's tissues . Erythrocytes mature through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow , where they lose their nuclei , organelles , and ribosomes . The nucleus is expelled during the process of differentiation from an erythroblast to a reticulocyte , which is the immediate precursor of the mature erythrocyte . The presence of mutagens may induce the release of some immature `` micronucleated '' erythrocytes into the bloodstream . Anucleated cells can also arise from flawed cell division in which one daughter lacks a nucleus and the other has two nuclei . In flowering plants , this condition occurs in sieve tube elements . Multinucleated cells Multinucleated cells contain multiple nuclei . Most acantharean species of protozoa and some fungi in mycorrhizae have naturally multinucleated cells . Other examples include the intestinal parasites in the genus Giardia , which have two nuclei per cell . In humans , skeletal muscle cells , called myocytes and syncytium , become multinucleated during development ; the resulting arrangement of nuclei near the periphery of the cells allows maximal intracellular space for myofibrils . Other multinucleate cells in the human are osteoclasts a type of bone cell . Multinucleated and binucleated cells can also be abnormal in humans ; for example , cells arising from the fusion of monocytes and macrophages , known as giant multinucleated cells , sometimes accompany inflammation and are also implicated in tumor formation . A number of dinoflagellates are known to have two nuclei . Unlike other multinucleated cells these nuclei contain two distinct lineages of DNA : one from the dinoflagellate and the other from a symbiotic diatom . The mitochondria and the plastids of the diatom somehow remain functional . Evolution As the major defining characteristic of the eukaryotic cell , the nucleus ' evolutionary origin has been the subject of much speculation . Four major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the existence of the nucleus , although none have yet earned widespread support . The first model known as the `` syntrophic model '' proposes that a symbiotic relationship between the archaea and bacteria created the nucleus - containing eukaryotic cell . ( Organisms of the Archaea and Bacteria domain have no cell nucleus . ) It is hypothesized that the symbiosis originated when ancient archaea , similar to modern methanogenic archaea , invaded and lived within bacteria similar to modern myxobacteria , eventually forming the early nucleus . This theory is analogous to the accepted theory for the origin of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts , which are thought to have developed from a similar endosymbiotic relationship between proto - eukaryotes and aerobic bacteria . The archaeal origin of the nucleus is supported by observations that archaea and eukarya have similar genes for certain proteins , including histones . Observations that myxobacteria are motile , can form multicellular complexes , and possess kinases and G proteins similar to eukarya , support a bacterial origin for the eukaryotic cell . A second model proposes that proto - eukaryotic cells evolved from bacteria without an endosymbiotic stage . This model is based on the existence of modern planctomycetes bacteria that possess a nuclear structure with primitive pores and other compartmentalized membrane structures . A similar proposal states that a eukaryote - like cell , the chronocyte , evolved first and phagocytosed archaea and bacteria to generate the nucleus and the eukaryotic cell . The most controversial model , known as viral eukaryogenesis , posits that the membrane - bound nucleus , along with other eukaryotic features , originated from the infection of a prokaryote by a virus . 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Genome Structure and Function : From Chromosomes Characterization to Genes Technology . Springer . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 4565 - 7 . Jump up ^ Watson , JD ; Baker TA ; Bell SP ; Gann A ; Levine M ; Losick R. ( 2004 ) . `` Ch9 -- 10 '' . Molecular Biology of the Gene ( 5th ed . ) . Peason Benjamin Cummings ; CSHL Press . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 9603 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lippincott - Schwartz , Jennifer ( 2002 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Cell biology : Ripping up the nuclear envelope '' . Nature . 416 ( 6876 ) : 31 -- 32 . doi : 10.1038 / 416031a . PMID 11882878 . ^ Jump up to : Boulikas T ( 1995 ) . `` Phosphorylation of transcription factors and control of the cell cycle '' . Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 5 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 77 . PMID 7549180 . Jump up ^ Steen R , Collas P ( 2001 ) . `` Mistargeting of B - type lamins at the end of mitosis : implications on cell survival and regulation of lamins A / C expression '' . J Cell Biol. 153 ( 3 ) : 621 -- 626 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 153.3. 621 . PMC 2190567 . PMID 11331311 . Jump up ^ Böhm I. IgG deposits can be detected in cell nuclei of patients with both lupus erythematosus and malignancy . Clin Rheumatol 2007 ; 26 ( 11 ) 1877 - 1882 Jump up ^ Skutelsky , E. ; Danon D. ( June 1970 ) . `` Comparative study of nuclear expulsion from the late erythroblast and cytokinesis '' . J Cell Biol. 60 ( 60 ( 3 ) ) : 625 -- 635 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4827 ( 70 ) 90536 - 7 . PMID 5422968 . Jump up ^ Torous , DK ; Dertinger SD ; Hall NE ; Tometsko CR. ( 2000 ) . `` Enumeration of micronucleated reticulocytes in rat peripheral blood : a flow cytometric study '' . Mutat Res. 465 ( 465 ( 1 -- 2 ) ) : 91 -- 99 . doi : 10.1016 / S1383 - 5718 ( 99 ) 00216 - 8 . PMID 10708974 . Jump up ^ Hutter , KJ ; Stohr M. ( 1982 ) . `` Rapid detection of mutagen induced micronucleated erythrocytes by flow cytometry '' . Histochemistry. 75 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 362 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00496738 . PMID 7141888 . 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Jump up ^ Goldring , SR ; Roelke MS ; Petrison KK ; Bhan AK ( 1987 ) . `` Human giant cell tumors of bone identification and characterization of cell types '' . J Clin Invest . 79 ( 2 ) : 483 -- 491 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI112838 . PMC 424109 . PMID 3027126 . Jump up ^ Imanian , B ; Pombert , JF ; Dorrell , RG ; Burki , F ; Keeling , PJ ( 2012 ) . `` Tertiary endosymbiosis in two dinotoms has generated little change in the mitochondrial genomes of their dinoflagellate hosts and diatom endosymbionts '' . PLOS ONE . 7 ( 8 ) : e43763 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0043763 . PMC 3423374 . PMID 22916303 . Jump up ^ Pennisi E. ( 2004 ) . `` Evolutionary biology . The birth of the nucleus '' . Science . 305 ( 5685 ) : 766 -- 768 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 305.5685. 766 . PMID 15297641 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2010 . Archaea . eds . E. Monosson & C. Cleveland , Encyclopedia of Earth . National Council for Science and the Environment , Washington DC . Archived 2011 - 05 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Margulis , Lynn ( 1981 ) . Symbiosis in Cell Evolution . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 206 -- 227 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1256 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lopez - Garcia P , Moreira D ( 2006 ) . `` Selective forces for the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus '' . BioEssays. 28 ( 5 ) : 525 -- 533 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20413 . PMID 16615090 . Jump up ^ Fuerst JA . ( 2005 ) . `` Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes '' . Annu Rev Microbiol. 59 : 299 -- 328 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. micro. 59.030804. 121258 . PMID 15910279 . Jump up ^ Hartman H , Fedorov A ( 2002 ) . `` The origin of the eukaryotic cell : a genomic investigation '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 99 ( 3 ) : 1420 -- 1425 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 032658599 . PMC 122206 . PMID 11805300 . Jump up ^ Bell PJ ( September 2001 ) . `` Viral eukaryogenesis : was the ancestor of the nucleus a complex DNA virus ? '' . J. Mol . Evol. 53 ( 3 ) : 251 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / s002390010215 . PMID 11523012 . Jump up ^ Takemura M ( 2001 ) . `` Poxviruses and the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus '' . J Mol Evol. 52 ( 5 ) : 419 -- 425 . doi : 10.1007 / s002390010171 . PMID 11443345 . Jump up ^ Villarreal L , DeFilippis V ( 2000 ) . `` A hypothesis for DNA viruses as the origin of eukaryotic replication proteins '' . J Virol. 74 ( 15 ) : 7079 -- 7084 . doi : 10.1128 / JVI. 74.15. 7079 - 7084.2000 . PMC 112226 . PMID 10888648 . Jump up ^ Bell PJ ( November 2006 ) . `` Sex and the eukaryotic cell cycle is consistent with a viral ancestry for the eukaryotic nucleus '' . J. Theor. Biol. 243 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jtbi. 2006.05. 015 . PMID 16846615 . Jump up ^ de Roos AD ( 2006 ) . `` The origin of the eukaryotic cell based on conservation of existing interfaces '' . Artif Life . 12 ( 4 ) : 513 -- 523 . doi : 10.1162 / artl. 2006.12. 4.513 . PMID 16953783 . Further reading Library resources about Cell nucleus Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Goldman , Robert D. ; Gruenbaum , Y ; Moir , RD ; Shumaker , DK ; Spann , TP ( 2002 ) . `` Nuclear lamins : building blocks of nuclear architecture '' . Genes Dev. 16 ( 5 ) : 533 -- 547 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 960502 . PMID 11877373 . A review article about nuclear lamins , explaining their structure and various roles Görlich , Dirk ; Kutay , U ( 1999 ) . `` Transport between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm '' . Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15 : 607 -- 660 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. cellbio. 15.1. 607 . PMID 10611974 . A review article about nuclear transport , explains the principles of the mechanism , and the various transport pathways Lamond , Angus I. ; Earnshaw , WC ( 1998 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Structure and Function in the Nucleus '' ( PDF ) . Science . 280 ( 5363 ) : 547 -- 553 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 280.5363. 547 . PMID 9554838 . A review article about the nucleus , explaining the structure of chromosomes within the organelle , and describing the nucleolus and other subnuclear bodies Pennisi E. ( 2004 ) . `` Evolutionary biology . The birth of the nucleus '' . Science . 305 ( 5685 ) : 766 -- 768 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 305.5685. 766 . PMID 15297641 . A review article about the evolution of the nucleus , explaining a number of different theories Pollard , Thomas D. ; William C. Earnshaw ( 2004 ) . Cell Biology . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 3360 - 9 . A university level textbook focusing on cell biology . Contains information on nucleus structure and function , including nuclear transport , and subnuclear domains External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell nucleus . MBInfo - The Nucleus cellnucleus.com Website covering structure and function of the nucleus from the Department of Oncology at the University of Alberta . http://npd.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/user/?page=compartment The Nuclear Protein Database ) Information on nuclear components . The Nucleus Collection in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology contains peer - reviewed still images and video clips that illustrate the nucleus . Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Import Section from Landmark Papers in Cell Biology , Joseph G. Gall , J. Richard McIntosh , eds. , contains digitized commentaries and links to seminal research papers on the nucleus . Published online in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology Cytoplasmic patterns generated by human antibodies Structures of the cell / organelles Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal Nucleolus RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Cytosol Inclusions Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Structures of the cell nucleus / nuclear protein Envelope ( membrane ) / nuclear lamina Pore complex : Nucleoporin NUP35 NUP37 NUP43 NUP50 NUP54 NUP62 NUP85 NUP88 NUP93 NUP98 NUP107 NUP133 NUP153 NUP155 NUP160 NUP188 NUP205 NUP210 NUP214 AAAS Nucleolus Cajal ( coiled ) body SMN GEMIN2 GEMIN4 GEMIN5 GEMIN6 GEMIN7 DDX20 COIL Perinucleolar compartment PTBP1 CUGBP1 TCOF ATXN7 Other Chromatin Dot ( PML body ) Paraspeckle SMC protein : Cohesin SMC1A SMC1B SMC3 Condensin NCAPD2 NCAPD3 NCAPG NCAPG2 NCAPH NCAPH2 SMC2 SMC4 DNA repair SMC5 SMC6 Transition nuclear protein : TNP1 TNP2 Nuclear matrix ( Nucleoskeleton ) Nucleoplasm ( Nucleosol ) LITAF see also transcription factors and intracellular receptors see also nucleus diseases GND : 4067544 - 0 NDL : 00569971 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_nucleus&oldid=846021817 '' Categories : Cell nucleus Cell anatomy Organelles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Latin - language text Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 19 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why the nucleus is called the control center of the cell | [
"Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in a complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to promote cell function. The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nuclear matrix (which includes the nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.\n"
] | [
"controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression"
] |
-5001246902260034844 | Net neutrality in the United States | Net neutrality in the United States - wikipedia Net neutrality in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series about Net neutrality Topics and issues Bandwidth cap Bandwidth throttling Data discrimination Deep packet inspection End - to - end principle Internet Protocol ( IP ) Net bias Net neutrality law Search neutrality Tiered Internet By country or region Brazil Canada Chile European Union India Netherlands Philippines Singapore United States ( FCC ) In the United States , net neutrality has been an issue of contention among network users and access providers since the 1990s . In 2005 , under Republican Chair Abernathy , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) adopted policies and rules establishing principles of `` network neutrality '' in order to carry out the policy of the United States `` to preserve the vibrant and competitive free market that presently exists for the Internet '' and `` to promote the continued development of the Internet , '' `` encourag ( ing ) the deployment on a reasonable and timely basis of advanced telecommunications capability '' -- broadband -- `` to all Americans . '' . The FCC noted that Congress had cited the Internet 's educational and informational importance , and the fact that `` ( t ) he Internet also represents `` a forum for a true diversity of political discourse , unique opportunities for cultural development , and myriad avenues for intellectual activity , '' as well as `` play ( ing ) an important role in the economy , as an engine for productivity growth and cost savings . '' In order `` to ensure that providers of telecommunications for Internet access or Internet Protocol - enabled ( IP - enabled ) services are operated in a neutral manner , '' and noting that its `` Enforcement Bureau recently entered into a consent decree to resolve an investigation with respect to the blocking of ports used for voice over Internet Protocol ( VoIP ) , '' the Commission adopted network neutrality principles `` to preserve and promote the vibrant and open character of the Internet as the telecommunications marketplace enters the broadband age . '' Throughout 2005 and 2006 , corporations supporting both sides of the issue zealously lobbied Congress . Between 2005 and 2012 , five attempts to pass bills in Congress containing net neutrality provisions failed . Each sought to preserve the open Internet that consumer groups sought , and to prohibit Internet service providers from using various variable pricing models based upon the user 's quality of service level , described as tiered service in the industry and as price discrimination arising from abuse of `` local monopolies enshrined in law '' by some economists . Large broadband Internet access service providers appealed the FCC network neutrality principles . The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that because the FCC had previously said broadband Internet access services were not common carrier services , the FCC could not then subject them to common carrier network neutrality regulations . Following this ruling in Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC ( 2014 ) , the United States Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) received 3.7 million comments urging it to change classification of the Internet to a telecommunications service , which would allow the FCC to uphold net neutrality . The FCC then changed its analysis , reclassified retail providers of BIAS as common carriers , and adopted revised open Internet requirements . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by reclassifying broadband as a common carrier under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new `` net neutrality '' regulations . These rules went into effect on June 12 , 2015 . The United States Telecom Association , which represents large telecom companies , filed a lawsuit against the FCC in 2015 challenging the net neutrality rule . The Association argued that the FCC 's classification of broadband carriers as `` common carriers '' was a form of administrative overreach . In June 2016 , a divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld the FCC 's net neutrality rules and the FCC 's determination that broadband access is a public utility , rather than a luxury . Upon becoming FCC chairman in April 2017 , Ajit Pai proposed to repeal the policies ; on December 14 , 2017 , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) voted in favor of repealing these policies , 3 -- 2 , along party lines , as the 2015 vote had occurred . On January 4 , 2018 , the FCC published the official text for `` Restoring Internet freedom '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regulatory history 1.1 Early history 1980 -- early 2000s 1.2 FCC promotes freedom without regulation ( 2004 ) 1.3 CLEC , dial - up , and DSL deregulation ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 1.4 FCC attempts at enforcing net neutrality ( 2005 -- 2010 ) 1.5 FCC 's conditions for spectrum auction ( 2008 ) 1.6 FCC Open Internet Order ( 2010 ) 1.7 Narrowing of the FCC 's authority ( 2014 ) 1.7. 1 Section 706 vs. Title II 1.8 Deliberations about reclassification as common carriers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 1 Policy proposals ( 2014 ) 1.8. 2 Ruling 1.9 Net neutrality and the Trump administration ( 2017 ) 1.10 Timeline of significant events 2 Violations 3 Attempted legislation 4 Positions 4.1 Support of net neutrality 4.2 Opposition to net neutrality 4.3 Alternative FCC proposals 4.4 Opinions cautioning against legislation 5 Unresolved issues 5.1 Alternatives to cable and DSL 5.2 Utility company restrictions 6 Repeal 6.1 Executive Orders effective immediately 6.2 Other actions pending 6.3 Summary of state - level net neutrality actions 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Regulatory history ( edit ) Early history 1980 -- early 2000s ( edit ) See also : Communications Act of 1934 While the term is new , the ideas underlying net neutrality have a long pedigree in telecommunications practice and regulation . Services such as telegrams and the phone network ( officially , the public switched telephone network or PSTN ) have been considered common carriers under U.S. law , which means that they have been akin to public utilities and expressly forbidden to give preferential treatment . They have been regulated by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) in order to ensure fair pricing and access . In the late 1980s the Internet became legally available for commercial use , and in the early years of public use of the Internet , this was its main use -- public access was limited and largely reached through dial - up modems ( as was the Bulletin board system dial - up culture that preceded it ) . The Internet was viewed more as a commercial service than a domestic and societal system . Being business services , cable modem Internet access and high - speed data links , which make up the Internet 's core , had always since their creation been categorized under U.S. law as an information service , unlike telephone services ( including services by dial - up modem ) , and not as a telecommunications service , and thus had not been subject to common carrier regulations , as upheld in National Cable & Telecommunications Association v. Brand X Internet Services . However , by the late 1990s and early 2000s , the Internet started to become common in households and wider society . Also in the 1980s , arguments about the public interest requirements of the telecommunications industry in the U.S. arose ; whether companies involved in broadcasting were best viewed as community trustees , with obligations to society and consumers , or mere market participants with obligations only to their shareholders . The legal debate about net neutrality regulations of the 2000s echoes this debate . By the 1990s , some U.S. politicians began to express concern over protecting the Internet : How can government ensure that the nascent Internet will permit everyone to be able to compete with everyone else for the opportunity to provide any service to all willing customers ? Next , how can we ensure that this new marketplace reaches the entire nation ? And then how can we ensure that it fulfills the enormous promise of education , economic growth , and job creation ? -- Al Gore , 1994 , In the early 2000s , legal scholars such as Tim Wu and Lawrence Lessig raised the issue of neutrality in a series of academic papers addressing regulatory frameworks for packet networks . Wu , in particular , noted that the Internet is structurally biased against voice and video applications . The debate that started in the U.S. extended internationally with distinct differences of the debate in Europe . FCC promotes freedom without regulation ( 2004 ) ( edit ) In February 2004 , then Federal Communications Commission Chairman Michael Powell announced a set of non-discrimination principles , which he called the principles of `` Network Freedom '' . In a speech at the Silicon Flatirons Symposium , Powell encouraged ISPs to offer users these four freedoms : Freedom to access content Freedom to run applications Freedom to attach devices Freedom to obtain service plan information In early 2005 , in the Madison River case , the FCC for the first time showed the willingness to enforce its network neutrality principles by opening an investigation about Madison River Communications , a local telephone carrier that was blocking voice over IP service . Yet the FCC did not fine Madison River Communications . The investigation was closed before any formal factual or legal finding and there was a settlement in which the company agreed to stop discriminating against voice over IP traffic and to make a $15,000 payment to the US Treasury in exchange for the FCC dropping its inquiry . Since the FCC did not formally establish that Madison River Communications violated laws and regulation , the Madison River settlement does not create a formal precedent , though established that it would take enforcement action in such situations . CLEC , dial - up , and DSL deregulation ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) In 2004 , the court case USTA v. FCC voided the FCC 's authority to enforce rules requiring telephone operators to unbundle certain parts of their networks at regulated prices . This caused the economic collapse of many competitive local exchange carriers ( CLEC ) . In the United States , broadband services were historically regulated differently according to the technology by which they were carried . While cable Internet has always been classified by the FCC as an information service free of most regulation , DSL was regulated as a telecommunications service . In 2005 , the FCC reclassified Internet access across the phone network , including DSL , as `` information service '' relaxing the common carrier regulations and unbundling requirement . During the FCC 's hearing , the National Cable & Telecommunications Association urged the FCC to adopt the four criteria laid out in its 2005 Internet Policy Statement as the requisite openness . This made up a voluntary set of four net neutrality principles . Implementation of the principles was not mandatory ; that would require an FCC rule or federal law . The modified principles were as follows : Consumers are entitled to access the lawful Internet content of their choice ; Consumers are entitled to run applications and services of their choice , subject to the needs of law enforcement ; Consumers are entitled to connect their choice of legal devices that do not harm the network ; and Consumers are entitled to competition among network providers , application and service providers , and content providers . In December 2006 , the AT&T / Bell South merger agreement defined net neutrality as an agreement on the part of the broadband provider : `` not to provide or to sell to Internet content , application or service providers ... any service that privileges , degrades or prioritizes any ( data ) packet transmitted over AT&T / BellSouth 's wireline broadband Internet access service based on its source , ownership or destination . '' FCC attempts at enforcing net neutrality ( 2005 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) In 2007 , Comcast , the largest cable company in the US , was found to be blocking or severely delaying BitTorrent uploads on their network using a technique which involved creating ' reset ' packets ( TCP RST ) that appeared to come from the other party . An August 2007 report by TorrentFreak ( based on substantial nationwide research led by chief researcher Andrew Norton ) noted that ISPs had been throttling BitTorrent traffic for almost two years , since 2005 , but Comcast was completely blocking it in at least some cases . This was later verified by both the EFF and Associated Press . On March 27 , 2008 , Comcast and BitTorrent reached an agreement to work together on network traffic where Comcast was to adopt a protocol - neutral stance `` as soon as the end of ( 2008 ) '' , and explore ways to `` more effectively manage traffic on its network at peak times . '' In December 2009 , Comcast reached a proposed settlement of US $16 million , admitting no wrongdoing and amounting to no more than US $16 per share . In August 2008 , the FCC made its first Internet network management decision . It voted 3 - to - 2 to uphold a complaint against Comcast ruling that it had illegally inhibited users of its high - speed Internet service from using file - sharing software because it throttled the bandwidth available to certain customers for video files to ensure that other customers had adequate bandwidth . The FCC imposed no fine , but required Comcast to end such blocking in the year 2008 , ordered Comcast to disclose the details of its network management practices within 30 days , submit a compliance plan for ending the offending practices by the end of the year , and disclose to the public the details of intended future practices . Then - FCC chairman Kevin J. Martin said the order was meant to set a precedent , that Internet providers and all communications companies could not prevent customers from using their networks the way they see fit , unless there is a good reason . In an interview Martin stated that `` We are preserving the open character of the Internet '' and `` We are saying that network operators ca n't block people from getting access to any content and any applications . '' The case highlighted whether new legislation is needed to force Internet providers to maintain network neutrality , i.e. , treat all usages of their networks equally . The legal complaint against Comcast was related to BitTorrent , software that is commonly used for downloading movies , television shows , music and software on the Internet . Towards the end of 2009 , FCC Chair Julius Genachowski announced at the Brookings Institution a series of proposals that would prevent telecommunications , cable and wireless companies from blocking certain information on the Internet , for example , Skype applications . In September 2009 , he proposed to add two rules to its 2005 policy statement , viz. , the nondiscrimination principle that ISPs must not discriminate against any content or applications , and the transparency principle , requiring that ISPs disclose all their policies to customers . He argued that wireless should be subject to the same network neutrality as wireline providers . In October 2009 , the FCC gave notice of proposed rule making on net neutrality . In two rulings , in April and June 2010 respectively , both of the above were rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in Comcast Corp. v. FCC . On April 6 , 2010 , the FCC 's 2008 cease - and - desist order against Comcast to slow and stop BitTorrent transfers was denied . The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that the FCC has no powers to regulate any Internet provider 's network , or the management of its practices : `` ( the FCC ) ' has failed to tie its assertion ' of regulatory authority to an actual law enacted by Congress '' , and in June 2010 , it overturned ( in the same case ) the FCC 's Order against Comcast , ruling similarly that the FCC lacked the authority under Title One of the Communications Act of 1934 , to force ISPs to keep their networks open , while employing reasonable network management practices , to all forms of legal content . In May 2010 , the FCC announced it would continue its fight for net neutrality . FCC 's conditions for spectrum auction ( 2008 ) ( edit ) In February 2008 , Kevin Martin , then Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission , said that he is `` ready , willing and able , '' to prevent broadband ISPs from irrationally interfering with their subscribers ' Internet access . In 2008 , when the FCC auctioned off the 700 MHz block of wireless spectrum in anticipation of the DTV transition , Google promised to enter a bid of $4.6 billion , if the FCC required the winning licensee to adhere to four conditions : Open applications : Consumers should be able to download and use any software application , content , or services they desire ; Open devices : Consumers should be able to use a handheld communications device with whatever wireless network they prefer ; Open services : Third parties ( resellers ) should be able to acquire wireless services from a 700 MHz licensee on a wholesale basis , based on reasonably nondiscriminatory commercial terms ; Open networks : Third parties , such as Internet service providers , should be able to interconnect at any technically feasible point in a 700 MHz licensee 's wireless network . These conditions were broadly similar to the FCC 's Internet Policy Statement ; FCC 's applications and content were combined into a single bullet , and an extra bullet requiring wholesale access for third party providers was included . The FCC adopted only two of these four criteria for the auction , viz. , open devices and open applications , and only applied these conditions to the nationwide C block portion of the band . President Barack Obama 's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 called for an investment of $7.2 billion in broadband infrastructure and included an openness stipulation . FCC open Internet order ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : FCC Open Internet Order 2010 In December 2010 , the FCC approved the FCC Open Internet Order banning cable television and telephone service providers from preventing access to competitors or certain web sites such as Netflix . On December 21 , 2010 , the FCC voted on and passed a set of six net `` neutrality principles '' : Transparency : Consumers and innovators have a right to know the basic performance characteristics of their Internet access and how their network is being managed ; No blocking : This includes a right to send and receive lawful traffic , prohibits the blocking of lawful content , apps , services and the connection of non-harmful devices to the network ; Level playing field : Consumers and innovators have a right to a level playing field . This means a ban on unreasonable content discrimination . There is no approval for so - called `` pay for priority '' arrangements involving fast lanes for some companies but not others ; Network management : This is an allowance for broadband providers to engage in reasonable network management . These rules do not forbid providers from offering subscribers tiers of services or charging based on bandwidth consumed ; Mobile : The provisions adopted today do not apply as strongly to mobile devices , though some provisions do apply . Of those that do are the broadly applicable rules requiring transparency for mobile broadband providers and prohibiting them from blocking websites and certain competitive applications ; Vigilance : The order creates an open Internet advisory committee to assist the commission in monitoring the state of Internet openness and the effects of the rules . The net neutrality rule did not keep ISPs from charging more for faster access . The measure was denounced by net neutrality advocates as a capitulation to telecommunication companies such as allowing them to discriminate on transmission speed for their profit , especially on mobile devices like the iPad , while pro-business advocates complained about any regulation of the Internet at all . Republicans in Congress announced to reverse the rule through legislation . Advocates of net neutrality criticized the changes . Narrowing of the FCC 's authority ( 2014 ) ( edit ) On January 14 , 2014 , the DC Circuit Court determined in the case of Verizon Communications Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission that the FCC had no authority to enforce network neutrality rules as long as service providers were not identified as `` common carriers '' . The court agreed that FCC can regulate broadband and may craft more specific rules that stop short of identifying service providers as common carriers . Section 706 vs. Title II ( edit ) As a response to the DC Circuit Court 's decision , a dispute developed as to whether net neutrality could be guaranteed under existing law , or if reclassification of ISPs was needed to ensure net neutrality . Wheeler stated that the FCC had the authority under Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to regulate ISPs , while others , including President Obama , supported reclassifying ISPs as common carriers under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 . Critics of Section 706 point out that the section has no clear mandate to guarantee equal access to content provided over the internet , while subsection 202 ( a ) of the Communications Act states that common carriers can not `` make any unjust or unreasonable discrimination in charges , practices , classifications , regulations , facilities , or services . '' Advocates of net neutrality have generally supported reclassifying ISPs under Title II , while FCC leadership and ISPs have generally opposed such reclassification . The FCC stated that if they reclassified ISPs as common carriers , the commission would selectively enforce Title II , so that only sections relating to broadband would apply to ISPs . Deliberations about reclassification as common carriers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Policy proposals ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Users with faster Internet connectivity ( e.g. , fiber ) abandon a slow - loading video at a faster rate than users with slower Internet connectivity ( e.g. , cable or mobile ) . A `` fast lane '' in the Internet can irrevocably decrease the user 's tolerance to the relative slowness of the `` slow lane '' . On February 19 , 2014 , the FCC announced plans to formulate new rules to resume enforcing net neutrality while complying with the court rulings . However , in the event , on April 23 , 2014 , the FCC reported a new draft rule that would permit broadband ISPs such as Comcast and Verizon to offer content providers , such as Netflix , Disney or Google , willing to pay a higher price , faster connection speeds , so their customers would have preferential access , thus reversing its earlier position and ( so far as opinion outside the ISP sector generally agreed ) would deny net neutrality . Public response was heated , pointing out FCC chairman Tom Wheeler 's past as a president and CEO of two major ISP - related organizations , and the suspicion of bias towards the profit - motives of ISPs as a result . Shortly afterwards , during late April 2014 , the contours of a document leaked that indicated that the FCC under Wheeler would consider promulgating rules allowing Internet service providers ( ISPs ) to violate net neutrality principles by making it easier for Internet users to access certain content -- whose owners paid fees to the ISPs ( including cable companies and wireless ISPs ) -- and harder to access other content , thus undermining the traditional open architecture of the Internet . These plans received substantial backlash from activists , the mainstream press , and some other FCC commissioners . In May 2014 , over 100 Internet companies -- including Google , Microsoft , eBay , and Facebook -- signed a letter to Wheeler voicing their disagreement with his plans , saying they represented a `` grave threat to the Internet '' . As of May 15 , 2014 , the `` Internet fast lane '' rules passed with a 3 -- 2 vote . They were then open to public discussion that ended July 2014 . On May 15 , 2014 , in the face of continuing intense focus and criticism , the FCC stated it would consider two options regarding Internet services : first , permit fast and slow broadband lanes , thereby compromising net neutrality ; and second , reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service , thereby preserving net neutrality . The same day , the FCC opened a public comment period on how FCC rulemaking could best protect and promote an open Internet , garnering over one million responses , the most the FCC had ever received for rulemaking . The FCC proposal for a tiered Internet received heavy criticism . Opponents argued that a user accessing content over the `` fast lane '' on the Internet would find the `` slow lane '' intolerable in comparison , greatly disadvantaging any content provider who is unable to pay for `` fast lane '' access . They argued that a tiered Internet would suppress new Internet innovations by increasing the barrier to entry . Video providers Netflix and Vimeo in their comments filed with the FCC used the research of S.S. Krishnan and Ramesh Sitaraman that provided quantitative evidence of the impact of Internet speed on online video users . Their research studied the patience level of millions of Internet video users who waited for a slow - loading video to start playing . Users with faster Internet connectivity , such as fiber - to - the - home , demonstrated less patience and abandoned their videos sooner than similar users with slower Internet connectivity . Opponents of the rules declared September 10 , 2014 , to be the `` Internet slowdown '' . Participating websites were purposely slowed down to show what they felt would happen if the new rules took effect . Websites that participated in the Internet slowdown included Netflix , Reddit , Tumblr , Twitter , Vimeo and Kickstarter . The Economist described the `` Battle for the Net ( ... ) now casting the upcoming FCC decision as an epic clash between `` Team Internet '' ( a plucky band of high - tech multi-millionaires ) and `` Team Cable '' ( a dastardly bunch of Big - ISP billionaires ) . '' On November 10 , 2014 , President Obama stepped in , and recommended the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality . On November 12 , 2014 , future president Donald Trump tweeted , `` Obama 's attack on the internet is another top down power grab . Net neutrality is the Fairness Doctrine . Will target conservative media . '' Ruling ( edit ) On January 16 , 2015 , Republicans presented legislation , in the form of a U.S. Congress HR discussion draft bill , that made concessions to net neutrality but prohibited the FCC from accomplishing that goal , or from enacting any further regulation affecting ISPs . Two weeks later , on January 31 , AP News reported the FCC would present the notion of applying ( `` with some caveats '' ) common carrier status to the Internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and ensure net neutrality , according to FCC chairman Tom Wheeler . On the day before the FCC vote , the FCC was expected to vote to regulate the Internet in this manner , as a public good , and on February 26 , 2015 , the FCC voted to apply common carrier of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to the Internet . On the same day , the FCC also voted to preempt state laws in North Carolina and Tennessee that limited the ability of local governments in those states to provide broadband services to potential customers outside of their service areas . While the latter ruling affects only those two states , the FCC indicated that the agency would make similar rulings if it received petitions from localities in other states . In response to ISP and opponent views , the FCC chairman , Tom Wheeler , commented , `` This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . '' On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of its new net neutrality rules , and on April 13 , 2015 , the final rule was published . Social media platforms had a large role on engaging the public in the debate surrounding net neutrality . Popular websites such as Tumblr , Vimeo , and Reddit also participated in the Internet slowdown on September 10 , 2014 , which the organization said was the largest sustained ( lasting more than a single day ) online protest effort in history . On January 26 , 2015 , popular blogging site Tumblr placed links to group Fight For The Future , a net neutrality advocacy group . The website displayed a countdown to the FCC vote on Title II on February 26 , 2015 . This was part of a widespread Internet campaign to sway congressional opinion and encourage users to call or submit comments to congressional representatives . Net neutrality advocacy groups such as Save the Internet coalition and Battle for the Net responded to the 2015 FCC ruling by calling for defense of the new net neutrality rules . Net neutrality and the Trump administration ( 2017 ) ( edit ) In January 2017 , newly inaugurated president Donald Trump appointed Ajit Pai as the new chairman of the Federal Communications Commission . Pai had previously been nominated to fill one of the required Republican seats on the commission by President Obama under the recommendation of Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell . Pai , who objected to the 2015 Open Internet Order , quickly began to roll back some of the policies that had been implemented by the FCC during the Obama administration , and halted an investigation into the use of zero - rating by U.S. wireless providers . After his appointment , Pai stated that he planned to `` modernize '' FCC policies to `` match the reality of the modern marketplace '' , but was unsure over whether the FCC would continue to enforce the net neutrality rules or Title II classification of broadband services . In an interview on May 5 , 2017 , with NPR , Pai stated his argument against net neutrality enforcement rules to be only about focusing on fixing actual anti-competitive behavior that Internet providers show as opposed to just `` regulating against hypothetical harms '' . Another argument he makes against this is that when the government inserts itself into the Internet 's issues then it stifles its innovation and growth . He argues that it is impossible to predict all outcomes , and although some might be bad , it is not a good idea to put such strict restrictions on everyone when there are only a few companies who would harm consumers or innovators . He believes that strict net neutrality rules would `` prohibit a number of pro-competitive business arrangements '' and `` would reduce investments '' . In April 2017 , it was reported that Pai had proposed that the net neutrality rules and Title II classifications be rolled back , that ISPs should instead `` voluntarily '' commit to the principles , and that violations of them should be enforced by the Federal Trade Commission instead of the FCC as unfair or deceptive business practices . On April 29 , 2017 , a clearer understanding of the latest net neutrality compromise proposal was described . On May 18 , 2017 , the FCC voted to move forward with Pai 's Notice of proposed rulemaking ( NPRM ) on `` Restoring Internet freedom '' by rolling back net neutrality regulations . The official `` Comment Date '' was July 17 , 2017 , with the `` Reply Comment Date '' being August 16 , 2017 . The primary argument in this NPRM is that the Title II Order ( on net neutrality ) has pushed the major telecoms to reduce their capital expenditures ( CapEx ) in new infrastructure , thereby threatening the future of the nation . For this , they cite the approx . $1 billion reduction from 2014 to 2015 in CapEx reported by the United States Telecom Association and similar figures from industry consultant Hal Singer . Broadband capital expenditures by U.S. broadband providers ( $ billions , 1996 - 2015 ) However , the accompanying plot of the USTelecom data cited ( but not plotted ) in the NPRM raises questions about whether the Title II Order generated a major reduction in Telecom Capex following the FCC 's 2015 Title II Order on net neutrality : Roughly three quarters of the annual changes between 1996 and 2015 were larger . That change could easily be attributed to any number of other changes . The New York Times claimed that the majority on the FCC had to cherry - pick their data to support their conclusion . In her dissent to this NPRM , Commissioner Clyburn wrote , `` I have yet to see a credible analysis that suggests that broadband provider capital expenditures have declined as a result of our 2015 Open Internet Order ... Using the same logic that the NPRM uses , one could suggest that the FCC 's classification of cable modem service as an information service in 2002 resulted in an even more precipitous drop in broadband provider investment . '' Falcon , Legislative Council for the Electronic Frontier Foundation claimed that no such claims of CapEx reductions have been made in official reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) , He said that major companies can be sued by investors who assert that they lost money because of misleading information in an SEC filing , and no such penalties apply to potentially misleading statements to Congress or the public . Falcon 's claim is supported by an analysis by Turner of Free Press in a report that includes 26 figures and tables , 21 of which were extracted from SEC filings and three of the remaining five came from the U.S. Census Bureau 's Annual Capital Expenditures Survey . The change since the Title II Order was negative for only 5 of Turner 's 24 tables , and the mean and median change over the 24 tables for which it seemed reasonable to extract a typical annualized percentage change were 8.1 % and 5.2 % , respectively . Over 1,000 startups and investors signed an open letter to Pai opposing the proposal . As of May 24 , 2017 , the FCC 's website had received over 2.6 million comments from the public , though over 58,000 of these comments were spam comments from anti-net neutrality advocates . After the commenting period , the proposal is expected to be revised and put to a final vote later in 2017 . To investigate the suggestion that some of the anti-net neutrality comments might be fraudulently using the names of real people without their knowledge , Fight for the Future created a web site called comcastroturf , claiming ( on May 23 , 2017 ) , `` Someone has submitted nearly half a million anti-net neutrality comments to the FCC , many of which appear to be completely fake -- using stolen names and addresses '' , and inviting the reader to see if comments had been filed by someone else in his / her name . On May 23 , Fight for the Future reported they had ' received a cease and desist order from Comcast 's lawyers , claiming that Comcastroturf.com ... violates Comcast 's `` valuable intellectual property . '' The letter threatens legal action if the domain is not transferred to Comcast 's control . `` This is exactly why we need Title II net neutrality protections that ban blocking , throttling , and censorship , '' said Evan Greer , campaign director of Fight for the Future , `` If Ajit Pai 's plan is enacted , there would be nothing preventing Comcast from simply blocking sites like Comcastroturf.com that are critical of their corporate policies '' . ' In early May , Forbes reported that , `` a group of activists , under the banner Battle for the Net , unveiled a campaign to generate letters to the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) to complain about zero rating offerings , or free data programs . '' Forbes claimed that , `` All of the groups sponsoring this petition are funded by Google , who is likely upset because zero rating is a way for startups to circumvent Google 's demands . Zero rating eradicates the idea that paid ads on search engines are the only way to gain visibility online . '' In early June , Battle for the Net , a coalition spearheaded by Fight for the Future , Free Press Action Fund , and Demand Progress , announced a `` massive day of action '' for July 12 . Over 50,000 websites , including multinational corporations , participated in what Fight for the Future called `` the largest online protest in history '' . On June 15 , 2017 , Gigi Sohn , who had previously served as a top counselor to then - FCC chairman Tom Wheeler , published `` 4 steps to writing an impactful net neutrality comment ( which you should do ) '' : Write about yourself and how the net neutrality rules have affected you . Write about what you understand you are buying when you purchase broadband Internet access . Write about the choices you have ( or do n't ) for broadband Internet access . Write about what role you think the FCC should have in overseeing the market for broadband Internet access . On November 21 , 2017 , FCC chairman Pai unveiled plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States . FCC commissioner Jessica Rosenworcel alleged on December 8 that the FCC was withholding evidence of fraud due to irregularities in its comment period and said the vote should be postponed until after an appropriate investigation . Many organizations involved in the July 12 Day of Action planned an online protest for December 12 . A vote was held on December 14 , 2017 , with a 3 -- 2 party - line vote approving the repeal . Within minutes after the vote , New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman announced his intent to lead a multi-state lawsuit against the FCC to `` stop illegal rollback of net neutrality '' . Washington Attorney General Bob Ferguson also stated his intent to sue . On January 4 , 2018 , the current version of `` Restoring Internet freedom '' was published . For more recent action on this , see the `` Repeal '' section below . Timeline of significant events ( edit ) January 12 , 2003 -- Law Professor Tim Wu coins phrase Net Neutrality while discussing `` competing contents and applications . '' June 27 , 2005 -- Supreme Court decides that `` communications , content , and applications are allowed to pass freely over the Internet 's broadband pipes . '' September 1 , 2007 -- Comcast begins interfering with Bittorrent traffic on its network . January 9 , 2008 -- FCC investigates Comcast traffic policy and treatment of Bittorrent traffic . August 9 , 2010 -- Google and Verizon try to cut deal to make larger parts of internet to be exempt from protection from the net neutrality rules from the FCC . December 21 , 2010 -- FCC creates Open Internet Rules which `` established high - level rules requiring transparency and prohibiting blocking and unreasonable discrimination to protect Internet openness . '' September 23 , 2011 -- The Federal Register publishes the Open Internet Rules . January 14 , 2014 -- The ruling in Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC ( 2014 ) vacates significant parts of Open Internet Order 2010 . May 13 , 2014 -- FCC releases new proposal including new rules on allowing `` fast lanes and slow lanes online . '' June 13 , 2014 -- FCC investigates large companies such as Netflix for interconnection policies . July 15 , 2014 -- FCC opens up on Public Knowledge for public comments , received 1.1 million comments on the first day . Determined that `` less than 1 % of comments were clearly opposed to net neutrality . '' September 15 , 2014 -- FCC receives 3.7 million comments in total . `` The FCC 's server crashes again as millions more people , companies , and advocacy organizations weigh in on the open internet rules . '' February 26 , 2015 -- FCC passes the Title II Net Neutrality Rules . `` In a 3 -- 2 party - line vote , the FCC passes open internet rules applying to both wired and wireless internet connections grounded in Title II authority . '' June 12 , 2015 -- Net neutrality rules go into effect . June 14 , 2016 -- New rules are upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . January 23 , 2017 -- President Trump names Ajit Pai as new FCC chairman . April 26 , 2017 -- FCC Chairman Ajit Pai announces plan to reverse Title II regulations . May 1 , 2017 -- A U.S. appeals court declined to reconsider a rehearing of the FCC 's net neutrality case . May 18 , 2017 -- The FCC voted 2 -- 1 to start rolling back net neutrality regulations ; this vote marked the beginning of a lengthy process required to modify the existing rules , and it did not actually change said rules . June 6 , 2017 -- Amazon , Reddit , Netflix and many other internet organizations announce that they will hold a simultaneous `` Day of Action to Save Net Neutrality '' on July 12 in a final attempt to convince the Republican - controlled FCC to keep the current net neutrality rules . July 12 , 2017 -- The net neutrality ' day of action ' occurred , involving many major companies and the original founder of the Web , Tim Berners - Lee . July 17 , 2017 -- Comment Date for `` Restoring Internet freedom '' NPRM . August 30 , 2017 -- Reply Comment Date for `` Restoring Internet freedom '' NPRM . November 21 , 2017 -- FCC chairman Ajit Pai unveils plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States . The five person FCC vote for repeal is scheduled for December 14 , 2017 . December 14 , 2017 -- The FCC votes 3 to 2 , along party lines , in favor of reversing Title II regulations . Violations ( edit ) Many broadband operators imposed various contractual limits on the activities of their subscribers . In the best known examples , Cox Cable disciplined users of virtual private networks ( VPNs ) and AT&T , as a cable operator , warned customers that using a Wi - Fi service for home networking constituted `` theft of service '' and a federal crime . Comcast blocked ports of VPNs , forcing the state of Washington , for example , to contract with telecommunications providers to ensure that its employees had access to unimpeded broadband for telecommuting applications . Other broadband providers proposed to start charging service and content providers in return for higher levels of service ( higher network priority , faster or more predictable ) , creating what is known as a tiered Internet . In 2005 , North Carolina ISP Madison River Communications blocked the voice - over-internet protocol ( VOIP ) service Vonage . The FCC issued a Letter of Inquiry to Madison River , initiating an investigation . To avoid litigation , Madison River agreed to make a voluntary payment of fifteen thousand dollars and agreed to not block ports used for VoIP applications or otherwise prevent customers from using VoIP applications . According to the consent decree , `` The Parties agree that this Consent Decree does not constitute either an adjudication on the merits or a factual or legal finding regarding any compliance or noncompliance with the requirements of the Act and the Commission 's orders and rules . The Parties agree that this Consent Decree is for settlement purposes only . '' In September 2012 , a group of public interest organizations such as Free Press , Public Knowledge and the New America Foundation 's Open Technology Institute filed a complaint with the FCC that AT&T was violating net neutrality rules by restricting use of Apple 's video - conferencing application FaceTime on cellular networks to those who have a shared data plan on AT&T , excluding those with older , unlimited or tiered data plans . The FCC response noted that `` Although this report does not attempt to engage in any legal interpretations of the Open Internet Order , we do note that the Order treats these mobile broadband networks differently from traditional fixed networks . While both fixed and mobile broadband providers must disclose their management practices , mobile broadband providers have greater latitude for blocking devices and applications ( as long as they do not compete with the provider 's own voice or video telephony services ) and discriminating in how they serve traffic , in accordance with reasonable network - management practices . '' Attempted legislation ( edit ) Main article : Attempted net neutrality legislation in the United States Arguments associated with net neutrality regulations came into prominence in mid-2002 with nine different bills introduced on this issue between 2006 and 2013 . Positions ( edit ) There has been extensive debate about whether net neutrality should be required by law in the United States . Debate over the issue predates the coining of the term . Advocates of net neutrality have raised concerns about the ability of broadband providers to use their last mile infrastructure to block Internet applications and content ( e.g. websites , services , and protocols ) , and even to block out competitors . While opponents claim net neutrality regulations would deter investment into improving broadband infrastructure and try to fix something that is n't broken . In 2014 Professor Susan Crawford , a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School suggested that municipal broadband might be a possible solution to net neutrality concerns . Support of net neutrality ( edit ) Organizations that support net neutrality come from widely varied political backgrounds and include groups such as MoveOn.org , Free Press , Consumer Federation of America , AARP , American Library Association , Gun Owners of America , Public Knowledge , the Media Access Project , the Christian Coalition , TechNet , the American Civil Liberties Union , the Electronic Frontier Foundation , Greenpeace , Tumblr , Kickstarter , Vimeo , Wikia , Mozilla Foundation , and others . Prominent supporters of net neutrality include Vinton Cerf , co-inventor of the Internet Protocol ; Tim Berners - Lee , creator of the World Wide Web ; law professor Tim Wu ; Netflix CEO Reed Hastings ; Tumblr founder David Karp ; and Last Week Tonight host John Oliver , who created two full - length Last Week Tonight segments about the issue . In December 2017 , 83 % of voters supported keeping the rules on net neutrality , including 75 % of Republican voters , 89 % of Democratic voters , and 86 % of independent voters . Proponents of net neutrality , in particular those in favor of reclassification of broadband to `` common carrier '' , have many concerns about the potential for discriminatory service on the part of providers such as Comcast . Common - carriage principles require network operators to serve the public regardless of geographical location , district income levels , or usage . Telecommunications companies are required to provide services , such as phone access , to all consumers on the premise that it is a necessity that should be available to all people equally . If the FCC 's ability to regulate this aspect is removed , providers could cease to offer services to low income neighborhoods or rural environments . Those in favor of net neutrality often cite that the internet is now an educational necessity , and as such should not be doled out at the discrimination of private companies , whose profit - oriented models cause a conflict of interest . Outside of the US several countries have removed net neutrality protocols and have started double charging for delivering content ( once to consumer and again to content providers ) . This equates to a toll being required for certain internet access , essentially limiting what is available to all people , in particular low income households . Large already well established companies may not be hurt by the cost increase that providers such as Comcast intend to levy upon them , but it would permanently stifle small businesses and the internet 's ability to encourage start - ups . Many have pointed out that sites such as Facebook , Google , and Amazon would not have been able to survive if net neutrality had n't been in place . Concerns abound as to what kind of long term damage would be inflicted on future website innovations , including educational content such as MIT 's OpenCourseWare which is a free website offering online video lectures to the public . Michael Conti , the CEO of Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School , suggests that the children 's education is at stake and that lessons that incorporate the use of the internet are under risk since charter and public schools may not afford the Internet ; in addition , families may not be able to afford Internet at home for their children 's educational needs . Students from virtual charter schools , public schools , children with special needs and homeschool children all depend mostly on web instructions , according to Charamonte . Barbara Stripling , the president of the American Library Association states : `` School , public and college libraries rely upon the public availability of open , affordable Internet access for school homework assignments , distance learning classes , e-government services , licensed databases , job - training videos , medical and scientific research , and many other essential services , we must ensure the same quality access to online educational content as to entertainment and other commercial offerings . '' Previously existing FCC rules do not prevent telecommunications companies from charging fees to certain content providers in exchange for preferential treatment ( the so - called `` fast lanes '' ) . Neutrality advocates Tim Wu and Lawrence Lessig have argued that the FCC does have regulatory power over the matter , following from the must - carry precedent set in the Supreme Court case Turner Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission . Net neutrality proponents argue that telecom companies seek to impose a tiered service model in order to control the pipeline and thereby remove competition , create artificial scarcity , and oblige subscribers to buy their otherwise noncompetitive services . Many believe net neutrality to be primarily important for the preservation of current internet freedoms ; a lack of net neutrality would allow Internet service providers , such as Comcast , to extract payment from content providers like Netflix , and these charges would ultimately be passed on to consumers . Civil rights organizations , such as the Color of Change , the National Hispanic Media Coalition , and more argue that net neutrality is also important for communities of color because it allows for them to tell their own stories and `` organize for racial and social justice . '' Much of the mainstream media does not showcase these minority people , so these organizations believe that it is important to open the Internet into giving these people some sort of broadcast station . By doing so , their voices can be heard , because beforehand ISPs could `` block unpopular speech and prevent dissident voices from speaking freely online . '' As a result , net neutrality has become a social controversy , not just a technological one . In May 2014 , some websites admitted to inserting code that slowed access to their site by users from known FCC IP addresses , as a protest on the FCC 's position on net neutrality . On his show Last Week Tonight , Oliver took on the issue of net neutrality for the first time in 2014 , in the show 's first season . The episode went viral with 13 million views on YouTube and prompted 45,000 comments on the FCC website . Former FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler cites Oliver 's episode as a turning point in the issue of net neutrality . `` John Oliver took the ultimate arcane issue , Title II , and made it something that got people interested . And that 's good . '' Oliver returned to the issue of net neutrality on his May 7 , 2017 , episode in response to Chairman Pai 's promise to get rid of the regulation . He prompted viewers to once again comment on the FCC website by buying the domain gofccyourself.com , which garnered 1.6 million contributions . Opposition to net neutrality ( edit ) Opponents to net neutrality include FCC Commissioner Ajit Pai , the FreedomWorks Foundation , the Reason Foundation , Multiple technology companies , VOIP pioneers Daniel Berninger and Jeff Pulver , Electronic Frontier Foundation founder John Perry Barlow. and Citizens Against Government Waste . Prominent opponents also include Netscape founder and venture capitalist Marc Andreessen , co-inventor of the Internet Protocol Bob Kahn , PayPal founder and Facebook investor Peter Thiel , MIT Media Lab founder Nicholas Negroponte , Internet engineer and former Chief Technologist for the FCC David Farber , VOIP pioneer Jeff Pulver and Nobel Prize economist Gary Becker . Organizations and companies that oppose net neutrality regulations include several major technology hardware companies , cable and telecommunications companies , hundreds of small internet service providers , various think tanks , several civil rights groups , and others . Opponents argue that net neutrality would benefit industry lobbyists , and not consumers due to the potential of regulatory capture with policies that protect incumbent interests . Former hedge fund manager turned journalist Andy Kessler has argued , the threat of eminent domain against the telecommunication providers , instead of new legislation , is the best approach by forcing competition and better services . One print ad frames the Hands Off the Internet message in pro-consumer terms . `` Net neutrality means consumers will be stuck paying more for their Internet access to cover the big online companies ' share , '' the ad claims . In November 2005 , Edward Whitacre Jr. , then chief executive officer of SBC Communications , stated `` there 's going to have to be some mechanism for these ( Internet upstarts ) who use these pipes to pay for the portion they 're using '' , and that `` The Internet ca n't be free in that sense , because we and the cable companies have made an investment , '' sparking a furious debate . SBC spokesman Michael Balmoris said that Whitacre was misinterpreted and his comments only referred to new tiered services . Net neutrality laws are generally opposed by the cable television and telephone industries . Net neutrality opponents such as IBM , Intel , Juniper , Qualcomm , and Cisco claim that net neutrality would deter investment into broadband infrastructure , saying that `` shifting to Title II means that instead of billions of broadband investment driving other sectors of the economy forward , any reduction in this spending will stifle growth across the entire economy . Title II is going to lead to a slowdown , if not a hold , in broadband build out , because if you do n't know that you can recover on your investment , you wo n't make it . '' Others argue that the regulation is `` a solution that wo n't work to a problem that simply does n't exist '' . Critics of net neutrality argue that data discrimination is desirable for reasons like guaranteeing quality of service . Bob Kahn , co-inventor of the Internet Protocol , called the term net neutrality a slogan and opposes establishing it , but he admits that he is against the fragmentation of the net whenever this becomes excluding to other participants . Vint Cerf , Kahn 's co-founder of the Internet Protocol , explains the confusion over their positions on net neutrality , `` There 's also some argument that says , well you have to treat every packet the same . That 's not what any of us said . Or you ca n't charge more for more usage . We did n't say that either . '' Alternative FCC proposals ( edit ) An alternate position was proposed in 2010 by then - FCC Commissioner Julius Genachowski , which would narrowly reclassify Internet access as a telecommunication service under Title Two of the Communications Act of 1934 . It would apply only six common carrier rules under the legal principle of forbearance that would sufficiently prevent unreasonable discrimination and mandate reasonable net neutrality policies under the concept of common carriage . Incumbent ISP AT&T opposed the idea saying that common carrier regulations would `` cram today 's broadband Internet access providers into an ill - fitting 20th century regulatory silo '' while Google supported the FCC proposal `` In particular , the Third Way will promote legal certainty and regulatory predictability to spur investment , ensure that the Commission can fulfill the tremendous promise of the National Broadband Plan , and make it possible for the Commission to protect and serve all broadband users , including through meaningful enforcement '' . In October 2014 , after the initial proposal was shot down , the FCC began drafting a new proposal that would take a hybrid regulatory approach to the issue . Although this alternative has not yet been circulated , it is said to propose that there be a divide between `` wholesale '' and `` retail '' transactions . In order to illustrate clear rules that are grounded by law , reclassification of Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 will be involved as well as parts of Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . Data being sent between content provider and ISPs will involve stricter regulations compared to transactions between ISP 's and consumers , which will involve more lax parameters . Restrictions on offering a data fast lane will be enforced between content providers and ISPs to avoid unfair advantages . This hybrid proposal has become the most popular solution among the three options that FCC has reported . However , ISPs , such as AT&T who has already warned the public via tweet `` any use of Title II would be problematic '' , are expected to dispute this solution . The official proposal was rumored to become public by the end of 2014 . Opinions cautioning against legislation ( edit ) In 2006 Bram Cohen , the creator of BitTorrent , said `` I most definitely do not want the Internet to become like television where there 's actual censorship ... however it is very difficult to actually create network neutrality laws which do n't result in an absurdity , like making it so that ISPs ca n't drop spam or stop ... attacks . '' In June 2007 , the US Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) urged restraint with respect to new regulations proposed by net neutrality advocates , noting the `` broadband industry is a relatively young and evolving one , '' and given no `` significant market failure or demonstrated consumer harm from conduct by broadband providers '' such regulations `` may well have adverse effects on consumer welfare , despite the good intentions of their proponents . '' The FTC conclusions were questioned in Congress in September 2007 , when Sen. Byron Dorgan , D-N. D. , chairman of the Senate interstate commerce , trade and tourism subcommittee , told FTC Chairwoman Deborah Platt Majoras that he feared new services as groundbreaking as Google could not get started in a system with price discrimination . In 2011 Aparna Watal , a legal officer at an Internet company named Attomic Labs , has put forward three points for resisting any urge `` to react legislatively to the apparent regulatory crisis '' . Firstly , `` contrary to the general opinion , the Comcast decision does not uproot the Commission 's authority to regulate ISPs . Section 201 ( b ) of the Act , which was cited as an argument by the Commission but not addressed by the Court on procedural grounds , could grant the Commission authority to regulate broadband Internet services where they render `` charges , practices and regulations for , and in connection with '' common carrier services unjust and unreasonable . '' Secondly , she suggests , it is `` undesirable and premature to legislatively mandate network neutrality or for the Commission to adopt a paternalistic approach on the issue ... ( as ) there have been few overt incidents to date , and the costs of those incidents to consumers have been limited . '' She cites `` prompt media attention and public backlash '' as effective policing tools to prevent ISPs from throttling traffic . She suggests that it `` would be more prudent to consider introducing modest consumer protection rules , such as requiring ISPs to disclose their network management practices and to allow for consumers to switch ISPs inexpensively , rather than introducing network neutrality laws . '' `` While by regulating broadband services the commission is not directly regulating content and applications on the Internet '' , content will be affected by the reclassification . `` The different layers of the Internet work in tandem with each other such that there is no possibility of throttling or improving one layer 's performance without impacting the other layers ... To let the Commission regulate broadband pipelines connecting to the Internet and disregard that it indirectly involves regulating the data that runs through them will lead to a complex , overlapping , and fractured regulatory landscape in the years to come . '' Unresolved issues ( edit ) As of 2006 the debate over `` neutrality '' did not yet capture some dimensions of the topic ; for example , whether voice packets should get higher priority than packets carrying email or whether emergency services , mission - critical , or life - saving applications , such as tele - medicine , should get priority over spam . Alternatives to cable and DSL ( edit ) Cable companies have lobbied Congress for a federal preemption to ban states and municipalities from competing and thereby interfering with interstate commerce . However , there is current Supreme Court precedent for an exception to the Commerce Power of Congress for states as states going into business for their citizens . In 2006 it was proposed that neither municipal wireless nor other technological solutions such as encryption , onion routing , or time - shifting DVR would be sufficient to render possible discrimination moot . Utility company restrictions ( edit ) EPB , the municipal utility serving Chattanooga , Tennessee , petitioned the FCC to allow them to deliver internet to communities outside of the 600 - square mile area that they service . A similar petition was made by Wilson , North Carolina . According to FCC officials , some residents who lived just outside the service areas of the Chattanooga and Wilson utilities then had no broadband service available . One of the two February 26 , 2015 , rulings set aside those states ' restrictions on municipal broadband , although legal challenges to the FCC 's authority to do so were seen as likely . Repeal ( edit ) On November 21 , 2017 , FCC chairman Ajit Pai unveiled plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States . A vote was held on December 14 , 2017 , and the FCC voted 3 -- 2 , along party lines , to repeal the Title II net neutrality . This decision -- and the previously announced intention to take this decision -- has generated a flurry of activity to restore net neutrality at the state level in spite of this FCC action , including a number of bills introduced into the legislatures in various states to require net neutrality by either ( a ) state regulation or ( b ) to obtain a contract with any state ( and in some cases ) local governmental body . Executive orders effective immediately ( edit ) Particularly noteworthy are the actions of the governors of Montana ( on January 22 ) , New York ( on January 24 ) and New Jersey ( on February 5 ) to issue executive orders mandating that state agencies will only sign contracts for Internet access with companies that make enforceable commitments to abide by net neutrality principles for all their business within the state . These executive orders impact contract negotiations immediately for all contracts that become effective after a certain date -- unless the executive orders are blocked by court action or are rescinded by the governor or state legislature . Other actions pending ( edit ) Other attempts by net neutrality supporters are still pending , awaiting , e.g. , court action or votes in legislative bodies . Oregonians for Net Neutrality are trying to collect enough signatures to place this issue on their November 6 , 2018 , ballot . As of Monday , January 15 , 2018 , 50 United States senators endorsed legislative action to reverse the repeal of Title II net neutrality by passing a resolution of disapproval . 51 votes are required to pass the resolution . Pending state legislation falls primarily into two general categories : ( a ) regulation and ( b ) contracting with state and possibly sub-state entities . Both might be overturned by courts , depending on how the courts rule on the conflict between the state actions and section III. E. 7ff of this FCC order regarding , `` Preemption of Inconsistent State and Local Regulations '' : While it 's impossible to predict how courts may rule , on the surface this section suggests that state regulations in this area may not be enforceable . And courts may or may not overrule the use of state contracting authority in this area as being equivalent to impermissible regulation . An effort is underway to overturn this decision in the US Congress under the Congressional Review Act . However , that seems unlikely to succeed unless it becomes apparent to President Trump and his supporters in Congress that they could lose control of the US Congress on this issue . Less than an hour after the results were published , the state attorneys general for Washington and New York announced that they were suing the FCC over its decision . Attorneys general for other states announced their intention to join this suit . This suit against the FCC was formally filed on January 16 , 2018 in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by the Attorney General of New York on behalf of 21 States and the District of Columbia . On February 5 , 2018 , Governor Phil Murphy of New Jersey announced that New Jersey will join 21 States and D.C. in this lawsuit . The new regulations appeared in the Federal Register on February 22 , 2018 , giving opponents of the FCC 's decision 60 days from that date to prevent the new regulations from going into effect . The multi-state lawsuit was refiled on February 22 , including 22 states and the District of Columbia . Summary of state - level net neutrality actions ( edit ) The status as of February 26 , 2018 , of executive orders and pending action at state levels is summarized as follows : entity executive order suing the FCC other action bill - number description Alaska 2018 - 01 - 12 HB277 regulation 2018 - 01 - 24 SJRes 12 resolution 2018 - 01 - 24 SB 160 regulation California 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 03 SB - 822 regulation 2018 - 01 - 22 SB - 460 state contracts Connecticut 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 29 draft legislation Delaware 2018 - 01 - 16 District of Columbia 2018 - 01 - 16 Georgia 2017 - 12 - 18 SB 310 regulation Hawaii 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 18 draft legislation Illinois 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 11 draft legislation Iowa 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 02 - 01 draft legislation Kansas 2018 - 02 - 07 HB 2682 state contracts Kentucky 2018 - 01 - 16 Maine 2018 - 01 - 16 Maryland 2018 - 01 - 16 Massachussetts 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 19 SD. 2428 regulation 2018 - 02 - 06 hearing Minnesota 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 19 draft legislation Mississippi 2018 - 01 - 16 Montana 2018 - 01 - 22 Nebraska 2018 - 01 - 05 Legislative Bill 856 regulation New Jersey 2018 - 02 - 05 2018 - 02 - 05 2017 - 12 - 04 A. 5257 monitoring New Mexico 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 21 SB 39 regulation 2018 - 01 - 23 SB 155 regulation New York 2018 - 01 - 24 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 03 S07175 state contracts 2018 - 01 - 03 S07183 state & local contracts 2017 - 12 - 22 S08882 state & local contracts 2018 - 01 - 18 A09057 state & local conracts 2017 - 01 - 17 A01958 regulation New York City 2018 - 01 - 22 request for information North Carolina 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 11 draft legislation Oregon 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 21 ballot initiative drive Pennsylvania 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 26 possible executive order 2018 - 02 - 09 SB 1033 state & local contracts Rhode Island 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 10 H 7076 state & local contracts 2018 - 01 - 11 S 2008 state & local contracts South Dakota 2018 - 02 - 06 SB 195 state contracts Tennessee 2018 - 01 - 23 SB 1756 state & local contracts 2018 - 01 - 23 HB 1755 state & local contracts Vermont 2018 - 02 - 15 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 31 H. 680 state contracts Virginia 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 09 HB 705 regulation Washington ( state ) 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 13 HB 2282 regulation 2017 - 12 - 14 HB 2284 regulation 2018 - 01 - 17 SB 6446 state contracts Wisconsin 2018 - 01 - 25 draft legislation See also ( edit ) Commercialization of the Internet Economic rent Municipal broadband Series of tubes Notes ( edit ) Associated Press ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) , `` Nearly two dozen attorneys general sue to block FCC 's repeal of net neutrality rules '' , USA Today , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Attorneys general for 21 states and the District of Columbia ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) , Protective Petition for Review , Case No. 18 - 1013 ( PDF ) , Attorney General of the State of New York , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 , State of New York , State of California , State of Connecticut , State of Delaware , State of Hawaii , State of Illinois , State of Iowa , Commonwealth of Kentucky , State of Maine , State of Maryland , Commonwealth of Massachusetts , State of Minnesota , State of Mississippi , State of New Mexico , State of North Carolina , State of Oregon , Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , State of Rhode Island , State of Vermont , Commonwealth of Virginia , State of Washington , and the District of Columbia Petitioners , v. Federal Communications Commission , and United States of America , Respondents . FCC Restoring Internet Freedom Order ( 2018 ) : Declaratory ruling , report , and order in the matter of restoring Internet freedom ( PDF ) , U.S. Federal Communications Commission , 2018 - 01 - 04 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 Fight for the Future ( 2018 ) , These states are fighting for net neutrality . Is yours one of them ? , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 Kang , Cecilia ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) , `` States Push Back After Net Neutrality Repeal '' , New York Times , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 , Lawmakers in at least six states , including California and New York , have introduced bills in recent weeks that would forbid internet providers to block or slow down sites or online services . Legislators in several other states , including North Carolina and Illinois , are weighing similar action ... Bills have also been introduced in Massachusetts , Nebraska , Rhode Island and Washington . 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Will Allow a Web Fast Lane , Washington , DC , retrieved April 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Nagesh , Gautham ( April 23 , 2014 ) , FCC to Propose New ' Net Neutrality ' Rules : Proposal Would Allow Broadband Providers to Give Preferential Treatment to Some Traffic , Washington , DC : Wall Street Journal , retrieved April 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` F.C.C. , in a shift , backs fast lanes for web traffic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hattem , Julian ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` NYT blasts net neutrality proposal '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gustin , Sam ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Net Neutrality : FCC Boss Smacked by Tech Giants , Internal Dissent '' . TIME . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nagesh , Gautham ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Internet Companies , Two FCC Commissioners Disagree With Proposed Broadband Regulations '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . 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( PDF ) , Alaska state legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ SENATOR BEGICH ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , An Act relating to the regulation of broadband Internet ; and making certain actions by broadband Internet service providers unlawful acts or practices under the Alaska Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act ( PDF ) , SB 160 , Alaska state legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Senator Wiener ( Principal coauthors : Senators Allen , Dodd , Hill , McGuire , Monning , and Skinner ) ( Principal coauthors : Assembly Members Bloom , Bonta , Chiu , Friedman , Kalra , and Mullin ) ( Coauthor : Assembly Member Ting ) ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) , `` Broadband Internet access service '' , California Legislative Information , SB - 822 , California legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Senator De León ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) , `` Communications : broadband Internet access service '' , California Legislative Information , SB - 460 , California legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Donahue , Casey ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) , `` Duff To Introduce Connecticut Net Neutrality Legislation In 2018 '' , Norwalk Daily Voice , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Senators Jones II of the 22nd , Henson of the 41st , Tate of the 38th , Jordan of the 6th , Seay of the 34th ; et al. ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , Internet Service Provider ; engaged in provision of broadband Internet access service ; shall publicly disclose accurate information regarding the network management practices , SB 310 , Georgia General Assembly ( published 2017 - 12 - 18 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Koebler , Jason ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) , A Hawaiian Politician Is Introducing a Bill That Would Encourage Creation of Locally Owned Broadband Networks : `` One option is to reject corporate internet service providers altogether , and control the internet ourselves . 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Vargas , Sonia Chang - Diaz , Diana DiZoglio and other members of the General Court ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) , An Act protecting consumers by prohibiting blocking , throttling , or paid prioritization in the provision of internet service , SD. 2428 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) , `` NECTA : Federal Net Neutrality Legislation Is Answer : Was scheduled to testify before Massachusetts special committee on net neutrality '' , B&C : The business of television , New Bay Media , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 , The hearing came a day after New Jersey 's governor signed an executive order mandating net neutrality in government contracts , and its attorney general announced it would be the 22nd state joining a suit to overturn the FCC 's net neutrality rule deregulation . Jump up ^ Van Berkel , Jessie ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) , Two Minnesota legislators say they will push to protect net neutrality in wake of FCC decision : A previous measure aimed at protecting data privacy , Minneapolis , MN : Star Tribune , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Stapleton , Corey ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) , Executive order providing for Internet neutrality principles in state procurement ( PDF ) , Executive Order No. 3 - 2018 , Office of the Governor of Montana , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Morfeld , 46 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) , A BILL FOR AN ACT relating to telecommunications and technology ; to amend sections 86 - 125 and 86 - 580 , Reissue Revised Statutes of Nebraska ; to adopt the Internet Neutrality Act ; to change requirements for communications providers under the Nebraska Telecommunications Regulation Act ; to change provisions relating to financial assistance from the Nebraska Internet Enhancement Fund ; to harmonize provisions ; to provide an operative date ; to provide severability ; and to repeal the original sections . ( PDF ) , Nebraska Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Augustyn , Arthur ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , Murphy signs executive order for net neutrality , NJBiz , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Governor Philip D. Murphy ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , Future contracts for Internet and broadband will be awarded only to ISPs that adhere to `` net neutrality '' ( PDF ) , Executive Order No. 9 , State of New Jersey , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Brodkin , Jon ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , ISPs must follow net neutrality in New Jersey , governor declares : ISPs ca n't block or throttle traffic if they sell broadband to state agencies. , Ars Technica , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Racioppi , Dustin ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , `` NJ to join net neutrality legal challenge against Trump administration '' , North Jersey , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 Jump up ^ Assemblywoman ANNETTE QUIJANO District 20 ( Union ) , Assemblyman WAYNE P. DEANGELO District 14 ( Mercer and Middlesex ) Assemblyman RAJ MUKHERJI District 33 ( Hudson ) , Assemblyman JAMEL C. HOLLEY District 20 ( Union ) , Assemblyman TIM EUSTACE District 38 ( Bergen and Passaic ) Assemblyman JAMES J. KENNEDY District 22 ( Middlesex , Somerset and Union ) ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) , New Jersey Net Neutrality Act ( PDF ) , New Jersey Legislature ( published 2017 - 12 - 04 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Howie C. Morales ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) , Prohibited broadband Internet service acts , SB 39 , New Mexico Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Howie C. Morales ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Broadband access unfair trade practices , SB 155 , New Mexico Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Andrew Cuomo ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , Executive order ensuring net neutrality protections for New Yorkers ( PDF ) , Executive order No. 175 , State of New York Executive Chamber , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , order and direct New York State 's government ... not to enter into any contracts for Internet service unless the ISPs agree to adhere to net neutrality principles . Jump up ^ Sen. Parker ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to state contracts being only with internet service providers compliant with net neutrality and establishes a revolving fund for the establishment of municipal internet service providers ; and making an appropriation therefor , S07175 , New York Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Sen. Carlucci ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to instituting internet service neutrality , S07183 , New York Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , Develop and maintain a statewide plan for the monitoring of internet service providers , including the annual certification that internet service providers comply with the internet service neutrality requirements ... ( W ) here a contract that includes internet connection services is to be awarded by a state agency , public authority , public library or municipal corporation ... such ... contract shall require that such internet connection services are compliant with the internet service neutrality ... Jump up ^ M. of A. FAHY , MORELLE , BARRETT , ORTIZ , MAGNARELLI , GOTTFRIED , ENGLEBRIGHT , THIELE , SIMON , D'URSO , GLICK , LUPARDO , JAFFEE , ZEBROWSKI , SANTABARBARA , COLTON , CAHILL , JENNE , GALEF , MOSLEY , ARROYO , SEAWRIGHT , PICHARDO , LIFTON , TITONE , BRABENEC , BRINDISI , DINOWITZ , VANEL , STIRPE , L. ROSENTHAL , STECK , ABINANTI -- Multi-Sponsored by -- M. of A. CROUCH , HOOPER , McDONALD ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to instituting internet service neutrality , S08882 , New York State Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , Develop and maintain a statewide plan for the monitoring of internet service providers , including the annual certification that internet service providers comply with the internet service neutrality requirements ... The state finance law is amended by adding ... internet service neutrality requirements in certain procurement contracts ... that includes internet connection services ... awarded by a state agency , public authority , public library or municipal corporation ... CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ M. of A. Cahill ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to state contracts being only with internet service providers compliant with net neutrality and establishes a revolving fund for the establishment of municipal internet service providers ; and making an appropriation therefor , S09057 , New York State Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ M. of A. Pretlow ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) , AN ACT to amend the public authorities law , the public service law , and the executive law , in relation to reforming the telecommunications sector of the New York economy , by creating a broadband authority , authorizing statewide cable franchises for the purposes of competitive cable service , promoting the wide - spread development of high - capacity broadband internet access , and increasing the availability and quality of services in this key economic development area and ensuring the safety , reliability and affordability of telecommunications services , S01958 , New York State Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ NYC Connected Truth in Broadband Request for Information , Mayor 's office of the Chief Technology Officer for The City of New York , 2018 - 01 - 22 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Cineas , Fabiola ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) , Pa . Could Be the Next State to Force Net Neutrality by Executive Order , Philadelphia , PA : BizPhilly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 ^ Jump up to : Heckel , Matt ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) , Lawmaker urges Pa. governor to sign executive order on net neutrality , Harrisburg , PA : WYTV - 33 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ FARNESE , BLAKE , SCHWANK , TARTAGLIONE and COSTA ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) , An Act providing for disclosure requirements for broadband Internet access service providers , for prohibitions and for contracts , grants and tax credits ; and imposing civil penalties , SB 1033 , Pennsylvania General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , a Commonwealth agency or political subdivision may not contract with or award grants or tax credits to a provider that fails to comply with this act . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farnese , Lawrence M. , Jr. ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) , Senator Larry Farnese Introduces Legislation To Protect Net Neutrality In Pennsylvania , Public. , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Representatives Kennedy , Abney , Shekarchi , Serpa , and Marshall ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) , An act relating to public utilities and carriers -- Internet service providers -- net neutrality ( PDF ) , H 7076 , Rhode Island General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , where a contract that includes Internet connection services is to be awarded by a state agency , public authority or municipality pursuant to a competitive bidding process or a request for proposal process , such competitive bidding process or request for proposal and the subsequent awarded contract shall require that such Internet connection services are compliant with the Internet service neutrality requirements CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Senators DiPalma , Pearson , Calkin , Goldin , and Miller ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) , An act relating to public utilities and carriers -- Internet service providers -- net neutrality , S 2008 , Rhode Island General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Senators Nesiba , Frerichs , Heinert , Kennedy , and Killer and Representatives Ring , Bartling , Bordeaux , Hawley , Lesmeister , McCleerey , and Wismer ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) , Establish certain provisions regarding the state procurement process for internet , data , and telecommunications services , SD SB195 , Legiscan , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Buie , Jordan ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Democrats propose legislation to preserve net neutrality in Tennessee , Tennessean , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Senate Minority Leader Lee Harris , D - Memphis ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Tennessee Neutrality and Internet Consumer Protection Act ( PDF ) , SB 1756 , Tennessee General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Rep. John Ray Clemmons , D - Nashville ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Tennesseee Neutrality and Internet Consumer Protection Act ( PDF ) , HB 1755 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Landen , Xander ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) , Scott signs executive order on net neutrality , Vermont Digger , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 Jump up ^ Governor Philip . B Scott ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) , Executive Order : Internet Neutrality in State Procurement ( PDF ) , EO 02 - 18 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 Jump up ^ Representatives Stevens of Waterbury , Sibilia of Dover , Hill of Wolcott , Baser of Bristol , Belaski of Windsor , Botzow of Pownal , Brumsted of Shelburne , Carr of Brandon , Chesnut - Tangerman of Middletown Springs , Christie of Hartford , Cina of Burlington , Colburn of Burlington , Connor of Fairfield , Conquest of Newbury , Copeland - Hanzas of Bradford , Dakin of Colchester , Donovan of Burlington , Dunn of Essex , Gannon of Wilmington , Gonzalez of Winooski , Haas of Rochester , Head of South Burlington , Houghton of Essex , Howard of Rutland City , Jickling of Randolph , Kitzmiller of Montpelier , Lanpher of Vergennes , Lucke of Hartford , McCormack of Burlington , Morris of Bennington , Mrowicki of Putney , Noyes of Wolcott , Ode of Burlington , O'Sullivan of Burlington , Pajala of Londonderry , Read of Fayston , Scheu of Middlebury , Stuart of Brattleboro , Sullivan of Dorset , Troiano of Stannard , Walz of Barre City , Webb of Shelburne , Weed of Enosburgh , and Yantachka of Charlotte ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) , An act relating to protecting consumers and promoting an open Internet in Vermont ( PDF ) , Vermont Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lee J. Carter ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) , Broadband services ; prohibited features , Virginia 's Legislative Information System ( published 2018 - 01 - 09 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Representatives Hansen , Cody , Goodman , Pettigrew , Tarleton , Fey , DeBolt , Bergquist , Springer , Santos , McBride , Smith , Chapman , Slatter , Peterson , Wylie , Fitzgibbon , Morris , Stonier , Lytton , Sawyer , Robinson , Tharinger , Kagi , Pellicciotti , Dolan , Orwall , Valdez , Haler , Kilduff , Senn , Frame , Sells , Kirby , Stanford , Blake , Reeves , Clibborn , Macri , Kloba , Appleton , Stambaugh , Jinkins , Ormsby , Ryu , Hayes , Pollet , Doglio , Ortiz - Self , Riccelli , and McDonald ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) , AN ACT Relating to protecting an open internet in Washington state ; and adding a new chapter to Title 19 RCW ( PDF ) , HB 2282 ( published 2017 - 12 - 13 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Smith , Cody , Tarleton , DeBolt , Springer , Santos , McBride , Chapman , Wylie , Fitzgibbon , Peterson , Morris , Stonier , Kagi , Senn , Kirby , Stanford , Blake , Reeves , Kilduff , Clibborn , Macri , Pettigrew , Orcutt , Stambaugh , Ormsby , Ryu , Hayes , Pollet , Doglio , Ortiz - Self , Riccelli , McDonald , Jinkins , Gregerson ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) , Protecting consumers by prohibiting blocking , throttling , or paid prioritization in the provision of internet service in Washington state. , HB2284 , Washington State Legislature ( published 2017 - 12 - 14 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 , TED - Majority ; 1st substitute bill be substituted , do pass CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( ( Citation author = Carlyle , Hunt , Keiser , Kuderer publication - date = 2018 - 01 - 17 title = Ensuring consumers rights to internet transparency series = SB 6446 publisher = Washington State Legislature url = http://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=6446&Year=2017 accessdate = 2018 - 02 - 14 ) quote = The department , the office of the chief information officer , and all other state agencies are prohibited from entering into contracts with vendors offering broadband internet access services unless the vendor commits to providing equal connection for all users to lawful internet content , applications , and services ... ) Jump up ^ Lawmakers introduce bill to preserve net neutrality rules in Wisconsin , Eau Claire : WQOW , 2018 - 01 - 25 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 , Representative Jonathan Brostoff and Senator Chris Larson are circulating legislation that would keep the protections from net neutrality in Wisconsin ... The bill circulated by Larson and Brostoff would prohibit internet service providers from unnecessarily blocking content , slowing service , or otherwise unreasonably disadvantaging Wisconsin consumers ... U.S. Senate democrats said they will force a vote later this year on the U.S. Federal Communications commission 's reversal of net neutrality rules and will try to make it a key issue in the 2018 congressional elections . Further Reading ( edit ) Gilroy , Angele A. ( November 22 , 2017 ) . The Net Neutrality Debate : Access to Broadband Networks ( PDF ) . Washingon , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Timothy B. Lee ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Beyond net neutrality : the new battle for the future of the internet '' . Vox.com . Washington , DC : Vox Media . External links ( edit ) Federal Communication Commission : `` OpenInternet '' website Internet Policy : Who 's Pulling the Strings against network neutrality in the United States A video on net neutrality Australian ISPs say net neutrality is an American problem Media Capitalism , the State and 21st Century Media Democracy Struggles -- An interview with Robert McChesney Verizon & Google Enter Reported Deal for Tiered Internet Use , Is Net Neutrality in Jeopardy ? -- video report by Democracy Now ! NNSquad The Network Neutrality Squad , an open - membership , open - source effort , enlisting the Internet 's users to help keep the Internet 's operations fair and unhindered from unreasonable restrictions Abandoning `` Net Neutrality , '' FCC Chair Backs Two - Tiered Internet Fees -- video report by Democracy Now ! ( hide ) Net neutrality in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States&oldid=828099085 '' Categories : Internet in the United States Net neutrality by country United States telecommunications policy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Use mdy dates from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 15 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did net neutrality first come into effect | [
"Following this ruling in Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014), the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) received 3.7 million comments urging it to change classification of the Internet to a telecommunications service, which would allow the FCC to uphold net neutrality. The FCC then changed its analysis, reclassified retail providers of BIAS as common carriers, and adopted revised open Internet requirements. On February 26, 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by reclassifying broadband as a common carrier under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996.[8][9][10] On April 13, 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new \"net neutrality\" regulations.[11][12] These rules went into effect on June 12, 2015.[13]"
] | [
"June 12, 2015"
] |
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