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Mad Money (film)
Mad Money ( film ) - wikipedia Mad Money ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Mad Money Theatrical release poster Directed by Callie Khouri Produced by Jay Cohen Frank DeMartini Written by Glenn Gers Starring Diane Keaton Queen Latifah Katie Holmes Ted Danson Music by James Newton Howard Marty Davich Cinematography John Bailey Edited by Wendy Greene Bricmont Production company Millennium Films Lightspeed Media Swingin ' Productions Big City Pictures Granada Productions MMoney Grand Army Entertainment Distributed by Overture Films Release date January 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 18 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $22 million Box office $26.4 million Mad Money is a 2008 American comedy - crime film starring Diane Keaton , Queen Latifah and Katie Holmes , and directed by Callie Khouri . It is loosely based on the 2001 British film Hot Money . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Original U.K. version 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The film begins in medias res , with the suspects getting caught and being interrogated . Then it flashes back to three years earlier and the film continues forward from there , interspersed with occasional bits from the interrogation . Three years before getting caught , Bridget Cardigan ( Diane Keaton ) lived a comfortable upper middle class life until her husband Don Cardigan ( Ted Danson ) was `` downsized '' from his position and sank into debt . The paycheck for Selina , the housecleaner , bounces again . Selina confronts Bridget and suggests she take a job as a janitor at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City . On her first day on the job , Bridget hatches a scheme to steal worn - out dollar bills slated for destruction . For her team she chooses Nina ( Queen Latifah ) , who works the dollar bill shredder , and Jackie ( Katie Holmes ) , who takes bill carts from the Secret Service room to the shredding room . It takes some work to persuade Nina to join , but Jackie joins them quickly . The plan is that in the Secret Service room Bridget will switch a cart 's official Master - brand lock with a near identical lock she purchased at Home Depot . Bridget will tell Jackie the cart number and give Nina the official lock . When Jackie gets the chosen cart , she dumps some bills from the cart into a trash can before taking the cart to Nina , who then uses Bridget 's key to open it and restores the official lock , and then proceeds to shred the remaining bills . Meanwhile , Bridget , in the course of her janitorial duties , retrieves the dumped bills from the trash and splits them among Nina and Jackie in the women 's restroom . Their first robbery is a success though the take is not as big as they had hoped . However , they 're emboldened to do it repeatedly . Once Don and Bridget pay off their debt , Don suggests they stop before they get caught . Bridget rejects this idea and persuades Nina and Jackie to keep going . They almost get caught but they end up cutting in Barry ( Roger Cross ) , one of the security guards , who is attracted to Nina . A Federal Bank Examiner shows up at a party at Bridget 's house , and the next day Bridget sees him at work . The Examiner confronts Glover ( Stephen Root ) , who is unwilling as a matter of professional pride to admit anyone has stolen a single bill out of his bank . Tipped off , that night Bridget and her accomplices begin trying to get rid of all the loot stashed in their houses , but the cops move in before all the evidence is destroyed . Bridget escapes but the others get caught . Bridget hires a tax attorney to defend them . The lawyer gets Bridget and all her accomplices off the hook for their crimes , because neither the law enforcement , nor the examiner can prove that the large stash of cash in their homes came from the Federal Reserve Bank . Technically , it is n't illegal to have a couple of hundred thousand dollars in cash lying around inside a private residence . However , they spent a large sum of that stolen cash to buy expensive objects and improvements on their houses , and did not pay the taxes for them because they could n't justify the income . The IRS demands they pay their taxes , which turn out to be equal in amount to the money that still remains . Eight months later , Bridget reveals to Nina and Jackie that she had stashed away much of the stolen money in the basement of a friend 's bar . Cast ( edit ) Diane Keaton as Bridget Cardigan Queen Latifah as Nina Brewster Katie Holmes as Jackie Truman Ted Danson as Don Cardigan Roger Cross as Barry Adam Rothenberg as Bob Truman Stephen Root as Glover J.C. MacKenzie as Mandelbrot Christopher McDonald as Bryce Arbogast Finesse Mitchell as Shaun Bryan Massey as Detective Brinkley Original U.K. version ( edit ) The original U.K. version produced by Granada Television , Hot Money ( 2001 ) , tells the story of three women , Bridget , Liz and Jackie , who embarked on a plan to steal thousands of pounds of banknotes that were due to be destroyed at the Bank of England 's incinerating plant in Essex . It was a fictionalised account of the Loughton incinerator thefts . Release ( edit ) Mad Money was released on DVD May 13 , 2008 . In the DVD director 's commentary , director Callie Khouri credits producer Jay Cohen as having brought her the British film he had obtained rights to be called Hot Money . Hot Money is based on the true story of a group of women who worked at the Bank of England and , over an unknown period , removed an unknown amount of money that was supposed to be destroyed . No one except these women know the exact details of the theft . Callie Khouri and Jay Cohen worked 5 years to bring a deliberately Americanized version of Hot Money to the screen as Mad Money using various writers . Both Diane Keaton and Queen Latifah were attached early on to the project and writers began designing the characters specifically around the two actresses . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film debuted in fifth place at the box office on its opening day in the United States , with a return of US $ 2.3 million from 2,470 screens . Reuters referred to this return as a `` modest '' result for the film 's opening day . By the end of its opening weekend , Mad Money had slipped to seventh place , with a weekend take of $7.7 million . Writing for Rotten Tomatoes , Gitesh Pandya noted that the opening weekend per theater revenue `` averaged a not - so - impressive $3,126 . '' amNewYork called the film 's opening weekend return `` a big flop at the box office , '' and the New Zealand Herald described it as `` a box - office flop '' . Richard Johnson of the New York Post wrote that the movie `` bombed , debuting at an abysmal seventh place on the box - office charts . '' The film 's four - day take was a dismal $9.2 million . The film also did not fare well in its release in other countries , and Conor Bresnan of Box Office Mojo reported that `` Mad Money bombed in its first two markets '' overseas . With an estimated budget of $22 million , the film had broken even by the time it came off theaters . Critical reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 22 % of 105 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating is 4.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` A laborious , unfunny and implausible heist film . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 41 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film a rating of one and a half stars , and wrote , `` The bottom line is , some girls will like it , the men not so much . '' The film also received one and a half stars in a review in the Chicago Tribune , and Michael Phillips wrote that the film 's cast was not to blame : `` Do not blame the cast . The cast is game . The dreary visual scheme , however , combines unwell with the pokey , enervated rhythm of the heist scenes , and while I 'm neither a medical doctor nor a script doctor , it seems this film could use a few uppers . '' The film received three stars in Newsday , and Jan Stuart wrote `` Mad Money is no Rififi , but Khouri and Gers invest it with an individuality and generosity of spirit that lift it into the realm of guiltless pleasure . '' Bill Wine of All Headline News gave the film two and a half stars , writing `` Mad Money is a light and lively , likable low - tech lark . Do n't expect big laughs , but you can at least bank on it to hold your interest . '' The Canadian Press gave the film one and a half stars , and criticized Katie Holmes 's performance `` While Keaton has long done zany and giddy well , and she and Latifah have an interesting contrast of personalities , Holmes ' presence feels like an afterthought . '' The New York Post , The New York Times and Variety also criticized Katie Holmes 's performance in the film , and The New York Times called Holmes `` the movie 's weakest link . '' In an article in the Boston Herald titled `` Do n't waste your Mad Money on poor comedy '' , Stephen Schaefer gave the film a rating of `` C '' , writing `` Even with the legendary Diane Keaton center stage , Mad Money fails to hit the stratosphere of giddy , intoxicating comedy . '' The film received a critical review in from Claudia Puig in USA Today `` This lifeless comedy and uninventive caper feels as if it were cobbled together at a studio 's obligatory consciousness - raising diversity seminar . '' The film scored a third place in the New York Post 's Top 10 Worst Movies of 2008 overview . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mad Money '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mad Money '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.ucc.ie/en/lawsite/lawonline/ '' . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Staff ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` Cloverfield Destroying January Records '' . Comingsoon.net . Coming Soon Media , L.P . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` ' Cloverfield ' swarms box office : Par 's sci - fier nets $16.8 million '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Dean ; Editing by Vicki Allen ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` Monster thriller `` Cloverfield '' crushes box office `` . Reuters . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Germain , David ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` ' Cloverfield ' Pulls Down Monster $41 M '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Dean ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` '' Cloverfield '' a monster at box office `` . Reuters . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Pandya , Gitesh ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` Box Office Guru Wrapup : Cloverfield Crushes Records at # 1 : ' Twas a monster mash at the box office '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : McNaughton , Maggie ( January 28 , 2008 ) . `` In the women 's mags : Katie is thriving on broccoli - but it is n't helping career '' . New Zealand Herald . APN Holdings NZ Limited . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Miller , Korin ( amNewYork Arts & Entertainment Editor ) ; Kara Warner ; Special to amNewYork ( January 21 , 2008 ) . `` Paris Hilton , Jessica Alba share too much at Sundance '' . amNewYork . am New York . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` Cold Run '' . New York Post . pp. Page Six . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( January 21 , 2008 ) . `` ' Cloverfield ' Clobbers MLK Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Box Office Mojo , LLC . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bresnan , Conor ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` Around the World Roundup : ' Legend ' First for Fifth Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Box Office Mojo , LLC . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Money : Box Office '' . IMDb . Amazon . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Money ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Money Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 17 , 2008 ) . `` Little to love about ' Mad Money ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( January 17 , 2008 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Mad Money ' ( starring Diane Keaton , Queen Latifah and Katie Holmes ) -- 11⁄2 stars - Cast is on the ' Money , ' not so the 1 - joke script '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Jan ( January 18 , 2008 ) . `` Movie review : ' Mad Money ' '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wine , Bill ( Celebrity News Service Movie Critic ) ( January 17 , 2008 ) . `` Mad Money ( * * 1 / 2 ) '' . All Headline News . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Caper comedy ' Mad Money ' comes up short as a female empowerment movie '' . The Canadian Press . January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lu , Anne ( Celebrity News Service News Writer ) ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` Critics : Katie Holmes Is Movie 's Weakest Link '' . All Headline News . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Pike , Julie ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` Katie Holmes Box Office Woes : Mad Money Flops , Report Claims '' . The National Ledger . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Stephen ( January 17 , 2008 ) . `` Do n't waste your ' Mad Money ' on poor comedy '' . Boston Herald . Boston Herald and Herald Media . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( January 18 , 2008 ) . `` ' Mad Money ' wo n't buy you laughs '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Today 's Ten : Worst Movies Of 2008 '' . NY Post . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official site Mad Money on IMDb Mad Money at Rotten Tomatoes My Answer Mad Money at Metacritic Mad Money at Box Office Mojo Mad Money at AllMovie Hot Money ( UK version ) on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_Money_(film)&oldid=832911779 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2000s buddy films 2000s criminal comedy films American films American criminal comedy films American female buddy films American heist films American remakes of British films Films set in Kansas Films set in Missouri Overture Films films Films scored by James Newton Howard Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 17 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the movie mad money come out
[ "\n\nMad Money\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nCallie Khouri\n\n\nProduced by\nJay Cohen\nFrank DeMartini\n\n\nWritten by\nGlenn Gers\n\n\nStarring\nDiane Keaton\nQueen Latifah\nKatie Holmes\nTed Danson\n\n\nMusic by\nJames Newton Howard\nMarty Davich\n\n\nCinematography\nJohn Bailey\n\n\nEdited by\nWendy Greene Bricmont\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nMillennium Films[1]\nLightspeed Media[1]\nSwingin' Productions[1]\nBig City Pictures[1]\nGranada Productions[1]\nMMoney[1]\nGrand Army Entertainment[1]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nOverture Films[1]\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nJanuary 18, 2008 (2008-01-18)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n104 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$22 million[2]\n\n\nBox office\n$26.4 million[3]\n\n" ]
[ "January 18, 2008" ]
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Selective Service System
Selective Service System - wikipedia Selective Service System Jump to : navigation , search Selective Service System Agency overview Formed May 18 , 1917 ; 100 years ago ( 1917 - 05 - 18 ) Headquarters Arlington County , Virginia , U.S. Employees ( 2008 ) : 136 full - time civilians , 57 part - time civilian directors , 200 part - time reserve force officers ( in peacetime ) , up to 10,830 part - time volunteers Annual budget $24 million ( FY 2012 ) Agency executive Donald M. Benton , Director Website www.sss.gov The Selective Service System is an independent agency of the United States government that maintains information on those potentially subject to military conscription . Virtually all male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25 are required by law to have registered within 30 days of their 18th birthdays and must notify Selective Service within ten days of any changes to any of the information they provided on their registration cards , like a change of address . A 2010 GAO report estimated the registration rate at 92 % with the names and addresses of over 16.2 million men on file . However , the only audit of the addresses of registrants on file with the Selective Service System , in 1982 , found that 20 -- 40 % of the addresses on file with the Selective Service System for registrants in the age groups that would be drafted first were already outdated , and up to 75 % for those registrants in their last year of potential eligibility to be drafted would be invalid . Registration with Selective Service is also required for various federal programs and benefits , including Federal Assistance for Financial Student Aid ( FAFSA ) , such as student loans and Pell Grants , job training , federal employment , and naturalization . The Selective Service System provides the names of all registrants to the Joint Advertising Marketing Research & Studies ( JAMRS ) program for inclusion in the JAMRS Consolidated Recruitment Database . The names are distributed to the Services for recruiting purposes on a quarterly basis . Regulations are codified at Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations , Chapter XVI . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1917 to 1920 1.2 1940 to 1947 1.3 1948 to 1969 1.4 1969 to 1975 1.5 1980 to present 2 Who must register 3 Failure to register 4 Alien or dual - national registrant status 5 Legal issues 6 Exemption of women 7 Structure and operation 8 Mobilization ( draft ) procedures 9 Lottery procedures 10 Classifications 10.1 1948 -- 1976 10.2 Present 11 Directors 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) The former seal of the Selective Service System 1917 to 1920 ( edit ) WWI draft card . Lower left corner to be removed by men of African background to help keep military segregated Owing to very slow enlistment following the U.S. declaration of war against Germany on April 6 , the Selective Service Act of 1917 ( 40 Stat. 76 ) was passed by the 65th United States Congress on May 18 , 1917 , creating the Selective Service System to raise an army to fight in Europe . The Act gave the President the power to conscript men for military service . All men aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service for a service period of 12 months . As of mid-November 1917 , all registrants were placed in one of five new classifications . Men in Class I were the first to be drafted , and men in lower classifications were deferred . Dependency deferments for registrants who were fathers or husbands were especially widespread . The age limit was later raised in August 1918 to a maximum age of 45 . The military draft was discontinued in 1920 . 1940 to 1947 ( edit ) War Years Active Number of Wartime Draftees World War I Sept 1917 -- Nov 1918 2,810,296 World War II Nov 1940 -- Oct 1946 10,110,104 Korean War June 1950 -- June 1953 1,529,539 Vietnam War Aug 1964 -- Feb 1973 1,857,304 The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was passed by Congress on September 16 , 1940 , establishing the first peacetime conscription in United States history . It required all men between the ages of 18 to 64 to register with Selective Service . It originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for a service period of 12 months . In 1941 the military service period was extended to 18 months ; later that year the age bracket was increased to include men aged 18 to 37 . Following the sneak Japanese air raid attack on Pearl Harbor on Sunday , December 7th , 1941 , and the subsequent declarations of war by the United States against the Empire of Japan and then a few days later against Nazi Germany , the service period was subsequently extended in early 1942 to last for the duration of the war plus a six - month service in the Organized Reserves . The Selective Service System created by the 1940 Act was terminated by the Act of March 31 , 1947 . 1948 to 1969 ( edit ) The Selective Service Act of 1948 , enacted in June of that year , created a new and separate system , the basis for the modern system . All men 18 years and older had to register with Selective Service . All men between the ages of 19 to 26 were eligible to be drafted for a service requirement of 21 months . This was followed by a commitment for either 12 consecutive months of active service or 36 consecutive months of service in the reserves , with a statutory term of military service set at a minimum of five years total . Conscripts could volunteer for military service in the Regular United States Army for a term of four years or the Organized Reserves for a term of six years . Due to deep postwar budget cuts , only 100,000 conscripts were chosen in 1948 . In 1950 , the number of conscripts was greatly increased to meet the demands of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) . The outbreak of the Korean War fostered the creation of the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951 ( Selective Service Act of 1948 ) . This lowered the draft age from 19 to 18 ⁄ , increased active - duty service time from 21 to 24 months , and set the statutory term of military service at a minimum of eight years . Students attending a college or training program full - time could request an exemption , which was extended as long as they were students . A Universal Military Training clause was inserted that would have made all men obligated to perform 12 months of military service and training if the Act was amended by later legislation . Despite successive attempts over the next several years , however , such legislation was never passed . 35th President John F. Kennedy set up Executive Order 11119 ( signed on September 10 , 1963 ) , granting an exemption from conscription for married men between the ages of 19 and 26 . His Vice President and successor as 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson later rescinded the exemption for married men without children by Executive Order 11241 ( signed on August 26 , 1965 and going into effect on midnight of that date ) . However , married men with children or other dependents and men married before the Executive Order went into effect were still exempt . 40th President Ronald Reagan revoked both of them with Executive Order 12553 ( signed on February 25 , 1986 ) . The Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ( Selective Service Act of 1948 ) expanded the ages of conscription to the ages of 18 to 35 . It still granted student deferments , but ended them upon either the student 's completion of a four - year degree or his 24th birthday , whichever came first . 1969 to 1975 ( edit ) On November 26 , 1969 , 37th President Richard Nixon signed an amendment to the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ( Selective Service Act of 1948 ) that established conscription based on random selection ( lottery ) . The first draft lottery was held on December 1 , 1969 ; it determined the order of call for induction during calendar year 1970 , for registrants born between January 1 , 1944 , and December 31 , 1950 . The second lottery , on July 1 , 1970 , pertained to men born in 1951 . The highest lottery number called for possible induction was 125 . The third was on August 5 , 1971 , pertaining to men born in 1952 ; the highest lottery number called was 95 . In 1971 , the Military Selective Service Act ( Selective Service Act of 1948 ) was further amended to make registration compulsory ; all men had to register within a period 30 days before and 29 days after their 18th birthday . Registrants were classified 1 - A ( eligible for military service ) , 1 - AO ( Conscientious Objector available for non-combatant military service ) , and 1 - O ( Conscientious Objector available for alternate community service ) . Student deferments were ended , except for divinity students , who received a 2 - D Selective Service classification . Men which were not classifiable as eligible for service due to a disqualification were classified 1 - N. Men who are incapable of serving for medical or psychological unfitness are classified 4 - F. Also , draft board membership requirements were reformed : minimum age of board members was dropped from 30 to 18 , members over 65 or who had served on the board for 20 or more years had to retire , and membership had to proportionally reflect the ethnic and cultural makeup of the local community . The fourth and final lottery drawing was held on February 2 , 1972 , pertaining to men born in 1953 , who would have been called to report for induction in 1973 . But no new draft orders were issued after 1972 . On January 27 , 1973 , Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird announced the creation of an all - volunteer armed forces , negating the need for the military draft . On March 29 , 1975 , 38th President Gerald R. Ford , whose own son , Steven Ford , had earlier failed to register for the draft as required , signed Proclamation 4360 ( Terminating Registration Procedures Under Military Selective Service Act ) , eliminating the registration requirement for all 18 - to 25 - year - old male citizens . 1980 to present ( edit ) On July 2 , 1980 , 39th President Jimmy Carter signed Proclamation 4771 ( Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act ) in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the previous year of 1979 , retroactively re-establishing the Selective Service registration requirement for all 18 - to 26 - year - old male citizens born on or after January 1 , 1960 . As a result , only men born between March 29 , 1957 , and December 31 , 1959 , were completely exempt from Selective Service registration . The first registrations after Proclamation 4771 took place at various post offices across the nation on July 21 , 1980 , for men born in calendar year 1960 . Pursuant to the Presidential proclamation , all those men born in 1960 were required to register that week . Men born in 1961 were required to register the following week . Men born in 1962 were required to register during the week beginning January 5 , 1981 . Men born in 1963 and after were required to register within 30 days after their 18th birthday . In 2014 , due to a clerical error at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation , information about 14,250 men born in the years 1893 -- 97 ( in addition to 1993 -- 97 ) was provided to the Selective Service System . Draft registration notices were then sent to the men . A bill to abolish the Selective Service System was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on February 10 , 2016 . H.R. 4523 would ( a ) end draft registration and eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register for the draft , ( b ) abolish the Selective Service System , and ( c ) effectively repeal the `` Solomon Amendments '' making registration for the draft a condition of Federal student aid , jobs , and job training . The bill would leave in place , however , laws in some states making registration for the draft a condition of some state benefits . On June 9 , 2016 , a similar bill was introduced in the United States Senate , called the `` Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act '' . On April 27 , 2016 , the House Armed Services Committee voted to add an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 to extend the authority for draft registration to women . On May 12 , 2016 , the Senate Armed Services Committee voted to add a similar provision to its version of the bill . If the bill including this provision would have been enacted into law , it would authorize ( but not require ) the President to order young women as well as young men to register with the Selective Service System . Who must register ( edit ) Under current law , all male US citizens between 18 -- 25 years of age are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday . In addition , non-US citizen men between the ages of 18 and 25 ( inclusive ) living in the United States must register . This includes permanent residents , refugees , asylum seekers , and undocumented immigrants . Foreign men lawfully present in the United States who are non-immigrants , such as international students , visitors , and diplomats , are not required to register . Aliens on lawful non-immigrant status are not required to register so long as they remain in that status . If an alien 's non-immigrant status lapses while he is in the United States , he will be required to register . Failure to register as required is grounds for denying a petition for US citizenship . Currently , citizens who are 17 and 3 months old can pre-register so when they turn 18 their information will automatically be added into the system . In the current registration system , a man can not indicate that he is a conscientious objector ( CO ) to war when registering , but he can make such a claim when being drafted . Some men choose to write on the registration card `` I am a conscientious objector to war '' to document their conviction , even though the government will not have such a classification until there is a draft . A number of private organizations have programs for conscientious objectors to file a written record stating their beliefs . In 1987 , Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting `` persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care occupation '' in case such a special - skills draft should be ordered by Congress . In response , the Selective Service published plans for the `` Health Care Personnel Delivery System '' ( HCPDS ) in 1989 , and has had them ready ever since . The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998 , followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999 . The HCPDS plans include women and men age 20 -- 54 in 57 job categories . Women as well as female - to - male transgender individuals who identify as male or have had sexual reassignment surgery are not required to register . Failure to register can cause problems such as denial of Pell Grants , even when registration would not have been allowed . Until their 26th birthday , registered men must notify Selective Service within 10 days of any changes to information regarding his status , such as name , current mailing address , permanent residence address , and `` all information concerning his status ... which the classifying authority mails him a request therefor . '' Failure to register ( edit ) In 1980 , men who knew they were required to register and did not do so could face up to five years in prison and / or a fine up to $50,000 if convicted . The potential fine was later increased to $250,000 . Despite these possible penalties , government records indicate that from 1980 through 1986 there were only 20 indictments , of which 19 were instigated in part by self - publicized and self - reported non-registration . A principal element for conviction under the Act is proving a violation of the Act was intentional , i.e. knowing and willful . In the opinion of legal experts , this is almost impossible to prove unless there is evidence of a prospective defendant knowing about his obligation to register and intentionally chosing not to do so . Or , for example , when there is evidence the government at any time provided notice to the prospective defendant to register or report for induction , he was given an opportunity to comply , and the prospective defendant chose not to do so . The last prosecution for non-registration was in January 1986 . In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016 , current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988 , the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of non-registrants . No law since 1980 has required anyone to possess , carry , or show a draft card , and routine checks requiring identification virtually never include a request for a draft card . Year Total draftees 1917 516,212 1918 2,294,084 1940 18,633 1941 923,842 1942 3,033,361 1943 3,323,970 1944 1,591,942 1945 945,862 1946 183,383 1947 0 1948 20,348 1949 9,781 1950 219,771 1951 551,806 1952 438,479 1953 473,806 1954 253,230 1955 152,777 1956 137,940 1957 138,504 1958 142,246 1959 96,143 1960 86,602 1961 118,586 1962 82,060 1963 119,265 1964 112,386 1965 230,991 1966 382,010 1967 228,263 1968 296,406 1969 283,586 1970 162,746 1971 94,092 1972 49,514 1973 646 As an alternative method of encouraging or coercing registration , laws were passed requiring that in order to receive financial aid , federal grants and loans , certain government benefits , eligibility for most federal employment , and ( if the person is an immigrant ) eligibility for citizenship , a young man had to be registered ( or had to have been registered , if they are over 26 but were required to register between 18 and 26 ) with Selective Service . Those who were required to register , but failed to do so before they turn 26 , are no longer allowed to register , and thus may be permanently barred from federal jobs and other benefits , unless they can show to the Selective Service that their failure was not knowing and willful . There is a procedure to provide an `` information letter '' to the Selective Service for those in these situations , for example recent citizens who entered the US after their 26th birthday . Most states , as well as the District of Columbia , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and Virgin Islands , have passed laws requiring registration for men 18 -- 25 to be eligible for programs that vary on a per - jurisdiction basis but typically include driver 's licenses , state - funded higher education benefits , and state government jobs . Alaska also requires registration to receive an Alaska Permanent Fund dividend . Eight states ( Connecticut , Indiana , Nebraska , Oregon , Vermont , Washington , and Wyoming ) as well as Puerto Rico have no such requirements , though Indiana does give men 18 -- 25 the option of registering with Selective Service when obtaining a drivers license or an identification card . The Department of Motor Vehicles of 27 states and 2 territories automatically register young men 18 -- 25 with the Selective Service whenever they apply for driver licenses , learner permits , or non-driver identification cards . There are some third - party organized efforts to compensate financial aid for those students losing benefits , including the Fund for Education and Training ( FEAT ) and Student Aid Fund for Non-registrants . Alien or dual - national registrant status ( edit ) Some registrants are not American citizens , or have dual nationality of the U.S. and another country ; they fall instead into one of the following categories : Alien or Dual National : An alien is a person who is not a citizen of the United States . A dual national is a person who is a citizen of the United States and another country . They are defined in four classes . A registrant who has resided in the United States for less than one year . When two or more periods of U.S. residency are involved which total one year or more , the registrant will be deemed to have resided in the United States for one year and will be ineligible for Class 4 - C. In computing the length of such periods , any portion of one day shall be counted as a day . He will be eligible for this class only until he has resided in the United States for one year . To support this claim he must submit his Immigration and Naturalization Service Form 1 - 151 ( Alien Registration Receipt Card ) , showing his date of entry into the United States . If he has resided in the United States for two or more periods , he must furnish documentation for each period of residence . A registrant who receives this classification will be exempt from military training and service during his first year 's residence in the US , but will become liable for service following his cumulative one year residence . A registrant who left the United States before his Order to Report for Induction was issued and whose order has not been canceled . He may be classified in Class 4 - C only for the period he resides outside of the United States . Upon his return to the United States , he must report the date of return and his current address to the Selective Service Area Office . A registrant who registered at a time required by Selective Service law and thereafter acquired status within one of its groups of persons exempt from registration . He will be eligible for this class only during the period of his exempt status . To support this claim , the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his exempt status . A registrant , lawfully admitted for permanent residence , as defined in Paragraph ( 2 ) of Section 101 ( a ) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 , as amended ( 66 Stat. 163 , 8 U.S.C. 1101 ) who , by reason of their occupational status , is subject to adjustment to non-immigrant status under paragraph ( 15 ) ( A ) , ( 15 ) ( E ) , or ( 15 ) ( G ) or section 101 ( a ) . In this case , the person must also have executed a waiver of all rights , privileges , exemptions , and immunities which would otherwise accrue to him as a result of his occupational status . To support this claim , the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his occupational status . Dual national : The person is a citizen of both the United States and another country at the same time . The country must be one that allows its citizens dual citizenship and the registrant must be able to obtain and produce the proper papers to affirm this status . Treaty alien : Due to a treaty or international arrangement with the alien 's country of origin , the registrant can choose to be ineligible for military training and service in the armed forces of the United States . However , once this exemption is taken , he can never apply for U.S. citizenship and may become inadmissible to reenter the U.S. after leaving unless he already served in the Armed Forces of a foreign country of which the alien was a national . Nevertheless , an alien who establishes clear and convincing evidence of certain factors may still override this kind of bar to naturalization . Legal issues ( edit ) The Selective Service System is authorized by the Article I , Section 8 of the United States Constitution which says Congress `` shall have Power To ... raise and support Armies ( and ) To provide and maintain a Navy ; '' The Selective Service Act is the law which established the Selective Service System under these provisions . The act has been challenged in light of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits `` involuntary servitude '' . These challenges , however , have not been supported by the courts ; as the Supreme Court stated in Butler v. Perry ( 1916 ) : The amendment was adopted with reference to conditions existing since the foundation of our government , and the term ' involuntary servitude ' was intended to cover those forms of compulsory labor akin to African slavery which , in practical operation , would tend to produce like undesirable results . It introduced no novel doctrine with respect of services always treated as exceptional , and certainly was not intended to interdict enforcement of those duties which individuals owe to the state , such as services in the army , militia , on the jury , etc . During the First World War , the Supreme Court ruled in Arver v. United States ( 1918 ) , also known as the Selective Draft Law Cases , that the draft did not violate the Constitution . Later , during the Vietnam War , a federal appellate court also concluded that the draft was constitutional in Holmes v. United States ( 1968 ) . Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980 , the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act : Rostker v. Goldberg , 453 U.S. 57 ( 1981 ) , upholding the constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft ; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group ( MPIRG ) , 468 U.S. 841 ( 1984 ) , upholding the constitutionality of the `` Solomon Amendment '' , which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration , either by having registered or by not being required to register ; Wayte v. United States , 470 U.S. 598 ( 1985 ) , upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the `` most vocal '' non-registrants for prosecution , after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of non-registrants for prosecution ; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury , 567 U.S. ____ ( 2012 ) , regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for non-registrants . Exemption of women ( edit ) Selective Service law as it is written now refers specifically to `` male persons '' in stating who must register and who would be drafted . For women to be required to register with the Selective Service , Congress would have to amend the law , which currently exempts women from registration . The constitutionality of excluding women was decided in 1981 by the United States Supreme Court in Rostker v. Goldberg , with the Court holding that requiring only men to register did not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment . The existence of the combat restrictions clearly indicates the basis for Congress ' decision to exempt women from registration . The purpose of registration was to prepare for a draft of combat troops . Since women are excluded from combat , Congress concluded that they would not be needed in the event of a draft , and therefore decided not to register them . At the request of President Bill Clinton , the Department of Defense reviewed the issue in 1994 , noting that because women are excluded by policy from front - line combat positions , excluding them from the draft process remains justifiable in DoD 's view . Although no conclusions were reached , DoD recognized that policies regarding women need to be reviewed periodically because the role of women in the military continues to expand . The Selective Service System takes the position that it would be able to register and draft women with its existing infrastructure , if given the mission and additional funding . On January 23 , 2013 , the Pentagon decided to end its policy of excluding women from combat positions . Military and legal analysts speculate that this will open the door for Congress to begin the process to amend the law and remove the exemption from registration requirements . In July 2015 , a 17 - year - old girl in New Jersey sued the Selective Service System for the right to register for the draft . The National Coalition for Men has filed a lawsuit that challenges the legality of requiring only men to register for the military draft . The lawsuit was filed against the U.S. Selective Service System in the United States District Court for the Central District of California on April 4 , 2013 , Case Number 2 : 13 - cv - 02391 - DSF - MAN . The case was dismissed on July 29 , 2013 , and the NCFM filed for appeal on June 25 , 2014 in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . Oral argument before a 3 - judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit was held on December 8 , 2015 . On February 19 , 2016 , the 9th Circuit reversed the decision of the District Court on the issue of ripeness , and remanded the case for further proceedings on standing and the other issues . Another case challenging the Constitutionality of male - only draft registration , Kyle v. Selective Service System , is pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey . Bills have been introduced in Congress or announced as planned to be introduced to require women to register whenever the President orders women to register , to prohibit the President from ordering women to register , and to repeal the Military Selective Service Act and thereby eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register . On June 15 , 2016 , the United States Senate passed a bill to include women in Selective Service registration . 2016 Democratic candidate for President Hillary Clinton announced her support for the measure . Structure and operation ( edit ) The Selective Service System is an independent federal agency within the Executive Branch of the federal government of the United States . The Director of the Selective Service System reports directly to the President of the United States . During peacetime , the agency comprises a National Headquarters , three Regional Headquarters and a Data Management Center . Even during peacetime , the agency is also aided by 11,000 volunteers serving on local boards and district appeal boards . During a mobilization ( draft ) , the agency would greatly expand by activating an additional 56 State Headquarters , 400 + Area Offices as well as 40 + Alternative Service Offices . The agency 's budget for the 2015 -- 2016 fiscal year was about $23 million . In early 2016 , the agency said that if women were required to register , its budget would need to be increased by about $9 million in the first year , and slightly less in subsequent years . This does not include any budget or expenses for enforcing or attempting to enforce the Military Selective Service Act . Costs of investigating , prosecuting , and imprisoning violators would be included in the budget of the Department of Justice . Mobilization ( draft ) procedures ( edit ) The description below is for a general draft under the current Selective Service regulations . Any or all of these procedures could be changed by Congress as part of the same legislation that would authorize inductions , or through separate legislation , so there is no guarantee that this is how any draft would actually work . Different procedures would be followed for a special - skills draft , such as activation of the Health Care Personnel Delivery System ( HCPDS ) . Congress and the President authorize a draft : The president claims a crisis has occurred which requires more troops than the volunteer military can supply . Congress passes and the President signs legislation which revises the Military Selective Service Act to initiate a draft for military manpower . The Lottery : A lottery based on birthdays determines the order in which registered men are called up by Selective Service . The first to be called , in a sequence determined by the lottery , will be men whose 20th birthday falls during the calendar year the induction takes place , followed , if needed , by those aged 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 19 and 18 year olds ( in that order ) . All parts of the Selective Service System are activated : The Agency activates and orders its State Directors and Reserve Force Officers to report for duty . Physical , mental and moral evaluation of registrants : Registrants with low lottery numbers receive examination orders and are ordered to report for a physical , mental , and moral evaluation at a Military Entrance Processing Station ( MEPS ) to determine whether they are fit for military service . Once he is notified of the results of the evaluation , a registrant will be given 10 days to file a claim for exemption , postponement , or deferment . Local and appeal boards activated and induction notices sent : Local and Appeal Boards will begin processing registrant claims / appeals . Those who passed the military evaluation will receive induction orders . An inductee will have 10 days to report to a local Military Entrance Processing Station for induction . First draftees are inducted : According to current plans , Selective Service must deliver the first inductees to the military within 193 days from the onset of a crisis . Lottery procedures ( edit ) If the agency were to mobilize and conduct a draft , a lottery would be held in full view of the public . First , all days of the year are placed into a capsule at random . Second , the numbers 1 -- 365 ( 1 -- 366 for lotteries held with respect to a leap year ) are placed into a second capsule . These two capsules are certified for procedure , sealed in a drum , and stored . In the event of a draft , the drums are taken out of storage and inspected to make sure they have not been tampered with . The lottery then takes place , and each date is paired with a number at random . For example , if January 16 is picked from the `` date '' capsule and the number 59 picked from the `` number '' capsule , all men of age 20 born on January 16 will be the 59th group to receive induction notices . This process continues until all dates are matched with a number . Should all dates be used , the Selective Service will first conscript men at the age of 20 , then 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 19 , and 18 . Once all dates are paired , the dates will be sent to Selective Service System 's Data Management Center . Classifications ( edit ) 1948 -- 1976 ( edit ) Class Categories ( 1948 -- 1975 ) 1 - A Available for unrestricted military service . 1 - A-O Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only . 1 - C Member of the Armed Forces of the United States , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , or the Public Health Service . Enlisted ( Enl . ) : member who volunteered for service . Inducted ( Ind . ) : member who was conscripted into service . Discharged ( Dis . ) : member released after completing service ; later changed to Class 4 - A. Separated ( Sep . ) : member released before completing service ; may be recalled to service if their status has changed . 1 - D Members of a reserve component ( Reserves or National Guard ) , students taking military training ( Service Academy , Senior Military College , or ROTC ) , or accepted Aviation Cadet applicants ( 1942 -- 1975 ) . 1 - D-D Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training . 1 - D-E Exemption of certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training . 1 - H Registrant not currently subject to processing for induction or alternative service . Note : Within the cessation of registrant processing in 1976 , all registrants ( except for a few alleged violators of the Military Selective Service Act ) were classified 1 - H regardless of any previous classification . 1 - O Conscientious objector to all military service . A registrant must establish to the satisfaction of the board that his request for exemption from combatant and noncombatant military training and service in the Armed Forces is based upon moral , ethical or religious beliefs which play a significant role in his life and that his objection to participation in war is not confined to a particular war . The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service . 1 - O-S Conscientious objector to all military service ( Separated ) . A registrant separated from the Armed Forces due to objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces . The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service . 1 - S ( H ) Student deferred by statute ( High School ) . Induction can be deferred either until graduation or until reaching the age of 20 . 1 - S ( C ) Student deferred by statute ( College ) . Induction can be deferred either to the end of the student 's current semester if an undergraduate or until the end of the academic year if a Senior . 1 - W Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service . They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service ( currently 24 consecutive months ) . 1 - W-R ( Released ) Conscientious objector who satisfactorily completed their service . This was later changed to Class 4 - W . 1 - Y Registrant qualified for service only in time of war or national emergency . Note : The 1 - Y classification was abolished December 10 , 1971 . Local boards were subsequently instructed to reclassify all 1 - Y registrants by administrative action . 2 - A Registrant deferred because of essential civilian non-agricultural occupation . Also includes deferments due to full - time study or training in an essential trade or profession at a trade school , community or junior college , or an approved apprenticeship program . 2 - B Registrant deferred because of occupation in a war industry or a trade or profession considered essential to national defense : ( Defense contractor or reserved occupation ) . This exemption was discontinued in 1951 . 2 - C Registrant deferred because of agricultural occupation . 2 - D Registrant is a divinity student attending an accredited theological or divinity school to be prepared for the ministry . Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24 . Exemption was created in December 1971 . Previously considered part of Class 4 - D . 2 - S Registrant deferred because of collegiate study . Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24 . Exemption was discontinued in December 1971 . It previously also deferred graduate students studying medicine , dentistry , veterinary medicine , osteopathy and optometry , and graduate students in their fifth year of continuous study toward a doctoral degree . The exemption for graduate and doctoral students was discontinued in 1967 . 3 - A Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents . 3 - A-S Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents ( Separated ) . Current serving member or registrant undergoing induction separated from military service due to a change in family status . The registrant 's deferment can last no longer than six months , after which they may re-file if the hardship continues to exist . 4 - A Registrant who has completed military service . 4 - A-A Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation . 4 - B Official deferred by law . 4 - C Alien or dual national . 4 - D Minister of religion , formally ordained by a recognized religion , and serving as a full - time minister with a church and congregation . 4 - E Conscientious objector opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service . Alternative service in lieu of induction may still be required . Created in 1948 ; changed to Class 1 - O in 1951 . 4 - F Registrant not acceptable for military service . To be eligible for Class 4 - F , a registrant must have been found not qualified for service in the Armed Forces by a Military Entrance Processing Station ( MEPS ) under the established physical , mental , or moral standards . The standards of physical fitness that would be used in a future draft would come from AR 40 - 501 . 4 - G Registrant exempted from service because of the death of a parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling has Prisoner of War or Missing In Action status . 4 - T Treaty Alien . 4 - W Conscientious objector who has fully and satisfactorily completed alternative service in lieu of induction . 5 - A Registrant who is over either the age of liability if a deferment had not been taken ( currently 26 + years ) or ( where applicable ) the age of liability if a deferment with extended liability had been taken ( currently 35 + years ) . Present ( edit ) If a draft were authorized by Congress , without any other changes being made in the law , local boards would classify registrants to determine whether they were exempt from military service . According to the Code of Federal Regulations Title 32 , Chapter XVI , Sec . 1630.2 , men would be sorted into the following categories : Class Present categories 1 - A Available for unrestricted military service . 1 - A-O Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only . 1 - C Member of the Armed Forces of the United States , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , or the Public Health Service . 1 - D-D Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training . 1 - D-E Exemption for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training . 1 - H Registrant Not Subject to Processing for Induction . Registrant is not subject to processing for induction until a draft is enacted . All current registrants are classified 1 - H until they reach the age of exemption , when they then receive the classification of 5 - A . 1 - O Conscientious objectors opposed to both combatant & noncombatant military training & service . Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker . 1 - O-S Any registrant who has been separated from the Armed Forces ( including their reserve components ) by reason of conscientious objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces . Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker . 1 - W Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service . They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service ( currently 24 consecutive months ) . 2 - D Divinity student ; deferred from military service . 3 - A Hardship deferment ; deferred from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families 3 - A-S Hardship deferment ; separated from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families 4 - A Registrant who has completed military service ; may be recalled to service in time of war or national emergency . 4 - B Official deferred by law . 4 - C Alien or dual national ; sometimes exempt from military service . 4 - D Ministers of religion ; exempted from military service . 4 - F Registrant not acceptable for military service . This maybe because of learning disabilities , drug abuse or alcoholism , criminal record or mental health problems , being an amputee / tetraplegia , etc . 4 - G Registrant exempted from service because of the death of his parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling is in a captured or missing in action status . 4 - T Treaty Alien . Registrant is alien exempt from military service under a treaty between the United States and his country , and has applied to be exempted from liability for training and service in the Armed Forces of the United States . 4 - W Conscientious objector who has satisfactorily completed their alternative service ( currently a period of 24 consecutive months ) . 4 - A-A Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation . Directors ( edit ) Director Tenure Appointed by 1 . Clarence Addison Dykstra 1940 - 10 - 15 -- 1941 - 04 - 01 Franklin D. Roosevelt 2 . Lewis Blaine Hershey 1941 - 07 - 31 -- 1970 - 02 - 15 Franklin D. Roosevelt Dee Ingold 1970 - 02 - 15 -- 1970 - 04 - 06 ( Acting ) 3 . Curtis W. Tarr 1970 - 04 - 06 -- 1972 - 05 - 01 Richard Nixon Byron V. Pepitone 1972 - 05 - 01 -- 1973 - 04 - 01 ( Acting ) 4 . Byron V. Pepitone 1973 - 04 - 02 -- 1977 - 07 - 31 Richard Nixon Robert E. Shuck 1977 - 08 - 01 -- 1979 - 11 - 25 ( Acting ) 5 . Bernard D. Rostker 1979 - 11 - 26 -- 1981 - 07 - 31 Jimmy Carter James G. Bond 1981 - 08 - 01 -- 1981 - 10 - 30 ( Acting ) 6 . Thomas K. Turnage 1981 - 10 - 30 -- 1986 - 03 - 23 Ronald Reagan Wilfred L. Ebel 1986 - 03 - 24 -- 1987 - 07 - 08 ( Acting ) Jerry D. Jennings 1987 - 07 - 09 -- 1987 - 12 - 17 ( Acting ) 7 . Samuel K. Lessey Jr . 1987 - 12 - 18 -- 1991 - 03 - 07 Ronald Reagan 8 . Robert W. Gambino 1991 - 03 - 08 -- 1994 - 01 - 31 George H.W. Bush G. Huntington Banister 1994 - 02 - 01 -- 1994 - 10 - 06 ( Acting ) 9 . Gil Coronado 1994 - 10 - 07 -- 2001 - 05 - 23 Bill Clinton 10 . Alfred V. Rascon 2001 - 05 - 24 -- 2003 - 01 - 02 George W. Bush Lewis C. Brodsky 2003 - 01 - 03 -- 2004 - 04 - 28 ( Acting ) Jack Martin 2004 - 04 - 29 -- 2004 - 11 - 28 ( Acting ) 11 . William A. Chatfield 2004 - 11 - 29 -- 2009 - 05 - 29 George W. Bush Ernest E. Garcia 2009 - 05 - 29 -- 2009 - 12 - 04 ( Acting ) 12 . Lawrence Romo 2009 - 12 - 04 -- 2017 - 01 - 20 Barack Obama Adam J. Copp 2017 - 01 - 20 -- 2017 - 04 - 13 ( Acting ) 13 . Donald M. Benton 2017 - 04 - 13 -- present Donald Trump See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Military of the United States portal Advanced Service Rating Score , the demobilization points system employed by the US Army at the conclusion of World War II Civilian Public Service Conscription in the United States Draft - card burning Draft evasion Lodge - Philbin Act Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations Registering for the draft in China , a similar system in mainland China . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Quick Facts and Figures from the Selective Service System website ^ Jump up to : Who must register ? , When to register , Selective Service System . Jump up ^ http://www.sss.gov:80/Status.html ^ Jump up to : `` Change of Information '' . Selective Service System . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stone , Andrea ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Selective Service Lacks Staff To Carry Out Military Draft , GAO Reports '' . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Failure Of Registrants To Report Address Changes Would Diminish Fairness Of Induction Processing , GAO report FPCD - 82 - 45 ( PDF ) . General Accounting Office . September 24 , 1982 . ^ Jump up to : Benefits and Programs Linked to Registration Archived July 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , from the Selective Service System website Jump up ^ `` Jamrs Affiliations '' . Jamrs.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , Subtitle B , Chapter XVI , Code of Federal Regulations '' . Office of the Federal Register ( OFR ) and the Government Publishing Office . 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Selective Service System ( World War I ) '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Geva , Dorit ( October 2011 ) . `` Different and Unequal ? Breadwinning , Dependency Deferments , and the Gendered Origins of the U.S. Selective Service System '' . Armed Forces & Society . 37 ( 4 ) . ^ Jump up to : https://www.sss.gov/About/History-And-Records/Induction-Statistics , accessed 4 July 2016 Jump up ^ Holbrook , Heber A . The Crisis Years : 1940 and 1941 at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 13 , 2005 ) , The Pacific Ship and Shore Historical Review , 4 July 2001 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 80 -- 26 , 61 Stat. 31 , enacted March 31 , 1947 ^ Jump up to : United States v. Groupp , 459 F. 2d 178 , at para 4 ( 1st Cir. 26 April 1972 ) . Jump up ^ 91st U.S. Congress . `` AN ACT To amend the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ... '' ( pdf ) . United States Government Printing Office . ( Pub. L. 91 -- 124 , 83 Stat. 220 , enacted November 26 , 1969 ) Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam Lotteries '' . Selective Service System . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Results from Lottery Drawing - Vietnam Era - 1971 '' . Selective Service System . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Results from Lottery Drawing - Vietnam Era - 1972 '' . Selective Service System . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Results from Lottery Drawing - Vietnam Era - 1973 '' . Selective Service System . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Janowitz , Morris and Charles C. Moskos , Jr . `` Five Years of the All - Volunteer Force : 1973 -- 1978 '' . Armed Forces & Society , January 1979 ; vol. 5 : pp. 171 -- 218 . http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/5/2/171 Jump up ^ http://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial/oralhistory/steve-ford/ Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford : Proclamation 4360 - Selective Service Registration '' . Jump up ^ `` Background of Selective Service '' . Selective Service System . United States Government . April 30 , 2002 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Proclamation 4771 -- Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Military Selective Service Act '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` US sends military draft notices to men born in the 1800s '' . BBC News . 2014 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4523 - To repeal the Military Selective Service Act , and thereby terminate the registration requirements of such Act and eliminate civilian local boards , civilian appeal boards , and similar local agencies of the Selective Service System . '' . Congress.gov . Library of Congress . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4523 -- To repeal the Military Selective Service Act ... '' . Thomas . Library of Congress . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S. 3041 - Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act '' . US Congress . Jump up ^ `` Amendment to H.R. 4909 offered by Mr. Hunter of California '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4909 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 '' . Congress.gov . Library of Congress . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lardner , Richard ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` The GOP - led Senate Armed Services Committee has seconded a call by its counterpart in the House to require women to register for a military draft '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` House Committee votes to extend draft registration to women '' . The Practical Nomad . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Segal , Alexander . `` Male Immigrants and Selective Service '' . Jump up ^ Brethren Witness , Peace and Justice , `` Conscientious Objection '' . brethren.org . Archived from the original on 2004 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Peace Fellowship '' . Jewish Peace Fellowship . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Oym Generic Page '' . Ohioyearlymeeting.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` objector.org '' . Jump up ^ The Registry for Conscientious Objection Archived September 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` MedicalDraft.info '' . Jump up ^ `` Health Care Personnel Delivery System regulations '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ How does the Military Selective Service Act apply to individuals who have had a sex change ? `` Selective Service '' . sss.gov . Jump up ^ `` Hudson 's Guide : Selective Service and Trans Men '' . ftmguide.org . Jump up ^ 32 C.F.R. 1621.1 Jump up ^ `` Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters '' . Jump up ^ Nelson , Steven ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Gender - Neutral Draft Registration Would Create Millions of Female Felons : It 's unlikely any would face prison , but jailed draft resisters and former officials urge caution . '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SSS Information Letter procedure '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : State / Commonwealth Information from the Selective Service System website Jump up ^ `` Applications for Driver License or Non-Driver ID Card '' . New York State Department of Motor Vehicles . Jump up ^ https://www.sss.gov/Registration/State-Commonwealth-Legislation Jump up ^ `` Fund for Education and Training '' . CenteronConscience.org . Jump up ^ `` Student Aid Fund for Nonregistrants '' . mennolink.org . Jump up ^ `` ( Class 4 - C ) Selective Service System : Information for Registrants Booklet '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Aliens and Dual Nationals '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1426 Jump up ^ Title 8 , Code of Federal Regulations , Section 315.2 ( b ) Jump up ^ `` Butler v Perry ( 1916 ) '' . Law.umkc.edu. 1916 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Butler v. Perry 240 U.S. 328 ( 1916 ) Jump up ^ Arver v. United States 245 U.S. 366 ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Holmes v. United States , 391 U.S. 936 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women Are n't Required to Register '' . Jump up ^ `` Rostker v. Goldberg , 453 U.S. 57 ( 1981 ) '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Military to open combat jobs to women '' . CNN . 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Legal Implications of Lifting the Combat Restrictions '' . 2013 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` OPINION : Women in the draft ? It could happen '' . Daily Record . 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://ncfm.org/2013/04/action/ncfm-sues-selective-service-for-requiring-only-men-to-register-for-the-draft/ Jump up ^ http://ncfm.org/2013/07/action/ncfms-opposition-to-the-federal-governments-motion-to-dismiss-ncfms-lawsuit-against-the-selective-service-system/ Jump up ^ http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/3981235/1983029408/name/04-04-13%20Court%26%2339%3Bs%20Docket%20for%20NCFM%20v.%20SSS%20Lawsuit%25 Jump up ^ `` National Coalition for Men et al v. Selective Service System et al '' . Justia Dockets & Filings . Jump up ^ http://ncfm.org/2014/06/action/ncfm-files-opening-appellate-brief-in-ncfm-v-selective-service-system/ Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Extend draft registration to women -- or end it ? '' . The Practical Nomad . Edward Hasbrouck . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Future of Draft for Men and Women Goes to Court and Congress '' . WorldBeyonfdWar.org . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Plott , Elaina . `` Senator Mike Lee Pushes to Definitively Bar Women from the Draft '' . NationalReview.com . National Review . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Plott , Elaina . `` Rubio and Cruz to Co-Sponsor Legislation to Leave Draft Changes to Congress '' . NationalReview.com . National Review . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/senate-passes-defense-bill-including-women-in-draft-224316 Jump up ^ http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/283631-clinton-backs-mandatory-draft-for-women Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Director 's Biography '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : About the Agency '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Publications '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Draft Registration for Women Would Stir a Sleepy Government Agency '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Return to the Draft - Sequence of Events '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Selective Service Lottery '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Classifications '' . www.sss.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r40_501.pdf Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , Subtitle B , Chapter XVI , Part 1630 , Code of Federal Regulations '' . Office of the Federal Register ( OFR ) and the Government Publishing Office . 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Past Directors Of The Selective Service System '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Official website Selective Service System in the Federal Register VIAF : 152430368 LCCN : n79059877 ISNI : 0000 0001 0727 298X NLA : 41689432 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selective_Service_System&oldid=804543060 '' Categories : Civil registries Independent agencies of the United States government Conscription in the United States Government agencies established in 1917 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch עברית Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 18 : 03 . About Wikipedia
who is required to register for the selective service
[ "Under current law, all male US citizens between 18–25 years of age are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday. In addition, non-US citizen men between the ages of 18 and 25 (inclusive) living in the United States must register. This includes permanent residents, refugees, asylum seekers, and undocumented immigrants.[2] Foreign men lawfully present in the United States who are non-immigrants, such as international students, visitors, and diplomats, are not required to register.[2] Aliens on lawful non-immigrant status are not required to register so long as they remain in that status. If an alien's non-immigrant status lapses while he is in the United States, he will be required to register.[35] Failure to register as required is grounds for denying a petition for US citizenship. Currently, citizens who are 17 and 3 months old can pre-register so when they turn 18 their information will automatically be added into the system.", "Under current law, all male US citizens between 18–25 years of age are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday. In addition, non-US citizen men between the ages of 18 and 25 (inclusive) living in the United States must register. This includes permanent residents, refugees, asylum seekers, and undocumented immigrants.[2] Foreign men lawfully present in the United States who are non-immigrants, such as international students, visitors, and diplomats, are not required to register.[2] Aliens on lawful non-immigrant status are not required to register so long as they remain in that status. If an alien's non-immigrant status lapses while he is in the United States, he will be required to register.[35] Failure to register as required is grounds for denying a petition for US citizenship. Currently, citizens who are 17 and 3 months old can pre-register so when they turn 18 their information will automatically be added into the system." ]
[ "all male US citizens between 18–25 years of age", "non-US citizen men between the ages of 18 and 25 (inclusive) living in the United States must register" ]
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The Great British Bake Off (series 4)
The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) - wikipedia The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) Starring Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 10 Release Original network BBC Two Original release 20 August ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) -- 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 3 Next → Series 5 The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 20 August 2013 . Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins again presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges . As with series three , the competition was held at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . 13,000 amateur bakers applied to appear on the programme , and 100 were selected for screen test , with the best 60 advancing to a three - day audition . From these , 13 contestants were chosen this year so the judges could eliminate two people whenever they wanted . The winner of the Great British Bake Off 2013 was Frances Quinn . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cakes 3.2 Episode 2 : Bread 3.3 Episode 3 : Desserts 3.4 Episode 4 : Pies and Tarts 3.5 Episode 5 : Biscuits and Traybakes 3.6 Episode 6 : Sweet Dough 3.7 Episode 7 : Pastry 3.8 Episode 8 : Quarter Final 3.9 Episode 9 : French pastry ( semi-final ) 3.10 Episode 10 : Final 3.11 Masterclasses 3.11. 1 Episode 1 3.11. 2 Episode 2 3.11. 3 Episode 3 3.11. 4 Episode 4 3.11. 5 Christmas Masterclass 4 Controversy 5 Post-show career 6 Ratings 6.1 Specials 7 References 8 External links Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age ( on show debut ) Occupation ( on show ) Hometown Links Ali Imdad 25 Charity worker Saltley , Birmingham Beca Lyne - Pirkis 31 Military Wives ' Choir Singer Aldershot , Hampshire Christine Wallace 66 Director of an engraving company Didcot , Oxfordshire Deborah Manger 51 Dentist Peterborough Frances Quinn 31 Children 's Clothes Designer Market Harborough , Leicestershire Glenn Cosby 37 English Teacher Teignmouth , Devon Howard Middleton 51 Council Worker Sheffield Kimberley Wilson 30 Psychologist London Lucy Bellamy 38 Horticulturist Grimsby , Lincolnshire Mark Onley 37 Carpenter & Kitchen Fitter Milton Keynes Robert Smart 54 Space Satellite Designer Melbourn , Cambridgeshire Ruby Tandoh 20 History of Art and Philosophy Student Southend , Essex Toby Waterworth 30 Web Programmer Reading , Berkshire Results summary ( edit ) Elimination chart Baker 5 6 7 8 9 10 Frances SB WINNER Kimberley SB SB Runner Up Ruby SB SB SB Runner Up Beca OUT Christine SB SB OUT Glenn OUT Howard OUT Robert SB OUT Ali OUT Deborah OUT Mark OUT Lucy OUT Toby OUT Colour key : Baker got through to the next round Baker was eliminated Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week , but was not eliminated . Baker was the Star Baker Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week , but did not win star baker . Baker was the series runner - up Baker was the series winner Episodes ( edit ) Episode 1 : cakes ( edit ) The bakers were given two hours to make a sandwich cake with filling of their choice for the signature challenge . For their first technical challenge , the bakers were required to bake an angel food cake using Mary Berry 's recipe in two and half hours . For the showstopper , the challenge was to make a chocolate cake using at least two types of chocolate to decorate the cake . They were given four hours for this bake . Baker eliminated Star Baker Winner Baker Signature ( Sandwich Cake ) Technical ( Angel Food Cake with Lemon Curd ) Showstopper ( Chocolate Cake ) Ali Rose and Pistachio Cake 11th Chocolate , Raspberry and Passion Fruit Engagement Cake Beca Grapefruit Sandwich Cake 8th Chocolate Cherry Indulgence Christine Strawberry , Vanilla and Rosewater Summer Basket 3rd Chocolate and Orange ' Fripperous ' Hat Cake Deborah Pineapple Cake 9th ' Coffee Time ' Frances Giant Jam Sandwich 7th Secret Squirrel Cake Glenn Strawberries and Cream Cake 4th Almond and Espresso Chocolate Cake Howard Passion Fruit and Coconut Cake 6th Black Forest Revisited Kimberley Blood Orange Cake 10th Chocolate , Raspberry and Basil Layer Cake Lucy Timperley Early Cake 2nd Thyme ' Wildwood ' Cake Mark Lemon and Poppy Seed Cake 5th Chocolate Monster Robert Pecan and Apple Sandwich Cake 1st Raspberry Chocolate Cake Ruby Rhubarb and Custard Sandwich Cake 12th Chocolate and Ginger Night Sky Cake Toby Spiced and Iced Carrot Cake 13th Two Tiered Chocolate Cake Episode 2 : bread ( edit ) The bakers were asked to make in two hours 36 breadsticks , all made using yeast , of at least 25 cm ( 10 inches ) in length , and the breadsticks should be crisp and produce a good snap . For the technical challenge , the bakers have to make eight English muffin using Paul 's recipe in two and three quarter hours . For the final bake , an elaborately decorated loaf was set as the showstopper challenge to be completed in four hours . Baker Signature ( 36 Bread Sticks ) Technical ( English Muffin ) Showstopper ( Decorative Loaf ) Ali Italian Grissini 9th Sweet ( White Chocolate & Apricots ) and Savoury ( Chicken Tikka & Paneer ) Yin Yang Bread Beca Fennel and Chilli Breadsticks 11th Five Strand ( Spiced Sultana and Honey ) Christmas Wreath Christine Mediterranean Breadsticks with Oregano 4th Double Plaited Loaf Deborah Fennel & Chilli Breadsticks 8th Walnut Fleur Loaf Frances Giant Matchsticks 2nd Sailor 's Knot Glenn Rosemary and Parmesan Grissini 7th Harvest Crown Howard Moroccan Breadsticks 10th Picasso Sun Bread ( Oregano and Orange Zest ) Kimberley Nigella Seed and Parmesan Breadsticks 1st Peace Bread ( Za'atar Spice Mix and Garlic ) Lucy Grissini with Salt 12th Roast Tomato Bread Mark Rosemary & Raisin Breadsticks 6th Sage & Garlic Plait Robert Twisty Rye Bread Sticks 5th Tribute Loaf Ruby Mexican Breadsticks 3rd White Chocolate and Orange Peacock Bread Episode 3 : desserts ( edit ) For the first challenge of the episode the bakers were asked to make a Trifle of their own choice , using Ladyfingers , Sponge or Biscuit for the base and either Jam or Custard for the middle layer . For their second challenge , the bakers were required to bake in an hour and a half Floating Islands using a recipe of Mary Berry . For the show - stopper , the bakers were set the task of making 24 petit fours , twelve biscuit based , twelve sponge based , to be finished in three hours . Baker Signature ( Trifle ) Technical ( Floating Islands ) Showstopper ( 24 Petit Fours ) Ali Coconut , Raspberry and Lemon Meringue Trifle 5th Vanilla Latte Mini Cakes Lime & Mint Shortbread Pops Beca Orange and Ginger Trifle 10th Limoncello and Blueberry Bursts Millionaire Shortbread Christine Caribbean Pina Colada Trifle 4th Ninety - Niners Sachertorte Parcels Deborah Tropical Trifle * 9th Canelé Cherry and Chocolate Cakes Rose Cookies Frances Apple and Blackberry Crumble Trifle 8th ' Ballet Bites ' Ginger Nutcrackers Sugar Plum Fairy Cakes Glenn Raspberry and Almond Trifle 1st Billionaire Bouchées Orange Financiers Howard Caramel and Apple Trifle * 7th Black Coffee and Cardamom Cakes White Stilton and Pear Biscuits Kimberley Peach , Almond and Ginger Trifle 6th Chocolate Pistachio Financiers Lemon Bergamot Biscuits Mark Ginger , Mango and Passion Fruit Trifle 11th Rose and Pistachio Macaroons Chocolate and Raspberry Bites Robert Rhubarb and Orange Trifle 2nd Almond Friands Turǫn Macaroons Ruby Desert Island Trifle 3rd Lemon Shortbread and White Chocolate Seashells Blackberry and Chocolate Layer Cakes In this challenge , Deborah accidentally used Howard 's custard . As a result , Howard used Deborah 's custard in his trifle . Episode 4 : pies and tarts ( edit ) For the signature challenge the bakers are asked to bake a Double - crusted Fruit Pie with a filling of their choice . For their fourth Technical challenge , the bakers were required to bake a Tart that has almost a 700 - year history ; the Egg Custard Tart . For the showstopper , the challenge was to make a Filo Pie centrepiece using the Filo pastry that they had made from scratch . Baker Signature ( Double - Crusted Fruit Pie ) Technical ( Egg Custard Tarts ) Showstopper ( Filo Pie ) Ali Apple and Ginger Pie with a Pecan and Walnut Shortcrust Pastry 8th Orange , Cardamom and Date M'Hanncha Beca Mamgu 's Cherry - Apple Tart 2nd Moroccan Vegetable Filo Feast Christine Granny Rogers ' Apple , Plum & Cinnamon Country Pie 7th Roasted Vegetable Filo Pie with Feta Cheese Frances Peach Pie In the Sky 1st Cherry Tree Baklava Filo Pie Glenn Apple and Maple Syrup Pie 9th Spanakopita Howard Apple Pie with Sage Pastry 5th Fresh Fig and Feta Filo Flan Kimberley Pecan and Rosemary Caramel Apple Pie 4th Chicken , Bacon and Butternut Squash Pie Robert Apple and Pear Pie with Thyme 3rd Spanakopita with St George 's Mushrooms Ruby Apple and Marzipan Pie 6th Rose , Almond and Raspberry Filo Pie Episode 5 : biscuits and traybakes ( edit ) For the signature challenge , the bakers were asked to make their favorite traybake in two hours and cut into identical pieces . Everything made as part of the traybake however needed to be made from scratch . In the technical challenge , the bakers needed to make 18 tuiles using Mary 's recipe in one and a half hour . Half of the tuiles needed to be shaped in the traditional manner and piped in a concentric circles , and the other rolled up and dipped in chocolate . In the last challenge , the baker had to make a biscuit tower of at least 30 cm high , to be finished in four hours . Baker Signature ( Traybake ) Technical ( Tuiles with Chocolate Mousse ) Showstopper ( Biscuit Tower ) Beca Chocolate , Cherry and Hazelnut Brownies 5th Tiered Macaron and Sugar Dough Biscuit Centrepiece Christine Mixed Berry and Almond Crumble Traybake 1st Shortbread Bavarian Clock Tower Frances Millionaire Banoffee Bonus 3rd Biscuits , Buttons and Beads Glenn Apricot and Pistachio Tiffin 2nd Shortbread and Macaron Helter - Skelter Howard Breakfast Traybake 8th Japanese Pagoda Tea Tower Kimberley Cherry and Almond Bakewell Florentine Slice 7th Black and White Viennese Biscuit Stack Robert Blueberry and Orange Traybake 4th Dalek Ruby Blackberry and Lemon Bakewell Slice 6th ' Dropped Ice - Cream ' Biscuit Centrepiece Episode 6 : sweet dough ( edit ) In the first challenge , the bakers were required to make a sweet tea loaf using yeast , either in a tin or free form . They were given 3 hours for the task . For the technical challenge , the bakers baked an apricot couronne using Paul 's recipe in two and three - quarter hours . For the showstopper , the bakers needed to make two different varieties of European sweet buns , 12 of each . The bakers were given 30 minutes to start in the first day so that dough may be proofed overnight , to be finished the second day in four hours . Baker Signature ( Tea Loaf ) Technical ( Apricot Couronne ) Showstopper ( 24 Sweet European Buns ) Beca Bara Brith 6th Chocolate and Rum - Soaked Prune Brioches Cardamom Spiced Lemon Iced Buns Christine Oxford Nutty Fruit Loaf 4th Schnecken Buns Vanilla Custard Skolebrød Frances Chai Tea Loaf 2nd Hot Cross Brioches Rhubarb and Custard Kolaches Glenn Devonshire Panettone 5th Almond and Apricot Brioches Sticky Caramel Kanelbullen Howard Date and Hemp Yorkshire Loaf 7th Peachy Buns German Baumschnecken Kimberley Chai - Spiced Ginger and Date Tea Loaf 3rd Double Chocolate and Hazelnut Brioches Danish Kanelsnurrer Ruby Citrus Tea Loaf 1st Twisted Swedish Kanelbullar Saffron St. Lucia Buns Episode 7 : pastry ( edit ) The bakers are challenged to bring the old fashioned suet pudding back up to date for the signature challenge . In the technical bake , the bakers are challenged to create eight perfect religieuse ; these are choux buns that are topped with ganache and filled with crème patissiere then carefully balanced one on top of the other . In the Showstopper Challenge , the bakers have 4 hours to make three different types of puffed pastries ; one must be filled , another has to be iced and the final one is of their choice . Baker Signature ( Suet Pudding ) Technical ( Religieuses ) Showstopper ( 36 Puff Pastry Canapés ) Beca Spring Lamb and Vegetable Suet Pudding with Redcurrant Gravy 1st Nectarine and Frangipane Squares Chocolate and Hazelnut Vol - au - vents Strawberries and Cream Mille - feuille Christine Spotted Dick ' With a Kick ' and Vanilla Custard Ice Cream 6th Eccles Cakes Fresh Fruit Baskets Lemon Cream Eton Mess Mille - feuille Frances Figgy Roll - y Poly Pudding with Caramelised Walnut and Honey Ice Cream 5th French Framboise Cream Horns Sheet Music Mille - feuille Bass Clef Palmiers Glenn Prune and Armagnac Pudding with Boozy Butterscotch Sauce 3rd Caramelised Apple and Marzipan Tartlets Chocolate Elephant Ears Passion Fruit Mille - feuille Kimberley Barberry and Apple Spotted Dick with Maple Syrup and White Chocolate Custard 4th Pear , Malt and Butterscotch Mille - feuille Blackberry and Lemon Verbena Crème Brûle Custard tarts Fig , Orange and Thyme Galette Ruby Plum Jam Roly - Poly with Ginger Ice Cream 2nd Raspberry and Passion Fruit Mille - feuille Caramelised Apple Lattice Portuguese Custard Tarts Episode 8 : Quarter Final ( edit ) This week in the quarter final , the theme for this week were bakes that were free of something ( e.g. gluten free , dairy free ) . In the Signature Challenge , the bakers are challenged to bake a loaf that does not use traditional wheat flours , instead they must use flours such as Spelt , Rye , Potato or Tapioca . The bakers are challenged in the technical bake to make a Dacquoise which consists of 3 layers ; coiled meringue , coffee custard and a hazelnut praline top . For the showstopper , the bakers are pushed out of their comfort zones and asked to create novelty vegetable cakes which must be dairy free Baker Signature ( Wheat - Free Loaf ) Technical ( Hazelnut Dacquoise ) Showstopper ( Dairy - Free Vegetable Cake ) Beca Potato , Spelt and Rosemary Focaccia 4th Spiced Butternut Squash and Pecan ' Cheese ' Cake Christine Multi-Seeded Loaf with Pumpkin , Sesame and Sunflower Seeds 5th Sweet Potato Guitar with Passion Fruit Icing and Marshmallow Fondant Frances ' Chelsea Flour Show ' Bun Bouquet 3rd Hidden Carrot Cake Kimberley Wild Garlic Pesto and Parma Ham Spelt Loaf 2nd Butternut Squash and Spice Cake Toadstool House Ruby Mango and Nigella Seed Spelt Cob 1st Carrot Cake and Pistachio Garden Plot Episode 9 : French pastry ( semi-final ) ( edit ) This week 's theme was French pastry . In the Signature Challenge , the bakers are challenged to make three different types of savoury canapé ; one must be Choux , another must be Shortcrust or Rough Puff and the third can be anything of their choice . For the Technical bake , the bakers are challenged to make a Charlotte Royal ; made of Swiss roll surrounding a bavarois , it is set with gelatin to form a firm dome when turned out . In the Showstopper Challenge , the bakers are challenged to bake an iconic French Patisserie , the Opera cake Baker Signature ( 36 Canapés ) Technical ( Charlotte Royale ) Showstopper ( Opera Cake ) Beca Stilton and Walnut Macarons Beetroot and Salmon Choux Puffs Welsh Rarebit Tartlets 3rd Banoffee Opera Cake Frances Legume Canapés : Chantenay Carrots Choux Pastry Tomatoes Cauliflower Cheese Scones 2nd Great British Soap Opera Cake Kimberley Pea Purée Tarts Crab and Wasabi Profiteroles Steamed Buns with Barbecue Chicken 1st Passion Fruit and Lime Opera Cake Ruby Beetroot Jelly on Poppy Seed Biscuits Spinach , Parmesan and Egg Tartlets Choux Buns with Goat 's Cheese and Caramelised Onions 4th Chocolate , Almond Praline and Saffron Opera Cake Episode 10 : final ( edit ) In the Signature Challenge , the final three are challenged to create a Picnic Pie . The pie must be savoury , the fillings have to create a creative design and has to be strong enough to be served out of the tin . For the Technical Challenge , the bakers are challenged to make 12 perfectly shaped pretzels ; 6 savoury with rock salt and 6 sweet , flavoured with poppy seeds and topped with sweet orange zest and glaze . For the final Showstopper Challenge of the series , the bakers are asked to bake the ultimate showpiece - a three tiered wedding cake . Baker Signature ( Picnic Pie ) Technical ( Pretzels ) Showstopper ( Wedding Cake ) Frances Rainbow Picnic Pie 3rd Midsummer Night 's Dream Wedding Cake Kimberley Chicken and Pig Pie 1st Languages of Love Wedding Cake Ruby Picnic Basket Pie 2nd Raspberry , Lemon and Passion Fruit Wedding Cake Masterclasses ( edit ) Mary and Paul take over the tent and take on the challenges that they set for the bakers , showing what they would have done had they been in the bakers shoes . Episode 1 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Spiced Whole Orange Cake with Orange Mascarpone Icing Angel Food Cake with Lemon Curd Chocolate Creation Showstopper Paul Olive Breadsticks English Muffins Episode 2 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Tipsy Trifle Floating Islands Wobbly Apricot Tart Paul Egg Custard Tarts Spanakopita N / A Episode 3 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Ginger and Treacle Spiced Traybake Tuiles with Chocolate Mousse N / A Paul Iced Tea Loaf Apricot Couronne Brioche Tetes Episode 4 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Sussex Pond Pudding with Apples Religieuses Opera Cake Paul Rye Bread Pretzels N / A Christmas Masterclass ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Mincemeat Streusel Tunis Cake Gingerbread House Paul Stollen Black Bun Boxing Day pie Controversy ( edit ) Before the series started , there was speculation Paul Hollywood would not appear in the show after his marriage broke down . Mary Berry , however , was said to have supported Hollywood over rumours of his possible sacking by BBC , and the BBC later denied the rumours and said that his job is safe . During the series , there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show , as well as allegations of Paul Hollywood 's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh , and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc . Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation . Prior to the final , a rash of bets were placed on Frances Quinn to win . Bookmakers were forced to suspend the book after 90 per cent of wagers were placed on Quinn , and led to accusation that show insiders or friends who knew of the result were placing bets on the outcome . This subsequently led to many online media sources speculating Quinn had won , inadvertently leaking the result prematurely . Post-show career ( edit ) Frances Quinn wrote a book , Quinntessential Baking , released on 17 August 2015 . Ruby Tandoh has written a book , Crumb : The Baking Book , published on 25 September 2014 . She took half a year out from the university after the show but has returned to complete her philosophy and history of art course at University College London . She wrote a column on baking for The Guardian . Beca Lyne - Pirkis presented a Welsh language cookery show Becws for S4C starting 11 September 2014 . Glenn Cosby left teaching and launched his own touring stage show Bake it Big . Ali Imdad has set up a bakery business and become a full - time baker . Ratings ( edit ) The show achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two . According to overnight data , the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak , and averaging over 8 million , more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV . This episode is the highest - rated show ever on BBC2 under the ratings system first introduced in 2002 , beating the previous record set by an episode of Top Gear in 2007 . Series 4 had an average of viewing figure of 7.4 million . Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking Weekly ranking all channels 20 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) 6.60 11 27 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) 6.65 12 3 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 7.17 13 10 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) 6.82 18 5 17 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 6.95 17 6 24 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 7.32 16 7 1 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 7.76 13 8 8 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 7.41 12 9 15 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 7.41 18 10 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 9.45 Specials ( edit ) Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking The Great British Bake Off , Class of 2012 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 3.69 The Great British Bake Off Masterclass 29 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) 2.73 30 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) 2.27 10 31 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 2.21 13 1 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) 1.69 24 The Great British Bake Off , Christmas Special 17 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) 3.39 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alex Fletcher ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` ' Great British Bake Off ' returns : First look at series four - Watch '' . Digital Spy . ^ Jump up to : Louise Carpenter ( 20 July 2013 ) . `` Behind the scenes at The Great British Bake Off '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ Ben O'Brien ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off returns to the screen - and to East Harptree '' . The Somerset Standard and Guardian . Jump up ^ Kelby McNally ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` FIRST LOOK : Great British Bake off is back ! '' . The Daily Express . Jump up ^ Sarah Bull ( 13 August 2013 ) . `` A dentist , a psychologist and a satellite designer : Meet the 13 contestants hoping to impress as The Great British Bake Off returns '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` It 's easy as pie for Frances ! Viewers ' shock as outsider whisks her way to Bake Off victory with a rainbow picnic pie and wedding cake inspired by Shakespeare '' . Daily Mail . 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Beca Lyne Pirkis . `` Diet Starts Tomorrow ... '' . Jump up ^ `` Christine Bakes '' . Jump up ^ `` Deborah Manger '' . Jump up ^ Francis Quinn , Quinntessential Jump up ^ `` Glenn Cosby '' . Jump up ^ Howard Middleton . `` HoMi Baking '' . Jump up ^ `` butimhungrynow '' . butimhungrynow . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lucy Bellamy . `` Lucy B - Female Gardener '' . Jump up ^ Rob Smart . `` Rob Smart Bakes '' . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh . `` Ruby and the Kitchen '' . Jump up ^ Toby Waterworth , Bakedown Jump up ^ Christopher Stevens ( 21 August 2013 ) . `` Christopher Stevens reviews The Great British Bake Off '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Alex Ralph ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Next on menu after marriage break - up : Paul Hollywood puts his name on pants '' . The Times . Jump up ^ Don Kaplan ( 29 May 2013 ) . `` Reported affair between judges Paul Hollywood and Marcela Valladolid adds spice to baking show '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Simon Cable ( 26 May 2013 ) . `` Mary Berry ' could quit Bake Off if pastry chef Paul Hollywood gets the axe ' '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Sam Marsden ( 27 May 2013 ) . `` Paul Hollywood 's job on The Great British Bake Off is safe , BBC says '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie and Laura Cox ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bloke Off ! Show accused of favouritism towards female contestants after last man left is eliminated '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Emma Lowe ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` Is Paul sweet on Bake Off model Ruby ? Viewers suggest that TV host , 47 , is flirting on screen with 21 - year - old contestant '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Paul Hollywood shocks Bake Off fans by setting them straight on train '' . What 's on TV . 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Liam O'Brien ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` Raymond Blanc rows with Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh on Twitter '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : why did our show attract so much vitriol ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sarah Ditum ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake - Off : Ruby Tandoh does n't deserve this hostility '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Daisy Wyatt ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Paul Hollywood denies favouring Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh : ' I think Kimberley 's far prettier ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Carl Greenwood ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off beauty Ruby Tandoh definitely does NOT fancy silver fox Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ Lucy Crossley ( 24 October 2013 ) . `` Did TV insiders bet on Great British Bake Off result ? Bookies claim they were ' burned ' by suspicious backing of winner who was 5 - 2 outsider '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Georgia Morgan ( 29 August 2015 ) . `` Former Great British Bake Off winner Frances Quinn shares recipes for her yummy treats from new book '' . Jump up ^ Leah Hyslop ( 1 Apr 2014 ) . `` Frances Quinn : ' Bake Off was an endurance test ' '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off finalist Ruby Tandoh lands book deal after NINE publishers fight to sign her '' . Daily Mail . 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Siân Ranscombe ( 26 September 2014 ) . `` Ruby Tandoh on GBBO , Twitter trolls and her new baking book '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Ruby Tandoh '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Kate Rees ( 30 July 2014 ) . `` ' I 'm happy about being the only Welshie on the Great British Bake Off , ' says Beca Lyne - Pirkis '' . Wales Online . Jump up ^ Ruth Dawson ( 2 September 2014 ) . `` Bake Off 's Beca is back with new baking show Becws '' . South Wales Evening Post . Jump up ^ `` Bake it Big with Glenn Cosby -- on tour this summer ! '' . Food Heaven . 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off star Glenn Cosby returns to Bake It Big '' . Exeter Express and Echo. 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Roz Laws ( 2 August 2014 ) . `` Whatever happened to the Great British Bake Off bakers from the Midlands ? '' . Birmingham Mail . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final : 9m watch Frances Quinn win '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Georg Szalai . `` BBC 's ' Great British Bake Off ' Ends Season 4 With Record Ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Stephen Price ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` BBC1 rises to the challenge '' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official Site ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : Crème de la Crème International versions Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_4)&oldid=809122516 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off British cooking television programmes BBC Television programmes 2013 in British television English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 07 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
winner of great british bake off season 4
[ "The winner of the Great British Bake Off 2013 was Frances Quinn.[6]" ]
[ "Frances Quinn" ]
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The Christmas Card
The Christmas card - wikipedia The Christmas card The Christmas Card Written by Joany Kane Directed by Stephen Bridgewater Starring John Newton Alice Evans Edward Asner Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Robert Halmi Jr . Larry Levinson Michael Moran Running time 84 minutes Production company ( s ) RHI Entertainment Distributor Larry Levinson Productions Release Original release December 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 02 ) The Christmas Card is a Hallmark Channel original film written by Joany Kane and directed by Stephen Bridgewater . It was filmed on location in Nevada City , California and in Park City , Utah , and was released on December 2 , 2006 Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Press 4 Reception 5 Award nomination 6 External links 7 References Plot ( edit ) In the midst of war in Afghanistan , U.S. Army Master Sergeant Cody Cullen ( John Newton ) is given a Christmas card from a fellow soldier who had received it from his hometown , Nevada City , California . The card was sent by Faith Spelman ( Alice Evans ) . As months pass , the card never leaves his side . Cody , who has no family , and whose father was killed during the Vietnam War , is deeply affected when the soldier who gave him the card is killed . A few weeks before Christmas , Cody travels to see the soldier 's widow , back in Nevada City . Just as he is about to leave town , Cody runs into Faith at a local luncheonette , where they happened to have placed identical orders . They part , but on his way out of town , Cody saves Faith 's father , Luke ( Ed Asner ) , from being hit by a speeding car . Luke takes a liking to Cody and convinces him to stay on as temporary help at his family 's logging company . Paul ( Ben Weber ) , Faith 's longtime boyfriend who travels much of the time , and who selfishly wants Faith to move away from her close - knit family in Nevada City , arrives to meet her . Complicating matters , Cody has fallen in love with Faith and despite her attempts to ignore the feeling , they end up sharing a kiss . When Paul unexpectedly asks Faith to marry him , she says yes . Even so , Paul downplays Faith 's wish to stay near her family in the `` boondocks '' . This all comes to a head on Christmas Eve . On the church steps , Cody and Paul meet , and Cody admits that he loves Faith , but accepts that she 's going to marry Paul instead , and hopes that Paul is marrying Faith `` for all the right reasons '' . In church , in spite of the presence of Paul by her side , Faith keeps looking for Cody who has decided to leave . Paul notices and they step out and decide to part ways . Early on Christmas Day , Cody places a Christmas card on the family Christmas tree , which will direct the family to the Christmas present , a wooden bench ( inscribed with `` Where the Magic Begins '' ) that he has been building to mark the family 's favorite spot at a nearby lake where he and Faith first kissed . Cody leaves a Christmas card for Faith with a handwritten note , which she reads aloud . In the note , Cody confesses his love for Faith , and says goodbye . She asks her father whether it was her letter that brought Cody to Nevada City , to which Luke answers : no , you did . In the movie 's final scene , Faith finds Cody at the local Vietnam War veterans ' memorial . She chastises him for not saying goodbye , but before she can complete the sentence he kisses her , and she embraces him . Cast ( edit ) John Haymes Newton as ( Sgt . ) Cody Cullen Alice Evans as Faith Spelman Ed Asner as Luke Spelman Peter Jason as Uncle Richard Lois Nettleton as Rosie Spelman Ben Weber as Paul Andrew Sanford as Sammy Kate Hamon as Selma Glorinda Marie as Molly Charlie Holliday as Reverend Ives Kurt Johnson as Eric Brooke Davis as Liddy Nick Ballard as Jonesy Chad Collins as Lewis Brian Robinson as Edo Press ( edit ) Hallmark Channel collaborated with Operation Dear Abby , who issued a special message in her column : `` This holiday season -- support the troops by sending a message to our servicemembers . '' The network also put together a national Cards for Troops campaign and a partnership with America Supports You to build support of Americans for the men and women of the U.S. Armed Services . Hallmark Channel also set up a satellite link to reunite Jennifer Parsley , a young woman from Porter , Texas who sent thousands of cards to troops through Operation Gratitude and in the process met serviceman Jeremy Harshman , who is deployed overseas . Reception ( edit ) The movie ranked as Hallmark Channel 's highest - ever - rated telecast on the date of its premiere . The network also ranked # 1 in Prime Time that day , making it the most - watched telecast on basic cable for the day . Award nomination ( edit ) For his performance as Luke , Edward Asner was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie in 2007 . External links ( edit ) The Christmas Card on IMDb The Christmas Card at AllMovie The Christmas Card at Hallmark Channel The Christmas Card at RHI Entertainment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Release : 11 / 01 / 2006 Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Release : 11 / 28 / 2006 Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Release : 12 / 05 / 2006 Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/shows/christmas-card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Christmas_Card&oldid=861648120 '' Categories : 2006 television films American Christmas films Christmas television films English - language films Hallmark Channel original films American films Sonar Entertainment films 2000s romance films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Română Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2018 , at 23 : 44 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
where was hallmark's the christmas card filmed
[ "The Christmas Card is a Hallmark Channel original film written by Joany Kane and directed by Stephen Bridgewater. It was filmed on location in Nevada City, California and in Park City, Utah, and was released on December 2, 2006\n" ]
[ "on location in Nevada City, California and in Park City, Utah" ]
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Glycemic index
Glycemic index - wikipedia Glycemic index The glycemic index or glycaemic index ( / ɡlaɪˈsiːmɪk / ; GI ) is a number associated with the carbohydrates in a particular type of food that indicates the effect of these carbohydrates on a person 's blood glucose ( also called blood sugar ) level . A value of 100 represents the standard , an equivalent amount of pure glucose . The GI represents the rise in a person 's blood sugar level two hours after consumption of the food . The glycemic effects of foods depends on a number of factors , such as the type of carbohydrate , physical entrapment of the carbohydrate molecules within the food , fat and protein content of the food and organic acids or their salts in the meal . The GI is useful for understanding how the body breaks down carbohydrates and takes into account only the available carbohydrate ( total carbohydrate minus fiber ) in a food . Glycemic index does not predict an individual 's glycemic response to a food , but can be used as a tool to assess the insulin response burden of a food , averaged across a studied population . Individual responses vary greatly . The glycemic index is usually applied in the context of the quantity of the food and the amount of carbohydrate in the food that is actually consumed . A related measure , the glycemic load ( GL ) , factors this in by multiplying the glycemic index of the food in question by the carbohydrate content of the actual serving . Watermelon has a high glycemic index , but a low glycemic load for the quantity typically consumed . Fructose , by contrast , has a low glycemic index , but can have a high glycemic load if a large quantity is consumed . GI tables are available that list many types of foods and their GIs . Some tables also include the serving size and the glycemic load of the food per serving . Graph describing blood sugar change after a meal . A practical limitation of the glycemic index is that it does not measure insulin production due to rises in blood sugar . As a result , two foods could have the same glycemic index , but produce different amounts of insulin . Likewise , two foods could have the same glycemic load , but cause different insulin responses . Furthermore , both the glycemic index and glycemic load measurements are defined by the carbohydrate content of food . For example , when eating steak , which has no carbohydrate content but provides a high protein intake , up to 50 % of that protein can be converted to glucose when there is little to no carbohydrate consumed with it . But because it contains no carbohydrate itself , steak can not have a glycemic index . For some food comparisons , the `` insulin index '' may be more useful . Contents 1 Accuracy 2 Determining the GI of a food 3 Classification 4 Weight control 5 Disease prevention 6 Other factors 7 Criticism and alternatives 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Accuracy ( edit ) Glycemic index charts often give only one value per food , but variations are possible due to ripeness ( riper fruits contain more sugars increasing GI ) cooking methods ( the more cooked , or over cooked , a food , the more its cellular structure is broken , with a tendency for it to digest quickly and raise GI more ) processing ( e.g. , flour has a higher GI than the whole grain from which it is ground as grinding breaks the grain 's protective layers ) and the length of storage . Potatoes are a notable example , ranging from moderate to very high GI even within the same variety . More importantly , the glycemic response is different from one person to another , and also in the same person from day to day , depending on blood glucose levels , insulin resistance , and other factors . The glycemic index only indicates the impact on glucose level two hours after eating the food . People with diabetes have elevated levels for four hours or longer after eating certain foods . Determining the GI of a food ( edit ) Foods with carbohydrates that break down quickly during digestion and release glucose rapidly into the bloodstream tend to have a high GI ; foods with carbohydrates that break down more slowly , releasing glucose more gradually into the bloodstream , tend to have a low GI . The concept was developed by Dr. David J. Jenkins and colleagues in 1980 -- 1981 at the University of Toronto in their research to find out which foods were best for people with diabetes . A lower glycemic index suggests slower rates of digestion and absorption of the foods ' carbohydrates and can also indicate greater extraction from the liver and periphery of the products of carbohydrate digestion . A lower glycemic response usually equates to a lower insulin demand but not always , and can improve long - term blood glucose control and blood lipids . The insulin index is also useful for providing a direct measure of the insulin response to a food . The glycemic index of a food is defined as the incremental area under the two - hour blood glucose response curve ( AUC ) following a 12 - hour fast and ingestion of a food with a certain quantity of available carbohydrate ( usually 50 g ) . The AUC of the test food is divided by the AUC of the standard ( either glucose or white bread , giving two different definitions ) and multiplied by 100 . The average GI value is calculated from data collected in 10 human subjects . Both the standard and test food must contain an equal amount of available carbohydrate . The result gives a relative ranking for each tested food . The current validated methods use glucose as the reference food , giving it a glycemic index value of 100 by definition . This has the advantages of being universal and producing maximum GI values of approximately 100 . White bread can also be used as a reference food , giving a different set of GI values ( if white bread = 100 , then glucose ≈ 140 ) . For people whose staple carbohydrate source is white bread , this has the advantage of conveying directly whether replacement of the dietary staple with a different food would result in faster or slower blood glucose response . A disadvantage with this system is that the reference food is not well - defined , because there is no universal standard for the carbohydrate content of white bread . Classification ( edit ) GI values can be interpreted intuitively as percentages on an absolute scale and are commonly interpreted as follows : Classification GI range Examples Low GI 55 or less fructose ; beans ( black , pinto , kidney , lentil , peanut , chickpea ) ; small seeds ( sunflower , flax , pumpkin , poppy , sesame , hemp ) ; walnuts , cashews , most whole intact grains ( durum / spelt / kamut wheat , millet , oat , rye , rice , barley ) ; most vegetables , most sweet fruits ( peaches , strawberries , mangos ) ; tagatose ; mushrooms ; chilis Medium GI 56 -- 69 white sugar or sucrose , not intact whole wheat or enriched wheat , pita bread , basmati rice , unpeeled boiled potato , grape juice , raisins , prunes , pumpernickel bread , cranberry juice , regular ice cream , banana , sweet potato High GI 70 and above glucose ( dextrose , grape sugar ) , high fructose corn syrup , white bread ( only wheat endosperm ) , most white rice ( only rice endosperm ) , corn flakes , extruded breakfast cereals , maltose , maltodextrins , white potato ( 83 ) . A low - GI food will cause blood glucose levels to increase more slowly and steadily , which leads to more suitable postprandial ( after meal ) blood glucose readings . A high - GI food causes a more rapid rise in blood glucose level and is suitable for energy recovery after exercise or for a person experiencing hypoglycemia . The glycemic effect of foods depends on a number of factors , such as the type of starch ( amylose versus amylopectin ) , physical entrapment of the starch molecules within the food , fat and protein content of the food and organic acids or their salts in the meal -- adding vinegar , for example , will lower the GI . The presence of fat or soluble dietary fiber can slow the gastric emptying rate , thus lowering the GI . In general , coarse , grainy breads with higher amounts of fiber have a lower GI value than white breads . However , most breads made with 100 % whole wheat or wholemeal flour have a GI not very different from endosperm only ( white ) bread . Many brown breads are treated with enzymes to soften the crust , which makes the starch more accessible ( high GI ) . While adding fat or protein will lower the glycemic response to a meal , the relative differences remain . That is , with or without additions , there is still a higher blood glucose curve after a high - GI bread than after a low - GI bread such as pumpernickel . Fruits and vegetables tend to have a low glycemic index . The glycemic index can be applied only to foods where the test relies on subjects consuming an amount of food containing 50 g of available carbohydrate . But many fruits and vegetables ( not potatoes , sweet potatoes , corn ) contain less than 50 g of available carbohydrate per typical serving . Carrots were originally and incorrectly reported as having a high GI . Alcoholic beverages have been reported to have low GI values , but beer was initially reported to have a moderate GI due to the presence of maltose . This has been refuted by brewing industry professionals , who say that all maltose sugar is consumed in the brewing process and that packaged beer has little to no maltose present . Recent studies have shown that the consumption of an alcoholic drink prior to a meal reduces the GI of the meal by approximately 15 % . Moderate alcohol consumption more than 12 hours prior to a test does not affect the GI . Many modern diets rely on the glycemic index , including the South Beach Diet , Transitions by Market America and NutriSystem Nourish Diet . However , others have pointed out that foods generally considered to be unhealthy can have a low glycemic index , for instance , chocolate cake ( GI 38 ) , ice cream ( 37 ) , or pure fructose ( 19 ) , whereas foods like potatoes and rice have GIs around 100 but are commonly eaten in some countries with low rates of diabetes . Weight control ( edit ) Dietary replacement of saturated fats by carbohydrates with a low glycemic index may be beneficial for weight control , whereas substitution with refined , high glycemic index carbohydrates is not . A Cochrane review found that adoption of low glycemic index ( or load ) diets by people who are overweight or obese leads to more weight loss ( and better fat control ) than use of diets involving higher glycemic index / load or other strategies . Benefits were apparent even with low glycemic index / load diets that allow people to eat as much as they like . The authors of the review concluded that `` Lowering the glycaemic load of the diet appears to be an effective method of promoting weight loss and improving lipid profiles and can be simply incorporated into a person 's lifestyle . '' In clinical management of obesity , diets based on a low glycemic index / load appear to provide better glycemic and inflammatory control than ones based on a high glycemic index / load ( and therefore could potentially be more effective in preventing obesity - related diseases ) . In overweight and obese children , adoption of low glycemic index / load diets may not lead to weight loss but might potentially provide other benefits . Disease prevention ( edit ) Several lines of recent ( 1999 ) scientific evidence have shown that individuals who followed a low - GI diet over many years were at a significantly lower risk for developing both type 2 diabetes , coronary heart disease , and age - related macular degeneration than others . High blood glucose levels or repeated glycemic `` spikes '' following a meal can promote these diseases by increasing systemic glycative stress , other oxidative stress to the vasculature , and also by the direct increase in insulin level . The glycative stress sets up a vicious cycle of systemic protein glycation , compromised protein editing capacity involving the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway and autophagic pathways , leading to enhanced accumulation of glycated and other obsolete proteins . Postprandial hyperglycemia is a risk factor associated with diabetes . A 1998 study shows that it also presents an increased risk for atherosclerosis in the non-diabetic population and that high GI diets , high blood - sugar levels more generally , and diabetes are related to kidney disease as well . Conversely , there are areas such as Peru and Asia where people eat high - glycemic index foods such as potatoes and high - GI rice without a high level of obesity or diabetes . The high consumption of legumes in South America and fresh fruit and vegetables in Asia likely lowers the glycemic effect in these individuals . The mixing of high - and low - GI carbohydrates produces moderate GI values . A study from the University of Sydney in Australia suggests that having a breakfast of white bread and sugar - rich cereals , over time , can make a person susceptible to diabetes , heart disease , and even cancer . A study published in 2007 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that age - related adult macular degeneration ( AMD ) , which leads to blindness , is 42 % higher among people with a high - GI diet , and concluded that eating a lower - GI diet would eliminate 20 % of AMD cases . The American Diabetes Association supports glycemic index but warns that the total amount of carbohydrate in the food is still the strongest and most important indicator , and that everyone should make their own custom method that works best for them . The International Life Sciences Institute concluded in 2011 that because there are many different ways of lowering glycemic response , not all of which have the same effects on health , `` It is becoming evident that modifying the glycemic response of the diet should not be seen as a stand - alone strategy but rather as an element of an overall balanced diet and lifestyle . '' A systematic review of few human trials examined the potential of low GI diet to improve pregnancy outcomes . Potential benefits were still seen despite no ground breaking findings in maternal glycemia or pregnancy outcomes . In this regard , more women under low GI diet achieved the target treatment goal for the postprandial glycemic level and reduced their need for insulin treatment . A low GI diet can also provide greater benefits to overweight and obese women . Intervention at an early stage of pregnancy has shown a tendency to lower birth weight and birth centile in infants born to women with GDM . Other factors ( edit ) Depending on quantities , the number of grams of carbohydrate in a food can have a bigger impact on blood sugar levels than the glycemic index does . Consuming less dietary energy , losing weight , and carbohydrate counting can be better for lowering the blood sugar level . Carbohydrates impact glucose levels most profoundly , and two foods with the same carbohydrate content are , in general , comparable in their effects on blood sugar . A food with a low glycemic index can have a high carbohydrate content or vice versa ; this can be accounted for with the glycemic load ( GL ) where GL = GI % x grams of carbohydrate per serving ( Louie JCY , et al. , 2015 ) . Consuming carbohydrates with a low glycemic index and calculating carbohydrate intake would produce the most stable blood sugar levels . Criticism and alternatives ( edit ) While the glycemic index of foods is used as a guide to the rise in blood glucose that should follow meals containing those foods , actual increases in blood glucose show considerable variability from person to person , even after consumption of identical meals . This is in part because glycemic index does not take into account other factors besides glycemic response , such as insulin response , which is measured by the insulin index and can be more appropriate in representing the effects from some food contents other than carbohydrates . In particular , since it is based on the area under the curve of the glucose response over time from ingesting a subject food , the shape of the curve has no bearing on the corresponding GI value . The glucose response can rise to a high level and fall quickly , or rise less high but remain there for a longer time , and have the same area under the curve . For subjects with type 1 diabetes who do not have an insulin response , the rate of appearance of glucose after ingestion represents the absorption of the food itself . This glycemic response has been modeled , where the model parameters for the food enable prediction of the continuous effect of the food over time on glucose values , and not merely the ultimate effect that the GI represents . Although the glycemic index provides some insights into the relative diabetic risk within specific food groups , it contains many counter-intuitive ratings . These include suggestions that bread generally has a higher glycemic ranking than sugar and that some potatoes are more glycemic than glucose . More significantly , studies such as that by Bazzano et al. demonstrate a significant beneficial diabetic effect for fruit compared to a substantial detrimental impact for fruit juice despite these having similar `` low GI '' ratings . From blood glucose curves presented by Brand - Miller et al. the main distinguishing feature between average fruit and fruit juice blood glucose curves is the maximum slope of the leading edge of 4.38 mmol L h for fruit and 6.71 mmol L h for fruit juice . This raises the concept that the rate of increase in blood glucose may be a significant determinant particularly when comparing liquids to solids which release carbohydrates over time and therefore have an inherently greater area under the blood glucose curve . See also ( edit ) Diabetic diet Disposition index Glycemic efficacy Low glycemic index diet Montignac diet Overall Nutritional Quality Index References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` glycaemic index noun '' . Oxford Learner 's Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : `` Glycemic Index Defined '' . Glycemic Research Institute . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glycemic Index Food List & Chart '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Zeevi , David ; Korem , Tal ; Zmora , Niv ; Israeli , David ; Rothschild , Daphna ; Weinberger , Adina ; Ben - Yacov , Orly ; Lador , Dar ; Avnit - Sagi , Tali ; Lotan - Pompan , Maya ; Suez , Jotham ; Mahdi , Jemal Ali ; Matot , Elad ; Malka , Gal ; Kosower , Noa ; Rein , Michal ; Zilberman - Schapira , Gili ; Dohnalová , Lenka ; Pevsner - Fischer , Meirav ; Bikovsky , Rony ; Halpern , Zamir ; Elinav , Eran ; Segal , Eran ( 2015 ) . `` Personalized Nutrition by Prediction of Glycemic Responses '' . Cell. 163 ( 5 ) : 1079 -- 94 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2015.11. 001 . PMID 26590418 . Jump up ^ `` Glycemic Load '' . Avis Regime . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White or brown rice ? Mee pok or spaghetti ? Take our food quiz and digest the facts about glycaemic index '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Scheiner , Gary ( 2013 ) . Until There is a Cure : The Latest and Greatest in Diabetes Self - Care . Spry Publishing LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 938170 - 13 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` GI Database '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Janine ( September 2005 ) . `` The Glycemic Index debate : Does the type of carbohydrate really matter ? '' . Diabetes Forecast . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jenkins DJ , Wolever TM , Taylor RH , et al. ( March 1981 ) . `` Glycemic index of foods : a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34 ( 3 ) : 362 -- 66 . doi : 10.1093 / ajcn / 34.3. 362 . PMID 6259925 . Jump up ^ Jenkins DJ , Kendall CW , McKeown - Eyssen G , et al. ( December 2008 ) . `` Effect of a low - glycemic index or a high - cereal fiber diet on type 2 diabetes : a randomized trial '' . JAMA. 300 ( 23 ) : 2742 -- 53 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2008.808 . PMID 19088352 . Jump up ^ Brouns F , Bjorck I , Frayn KN , et al. ( June 2005 ) . `` Glycaemic index methodology '' . Nutr Res Rev. 18 ( 1 ) : 145 -- 71 . doi : 10.1079 / NRR2005100 . PMID 19079901 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glycemic Index Traffic Light Food Chart '' . The GI Diet . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Glycemic Index ? '' . Angelika Christie . 2009 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Foster - Powell K , Holt SH , Brand - Miller JC ( July 2002 ) . `` International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values : 2002 '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 56 . PMID 12081815 . Jump up ^ Kirpitch , A.R. ; Maryniuk , M.D. ( 2011 ) . `` The 3 R 's of Glycemic Index : Recommendations , Research , and the Real World '' . Clinical Diabetes. 29 ( 4 ) : 155 -- 59 . doi : 10.2337 / diaclin. 29.4. 155 . ISSN 0891 - 8929 . Jump up ^ Glycemic Index : From Research to Nutrition Recommendations ? . Copenhagen : Nordic Council of Ministers. 2005 . ISBN 92 - 893 - 1256 - 4 . TemaNord2005 : 589 . Jump up ^ Atkinson FS , Foster - Powell K , Brand - Miller JC ( December 2008 ) . `` International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values : 2008 '' . Diabetes Care . 31 ( 12 ) : 2281 -- 83 . doi : 10.2337 / dc08 - 1239 . PMC 2584181 . PMID 18835944 . Jump up ^ Brand - Miller , Jennie ; Foster - Powell , Kaye ( 2005 ) . The Low GI Diet Revolution : The Definitive Science - Based Weight Loss Plan . Marlowe & Company . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56924 - 413 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brand - Miller JC , Fatema K , Fatima K , et al. ( June 2007 ) . `` Effect of alcoholic beverages on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in lean , young , healthy adults '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85 ( 6 ) : 1545 -- 51 . PMID 17556691 . Jump up ^ Godley R , Brown RC , Williams SM , Green TJ ( May 2009 ) . `` Moderate alcohol consumption the night before glycaemic index testing has no effect on glycaemic response '' . Eur J Clin Nutr. 63 ( 5 ) : 692 -- 94 . doi : 10.1038 / ejcn. 2008.27 . PMID 18398423 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrisystem '' . Web.archive.org. 2008 - 03 - 06 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Brand - Miller J , Buyken AE ( 2012 ) . `` The glycemic index issue '' . Curr . Opin . Lipidol. 23 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 67 . doi : 10.1097 / MOL. 0b013e32834ec705 . PMID 22157060 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas DE , Elliott EJ , Baur L ( 2007 ) . `` Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev ( 3 ) : CD005105 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD005105. pub2 . PMID 17636786 . Jump up ^ Schwingshackl L , Hoffmann G ( 2013 ) . `` Long - term effects of low glycemic index / load vs. high glycemic index / load diets on parameters of obesity and obesity - associated risks : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 23 ( 8 ) : 699 -- 706 . doi : 10.1016 / j. numecd. 2013.04. 008 . PMID 23786819 . Jump up ^ Schwingshackl L , Hobl LP , Hoffmann G ( 2015 ) . `` Effects of low glycaemic index / low glycaemic load vs. high glycaemic index / high glycaemic load diets on overweight / obesity and associated risk factors in children and adolescents : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Nutr J. 14 : 87 . doi : 10.1186 / s12937 - 015 - 0077 - 1 . PMC 4618749 . PMID 26489667 . Jump up ^ Chiu CJ , Liu S , Willett WC , et al. ( April 2011 ) . `` Informing food choices and health outcomes by use of the dietary glycemic index '' . Nutr. Rev. 69 ( 4 ) : 231 -- 42 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1753 - 4887.2011. 00382. x . PMC 3070918 . PMID 21457267 . Jump up ^ Temelkova - Kurktschiev TS , Koehler C , Henkel E , Leonhardt W , Fuecker K , Hanefeld M ( December 2000 ) . `` Postchallenge plasma glucose and glycemic spikes are more strongly associated with atherosclerosis than fasting glucose or HbA1c level '' . Diabetes Care . 23 ( 12 ) : 1830 -- 34 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 23.12. 1830 . PMID 11128361 . Jump up ^ Uchiki T , Weikel KA , Jiao W , et al. ( February 2012 ) . `` Glycation - altered proteolysis as a pathobiologic mechanism that links dietary glycemic index , aging , and age - related disease ( in nondiabetics ) '' . Aging Cell. 11 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 9726.2011. 00752. x . PMC 3257376 . PMID 21967227 . Jump up ^ Balkau B , Shipley M , Jarrett RJ , et al. ( March 1998 ) . `` High blood glucose concentration is a risk factor for mortality in middle - aged nondiabetic men . 20 - year follow - up in the Whitehall Study , the Paris Prospective Study , and the Helsinki Policemen Study '' . Diabetes Care . 21 ( 3 ) : 360 -- 67 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 21.3. 360 . PMID 9540016 . Jump up ^ `` Kidney Disease ( Nephropathy ) '' . American Diabetes Association . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Diabetes and kidney failure '' . Better Health Channel . State Government of Victoria . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Barclay AW , Petocz P , McMillan - Price J , Flood VM , Prvan T , Mitchell P , Brand - Miller JC ( March 2008 ) . `` Glycemic index , glycemic load , and chronic disease risk -- a meta - analysis of observational studies '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition . Am J Clin Nutr. 87 ( 3 ) : 627 -- 37 . doi : 10.1093 / ajcn / 87.3. 627 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Chiu CJ , Milton RC , Gensler G , Taylor A ( July 2007 ) . `` Association between dietary glycemic index and age - related macular degeneration in nondiabetic participants in the Age - Related Eye Disease Study '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86 ( 1 ) : 180 -- 88 . doi : 10.1093 / ajcn / 86.1. 180 . PMID 17616779 . Jump up ^ Sheard NF , Clark NG , Brand - Miller JC , et al. ( September 2004 ) . `` Dietary carbohydrate ( amount and type ) in the prevention and management of diabetes : a statement by the American Diabetes Association '' . Diabetes Care . 27 ( 9 ) : 2266 -- 71 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 27.9. 2266 . PMID 15333500 . Jump up ^ `` Glycemic Index and Diabetes '' . American Diabetes Association . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Sadler , Michele ( 2011 ) . Food , Glycaemic Response and Health . Brussels , Belgium : ILSI Europe . pp. 1 -- 30 . ISBN 9789078637318 . Jump up ^ Mohd Yusof BN , Firouzi S , Mohd Shariff Z , Mustafa N , Mohamed Ismail NA , Kamaruddin NA ( March 2014 ) . `` Weighing the evidence of low glycemic index dietary intervention for the management of gestational diabetes mellitus : an Asian perspective '' . Int J Food Sci Nutr. 65 ( 2 ) : 144 -- 50 . doi : 10.3109 / 09637486.2013. 845652 . PMID 24517860 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Glycemic Index and Diabetes '' . Joslin Diabetes Center . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` David Mendosa . Insulin Index . July 13 , 2003 '' . Mendosa.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Worthington DR ( Jan -- Mar 1997 ) . `` Minimal model of food absorption in the gut '' . Med Inform ( Lond ) . 22 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 45 . doi : 10.3109 / 14639239709089833 . PMID 9183779 . Jump up ^ Bazzano LA , Li TY , Joshipura KJ , Hu FB ( July 2008 ) . `` Intake of fruit , vegetables , and fruit juices and risk of diabetes in women '' . Diabetes Care . 31 ( 7 ) : 1311 -- 17 . doi : 10.2337 / dc08 - 0080 . PMC 2453647 . PMID 18390796 . Jump up ^ Brand - Miller JC , Stockmann K , Atkinson F , Petocz P , Denyer G ( January 2009 ) . `` Glycemic index , postprandial glycemia , and the shape of the curve in healthy subjects : analysis of a database of more than 1,000 foods '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 105 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2008.26354 . PMID 19056599 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glycemic index . Human Nutrition Unit ; School of Molecular Bioscience . `` Glycemic Index '' . International GI database . University of Sydney . -- Searchable database of over 2600 foods with their glycemic index and load values . List of low GI foods -- Provided by the University of Sydney with some additional foods . Revised International Table of Glycemic Index ( GI ) and Glycemic Load ( GL ) Values -- 2008 Table of about 2500 food items with their glycemic index and load values . Foster - Powell K , Holt SH , Brand - Miller JC ( July 2002 ) . `` International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values : 2002 '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 56 . PMID 12081815 . 750 items Michel Montignac : Glycemic Index Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glycemic_index&oldid=862741930 '' Categories : Diabetes Nutrition Endocrinology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kapampangan Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 11 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what does the glycemic index (gi) measure
[ "The glycemic index or glycaemic index (/ɡlaɪˈsiːmɪk/;[1] GI) is a number associated with the carbohydrates in a particular type of food that indicates the effect of these carbohydrates on a person's blood glucose (also called blood sugar) level. A value of 100 represents the standard, an equivalent amount of pure glucose.[2]\n" ]
[ "the carbohydrates in a particular type of food that indicates the effect of these carbohydrates on a person's blood glucose (also called blood sugar) level" ]
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China–United States relations
China -- United States relations - Wikipedia China -- United States relations Jump to : navigation , search For relations between the Republic of China and the United States , see Taiwan -- United States relations . China - United States relations China United States Diplomatic Mission Chinese Embassy , Washington , D.C. United States Embassy , Beijing Envoy Ambassador Cui Tiankai Ambassador Terry Branstad Embassy of the United States in China Embassy of China in the United States United States - China relations , more often known as U.S. -- Chinese relations , Chinese -- U.S. relations , or Sino - American relations , refer to international relations between the United States of America and the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . The partnership between China and the United States , in which each nation regards the other as a potential adversary as well as an economic partner , has been described by world leaders and academics as the world 's most important bilateral relationship of the century . As of 2017 , the United States has the world 's largest economy and China the second largest , although China has a larger GDP when measured by PPP . Though the US has the most in terms of national wealth . Relations between the two countries have generally been stable with some periods of open conflict , most notably during the Korean War and the Vietnam War . Currently , China and the United States have mutual political , economic , and security interests , including but not limited to the proliferation of nuclear weapons , although there are unresolved concerns relating to the role of democracy in government in China and human rights in both respective countries . China is the largest foreign creditor of the United States . The two countries remain in dispute over territorial issues in the South China Sea . Public opinion of the other country tends to fluctuate around 40 to 50 percent favorability . As of 2015 , China 's public opinion of the U.S. is at 44 % , while the United States ' public opinion of China is somewhat lower at 38 % . The highest recorded favorable opinion of the United States was at 58 % ( 2010 ) and the lowest at 38 % ( 2007 ) . Conversely , the highest recorded favorable opinion of China was at 52 % ( 2006 ) and the lowest at 35 % ( 2014 ) . Relations with China began under George Washington , leading to the 1845 Treaty of Wangxia . The U.S. was allied to the Republic of China during the Pacific war , but broke off relations with China for 25 years when the communist government took over , until Richard Nixon 's 1972 visit to China . Since Nixon , every successive U.S. president has toured China . Relations with China have strained under Barack Obama 's Asia pivot strategy , U.S. support for Japan in the Senkaku Islands dispute , as well as Donald Trump 's threats to classify the country as a `` currency manipulator '' as part of a potential trade war . As of April 2017 , ongoing maritime disputes in the South China Sea have strained relations between the two . America has conducted freedom of navigation patrols in the region to underscore the US ' position that the artificial islands constructed by China are located in international waters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Country comparison 1.1 Leaders of China and the United States from 1950 -- present 2 The Qing Dynasty and the United States 2.1 Old China Trade 2.2 Opium Wars 2.3 Taiwan 2.4 The Burlingame Treaty and the Chinese Exclusion Act 2.5 Searching for the China market 2.6 The Boxer Rebellion 2.7 Open Door Policy 3 The Republic of China and the United States 3.1 First few decades 3.2 World War II 3.3 Civil War in Mainland China 3.4 Cold War relations 3.5 Termination of diplomatic relations 4 The People 's Republic of China and the United States 4.1 Origins of the People 's Republic of China 4.2 Korean War 4.3 Vietnam War 4.4 Relations frozen 4.5 Rapprochement 4.6 Liaison Office ( 1973 -- 1978 ) 4.7 Normalization 4.7. 1 Taiwan issue 4.8 Tiananmen protests to 9 / 11 attacks ( 1989 -- 2001 ) 4.9 George W. Bush 's tenure ( 2001 -- 2009 ) 4.10 Obama ′ s tenure ( 2009 -- 2017 ) 4.11 Trump ′ s tenure ( 2017 -- ) 5 Economic relations 5.1 Currency dispute 5.2 Chinese perspective on the US economy 6 Important issues 6.1 Military spending and planning 6.2 Human rights 6.3 Influence in Asia 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Historical 10.2 Recent 10.3 Primary sources 10.4 China White Paper 1949 10.5 See also 11 External links 11.1 Website of diplomatic missions 11.2 U.S. State Department 11.3 Other Links 11.4 Videos Country comparison ( edit ) Common name China United States Official name People 's Republic of China United States of America Coat of Arms Population 1,403,500,365 ( 2017 ) 324,459,463 ( 2017 ) Population growth 0.43 % ( 2017 ) 0.71 % ( 2017 ) Urbanization 57 % ( 2016 ) 82 % ( 2016 ) Water Area 270,550 km2 685,924 km2 Land Area 9,596,961 km2 9,525,468 km2 Population density 146 / km2 34 / km2 Capital Beijing Washington , D.C. Largest city Shanghai New York City Government Socialist one - party state Federal presidential constitutional republic Current leader ( s ) Paramount Leader : Xi Jinping Premier : Li Keqiang President : Donald Trump Vice President : Mike Pence GDP ( PPP ) $23.194 trillion ( 2017 ) $19.417 trillion ( 2017 ) GDP ( PPP ) per capita $16,526 ( 2017 ) $59,845 ( 2017 ) GDP ( nominal ) $11.795 trillion ( 2017 ) $19.417 trillion ( 2017 ) GDP ( 2005 Constant Prices ) 5,762,185 Million USD ( 2015 ) 15,160,104 Million USD ( 2015 ) GDP ( nominal ) per capita $8,582 ( 2017 ) $59,845 ( 2017 ) Real GDP growth rate 6.58 % ( 2017 ) 2.31 % ( 2017 ) Gini 46.5 45.0 Human Development Index 0.738 ( 2016 ) 0.920 ( 2016 ) Currency CNY ( ¥ ) USD ( $ ) Expatriates 110,000 Americans 3,794,673 Chinese Military expenditures $215.2 billion ( 2016 ) $611.2 billion ( 2016 ) Armed forces 2,843,000 Total Personnel ( 2015 ) 492 Ships ( 2017 ) 232 Auxiliary Ships ( 2017 ) 2,955 Aircraft ( 2017 ) 1,347,300 Total Personnel ( 2015 ) 461 Ships ( 2017 ) 70 + Planning / Construction ( 2017 ) 13,762 Aircraft ( 2017 ) Laborforce 907.5 million 158.6 million Official language Standard Chinese ( Mandarin ) Recognized regional languages : Mongolian , Tibetan , Uyghur , Zhuang , and others . None at federal level ( de jure ) American English ( de facto ) Main religions Officially an atheist state ; 52.2 % Unaffiliated 21.9 % of Chinese folk religion 18.2 % Buddhist 5.1 % Christian ( of any denomination ) 1.8 % Muslim 0.1 % Hindu 0.1 % Jewish 0.7 % other ( includes Taoist ) Officially a secular state ; 70.6 % Christian ( 46.5 % Protestantism , 20.8 % Catholicism ) 22.8 % Unaffiliated 1.6 % Mormonism 1.7 % Other Christianity 1.9 % Jewish 0.9 % Muslim 0.7 % Buddhist 0.7 % Hinduism Ethnic groups 91.6 % Han Chinese and 55 recognized minorities 77.1 % White 13.3 % African American ( black ) 5.6 % Asian American 2.6 % Multiracial 1.2 % American Indian or Alaska Native 0.2 % Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 17.6 % Hispanic and Latino ( of any race ) Leaders of China and the United States from 1950 -- present ( edit ) The Qing dynasty and the United States ( edit ) The American Garden at the Thirteen Factories in Canton , 1844 -- 45 In 1784 the United States attempted to send a consul to China , but he was not received by the Chinese government . Formal diplomatic relations between the United States and the Chinese Empire began June 16 , 1844 as the countries engaged in the negotiations which led to the Treaty of Wangxia . Old China trade ( edit ) Main articles : Old China Trade , Canton System , Maritime fur trade , Levant Company , and History of opium in China An example of a Chinese - made lap desk from the early 1800s . Lap desks such as these were especially popular among American merchants , who used them to write letters or conduct business during their lengthy voyages at sea . Coins , ginseng , and furs , and more prominently tea , cotton , silk , lacquerware , porcelain , and furniture were once traded as commodities between the two countries . Opium wars ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War and Second Opium War After the Treaty of Nanking at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 , many Chinese ports were forced to open to foreign trade , which threatened American trade in the region . President John Tyler , however , secured the 1844 Treaty of Wanghia , which gave Americans the right of extraterritoriality , and placed American trade on par with British trade . This treaty effectively ended the era of the Old China Trade , giving to the rise of the United States as an emergent power . During the Second Opium War , American and Qing forces briefly clashed at the Battle of the Barrier Forts , the first instance of military engagement between the United States and China . After China 's defeat in the Second Opium War , the then emperor of China , Xianfeng , fled Beijing . His brother Yixin , the Prince Gong , ratified the Treaty of Tientsin in the Convention of Peking on October 18 , 1860 . This treaty stipulated , among other terms , that along with Britain , France , and Russia , the United States would have the right to station administrative offices in Beijing , which was closed prior to the war . Taiwan ( edit ) Some Americans advocated for the annexation of Taiwan from China . Aboriginals on Taiwan often attacked and massacred shipwrecked western sailors . In 1867 , during the Rover incident , Taiwanese aborigines attacked shipwrecked American sailors , killing the entire crew . They subsequently skirmished against and defeated a retaliatory expedition by the American military and killed another American during the battle . The Burlingame Treaty and the Chinese Exclusion Act ( edit ) Main articles : Burlingame Treaty and Chinese Exclusion Act The first page of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 In 1868 , the Qing government appointed Anson Burlingame as their emissary to the United States . Burlingame toured the country to build support for equitable treatment for China and for Chinese emigrants . The 1868 Burlingame Treaty embodied these principles . In 1871 , the Chinese Educational Mission brought the first of two groups of 120 Chinese boys to study in the United States . They were led by Yung Wing , the first Chinese man to graduate from an American university . During the California Gold Rush and the construction of the transcontinental railroad , large numbers of Chinese emigrated to the U.S. , spurring animosity from American citizens . After being forcibly driven from the mines , most Chinese settled in Chinatowns in cities such as San Francisco , taking up low - end wage labor , such as restaurant and cleaning work . With the post-Civil War economy in decline by the 1870s , anti-Chinese animosity became politicized by labor leader Denis Kearney and his party , as well as by the California governor John Bigler . Both blamed Chinese coolies for depressed wage levels . In the first significant restriction on free immigration in U.S. history , Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act on May 6 , 1882 , following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty . Those revisions allowed the United States to suspend immigration , and Congress acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration and exclude Chinese skilled and unskilled laborers from entering the country for ten years , under penalty of imprisonment and deportation . The ban was renewed a number of times , lasting for over 60 years . Searching for the China market ( edit ) The American China Development Company , founded in 1895 by J.P. Morgan and Andrew Carnegie , sought to provide the American capital and management that would generate a rapid industrialization of China . It started building the Hankow - Canton Railroad , to link central and southern China . It only managed to finish 30 miles of line . Americans soon grew disillusioned , and sold out to a rival Belgian syndicate . On the whole , the American dream of getting rich by investing in China or selling to hundreds of millions of Chinese was almost always a failure . Standard Oil did succeed in selling kerosene to the China market , but few others made a profit . The Boxer Rebellion ( edit ) Main article : Boxer Rebellion US troops in China during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 . In 1899 , a movement of Chinese nationalists calling themselves the Society of Right and Harmonious Fists started a violent revolt in China , referred to by Westerners as the Boxer Rebellion , against foreign influence in trade , politics , religion , and technology . The campaigns took place from November 1899 to September 7 , 1901 , during the final years of Manchu rule in China under the Qing dynasty . The uprising began as an anti-foreign , anti-imperialist , peasant - based movement in northern China , in response to foreign westerners seizing land from locals , concession grabbing , and granting immunity to criminals who converted to Catholicism . The insurgents attacked foreigners , who were building railroads and violating Feng shui , and Christians , who were held responsible for the foreign domination of China . In June 1900 , the Boxers entered Peking , and ransacked the area around the Foreign Legations . On June 21 , in response to the Western attack on the Chinese Dagu Forts Empress Dowager Cixi declared war against all Western powers . Diplomats , foreign civilians , soldiers , and Chinese Christians were besieged during the Siege of the International Legations for 55 days . A coalition called the Eight - Nation Alliance comprising Austria - Hungary , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , Russia , Britain and the United States rushed 20,000 troops to their rescue . The multinational forces were initially defeated by a Chinese Muslim army at the Battle of Langfang , but the second attempt in the Gaselee Expedition was successful due to internal rivalries among the Chinese forces . The Chinese government was forced to indemnify the victims and make many additional concessions . Subsequent reforms implemented after the rebellion contributed to the end of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the modern Chinese Republic . The United States played a secondary but significant role in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion , largely due to the presence of US ships and troops deployed in the Philippines since the American conquest of the Spanish -- American and Philippine -- American War . Within the United States Armed Forces , the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion was known as the China Relief Expedition . The Chinese paid indemnities to each of the powers . The U.S. used its $11 million share to promote cultural and educational exchanges and help China modernize . A number of schools were established in China , such as Tsinghua College in Peking . With national attention focused on the Boxers , American Protestants made missions to China a high priority . They supported 500 missionaries in 1890 , more than 2000 in 1914 , and 8300 in 1920 . By 1927 they opened 16 American universities , six medical schools , and four theology schools , together with 265 middle schools and a large number of elementary schools. The number of converts was not large , but the educational influence was dramatic . Open Door policy ( edit ) Main article : Open Door Policy `` Putting his foot down '' Uncle Sam in 1899 demands Open Door while major powers plan to cut up China for themselves ; Germany , Italy , England , Austria , Russia & France are represented by Wilhelm II , Umberto I , John Bull , Franz Joseph I ( in rear ) Uncle Sam , Nicholas II , and Emile Loubet . Punch Aug 23 , 1899 by J.S. Pughe In the 1890s the major world powers ( France , Britain , Germany , Japan , and Russia ) began carving out spheres of influence for themselves in China , which was then under the Qing dynasty . The United States demanded this practice to end so that all nations could trade on an equal footing . In 1899 , U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent diplomatic letters to these nations , asking them to guarantee the territorial and administrative integrity of China and to not interfere with the free use of treaty ports within their respective spheres of influence . The major powers evaded commitment , saying they could not agree to anything until the other powers had consented first . Hay took this as acceptance of his proposal , which came to be known as the Open Door Policy . While respected internationally , the Open Door Policy was ignored by Russia and Japan when they encroached in Manchuria . The U.S. protested Russia 's actions . Japan and Russia fought the Russo - Japanese War in 1904 , in which the U.S. mediated a peace . Japan also presented a further challenge to the policy with its Twenty - One Demands in 1915 made on the then - Republic of China . Japan also made secret treaties with the Allied Powers promising Japan the German territories in China . In 1931 , Japan invaded and occupied Manchuria . The United States along with other countries condemned the action , leading to U.S. support for China in its war with Japan after 1937 . Residence of China 's envoy Wu Tingfang The Republic of China and the United States ( edit ) First few decades ( edit ) After the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 , the United States government recognized the Republic of China ( ROC ) government as the sole and legitimate government of China despite a number of governments ruling various parts of China . China was reunified by a single government , ROC , led by the Kuomintang ( KMT ) in 1928 . The first winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature for writing about China was an American , born in the United States but raised in China , Pearl S. Buck , whose 1938 Nobel lecture was titled The Chinese Novel . World War II ( edit ) Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill at the Cairo Conference in 1943 . The outbreak of the Second Sino - Japanese War in 1937 saw aid flow into the Republic of China , from the United States under President Franklin D. Roosevelt . A series of Neutrality Acts had been passed in the US with the support of isolationists who forbade American aid to countries at war . Because the Second Sino - Japanese War was undeclared , however , Roosevelt denied that a state of war existed in China and proceeded to send aid to Chiang . American public sympathy for the Chinese was aroused by reports from missionaries , novelists such as Pearl S. Buck , and Time Magazine of Japanese brutality in China , including reports surrounding the Nanking Massacre , also known as the ' Rape of Nanking ' . Japanese - American relations were further soured by the USS Panay incident during the bombing of Nanjing , in which a gunboat of the US Navy was accidentally sunk by Japanese aircraft . Roosevelt demanded an apology and compensation from the Japanese , which was received , but relations between the two countries continued to deteriorate . American public opinion overwhelmingly favored China and denounced Japan . The United States formally declared war on Japan in December 1941 following the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor . The Roosevelt administration gave massive amounts of aid to Chiang 's beleaguered government , now headquartered in Chungking . Madame Chiang Kai - shek , who had been educated in the United States , addressed the US Congress and toured the country to rally support for China . Congress amended the Chinese Exclusion Act and Roosevelt moved to end the unequal treaties by establishing the Treaty for Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China . However , the perception that Chiang 's government was unable to effectively resist the Japanese or that he preferred to focus more on defeating the Communists grew . China Hands such as Joseph `` Vinegar Joe '' Stilwell -- who spoke fluent Mandarin Chinese -- argued that it was in American interest to establish communication with the Communists to prepare for a land - based counteroffensive invasion of Japan . The Dixie Mission , which began in 1943 , was the first official American contact with the Communists . Other Americans , such as Claire Lee Chennault , argued for air power and supported Chiang 's position . In 1944 , successfully demanded that Stilwell be recalled . General Albert Coady Wedemeyer replaced Stilwell , and Patrick J. Hurley became ambassador . Civil War in mainland China ( edit ) After World War II ended in 1945 , the hostility between the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China exploded into open civil war . The KMT lost effective control of mainland China in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 . In the China White Paper in August 1949 drafted by the US State Department that the United States was announcing the hands - off policy to the ROC in Taiwan to the upcoming military attacks from the People 's Liberation Army . Chinese Military forces under Chiang Kai - shek went to the island of Taiwan to accept the surrender of Japanese troops , thus beginning the military occupation of Taiwan . American general George Marshall spent most of the years 1946 in China trying to broker a truce between the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China in 1946 , but he failed . In February 1948 , Marshall , now the Secretary of State , testified to Congress in secret session that he had realized from the start that the Nationalists could never defeat the Communists in the field , so some sort of negotiated settlement was necessary or else the United States would have to fight the war . He warned : any large - scale United States effort to assist the Chinese Government to oppose the Communists would most probably degenerate into a direct U.S. undertaking and responsibility , involving the commitment of sizable forces and resources over an indefinite period . Such a dissipation of U.S. resources would inevitably play into the hands of the Russians , or would provoke a reaction which would possibly , even probably , we to another Spanish type of revolution or general hostilities ... the cost of an all - out effort to see Communist forces resisted and destroyed in China ... would clearly be out of all proportion to the results to be obtained . The Kuomintang ( Nationalist ) cause declined until 1949 , when the Communists emerged victorious and drove the Nationalists from the Chinese mainland onto Taiwan and other islands . Mao Zedong established the People 's Republic of China in mainland China , while Taiwan and other islands are still retained under the Republic of China rule to this day . Cold War relations ( edit ) After the Korean War broke out , the Truman administration resumed economic and military aid to the ROC and neutralized Taiwan Strait by United States Seventh Fleet to stop a Communist invasion of Formosa . Until the US formally recognized China in 1979 , Washington provided ROC with financial grants based on the Foreign Assistance Act , Mutual Security Act and Act for International Development enacted by the US Congress . A separate Sino - American Mutual Defense Treaty was signed between the two governments of US and ROC in 1954 and lasted until 1979 . Eisenhower , Soong Mei - ling , and Chinese president Chiang Kai - shek in Taiwan . 1960 . With President Chiang Kai - shek , the U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower waved hands to crowds during his visit to Taipei , Taiwan in June 1960 . The U.S. State Department 's official position in 1959 was : That the provisional capital of the Republic of China has been at Taipei , Taiwan ( Formosa ) since December 1949 ; that the Government of the Republic of China exercises authority over the island ; that the sovereignty of Formosa has not been transferred to China ; and that Formosa is not a part of China as a country , at least not as yet , and not until and unless appropriate treaties are hereafter entered into . Formosa may be said to be a territory or an area occupied and administered by the Government of the Republic of China , but is not officially recognized as being a part of the Republic of China . '' Termination of diplomatic relations ( edit ) See also : Taiwan -- United States relations On January 1 , 1979 , the United States changed its diplomatic recognition of China from Taipei to Beijing . In the U.S. - PRC Three Communiqués that announced the change , the United States acknowledges that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China . Since then , the ROC has often been referred to as ' Taiwan ' to avoid confusion . Meanwhile , the U.S. negotiated with Taiwan on what the change meant . Trade continued and the U.S. provided military security . The People 's Republic of China and the United States ( edit ) Origins of the People 's Republic of China ( edit ) The United States did not formally recognize the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) for 30 years after its founding . Instead , the US maintained diplomatic relations with the Republic of China government on Taiwan , recognizing it as the sole legitimate government of China . However , the Taiwan - based Republic of China government did not trust the United States . An enemy of the Chiang family , K.C. Wu , was removed from his position as governor of Taiwan by Chiang Ching - kuo and fled to America in 1953 . Chiang Kai - shek , president of the Republic of China , suspected that the American CIA was engineering a coup with Sun Li - jen , an American - educated Chinese man who attended the Virginia Military Institute , with the goal of making Taiwan an independent state . Chiang placed Sun under house arrest in 1955 . Chiang Ching - kuo , educated in the Soviet Union , initiated Soviet - style military organization in the Republic of China military , reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps and surveillance . Kuomintang party activities were propagated throughout the military . Sun Li - jen opposed this action . As the People 's Liberation Army moved south to complete the conquest of mainland China in 1949 , the American embassy followed Chiang Kai - shek 's Republic of China government to Taipei , while US consular officials remained in mainland China . However , the People 's Republic of China was hostile to the American presence , and all US personnel were withdrawn from the mainland in early 1950 . In December 1950 , the People 's Republic seized all American assets and properties , totaling $196.8 million , after the US had frozen Chinese assets in America following the PRC 's entry into the Korean War in November . Korean War ( edit ) Main article : Korean War Truman administration announced on January 5 , 1950 , that the United States would not become involved in any dispute about Taiwan Strait , and that he would not intervene in the event of an attack by the PRC , but these plans were quickly undone when the Korean War began on 25 June with the invasion of the US - backed Republic of Korea by the communist Democratic People 's Republic of Korea . A US - led international coalition of troops drove the North Korean forces from the South . In response to the Soviet - backed North Korean invasion of South Korea , the United Nations Security Council was convened and passed UNSC Resolution 82 , declaring war on North Korea unanimously . The resolution was adopted mainly because the Soviet Union , a veto - wielding power , had been boycotting UN proceedings since January , in protest that the Republic of China and not the People 's Republic of China held a permanent seat on the council . The American - led allied forces pushed the invading Korean People 's Army back into North Korea , past the North - South border at the 38th parallel and began to approach the Yalu River on the China - North Korea border . Chinese warnings for the UN forces to not venture too close to their border were ignored , and in November , a massive Chinese counterattack was launched . The Chinese army struck in the west along the Chongchon River and completely overran several South Korean divisions , successfully landing a heavy blow to the flank of the remaining forces . The defeat of the US Eighth Army resulted in the longest retreat of any American military unit in history . Both sides sustained heavy casualties before the allied forces were able to push Chinese forces back , near the original division . In late March 1951 , after the Chinese army had moved large numbers of new forces near the Korean border , US bomb loading pits at Kadena Air Base in Okinawa were made operational . On April 5 , the US Joint Chiefs of Staff released orders for immediate retaliatory attacks using nuclear weapons against Manchurian bases to prevent new Chinese troops from entering the battles or bombing attacks originating from those bases . On the same day , Truman gave his approval for transfer of nine Mark IV nuclear capsules `` to the Air Force 's Ninth Bomb Group , the designated carrier of the weapons , '' signing an order to use them against Chinese and Korean targets . Two years of continued fighting ended in a stalemate , until the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed on July 27 , 1953 . Since then , a divided Korea has become an important factor in US - China relations . Also , the entry of China in the Korean War caused a major change in US policy from minimal support of the Nationalist government in Taiwan to Taiwan as protected by the United States . Vietnam War ( edit ) Main article : Vietnam War The People 's Republic of China provided resources and training to Communists in Vietnam , and in the summer of 1962 , Chairman Mao Zedong agreed to supply Hanoi with 90,000 rifles and guns free of charge . After the launch of the America 's Operation `` Rolling Thunder '' , China sent anti-aircraft units and engineering battalions to North Vietnam to repair the damage caused by American bombing , rebuild roads and railroads , and perform other engineering work , freeing the North Vietnamese army units for combat in the South . The United States lost 58,159 troops in the Vietnam War . The Chinese presence in North Vietnam was well - known to US officials , and can explain a number of factors surrounding American strategy in the conflict . In particular , President Johnson and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara ruled out the possibility of a ground invasion of North Vietnam early on , for fear of repeating the Korean War but with a now nuclear - armed China . However , it is unclear exactly what Beijing 's reaction to a US invasion of North Vietnam would have been -- Mao Zedong reportedly told journalist Edgar Snow in 1965 that China had no intention of fighting to save the Hanoi regime and would not engage the US military unless it crossed into Chinese territory . On other occasions , Mao expressed confidence that the People 's Liberation Army could take on the US again , much like it did in Korea . Whatever Chinese plans might have been , the Johnson Administration was unwilling to tempt fate and so ground troops never crossed into North Vietnam . Relations frozen ( edit ) The United States continued to work to prevent the PRC from taking China 's seat in the United Nations and encouraged its allies not to deal with the PRC . The United States placed an embargo on trading with the PRC , and encouraged allies to follow it . The PRC developed nuclear weapons in 1964 and , as later declassified documents revealed , President Lyndon B. Johnson considered preemptive attacks to halt its nuclear program . He ultimately decided the measure carried too much risk and it was abandoned . For most of the 22 years between 1949 and 1971 , Sino - US relations were uniformly hostile , with Mao Zedong frequently referring to the United States as `` the most dangerous imperialist power '' , and the U.S. frequently attacked by Chinese propaganda . President Kennedy believed that US policy towards China was `` nonsensical '' , and he considered reestablishing diplomatic ties in his second term . However , Kennedy 's assassination in late 1963 , followed by the Vietnam War and Cultural Revolution , ended any possibility of normalized relations with Beijing for years . Despite this official non-recognition , the United States and the People 's Republic of China held 136 meetings at the ambassadorial level beginning in 1954 and continuing until 1970 , first in Geneva and in 1958 -- 1970 in Warsaw . The Cultural Revolution brought about near - complete isolation of China from the outside world and vocal denunciations of both U.S. imperialism and Soviet revisionism . Beginning in 1967 , the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission established the China Claims Program , in which American citizens could denominate the sum total of their lost assets and property following the Communist seizure of foreign property in 1950 . American companies were reluctant to invest in China despite ( future Chairman ) Deng Xiaoping 's reassurances of a stable business environment . Rapprochement ( edit ) The end of the 1960s brought a period of transformation . For China , when American president Johnson decided to wind down the Vietnam war in 1968 , it gave China an impression that the US had no interest of expanding in Asia anymore while the USSR became a more serious threat as it intervened in Czechoslovakia to displace a communist government and might well interfere in China . This became an especially important concern for the People 's Republic of China after the Sino - Soviet border conflict of 1969 . The PRC was diplomatically isolated and the leadership came to believe that improved relations with the United States would be a useful counterbalance to the Soviet threat . Zhou Enlai , the Premier of China , was at the forefront of this effort with the committed backing of Chairman Mao Zedong . In 1969 , the United States initiated measures to relax trade restrictions and other impediments to bilateral contact , to which China responded . However , this rapprochement process was stalled by the Vietnam War where China was supporting the enemies of the United States . Communication between Chinese and American leaders , however , was conducted with Pakistan and Poland as intermediaries . Henry Kissinger , shown here with Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong , made two secret trips to the PRC in 1971 before Nixon 's groundbreaking visit in 1972 . In the United States , academics such as John K. Fairbank and A. Doak Barnett pointed to the need to deal realistically with the Beijing government , while organizations such as the National Committee on United States -- China Relations sponsored debates to promote public awareness . Many saw the specter of Communist China behind communist movements in Vietnam , Cambodia , and Laos , but a growing number concluded that if the PRC would align with the US it would mean a major redistribution of global power against the Soviets . Mainland China 's market of nearly one billion consumers appealed to American business . Senator J. William Fulbright , Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , held a series of hearings on the matter . Richard M. Nixon mentioned in his inaugural address that the two countries were entering an era of negotiation after an era of confrontation . Although Nixon during his 1960 presidential campaign had vociferously supported Chiang Kai - Shek , by the second half of the decade , he increasingly began to speak of there `` being no reason to leave China angry and isolated '' . Nixon 's election as president in 1968 was initially met with hostility by Beijing -- an editorial in the People 's Daily denounced him as `` a chieftain whom the capitalist world had turned to out of desperation '' . Nixon believed it was in the American national interest to forge a relationship with China , even though there were enormous differences between the two countries . He was assisted in this by his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger . Domestic politics also entered into Nixon 's thinking , as the boost from a successful courting of the PRC could help him in the 1972 American presidential election . He also worried that one of the Democrats would preempt him and go to the PRC before he had the opportunity . In 1971 , an unexpectedly friendly encounter between the American and Chinese ping - pong athletes called Glenn Cowan and Zhuang Zedong in Japan opened the way for a visit to China , which Chairman Mao personally approved . In April 1971 , the athletes became the first Americans to officially visit China since the communist takeover . The smooth acceptance of this so - called `` ping - pong diplomacy '' gave confidence to both sides . In July 1971 , Henry Kissinger feigned illness while on a trip to Pakistan and did not appear in public for a day . He was actually on a top - secret mission to Beijing to negotiate with Zhou Enlai . Kissinger and his aides did not receive a warm welcome in Beijing , and the hotel they stayed in was equipped with pamphlets excoriating US imperialism . However , the meeting with Zhou Enlai was productive , and the Chinese premier expressed his hope for improved Sino - US relations . He commented that the US had intentionally isolated China , not vice-versa , and any initiative to restore diplomatic ties had to come from the American side . Zhou spoke of the late President Kennedy 's plans to restore relations with China and told Kissinger `` We are willing to wait as long as we need to . If these negotiations fail , in time another Kennedy or another Nixon will come along . '' On July 15 , 1971 , President Richard Nixon revealed the mission to the world and that he had accepted an invitation to visit the PRC . This announcement caused immediate shock around the world . In the United States , some hard - line anti-communists ( most notably Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater ) denounced the decision , but most public opinion supported the move and Nixon saw the jump in the polls he had been hoping for . Since Nixon had sterling anti-communist credentials he was all but immune to being called `` soft on communism . '' Nixon and his aides wanted to ensure that press coverage offered dramatic imagery . Nixon was particularly eager for strong news coverage . President Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon walk with the American delegation and their Chinese hosts on the Great Wall of China . President Nixon and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai toast during Nixon 's 1972 visit to China Within the PRC there was also opposition from left - wing elements . This effort was allegedly led by Lin Biao , head of the military , who died in a mysterious plane crash over Mongolia while trying to defect to the Soviet Union . His death silenced most internal dissent over the visit . Internationally , reactions varied . In the communist world , the Soviets were very concerned that two major enemies seemed to have resolved their differences , and the new world alignment contributed significantly to the policy of détente . Romania 's president Nicolai Ceausescu praised the US initiative as a `` move for world peace '' . Several communist regimes , including Cuba , Albania , and North Vietnam , accused China of `` capitulationism to the imperialists '' . North Korea proclaimed that it was the reverse and that the US had been forced to capitulate to China , having failed to isolate it . America 's European allies and Canada were pleased by the initiative , especially since many of them had already recognized the PRC . In Asia , the reaction was far more mixed . Japan was annoyed that it had not been told of the announcement until fifteen minutes before it had been made , and feared that the Americans were abandoning them in favor of the PRC . A short time later , Japan also recognized the PRC and committed to substantial trade with the continental power . South Korea and South Vietnam were both concerned that peace between the United States and the PRC could mean an end to American support for them against their communist enemies . Throughout the period of rapprochement , both countries had to be regularly assured that they would not be abandoned . From February 21 to February 28 , 1972 , President Nixon traveled to Beijing , Hangzhou , and Shanghai . At the conclusion of his trip , the US and the PRC issued the Shanghai Communiqué , a statement of their respective foreign policy views . In the Communiqué , both nations pledged to work toward the full normalization of diplomatic relations . This did not lead to immediate recognition of the People 's Republic of China but ' liaison offices ' were established in Beijing and Washington . The US acknowledged the PRC position that all Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait maintain that there is only one China and that Taiwan is part of China . The statement enabled the US and PRC to temporarily set aside the issue of Taiwan and open trade and communication . Also , the US and China both agreed to take action against ' any country ' that is to establish ' hegemony ' in the Asia - Pacific . On several issues , such as the ongoing conflicts in Korea , Vietnam , and Israel , the US and China were unable to reach a common understanding . Most major anti-US propaganda disappeared in China after the Nixon visit ; although there was still occasional criticism of US imperialism , the Soviet Union had definitively become China 's arch - foe in the 1970s . The rapprochement with the United States benefited the PRC immensely and greatly increased its security for the rest of the Cold War . It has been argued that the United States , on the other hand , saw fewer benefits than it had hoped for , inasmuch as China continued to back America 's enemies in Hanoi and Pyongyang . Eventually , however , the PRC 's suspicion of Vietnam 's motives led to a break in Sino - Vietnamese cooperation and , upon the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1979 , the Sino - Vietnamese War . Both China and the United States backed combatants in Africa against Soviet and Cuban - supported movements . The economic benefits of normalization were slow as it would take decades for American products to penetrate the vast Chinese market . While Nixon 's China policy is regarded by many as the highlight of his presidency , others such as William Bundy have argued that it provided very little benefit to the United States . Liaison office ( 1973 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) President Gerald Ford makes remarks at a Reciprocal Dinner in Beijing on December 4 , 1975 . In May 1973 , in an effort to build toward formal diplomatic relations , the US and the PRC established the United States Liaison Office ( USLO ) in Beijing and a counterpart PRC office in Washington . In 1973 to 1978 , such distinguished Americans as David K.E. Bruce , George H.W. Bush , Thomas S. Gates , Jr. , and Leonard Woodcock served as chiefs of the USLO with the personal rank of ambassador . China made clear that it considered the Soviet Union its chief adversary , and urged the United States to be powerful , thereby distracting Moscow . Liaison officer George Bush concluded , `` China keeps wanting us to be strong , wanting us to defend Europe , wanting us to increase our defense budgets , etc . '' Bush concluded that American engagement was essential to support markets , allies , and stability in Asia and around the world . President Gerald Ford visited the PRC in 1975 and reaffirmed American interest in normalizing relations with Beijing . Shortly after taking office in 1977 , President Jimmy Carter again reaffirmed the goals of the Shanghai Communiqué . Secretary of State Cyrus Vance , Carter 's National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski , and senior staff member of the National Security Council Michel Oksenberg encouraged Carter to seek full diplomatic and trade relations with China . Although Brzezinksi sought to quickly establish a security relationship with Beijing to counter the Soviet Union , Carter sided with Vance in believing that such a deal would threaten existing U.S. - Soviet relations , including the SALT II negotiations . Thus , the administration decided to cautiously pursue political normalization and not military relations . Vance , Brzezinski , and Oksenberg traveled to Beijing in early 1978 to work with Leonard Woodcock , then head of the liaison office , to lay the groundwork to do so . The United States and the People 's Republic of China announced on December 15 , 1978 that the two governments would establish diplomatic relations on January 1 , 1979 . Normalization ( edit ) Jimmy Carter , Zbigniew Brzezinski , and other U.S. officials meet in the White House Cabinet Room with Deng Xiaoping , 29 January 1979 In the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations , dated January 1 , 1979 , the United States transferred diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing . The US reiterated the Shanghai Communiqué 's acknowledgment of the Chinese position that there is only one China and that Taiwan is a part of China ; Beijing acknowledged that the American people would continue to carry on commercial , cultural , and other unofficial contacts with the people of Taiwan . Much like the Nixon visit to Beijing six years earlier , the formal establishment of Sino - US ties met with a mixed response from many countries . Taiwan , although fully expecting this step , nonetheless expressed disappointment at having not been consulted first . The reaction of the communist world was similar to 1972 , with the Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe mostly being noncommittal , Romania welcoming the move , and Cuba and Albania being strongly against it . North Korea issued a statement congratulating `` our brotherly neighbors for ending long - hostile relations with the US '' . Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping 's January 1979 visit to Washington initiated a series of important , high - level exchanges which continued until the spring of 1989 . This resulted in many bilateral agreements , especially in the fields of scientific , technological , and cultural interchange , as well as trade relations . Since early 1979 , the United States and the PRC have initiated hundreds of joint research projects and cooperative programs under the Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology , the largest bilateral program . On March 1 , 1979 , the two countries formally established embassies in each other 's capitals . In 1979 , outstanding private claims were resolved and a bilateral trade agreement was completed . Vice President Walter Mondale reciprocated Vice Premier Deng 's visit with an August 1979 trip to China . This visit led to agreements in September 1980 on maritime affairs , civil aviation links , and textile matters , as well as a bilateral consular convention . Sino - US military cooperation also began in 1979 ; American arms sales to China were initiated , and in 1981 it was revealed that a joint Sino - US listening post had been operated in Xinjiang , near the Soviet border . Chinese demands for advanced technology from the US were not always met , in part due to opposition from Congressmen who either distrusted technology transfer to a communist nation out of principle , or concern that there was no guarantee that such technology would not end up in the hands of unfriendly third parties . In 1983 , the US State Department changed its classification of China to `` a friendly , developing nation '' , thereby increasing the amount of technology and armaments that could be sold . The skepticism of some US Congressmen was not entirely unmerited as China during the 1980s continued to sell arms to Iran and other states that were openly hostile to American interests . Deng Xiaoping with US President Jimmy Carter As a consequence of high - level and working - level contacts initiated in 1980 , New York City and Beijing become sister cities , US dialogue with the PRC broadened to cover a wide range of issues , including global and regional strategic problems , political - military questions , including arms control , UN , and other multilateral organization affairs , and international narcotics matters . High - level exchanges continued to be a significant means for developing US - PRC relations in the 1980s . President Ronald Reagan and Premier Zhao Ziyang made reciprocal visits in 1984 . Reagan 's visit to Beijing went well , however a speech he made criticizing the Soviet Union and praising capitalism , democracy , and freedom of religion was not aired on Chinese state TV . In July 1985 , President Li Xiannian traveled to the United States , the first such visit by a PRC head of state . Vice President Bush visited the PRC in October 1985 and opened the US Consulate General in Chengdu , the US 's fourth consular post in the PRC . Further exchanges of cabinet - level officials occurred between 1985 and 1989 , capped by President Bush 's visit to Beijing in February 1989 . Shortly after being elected president in 1980 , Ronald Reagan made a speech criticizing the PRC and welcoming restoration of ties with Taiwan . These remarks aroused initial panic in Beijing , but Reagan 's advisers quickly apologized for his comments , and the president - elect soon retracted them . Reagan 's first two years in office saw some deterioration in Sino - US relations due to the president 's vociferous anti-communism , as well as the inability of the two nations to come to a common understanding over the Korean standoff , the Israel - Palestine conflict , or the Falkland War . In 1982 , Deng Xiaoping , in a reiteration of Mao Zedong 's `` Three Worlds '' theory , criticized both the US and Soviet Union for imperialism . In 1983 , there were quarrels over a Chinese tennis player , Hu Na , who defected to the US , and over an incident where an Olympic parade float in New York City displayed the flag of Taiwan rather than the PRC 's flag . In the period before the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , a growing number of cultural exchange activities gave the American and Chinese peoples broad exposure to each other 's cultural , artistic , and educational achievements . Numerous mainland Chinese professional and official delegations visited the United States each month . Many of these exchanges continued after the suppression of the Tiananmen protests . Taiwan issue ( edit ) The expanding relationship that followed normalization was threatened in 1981 by PRC objections to the level of US arms sales to the Republic of China on Taiwan . Secretary of State Alexander Haig visited China in June 1981 in an effort to resolve Chinese concerns about America 's unofficial relations with Taiwan . Vice President Bush visited the PRC in May 1982 . Eight months of negotiations produced the US - PRC Joint Communiqué of August 17 , 1982 . In this third communiqué , the US stated its intention to gradually reduce the level of arms sales to the Republic of China , and the PRC described as a fundamental policy their effort to strive for a peaceful resolution to the Taiwan question . The Taiwan Relations Act made the necessary changes in US domestic law to permit such unofficial relations with Taiwan to flourish . After the announcement of the intention to establish diplomatic relations with China on 15 December 1978 , the Republic of China immediately condemned the United States , leading to rampant protests in both Taiwan and in the US . Tiananmen protests to 9 / 11 attacks ( 1989 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Bill Clinton and Jiang Zemin holding a joint press conference at the White House , October 29 , 1997 . Following China 's violent suppression of political protests in June 1989 , the US and other governments enacted a number of measures against China 's violation of human rights . The US suspended high - level official exchanges with the PRC and weapons exports from the US to the PRC . The US also imposed a number of economic sanctions . In the summer of 1990 , at the G7 Houston summit , the West called for renewed political and economic reforms in mainland China , particularly in the field of human rights . Tiananmen event disrupted the US - China trade relationship , and US investors ' interest in mainland China dropped dramatically . Tourist traffic fell off sharply . The Bush administration denounced the repression and suspended certain trade and investment programs on June 5 and 20 , 1989 , however Congress was responsible for imposing many of these actions , and the White House itself took a far less critical attitude of Beijing , repeatedly expressing hope that the two countries could maintain normalized relations . Some sanctions were legislated while others were executive actions . Examples include : The US Trade and Development Agency ( TDA ) : new activities in mainland China were suspended from June 1989 until January 2001 , when President Bill Clinton lifted this suspension . Overseas Private Insurance Corporation ( OPIC ) : new activities have been suspended since June 1989 . Development Bank Lending / International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) Credits : the United States does not support development bank lending and will not support IMF credits to the PRC except for projects that address basic human needs . Munitions List Exports : subject to certain exceptions , no licenses may be issued for the export of any defense article on the US Munitions List . This restriction may be waived upon a presidential national interest determination . Arms Imports -- import of defense articles from the PRC was banned after the imposition of the ban on arms exports to the PRC . The import ban was subsequently waived by the Administration and reimposed on May 26 , 1994 . It covers all items on the BATFE ' Munitions Import List . During this critical period , J. Stapleton Roy , a career US Foreign Service Officer , served as ambassador to Beijing . After Tiananmen Square , Sino - US relations deteriorated sharply , falling to their worst since the 1960s , with Beijing accusing the US of `` a decades - long conspiracy to subvert Chinese socialism '' . The 2 - 1 / 2 years from 1989 to 1992 also witnessed a revival of hard - line Maoist ideologies and increased paranoia by the PRC as communist regimes collapsed in Eastern Europe . Nonetheless , China continued to seek foreign business and investment . Sino - US military ties and arms sales were abruptly terminated in 1989 and as of 2017 have never been restored . In 1996 , the PRC conducted military exercises in the Taiwan Strait in an apparent effort to intimidate the Republic of China electorate before the pending presidential elections , triggering the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis . The United States dispatched two aircraft carrier battle groups to the region . Subsequently , tensions in the Taiwan Strait diminished and relations between the US and the PRC improved , with increased high - level exchanges and progress on numerous bilateral issues , including human rights , nuclear proliferation , and trade . China 's paramount leader Jiang Zemin visited the United States in the fall of 1997 , the first state visit to the US by a PRC president since 1985 . In connection with that visit , the two sides came to a consensus on implementation of their 1985 agreement on Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation , as well as a number of other issues . President Clinton visited the PRC in June 1998 . He traveled extensively in mainland China , and had direct interaction with the Chinese people , including live speeches and a radio show which allowed the President to convey a sense of American ideals and values . President Clinton was criticized by some , however , for failing to pay adequate attention to human rights abuses in mainland China . Relations were damaged for a time by the United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade in May 1999 , which was stated by the White House to be miscoordination between intelligence and the military , although which some Chinese believed to be deliberate . In any case , Beijing for several days was rocked by massive anti-US demonstrations . By the end of 1999 , relations began to gradually improve . In October 1999 , the two countries reached an agreement on compensation for families of those who were victims , as well as payments for damages to respective diplomatic properties in Belgrade and China . Sino - US relations in 1999 were also damaged by accusations that a Chinese - American scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory had given US nuclear secrets to Beijing . In April 2001 , a PRC J - 8 fighter jet collided with a US EP - 3 reconnaissance aircraft flying south of the PRC in what became known as the Hainan Island incident . The EP - 3 was able to make an emergency landing on PRC 's Hainan Island despite extensive damage ; the PRC aircraft crashed with the loss of its pilot , Wang Wei . The crew were detained by the PLA after destroying all classified documents pertaining to the aircraft 's operation . It was widely believed that the EP - 3 recon aircraft was conducting a spying mission on the PLA before the collision , which however took place over international waters . Following extensive negotiations resulting in the `` letter of the two sorries , '' the crew of the EP - 3 was released from imprisonment and allowed to leave the PRC eleven days later . The US aircraft was returned by Beijing three months later in pieces , after which the relationship between the US and the PRC gradually improved once more . George W. Bush 's tenure ( 2001 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Presidents George W. Bush , and Hu Jintao with first ladies Laura Bush , and Liu Yongqing wave from the White House in April 2006 . Sino - US relations improved following the plane attacks that happened in New York City and elsewhere in the U.S. in September 2001 . Two PRC citizens died in the attacks on the World Trade Center . Chinese companies and individuals sent expressions of condolences to their American counterparts . The PRC , itself troubled by Muslim separatists in Xinjiang , offered strong public support for the War on Terror . The PRC voted in favor of UNSCR 1373 , publicly supported the coalition campaign in Afghanistan , and contributed $150 million of bilateral assistance to Afghan reconstruction following the defeat of the Taliban . Shortly after 9 / 11 , the US and PRC also commenced a counterterrorism dialogue . The third round of that dialogue was held in Beijing in February 2003 . In the United States , the terrorist attacks greatly changed the nature of discourse . It was no longer plausible to argue , as the Blue Team had earlier asserted , that the PRC was the primary security threat to the United States , and the need to focus on the Middle East and the War on Terror made the avoidance of potential distractions in East Asia a priority for the United States . There were initial fears among the PRC leadership that the war on terrorism would lead to an anti-PRC effort by the US , especially as the US began establishing bases in Central Asian countries like Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and renewed efforts against Iraq . Because of setbacks in America 's Iraq campaign , these fears have largely subsided . The application of American power in Iraq and continuing efforts by the United States to cooperate with the PRC has significantly reduced the popular anti-Americanism that had developed in the mid-1990s . The PRC and the US have also worked closely on regional issues , including those pertaining to North Korea and its nuclear weapons program . The People 's Republic of China has stressed its opposition to North Korea 's decision to withdraw from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons , its concerns over North Korea 's nuclear capabilities , and its desire for a non-nuclear Korean Peninsula . It also voted to refer North Korea 's noncompliance with its International Atomic Energy Agency obligations to the UN Security Council . Taiwan remains a volatile issue , but one that remains under control . The United States policy toward Taiwan has involved emphasizing the Four Noes and One Without . On occasion the United States has rebuked Republic of China President Chen Shui - bian for provocative pro-independence rhetoric . However , in 2005 , the PRC passed the Anti-Secession Law which stated that the PRC would be prepared to resort to `` non-peaceful means '' if Taiwan declared formal independence . Many critics of the PRC , such as the Blue Team , argue that the PRC was trying to take advantage of the US war in Iraq to assert its claims on Republic of China 's territory . In 2008 , Taiwan voters elected Ma Ying - jeou . Ma , representing the Kuomintang , campaigned on a platform that included rapprochement with mainland China . His election has significant implications for the future of cross-strait relations . China 's paramount leader Hu Jintao visited the United States in April 2006 . Clark Randt , U.S. Ambassador to China from 2001 to 2008 examined `` The State of U.S. - China Relations in a 2008 lecture at the USC U.S. - China Institute . Obama ′ S. tenure ( 2009 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Chinese Vice Premier Wang Qishan , center , holds the autographed basketball given to him by President Barack Obama following their Oval Office meeting Tuesday , July 28 , 2009 , to discuss the outcomes of the first US -- China Strategic and Economic Dialogue . Looking on at left is Chinese State Councilor Dai Bingguo . The 2008 US presidential election centered on issues of war and economic recession , but candidates Barack Obama and John McCain also spoke extensively regarding US policy toward China . Both favored cooperation with China on major issues , but they differed with regard to trade policy . Obama expressed concern that the value of China 's currency was being deliberately set low to benefit China 's exporters . McCain argued that free trade was crucial and was having a transformative effect in China . Still , McCain noted that while China might have shared interests with the US , it did not share American values . Barack Obama 's presidency has fostered hopes for increased co-operation and heightened levels of friendship between the two nations . On November 8 , 2008 , Hu Jintao and Barack Obama shared a phone conversation in which the Chinese President congratulated Obama on his election victory . During the conversation both parties agreed that the development of US - China relations is not only in the interest of both nations , but also in the interests of the world . Other organizations within China also held positive reactions to the election of Barack Obama , particularly with his commitment to revising American climate change policy . Greenpeace published an article detailing how Obama 's victory would spell positive change for investment in the green jobs sector as part of a response to the financial crisis gripping the world at the time of Obama 's inauguration . A number of organizations , including the US Departments of Energy and Commerce , NGOs such as the Council on Foreign Relations and the Brookings Institution , and universities , have been working with Chinese counterparts to discuss ways to address climate change . Both US and Chinese governments have addressed the economic downturn with massive stimulus initiatives . The Chinese have expressed concern that `` Buy American '' components of the US plan discriminate against foreign producers , including those in China . As the two most influential and powerful countries in the world , there have been increasingly strong suggestions within American political circles of creating a G - 2 ( Chimerica ) relationship for the United States and China to work out solutions to global problems together . Obama meets with Wen Jiabao and members of the Chinese delegation after a bilateral meeting at the United Nations in New York City . The Strategic Economic Dialogue initiated by then - US President Bush and Chinese President Hu and led by US Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and Chinese Vice Premier Wu Yi in 2006 has been broadened by the Obama administration . Now called the U.S. -- China Strategic and Economic Dialogue , it is led by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and US Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner for the United States and Vice Premier Wang Qishan and Chinese State Councilor Dai Bingguo for China . The focus of the first set of meetings in July 2009 was in response to the economic crisis , finding ways to cooperate to stem global warming and addressing issues such as the proliferation of nuclear weapons and humanitarian crises . US President Barack Obama visited China on November 15 -- 18 , 2009 to discuss economic worries , concerns over nuclear weapon proliferation , and the need for action against climate change . The USC US - China Institute produced a digest of press comments on this visit and on earlier presidential trips . In January 2010 , the US proposed a $6.4 billion arms sale to the Republic of China . In response , the PRC threatened to impose sanctions on US companies supplying arms to Taiwan and suspend cooperation on certain regional and international issues . U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry speaks with Chinese leader Xi Jinping , July 10 , 2014 . On February 19 , 2010 , President Obama met with the Dalai Lama , accused by China of `` fomenting unrest in Tibet . '' After the meeting , China summoned the US ambassador to China , Jon Huntsman , but Time has described the Chinese reaction as `` muted , '' speculating that it could be because `` the meeting came during the Chinese New Year ... when most officials are on leave . '' Some activists criticized Obama for the relatively low profile of the visit . In 2012 , the PRC criticized Obama 's new defense strategy , which was widely viewed as aiming to isolate China in the East Asian region . Obama is looking to increase US military influence in the area with a rotating presence of forces in friendly countries . In March 2012 , China suddenly began cutting back its purchases of oil from Iran , along with some signs on sensitive security issues like Syria and North Korea , showed some coordination with the Obama administration . In March 2013 , the US and China agreed to impose stricter sanctions on North Korea for conducting nuclear tests , which sets the stage for UN Security Council vote . Such accord might signal a new level of cooperation between the US and China . In an effort to build a `` new model '' of relations , President Obama met President Xi Jinping for two days of meetings , between 6 June and 8 June 2013 , at the Sunnylands estate in Rancho Mirage , California . The summit was considered `` the most important meeting between an American president and a Chinese leader in 40 years , since Nixon and Mao , '' according to Joseph Nye , a political scientist at Harvard University . The leaders concretely agreed to combat climate change and also found strong mutual interest in curtailing North Korea 's nuclear program . However , the leaders remained sharply divided over cyber espionage and U.S. arms sales to Taiwan . Xi was dismissive of American complaints about cyber security . Tom Donilon , the outgoing U.S. National Security Adviser , stated that cyber security `` is now at the center of the relationship , '' adding that if China 's leaders were unaware of this fact , they know now . Relations between the military leadership of the two nations improved in 2013 . General Qi said that over the long term the shared interests of the two would outweigh their differences . In May 2015 , U.S. Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter warned China to halt its rapid island - building in the South China Sea . President Obama hosted President Xi Jinping of the People 's Republic of China for a bilateral meeting on the margins of the Nuclear Security Summit on March 31 , 2016 . Trump ′ S. tenure ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) See also : Foreign policy of Donald Trump § China and Taiwan Secretary of State Rex Tillerson shakes hands with President Xi Jinping upon arrival in Beijing , March 19 , 2017 . President - elect Donald Trump ′ s telephone conversation with Tsai Ing - wen , President of the Republic of China , on 2 December 2016 , the first such contact with Taiwan by a U.S. president - elect or president since 1979 , provoked the People 's Republic of China to lodge a diplomatic protest ( `` stern representations '' ) . Trump went on to clarify his move by telling the Fox News , `` I fully understand the ' one China ' policy , but I do n't know why we have to be bound by a ' one China ' policy unless we make a deal with China having to do with other things , including trade . '' On Donald Trump ′ s inauguration day , an official from the People 's Liberation Army wrote on the official website that the US 's military build - up in Asia , and its push to arm South Korea with the THAAD missile - defense system were provocative `` hot spots getting closer to ignition '' and that the chances of war had become `` more real '' . On 23 January , speaking about China 's claims to sovereignty over the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea , White House spokesman Sean Spicer said , `` It 's a question of if those islands are in fact in international waters and not part of China proper , then yeah , we 're going to make sure that we defend international territories from being taken over by one country . '' On 4 January , on a visit to Japan , U.S. Defense Secretary James Mattis reaffirmed Washington 's commitment under the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan to defending Japan , including the Senkaku Islands ( the East China Sea ) that are claimed by China . On 9 February , Trump spoke with China 's leader Xi Jinping over the phone discussing a wide range of issues ; Trump was said to have re-iterated the U.S. ′ commitment to the status quo ' one - China ' policy . President Xi Jinping reiterated before President Trump , in a telephone conversation held between the two men on 3 July 2017 , that `` China - US relations have made great progress in recent days , but they have also been affected by some negative factors . '' By `` negative factors , '' Geng Shuan , a Chinese government spokesmen , explained in a televised briefing : `` Under the pretext of navigational freedom , the American side once again sent military vessels into the Chinese territorial waters of Xisha ( Paracel ) Islands . It has violated Chinese and international law , infringed upon Chinese sovereignty , and disrupted order , peace and security of the relevant waters and put in jeopardy facilities and personnel on the relevant Chinese islands . It is a serious political and military provocation . The Chinese side is strongly dissatisfied with and firmly opposed to the relevant actions by the US . '' On 8 November 2017 , President Trump visited Beijing as part of the Asian tour . The main theme of the meeting emphasized the issues regarding the de-nucleariziation on the Korean peninsula in addition to the stabilization of China - United States relations . President Trump reiterated the importance of trade development between the two countries and reaffirmed the American support for the One - China policy . Economic relations ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2010 ) Imports and exports between China and the United States . US census.gov data . The PRC and the US resumed trade relations in 1972 and 1973 . Direct investment by the US in mainland China covers a wide range of manufacturing sectors , several large hotel projects , restaurant chains , and petrochemicals . US companies have entered agreements establishing more than 20,000 equity joint ventures , contractual joint ventures , and wholly foreign - owned enterprises in mainland China . More than 100 US - based multinationals have projects in mainland China , some with multiple investments . Cumulative US investment in mainland China is valued at $48 billion . The US trade deficit with mainland China exceeded $350 billion in 2006 and was the United States ' largest bilateral trade deficit . Some of the factors that influence the U.S. trade deficit with mainland China include : US Import Valuation Overcounts China : there has been a shift of low - end assembly industries to mainland China from newly industrialized countries in Asia . Mainland China has increasingly become the last link in a long chain of value - added production . Because US trade data attributes the full value of a product to the final assembler , mainland Chinese value added is overcounted . US demand for labor - intensive goods exceeds domestic output : the PRC has restrictive trade practices in mainland China , which include a wide array of barriers to foreign goods and services , often aimed at protecting state - owned enterprises . These practices include high tariffs , lack of transparency , requiring firms to obtain special permission to import goods , inconsistent application of laws and regulations , and leveraging technology from foreign firms in return for market access . Mainland China 's accession to the World Trade Organization is meant to help address these barriers . The undervaluation of the Renminbi relative to the United States dollar . Beginning in 2009 , the US and China agreed to hold regular high - level talks about economic issues and other mutual concerns by establishing the Strategic Economic Dialogue , which meets biannually . Five meetings have been held , the most recent in December 2008 . Economic nationalism seems to be rising in both countries , a point the leaders of the two delegations noted in their opening presentations . The United States and China have also established the high - level US - China Senior Dialogue to discuss international political issues and work out resolutions . The first round of the U.S. -- China Strategic and Economic Dialogue was held in Washington , D.C. , from 27 to 28 July 2009 In September 2009 a trade dispute emerged between China and the United States , which came after the US imposed tariffs of 35 percent on Chinese tire imports . The Chinese commerce minister accused the United States of a `` grave act of trade protectionism , '' while a USTR spokesperson said the tariff `` was taken precisely in accordance with the law and our international trade agreements . '' Additional issues were raised by both sides in subsequent months . When a country joins the World Trade Organization they commit to keep their Tariffs beneath the bound rate , which is generally around 39 percent . China 's reaction is due to the fact that nations usually keep their Tariffs at an average of 9 percent , but when the U.S raised their Tariff on Chinese imported tires to 35 percent , it was still below the average bound rate . Pascal Lamy cautioned : `` The statistical bias created by attributing commercial value to the last country of origin perverts the true economic dimension of the bilateral trade imbalances . This affects the political debate , and leads to misguided perceptions . Take the bilateral deficit between China and the US . A series of estimates based on true domestic content can cut the overall deficit -- which was $252 bn in November 2010 -- by half , if not more . '' In early 2012 , a dispute over rare earth minerals was brought into the light between the two countries . President Obama made an announcement that the United States would be one of a few countries to file a dispute with China . Amongst the United States , Japan and other Western European countries would also be filing disputes as well . This is simply just one of few disputes between the United States and China . It is believed by many experts , including Chris Isidore , a writer for CNN Money , that `` any one of the disputes could damage the economies of both countries as well as the relationship between them . '' The dispute was filed , and China was charged with putting unfair restrictions on the exportation of rare earth minerals . These minerals were crucial and in high demand by all countries . President Obama believed the United States should have those minerals in the United States whereas China disagreed . China denied all of the said charges brought forth `` saying its rules are defensible on grounds of environmental and economic sustainability , and suggests there would be consequences if the United States presses the case . '' It is important to understand the relationship between the United States and China , especially economically . There is not one without the other . China 's state news agency commented that `` past experiences have shown that policymakers in Washington should treat such issues with more prudence , because maintaining sound China - U.S. trade relations is in the fundamental interests of both sides '' Currency dispute ( edit ) Main article : Renminbi currency value From 2003 to 2014 , China was a major currency manipulator . Economist C. Fred Bergsten , writing for the Peterson Institute for International Economics , wrote that `` During this ' decade of manipulation , ' China bought more than $300 billion annually to resist upward movement of its currency by artificially keeping the exchange rate of the dollar strong and the renminbi 's exchange rate weak . China 's competitive position was thus strengthened by as much as 30 to 40 percent at the peak of the intervention . Currency manipulation explained most of China 's large trade surpluses , which reached a staggering 10 percent of its entire GDP in 2007 . '' During this period , China 's currency manipulation was a point of conflict with the United States . Domestic leaders within the United States pressured the Obama administration to take a hard - line stance against China and compel them to raise the value of their currency , and legislation was introduced to the United States Congress calling on the President to impose tariffs on Chinese imports until China properly values its currency . Since 2014 , the situation changed dramatically , as China stopped artificially deflating its currency , as the growth in the Chinese economy slowed and Chinese investors made more investments outside the country , leading to a drop in the yuan 's value in relation to the dollar , as well as a decline in China 's reserves . Chinese Perspective on the US economy ( edit ) China is a major creditor and the second largest foreign holder of US public debt and has been critical of US deficits and fiscal policy , advising for policies that maintain the purchasing value of the dollar although it had little few options other than to continue to buy United States Treasury bonds . China condemned the US monetary policy of quantitative easing , responding to S&P 's downgrade of U.S. credit rating , and advised the United States not to continue with the accumulation of debt , concluding with the statement that America can not continue to borrow to solve financial problems . Important issues ( edit ) Military spending and planning ( edit ) Main articles : Military budget of China and Military budget of the United States The PRC 's military budget is often mentioned as a threat by many , including the Blue Team . The PRC 's investment in its military is growing rapidly . The United States , along with independent analysts , remains convinced that the PRC conceals the real extent of its military spending . According to the PRC government , China spent $45 billion on defense in 2007 . In contrast , the United States had a $623 - billion budget for the military in 2008 , $123 billion more than the combined military budgets of all other countries in the world . Some very broad US estimates maintain that the PRC military spends between $85 billion and $125 billion . According to official figures , the PRC spent $123 million on defense per day in 2007 . In comparison , the US spent $1.7 billion ( $1,660 million ) per day that year . General Xu Caihou of the People 's Liberation Army and U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates at the Pentagon The concerns over the Chinese military budget may come from US worries that the PRC is attempting to threaten its neighbors or challenge the United States . Concerns have been raised that China is developing a large naval base near the South China Sea and has diverted resources from the People 's Liberation Army Ground Force to the People 's Liberation Army Navy and to air force and missile development . Even still , China 's military spending is only a fourth of US spending . Andrew Scobell wrote that under President Hu , objective civilian control and oversight of the PLA appears to be weakly applied . On October 27 , 2009 , American Defense Secretary Robert Gates praised the steps China has taken to increase transparency of defense spending . In June 2010 , however , he said that the Chinese military was resisting efforts to improve military - to - military relations with the United States . Gates has also said that the United States will `` assert freedom of navigation '' in response to Chinese complaints about United States Navy deployments in international waters near China . Admiral Michael Mullen has said that the United States seeks closer military ties to China , but will continue to operate in the western Pacific . A recent report stated that five of six US Air Force bases in the area are potentially vulnerable to Chinese missiles and called for increased defenses . Meanwhile , the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists wrote in a 2010 report that the Chinese continue to invest in modernization of their nuclear forces because they perceive that their deterrent force is vulnerable to American capabilities and that further improvement in American missile defenses will drive further Chinese spending in this area . Chinese defense minister Liang Guanglie has said that China is 20 years behind the United States in military technology . Territorial claims in the South China Sea The International Institute for Strategic Studies in a 2011 report argued that if spending trends continue China will achieve military equality with the United States in 15 -- 20 years . China and the United States have been described as engaging in a race of military technology . Expansion and development of new weapons by China has been seen as so threatening as to cause planning for withdrawal of US forces from close proximity to China , dispersal of US bases in the region , and development of various new weapon systems . China is also developing capacity for attacking satellites and for cyberwarfare . In 2012 , it was reported that the United States would invite a team of senior Chinese logisticians to discuss the possibility of a first - ever logistics cooperation agreement between the two countries . Professor James R. Holmes , Chinese specialist at the U.S. Naval War College , has said that China 's investments towards a potential future conflict are closer to those of the United States than may first appear , because the Chinese understate their spending , the internal price structures of the two countries are different , and the Chinese only need to concentrate on projecting military force a short distance from their own shores . The balance may shift to the advantage of the Chinese very quickly if they continue double digit yearly growth while the Americans and their allies cut back . In line with power transition theory , the idea that `` wars tend to break out ... when the upward trajectory of a rising power comes close to intersecting the downward trajectory of a declining power , '' some have argued that conflict between China , an emerging power , and the United States , the reigning superpower , is all but inevitable . The US military has developed an AirSea Battle plan that calls for a total war with China ( rather than a limited one ) and starts with a major attack on China 's main land , because that is where the Chinese anti-ship missiles are placed . They prevent ( US warships from carrying out their mission in the area ) . Human rights ( edit ) This article contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( September 2014 ) Wikinews has related news : China ' furious ' at U.S. over Dalai Lama award Civil rights activist Chen Guangcheng ( left ) with former United States ambassador to China Gary Locke ( center ) and former Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Kurt M. Campbell ( right ) at the U.S. Embassy in Beijing on 1 May 2012 China Daily published a cartoon of a shadowed Statue of Liberty holding a tape recorder and microphone instead of a tablet and torch Main articles : Human rights in China and Human Rights Record of the United States In 2003 , the United States declared that despite some positive momentum that year and greater signs that the People 's Republic of China was willing to engage with the US and others on human rights , there was still serious backsliding . China has acknowledged in principle the importance of protection of human rights and has claimed to have taken steps to bring its own human rights practices into conformity with international norms . Among these steps are the signing of the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights in October 1997 , ratified in March 2001 , and signing of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in October 1998 , which has not yet been ratified . In 2002 , China released a significant number of political and religious prisoners and agreed to interact with United Nations experts on torture , arbitrary detention , and religion . However , international human rights groups assert that there has been virtually no movement on these promises , with more people being arrested for similar offences since . Such groups maintain that China still has a long way to go in instituting the kind of fundamental systemic change that will protect the rights and liberties of all its citizens in mainland China . The US State Department publishes an annual report on human rights around the world , which includes an evaluation of China 's human rights record . In a decision that was criticized by human rights groups , the State Department did not list China as one of the world 's worst human rights violators in its 2007 report of human rights practices in countries and regions outside the United States . However , the then - assistant secretary of the State Department 's Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor Jonathan D. Farrar stated that China 's overall human rights record in 2007 remained poor . Since 1998 , China has annually published a White Paper detailing the human rights abuses by the United States and since 2005 has also published a White Paper on its own political system and democratic progress . On February 27 , 2014 the United States released its China report on human rights practices for 2013 which , according to its executive summary , described the PRC as an authoritarian state and a place in which repression and coercion were routine . On February 28 , 2014 , China published a report on human rights in the United States citing surveillance on its own citizens , mistreatment of inmates , gun violence , and homelessness despite having a vibrant economy as important issues . Influence in Asia ( edit ) China 's economic rise has led to some geo - political friction between the US and China in the East Asian region . For example , in response to China 's response to the Bombardment of Yeonpyeong by North Korea , `` Washington is moving to redefine its relationship with South Korea and Japan , potentially creating an anti-China bloc in Northeast Asia that officials say they do n't want but may need . '' For its part , the Chinese government fears a US Encirclement Conspiracy . China and the US have recently led competing efforts to gain influence in Asian trade and development . In 2015 , China led the creation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank , with the goal of financing projects which would spur the development of the lower - tier Asian economies , thus facilitating improved economic ties across the region . It has been suggested that the United States considered the AIIB to be a challenge to the US - backed Asian Development Bank and the World Bank , and sees the Chinese effort as an attempt to set the global economic agenda on terms formulated by the government in Beijing . The Obama administration led an effort to enact the Trans - Pacific Partnership Agreement , a multilateral trade pact between a number of Pacific Rim countries , which excluded China . According to the US Trade Representative , the agreement was designed to `` promote economic growth ; support the creation and retention of jobs ; enhance innovation , productivity and competitiveness ; raise living standards ; reduce poverty in the signatories ' countries ; and promote transparency , good governance , and enhanced labor and environmental protections . '' The deal was placed on hold after the US withdrew from the agreement on 23 January 2017 . These efforts are among the attempts by both the US and China to increase their influence over the Asia - Pacific by strengthening their economic ties within the region . According to an article published on Jura Gentium , Journal of Philosophy of International Law and Global Politics , there is a `` new Sphere of Influence 2 '' shaped mainly by China and the US . Even on social media , if the Western , Japanese and South Korean events and daily life are linked through Facebook , Chinese and American habits and customs are disconnected lacking in social media sharing . This strategy to avoid American influences through social networks is preserved by the Chinese government . In response to increased American drone strikes against militants on Pakistan 's border areas during the Obama administration , the PRC has offered additional fighter jets to Pakistan . Countries in Southeast Asia have responded to Chinese claims for sea areas by seeking closer relations with the United States . American Defense Secretary Leon Panetta has said that in spite of budget pressures , the United States will expand its influence in the region , in order to counter China 's military buildup . On 7 June 2013 , Denny Roy , a senior fellow at the East -- West Center in Honolulu , argued in The Diplomat that the United States and China must stop striving for trust and instead emphasize verification . `` The argument that trust leads to peace is built on the premise that the suspicions between China and the U.S. are unfounded and would evaporate with more and deeper dialogue . Unfortunately , however , at least some of these suspicions are all too warranted . '' Whether international law should govern regional affairs in Asia ; whether China should be allowed to make expansive sovereignty claims ; and what the future strategic roles of South Korea and Japan should be , are issues that , according to Roy , are irreconcilable between China and the U.S. Strategic trust , therefore , is not attainable . `` The two countries should strive to manage their inevitable bilateral strategic tensions by reaching agreements where both see a benefit and where compliance is measurable ... for these inherent rivals and potential adversaries , the emphasis belongs on ' verify , ' not ' trust . ' '' In the context of US - China relations , a potential application of MAR would be the U.S. pledging not to move its forces into North Korea in the event of a regime collapse , which could be followed by a commitment from China not to move its troops to the DMZ in such an event . See also ( edit ) China portal United States portal International relations portal General Air route authority between the United States and China Chimerica China as an emerging superpower China containment policy China Lobby Group of Two Strategic Economic Dialogue U.S. -- China Strategic and Economic Dialogue Chinese intelligence operations in the United States Quadrilateral Security Dialogue History 1996 United States campaign finance controversy Cox Report Hainan Island incident Hu Na incident Nixon in China Permanent normal trade relations Ping - pong diplomacy Red Chinese Battle Plan U.S. immigration policy toward the People 's Republic of China United States - China Economic and Security Review Commission Chinatowns in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The de jure head of government of China is the Premier , whose current holder is Li Keqiang . 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International relations since 1945 ( ( Nachdr . ) . ed . ) . London ( u.a. ) : Longman . p. 255 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 49365 - X . Jump up ^ Goh , Evelyn , Constructing the US Rapprochement with China , 1961 -- 1974 : From ' Red Menace ' to ' Tacit Ally ' , Cambridge University Press , 2005 Jump up ^ Leffler , edited by Melvyn P. ; Westad , Odd Arne ( 2010 ) . The Cambridge history of the Cold War ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 373 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83720 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dube , Clayton . `` Getting to Beijing : Kissinger 's Secret 1971 Trip '' . USC US - China Institute . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Dube , Clayton . `` Sports diplomacy and back channel negotiations '' . `` Talking Points , July 22 - August 3 , 2011 '' . USC US - China Institute . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . 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Henry Paulson opens Strategic Economic Dialogue , Dec. 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` Tensions over Trade : Part 2 of Election ' 08 and the Challenge of China '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Obama 's Tire Tariff Draws Beijing 's Ire '' . Bloomberb Businessweek. 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics on world trade , list of US - China WTO complaints '' . China.usc.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ China slaps deposits / tariffs on US steel exports ; US politicians rant about China ( 7 ) Jump up ^ `` Trade and Tariffs '' ( PDF ) . World Trade Organization . 2015 . Jump up ^ Lamy , Pascal ( 24 January 2011 ) . `` ' Made in China ' tells us little about global trade '' . FT.com . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Isidore , Chris ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. vs. China : The trade battles '' . CNN Money . ^ Jump up to : C. Fred Bergsten , China is No Longer Manipulating its Currency , Peterson Institute for International Economics ( November 18 , 2016 ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Is There a Civil - Military Gap in China 's Peaceful Rise ? '' ( PDF ) . Carlisle.army.mil . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Luce , Dan De ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Time to end ' on - again - off - again ' US - China ties : Pentagon '' . Google.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Entous , Adam ( 2010 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Gates says China 's PLA may be trying to thwart ties '' . Reuters.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Miles , Donna . `` Gates Cites Encouraging Trends Regarding Iran , China . '' `` American Forces Press Service '' , 8 November 2010 Jump up ^ Pessin , Al . `` US Wants Better Military Ties to China , But Will Continue Pacific Operations . '' Voice of America , 1 Dec 2010 . Jump up ^ Capaccio , Tony . `` Chinese Missiles Could Close U.S. Bases in Attack , Report Says . '' Bloomberg , 11 November 2010 Jump up ^ Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen `` Chinese nuclear forces , 2010 . '' Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Jump up ^ Minnick , Wendell . `` PLA 20 Years Behind U.S. Military : Chinese DM . '' Defense News , 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` East - West military gap rapidly shrinking : report '' , By Peter Apps , Reuters , Tue Mar 8 , 2011 https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/08/us-world-military-idUSTRE7273UB20110308 . Jump up ^ China Takes Aim at U.S. Naval Might , JULIAN E. BARNES , NATHAN HODGE , and JEREMY PAGE , Wall Street Journal , JANUARY 4 , 2012 https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204397704577074631582060996 Jump up ^ Miles , Donna . `` U.S. , China to Consider Sharing Resources during Joint Missions . '' Archived July 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . American Forces Press Service , 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ James R. Holmes , The Diplomat . `` What to Make of China 's Defense Spending Increase - The Diplomat '' . The Diplomat . Jump up ^ Kagan , Robert ( 2012 ) . The World America Made . New York : Knopf . p. 90 . 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Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` China issues report on U.S. human rights - Xinhua - English.news.cn '' . Jump up ^ `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013 : China ( includes Tibet , Hong Kong , and Macau ) '' . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ New York Times , 2010 Sept. 22 , `` U.S. Influence in Asia Revives Amid China 's Disputes , '' https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/23/world/asia/23china.html?_r=1&ref=global-home Jump up ^ Pomfret , John . `` U.S. steps up pressure on China to rein in North Korea . '' Washington Post , 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Lam , Willy Wo - Lap . `` Beijing 's Alarm Over New ' US Encirclement Conspiracy ' . '' Jamestown Foundation , 12 April 2005 Jump up ^ Perlez , Jane . `` China Creates a World Bank of Its Own , and the U.S. Balks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of the Trans - Pacific Partnership Agreement '' . USTR. 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trump executive order pulls out of TPP trade deal '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Mr Trump 's executive order on TPP is seen as mainly symbolic since the deal was never ratified by a divided US Congress . Jump up ^ Peccia , T. , 2014 , `` The Theory of the Globe Scrambled by Social Networks : A New Sphere of Influence 2.0 '' , Jura Gentium - Rivista di Filosofia del Diritto Internazionale e della Politica Globale , Sezione `` L'Afghanistan Contemporaneo '' , http://www.juragentium.org/topics/wlgo/en/peccia.htm Jump up ^ Donald , David . `` Report : China To Provide JF - 17s to Pakistan . '' AINonline , 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Slavin , Erik . `` China 's claim on sea leads Asian neighbors to strengthen ties with U.S. '' Stars and Stripes , 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Entous , Adam . `` Pentagon Will Add to Asia Operations . '' Wall Street Journal , 26 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Roy , Denny ( 7 June 2013 ) . `` U.S. - China Relations : Stop Striving For `` Trust '' `` . The Diplomat . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Historical ( edit ) Brazinsky , Gregg . `` The Birth of a Rivalry : Sino ‐ American Relations during the Truman Administration '' in Daniel S. Margolies , ed. , A Companion to Harry S. Truman ( 2012 ) : 484 -- 97 . Chang , Gordon H. Fateful Ties : A History of America 's Preoccupation with China . ( Harvard UP , 2015 ) . Chang , Gordon H. Friends and Enemies : The United States , China , and the Soviet Union , 1948 -- 1972 ( Stanford UP , 1990 ) . Cohen , Warren I. America 's Response to China : A History of Sino - American Relations ( 5th ed. 2010 ) Dulles , Foster Rhea . China and America : The Story of Their Relations Since 1784 ( 1981 ) , general survey Feis , Herbert . The China Tangle ( 1967 ) , diplomacy during World War II Foot , Rosemary . The Practice of Power : US Relations with China since 1949 ( 1995 ) . Gedalecia , David . `` Letters From the Middle Kingdom : The Origins of America 's China Policy , '' Prologue , 34.4 ( Winter , 2002 ) , pp. 260 -- 73 . Greene , Naomi . From Fu Manchu to Kung Fu Panda : Images of China in American Film ( University of Hawai'i Press ; 2014 ) 288 pp. ; explores the changing image of China and the Chinese in the American cultural imagination , beginning with D.W. Griffiths 's Broken Blossoms ( 1919 ) . Johnson , Kendall A . The New Middle Kingdom : China and the Early American Romance of Free Trade ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2017 ) . Latourette , Kenneth Scott . The history of early relations between the United States and China , 1784 - 1844 ( 1917 ) online Li , Jing . China 's America : The Chinese View the United States , 1900 -- 2000 . ( State University of New York Press , 2011 ) Mackerras , Colin . `` China and the Australia - US Relationship : A Historical Perspective . '' Asian Survey ( 2014 ) 54 # 2 pp : 223 -- 46 . MacMillan , Margaret . Nixon and Mao : the week that changed the world ( 2008 ) . Mann , James . About Face : A History of America 's Curious Relationship with China , from Nixon to Clinton ( 2000 ) . Pederson , William D. ed . A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 2011 ) online pp 590 -- 611 , covers American diplomacy in WW2 Peraino , Kevin . A Force So Swift : Mao , Truman , and the Birth of Modern China , 1949 ( 2017 ) , focus on U.S. policy in 1949 online review Pomfret , John . The Beautiful Country and the Middle Kingdom : America and China , 1776 to the Present ( 2016 ) review Riccards , Michael P . The Presidency and the Middle Kingdom ( 2000 ) Rose , Robert S. et al. Re-examining the Cold War : U.S. - China Diplomacy , 1954 -- 1973 ( 2002 ) Song , Yuwu , ed . Encyclopedia of Chinese - American Relations ( McFarland , 2006 ) Sutter , Robert G. U.S. - Chinese Relations : Perilous Past , Pragmatic Present ( 2010 ) . Sutter , Robert G. Historical Dictionary of United States - China Relations ( 2005 ) . Tuchman , Barbara . Stilwell and the American Experience in China , 1911 -- 1945 ( 1971 ) Varg , Paul A. `` Sino ‐ American Relations Past and Present . '' Diplomatic History 4.2 ( 1980 ) : 101 - 112 . online Wang , Dong . The United States and China : A History from the Eighteenth Century to the Present ( 2013 ) Recent ( edit ) Blanchard , Jean - Marc F. , and Simon Shen , eds . Conflict and Cooperation in Sino - US Relations : Change and Continuity , Causes and Cures ( Routledge , 2015 ) Davis , Samuel R. Out flying the eagle : China 's drive for domestic economic innovation and its impact on US - China relations ( MA thesis , Naval Postgraduate School , 2014 ) Pdf . Etzioni , Amitai . `` Avoiding War With China : Two Nations , One World . '' ( University of Virginia Press , 2017 ) ISBN 9780813940045 Foot , Rosemary ; Walter , Andrew ( 2012 ) . China , the United States , and Global Order . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521725194 . Friedberg , Aaron L. ( 2011 ) . A Contest for Supremacy : China , America , and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia . W.W. Norton . ISBN 9780393068283 . Goldstein , Avery ( Spring 2013 ) . `` First things first : the pressing danger of crisis instability in US - China relations '' . International Security . MIT Press . 37 ( 4 ) : 49 -- 89 . doi : 10.1162 / ISEC_a_00114 . Pdf . Mann , Jim . About face : A history of America 's curious relationship with China , from Nixon to Clinton ( Knopf , 1999 ) Men , Jing , and Wei Shen , eds . The EU , the US and China - Towards a New International Order ? ( 2014 ) excerpt and text search Roach , Stephen S. Unbalanced : the codependency of America and China ( Yale UP , 2015 ) . Roberts , Priscilla . `` New Perspectives on Cold War History from China , '' Diplomatic History 41 : 2 ( April 2017 ) online Shambaugh , David , ed. ( 2012 ) . Tangled Titans : The United States and China . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1442219700 . Schoen , Douglas E. and Melik Kaylan . Return to Winter : Russia , China , and the New Cold War Against America ( 2015 ) Steinberg , James , and Michael E. OHanlon , eds . Strategic Reassurance and Resolve : US - China Relations in the Twenty - First Century ( Princeton UP , 2014 ) Wang , Dong . `` Grand Strategy , Power Politics , and China 's Policy toward the United States in the 1960s , '' Diplomatic History 42 : 1 ( April 2017 ) : 265 - 287 ; Wheeler , Norton . Role of American NGOs in China 's Modernization : Invited Influence ( Routledge , 2014 ) 240 pp. online review Xia , Yafeng and Zhi Liang . `` China 's Diplomacy toward the United States in the Twentieth Century : A Survey of the Literature , '' Diplomatic History 42 : 1 ( April 2017 ) : 241 - 264 . Yan , Xuetong ( Autumn 2010 ) . `` The instability of China -- US relations '' . The Chinese Journal of International Politics . Oxford Journals. 3 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 92 . doi : 10.1093 / cjip / poq009 . Zhang , Biwu . Chinese Perceptions of the U.S. : An Exploration of China 's Foreign Policy Motivations ( Lexington Books ; 2012 ) 266 pages ; Chinese views of America 's power , politics , and economics , as well as the country as a source of threat or opportunity . Zhao , Quansheng ( December 2005 ) . `` America 's response to the rise of China and Sino ‐ US relations '' . Asian Journal of Political Science . Taylor and Francis . 13 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 02185370508434256 . Primary sources ( edit ) Jeffrey A. Engel , ed. ( 2011 ) . The China Diary of George H.W. Bush : The Making of a Global President . Princeton UP . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) JStor China White Paper 1949 ( edit ) Lyman Van Slyke , ed . The China White Paper : August 1949 ( 1967 : 2 vol . Stanford U.P. ) ; 1124 pp. ; copy of official U.S. Department of State . China White Paper : 1949 vol 1 online at Google ; online vol 1 pdf ; vol 1 consists of history ; vol 2 consists of primary sources and is not online ; see library holdings via World Cat excerpts appear in Barton Bernstein and Allen J. Matusow , eds . The Truman Administration : A Documentary History ( 1966 ) pp. 299 -- 355 See also ( edit ) Sino - U.S. Competition and U.S. Security : How Do We Assess the Military Balance ? by Daniel Blumenthal ( NBR Analysis , 2010 ) Power Constrained : Sources of Mutual Strategic Suspicion in U.S. - China Relations by David M. Lampton ( NBR Analysis , 2010 ) Federation of American Scientists et al. ( 2006 ) . Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning China and Ballistic Missile Defense : 1955 to 2002 and beyond -- analysis by Brad Roberts , IFRI Proliferation Papers n ° 10 , 2004 External links ( edit ) Website of diplomatic missions ( edit ) Embassy of China in the United States ( in English ) ( in simplified Chinese ) Consulate General of China in New York ( in English ) ( in simplified Chinese ) Consulate General of China in Los Angeles ( in English ) ( in simplified Chinese ) ( in traditional Chinese ) Consulate General of China in Chicago ( in English ) ( in simplified Chinese ) ( in traditional Chinese ) Consulate General of China in San Francisco ( in English ) ( in simplified Chinese ) Consulate General of China in Houston ( in English ) ( in simplified Chinese ) Embassy of the United States in China ( in English ) ( in simplified Chinese ) Consulate General of the United States in Shanghai ( in English ) ( in simplified Chinese ) Consulate General of the United States in Guangzhou ( in English ) ( in simplified Chinese ) Consulate General of the United States in Hong Kong ( in English ) ( in traditional Chinese ) Consulate General of the United States in Shenyang ( in English ) ( in simplified Chinese ) Consulate General of the United States in Wuhan ( in English ) ( in simplified Chinese ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of China and the United States . Links to scholarly articles in The Journal of American - East Asian Relations U.S. State Department ( edit ) History of China -- U.S. relations Foreign Relations Series 1964 -- 1968 1969 -- 1972 1973 -- 1976 , ePub Supplement 1977 -- 1980 Other links ( edit ) USC U.S. - China Institute -- see Resources section for extensive documents collection and book reviews Documentary history of the background to the 1971 Kissinger trip to China `` Getting to Know You : The US and China Shake the World , 1971 and 1972 ( documents , recordings , and images ) Assignment : China -- The Week that Changed the World Remembering ping pong diplomacy , 40th anniversary rematch `` Election ' 08 and the Challenge of China '' -- web documentary `` Nixon 's Fully Declassified Trip to China in 1972 '' -- Provided by the National Security Archive . `` Ping Pong Diplomacy '' . America and Taiwan , 1943 -- 2004 . `` China - U.S. Joint Statement October 29 , 1997 . '' University of Hawaii . 10 Apr. 2006 Eckholm , Erik . `` Clinton Urged to Meet Top China Dissident . '' New York Times 20 June 1998 : A3 . Historical New York Times . Proquest . DuBois Library , UMass Amherst. 10 Apr. 2006 . Bunton , T.S. , and Kathleen J. Michels. `` 2005 REPORT TO CONGRESS OF THE U.S. - CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION . '' USCC 2005 Annual Report Page . U.S. - China Economic and Security Review Commission . Five Years of China 's WTO Membership . EU and US Perspectives on China 's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism , Legal Issues of Economic Integration , Kluwer Law International , Volume 33 , Number 3 , pp. 263 -- 304 , 2006 , by Farah Paolo Original text based from the State Department Background Note : China . Rumsfeld questions China spending ; October 18 , 2005 -- BBC News article about China 's military spending . China -- RAND Corporation study concerning China 's military spending , which argues that China 's spending is higher than official figures . Video and text of presentations and agreements signed at the 27 -- 28 July 2009 Strategic and Economic Dialogue meetings in Washington , DC Word Spy -- Chimerica Videos ( edit ) China and the United States from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Common Ground Between China and US ? from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Relations Between China , Hong Kong , Taiwan , and the US from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Foreign relations of China Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Cuba Ecuador Grenada Jamaica Mexico Panama Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand United Arab Emirates Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Micronesia New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Vanuatu Multilateral relations Bangladesh -- China -- India -- Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation BIMSTEC Africa Arab League BRICS Caribbean China -- Japan -- South Korea European Union Latin America China and the United Nations Oceania Third World Arctic policy of China China and the Antarctic Diplomacy Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Foreign Minister ) Diplomatic missions of China / in China Stadium diplomacy Panda diplomacy Theater diplomacy Nine - 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when did the usa formally recognize the people’s republic of china
[ "President Gerald Ford visited the PRC in 1975 and reaffirmed American interest in normalizing relations with Beijing. Shortly after taking office in 1977, President Jimmy Carter again reaffirmed the goals of the Shanghai Communiqué. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, Carter's National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, and senior staff member of the National Security Council Michel Oksenberg encouraged Carter to seek full diplomatic and trade relations with China. Although Brzezinksi sought to quickly establish a security relationship with Beijing to counter the Soviet Union, Carter sided with Vance in believing that such a deal would threaten existing U.S.-Soviet relations, including the SALT II negotiations. Thus, the administration decided to cautiously pursue political normalization and not military relations.[90] Vance, Brzezinski, and Oksenberg traveled to Beijing in early 1978 to work with Leonard Woodcock, then head of the liaison office, to lay the groundwork to do so. The United States and the People's Republic of China announced on December 15, 1978 that the two governments would establish diplomatic relations on January 1, 1979." ]
[ "January 1, 1979" ]
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Too Late to Turn Back Now (song)
Too Late to Turn Back Now ( song ) - wikipedia Too Late to Turn Back Now ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Too Late to Turn Back Now '' Single by Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose from the album Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose B - side `` Lift Your Love Higher '' Released May 1972 Format Vinyl record Recorded 1970 Genre R&B Label United Artists UA 50910 Songwriter ( s ) Eddie Cornelius Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose singles chronology `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' ( 1971 ) Treat Her Like a Lady 1971 `` Too Late to Turn Back Now '' ( 1972 ) Too Late to Turn Back Now1972 `` Do n't Ever Be Lonely '' ( 1973 ) Do n't Ever Be Lonely1973 `` Too Late to Turn Back Now '' is the 1972 follow - up single of Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose to their debut hit `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' . The single had previously been released in 1970 on the Platinum label . Written by Eddie Cornelius , the song had great success upon its re-release , peaking at # 5 in the U.S. R&B , # 2 in the Billboard Hot 100 , and # 1 in Cash Box 's chart of the Top 100 Singles for the week of July 29 , 1972 . `` Too Late to Turn Back Now '' is ranked as the 34th biggest U.S. hit of 1972 . The record was awarded a gold disc on 2 August 1972 for one million sales by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly singles charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Chart run 3 References 4 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Canada New Zealand ( Listener ) 20 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. R&B U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 6 U.S. Cashbox Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 34 Canada 61 Chart run ( edit ) Billboard Hot 100 ( 14 weeks , entered May 27 ) : Reached # 2 in July ( 2 weeks ) Cashbox Top 100 ( 15 weeks , entered May 20 ) : 87 , 69 , 59 , 36 , 15 , 10 , 8 , 5 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 5 , 12 , 24 , 71 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1997 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles . Menomonee Falls , WI : Record Research Inc. p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 122 - 5 . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd . pp. 291 and 310 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Music lyrics , charts , Games , & more '' . Top40db.net . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 59 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Frank ( 1983 ) . The Cash Box Singles Charts , 1950 - 1981 . Metuchen , NJ & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc. p. 130 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Too_Late_to_Turn_Back_Now_(song)&oldid=806420906 '' Categories : 1972 singles Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose songs United Artists Records singles Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 22 : 45 . About Wikipedia
who sang it's too late to turn back now
[ "\"Too Late to Turn Back Now\" is the 1972 follow-up single of Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose to their debut hit \"Treat Her Like a Lady\". The single had previously been released in 1970 on the Platinum label." ]
[ "Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose" ]
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Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 - wikipedia Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 June 2018 . none AD 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum ( c. 1821 ) by John Martin Volcano Mount Vesuvius Date August 24 -- 25 ( probable ) , AD 79 Type Vesuvian Location Campania , Italy 40 ° 49 ′ N 14 ° 26 ′ E  /  40.817 ° N 14.433 ° E  / 40.817 ; 14.433 Coordinates : 40 ° 49 ′ N 14 ° 26 ′ E  /  40.817 ° N 14.433 ° E  / 40.817 ; 14.433 VEI 5 Impact Buried the Roman settlements of Pompeii , Herculaneum , Oplontis and Stabiae . Mount Vesuvius , a stratovolcano in modern - day Italy , erupted in 79 AD in one of the most catastrophic volcanic eruptions in European history . Historians have learned about the eruption from the eyewitness account of Pliny the Younger , a Roman administrator and poet . The event is the namesake for the Vesuvian type of volcanic eruptions . Mount Vesuvius violently spewed forth a deadly cloud of super-heated tephra and gases to a height of 33 km ( 21 mi ) , ejecting molten rock , pulverized pumice and hot ash at a massive rate of 1.5 million tons per second , ultimately releasing 100,000 times the thermal energy of the Hiroshima - Nagasaki bombings . Several Roman settlements were obliterated and buried underneath massive pyroclastic surges and ashfall deposits , the best known being Pompeii and Herculaneum . The total inhabitants of both cities were 16,000 -- 20,000 ; the remains of over 1,500 people have been found at Pompeii and Herculaneum , but the overall death toll is still unclear . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors and foreshocks 2 Nature of the eruption 2.1 Stratigraphic studies 2.2 Magnetic studies 3 Two Plinys 3.1 Pliny the Younger 3.2 Pliny the Elder 4 Casualties from the eruption 5 Date of the eruption 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Precursors and foreshocks ( edit ) The Last Day of Pompeii . Painting by Karl Brullov , 1830 -- 1833 The AD 79 eruption was preceded by a powerful earthquake seventeen years before on February 5 , AD 62 , which caused widespread destruction around the Bay of Naples , and particularly to Pompeii . Some of the damage had still not been repaired when the volcano erupted . The deaths of 600 sheep from `` tainted air '' in the vicinity of Pompeii , reported by Seneca the Younger , leads volcanologist Haraldur Sigurdsson to compare them to similar deaths of sheep in Iceland from pools of volcanic carbon dioxide and to speculate that the earthquake of AD 62 was related to new activity by Mount Vesuvius . Another smaller earthquake took place in AD 64 ; it was recorded by Suetonius in his biography of Nero , and by Tacitus in Annales because it took place while Nero was in Naples performing for the first time in a public theatre . Suetonius recorded that the emperor continued singing through the earthquake until he had finished his song , while Tacitus wrote that the theatre collapsed shortly after being evacuated . The Romans grew accustomed to minor earth tremors in the region ; the writer Pliny the Younger wrote that they `` were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania '' . Small earthquakes started taking place on 20 August 79 , becoming more frequent over the next four days , but the warnings were not recognized . Nature of the eruption ( edit ) Reconstructions of the eruption and its effects vary considerably in the details but have the same overall features . The eruption lasted for two days . The morning of the first day , August 22 , was perceived as normal by the only eyewitness to leave a surviving document , Pliny the Younger , who at that point was staying at Misenum , on the other side of the Bay of Naples about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) from the volcano , which may have prevented him from noticing the early signs of the eruption . He was not to have any opportunity , during the next two days , to talk to people who had witnessed the eruption from Pompeii or Herculaneum ( indeed he never mentions Pompeii in his letter ) , so he would not have noticed early , smaller fissures and releases of ash and smoke on the mountain , if such had occurred earlier in the morning . Around 1 : 00 P.M. , Mount Vesuvius violently erupted , spewing up a high - altitude column from which ash and pumice began to fall , blanketing the area . Rescues and escapes occurred during this time . At some time in the night or early the next day , August 23 , pyroclastic flows in the close vicinity of the volcano began . Lights seen on the mountain were interpreted as fires . People as far away as Misenum fled for their lives . The flows were rapid - moving , dense , and very hot , knocking down wholly or partly all structures in their path , incinerating or suffocating all population remaining there and altering the landscape , including the coastline . These were accompanied by additional light tremors and a mild tsunami in the Bay of Naples . By evening of the second day , the eruption was over , leaving only haze in the atmosphere through which the sun shone weakly . Pliny the Younger wrote an account of the eruption : Broad sheets of flame were lighting up many parts of Vesuvius ; their light and brightness were the more vivid for the darkness of the night ... it was daylight now elsewhere in the world , but there the darkness was darker and thicker than any night . Stratigraphic studies ( edit ) Pompeii and Herculaneum , as well as other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash , pumice and cinders . Modern coast lines are shown ; Pliny the Younger was at Misenum . According to a stratigraphic study ( a study of the layers of ash ) by Sigurdsson , Cashdollar , and Sparks , published in 1982 , and now a standard reference , the eruption of Vesuvius of AD 79 unfolded in two phases : a Vesuvian eruption that lasted eighteen to twenty hours and produced a fall of pumice and ashes southward of the volcano that accumulated up to depths of 2.8 m ( 9.2 ft ) at Pompeii , followed by pyroclastic surges or nuées ardentes in the second Peléan phase that reached as far as Misenum but was concentrated to the west and northwest . Two pyroclastic surges engulfed Pompeii , burning and asphyxiating any living beings who had remained behind . Herculaneum and Oplontis received the brunt of the surges and were buried in fine pyroclastic deposits , pulverized pumice and lava fragments . In an article published in 2002 , Sigurdsson and Casey elaborate on the stratigraphic evidence based on excavations and surveys up until then . In this interpretation , the quasi-initial explosion ( not quite initial ) produced a column of ash and pumice ranging between 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) and 30 km ( 19 mi ) high , which , due to northwest winds , rained on Pompeii to the southeast but not on Herculaneum upwind . The eruption is viewed as primarily phreatomagmatic ; that is , the chief energy supporting the blast column came from the escape of steam generated by the magma , created from seawater seeping over time into the deep - seated faults of the region , that came into interaction with magma and heat . Subsequently , the cloud collapsed as the gases densified and lost their capability to support their solid contents , releasing it as a pyroclastic surge , which first reached Herculaneum , not Pompeii . Additional explosions reinstituted the column . The eruption alternated between Vesuvian and Peléan six times . Surges 4 and 5 are believed by the authors to have destroyed and buried Pompeii . Surges are identified in the deposits by dune and cross-bedding formations , which are not produced by fallout . The authors suggest that the first ash falls are to be interpreted as early - morning , low - volume explosions not seen from Misenum , causing Rectina to send her messenger on a ride of several hours around the Bay of Naples , then passable , providing an answer to the paradox of how the messenger might miraculously appear at Pliny 's villa so shortly after a distant eruption that would have prevented him . Magnetic studies ( edit ) Inside the crater of Vesuvius A 2006 study by Zanella , Gurioli , Pareschi , and Lanza used the magnetic characteristics of over 200 samples of lithic , roof - tile , and plaster fragments collected from pyroclastic deposits in and around Pompeii to estimate the equilibrium temperatures of the deposits . The deposits were placed by pyroclastic density currents ( PDCs ) resulting from the collapses of the Plinian column . The authors argue that fragments over 2 -- 5 cm ( 0.8 -- 2 in ) were not in the current long enough to acquire its temperature , which would have been much higher , and therefore they distinguish between the depositional temperatures , which they estimated , and the emplacement temperatures , which in some cases based on the cooling characteristics of some types and fragment sizes of rocks they believed they also could estimate . Final figures are considered to be those of the rocks in the current just before deposition . All crustal rock contains some iron or iron compounds , rendering it ferromagnetic , as do Roman roof tiles and plaster . These materials may acquire a residual field from a number of sources . When individual molecules , which are magnetic dipoles , are held in alignment by being bound in a crystalline structure , the small fields reinforce each other to form the rock 's residual field . Heating the material adds internal energy to it . At the Curie temperature , the vibration of the molecules is sufficient to disrupt the alignment ; the material loses its residual magnetism and assumes whatever magnetic field might be applied to it only for the duration of the application . The authors term this phenomenon unblocking . Residual magnetism is considered to `` block out '' non-residual fields . A rock is a mixture of minerals , each with its own Curie temperature ; the authors therefore looked for a spectrum of temperatures rather than a single temperature . In the ideal sample , the PDC did not raise the temperature of the fragment beyond the highest blocking temperature . Some constituent material retained the magnetism imposed by the Earth 's field when the item was formed . The temperature was raised above the lowest blocking temperature and therefore some minerals on recooling acquired the magnetism of the Earth as it was in AD 79 . The overall field of the sample was the vector sum of the fields of the high - blocking material and the low - blocking material . This type of sample made possible estimation of the low unblocking temperature . Using special equipment that measured field direction and strength at various temperatures , the experimenters raised the temperature of the sample in increments of 40 ° C ( 70 ° F ) from 100 ° C ( 210 ° F ) until it reached the low unblocking temperature . Deprived of one of its components , the overall field changed direction . A plot of direction at each increment identified the increment at which the sample 's resultant magnetism had formed . That was considered to be the equilibrium temperature of the deposit . Considering the data for all the deposits of the surge arrived at a surge deposit estimate . The authors discovered that the city , Pompeii , was a relatively cool spot within a much hotter field , which they attributed to interaction of the surge with the `` fabric '' of the city . The investigators reconstruct the sequence of volcanic events as follows . On the first day of the eruption a fall of white pumice containing clastic fragments of up to 3 centimetres ( 1 in ) fell for several hours . It heated the roof tiles to 120 -- 140 ° C ( 250 -- 280 ° F ) . This period would have been the last opportunity to escape . Subsequently , a second column deposited a grey pumice with clastics up to 10 cm ( 4 in ) , temperature unsampled , but presumed to be higher , for 18 hours . These two falls were the Plinian phase . The collapse of the edges of these clouds generated the first dilute PDCs , which must have been devastating to Herculaneum , but did not enter Pompeii . Early in the morning of the second day the grey cloud began to collapse to a greater degree . Two major surges struck and destroyed Pompeii . Herculaneum and all its population no longer existed . The emplacement temperature range of the first surge was 180 -- 220 ° C ( 360 -- 430 ° F ) , minimum temperatures ; of the second , 220 -- 260 ° C ( 430 -- 500 ° F ) . The depositional temperature of the first was 140 -- 300 ° C ( 280 -- 570 ° F ) . Upstream and downstream of the flow it was 300 -- 360 ° C ( 570 -- 680 ° F ) . The variable temperature of the first surge was due to interaction with the buildings . Any population remaining in structural refuges could not have escaped , as the city was surrounded by gases of incinerating temperatures . The lowest temperatures were in rooms under collapsed roofs . These were as low as 100 ° C ( 210 ° F ) , the boiling point of water . The authors suggest that elements of the bottom of the flow were decoupled from the main flow by topographic irregularities and were made cooler by the introduction of ambient turbulent air . In the second surge the irregularities were gone and the city was as hot as the surrounding environment . During the last surge , which was very dilute , one meter more of deposits fell over the region . Two plinys ( edit ) Pompeii , with Vesuvius towering above The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger , who was 17 at the time of the eruption , to the historian , Tacitus . Observing the first volcanic activity from Misenum across the Bay of Naples from the volcano , approximately 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) away , the elder Pliny launched a rescue fleet and went himself to the rescue of a personal friend . His nephew declined to join the party . One of the nephew 's letters relates what he could discover from witnesses of his uncle 's experiences . In a second letter the younger Pliny details his own observations after the departure of his uncle . Pliny the Younger ( edit ) Further information : Pliny the Younger The two men saw an extraordinarily dense cloud rising rapidly above the mountain : I can not give you a more exact description of its appearance than by comparing to a pine tree ; for it shot up to a great height in the form of a tall trunk , which spread out at the top as though into branches . ( ... ) Occasionally it was brighter , occasionally darker and spotted , as it was either more or less filled with earth and cinders . These events and a request by messenger for an evacuation by sea prompted the elder Pliny to order rescue operations in which he sailed away to participate . His nephew attempted to resume a normal life , continuing to study , and bathing , but that night a tremor awoke him and his mother , prompting them to abandon the house for the courtyard . At another tremor near dawn the population abandoned the village . After still a third `` the sea seemed to roll back upon itself , and to be driven from its banks '' , which is evidence for a tsunami . There is , however , no evidence of extensive damage from wave action . The early light was obscured by a black cloud through which shone flashes , which Pliny likens to sheet lightning , but more extensive . The cloud obscured Point Misenum near at hand and the island of Capraia ( Capri ) across the bay . Fearing for their lives the population began to call to each other and move back from the coast along the road . Pliny 's mother requested him to abandon her and save his own life , as she was too corpulent and aged to go further , but seizing her hand he led her away as best he could . A rain of ash fell . Pliny found it necessary to shake off the ash periodically to avoid being buried . Later that same day the ash stopped falling and the sun shone weakly through the cloud , encouraging Pliny and his mother to return to their home and wait for news of Pliny the Elder . The letter compares the ash to a blanket of snow . Evidently the earthquake and tsunami damage at that location were not severe enough to prevent continued use of the home . Pliny the Elder ( edit ) Further information : Pliny the Elder Pliny 's uncle Pliny the Elder was in command of the Roman fleet at Misenum , and had meanwhile decided to investigate the phenomenon at close hand in a light vessel . As the ship was preparing to leave the area , a messenger came from his friend Rectina ( wife of Tascius ) living on the coast near the foot of the volcano , explaining that her party could only get away by sea and asking for rescue . Pliny ordered the immediate launching of the fleet galleys to the evacuation of the coast . He continued in his light ship to the rescue of Rectina 's party . He set off across the bay but in the shallows on the other side encountered thick showers of hot cinders , lumps of pumice , and pieces of rock . Advised by the helmsman to turn back he stated `` Fortune favors the brave '' and ordered him to continue on to Stabiae ( about 4.5 km or 2.8 mi from Pompeii ) , where Pomponianus was . Pomponianus had already loaded a ship with possessions and was preparing to leave , but the same onshore wind that brought Pliny 's ship to the location had prevented anyone from leaving . Pliny and his party saw flames coming from several parts of the mountain , which Pliny and his friends attributed to burning villages . After staying overnight , the party was driven from the building by an accumulation of material which threatened to block all egress . They woke Pliny , who had been napping and emitting loud snoring . They elected to take to the fields with pillows tied to their heads to protect them from rockfall . They approached the beach again but the wind had not changed . Pliny sat down on a sail that had been spread for him and could not rise even with assistance when his friends departed , escaping ultimately by land . Very likely , he had collapsed and died , which is the most popular explanation of why his friends abandoned him , although Suetonius offers an alternative story of his ordering a slave to kill him to avoid the pain of incineration . How the slave would have escaped to tell the tale remains a mystery . There is no mention of such an event in his nephew 's letters . In the first letter to Tacitus his nephew suggested that his death was due to the reaction of his weak lungs to a cloud of poisonous , sulphurous gas that wafted over the group . However , Stabiae was 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) from the vent ( roughly where the modern town of Castellammare di Stabia is situated ) and his companions were apparently unaffected by the fumes , and so it is more likely that the corpulent Pliny died from some other cause , such as a stroke or heart attack . An asthmatic attack is also not out of the question . His body was found with no apparent injuries on the next day , after dispersal of the plume . Casualties from the eruption ( edit ) The skeleton called the `` Ring Lady '' unearthed in Herculaneum Along with Pliny the Elder , the only other notable casualties of the eruption to be known by name were Agrippa ( a son of the Jewish princess Drusilla and the procurator Antonius Felix ) and his wife . By 2003 around 1,044 casts made from impressions of bodies in the ash deposits had been recovered in and around Pompeii , with the scattered bones of another 100 . The remains of about 332 bodies have been found at Herculaneum ( 300 in arched vaults discovered in 1980 ) . What percentage these numbers are of the total dead or the percentage of the dead to the total number at risk remain completely unknown . In May 2018 a cast made from an impression of a horse , found in a villa on the northern outskirts of Pompei was displayed by Pompei officials . Thirty - eight percent of the 1044 were found in the ash fall deposits , the majority inside buildings . These are thought to have been killed mainly by roof collapses , with the smaller number of victims found outside buildings probably killed by falling roof slates or by larger rocks thrown out by the volcano . This differs from modern experience , since over the last four hundred years only around 4 % of victims have been killed by ash falls during explosive eruptions . The remaining 62 % of remains found at Pompeii were in the pyroclastic surge deposits , and thus were probably killed by them . It was initially believed that due to the state of the bodies found at Pompeii and the outline of clothes on the bodies it was unlikely that high temperatures were a significant cause . But in 2010 , studies indicated that during the fourth pyroclastic surge -- the first surge to reach Pompeii -- temperatures reached 300 ° C ( 572 ° F ) . Volcanologist Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo , who led the study , noted that `` ( It was ) enough to kill hundreds of people in a fraction of a second '' . In reference as to why the bodies were frozen in suspended action , `` The contorted postures are not the effects of a long agony , but of the cadaveric spasm , a consequence of heat shock on corpses . '' Herculaneum , which was much closer to the crater , was saved from tephra falls by the wind direction , but was buried under 23 metres ( 75 ft ) of material deposited by pyroclastic surges . It is likely that most , or all , of the known victims in this town were killed by the surges , particularly given evidence of high temperatures found on the skeletons of the victims found in the arched vaults , and the existence of carbonised wood in many of the buildings . These people were all caught on the former seashore by the first surge and died of thermal shock but not of carbonization , although some were partly carbonized by later and hotter surges . The arched vaults were most likely boathouses , as the crossbeams in the overhead were probably for the suspension of boats . No boats have been found , indicating they may have been used for the earlier escape of some of the population . The rest were concentrated in the chambers at a density of as high as 3 persons per square meter . As only 85 metres ( 279 ft ) of the coast have been excavated , the casualties waiting to be excavated may well be as high as the thousands . Date of the eruption ( edit ) The year of the eruption is pinned to AD 79 by references in contemporary Roman writers , a number of them apart from Pliny the Younger , and has never been seriously questioned . It is determined by the well - known events of the reign of Titus . Vespasian died that year . When Titus visited Pompeii to give orders for the relief of the displaced population , he was the sole ruler . In the year after the eruption , AD 80 , he faced another disaster , a great fire at Rome . The time of year is stated once in one historical document , the first letter of Pliny the Younger to Tacitus , where it appears as `` nonum kal . Septembres '' . This seems to be an abbreviation of a standard date , to be interpreted as `` the ninth day before the Kalends of September '' , which in the Julian calendar , in general use by then , would have been eight days before September 1 , that is August 24 ( the Romans counted September 1 as one of the nine ) . August 24 is not necessarily the date given by Pliny . It represents an editorial collusion to use the manuscript text of Pliny 's letters in the Medicean Laurentian Library , which also appears in the edition printed by Aldus Manutius ( 1508 ) and in all recensions since then , even though the numerous other Pliny manuscripts , as well as the works of other authors , offer many alternative dates . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andrew Wallace - Hadrill ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Pompeii : Portents of Disaster '' . BBC History . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Science : Man of Pompeii '' . Time . October 15 , 1956 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martini , Kirk ( September 1998 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Identifying Potential Damage Events '' . Patterns of Reconstruction at Pompeii . Pompeii Forum Project , Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities ( IATH ) , University of Virginia . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Rick ( 28 September 2007 ) . `` Visiting Pompeii -- AD 79 -- Vesuvius explodes '' . Current Archeology . London : Current Publishing . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sigurdsson 2002 , p. 35 on Seneca the Younger , Natural Questions , 6.1 , 6.27 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , C. Tranquillus ( 1914 ) ( 121 ) . `` 20 '' . The Life of Nero . The Lives of the Caesars . Loeb Classical Library , William P. Thayer . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Publius Cornelius ( 1864 -- 1877 ) ( 117 ) . `` Book 15.22 '' . The Annals . Modern Library , The Internet Sacred Text Archive . Jump up ^ The dates of the earthquakes and of the eruption are contingent on a final determination of the time of year , but there is no reason to change the relative sequence . Jump up ^ `` Pliny the Younger , Epistulae VI. 16 & VI. 20 '' . Ancient Literature . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sigurdsson , Haraldur ; Cashdollar , Stanford ; Sparks , R. Stephen J. ( January 1982 ) . `` The Eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79 : Reconstruction from Historical and Volcanological Evidence '' . American Journal of Archaeology . American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 86 , No. 1 . 86 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 504292 . JSTOR 504292 . Jump up ^ Sigurdsson 2002 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ His 18th year by Roman reckoning , as they counted the first 12 months as the first year . Jump up ^ C. Plinii Caecilii Secundi . `` Liber Sextus ; 16 & 20 '' . Epistularum . The Latin Library . ^ Jump up to : Pliny the Younger ( 1909 ) . Eliot , Charles W. , ed . `` Letters LXV . To Tacitus '' . The Harvard Classics . IX Part 4 . New York : Bartleby . Jump up ^ Pliny the Younger ( 1909 ) . Eliot , Charles W. , ed . `` Letters LXVI . To Cornelius Tacitus '' . The Harvard Classics . IX Part 4 . New York : Bartleby . ^ Jump up to : Pliny the Younger . `` VI. 16 To Tacitus '' . Letters . Jump up ^ Richard V. Fisher and volunteers . `` Derivation of the name `` Plinian '' `` . The Volcano Information Center , Department of Geological Sciences , University of California , Santa Barbara . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Janick , Jules ( 2002 ) . `` Lecture 19 : Greek , Carthaginian , and Roman Agricultural Writers '' . History of Horticulture . Purdue University . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Josephus , Flavius . `` xx. 7.2 '' . Jewish Antiquities . Also known to have been mentioned in a section now lost . ^ Jump up to : Giacomelli , Lisetta ; Perrotta , Annamaria ; Scandone , Roberto ; Scarpati , Claudio ( September 2003 ) . `` The eruption of Vesuvius of 79 AD and its impact on human environment in Pompei '' ( PDF ) . Episodes. 26 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Soprintendenza archeologica di Pompei ( 2007 ) . `` Pompeii , Stories from an eruption : Herculaneum '' . Chicago : The Field Museum of Natural History . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pompeii dig unearths ancient racehorse '' . Nine News . Nine Digital Pty Ltd. 12 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Valsecchi , Maria Cristina ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Pompeiians Flash - Heated to Death -- ' No Time to Suffocate ' '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ Sigurdsson & Carey 2002 , pp. 55 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Rolandi 2008 , p. 94 . References ( edit ) Rolandi , G. ; Paone , A. ; De Lascio , M. ; Stefani , G. ( 2008 ) . `` The 79 AD eruption of Somma : the relationship between the date of the eruption and the southeast tephra dispersion '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 169 : 87 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2008JVGR ... 169 ... 87R . doi : 10.1016 / j. jvolgeores. 2007.08. 020 . Sigurdsson , Haraldur ( 2002 ) . `` Mount Vesuvius before the Disaster '' . In Jashemski , Wilhelmina Mary Feemster ; Meyer , Frederick Gustav . The natural history of Pompeii . Cambridge UK : The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . pp. 29 -- 36 . Sigurdsson , Haraldur ; Carey , Steven ( 2002 ) . `` The Eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 '' . In Jashemski , Wilhelmina Mary Feemster ; Meyer , Frederick Gustav . The natural history of Pompeii . Cambridge UK : The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . pp. 37 -- 64 . Zanella , E. ; Gurioli , L. ; Pareschi , M.T. ; Lanza , R. ( 2007 ) . `` Influences of urban fabric on pyroclastic density currents at Pompeii ( Italy ) : Part II : temperature of the deposits and hazard implications '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 112 ( 112 ) : B05214 . Bibcode : 2007JGRB ... 112.5214 Z . doi : 10.1029 / 2006JB004775 . External links ( edit ) AD79 Destruction and Rediscovery Information on the eruption , the locations destroyed and subsequent rediscovery . hide Pompeii History Pompei Mount Vesuvius 62 Pompeii earthquake Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 Villas of Pompeii ‎ Villa of the Mysteries Domus of Pompeii ‎ House of the Faun House of Sallust House of the Centenary House of Julia Felix House of Loreius Tiburtinus House of Menander House of the surgeon House of the Silver Wedding House of the Tragic Poet House of the Vettii Lupanar Public buildings of Pompeii ‎ Aqua Augusta Macellum of Pompeii Recreational buildings of Pompeii ‎ Amphitheatre Suburban Baths Temples of Pompeii Temple of Apollo Temple of Isis Temple of Jupiter Other sites destroyed in the 79 Eruption Herculaneum Villa of the Papyri Oplontis Villa Poppaea Stabiae Villa Boscoreale Archaeological Museum Naples National Archaeological Museum Art in Pompeii Achilles and Briseis Alexander Mosaic Portrait of Paquius Proculo Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum Pompeian Styles Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum Pompeii in popular culture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79&oldid=846324795 '' Categories : Mount Vesuvius 1st century in Italy 1st - century natural disasters 79 70s in the Roman Empire Historic volcanic events Natural disasters in Italy Herculaneum ( ancient city ) Pompeii ( ancient city ) Hidden categories : Articles with short description Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Español Euskara Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Română Русский Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 00 : 37 . 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when did mt vesuvius erupt and cover pompeii
[ "\n\nAD 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius\n\n\n\nThe Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum (c. 1821) by John Martin\n\n\n\nVolcano\nMount Vesuvius\n\n\nDate\nAugust 24–25 (probable), AD 79\n\n\nType\nVesuvian\n\n\nLocation\nCampania, Italy\n40°49′N 14°26′E / 40.817°N 14.433°E / 40.817; 14.433Coordinates: 40°49′N 14°26′E / 40.817°N 14.433°E / 40.817; 14.433\n\n\nVEI\n5\n\n\nImpact\nBuried the Roman settlements of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis and Stabiae.\n\n" ]
[ "AD 79" ]
118069052811992545
You're So Vain
You 're So Vain - wikipedia You 're So Vain `` You 're So Vain '' Single by Carly Simon from the album No Secrets B - side `` His Friends Are More Than Fond of Robin '' Released November 8 , 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 , Trident Studios Genre Pop , soft rock Length 4 : 19 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Carly Simon Producer ( s ) Richard Perry Carly Simon singles chronology `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) `` You 're So Vain '' is a song written in 1971 by Carly Simon and released in November 1972 . The song is a critical profile of a self - absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts `` You 're so vain , you probably think this song is about you . '' The title subject 's identity has long been a matter of speculation , with Simon stating that the song refers to three men , only one of whom she has named publicly , actor Warren Beatty . The song is ranked at # 92 on Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All - Time . `` You 're So Vain '' was voted # 216 in RIAA 's Songs of the Century , and in August 2014 , the UK 's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s . The distinctive bass guitar intro is played by Klaus Voormann . The strings were arranged by Simon and orchestrated by Paul Buckmaster . Simon plays piano on the track . Contents 1 Subject of the song 2 References in the song 3 Later versions and adaptations 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 All - time charts 5 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Subject of the song ( edit ) Before the song became a hit single in 1972 , Simon told an interviewer that the song was about `` men , '' not a specific `` man '' . In 1983 , she said it is not about Mick Jagger , who contributed uncredited backing vocals to the song . In a 1993 book , Angie Bowie claimed to be the `` wife of a close friend '' mentioned in `` You 're So Vain '' , and that Jagger , for a time , had been `` obsessed '' with her . Simon made another comment about the subject 's identity as a guest artist on Janet Jackson 's 2001 single , `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , which sampled `` You 're So Vain '' . Simon said about the song , `` The apricot scarf was worn by Nick ( Delbanco ) . Nothing in the words referred to Mick . '' In a 2007 interview , Warren Beatty said , `` Let 's be honest . That song was about me . '' Simon had said in 1983 that Beatty `` certainly thought it was about him -- he called me and said thanks for the song ... '' In an interview for the 1978 / 1982 version of The History of Rock and Roll radio series , producer Richard Perry acknowledges that Simon was essentially referring to Beatty while also evoking other previous relationships in her life . Over the years Simon has divulged `` letter clues '' and has claimed that the subject 's name contains the letters A , E , and R . Shortly before the writing of the song , Simon was married to James Taylor ; she has said that he was `` definitely not '' the subject of the song . David Bowie , David Cassidy and Cat Stevens have all been cited by the press as speculative candidates . In August 2003 Simon agreed to reveal the name of the song 's subject to the highest bidder of the Martha 's Vineyard Possible Dreams charity auction . With the top bid of $50,000 , Dick Ebersol , president of NBC Sports and a friend of Simon , won the right to know the name of the subject of `` You 're So Vain '' . A condition of the prize was that Ebersol not reveal the name . Ebersol said Simon allowed him to divulge a clue about the person 's name : `` Carly told me that I could offer up to the entire world a clue as to what she 'll tell me when we have this night in about two weeks . And the clue is : The letter ' E ' is in the person 's name . '' In 2004 Simon told Regis Philbin , `` If I tell it , it 's going to come out in dribs and drabs . And I 've given out two letters already , an ' A ' and an ' E . ' But I 'm going to add one to it . I 'm going to add an ' R , ' in honor of you . '' In 2005 Simon 's ex-husband Jim Hart said he was sure that the song was not about anyone famous . On June 19 , 2008 , Howard Stern stated that Simon had privately revealed to him about whom the song was written after her interview on his popular radio show on Sirius Satellite Radio . Stern commented , `` There is an odd aspect to it ... he 's not that vain . '' On March 17 , 2009 , Stern stated that she had said it was a `` composite of three people . '' Stern repeated this on May 5 , 2014 , stating , `` She takes me aside , pulls me close , whispers in my ear ... three names . She goes , it was n't one person , it was three people . '' Simon herself confirmed that Stern was among `` a few people '' that she had given the names to . In her 2008 book Girls Like Us , author Sheila Weller includes a detailed account of Simon 's love affair with musician Dan Armstrong , and suggests that he was the inspiration for `` You 're So Vain . '' Her heartbreak over eventually losing him inspired the song `` Dan , My Fling , '' which appears on her first album . Armstrong 's full name , Daniel Kent Armstrong , contains all three letters of Simon 's clue . On November 4 , 2009 , Simon said she had hidden the name of the subject in a certain version of the song . The next day , the program 's crew revealed the name concealed in a back - played whisper : David . Simon denied that the whisper was `` David , '' saying she had spoken `` Ovid '' both forwards and backwards , and that sounded like David . In February 2010 , Simon reiterated that the name of the subject was whispered in a re-recording of `` You 're So Vain '' : `` There 's a little whisper -- and it 's the answer to the puzzle . '' A representative for Simon confirmed that the name whispered during the song is `` David '' . Multiple media outlets then speculated that the subject was Simon 's former boss at Elektra , David Geffen . The following day Jim Hart , Simon 's ex-husband and close friend , denied that the song was about Geffen . Simon said that when she wrote the song in 1971 , she had not yet met Geffen . Simon 's publicist also confirmed the song was not about Geffen , but that there was indeed `` a David who is connected to the song in some way , shape , or form '' . Vanity Fair noted that in addition to `` David '' , `` Warren '' and an unintelligible name are whispered during the recording . After her live performance of the song with Simon in July 2013 , Taylor Swift stated that Simon had revealed the identity of the song 's subject to her in confidence . In November 2015 , Simon , promoting her about - to - be-published memoir , said , `` I have confirmed that the second verse is Warren ( Beatty ) '' and added that while `` Warren thinks the whole thing is about him , '' he is the subject of that verse only , with the remainder of the song referring to two other , still unnamed men . References in the song ( edit ) Gavotte -- used in the line `` You had one eye in the mirror as you watched yourself gavotte '' -- is a French kissing dance . In this context it can be taken to mean moving in a pretentious manner . Simon said the line `` clouds in my coffee '' came `` from an airplane flight that I took with Billy Mernit , who was my friend and piano player at the time . As I got my coffee , there were clouds outside the window of the airplane and you could see the reflection in the cup of coffee . Billy said to me , ' Look at the clouds in your coffee ' . '' The line `` I hear you went up to Saratoga and your horse naturally won '' refers to the Saratoga Race Course horse - racing season held in late July , August , and early September in Saratoga Springs , New York . The season is frequented by the rich and famous of New York and other East Coast cities . Two solar eclipses ( `` Then you flew your Lear jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the sun '' ) were visible from Nova Scotia in the early 1970s , on March 7 , 1970 , and July 10 , 1972 . Simon said she wrote the song in 1971 , but the 1972 eclipse ( which could only be seen in Nova Scotia as opposed to the 1970 eclipse which traversed the entire East Coast , and also happened during the Saratoga racing season ) better fits the narrative . Later versions and adaptations ( edit ) The song has been recorded by Chocolate Starfish , The Mountain Goats , David Axelrod , John Barrowman , Liza Minnelli , Jack Klugman and Tony Randall ( as `` The Odd Couple '' ) , Chimira , Venice , The Feeling , Jann Arden , Janet Jackson ( who sampled the song in `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , with Simon providing featured vocals ) , Trey Songz ( who sampled from Janet Jackson in his single `` About You ) , '' Anna Waronker , Faster Pussycat , Dres , Daryll - Ann , Smokie , Sally Seltmann , Asaro and Wolcott , Matthew Sweet and Susanna Hoffs , Marilyn Manson ( featuring Johnny Depp ) , and Italian pop star Mina in her 1985 album Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula ... Foo Fighters performed the song live at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in 2008 . On July 27 , 2013 , Simon performed `` You 're So Vain '' with Taylor Swift on her Red Tour . The song `` Starfuckers , Inc . '' by Nine Inch Nails , released in 2000 , references `` You 're So Vain '' , by quoting the chorus . Supporters of English football team Everton F.C. sang the song to player Leighton Baines at the 2009 football matches . On their 2009 album Felony , New York City metalcore band Emmure had a song titled `` R2Deepthroat '' where vocalist Frankie says `` You 're so vain , I bet you think this song is about you , do n't you ? '' In the lead - up to the 2016 US presidential election , Simon authorized the use of the song in an ad against Donald Trump . In a piece posted by BBC News on May 5 , 2017 , Simon sings a previously unreleased fourth verse to the song , which she states had been written on a pad some time ago but never made it into the song . It references a man , married multiple times , who `` called her once to ask her things she could n't quite divine '' . On the October 3 , 2017 , episode of the reality television singing competition program The Voice , Karli Webster performed a shortened version of the song for a Blind Audition , which turned the chairs of prospective coaches Adam Levine and Miley Cyrus . ( The full version of Webster 's rendition is available for purchase and download on iTunes . ) Webster ultimately chose Cyrus as her coach and joined Team Miley . Chart performance ( edit ) The song was a number - one hit in the US , Canada and Australia and reached number four in Ireland and South Africa . Bowing at # 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 December 1972 , the song took only five more weeks to rocket to the top of the chart , where it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973 , also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973 , her first number one on either chart . `` You 're So Vain '' was Simon 's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom , reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973 . The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres , peaking at number 41 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Listener ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) UK Singles ( Official Chart Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Cash Box Top 100 7 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1958 - 2018 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 92 Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result `` You 're So Vain '' Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Nominated Grammy Hall of Fame Award Inducted See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of RPM number - one singles of 1973 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` You 're So Vain 's ' lost ' verse premiered '' . Retrieved 6 June 2018 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Dowd , Kathy Erich ; Hubbard , Kim ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` People Exclusive : Carly Simon Says ' You 're So Vain ' Is About Warren Beatty -- Well , Only the Second Verse : ' He Thinks the Whole Thing Is About Him ! ' '' . People . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Billboard.com. 1994 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 2014 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Official Charts Pop Gem # 70 : Carly Simon -- You 're So Vain '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Klaus Voormann : Biography '' . Voormann.com. 1971 - 08 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Weller , Sheila ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Fun and Games With the David Geffen Rumor About Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wadler , Joyce ( October 30 , 1983 ) . `` Carly Simon : Anxiety & '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Carly Simon Biography '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Backstage Passes Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Regis & Kelly 2004 -- Carly Simon talks about You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2012 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' You 're So Vain ' : Carly Simon reveals mystery man '' . NJ.com. 2010 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Soraya ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Carly Simon 's new ' You 're So Vain ' whispers clue '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ninette Sosa . `` Carly Simon reveals ' You 're So Vain ' clue '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon gives away who is ' So Vain ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ebersol on NBC 's Today , August 5 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` I 've heard a million different stories -- who was Carly Simon actually singing about in `` You 're So Vain '' ? `` . Rule Forty Two . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stern , Howard ( host ) ( May 20 , 2014 ) . Howard Stern Show . Sirius XM Radio . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon : You 're So Vain is about Beatty and two others '' . BBC . 2015 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sheila Weller . Girls Like Us : Carole King , Joni Mitchell , and Carly Simon & the Journey of a Generation , Simon & Schuster . 2008 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 9147 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet '' . Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet , by Jessica Pressler , Daily Intelligencer , March 12 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Simon in Uncut magazine interview , as reported by Newhall , Marissa ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Names and faces : Carly Simon , Mark and Jenny Sanford , Seth Green , Stevie Wonder > A vain hunt for ' David ' '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Reveals Subject of ' You 're So Vain ' ? '' . Spinner.com . February 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Carly Simon Refutes Theory That ' So Vain ' Target Is David Geffen '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Juli ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Update : Everyone Owes David Geffen an Apology '' . VF Daily . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift and Carly Simon : You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chagollan , Steve ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Deconstructing Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` You 're So Vain '' . Carly Simon official website . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gatto , Kimberly ( 2011 ) . Saratoga Race Course : The August Place to Be . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1609491048 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- 1970 March 7 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Canada -- 1972 July 10 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp , Marilyn Manson Team Up For ' You 're So Vain ' Cover '' . HuffPost Entertainment . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / CarlySimonHQ : Carly Simon and Taylor Swift '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsmail 's guide to the best chants of the season starring Cristiano Ronaldo , Dimi Konstantopoulos and Liam Gallagher '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 2009 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Charles , Chris ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) . `` BBC SPORT Fun and Games Chants of the season '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Carly Simon uses `` You 're So Vain '' in anti-Trump video `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon plays You 're So Vain 's lost verse '' . bbc.com. 2017 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Weekly Single Ccharts ( David Kent ) for 1973 '' . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carly Simon -- You 're So Vain '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 Flanders . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4266 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 4279 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- You 're So Vain '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1973 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 - 1989 Songs W-Z '' . South African Rock Lists . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon '' . The Official Chart Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum -- 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1973 '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 turns 60 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official `` You 're So Vain '' page Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Carly Simon Discography Studio albums Carly Simon Anticipation No Secrets Hotcakes Playing Possum Another Passenger Boys in the Trees Spy Come Upstairs Torch Hello Big Man Spoiled Girl Coming Around Again My Romance Have You Seen Me Lately This Is My Life Romulus Hunt : A Family Opera Letters Never Sent Film Noir The Bedroom Tapes Moonlight Serenade Into White This Kind of Love Never Been Gone Compilations The Best of Carly Simon Greatest Hits Live Clouds in My Coffee The Very Best of Carly Simon : Nobody Does It Better Christmas Is Almost Here Anthology Christmas Is Almost Here Again Reflections : Carly Simon 's Greatest Hits Carly Simon Collector 's Edition Playlist : The Very Best of Carly Simon Songs From The Trees ( A Musical Memoir Collection ) Soundtracks Working Girl This Is My Life Piglet 's Big Movie Pooh 's Heffalump Movie Concerts Live from Martha 's Vineyard Carly in Concert -- My Romance Live at Grand Central A Moonlight Serenade on the Queen Mary 2 Singles `` That 's the Way I 've Always Heard It Should Be '' `` Anticipation '' `` Legend in Your Own Time '' `` You 're So Vain '' `` The Right Thing to Do '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' `` Attitude Dancing '' `` Waterfall '' `` It Keeps You Runnin ' '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` Devoted to You '' `` Vengeance '' `` Jesse '' `` Why '' `` Kissing with Confidence '' `` You Know What to Do '' `` Tired of Being Blonde '' `` My New Boyfriend '' `` Coming Around Again '' `` Give Me All Night '' `` The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of '' `` All I Want Is You '' `` Let the River Run '' `` Better Not Tell Her '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' Other songs `` We Have No Secrets '' `` Night Owl '' `` You Can Close Your Eyes '' The Simon Sisters Meet The Simon Sisters Cuddlebug The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children Winkin ' , Blinkin ' and Nod : The Kapp Recordings Family Richard Simon ( father ) George Simon ( uncle ) Andrea Simon ( mother ) Joanna Simon ( sister ) Lucy Simon ( sister ) James Taylor ( ex-husband ) Ben Taylor ( son ) Sally Taylor ( daughter ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_So_Vain&oldid=858528120 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1973 singles Carly Simon songs Elektra Records singles Metasongs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Richard Perry Songs written by Carly Simon Songs about actors Works about narcissism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2018 , at 20 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings background vocals on you're so vain
[ "In 1983, she said it is not about Mick Jagger,[8] who contributed uncredited backing vocals to the song.[9] In a 1993 book, Angie Bowie claimed to be the \"wife of a close friend\" mentioned in \"You're So Vain\", and that Jagger, for a time, had been \"obsessed\" with her.[10] Simon made another comment about the subject's identity as a guest artist on Janet Jackson's 2001 single, \"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)\", which sampled \"You're So Vain\". Simon said about the song, \"The apricot scarf was worn by Nick (Delbanco). Nothing in the words referred to Mick.\"\n" ]
[ "Mick Jagger" ]
-2476047649713267137
The Miracle Season
The Miracle Season - wikipedia The Miracle Season The Miracle Season Theatrical release poster Directed by Sean McNamara Produced by Mickey Liddell Pete Shilaimon Scott Holroyd Mark Ciardi Screenplay by David Aaron Cohen Elissa Matsueda Story by David Aaron Cohen Starring Erin Moriarty Helen Hunt William Hurt Danika Yarosh Music by Roque Baños Cinematography Brian Pearson Edited by Jeff Canavan Production company LD Entertainment Distributed by LD Entertainment Release date March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) ( Englert Theatre ) April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $10.2 million The Miracle Season is a 2018 American drama film directed by Sean McNamara and starring Erin Moriarty , Helen Hunt , William Hurt , and Danika Yarosh . The film is based on the true story of the Iowa City West High School volleyball team after the sudden death of the team 's heart and leader , Caroline Found in 2011 . It was released in the United States on April 6 , 2018 . The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed $10 million worldwide . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Caroline `` Line '' Found is the star volleyball player on the Iowa City West High School Volleyball Team and well - loved by members of the community . With Line as the captain , the Trojans have been undefeated and everyone has high hopes for West to win the championship again after the previous year , especially against their long - time rival , City High . During a party at her house , Line decides to secretly sneak away to visit her mother Ellyn at the hospital , where she is being treated for cancer . That night , Line herself is killed in a moped accident , leaving the entire community in mourning . Despite the school and community still in shock over Line 's death , the Trojans ' coach , Kathy Bresnahan continues to hold volleyball practice . She directly approaches Line 's best friend , Kelley , encouraging her to return because Line would have wanted them to continue . Kelley refuses , but Bresnahan persists until Kelley agrees . After it is revealed that City West has lost their most recent match due to forfeit , Kelley encourages the entire school that they need to continue for Line 's sake . City West struggles in practice and loses their first game badly , still discouraged from Line 's death . Bresnahan begins to run the team through grueling drills until a teammate can serve to spot one . When Kelley succeeds , Bresnahan names her the new captain of the team . As the weeks go by , the team becomes motivated to win the state championship for Line and begin to win their games . Bresnahan informs the team they need to win all of their remaining games to be eligible for the state championship . The Trojans win their next fourteen games , giving them a chance to win the championship . Before the state tournament begins , Kelley finds a gift from Line 's father , Ernie , that encourages her not to play like Line or be her , but to `` Live Like Line . '' At the state tournament , the Trojans win the quarter - final game with ease , but struggle to win their semi-final game . They move on to the championship , and have to go up against City High , who are heavily favored to win . City takes the lead early the game , but West manages to tie the game until the fifth and final set . West capture the state championship again . As the crowd cheers , Sweet Caroline plays in honor of Line and Kelley holds Line 's picture up high and proud . Cast ( edit ) Erin Moriarty as Kelley Fliehler , Caroline 's best friend Danika Yarosh as Caroline `` Line '' Found Helen Hunt as Kathy Bresnahan , volleyball coach William Hurt as Dr. Ernie Found , Caroline 's father and Ellyn 's husband Garry Chalk as the principal Production ( edit ) The film was originally titled Live Like Line . William Hurt and Helen Hunt joined the film in June 2016 ; Hunt and McNamara previously worked together on the similarly - themed film Soul Surfer . Filming took place in Vancouver , Canada . Release ( edit ) The Miracle Season premiered at the Englert Theatre in Iowa City , where the film is set , on March 18 , 2018 . It was released by LD Entertainment on April 6 , 2018 . Box Office ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , The Miracle Season was released alongside A Quiet Place , Chappaquiddick and Blockers , and as projected to gross around $3 million from 1,707 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up debuting to $4.1 million , finishing 11th ; 74 % of its audience was female . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 47 % based on 38 reviews , and an average rating of 5.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Miracle Season has a worthy real - life story to tell , but one - dimensional characters and aggressively maudlin storytelling undercut any emotional uplift . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 44 out of 100 , based on 13 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Tom Joyce of LifeZette gave the film a positive review , says it was the inspirational volleyball story that Hollywood needed to produce . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Miracle Season ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Helen Hunt Reteams With ' Soul Surfer ' Helmer For Sports Tale ' Live Like Line ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Erin Moriarty , Danika Yarosh Team On Inspirational Sports Movie ' Live Like Line ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berg , Zach ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` West High volleyball coach hosts ' Miracle Season , ' Caroline Found book release party in Iowa City '' . Iowa City Press Citizen . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CBS2 / FOX28 Staff ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Trailer for movie based on `` Live Like Line '' story released `` . CBS2 / FOX28 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracle Season '' . Moviefone . Oath . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` William Hurt To Star Opposite Helen Hunt In ' Live Like Line ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Law , Jeannie ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` Actress Helen Hunt to Star in Inspirational Film ' The Miracle Season ' '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berg , Zack ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Hollywood , Iowa City come together at ' The Miracle Season ' hometown premiere '' . Iowa City Press - Citizen . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracle Season '' . Movie Insider . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Looks to Make Noise at Weekend Box Office '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Opens To $50 M : How Paramount Turned Up The Volume On The John Krasinski - Emily Blunt Pic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracle Season ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracle Season Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Tom ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` First Look : ' Miracle Season ' Highlights Faith and Small - Town Perseverance '' . LifeZette . KG Airco . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Miracle Season on IMDb The Miracle Season at AllMovie The Miracle Season at Metacritic The Miracle Season at Rotten Tomatoes The Miracle Season at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Sean McNamara Hollywood Chaos ( 1989 ) Galgameth ( 1996 ) Casper : A Spirited Beginning ( 1997 ) 3 Ninjas : High Noon at Mega Mountain ( 1998 ) Casper Meets Wendy ( 1998 ) P.U.N.K.S. ( 1999 ) Treehouse Hostage ( 1999 ) Race to Space ( 2001 ) The Even Stevens Movie ( 2003 ) Raise Your Voice ( 2004 ) The Cutting Edge : Going for the Gold ( 2006 ) Bratz ( 2007 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Soul Surfer ( 2011 ) Field of Lost Shoes ( 2013 ) Robosapien : Rebooted ( 2013 ) Spare Parts ( 2015 ) The Miracle Season ( 2018 ) The Three Little Stooges ( 2018 ) The King 's Daughter ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Miracle_Season&oldid=856178853 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films Teen films Films about women 's sports Films based on actual events Films directed by Sean McNamara Films set in 2011 Films set in Iowa Films shot in Vancouver Volleyball films Films scored by Roque Baños Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 11 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where was the movie the miracle season filmed
[ "The film was originally titled Live Like Line.[8] William Hurt and Helen Hunt joined the film in June 2016; Hunt and McNamara previously worked together on the similarly-themed film Soul Surfer. Filming took place in Vancouver, Canada.[7]\n" ]
[ "Vancouver, Canada" ]
8278168508875474018
Chris Carter (right-handed hitter)
Chris Carter ( right - handed hitter ) - wikipedia Chris Carter ( right - handed hitter ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Major League Baseball outfielder , see Chris Carter ( left - handed hitter ) . Chris Carter Carter with the Houston Astros Oakland Athletics First baseman / Designated hitter Born : ( 1986 - 12 - 18 ) December 18 , 1986 ( age 30 ) Redwood City , California Bats : Right Throws : Right MLB debut August 9 , 2010 , for the Oakland Athletics MLB statistics ( through July 2 , 2017 ) Batting average . 218 Home runs 158 Runs batted in 400 Teams Oakland Athletics ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Houston Astros ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Milwaukee Brewers ( 2016 ) New York Yankees ( 2017 ) Career highlights and awards NL home run leader ( 2016 ) Vernon Christopher Carter ( born December 18 , 1986 ) is an American professional baseball first baseman and designated hitter who currently plays for the Oakland Athletics organization . He previously played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Athletics , Houston Astros , Milwaukee Brewers , and New York Yankees . In 2016 , while playing for the Brewers , Carter led the National League in home runs , along with Colorado Rockies third baseman Nolan Arenado , with 41 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Professional career 2.1 Draft and minors 2.2 Oakland Athletics 2.3 Houston Astros 2.4 Milwaukee Brewers 2.5 New York Yankees 2.6 Return to the Oakland Athletics 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Carter was born in Redwood City , California . At approximately age 7 or 8 , his family moved to Las Vegas . He attended Sierra Vista High School . In 2005 , Sierra Vista 's baseball team won the Nevada Interscholastic Activities Association Class 4A state championship . Professional career ( edit ) Draft and minors ( edit ) Carter was drafted by the Chicago White Sox in the 15th round of the 2005 Major League Baseball Draft . Carter began his professional career with the Bristol White Sox of the Rookie - level Appalachian League in 2005 . He hit 10 home runs and had 37 runs batted in ( RBIs ) . He played for two teams in the 2006 season . The teams included the Great Falls White Sox of the Rookie - level Pioneer League and the Kannapolis Intimidators of the Class A South Atlantic League . He had a combined total of 16 home runs and 63 RBIs . He played for Kannapolis in the 2007 season where he hit 25 home runs and had 93 RBIs . During the 2007 offseason , the White Sox traded Carter to the Arizona Diamondbacks for Carlos Quentin . Carter with the Athletics in 2012 Oakland Athletics ( edit ) Two weeks after he was traded to Arizona , the Diamondbacks traded Carter , Carlos González , Brett Anderson , Aaron Cunningham , Greg Smith , and Dana Eveland to the Oakland Athletics for Dan Haren and Connor Robertson . He played for the Stockton Ports of the Class A-Advanced California League in the 2008 season where he hit 39 home runs and had 104 RBIs . Carter was named the California League Rookie of the Year for the 2008 season . In 2009 , Carter split time between the Midland RockHounds of the Class AA Texas League and the Sacramento River Cats of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) , putting a . 329 batting average ( a 70 - point increase from 2008 ) , 28 homers and 115 RBIs combined . In 2008 and 2009 , Baseball America ranked Carter as one of the top 10 prospects in the Athletics ' organization . Also in 2008 and 2009 , Carter was the Oakland Athletics ' Minor League Player of Year . Carter was placed on the A 's 40 - man roster on November 20 , 2009 . In 2009 , he was named the This Year in Minor League Baseball Awards `` Overall Hitter of The Year '' . On August 9 , 2010 , Carter was promoted to Oakland and went 0 -- for -- 3 in his first game . On August 16 , Carter was demoted to Sacramento after starting his career 0 -- for -- 19 with 12 strikeouts . After the AAA season ended , Carter was recalled to Oakland . On September 20 , he snapped his 0 -- for -- 33 streak with a single in the sixth inning . On September 22 , 2010 Carter hit his first major league home run against the Chicago White Sox . Carter finished the 2010 season with a . 186 batting average across 78 plate appearances and 24 games . He played in the Venezuelan Winter League upon completion of the 2010 season . He hit . 136 in 15 MLB games the next year , spending most of that season in the Athletics ' minor league system . He also split the 2012 season between MLB and the minor leagues , hitting . 239 with 16 home runs and 39 RBI in 67 games . Houston Astros ( edit ) After the 2012 season , the Athletics traded Carter to the Houston Astros with Brad Peacock and Max Stassi for Jed Lowrie and Fernando Rodriguez . Carter with the Astros in 2013 During the 2013 season , Carter played 148 games batting . 223 with 29 home runs , 82 RBI , and struck out an MLB - leading 212 times . He became only the fourth player to strikeout 200 times in a season , and his number of strikeouts set a new American League record for a right - handed hitter . The 2014 season started out even slower for Carter , as he batted only . 153 throughout the entire month of April . Carter would turn his fortunes around after the All - Star break though , as finished with a . 227 batting average and career highs of 37 home runs and 88 RBI . On January 14 , 2015 , Carter and the Astros agreed to a one - year contract worth $4.175 million , avoiding arbitration . Carter had a disappointing 2015 season for the Astros ; Carter was the team 's starting first baseman , but hit only . 199 in 129 games . However , he still managed to hit 24 home runs , and then hit . 294 with a home run against the Kansas City Royals during the 2015 American League Division Series . At the conclusion of the 2015 season Carter was non tendered by the Astros and he became a free agent . Milwaukee Brewers ( edit ) On January 6 , 2016 , Carter signed a one - year , $2.5 million contract with the Milwaukee Brewers . He posted a . 321 on - base percentage and hit 41 home runs , leading the National League in 2016 . However , he had a . 222 batting average and led the league with 206 strikeouts . The Brewers did not tender Carter a contract for the 2017 , making him a free agent . New York Yankees ( edit ) On February 16 , 2017 , the New York Yankees signed Carter to a one - year contract , worth $3.5 million . Carter batted . 204 with eight home runs and 70 strikeouts before the Yankees designated him for assignment on June 24 . He was called back up by the Yankees on June 29 when his replacement at first base , Tyler Austin , landed on the disabled list . On July 4 , he was again designated for assignment , this time to make room for Ji - man Choi on the roster . He was released on July 10 . Return to the Oakland Athletics ( edit ) Carter signed a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics on July 21 , 2017 , and was assigned to the Nashville Sounds of the PCL . Personal life ( edit ) Carter 's father , Vernon , played basketball for Rancho High School in North Las Vegas . Carter is a car enthusiast . He owns a Shelby Super Snake . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Get to Know : Brewers first baseman Chris Carter '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Powerful Carter always had a single focus '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Merkin , Scott ( December 3 , 2007 ) . `` White Sox trade for outfielder Quentin '' . Chicago White Sox . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A 's trade RHP Dan Haren to Arizona in eight player deal '' ( Press release ) . Oakland Athletics . December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Trevor Cahill and Chris Carter named organizational players of the year '' ( Press release ) . Oakland Athletics . October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved November 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Carter '' . The Baseball Cube . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Winston , Lisa ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` A 's Carter pays immediate dividends : Slugger earns MiLBY for Overall Minor League Hitter '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A 's Add Four To 40 - Man Roster '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Carter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Plans '' . San Francisco Chronicle . September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Carter Minor League Statistics & History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McTaggert , Brian ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Astros pick up three players in trade with A 's '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Astros agree to $4,175,000 contract with Carter '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Astros To Non-Tender Chris Carter '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brewers sign Chris Carter '' . USAToday . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Brewers slugger Chris Carter may have to take his career to Japan - FOX Sports '' . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Todd , Jeff ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Brewers To Non-Tender Chris Carter '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees sign Chris Carter to one - year deal '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Carter designated for assignment ; Yankees promote 1B Tyler Austin from minors '' . ESPN.com . June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/yankees/chris-carter-back-yankees-tyler-austin-land-dl-article-1.3289353 Jump up ^ `` Yankees DFA Chris Carter again , call up Ji - Man Choi '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thornburg , Chad ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A 's reportedly reunite with slugger Carter '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/20123276/oakland-athletics-sign-chris-carter-minor-league-deal External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chris Carter ( baseball player born 1986 ) . Career statistics and player information from MLB , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) ( hide ) National League season home run leaders 1876 : Hall 1877 : Pike 1878 : Hines 1879 : C. Jones 1880 : Stovey & O'Rourke 1881 : Brouthers 1882 : Wood 1883 : Ewing 1884 : Williamson 1885 : Dalrymple 1886 : Brouthers & Richardson 1887 : O'Brien 1888 : Ryan 1889 : Thompson 1890 : Burns , Tiernan & Wilmot 1891 : Tiernan & Stovey 1892 : Holliday 1893 : Delahanty 1894 : Duffy 1895 : Thompson 1896 : Joyce & Delahanty 1897 : Duffy 1898 : J. Collins 1899 : Freeman 1900 : Long 1901 : Crawford 1902 : Leach 1903 : Sheckard 1904 : Lumley 1905 : Odwell 1906 : Jordan 1907 : Brain 1908 : Jordan 1909 : Murray 1910 : Schulte & Beck 1911 : Schulte 1912 : Zimmerman 1913 : Cravath 1914 : Cravath 1915 : Cravath 1916 : C. Williams & Robertson 1917 : Cravath & Robertson 1918 : Cravath 1919 : Cravath 1920 : C. Williams 1921 : Kelly 1922 : Hornsby 1923 : C. Williams 1924 : Fournier 1925 : Hornsby 1926 : Wilson 1927 : C. Williams & Wilson 1928 : Wilson & Bottomley 1929 : Klein 1930 : Wilson 1931 : Klein 1932 : Klein & Ott 1933 : Klein 1934 : Ott & R. Collins 1935 : Berger 1936 : Ott 1937 : Ott & Medwick 1938 : Ott 1939 : Mize 1940 : Mize 1941 : Camilli 1942 : Ott 1943 : Nicholson 1944 : Nicholson 1945 : Holmes 1946 : Kiner 1947 : Kiner & Mize 1948 : Kiner & Mize 1949 : Kiner 1950 : Kiner 1951 : Kiner 1952 : Kiner & Sauer 1953 : Mathews 1954 : Kluszewski 1955 : Mays 1956 : Snider 1957 : Aaron 1958 : Banks 1959 : Mathews 1960 : Banks 1961 : Cepeda 1962 : Mays 1963 : McCovey & Aaron 1964 : Mays 1965 : Mays 1966 : Aaron 1967 : Aaron 1968 : McCovey 1969 : McCovey 1970 : Bench 1971 : Stargell 1972 : Bench 1973 : Stargell 1974 : Schmidt 1975 : Schmidt 1976 : Schmidt 1977 : Foster 1978 : Foster 1979 : Kingman 1980 : Schmidt 1981 : Schmidt 1982 : Kingman 1983 : Schmidt 1984 : Schmidt & Murphy 1985 : Murphy 1986 : Schmidt 1987 : Dawson 1988 : Strawberry 1989 : Mitchell 1990 : Sandberg 1991 : Johnson 1992 : McGriff 1993 : Bonds 1994 : M. Williams 1995 : Bichette 1996 : Galarraga 1997 : Walker 1998 : McGwire 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Sosa 2001 : Bonds 2002 : Sosa 2003 : Thome 2004 : Beltré 2005 : A. Jones 2006 : Howard 2007 : Fielder 2008 : Howard 2009 : Pujols 2010 : Pujols 2011 : Kemp 2012 : Braun 2013 : Álvarez & Goldschmidt 2014 : Stanton 2015 : Arenado & Harper 2016 : Arenado & Carter Biography portal Baseball portal Nevada portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Carter_(right-handed_hitter)&oldid=791988680 '' Categories : 1986 births Living people Sportspeople from the Las Vegas Valley People from Redwood City , California Baseball players from Nevada Baseball players from California African - American baseball players Major League Baseball first basemen Major League Baseball left fielders Major League Baseball designated hitters All - Star Futures Game players Oakland Athletics players Houston Astros players Milwaukee Brewers players New York Yankees players Bristol White Sox players Great Falls White Sox players Kannapolis Intimidators players Stockton Ports players North Shore Honu players Midland RockHounds players Sacramento River Cats players Algodoneros de Guasave players Nashville Sounds players Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本 語 Polski Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2017 , at 19 : 03 . 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who did chris carter play for last year
[ "Vernon Christopher Carter (born December 18, 1986) is an American professional baseball first baseman and designated hitter who currently plays for the Oakland Athletics organization. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Athletics, Houston Astros, Milwaukee Brewers, and New York Yankees. In 2016, while playing for the Brewers, Carter led the National League in home runs, along with Colorado Rockies third baseman Nolan Arenado, with 41." ]
[ "Milwaukee Brewers" ]
-156499597663613916
Capital of Texas
Capital of Texas - wikipedia Capital of Texas Jump to : navigation , search Capital of Texas usually refers to the present capital of Austin , Texas ; however several other locations have previously served as the capital of Texas : Monclova , Coahuila -- first provincial capital of Texas , 1686 , and again in 1833 under Mexican Texas Los Adaes under Spanish Texas -- 1729 to 1770 San Antonio -- 1771 to 1835 , under Spanish Texas ( 1771 to 1821 ) and Mexican Texas ( 1821 and 1836 ) San Felipe de Austin , Texas -- colonial capital of Texas , 1824 , and provisional government of Texas November 1835 -- March 1836 Harrisburg -- December 30 , 1835 -- February 1836 During the period of the Republic of Texas ( 1836 -- 1845 ) the capital of Texas moved from city to city . The Republic had an ad interim government from March 14 to September 1836 , when the new nation 's voters elected a government . Washington - on - the - Brazos -- March 1 , 1836 to March 17 , 1836 Groce 's Landing , Brazos River -- March -- April 1836 , temporary headquarters in flight from the Mexican army Harrisburg -- March 21 - April , 1836 , temporary headquarters in flight from the Mexican army New Washington -- April 1836 , in flight from the Mexican army Galveston Island -- April 1836 , in flight from the Mexican army Velasco -- April -- September , 1836 Columbia -- October 1836 , first capital of the elected government of the Republic of Texas Houston -- 1837 to 1839 Austin -- 1839 to present day ( formerly known as Waterloo ) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Capital of Texas . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_of_Texas&oldid=797979213 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 08 : 15 . About Wikipedia
what city was the first capital of texas
[ "\nMonclova, Coahuila – first provincial capital of Texas, 1686, and again in 1833 under Mexican Texas\nLos Adaes under Spanish Texas – 1729 to 1770\nSan Antonio – 1771 to 1835, under Spanish Texas (1771 to 1821) and Mexican Texas (1821 and 1836)\nSan Felipe de Austin, Texas – colonial capital of Texas, 1824, and provisional government of Texas November 1835 – March 1836\nHarrisburg – December 30, 1835 – February 1836\n" ]
[ "Monclova, Coahuila" ]
-1812947650986723757
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football
Notre Dame Fighting Irish Football - wikipedia Notre Dame Fighting Irish Football Jump to : navigation , search Notre Dame Fighting Irish 2018 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team First season 1887 ( 1887 ) Athletic director Jack Swarbrick Head coach Brian Kelly 9th season , 69 -- 34 (. 670 ) Other staff Chip Long ( OC ) Clark Lea ( DC ) Brian Polian ( ST ) Stadium Notre Dame Stadium ( Renovated 2015 ) ( Capacity : 77,622 ) Year built 1930 Field surface Natural grass ( 1930 -- 2013 ) FieldTurf ( 2014 -- present ) Location Notre Dame , Indiana NCAA division Division I FBS Conference Independent All - time record 906 -- 324 -- 42 (. 729 ) Bowl record 18 -- 18 (. 500 ) Claimed nat'l titles 11 ( 1924 , 1929 , 1930 , 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1966 , 1973 , 1977 , 1988 ) Unclaimed nat'l titles 11 Rivalries Michigan Wolverines ( rivalry ) Michigan State Spartans ( rivalry ) Navy Midshipmen ( rivalry ) USC Trojans ( rivalry ) Heisman winners 7 John Haurte , Paul Hornung , John Lattner , Leon Hart , Johnny Lujack , Angelo Bertelli , Tim Brown Consensus All - Americans 101 Current uniform Colors Blue and Gold Fight song Victory March Mascot Notre Dame Leprechaun Marching band Band of the Fighting Irish Outfitter Under Armour Website www.und.com The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the intercollegiate football team representing the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame , Indiana . The team is currently coached by Brian Kelly and plays its home games at the campus 's Notre Dame Stadium , which has a capacity of 77,622 . Notre Dame is one of six schools that competes as an Independent at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision level ; however , they play five games a year against opponents from the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , which Notre Dame is a member of in all other sports except ice hockey . Notre Dame is one of the most iconic and successful programs in college football . The school claims 11 national championships , but the NCAA recognizes the school with 13 . Moreover , Notre Dame has 21 national championships recognized by all major selectors ; this is tied with Alabama for the most in the FBS . Notre Dame and Ohio State share the record of seven Heisman Trophy winners , but Notre Dame leads Ohio State by the number of individual winners . Notre Dame has produced 101 consensus All - Americans , 34 unanimous All - Americans , 52 members of the College Football Hall of Fame , and 13 members of the NFL Hall of Fame , all NCAA records . Notre Dame has had 495 players selected in the NFL Draft , second only to USC . All Notre Dame home games have been televised by NBC since 1991 , and Notre Dame is the only school to have such a contract . It was the only independent program to be part of the Bowl Championship Series coalition and its guaranteed payout , and it has one of the largest , most widespread fan bases in college football . These factors help make Notre Dame one of the most financially valuable football programs in the country , which allows the school to remain an independent . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history ( 1887 -- 1917 ) 1.2 Knute Rockne era ( 1918 -- 1930 ) 1.3 Heartley Anderson era ( 1931 -- 1933 ) 1.4 Elmer Layden era ( 1934 -- 1940 ) 1.5 Frank Leahy era ( 1941 -- 1953 ) 1.6 Terry Brennan era ( 1954 -- 1958 ) 1.7 Joe Kuharich era ( 1959 -- 1963 ) 1.8 Ara Parseghian era ( 1964 -- 1974 ) 1.9 Dan Devine era ( 1975 -- 1980 ) 1.10 Gerry Faust era ( 1981 -- 1985 ) 1.11 Lou Holtz era ( 1986 -- 1996 ) 1.12 Bob Davie era ( 1997 -- 2001 ) 1.12. 1 George O'Leary controversy 1.13 Tyrone Willingham era ( 2002 -- 2004 ) 1.14 Charlie Weis era ( 2005 -- 2009 ) 1.15 Brian Kelly era ( 2010 -- present ) 2 Championships and distinctions 2.1 National championships 2.2 Appearances in the final Associated Press poll 2.3 Team Awards 2.4 Distinctions 2.5 Number one vs. number two 2.6 Historic games 3 All - time records 3.1 Season records 3.2 In - State NCAA Division I record 3.3 Coaching records 3.4 Bowl games 3.5 Shamrock Series 4 Players and coaches 4.1 Heisman Trophy 4.2 Other National Award Winners 4.3 Coaching Awards 4.4 Team Awards 4.5 College Football Hall of Fame 5 Current roster 6 Current coaching staff 7 Uniforms 8 Facilities 8.1 Notre Dame Stadium 8.2 Cartier Field 8.3 Guglielmino Athletics Complex 9 Rivalries 9.1 USC Trojans 9.2 Navy Midshipmen 9.3 Michigan Wolverines 9.4 Michigan State Spartans 10 Game day traditions 11 Irish in the NFL 11.1 Pro Football Hall of Fame 11.2 Current NFL players 12 Media 12.1 Television 12.1. 1 Current broadcast team 12.2 Radio 12.2. 1 Current broadcast team 12.2. 2 Former commentators 13 Future schedules 13.1 2018 13.2 2019 13.3 2020 13.4 2021 13.5 2022 13.6 2023 13.7 2024 13.8 2025 13.9 2026 13.10 2027 13.11 2028 13.12 2029 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football See also : List of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football seasons Early history ( 1887 -- 1917 ) ( edit ) 1913 squad , with Captain Knute Rockne holding ball Football did not have an auspicious beginning at the University of Notre Dame . In their inaugural game on November 23 , 1887 , the Irish lost to Michigan by a score of 8 -- 0 . Their first win came in the final game of the 1888 season when the Irish defeated Harvard Prep School of Chicago by a score of 20 -- 0 . At the end of the 1888 season they had a record of 1 -- 3 with all three losses being at the hands of Michigan by a combined score of 43 -- 9 . Between 1887 and 1899 Notre Dame compiled a record of 31 wins , 15 losses , and four ties against a diverse variety of opponents ranging from local high school teams to other universities . In 1894 , James L. Morison was hired as Notre Dame 's first head football coach . Notre Dame took a significant step toward respectability , prominence , and stability when they hired Morison . He wrote an acquaintance after his first day on the job : `` I arrived here ( Notre Dame ) this morning and found about as green a set of football players that ever donned a uniform ... They want to smoke , and when I told them that they would have to run and get up some wind , they thought I was rubbing it in on them . `` One big , strong cuss remarked that it was too much like work . Well , maybe you think I did n't give him hell ! I bet you a hundred no one ever makes a remark like that again . '' Morrison had been hired for $40 plus expenses for two weeks . In 1908 , the win over Franklin saw end Fay Wood catch the first touchdown pass in Notre Dame history . Notre Dame continued its success near the turn of the century and achieved their first victory over Michigan in 1909 by the score of 11 -- 3 after which Michigan refused to play Notre Dame again for 33 years . By the end of the 1912 season they had amassed a record of 108 wins , 31 losses , and 13 ties . Rockne running for a touchdown against Army , 1913 . Jesse Harper became head coach in 1913 and remained so until he retired in 1917 . During his tenure the Irish began playing only intercollegiate games and posted a record of 34 wins , five losses , and one tie . This period would also mark the beginning of the rivalry with Army and the continuation of rivalry with Michigan State . In 1913 , Notre Dame burst into the national consciousness and helped to transform the collegiate game in a single contest . In an effort to gain respect for a regionally successful but small - time Midwestern football program , Harper scheduled games in his first season with national powerhouses Texas , Penn State , and Army . On November 1 , 1913 , the Notre Dame squad stunned the Black Knights of the Hudson 35 -- 13 in a game played at West Point . Led by quarterback Gus Dorais and end Knute Rockne -- who was soon to be legendary coach -- the Notre Dame team attacked the Cadets with an offense that featured both the expected powerful running game but also long and accurate downfield forward passes from Dorais to Rockne . This game has been miscredited as the invention of the forward pass . Prior to this contest , receivers would come to a full - stop and wait on the ball to come to them , but in this contest , Dorais threw to Rockne in stride , changing the forward pass from a seldom - used play into the dominant ball - moving strategy that it is today . Knute Rockne era ( 1918 -- 1930 ) ( edit ) Coach Rockne Irish assistant Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918 . Under Rockne , the Irish would post a record of 105 wins , 12 losses , and five ties . The 105 wins account for 12.3 % of all wins in Notre Dame football history . During his 13 years , the Irish won three national championships , had five undefeated seasons , won the Rose Bowl in 1925 , and produced players such as George Gipp and the `` Four Horsemen '' . Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (. 881 ) in NCAA Division I / FBS football history . Rockne 's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7 -- 2 -- 2 scheme . Rockne took over in the war - torn season of 1918 and posted a 3 -- 1 -- 2 record ; he lost only to the Michigan Agricultural Aggies . He made his coaching debut on September 28 , 1918 , against Case Tech in Cleveland , Ohio and earned a 26 -- 6 victory . Leonard Bahan , George Gipp , and Curly Lambeau were in the backfield . With Gipp , Rockne had an ideal handler of the forward pass . The 1919 team had Rockne handle the line and Gus Dorais handle the backfield . The team went undefeated and won the national championship . George Gipp , `` The Gipper '' Gipp died at age 25 on December 14 , 1920 , just two weeks after Walter Camp elected him as Notre Dame 's first All - American . Gipp likely contracted strep throat and pneumonia while giving punting lessons after his final game on November 20 against Northwestern . Since antibiotics were not available in the 1920s , treatment options for such infections were limited and they could be fatal even to young , healthy individuals . Rockne was speaking to Gipper on his hospital bed when he was purported to have delivered the famous , `` Win one for the Gipper '' line . Roger Kiley John Mohardt led the 1921 Notre Dame team to a 10 -- 1 record with 781 rushing yards , 995 passing yards , 12 rushing touchdowns , and nine passing touchdowns . Grantland Rice wrote that `` Mohardt could throw the ball to within a foot or two of any given space '' and noted that the 1921 Notre Dame team `` was the first team we know of to build its attack around a forward passing game , rather than use a forward passing game as a mere aid to the running game . '' Mohardt had both Eddie Anderson and Roger Kiley at end to receive his passes . The national champion 1924 team included the `` Four Horsemen '' backfield of Harry Stuhldreher , Don Miller , Jim Crowley , and Elmer Layden . The line was known as the `` Seven Mules '' . The Irish capped an undefeated , 10 -- 0 season with a victory over Stanford in the Rose Bowl . The 1926 team beat Army and was led by Christie Flanagan . For all his success , Rockne also made what an Associated Press writer called `` one of the greatest coaching blunders in history . '' Instead of coaching his team against Carnegie Tech , Rockne traveled to Chicago for the Army -- Navy Game to `` write newspaper articles about it , as well as select an All - America football team . '' Carnegie Tech used the coach 's absence as motivation for a 19 -- 0 win ; the upset likely cost the Irish a chance for a national title . The 1928 team lost to national champion Georgia Tech . `` I sat at Grant Field and saw a magnificent Notre Dame team suddenly recoil before the furious pounding of one man -- Peter Pund , '' said Rockne . `` Nobody could stop him . I counted 20 scoring plays that this man ruined . '' Among the events that occurred during Rockne 's tenure none may be more famous than the Rockne 's Win one for the Gipper speech . Army came into the 1928 matchup undefeated and was the clear favorite . Notre Dame , on the other hand , was having their worst season under Rockne 's leadership and entered the game with a 4 -- 2 record . At the end of the half Army was leading and looked to be in command of the game . Rockne entered the locker room and gave his account of Gipp 's final words : `` I 've got to go , Rock . It 's all right . I 'm not afraid . Some time , Rock , when the team is up against it , when things are going wrong and the breaks are beating the boys , tell them to go in there with all they 've got and win just one for the Gipper . I do n't know where I 'll be then , Rock . But I 'll know about it , and I 'll be happy . '' The speech inspired the team and they went on to upset Army and win the game 12 -- 6 . The 1929 and 1930 teams both went undefeated , winning national championships , and the 1930 team was led by the likes of Frank Carideo , Joe Savoldi , Marchy Schwartz and Marty Brill . It featured the first and only example of all four members of a backfield being named to an All - American team during the same season . The 1929 team played all of its games on the road while the new Notre Dame Stadium was being built . In 1930 , `` Jumping Joe '' Savoldi scored the first Notre Dame touchdown in the new stadium on a 98 - yard kickoff return . Savoldi is also known as `` the first hero in the lore of Notre Dame 's Stadium '' based on scoring three touchdowns in the official stadium dedication game against Navy the following week . Rockne coached his last game on December 14 , 1930 , when he led a group of Notre Dame all - stars against the New York Giants in New York City . The game raised funds for the Mayor 's Relief Committee for the unemployed and needy of the city . 50,000 fans turned out to see the reunited `` Four Horsemen '' along with players from Rockne 's other championship teams take the field against the pros . On March 31 , 1931 , Rockne died at age 43 in the crash of a Transcontinental & Western Air airliner in Kansas ; he was on his way to help in the production of the film The Spirit of Notre Dame . The crash site is located in a remote expanse of Kansas known as the Flint Hills and now features a Rockne Memorial . As Notre Dame 's head coach from 1918 to 1930 , Rockne posted what has remained for decades the all - time highest winning percentage (. 881 ) for a football coach in the NCAA 's flagship FBS division . During his 13 - year tenure as head coach of the Fighting Irish , Rockne collected 105 victories , 12 losses , 5 ties and 3 national championships . Rockne also coached Notre Dame to 5 undefeated and untied seasons . Heartley Anderson era ( 1931 -- 1933 ) ( edit ) Coach Anderson Through game broadcasts during the Golden Age of Radio , Notre Dame football gained a nationwide following of `` subway alumni '' , Catholics who became fans whether or not they attended the university . Former Saint Louis head coach Heartley `` Hunk '' Anderson was promoted from assistant coach and took the helm of the Irish after Knute Rockne 's death , leading them to a record of 16 wins , nine losses , and two ties . Anderson was a former Irish player under Rockne and was serving as an assistant coach at the time of Rockne 's death . Anderson resigned as Irish head coach after the 1933 season to accept the position of head football coach at NC State . Notre Dame finished 6 -- 2 -- 1 in 1931 . The Irish began the season with a 25 -- 0 win over Indiana , Notre Dame tied Northwestern in the season 's second game . Anderson 's squad then demolished Drake by a score of 63 -- 0 . After defeating Pittsburgh by a score of 25 -- 12 , the Fighting Irish shut out their next three opponents ; Carnegie Mellon , Pennsylvania and Navy . The Irish lost a heartbreaker by a score of 16 -- 14 to USC on November 21 that snapped the Irish 's 26 - game non-losing streak . Army shut out the Irish by a score of 12 -- 0 on November 28 to finish the Irish 's season . The Irish went 7 -- 2 in 1932 . Anderson 's team began with three blowout victories ; 73 -- 0 over Haskell , 62 -- 0 over Drake and 42 -- 0 over Carnegie Mellon . The Irish then faced Pittsburgh in front of a then - record crowd of 62,000 , losing by a score of 12 -- 0 . Notre Dame bounced back to win its next four ; 24 -- 6 over Kansas , 21 -- 0 over Northwestern , 12 -- 0 over Navy and 21 -- 0 over Army in front of a new record crowd on 80,000 . Anderson 's Irish closed the season on a sour note , losing to USC by a score of 13 -- 0 . 1933 was a tough year for the Irish as they finished with a 3 -- 5 -- 2 record . Notre Dame began the season in a scoreless tie with Kansas . After defeating Indiana by a score of 12 -- 2 , ND suffered a four - game losing streak , failing to score a point in all four losses to Carnegie Tartan , Pittsburgh , Navy. and Purdue . Notre Dame ended the losing streak by defeating Northwestern by a score of 7 -- 0 . The Fighting Irish closed the season with a 19 -- 0 loss to USC and a 13 -- 12 win over Army . Elmer Layden era ( 1934 -- 1940 ) ( edit ) Anderson was replaced by Elmer Layden , who was one of Rockne 's `` Four Horsemen '' in the 1920s . After graduating , Layden played professional football for one year and then began a coaching career . The Irish posted a record of 47 wins , 13 losses , and three ties in seven years under Layden , the most successful record of a Notre Dame coach not to win a national championship . He left Notre Dame after the 1940 season to become Commissioner of the National Football League . Layden 's 1935 squad posted one of the greatest wins in school history by rallying to defeat Ohio State by a score of 18 -- 13 . His 1938 team finished 8 -- 1 , losing only to USC in the season finale . This loss cost them a possible consensus national championship , but the team was named national champion by the Dickinson System . Like Rockne before him , Layden was a goodwill ambassador for Notre Dame during his time as head coach . He was able to schedule a home - and - home series with Michigan after meeting with Fielding H. Yost , healing a rift between the two schools . The two teams had not met since 1909 , when , after eight straight losses to the Wolverines , the Irish posted their first win . They were scheduled to meet again in 1910 , but Michigan canceled the game and refused to play the Irish again . By the time they met again in 1943 , Layden had left Notre Dame and Frank Leahy had taken his place . Unlike the easygoing Layden , Leahy was intense , and after the Irish had thrashed Michigan by a score of 35 -- 12 in 1943 , Wolverine coach and athletic director Fritz Crisler never scheduled the Irish again . Frank Leahy era ( 1941 -- 1953 ) ( edit ) Coach Leahy Boston College head coach Frank Leahy was hired by Notre Dame to take over for Layden in 1941 , and was another former Irish player who played during the Rockne era . After graduating from Notre Dame , Leahy held several coaching positions , including line coach of the `` Seven Blocks of Granite '' of Fordham University that helped that team win all but two of their games between 1935 and 1937 . He then coached the Boston College Eagles to a win in the 1941 Sugar Bowl and a share of the national championship . His move to Notre Dame began a new period of gridiron success for the Irish , and ensured Leahy 's place among the winningest coaches in the history of college football . Leahy coached the team for 11 seasons , from 1941 to 1943 and 1946 to 1953 . He has the second highest winning percentage (. 864 ) of any college coach in history . He led the Irish to a record of 87 wins , 11 losses , and nine ties including 39 consecutive games without a loss ( 37 -- 0 -- 2 ) , four national championships , and six undefeated seasons . A fifth national championship was lost because of a 1953 tie against Iowa , in a game that featured 1953 Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Lattner that caused a minor scandal at the time , when it appeared that some Irish players had faked injuries to stop the clock , leading some to nickname those players the `` Fainting Irish '' . From 1944 to 1945 , Leahy served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and was honorably discharged as a Captain . Edward McKeever , Leahy 's assistant coach , became interim head coach when Leahy left for the Navy . During his one year at the helm ( 1944 ) the Irish managed 8 wins and 2 losses . McKeever left Notre Dame in 1945 to take over as head coach of Cornell . He was replaced by Hugh Devore for the 1945 season who led the Irish to a 7 -- 2 -- 1 record . Leahy retired in 1954 reportedly due to health issues . Perhaps the best example of this occurred during the Georgia Tech game in 1953 . Leahy fell ill during the game , which led to him collapsing during halftime . The situation was so dire that a priest was called in to give Leahy the last rites . However , Leahy recovered , and the consequent diagnosis was that he was suffering from nervous tension and pancreatitis . Terry Brennan era ( 1954 -- 1958 ) ( edit ) The departure of Frank Leahy ushered in a downward slope in Notre Dame 's performance , referred to in various circles as a period of de-emphasis. 25 - year old assistant coach Terry Brennan was hired as Frank Leahy 's successor as the Notre Dame head coach in 1954 and would stay until 1958 . When asked if he thought he was too young to be a head coach at the age of 25 , Brennan replied , `` Oh , I do n't know . I 'll be 26 in a few months . '' He departed with a total of 32 wins and 18 losses . But note : the 32 wins included 17 in 1954 and 1955 . From 1956 to 1958 his record was 15 -- 15 . Brennan was a former player under Leahy and before joining the Irish had coached the Mount Carmel High School team in Chicago and later the freshman squad and assistant at Notre Dame . His first two seasons the Irish were ranked fourth and ninth respectively . It was the 1956 season that began to darken his reputation , for it became one of the most dismal in the team 's history and saw them finish the season with a mere two wins , including losses to Michigan State , Oklahoma , and Iowa . One bright spot in the 1956 season was the awarding of the Heisman Trophy to Paul Hornung , who would go on to a legendary NFL career with the Green Bay Packers . To date , Hornung is the only Heisman winner to win the award while playing for a team that had a losing record . The Irish would recover the following season , posting a record of 7 -- 3 and including in their wins a stunning upset of Oklahoma , in Norman , Oklahoma , that ended the Sooners ' still - standing record of 47 consecutive wins . In Brennan 's final season , though , the Irish finished 6 -- 4 . Brennan was fired in mid-December . Brennan 's tenure can only be properly framed with the understanding that in a time of zero scholarship limitations in college football , Notre Dame 's administration inexplicably began a process of deemphasizing football , severely cutting scholarships and hindering Brennan from building a roster of any meaningful depth . Joe Kuharich era ( 1959 -- 1963 ) ( edit ) Former San Francisco , Chicago Cardinals and Washington Redskins head coach Joe Kuharich took the head coaching position at Notre Dame in 1959 , realizing a longtime ambition to return to his alma mater . He had earlier been courted by Notre Dame after the 1956 season , after the Irish finished 2 -- 8 , but before he had a chance to accept an offer , Terry Brennan was given a reprieve . He brought a professional touch to Irish football , putting shamrocks on the players ' helmets and shoulder stripes on their jerseys . Kuharich compiled a 17 -- 23 record over four non-winning seasons and remains to this day the only coach ever to have an overall losing record at Notre Dame . Included was a school - record eight - game losing streak in 1960 , a year in which the Irish finished 2 -- 8 . It was one of the worst stretches in program history . The consensus opinion was that Kuharich never made the adjustment from pro football to college football , attempting to use complicated pro coaching techniques with collegiate players , and never adapted to the limited substitution rules in effect at the time , having big , immobile linemen playing both ways in an era where smaller , quicker players were preferred . He often said , `` You win some and you lose some '' , and seemed perfectly content finishing 5 -- 5 every year . This did not sit well with the Irish faithful , who expected Notre Dame to beat everybody . When the pressure of winning became too much to bear , Kuharich resigned in the spring of 1963 and assumed the post of supervisor of NFL officials . Because it was so late in the spring , Hugh Devore was named head coach for the 1963 season while the search for a permanent replacement was being conducted . The players that he recruited came to within 93 seconds of an undefeated season and a national championship in 1964 under first - year coach Ara Parseghian . Despite his unsuccessful Notre Dame tenure , Kuharich remains the only Irish coach to post back - to - back shutouts over their greatest rival , the University of Southern California Trojans in 1960 ( 17 -- 0 ) and 1961 ( 30 -- 0 ) . Kuharich was involved in a game whose controversial ending resulted in a rule change still in effect today . In 1961 , Notre Dame faced Syracuse at home and trailed , 15 -- 14 , with three seconds left to play . A desperation 56 - yard field goal attempt fell short as time ran out , and Syracuse appeared to have won the game . But the Orangemen were penalized 15 yards for roughing the placekick holder , and given a second chance with no time showing on the clock , Notre Dame kicker Joe Perkowski drilled a 41 - yard field goal for a 17 -- 15 Irish victory . Syracuse immediately cried foul , claiming that under the existing rules , the second kick should not have been allowed because time had expired . It never was clear whether the officials had erred in allowing the extra play , and the Irish victory was permitted to stand . As a result of this game , the rule was clarified to state that a half can not end on an accepted defensive foul -- consistent with the officials ' ruling in this game . Ara Parseghian era ( 1964 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) Ara Parseghian Statue , dedicated September 22 , 2007 In 1964 , Ara Parseghian left his job as the Northwestern head football coach when he was hired to take over the coaching duties at Notre Dame . He immediately brought the team back to a level of success in Irish football history that was comparable only to Rockne and Leahy . These three coaches have an 80 % or greater winning percentage while at Notre Dame -- Rockne at . 881 , Leahy at . 864 , and Parseghian at . 836 . Parseghian 's teams never won fewer than seven nor lost more than three games during the ten game regular seasons of the era . In his first year , the Irish improved their record to 9 -- 1 , but they lost the national championship in the last game of the season at USC when Craig Fertig connected with a touchdown pass to Rod Sherman . Parseghian earned coach of the year honors from the American Football Coaches Association , the Football Writers Association , and The Sporting News , as well as several others , and a cover story in Time magazine . Parseghian was also named coach of the year by several selectors in his national championship years of 1966 and 1973 and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1980 . It was under Parseghian as well that Notre Dame lifted its 40 - plus year - old `` no bowl games '' policy , beginning with the season of 1969 , after which the Irish played the No. 1 Texas Longhorns in the Cotton Bowl Classic , losing in the final minutes in a closely contested game . The following year , Parseghian 's 9 -- 1 squad ended Texas ' Southwest Conference record 30 - game winning streak in the 1971 Cotton Bowl . During his eleven - year career , the Irish amassed a record of 95 -- 17 -- 4 and captured two national championships as well as the MacArthur Bowl in 1964 . The Irish also had undefeated seasons in 1966 and 1973 , had three major bowl wins in five appearances , and produced one Heisman Trophy winner ( John Huarte in 1964 ) . In 1971 , Cliff Brown became the first African - American quarterback to start a game for the program . Due to health issues , Parseghian was forced to retire from coaching after the 1974 season . Dan Devine era ( 1975 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) Coach Devine Dan Devine was hired to take over as head coach upon Parseghian 's departure from Notre Dame in 1975 . Devine was already a highly successful coach and had led Arizona State , Missouri , and the NFL 's Green Bay Packers . Devine had been a leading candidate for the head coaching job at Notre Dame in 1964 , when Ara Parseghian was hired . When approached for the job following Parseghian 's resignation , Devine accepted immediately , joking that it was probably the shortest job interview in history . When he arrived at Notre Dame he already had a college coaching record of 120 wins , 40 losses , and eight ties and had led his teams to victory in four bowl games . At Notre Dame he would lead the Irish to 53 wins , 16 losses , and a tie as well as three bowl victories . His lasting achievement came midway through this run , when Notre Dame won the 1977 national championship , led by junior quarterback Joe Montana . The championship season climaxed with a 38 -- 10 win in the 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic over previously top - ranked Texas , led by Heisman Trophy winner Earl Campbell . The win vaulted the Irish from fifth to first in the polls . Earlier in the season , before the annual game against USC , played at home on October 22 , Devine changed the team 's jerseys from navy blue & white to kelly green & gold , later known as the `` green jersey game '' resulting in a 49 -- 19 victory over the Trojans . The Irish continued to wear green for the rest of Devine 's tenure at the school . Like Joe Kuharich before him , Devine was involved in a game while at Notre Dame whose ending resulted in a rule change still in effect today . On September 15 , 1979 , the Irish faced the Michigan Wolverines in Ann Arbor in their season opener . With six seconds remaining , Michigan lined up for a game - winning field goal attempt . Notre Dame linebacker Bob Crable climbed up onto the back of opposing long snapper Mike Trgovac and was able to block the kick , preserving a 12 -- 10 Irish victory . A new rule was implemented the following season that prohibited this tactic . Because he had the unenviable task of following a legend , Devine came under heavy scrutiny while at Notre Dame and it was felt that he was never fully embraced by the Notre Dame community , despite winning a national championship . After a 5 -- 2 start in his first season , rumors of incompetence were circulated and that Devine would be dismissed and replaced by Don Shula or even Ara Parseghian ( who went so far as to say he would not return to Notre Dame under any circumstances ) . Even on the day of the 1977 USC game , `` Dump Devine '' bumper stickers were being sold outside Notre Dame Stadium . He also had the notoriety of losing to his old program , a shocking 3 -- 0 loss to the Tigers at South Bend in 1978 . On August 15 , 1980 , Devine announced that he would be leaving Notre Dame at the end of season , saying he wanted to be able to spend more time with his wife . He moved back to Arizona and became a fundraiser for Arizona State University 's Sun Devil Foundation . In 1985 , he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame , and then returned to his old school at Missouri seven years later as athletic director to help navigate the school through financial troubles . Devine was inducted into the inaugural class of the University of Minnesota Duluth Athletic Hall of Fame in 1991 . Gerry Faust era ( 1981 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) Gerry Faust was hired to replace Devine in 1981 . Prior to Notre Dame , Faust had been one of the more successful high school football coaches in the country . As coach of Moeller High School in Cincinnati he amassed a 174 -- 17 -- 2 record over 19 seasons . Many of his players had gone on to play for Notre Dame ; indeed , when he arrived in South Bend , he was reunited with nine of his former players from Moeller . Despite his success in the high school ranks , Faust 's success at Notre Dame was mixed and his record mediocre at best . In his first season , the Irish finished 5 -- 6 . In Faust 's second season , Notre Dame improved slightly to 6 -- 4 -- 1 . The most successful years under Faust were the 1983 and 1984 campaigns where the Irish finished 7 -- 5 and made trips to the Liberty Bowl and Aloha Bowl respectively . His final record at Notre Dame was 30 -- 26 -- 1 . To avoid being fired , Faust resigned at the end of the 1985 season , following fan cries of `` Oust Faust '' . He accounced his resignation prior to the final game of the year , where Notre Dame suffered a humiliating 58 -- 7 loss at Miami ; Allen Pinkett scored the Irish TD . Faust proceeded to take over as head coach at Akron . Lou Holtz era ( 1986 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Coach Holtz Lou Holtz had 17 years of head coaching experience by the time he was hired to lead the Irish . He had previously been head coach of William & Mary , North Carolina State , the NFL 's New York Jets , Arkansas , and Minnesota . Holtz began in 1986 where his predecessor left off in 1985 , finishing with an identical record of 5 wins and 6 losses . However , unlike the 1985 squad , which was generally outcoached and outplayed , Holtz 's 1986 edition was competitive in nearly every game , losing five out of those six games by a combined total of 14 points . That would be his only losing season as he posted a record of 95 -- 24 -- 2 over the next ten seasons adding up to a 100 -- 30 -- 2 record overall . In 1987 , Holtz led the Irish to an 8 -- 4 record . Notre Dame 's best player was star wide receiver Tim Brown , who would win the Heisman Trophy that season and is Notre Dame 's seventh and last Heisman winner to date . The season began with the Irish defeating # 9 Michigan in Ann Arbor , Michigan by a score of 26 -- 7 . The next week , the Irish defeated # 17 Michigan State by a score of 31 -- 8 . After defeating Purdue , the Irish lost to Pittsburgh and lost starting quarterback Terry Andrysiak to injury during the game . With sophomore quarterback Tony Rice under center , the Irish reeled off five straight wins , beginning with Air Force , then USC , Navy , Boston College and # 10 Alabama . Notre Dame would then lose their last three to close the season , starting with Penn State , then # 2 Miami and Texas A&M in the Cotton Bowl . In contrast to Faust , Holtz was well known as a master motivator and a strict disciplinarian . The tone was set with Holtz 's first meeting with his team as Irish head coach in 1986 , immediately demanding his players sit up straight in their chairs and look him in the eye as he spoke . He displayed the latter trait in spades when two of his top contributing players showed up late for dinner right before the then top - ranked Irish played second - ranked USC in the final regular season game of 1988 . In a controversial move , coach Lou Holtz took his 10 -- 0 Irish squad to Los Angeles without stars Ricky Watters and Tony Brooks , who he suspended for disciplinary reasons . This was not the first time these players had gotten into trouble and the players had been warned there would be serious consequences if it happened again . His move was vindicated when the Irish defeated USC anyway . Holtz was named national coach of the year ( Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award ) in 1988 , the same season he took Notre Dame to an upset of No. 1 Miami in the Catholics vs. Convicts series and a win over No. 3 West Virginia in the Fiesta Bowl , thus capturing the national championship . The Irish finished a perfect 12 -- 0 in 1988 , its last undefeated season and national championship to date . Occasionally , despite his lack of success with the N.Y. Jets , he was rumored to be leaving Notre Dame for the NFL . Following a 6 -- 10 season in 1990 and an 8 -- 8 showing in 1991 , the Minnesota Vikings were rumored to replace Jerry Burns with Holtz . However , Holtz denied these rumors each of those two seasons . Holtz remained at Notre Dame ; the Vikings , meanwhile , hired Dennis Green to replace the retired Jerry Burns . Ironically , Holtz nearly replaced Green five years later after retiring from Notre Dame . The 1988 national champion Fighting Irish visited President Ronald Reagan in the White House in January 1989 . In 1989 , Holtz led the Irish to a 12 -- 1 record . The Irish began the season in the Kickoff Classic game in East Rutherford , New Jersey against Virginia . The Irish won by a score of 36 -- 13 . Next , top - ranked Notre Dame defeated # 2 Michigan by a score of 24 -- 19 . That was followed by wins over Michigan State , Purdue , Stanford , # 17 Air Force , # 9 USC , # 7 Pittsburgh , Navy , SMU and # 17 Penn State . The Irish would lose to # 7 Miami the following week , ending Notre Dame 's 23 - game winning streak . Holtz would lead the Irish to a victory in the Orange Bowl over # 1 Colorado to end the season . Holtz led the Fighting Irish to a 9 -- 3 record in 1990 . The season began with a # 1 ranking and a victory over # 4 Michigan by a score of 28 -- 24 . The Irish defeated # 24 Michigan State the following week then beat Purdue . The Irish would suffer its first defeat of the season the next week , losing to Stanford by a score of 36 -- 31 . The Irish would rebound to post five consecutive wins , defeating Air Force , # 2 Miami , Pittsburgh , Navy and # 9 Tennessee . After losing 24 -- 21 to # 22 Penn State , the Irish defeated USC by a score of 10 -- 6 in the regular season finale . The Irish would get a rematch with Colorado in the Orange Bowl but would lose by a score of 10 -- 9 . The Fighting Irish would go 10 -- 3 in 1991 . After defeating Indiana to open the season , the Irish lost to # 4 Michigan by a score of 24 -- 14 . The Irish won their next seven , defeating Michigan State , Purdue , Stanford , # 12 Pittsburgh , Air Force , USC and Navy . The Irish would suffer a defeat to # 13 Tennessee at home , blowing a 24 - point lead to lose by a score of 35 -- 34 . Notre Dame would then lose back - to - back games for the first time since 1987 when they lost to unranked Penn State , their first loss to an unranked opponent also since 1987 . The Irish would close out the regular season with a victory over Hawaii by a score of 48 -- 42 . The Irish would receive a berth in the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans , Louisiana , where they defeated Florida by a score of 39 -- 28 . In 1992 , Notre Dame would finish 10 -- 1 -- 1 . After defeating Northwestern to start the season , the Fighting Irish tied # 5 Michigan , their first tie of the Holtz era . After defeating Michigan State and Purdue , the Irish lost to # 19 Stanford by a score of 33 -- 16 . Notre Dame would win out for the rest of the season , defeating Pittsburgh , BYU , Navy , # 9 Boston College , # 21 Penn State , # 23 USC and the Cotton Bowl against # 3 Texas A&M . The Irish would enjoy another successful season in 1993 , finishing the season at 11 -- 1 . After scoring 27 points in wins over Northwestern and # 2 Michigan to start the season , the Irish defeated Michigan State , Purdue , Pittsburgh , BYU , USC , Navy and # 1 Florida State . However , a loss to # 12 Boston College on a game - winning field goal as time expired by a score of 41 -- 39 ended the Irish 's national championship aspirations . The Irish would face a rematch with # 6 Texas A&M in the Cotton Bowl to finish the season , a game the Irish won by a score of 24 -- 21 . In 1994 , Holtz led Notre Dame to a 6 -- 5 -- 1 record , the Irish 's worst record since Holtz 's first season in 1986 . The Irish would begin by defeating Northwestern but would lose to # 5 Michigan by a score of 26 -- 24 . The Irish defeated Michigan State the following week by a score of 21 -- 20 . After wins over Purdue and Stanford , the Irish would lose three of their next four to drop out of the rankings for the first time since 1986 . After beating Navy , the Fighting Irish lost to # 6 Florida State by a score of 23 -- 16 . After beating Air Force , Notre Dame tied USC and lost to # 5 Colorado in the Fiesta Bowl by a score of 41 -- 24 . The Irish would improve to 9 -- 3 in 1995 . Despite getting upset by Northwestern to begin the season , the Irish won their next three , defeating Purdue , Vanderbilt ( a game in which Coach Holtz missed because of a health issue and defensive coordinator Bob Davie filled in as head coach for the game ) , and # 10 Texas . After losing to # 6 Ohio State , the Irish reeled off six straight wins , defeating # 15 Washington , Army , # 5 USC , Boston College , Navy and Air Force . The Irish would finish the 1995 campaign by losing to # 8 Florida State in the Orange Bowl . Lou Holtz 's last season at Notre Dame in 1996 resulted in an 8 -- 3 record . After defeating Vanderbilt , Purdue and # 8 Texas , the Irish lost to # 4 Ohio State . Notre Dame would finish the season with a win over # 16 Washington , a loss to Air Force in overtime , a win over Navy , a win over Boston College , a win over Pittsburgh , a win over Rutgers and an overtime loss to USC , snapping the Irish 's 13 - game non-losing streak against the Trojans . Holtz 's option offense , which helped catapult Notre Dame to many victories in the late 1980s and early 1990s , also helped rack up impressive recruiting classes . During the 1989 season , Holtz had the following future NFL players on offense : QB Rick Mirer , RB Ricky Watters , RB Anthony Johnson , RB Rodney Culver , RB Dorsey Levens , and WR Raghib Ismail . In 1990 , he added RB Jeff Burris ( who would later move to Safety ) , FB Jerome Bettis and TE Irv Smith . 1991 saw the additions of RB Reggie Brooks and FB Ray Zellars. 1992 saw the addition of WR Derrick Mayes . For 1993 , he added FB Marc Edwards . In 1995 , he added RB Autry Denson . From the 1987 -- 1991 NFL Drafts , there were 33 Notre Dame players selected . From the 1992 -- 1995 NFL Drafts , there were 32 Notre Dame players selected . Overall , Holtz took Notre Dame to one undefeated season , nine consecutive New Year 's Day bowl games , and top 10 finishes in the AP poll in five seasons . Holtz retired from Notre Dame following the 1996 season , but would unretire in 1999 to accept the head coaching position at South Carolina where he would serve until the completion of the 2004 season . Bob Davie era ( 1997 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Coach Davie Bob Davie , who had been Holtz 's defensive coordinator from 1994 to 1996 , was promoted to head coach when Holtz retired . Davie , who turned down a head coaching offer from Purdue to accept the Irish 's head coaching position , was a well - respected defensive mind who had also served as defensive coordinator at Tulane and Texas A&M . Davie had also filled in as head coach for one game during the 1995 season when Lou Holtz was dealing with a health issue . One of his first major decisions was to fire long - time offensive line coach Joe Moore , who then successfully sued the university for age discrimination . On Davie 's watch , the team suffered three bowl game losses ( 1997 Independence Bowl , 1999 Gator Bowl , and 2001 Fiesta Bowl ) , and it failed to qualify for a bowl game in two others ( 1999 and 2001 ) . The highlight of Davie 's tenure was a 36 -- 20 upset win in 1998 over # 5 Michigan , the defending national champions . Davie 's Irish also posted a 25 -- 24 home victory over USC in 1999 . Davie nearly defeated top ranked Nebraska in 2000 , with the Irish comeback bid falling short in overtime 27 -- 24 . The aforementioned 2001 Fiesta Bowl was Notre Dame 's first invitation to the Bowl Championship Series . The Irish lost by 32 points to Oregon State , but would finish No. 15 in the AP Poll , Davie 's highest ranking as head coach . The 2001 squad was awarded the American Football Coaches Association Achievement Award for its 100 % graduation rate . On December 17 , 1999 , Notre Dame was placed on probation by the NCAA for the only time in its history . The association 's Committee on Infractions found two series of violations . The New York Times reported `` the main one involved the actions of a booster , Kimberly Dunbar , who lavished gifts on football players with money she later pleaded guilty to embezzling . '' In the second series of events , a football player was accused of trying to sell several complimentary game tickets and of using others as repayment of a loan . The player was also said `` to have been romantically involved with a woman ( not Dunbar ) , a part - time tutor at the university , who wrote a term paper for another player for a small fee and provided players with meals , lodging and gifts . '' The Dunbar violation began while Lou Holtz was head coach : `` According to the NCAA committee report , Dunbar , the woman at the center of the more serious violations , had become romantically involved with several Notre Dame football players from June 1995 to January 1998 and had a child with one , Jarvis Edison . '' Notre Dame was placed on probation for two years and lost one of its 85 football scholarships each year in what the Times termed `` minor '' penalties . Following the 1998 season , the team fell into a pattern of frustrating inconsistency and alternated between successful and mediocre seasons . Despite Davie 's rocky tenure , new athletic director Kevin White gave the coach a contract extension following the Fiesta Bowl - capped 2000 season , then saw the team start 0 -- 3 in 2001 -- the first such start in school history . Disappointed by the on - field results , coupled with the Joe Moore and Kim Dunbar scandals , the administration decided to dismiss Davie after the 2001 season . His final record at Notre Dame was 35 -- 25 . After departing Notre Dame , Davie accepted an offer from ESPN to serve as a play - by - play broadcast college football analyst , a position he would hold for ten years before New Mexico hired him to be their head football coach in December 2011 . George O'Leary controversy ( edit ) On December 9 , 2001 , Notre Dame hired George O'Leary , the head coach at Georgia Tech , to replace Davie . However , while researching a `` local boy done good '' story on O'Leary , ( Manchester ) Union Leader reporter Jim Fennell uncovered misrepresentations in O'Leary's resume that had influenced the administration 's decision to hire him . The resulting media scandal embarrassed Notre Dame officials , and tainted O'Leary ; he resigned five days later , before coaching a single practice , recruiting a single player , or hiring a single assistant coach . O'Leary's tenure is the shortest of any head coach in FBS history . O'Leary would go on to become the head football coach at the University of Central Florida . Tyrone Willingham era ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Once again in need of a new head coach , the school turned to Tyrone Willingham , the head coach at Stanford . Willingham 's hiring made him the first African American head coach in Notre Dame football history . Bringing a feeling of change and excitement to campus , Willingham led the 2002 squad to a 10 -- 2 regular season record , including an 8 -- 0 start with wins over # 7 Michigan and # 11 Florida State , and a No. 4 ranking . This great early start , however , would be the lone highlight of Willingham 's tenure , as Notre Dame finished the year with a heart - breaking loss to Boston College , then lopsided losses to USC and North Carolina State in the Gator Bowl . The program faltered over the next two seasons under Willingham , compiling an 11 -- 12 record . During this time , Notre Dame lost a game by at least 30 points on five occasions . Furthermore , Willingham 's 2004 recruiting class was judged by analysts to be the worst at Notre Dame in more than two decades . Citing Notre Dame 's third consecutive four - touchdown loss to arch - rival USC compounded by another year of sub-par recruiting efforts , the Willingham era ended on November 30 , 2004 ( after the conclusion of the 2004 season ) when the university chose to terminate him and pay out the remainder of Willingham 's six - year contract . Willingham would n't be unemployed for long , however , as he would accept the head coaching position at Washington two weeks after he was fired by the Irish . Charlie Weis era ( 2005 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Coach Weis After Willingham 's firing , Notre Dame initially pursued Utah head coach Urban Meyer , who had been an Irish assistant from 1996 -- 2000 . After Meyer accepted the Florida head coaching position and turned down the Irish , Charlie Weis left the NFL 's New England Patriots , where he won three Super Bowls as offensive coordinator , to become head football coach for the Irish beginning with the 2005 season . Weis ' hiring as the Irish 's 30th head football coach made him the first Notre Dame graduate to hold the football head coaching position on a full - fledged basis since Joe Kuharich ( a 1938 Notre Dame graduate ) . In his inaugural season he led Notre Dame to a record of 9 -- 3 , including an appearance in the Fiesta Bowl , where they were defeated by the Ohio State Buckeyes 34 -- 20 . In the first half of the first game ( against Pittsburgh ) , Notre Dame had gained more offensive yards than it had in five games combined , during the previous season . On September 25 , Weis and the Irish traveled to Seattle , Washington to face Washington and former head coach Tyrone Willingham , who was hired by the Huskies to be their head coach two weeks after getting fired at Notre Dame . The Irish won by a score of 36 -- 17 . Quarterback Brady Quinn would go on to break numerous team passing records that season and rise to the national spotlight , by holding 35 Notre Dame records as well as becoming a top Heisman Trophy contender . Wide receiver Jeff Samardzija would be the team 's leading receiver and would go on to a successful career in Major League Baseball as a pitcher for the San Francisco Giants . Tight end Anthony Fasano would be another key offensive player during the 2005 season who would go on to an NFL career with the Dallas Cowboys , Miami Dolphins , Kansas City Chiefs and Tennessee Titans . During the 2005 season , Notre Dame signed Weis to a big raise and ten - year contract extension that was set to keep the coach in South Bend through the 2015 season . Weis and the Irish went into the 2006 season with a No. 2 preseason ranking in the ESPN / Coaches Poll . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 2 record , losing only to Michigan and USC . Notre Dame accepted a bid to the 2007 Sugar Bowl , losing to LSU 41 -- 14 . This marked their ninth consecutive post-season loss , the longest drought in NCAA history . As a result , Notre Dame dropped to No. 17 in the final rankings . In the wake of a graduating class that sent eleven players to the NFL , the 2007 season ( 3 -- 9 ) included various negative milestones : the most losses in a single year ( 9 ) ; two of the ten worst losses ever ( 38 -- 0 losses to both Michigan and USC ) ; and the first 6 - game losing streak for home games . The Naval Academy recorded their first win over the Irish since 1963 , breaking the NCAA - record 43 - game streak . In 2008 , the Irish started 4 -- 1 , but completed the regular season with a 6 -- 6 record , including a 24 -- 23 home loss to Syracuse , the first time that Notre Dame had fallen to an eight - loss team . Quarterback Jimmy Clausen would be the team 's star player , completing over 60 % of his passes his sophomore season in 2008 . Despite speculation the university might fire Weis , it was announced he would remain head coach . Weis 's Notre Dame squad ended the season breaking the Irish 's NCAA record nine - game bowl losing streak by beating Hawaii , 49 -- 21 , in the Hawaii Bowl . After the 2008 season , offensive coordinator Mike Haywood left to accept the head coaching position at Miami ( OH ) . Instead of hiring a replacement , Weis elected to assume offensive coordinator duties himself , which included calling the plays . Charlie Weis entered the 2009 season with the expectation from the Notre Dame administration that his team would be in position to compete for a BCS Bowl berth . Notre Dame started the first part of the season 4 -- 2 , with close losses to Michigan and USC . Many of their wins were also close , aside from a 35 -- 0 victory over Nevada and a 40 -- 14 defeat of Washington State . Sitting at 6 -- 2 , however , Notre Dame lost a close game at Notre Dame Stadium to Navy , 23 -- 21 . This loss was the second to Navy in the last three years , and would be the first loss in a four - game losing streak to finish the season . The following week , Notre Dame lost to # 8 Pittsburgh , then lost to UConn at home in double overtime on senior day . The Irish lost to Stanford the last week of the season by a score of 45 -- 38 . Quarterback Jimmy Clausen and wide receiver Golden Tate would forgo their senior seasons and enter the NFL Draft . Weis was fired on November 30 , 2009 , exactly five years after his predecessor . According to Weis ' buyout , he was to be paid $6 million then $2.05 million annually until the contract ran out in December 2015 for a total of about $19 million . During that time , Weis made more money annually not to coach the Irish than his successor , Brian Kelly , made to coach the team . After leaving Notre Dame , Weis would serve as offensive coordinator for the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs in 2010 as well as Florida under Will Muschamp in 2011 before accepting the head coaching position at Kansas in December 2011 . His hiring made him the fifth consecutive former Notre Dame head coach ( sixth counting George O'Leary ) to be hired as head coach by another FBS school ; joining Gerry Faust ( Akron ) , Lou Holtz ( South Carolina ) , Bob Davie ( New Mexico ) and Tyrone Willingham ( Washington ) . O'Leary was hired by Central Florida . Brian Kelly era ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) Coach Kelly Brian Kelly became the 31st head coach of the Fighting Irish on December 10 , 2009 , after coaching Cincinnati to a 12 -- 0 record and BCS bowl - game berth , but he left the team before the bowl game . In his first season , Kelly led the Fighting Irish to an 8 -- 5 record . Tragedy struck early in the season when Declan Sullivan , a junior working for the athletic department , died while filming a practice on a scissor lift in dangerously high winds . Dayne Crist started the season at quarterback but was injured for a second consecutive year , this time in the Tulsa game , which the Irish lost . Kelly turned to freshman quarterback Tommy Rees , who led the Irish to victories in the last three games against No. 14 Utah , Army in Yankee Stadium , and breaking an eight - year losing streak to USC in the LA Coliseum . Kelly guided the Irish to a 33 -- 17 win over Miami ( FL ) in the 2010 Sun Bowl to finish 2010 with an 8 -- 5 record . With senior wide out Michael Floyd returning for his senior season and an outstanding recruiting class that included several highly touted defensive linemen , Kelly and the Irish looked to improve on their 8 -- 5 record from the prior year . However , an early season upset to a Skip Holtz - led South Florida team , and a last second loss to Michigan in Ann Arbor left the Irish at 0 -- 2 to start the season . The Irish bounced back to beat # 15 Michigan State and had two 4 - game winning - streaks , with the only loss during that stretch coming at the hands of USC . The Irish also broke Navy 's 2 - game winning streak over Notre Dame ( 2009 -- 10 ) . Notre Dame finished the season with an 8 -- 4 record but lost 18 -- 14 to Florida State in the 2011 Champs Sports Bowl , concluding the 2011 campaign with and 8 -- 5 record overall , identical to the 2010 season . In the team 's losses , multiple turnovers from the quarterback position were often the culprit , and as a whole turnovers at critical times in the game often derailed potential Irish comebacks . After the 2011 season , offensive coordinator Charley Molnar left ND to accept the head coaching position at UMass . Safeties coach and recruiting coordinator Chuck Martin would move over to the offensive side of the ball as Molnar 's replacement running the offense . On September 12 , 2012 , during the football program 's 125th season , Notre Dame announced that it would leave the Big East Conference for the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , excluding the football and hockey programs . This move became official on July 1 , 2013 , in time for the fall sports to compete within the ACC conference . While the Fighting Irish football team will remain an FBS independent , it has agreed to play five games per season against ACC teams starting with the 2014 football season , as the schedule allows . In return , Notre Dame will become eligible to participate in the ACC 's sub-BCS level bowl arrangements . On November 18 , 2012 , Notre Dame was ranked No. 1 in the nation in both the AP and Coaches ' polls after reaching 11 -- 0 during the regular season for the first time since 1993 , also ranking No. 1 in the BCS standings for the first time in the 14 - year history of the selection system . After defeating the University of Southern California Trojans on November 24 , 2012 , Notre Dame concluded its first 12 -- 0 regular season , and on December 2 , 2012 , the Irish were formally named to appear in the BCS National Championship Game for the first time in the 2013 BCS National Championship Game . In that game , on January 7 , 2013 , the Irish lost to Alabama 42 -- 14 . Coming off the previous year 's national title game appearance , the Fighting Irish were dealt a blow when 2012 starting quarterback , Everett Golson , was suspended from the University due to an academic violation . Senior Tommy Rees then took over . Notre Dame 's 2013 season ended with a record of 9 -- 4 and a victory over Rutgers in the Pinstripe Bowl . Notre Dame finished No. 20 in the AP poll . After the 2013 season , offensive coordinator Chuck Martin left ND to accept the head coaching position at Miami ( OH ) , marking the second assistant coach to leave Kelly 's staff to accept an FBS head coaching job . Mike Denbrock was promoted from wide receivers coach to offensive coordinator to replace Martin . The 2014 season started off with 6 straight victories and a # 5 national ranking heading into a showdown with # 2 Florida State in Tallahassee , Florida . FSU won that game 31 -- 27 , on a controversial offensive pass interference call that brought back a last second Notre Dame touchdown . The Fighting Irish bounced back with a win against Navy before dropping their final 4 games of the season . They did win the Music City Bowl by defeating the LSU Tigers and finished the season at an 8 -- 5 record . After the 2014 season , the Irish again changed offensive coordinators , as Mike Denbrock stepped down from the position due to prostate cancer and returned to coaching the team 's receivers . The 2015 Fighting Irish began its season with another new offensive coordinator , Mike Sanford Jr . That year 's squad is arguably the most explosive offense that Brian Kelly has coached at Notre Dame . During the regular season , the Irish were one of twenty - one schools in the country to average 200 or more passing yards and rushing yards per game . The Irish had fourteen plays of over 50 yards during the season , which ranked 13th in the country and was a school record . They also had two touchdowns of over 90 yards , ( a 91 - yard touchdown run by C.J. Prosise and a 98 - yard touchdown run by Josh Adams ) . The Irish only had two in the previous 126 years of Notre Dame football . The running game was dominant . The 5.76 yards per carry were fifth in the country . They finished the regular season averaging 34 points per game , including a 62 - point effort against UMass , the most points in a game since 1996 . The Irish finished their 2015 season with a 10 -- 3 record , a ranking of # 11 in the AP and # 12 in the Coaches ' Poll and a Fiesta Bowl appearance , a loss to Ohio State . The 2016 season ended with a 4 -- 8 record , Brian Kelly 's worst win / loss record at Notre Dame up to that point . The tone for the season was set early , with a heartbreaking double overtime loss to Texas in the season opener . On September 24 , Notre Dame lost to Duke by a score of 38 -- 35 . Just 4 games into the season , Brian Kelly fired defensive coordinator Brian VanGorder . Mike Elko was hired from Wake Forest as VanGorder 's replacement . After a sloppy 10 -- 3 loss to NC State in Raleigh , North Carolina during messy conditions due to Hurricane Matthew , Kelly publicly called out his starting center over `` poor snapping and atrocious play '' . At the end of the season , starting quarterback DeShone Kizer declared for the NFL Draft and backup quarterback Malik Zaire announced he would be transferring in the winter after graduation . Offensive coordinator Mike Sanford Jr. left the ND staff after the season to accept the head coaching position at Western Kentucky , making him the third Irish OC under Kelly to accept an FBS head coaching position . Chip Long was hired from Memphis as his replacement . Mike Denbrock also departed the Notre Dame staff , accepting the offensive coordinator position at Cincinnati under new head coach Luke Fickell . Amidst speculation that Kelly 's job was in jeopardy and that Kelly was looking to leave Notre Dame , athletics director Jack Swarbrick announced that Kelly would return for the 2017 season . The 2017 season ended with a 10 - 3 record , and a win in the Citrus Bowl over LSU . On the surface , this was one of Kelly 's strongest seasons at ND . An early one - point loss to # 2 Georgia set the tone for the first half of the season . The tough running of running back Josh Adams behind an experienced and talented offensive line allowed Notre Dame to string together 6 consecutive 20 + point victories against solid competition like # 11 USC and # 14 NC State . But it all came crashing down when # 3 Notre Dame visited # 7 Miami in South Florida on Nov 7 , 2017 . An embarrassing 41 - 8 loss effectively ended the Irish hopes of a playoff run . They went on to struggle in final games to Navy ( W 24 - 17 ) and Stanford ( L 20 - 38 ) . The strong start and disappointing finish made for mixed feeling among Irish fans after a horrific 2016 season . Championships and distinctions ( edit ) National championships ( edit ) Notre Dame has won eight wire service ( AP or Coaches ' ) national championships , second most ever in the post-1936 poll era . Notre Dame claims national championships in an additional three seasons before the major poll era , for a total of 11 . Notre Dame , however , is often credited with 13 consensus national championships in total . The 1938 and 1953 seasons are part of the reason for the discrepancy . In the 1938 season , 8 -- 1 Notre Dame was awarded the national championship by the Dickinson System , while Texas Christian ( which finished 11 -- 0 ) was awarded the championship by the Associated Press . In the 1953 season , an undefeated Notre Dame team ( 9 -- 0 -- 1 ) was named national champion by every major selector except the AP and UPI ( Coaches ' ) polls , where the Irish finished second in both to 10 -- 1 Maryland . As Notre Dame has a policy of only recognizing AP and Coaches ' Poll national championships post-1936 , the school does not officially recognize the 1938 and 1953 national championships . The NCAA does not list 1938 and 1953 but does recognize 1919 and 1964 , making Notre Dame a national champion selection in thirteen seasons : 1919 , 1924 , 1929 , 1930 , 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1964 , 1966 , 1973 , 1977 , 1988 . Notre Dame has been voted national champion by at least one selector in an additional nine seasons : 1920 , 1927 , 1938 , 1953 , 1967 , 1970 , 1989 , 1993 , and 2012 In short , Notre Dame has 3 National Champions selected by the Coaches ' Poll ( 1950 - ) and 8 selected by the AP Poll ( 1936 - ) . The program claims 11 championships , the NCAA recognizes them with 13 , and they 've been selected National Champions 21 times by all NCAA recognized `` major selectors . '' The following is a list of Notre Dame 's 11 claimed national championships : Year Coach Selector Record Bowl 1924 Knute Rockne Helms , CFRA , NCF 10 -- 0 Won Rose 1929 Knute Rockne Helms , CFRA , NCF 9 -- 0 -- 1930 Knute Rockne Helms , CFRA , NCF 10 -- 0 -- 1943 Frank Leahy AP 9 -- 1 -- 1946 Frank Leahy AP 8 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1947 Frank Leahy AP 9 -- 0 -- 1949 Frank Leahy AP 10 -- 0 -- 1966 Ara Parseghian AP , Coaches ' 9 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1973 Ara Parseghian AP 11 -- 0 Won Sugar 1977 Dan Devine AP , Coaches ' 11 -- 1 Won Cotton 1988 Lou Holtz AP , Coaches ' 12 -- 0 Won Fiesta National Championships 11 Appearances in the final Associated Press poll ( edit ) Notre Dame has made 715 appearances in the Associated Press poll over 71 seasons . Notre Dame has spent 496 weeks in the Top 10 , 277 weeks in the Top 5 , and 95 weeks at No. 1 . Notre Dame has finished the year ranked in the final Associated Press poll of the season 49 times : Year Ranking Record 1936 8 6 -- 2 1937 9 6 -- 2 -- 1 1938 5 8 -- 1 1939 13 7 -- 2 1941 8 -- 0 -- 1 1942 6 7 -- 2 -- 1 1943 9 -- 1 1944 9 8 -- 2 1945 9 7 -- 2 -- 1 1946 8 -- 0 -- 1 Year Ranking Record 1947 9 -- 0 1948 9 -- 0 1949 9 -- 0 1952 7 -- 2 -- 1 1953 8 -- 0 -- 1 1954 8 -- 1 1955 9 8 -- 2 1957 10 6 -- 3 1958 17 6 -- 4 1959 17 5 -- 5 Year Ranking Record 1964 9 -- 1 1965 9 7 -- 2 -- 1 1966 9 -- 0 -- 1 1967 5 8 -- 2 1968 5 7 -- 2 -- 1 1969 5 8 -- 2 -- 1 1970 10 -- 1 1971 13 8 -- 2 1972 14 8 -- 3 1973 11 -- 0 Year Ranking Record 6 10 -- 2 1976 12 9 -- 3 1977 11 -- 1 1978 7 9 -- 3 1980 9 9 -- 2 -- 1 17 8 -- 4 1988 12 -- 0 1989 12 -- 1 1990 6 9 -- 3 1991 13 10 -- 3 Year Ranking Record 1992 10 -- 1 -- 1 1993 11 -- 1 1995 11 9 -- 3 19 8 -- 3 1998 22 9 -- 3 2000 15 9 -- 3 2002 17 10 -- 3 2005 9 9 -- 3 2006 17 10 -- 3 2012 0 -- 1 Year Ranking Record 2013 20 0 - 4 2015 11 10 -- 3 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 Team Awards ( edit ) Grantland Rice Trophy Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1964 Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1973 Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1977 Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1988 The Joe Moore Award Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 2017 Distinctions ( edit ) As of 2017 , Notre Dame has the second highest winning percentage in NCAA Division I-A ( FBS ) history (. 729 ) ( minimum 100 + years playing football ) . As of 2014 , Notre Dame has produced the most players drafted into the National Football League of any program in the country . As of the 2015 NFL draft , 487 players have been drafted . As of 2017 , Notre Dame is second in wins among Division I-A / FBS programs ( 906 ) , trailing Michigan ( 943 ) . As of 2014 , Notre Dame has the fewest losses of any NCAA Division I program ( 304 ) that has been playing football for 100 + years . As of 2014 , Notre Dame has 106 winning seasons in 126 years of football , and only 13 losing seasons . The football program has the most individual Heisman Trophy winners at seven ( Ohio State has seven Heisman Trophies that were won by six players ) . As of 2014 , Notre Dame has produced more 1st Team All - Americans ( 188 ) , consensus All - Americans ( 81 players on 99 selections ) and unanimous All - Americans ( 33 ) in football than any other college program . Notre Dame is represented by 48 players and coaches in the College Football Hall of Fame , the most of any university . 12 former players are in the Pro Football Hall of Fame , tied with USC . Helped by its status as a highly regarded academic institution ( ranked 19th by U.S. News & World Report ) , Notre Dame is second only to Nebraska in Academic All - Americans ( 43 ) . Since 1962 , Notre Dame has graduated 98.74 % of its football players in four years . As of 2006 , only 13 football players in this time have left Notre Dame without finishing their degree requirements . Also of note is the 90 % graduation rate of ND 's African American players ( only Navy and Boston College have higher African American graduation rates ) . Notre Dame holds the NCAA record for Most consecutive wins over one opponent , beating the US Naval Academy ( USNA ) 43 times in a row before falling to them in 2007 . The football program is also known for ending the Oklahoma Sooners ' NCAA record winning streak of 47 games in 1957 . Coincidentally , Oklahoma 's 28 -- 21 loss to Notre Dame to open the 1953 season was the last loss before the beginning of the streak . Notre Dame has had 13 undefeated seasons and 11 others with at most one loss or tie . Notre Dame is 3 -- 3 -- 1 in games where the national title winners from the previous two years have met in a regular season game . There have only been 13 of these games played in college football history . Notre Dame has played in 7 of the 13 games : 1945 -- Army def . Notre Dame 48 -- 0 1947 -- Notre Dame def . Army 27 -- 7 1968 -- Notre Dame tie USC 21 -- 21 1974 -- USC def . Notre Dame 55 -- 24 1978 -- Notre Dame def . Pitt 26 -- 17 1989 -- Miami def . Notre Dame 27 -- 10 1990 -- Notre Dame def . Miami 29 -- 20 Notre Dame is one of only three out of the current 124 Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) teams to have never played a Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I - AA ) team since the divisions were created in 1978 . The other two are UCLA and USC . Notre Dame is one of only two Catholic universities that field a team in the Football Bowl Subdivision , the other being Boston College . Number one vs. number two ( edit ) Notre Dame has participated in ten `` # 1 vs # 2 '' matchups since the AP poll began in 1936 . They have a record of 5 -- 3 -- 2 in such games , with a 4 -- 1 -- 1 record as the No. 1 team in such matchups . Here 's a list of such games : Date # 1 Team # 2 Team Outcome October 9 , 1943 Notre Dame Michigan W 35 -- 14 November 20 , 1943 Notre Dame Iowa Pre-Flight W 14 -- 13 November 10 , 1945 Army Notre Dame L 48 -- 0 November 9 , 1946 Army Notre Dame T 0 -- 0 November 19 , 1966 Notre Dame Michigan State T 10 -- 10 September 28 , 1968 Purdue Notre Dame L 37 -- 22 November 26 , 1988 Notre Dame Southern California W 27 -- 10 September 16 , 1989 Notre Dame Michigan W 24 -- 19 November 13 , 1993 Florida State Notre Dame W 31 -- 24 January 7 , 2013 Notre Dame Alabama L 42 -- 14 Historic games ( edit ) Notre Dame has played in many regular season games that have been widely regarded by both the media and sports historians as historic or famous games . Notre Dame has played in many games labeled as `` game of the century '' games as well as several No. 1 vs No. 2 matchups , It has also participated in several games that ended record streaks in college football . The games listed are widely regarded as of historical importance to the game of college football and are written about by sports historians and make many sportswriters ' lists . 1913 Notre Dame vs. Army ( `` The Forward Pass '' ) 1935 Notre Dame vs. Ohio State ( `` Game of the Century '' ) 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame ( `` Game of the Century '' ) 1957 Notre Dame vs. Oklahoma ( End of Oklahoma 's NCAA record 47 game win streak ) 1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan St. ( `` Game of the Century '' ) 1988 Miami vs. Notre Dame ( Catholics vs. Convicts ) 1993 Florida St. vs. Notre Dame ( `` Game of the Century '' ) 2005 USC vs. Notre Dame ( `` Bush Push '' game ) 2007 Navy vs. Notre Dame ( Navy ends 43 - year losing streak to Notre Dame , the longest in NCAA history between annual opponents ) Notre Dame has also played in several bowl games considered by many sportswriters to be among the best bowl games played : 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic vs. Texas 1973 Sugar Bowl vs. Alabama 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic vs. Houston ( Chicken soup game ) All - time records ( edit ) Main article : Notre Dame Fighting Irish football series records Season records ( edit ) Main article : Notre Dame Fighting Irish football seasons Notre Dame 's all - time record at the end of the 2017 season stands at 885 wins , 324 losses , and 42 ties . The winning percentage of . 724 is Fourth All - Time . Its 885 wins are sixth behind Michigan , Ohio State , Texas , Nebraska , and Alabama , while its 324 losses are tied with Ohio State as the second lowest of any college programs that have been playing football for 100 years or more , behind Oklahoma 's 323 . In - State NCAA Division I record ( edit ) Team Record Percentage Streak First Meeting Last Meeting Ball State 0 -- 0 -- -- -- -- Indiana 23 -- 5 -- 1 . 810 Won 6 1898 1991 Indiana State 0 -- 0 -- -- -- -- Purdue 58 -- 25 -- 2 . 694 Won 7 1899 2014 Valparaiso 1 -- 0 1.000 Won 1 1920 1920 Overall Record 82 -- 30 -- 3 Coaching records ( edit ) Years Coach Seasons Wins Losses Ties Pct . 1887 -- 89 , 1892 -- 93 None 5 7 . 625 1894 J.L. Morison . 700 1895 H.G. Hadden 0 . 750 1896 -- 98 Frank E. Hering 12 6 . 658 1899 James McWeeney 6 . 650 1900 -- 01 Pat O'Dea 14 . 750 1902 -- 03 James F. Faragher 14 . 843 1904 Red Salmon 5 0 . 625 1905 Henry J. McGlew 5 0 . 556 1906 -- 07 Thomas A. Barry 12 . 893 1908 Victor M. Place 8 0 . 889 1909 -- 10 Shorty Longman 11 . 857 1911 -- 12 Jack Marks 13 0 . 933 1913 -- 17 Jesse Harper 5 34 5 . 863 1918 -- 30 Knute Rockne 13 105 12 5 . 881 1931 -- 33 Hunk Anderson 16 9 . 630 1934 -- 40 Elmer Layden 7 47 13 . 770 1941 -- 43 , 1946 -- 53 Frank Leahy 11 87 11 9 . 855 1944 Ed McKeever 8 0 . 800 1945 , 1963 Hugh Devore 9 9 . 500 1954 -- 58 Terry Brennan 5 32 18 0 . 640 1959 -- 62 Joe Kuharich 17 23 0 . 425 1964 -- 74 Ara Parseghian 11 95 17 . 836 1975 -- 80 Dan Devine 6 53 16 . 764 1981 -- 85 Gerry Faust 5 30 26 . 535 1986 -- 96 Lou Holtz 11 100 30 . 765 1997 -- 01 Bob Davie 5 35 25 -- . 583 2001 * George O'Leary 0 0 0 -- -- 2002 -- 04 Tyrone Willingham 21 15 -- . 583 2004 † Kent Baer 0 0 -- . 000 2005 -- 09 Charlie Weis 5 35 27 -- . 565 2010 -- present Brian Kelly 8 48 34 -- . 585 Totals Coaches Seasons Wins Losses Ties Pct . 1887 -- 2017 31 129 906 324 42 . 729 * George O'Leary did not coach a single practice or game , resigning five days after being hired for misrepresenting his academic credentials . † Kent Baer served as interim head coach for one game at the 2004 Insight Bowl after Tyrone Willingham was fired . Bowl games ( edit ) Notre Dame has made 35 Bowl appearances , winning 17 and losing 18 . After an initial appearance in a postseason contest in the 1925 Rose Bowl , the Fighting Irish refused to participate in bowl games for more than four decades ; writers like Dan Jenkins have speculated that Notre Dame might have gone to as many as twenty bowl games during the self - imposed forty - five - year hiatus . It has played in the BCS National Championship Game ( 1 loss ) , Rose Bowl ( 1 win ) , the Cotton Bowl Classic ( 5 wins , 2 losses ) , the Orange Bowl ( 2 wins , 3 losses ) , the Sugar Bowl ( 2 wins , 2 losses ) , the Gator Bowl ( 1 win , 2 losses ) , the Liberty Bowl ( 1 win ) , the Aloha Bowl ( 1 loss ) , the Fiesta Bowl ( 1 win , 4 losses ) , the Independence Bowl ( 1 loss ) , the Insight Bowl ( 1 loss ) , Hawaii Bowl ( 1 win ) , the Sun Bowl ( 1 win ) , the Pinstripe Bowl ( 1 win ) and the Citrus Bowl ( 1 win ) . From 1994 to the 2006 football seasons , Notre Dame lost 9 consecutive bowl games , tied with Northwestern University for the most in NCAA history . That streak ended with a 49 -- 21 win over Hawaii in the 2008 Hawaii Bowl . In the process , Notre Dame scored its highest point total in post-season play . The record of 9 consecutive bowl losses was later tied by Northwestern in 2011 , then that streak was snapped a year later . Date Bowl W / L Opponent PF PA January 1 , 1925 Rose Bowl Stanford 27 10 January 1 , 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic # 1 Texas 17 21 January 1 , 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic # 1 Texas 24 11 January 1 , 1973 Orange Bowl # 9 Nebraska 6 40 December 31 , 1973 Sugar Bowl # 1 Alabama 24 23 January 1 , 1975 Orange Bowl # 2 Alabama 13 11 December 27 , 1976 Gator Bowl # 20 Penn State 20 9 January 2 , 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic # 1 Texas 38 10 January 1 , 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic Houston 35 34 January 1 , 1981 Sugar Bowl # 1 Georgia 10 17 December 29 , 1983 Liberty Bowl Boston College 19 18 December 29 , 1984 Aloha Bowl # 10 SMU 20 27 January 1 , 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic Texas A&M 10 35 January 2 , 1989 Fiesta Bowl # 3 West Virginia 34 21 January 1 , 1990 Orange Bowl Colorado 21 6 January 1 , 1991 Orange Bowl # 1 Colorado 9 10 January 1 , 1992 Sugar Bowl # 3 Florida 39 28 January 1 , 1993 Cotton Bowl Classic # 3 Texas A&M 28 January 1 , 1994 Cotton Bowl Classic # 6 Texas A&M 24 21 January 2 , 1995 Fiesta Bowl # 5 Colorado 24 41 January 1 , 1996 Orange Bowl # 8 Florida State 26 31 December 28 , 1997 Independence Bowl # 15 LSU 9 27 January 1 , 1999 Gator Bowl # 12 Georgia Tech 28 35 January 1 , 2001 Fiesta Bowl # 5 Oregon State 9 41 January 1 , 2003 Gator Bowl # 17 North Carolina State 6 28 December 28 , 2004 Insight Bowl Oregon State 21 38 January 2 , 2006 Fiesta Bowl # 4 Ohio State 20 34 January 3 , 2007 Sugar Bowl # 4 LSU 14 41 December 24 , 2008 Hawaii Bowl Hawaii 49 21 December 31 , 2010 Sun Bowl Miami ( FL ) 33 17 December 29 , 2011 Champs Sports Bowl # 25 Florida State 14 18 January 7 , 2013 BCS National Championship # 2 Alabama 14 42 December 28 , 2013 Pinstripe Bowl ( Vacated ) V Rutgers 0 0 December 30 , 2014 Music City Bowl # 23 LSU 31 28 January 1 , 2016 Fiesta Bowl # 7 Ohio State 28 44 January 1 , 2018 Citrus Bowl # 17 LSU 21 17 Total 36 Bowl Games 17 -- 18 765 858 Shamrock Series ( edit ) Between 2009 -- 2016 , Notre Dame has hosted an annual off - site home football game known as the Shamrock Series . The series promotes Notre Dame 's athletic and academic brand , and has brought the Fighting Irish to San Antonio , New York , Greater Washington , D.C. , Chicago , Indianapolis , Boston and the Dallas / Fort Worth metroplex . Prior to the 2012 season , Notre Dame Athletic Director Jack Swarbrick announced at a news conference of plans to continue the series through 2016 . He confirmed after his news conference that New York is expected to fall in that rotation and then continue to be the one consistently repeating venue for Shamrock Series games . The Shamrock Series was not held in 2017 . One of the unique aspects of the Shamrock Series is its inclusion of academic and other non-football activities in the area of that year 's host city the days and hours leading up to the game , which include pep rallies , drummers ' circles , and academic lectures . Date Time Opponent Rank Site TV Result Attendance October 31 , 2009 7 : 30 pm vs. Washington State No. 25 Alamodome San Antonio , TX NBC W 40 -- 14 53,407 November 20 , 2010 7 : 00 pm vs. Army Yankee Stadium Bronx , NY NBC W 27 -- 3 54,251 November 12 , 2011 7 : 30 pm vs. Maryland FedExField Landover , MD NBC W 45 -- 21 70,251 October 6 , 2012 7 : 30 pm vs. Miami ( FL ) No. 10 Soldier Field Chicago , IL NBC W 41 -- 3 62,871 October 5 , 2013 7 : 30 pm vs. No. 22 Arizona State AT&T Stadium Arlington , TX NBC W 37 -- 34 66,690 September 13 , 2014 7 : 30 pm vs. Purdue No. 11 Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , IN NBC W 30 -- 14 56,832 November 21 , 2015 7 : 30 pm vs. Boston College No. 5 Fenway Park Boston , MA NBCSN W 19 -- 16 38,686 November 12 , 2016 3 : 30 pm vs. Army Alamodome San Antonio , TX NBC W 44 -- 6 45,762 * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from AP Poll released prior to game . All times are in Eastern Time . Players and Coaches ( edit ) See also : Notre Dame starting quarterbacks , Fighting Irish football players , and Notre Dame Fighting Irish football statistical leaders Heisman Trophy ( edit ) See also : Heisman Trophy Seven Notre Dame football players have won the Heisman Trophy , more than any other university ( Ohio State has 7 trophies won by 6 players ; USC has 6 trophies , following Reggie Bush 's forfeit of the 2005 award due to NCAA violations ) . Heisman Trophy Winners Year Name Position 1943 Angelo Bertelli QB 1947 Johnny Lujack QB 1949 Leon Hart End 1953 Johnny Lattner HB 1956 Paul Hornung OB 1964 John Huarte QB Tim Brown WR Heisman Voting : 1938 -- Whitney Beinor , 9th 1943 -- Angelo Bertelli , 1st , Creighton Miller , 4th , Jim White , 9th 1944 -- Bob Kelly , 6th 1945 -- Frank Dancewicz , 6th 1947 -- Johnny Lujack , 1st 1949 -- Leon Hart , 1st , Bob Williams , 5th , Emil Sitko , 8th 1950 -- Bob Williams , 6th 1953 -- Johnny Lattner , 1st 1954 -- Ralph Guglielmi , 4th 1956 -- Paul Hornung , 1st 1958 -- Nick Pietrosante , 10th 1959 -- Monty Stickles , 9th 1964 -- John Huarte , 1st , Jack Snow , 5th 1965 -- Bill Wolski , 11th 1966 -- Nick Eddy , 3rd , Terry Hanratty , 6th 1967 -- Terry Hanratty , 9th 1968 -- Terry Hanratty , 3rd 1969 -- Mike McCoy , 6th 1970 -- Joe Theismann , 2nd 1971 -- Walt Patulski , 9th 1974 -- Tom Clements , 4th 1975 -- Steve Niehaus , 12th 1977 -- Ken MacAfee , 3rd , Ross Browner , 5th 1979 -- Vagas Ferguson , 5th 1983 -- Allen Pinkett , 16th 1985 -- Allen Pinkett , 8th 1987 -- Tim Brown , 1st 1989 -- Tony Rice , 4th , Raghib Ismail , tie 10th 1990 -- Raghib Ismail , 2nd 1992 -- Reggie Brooks , 5th 2005 -- Brady Quinn , 4th 2006 -- Brady Quinn , 3rd 2009 -- Golden Tate , 10th 2012 -- Manti Te'o , 2nd Other National Award Winners ( edit ) Maxwell Award Leon Hart -- 1949 Johnny Lattner -- 1952 , 1953 Jim Lynch -- 1966 Ross Browner -- 1977 Brady Quinn -- 2006 Manti Te'o -- 2012 Walter Camp Award Ken MacAfee -- 1977 Tim Brown -- 1987 Raghib Ismail -- 1990 Manti Te'o -- 2012 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award Tony Rice -- 1989 Brady Quinn -- 2006 Sammy Baugh Trophy Terry Hanratty -- 1967 Brady Quinn -- 2005 Biletnikoff Award Golden Tate -- 2009 John Mackey Award Tyler Eifert -- 2012 Dick Butkus Award Manti Te'o -- 2012 Jaylon Smith -- 2015 Chuck Bednarik Award Manti Te'o -- 2012 Lombardi Award Walt Patulski -- 1971 Ross Browner -- 1977 Chris Zorich -- 1990 Aaron Taylor -- 1993 Manti Te'o -- 2012 Lott IMPACT Trophy Manti Te'o -- 2012 Bronko Nagurski Trophy Manti Te'o -- 2012 Outland Trophy George Connor -- 1946 Bill Fischer -- 1948 Ross Browner -- 1976 AT&T ESPN All - America Player Brady Quinn -- 2006 The Jim Parker Trophy Aaron Taylor -- 1993 The Jack Tatum Trophy Bobby Taylor -- 1994 Chic Harley Award Paul Hornung -- 1956 The Kellen Moore Award Rick Mirer -- 1992 Polynesian Player of the Year Award Ronnie Stanley -- 2015 Ozzie Newsome Award Tyler Eifert -- 2011 Coaching Awards ( edit ) Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award Ara Parseghian -- 1964 Lou Holtz -- 1988 Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award Ara Parseghian -- 1964 Lou Holtz -- 1988 Charlie Weis -- 2005 Brian Kelly -- 2012 Home Depot Coach of the Year Award Tyrone Willingham -- 2002 Brian Kelly -- 2012 Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award Brian Kelly -- 2012 Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award Brian Kelly -- 2012 Associated Press Coach of the Year Award Brian Kelly -- 2012 Sporting News Coach of the Year Ara Parseghian -- 1966 Lou Holtz -- 1988 Brian Kelly -- 2012 George Munger Award Tyrone Willingham -- 2002 The Woody Hayes Trophy Lou Holtz -- 1988 Broyles Award Bob Diaco -- 2012 Team Awards ( edit ) Grantland Rice Trophy Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1964 Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1973 Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1977 Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1988 Joe Moore Award Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 2017 College Football Hall of Fame ( edit ) See also : College Football Hall of Fame Forty - five former Notre Dame players and 6 coaches have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame , located in Atlanta , Georgia . Notre Dame leads all universities in players inducted . Name Position Year Inducted Hunk Anderson Guard Angelo Bertelli Quarterback 1972 Tim Brown Wide Receiver 2009 Ross Browner Defensive End 1999 Jack Cannon Guard 1965 Frank Carideo Quarterback 1954 Dave Casper Tight End 2012 George Connor Tackle 1963 Bob Crable Linebacker 2017 Jim Crowley Halfback 1966 Zygmont Czarobski Tackle 1977 Dan Devine Coach 1985 Bob Dove End 2000 Ray Eichenlaub Fullback 1972 Bill Fischer Tackle / Guard Thom Gatewood End 2015 George Gipp Halfback 1951 Jerry Groom Center 1994 Ralph Guglielmi Quarterback 2001 Jesse Harper Coach 1994 Leon Hart End 1973 Frank `` Nordy '' Hoffman Guard 1978 Lou Holtz Coach 2008 Paul Hornung Quarterback 1985 John Huarte Quarterback 2005 Johnny Lattner Halfback 1979 Elmer Layden Fullback 1951 Frank Leahy Coach 1970 Johnny Lujack Quarterback 1960 Jim Lynch Linebacker 1992 Ken MacAfee Tight End 1997 Jim Martin End / Tackle 1995 Bert Metzger Guard 1982 Creighton Miller Halfback 1976 Don Miller Halfback 1970 Edgar Miller Tackle 1966 Fred Miller Tackle 1985 Wayne Millner End 1990 Alan Page Defensive End 1993 Ara Parseghian Coach 1980 Knute Rockne Coach 1951 Louis Salmon Fullback 1971 Marchy Schwartz Halfback Bill Shakespeare Halfback Emil `` Red '' Sitko Halfback / Fullback 1984 John `` Clipper '' Smith Guard Harry Stuhldreher Quarterback 1958 Joe Theismann Quarterback 2003 Adam Walsh Center 1968 Bob Williams Quarterback 1988 Tommy Yarr Center Chris Zorich Defensive Tackle 2007 Current roster ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team Current coaching staff ( edit ) Name Position Brian Kelly Head Coach Brian Polian Recruiting Coordinator / Special Teams Coordinator Jeff Quinn Offensive Line Coach Chip Long Offensive Coordinator / Tight Ends Mike Elston Associate Head Coach / Defensive Line Autry Denson Running Backs Todd Lyght Pat and Jana Eilers Family Defensive Backs DelVaughn Alexander Wide Receivers Clark Lea Defensive Coordinator / Linebackers Tom Rees Quarterbacks Matt Balis Director of Football Strength and Conditioning Uniforms ( edit ) The team in their current home uniforms Notre Dame 's home jersey is navy blue with white numerals , gold outlining , and a small interlocking `` ND '' logo on each sleeve . The away jersey is white with navy numerals , gold outlining , and the interlocking `` ND '' on the sleeves . In recent years , neither jersey included the player 's name on the back , but names were included during the Dan Devine and Gerry Faust eras . However , for the Irish 's Hawai'i Bowl appearance in 2008 vs. the University of Hawai'i , Notre Dame once again wore last names on their jerseys . Gold pants , with a small ND logo just below the left waist , are worn with both home and away jerseys . Former quarterback Brady Quinn in the current away uniform Notre Dame 's helmets are solid gold with gray facemasks , the gold being emblematic of the University 's famed `` Golden Dome . '' Notre Dame 's tradition for the team 's student managers to spray - paint the team 's helmets prior to each game ended in 2011 when the football equipment staff , along with Notre Dame Athletics Director Jack Swarbrick and head coach Brian Kelly outsourced the painting process to Hydro Graphics Inc . Over the years , Notre Dame has occasionally worn green instead of blue as its home jersey , sometimes adopting the jersey for an entire season -- or more -- at a time . Currently , Notre Dame reserves its green jerseys for `` special '' occasions . Often on such occasions , the Irish will take the field for warmups dressed in blue , only to switch to green when they go back to the locker room before kickoff . This tradition was started by Dan Devine in 1977 before the USC game . Notre Dame has also been known to switch jerseys at halftime , as during the 1985 USC game , and in the loss to Nile Kinnick - led Iowa in 1939 , although this was to help avoid confusion between their navy uniforms and Iowa 's black ones . The current design of the jersey is kelly green with gold numbers and white outlining . For the 2006 Army game , Coach Charlie Weis broke out the Green jerseys as a reward to his senior players , as well finally ending the string of losses by the Irish when wearing green . Notre Dame wore throwback green jerseys in 2007 against USC in honor of the 30th anniversary of the 1977 National Championship team . On at least one occasion ( 1992 Sugar Bowl ) Notre Dame has worn an away variant of the jersey : a white jersey with green numbers . Champion supplied football jerseys for The University of Notre Dame for over 50 years until they switched to Adidas in 2001 . On July 1 , 2014 , the University of Notre Dame Athletic department will begin wearing uniforms and footwear supplied by Under Armour . Former tight end Tyler Eifert . During Gerry Faust 's tenure ( 1981 -- 85 ) , Notre Dame 's blue jerseys switched from the traditional navy to royal blue with gold and white stripes on the sleeves . The navy blue jerseys returned in 1984 . No uniform numbers have been retired by Notre Dame . Upon being issued a number , each player is given a card which lists some of the more famous players who have worn that particular number . Number 3 is perhaps the most famous number in Irish football history , having been worn by Ralph Guglielmi , George Izo , Daryle Lamonica , Coley O'Brien , Joe Montana , Michael Floyd , Rick Mirer and Ron Powlus , among others . Number 5 is also notable , as it is the only number to be worn by one of the Four Horsemen ( Elmer Layden ) a Heisman Trophy Winner ( Paul Hornung ) and a National Title winning Quarterback ( Terry Hanratty ) . Number 7 has been worn by such Irish greats as 1964 Heisman Trophy winner John Huarte , 1970 Heisman runner - up Joe Theismann , Steve Beuerlein , Jimmy Clausen and Jarious Jackson . In 2011 , both Michigan and Notre Dame wore throwback uniforms in their game against each other . For the Shamrock Series games Notre Dame and their outfitters have announced that the school will wear specially - designed helmets , jerseys , and pants . Facilities ( edit ) Notre Dame Stadium ( edit ) Notre Dame Stadium on game day , with student section and band Main article : Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame Stadium is the home football stadium for the University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team . Located on the southeast part of the university 's campus in Notre Dame , Indiana and with a seating capacity of 77,622 , Notre Dame Stadium is one of the most renowned venues in college football . The Sporting News ranks Notre Dame Stadium as # 2 on its list of `` College Football Cathedrals '' . and the stadium experience evokes a more traditional feel . Notre Dame Stadium is used for football related activities and for Commencement ( since 2010 ) . Notre Dame Stadium had no permanent lighting until the expansion project in 1997 . NBC paid for the lighting as they have televised all Notre Dame home football games since 1991 . On April 12 , 2014 , it was announced during the annual Blue - Gold Spring Game that a FieldTurf synthetic surface would replace the grass field after the 2014 Commencement Weekend . In November 2014 the University of Notre Dame embarked on a $400 million stadium expansion called the Crossroads Campus Project . The project is expected to be completed by August 2017 . Cartier field ( edit ) Main article : Cartier Field Cartier Field was the original playing field of the Fighting Irish . In 1930 , it was replaced by Notre Dame Stadium , due to the growing popularity of ND football . Notre Dame 's practice facility still bears the Cartier Field name . Most ND practices take place on Cartier Field . Guglielmino Athletics complex ( edit ) Known by fans as `` the Gug '' ( pronounced `` goog '' ) , the Guglielmino Athletics Complex is Notre Dame 's brand new athletics complex . The Gug houses the new football offices , a brand new state - of - the - art weight room , and practice week locker rooms for the football team . The Gug is utilized by all Notre Dame athletes . The complex was underwritten by Don F. Guglielmino and his family . Rivalries ( edit ) Main article : Notre Dame Fighting Irish football rivalries The First Jeweled Shillelagh , awarded to the winner of the annual USC vs. Notre Dame game . Notre Dame has rivalries with several universities . Although the Fighting Irish competes as an Independent , they play a more national schedule and have frequently scheduled opponents . USC , Michigan , Michigan State , Pitt , and Navy are among Notre Dame 's oldest rivals . USC Trojans ( edit ) Main article : Notre Dame -- USC football rivalry USC is Notre Dame 's primary rival . The rivalry has produced more national titles , Heisman trophies , and All - Americans than any other . It is considered one of the most important rivalries in college football , and is often called the greatest rivalry not dictated by conference , affiliation , or geography . Other than during World War II , the teams have played each other since 1926 . Notre Dame leads the series 46 -- 36 -- 5 . Navy midshipmen ( edit ) Main article : Navy -- Notre Dame football rivalry Navy and Notre Dame have one of the longest continuous series in college football , having played 83 games without interruption since 1927 . Notre Dame had a 43 - game win streak during this time frame , the longest in Division 1 - A football , which ended in 2007 . Navy won three of four consecutive meetings in 2007 , 2009 , and 2010 . Notre Dame has won in 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 and 2015 . Navy won in 2016 . Notre Dame won in 2017 . Michigan Wolverines ( edit ) Main article : Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry Michigan is considered Notre Dame 's first and oldest rivalry , first meeting back in 1887 , although the two teams did not play each other for many years . The series has been quite frequent in the near past since the rivalry was reunited beginning in 1978 . It is heightened by the two schools ' competition for all - time win percentage , which Michigan leads again since 2016 . The most recent meeting in 2014 was won by Notre Dame 31 -- 0 in South Bend . Michigan leads the all - time series 24 -- 17 -- 1 , with 6 of the Wolverine victories coming before 1900 . Since the first 8 games , which were perceived as `` exhibitions , '' Notre Dame leads the series 17 - 16 - 1 . Throughout the 20th century , Notre Dame truly ascended to the top school in college football , superseding Michigan . In this time , Notre Dame has won 8 service wire poll while Michigan has only won 2 . This changing of the guard has fuelled the bitterness between the two schools . The rivalry is further heightened due to the fact that in the 20th century Michigan attempted to blackball Notre Dame from competing in the sport ; this has often been attributed to native racism from Michigan 's head coach Fielding Yost . This exclusion from the Big Ten , however , has attributed greatly to Notre Dame 's conference independence and national branding . This rivalry stopped during the 2014 season when Notre Dame shut out Michigan for the first time in the rivalry 's history . Shortly before the 2012 game , the Associated Press reported that Notre Dame had exercised a three - year out clause in their series contract . This series was the first casualty of Notre Dame 's future arrangement with the Atlantic Coast Conference , under which the Fighting Irish will play five games per season against ACC opponents once the school joins the ACC in all sports except for football and hockey in 2014 . In 2016 , Michigan announced that the rivalry will resume for two consecutive seasons , in 2018 and 2019 . Michigan State Spartans ( edit ) Main article : Michigan State -- Notre Dame football rivalry The Michigan State Spartans are one of Notre Dame 's most important rivals with the two teams playing for the Megaphone Trophy . Notre Dame holds an all - time 48 -- 28 -- 1 series winning margin . The one tie was the Game of the Century , one of the greatest college football games ever played . The Spartans ' 28 victories over Notre Dame are second-most of any school after USC . The Megaphone Trophy series record is 32 -- 26 -- 1 in favor of Notre Dame . Michigan State won the Megaphone Trophy in 2010 after beating the Irish 34 -- 31 in East Lansing on an overtime fake field goal play known as `` Little Giants '' . In 2011 , the Irish reclaimed the trophy with a 31 -- 13 victory in which they led all the way . Game Day traditions ( edit ) See also : Band of the Fighting Irish The band playing in a pre-game ceremony before a football game Due to its long and storied history , Notre Dame football boasts many traditions unique to Notre Dame . Some of these are : The tradition of having 23.9 karat gold in the helmet paint continues , with the painting process provided by Hydro Graphics , Inc. and no longer by student managers . The gold particles that are used on the helmet were collected from the re-gilding on the Notre Dame dome in 2007 . During the 2011 season , however , a new helmet paint scheme was introduced ; while retaining the basic gold helmet and grey facemask look , the `` new '' gold is much more reflective than the `` old '' ; there have already been several variations of this new `` gold chrome '' look , including `` brick '' and `` fish - scale '' texturing . Formerly , prior to the start of the game , the team attended mass in semi-formal attire at the Sacred Heart Basilica . At the conclusion of mass , fans formed a line that the team walked through from the chapel to the stadium . However , in 2011 the team changed its movements prior the game , instead taking buses back to The Gug for final meetings . In 2013 , Mass was moved to Friday night ; as a result , the walk now originates from the Gug . Team raising their helmets to the student section after a win ( or loss ) Coming out of the locker room , players slap the famous `` Play Like a Champion Today '' sign . Between the third and fourth quarters of home games , the Notre Dame Marching Band plays the finale to the 1812 Overture , as the crowd reacts with synchronized waving of arms , with their fingers in the shape of a `` K '' for Kelly . ( `` W '' for both Weis and Willingham and `` L '' for Lou Holtz ) Since 1960 , Sergeant Tim McCarthy for the Indiana State Police has read out a driving safety announcement to the crowd during the fourth quarter . When Sergeant McCarthy begins his announcement , the crowd goes silent to hear his message , which invariably ends with a pun . Sergeant McCarthy retired from this duty in the 2015 season after 55 years of fan - favorite messages . He was honored on the field on September 26 , 2015 , to deliver his last in - person address , in which he repeated the same announcement he did on his first gameday . At the conclusion of every home game , the team turns to the student section to salute them by raising their helmets in the air . They do this after a win or after a loss . Then , the band plays the Alma Mater , `` Notre Dame , Our Mother '' . Those who stay link arms and sing the lyrics . Irish in the NFL ( edit ) Irish in the NFL NFL Draft Selections Total selected : 495 First picks in draft : 5 1st Round : 65 NFL Achievements In the Super Bowl : 49 Won the Super Bowl : 40 Hall of Famers : 13 Since the NFL began drafting players in 1936 , 495 Notre Dame football players have been selected by NFL teams . Additionally , Notre Dame has had 65 players selected in the first round of the NFL draft , including five overall number one picks . Of the 46 Super Bowls competed , only 14 teams have won the event without an Irish player on the roster . Looking at both participating team rosters , there have only been five Super Bowls that did not feature at least one former Notre Dame player on either team 's roster -- Denver vs. Atlanta , 1999 ; Dallas vs. Buffalo , 1994 ; Washington vs. Denver , 1988 ; Dallas vs. Denver , 1978 ; and Baltimore vs. Dallas , 1971 . Eleven former players have won multiple Super Bowls : Mark Bavaro , Rocky Bleier , Nick Buoniconti , Eric Dorsey , Dave Duerson , David Givens , Terry Hanratty , Bob Kuechenberg , Joe Montana , Steve Sylvester and Justin Tuck . Pro Football Hall of Fame ( edit ) Thirteen former Notre Dame players / alumni have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame , ranking it 1st of all College Football Programs . 1963 : Curly Lambeau -- Green Bay Packers 1919 -- 49 1963 : John McNally * -- Milwaukee Badgers 1925 -- 1926 , Duluth Eskimos 1926 -- 1927 , Pottsville Maroons 1928 , Green Bay Packers 1929 -- 1933 , 1935 -- 1936 , Pittsburgh Pirates ( Steelers ) 1934 , 1937 -- 1938 1964 : George Trafton -- Chicago Bears 1920 -- 32 1968 : Wayne Millner -- Boston and Washington Redskins 1936 -- 41 , 1945 1975 : George Connor -- Chicago Bears 1948 -- 55 1986 : Paul Hornung -- Green Bay Packers 1957 -- 62 , 1964 -- 66 1988 : Alan Page -- Minnesota Vikings 1967 -- 78 , Chicago Bears 1978 -- 81 2000 : Joe Montana -- San Francisco 49ers 1979 -- 92 , Kansas City Chiefs 1993 -- 94 2001 : Nick Buoniconti -- Boston Patriots 1962 -- 68 , Miami Dolphins 1969 -- 74 , 1976 2002 : Dave Casper -- Oakland Raiders 1974 -- 80 , Houston Oilers 1980 -- 83 , Minnesota Vikings 1983 2015 : Jerome Bettis -- Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams ( 1993 -- 1995 ) , Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 2015 : Tim Brown -- Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders ( 1988 -- 2003 ) , Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2004 ) 2016 : Edward J. DeBartolo Jr . -- Former San Francisco 49ers Owner , received B.A. from Notre Dame , inducted into Pro Hall of Fame in 2016 as a Contributor . * McNally graduated from St. John 's ( MN ) , but started his career at Notre Dame and is listed as a hall of famer under both schools in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Current NFL players ( edit ) As of 1 May 2018 Name Year Debuted Position Team George Atkinson III 2014 RB Kansas City Chiefs Sheldon Day 2016 DT Jacksonville Jaguars Tyler Eifert 2013 TE Cincinnati Bengals Matthias Farley 2016 Indianapolis Colts Anthony Fasano 2006 TE Miami Dolphins Michael Floyd 2012 WR Minnesota Vikings Will Fuller 2016 WR Houston Texans T.J. Jones 2012 WR Detroit Lions J.J. Jansen 2008 LS Carolina Panthers Deshone Kizer 2017 QB Cleveland Browns Ben Koyack 2015 TE Jacksonville Jaguars Nick Martin 2016 Houston Texans Zack Martin 2014 OG Dallas Cowboys Troy Niklas 2014 TE Arizona Cardinals Romeo Okwara 2016 DE New York Giants James Onwualu 2017 LB Los Angeles Chargers C.J. Prosise 2016 RB Seattle Seahawks Theo Riddick 2013 RB Detroit Lions Kyle Rudolph 2011 TE Minnesota Vikings KeiVarae Russell 2016 CB Cincinnati Bengals Harrison Smith 2012 Minnesota Vikings Jaylon Smith 2016 OLB Dallas Cowboys Ronnie Stanley 2016 OT Baltimore Ravens John Sullivan 2008 Los Angeles Rams Golden Tate WR Detroit Lions Manti Te'o 2013 LB New Orleans Saints Stephon Tuitt 2014 DE Pittsburgh Steelers Ishaq Williams 2016 DE / OLB New York Giants Sam Young OT Miami Dolphins Quenton Nelson 2018 OG Indianapolis Colts Mike McGlinchey 2018 OT San Francisco 49ers Durham Smythe 2018 TE Miami Dolphins Equanimeous St. Brown 2018 WR Green Bay Packers Nyles Morgan 2018 LB Chicago Bears Andrew Trumbetti 2018 DE Chicago Bears Media ( edit ) The Fighting Irish are unique among sports teams in the United States , as they are the only team , professional or college , to have all their games broadcast nationally on the radio , as well as the only team to have all of their home games broadcast nationally on television . Notre Dame famously left the College Football Association , a consortium that administered television broadcast rights on behalf of over 64 schools , in 1990 , in order to establish its own broadcasting deal with NBC . From 1968 to 2007 , Westwood One served as the official radio partner for the Irish , broadcasting their games for 40 consecutive years . Until the 2006 Air Force game , Notre Dame had a record 169 consecutive games broadcast nationally on either NBC , ABC , ESPN , or CBS . The 2006 ND vs. Air Force game was broadcast on CSTV , a college sports channel owned by CBS who had an exclusive contract with the Mountain West Conference , of which Air Force is a member . Television ( edit ) Main article : Notre Dame Football on NBC NBC has been televising Notre Dame Home football games since the 1991 season . The deal was considered to be a major coup for NBC , given the high popularity of Notre Dame football at the time . Notre Dame is the only FBS football team to have all of its home games televised exclusively by one television network . In addition to TV broadcasts , NBC also maintains several dedicated websites to ND football , and Notre Dame Central , which provides complete coverage , full game replays and commentary of the Notre Dame team . NBC 's television contract with Notre Dame was renewed in April 2013 and is set to continue through the 2025 football season . Current broadcast team ( edit ) Doug Flutie ( game analyst ) Mike Tirico ( play - by - play ) Radio ( edit ) Radio rights to the Fighting Irish are currently held by IMG Sports , who began a 10 - year deal with the team in 2008 . The new deal displaced its previous broadcast partner , Westwood One , who had broadcast Notre Dame football nationally on radio for 40 consecutive years ( after taking over from the Mutual Radio Network ) . Notre Dame ended its relationship with Westwood One at the conclusion of the 2007 football season citing financial reasons . IMG claims that the Notre Dame football broadcasts are carried by more affiliate stations than any other team ( professional or collegiate , and in ' any ' sport ) in North America . The game broadcasts are also carried on SiriusXM 's satellite radio and internet streaming services ( on the Catholic Channel ; two Catholic Channel hosts also produced a live broadcast from the official tailgate party prior to the 2017 USC game ) . Current broadcast team ( edit ) Don Criqui ( play - by - play ) -- 1974 -- 1976 , 2006 -- current Allen Pinkett ( color analyst ) Jeff Jeffers ( pre and post-game ) Former commentators ( edit ) Tony Roberts ( play - by - play ) -- 1980 -- 2005 Tom Pagna ( color analyst ) Pat Haden Ralph Guglielmi Lindsey Nelson Al Wester 1 Future Schedules ( edit ) Although the Notre Dame football program is not a full member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , it has an agreement to play an average of five ACC schools per season . In return Notre Dame has access to the non-College Football Playoff ACC bowl line - up . Notre Dame currently utilizes a format of six home games in South Bend , five away games , and one major metropolitan area neutral site `` Shamrock Series '' home game for scheduling . This includes preserving traditional yearly rivalries with USC , Stanford , and Navy , five rotating ACC opponents ( two away ACC games will coincide in even years with away games at Navy and three away ACC games will coincide in odd years with home games against Navy ) , two home and home series ( one home game and one away game ) , one one - time opponent home game , and the traveling `` Shamrock Series '' home game . 2018 ( edit ) Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 1 7 : 30 p.m. Michigan Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN ( Rivalry ) NBC September 8 3 : 30 p.m. Ball State Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 15 3 : 30 p.m. Vanderbilt Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 22 at Wake Forest BB&T Field Winston - Salem , NC ABC September 29 7 : 30 p.m. Stanford Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN ( Legends Trophy ) NBC October 6 at Virginia Tech Lane Stadium Blacksburg , VA ABC October 13 3 : 30 p.m. Pittsburgh Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN ( Rivalry ) NBC October 27 at Navy SDCCU Stadium San Diego , CA ( Rip Miller Trophy ) CBS November 3 at Northwestern Ryan Field Evanston , IL ( Rivalry ) Fox November 10 7 : 30 p.m. Florida State Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN ( Rivalry ) NBC November 17 2 : 30 p.m. vs. Syracuse Yankee Stadium Bronx , NY ( Shamrock Series ) NBC November 24 at USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA ( Jeweled Shillelagh ) ABC All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . The 2018 schedule was officially released on March 2 , 2017 . The game against Syracuse at Yankee Stadium has been designated as the Shamrock Series game for 2018 . 2019 ( edit ) Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 2 ( Labor Day ) at Louisville Papa John 's Cardinal Stadium Louisville , KY September 14 New Mexico Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 21 at Georgia Sanford Stadium Athens , GA September 28 Virginia Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October 5 Bowling Green Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October 12 USC Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October 26 at Michigan Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor , MI November 2 Virginia Tech Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 9 at Duke Wallace Wade Stadium Durham , NC November 16 Navy Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 23 Boston College Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 30 at Stanford Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . The 2019 schedule was officially released on March 2 , 2017 . One currently scheduled home game will be moved to a neutral site as part of the `` Shamrock Series '' -- TBA . 2020 ( edit ) Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 5 at Navy MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , NJ September 12 Arkansas Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 19 Western Michigan Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 26 at Wake Forest Bank of America Stadium Charlotte , NC October 3 vs. Wisconsin Lambeau Field Green Bay , WI ( Shamrock Series ) NBC October 10 Stanford Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 14 at Georgia Tech Bobby Dodd Stadium Atlanta , GA November 28 at USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA TBA Clemson Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Duke Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Louisville Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA at Pittsburgh Heinz Field Pittsburgh , PA All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . The neutral site game at Lambeau Field has been designated the Shamrock Series game . 2021 ( edit ) Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 6 ( Labor Day ) at Florida State Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL September 11 Toledo Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 18 Purdue Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 25 vs. Wisconsin Soldier Field Chicago , IL ( Shamrock Series ) NBC October 9 at Virginia Tech Lane Stadium Blacksburg , VA October USC Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 13 at Virginia Scott Stadium Charlottesville , VA November 20 Georgia Tech Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 27 at Stanford Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA TBA Navy Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA North Carolina Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . An additional 1 non-ACC home game will be scheduled -- TBA . The neutral site game at Soldier Field has been designated the Shamrock Series game , although television rights are owned and operated by the Big Ten Network . 2022 ( edit ) Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 3 at Ohio State Ohio Stadium Columbus , OH October 15 Stanford Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 26 at USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA TBA Boston College Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Clemson Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA at Navy TBA TBA TBA at North Carolina Kenan Memorial Stadium Chapel Hill , NC TBA at Syracuse Carrier Dome Syracuse , NY All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 4 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . 2023 ( edit ) Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 23 Ohio State Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October USC Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 25 at Stanford Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA TBA Navy Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Pittsburgh Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Wake Forest Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA at Clemson Memorial Stadium Clemson , SC TBA at Duke Wallace Wade Stadium Durham , NC TBA at Louisville Papa John 's Cardinal Stadium Louisville , KY TBA at North Carolina State Carter Finley Stadium Raleigh , NC All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 2 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . 2024 ( edit ) Date Time Opponent Site TV Result August 31 at Texas A&M Kyle Field College Station , TX September 14 at Purdue Ross -- Ade Stadium West Lafayette , IN October Stanford Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October 19 at Georgia Tech Bobby Dodd Stadium Atlanta , GA November 16 Virginia Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November at USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA TBA at Navy TBA TBA TBA Florida State Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Miami Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . 2025 ( edit ) Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 20 Purdue Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 27 Texas A&M Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October 4 at Arkansas Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium Fayetteville , AR October USC Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November at Stanford Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA TBA Navy Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA NC State Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Syracuse Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA at Boston College Alumni Stadium Chestnut Hill , MA TBA at Miami Hard Rock Stadium Miami Gardens , FL TBA at Pittsburgh Heinz Field Pittsburgh , PA All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : One additional non-ACC home game will be scheduled . 2026 ( edit ) Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 26 at Purdue Ross -- Ade Stadium West Lafayette , IN October Stanford Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October 17 Virginia Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November at USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA TBA at Navy TBA TBA TBA Louisville Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Syracuse Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA at Florida State Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL TBA at North Carolina Kenan Memorial Stadium Chapel Hill , NC All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . 2027 ( edit ) Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 4 Purdue Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October USC Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November at Stanford Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA TBA Navy Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Georgia Tech Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Virginia Tech Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA at Clemson Memorial Stadium Clemson , SC TBA at Duke Wallace Wade Stadium Durham , NC TBA at Wake Forest BB&T Field Winston Salem , NC All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC games will be scheduled ( 2 home and 1 away ) . 2028 ( edit ) Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 2 Alabama Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 23 at Purdue Ross -- Ade Stadium West Lafayette , IN October Stanford Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November at USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA TBA at Navy TBA TBA TBA Boston College Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Clemson Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Miami Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA at Pittsburgh Heinz Field Pittsburgh , PA TBA at Virginia Tech Lane Stadium Blacksburg , VA All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . 2029 ( edit ) Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 1 at Alabama Bryant - Denny Stadium Tuscaloosa , AL October USC Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November at Stanford Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA TBA Navy Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Georgia Tech Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Wake Forest Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA at Florida State Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL TBA at North Carolina State Carter Finley Stadium Raleigh , NC TBA at Syracuse Carrier Dome Syracuse , NY All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame Stadium '' . Notre Dame Fighting Irish . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Football 2017 Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . University of Notre Dame . 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Richard ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Native Athletes in Sport & Society : A Reader '' . U of Nebraska Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . Archives.buffalotribune.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . Archives.buffalotribune.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A True ` Game Of The Century ' '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . Archives.buffalotribune.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . Archives.buffalotribune.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . Archives.buffalotribune.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lechman , Don ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Notre Dame vs. USC : The Rivalry '' . Arcadia Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` 1933 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` University of Kansas Athletics '' . University of Kansas . ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Upset special : With Rockne gone , Irish took a Michigan - like tumble - USATODAY.com '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame -- Purdue Football Rivalry History / / UHND.com '' . August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Notre Dame Scholastic : Volume 67 '' ( PDF ) . Archives.nd.edu . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lechman , Don ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Notre Dame vs. USC : The Rivalry '' . Arcadia Publishing -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Elmer Layden Bio : : Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Elmer Layden Dead '' . Nytimes.com . July 1 , 1973 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elmer Layden Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ohio State - Notre Dame series is nothing if not unique - FOX Sports '' . January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dame , ENR / / MarComm : Web / / University of Notre . `` Notre Dame 's First `` Game of the Century , '' 1935 / / Moments / / 125 Football / / University of Notre Dame `` . 125.nd.edu . Jump up ^ `` 1938 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame vs. USC : : The Rivalry '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Poll.com '' . Collegefootballpoll.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Football : : Depth Chart : : SCW '' . Stevencwelsh.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dame , ENR / PAZ / / University Communications : Web / / University of Notre . `` Domers in the news / / News / / Notre Dame Magazine / / University of Notre Dame '' . magazine.nd.edu . Jump up ^ Kryk , John ( August 20 , 2007 ) . `` Natural Enemies : Major College Football 's Oldest , Fiercest Rivalry - Michigan vs. Notre Dame '' . Taylor Trade Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame vs. Michigan - Notre Dame Archives News & Notes '' . Archives.nd.edu . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greer , Joel . `` Michigan vs. Notre Dame Gridiron Feud Dates Back to 1909 '' . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Irish Football Wins : 1941 - 1963 '' . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Vs. Michigan Postgame Notes '' . Jump up ^ Collins , Michael . `` The Notre Dame - Michigan Rivalry : `` To Hell with Notre Dame '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Leahy Bio : : Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Jump up ^ `` Frank Leahy : A Coach For Two Schools '' . Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found - Custom 404 - Official Site of the Allstate Sugar Bowl '' . Allstatesugarbowl.org . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 Sugar Bowl Tennessee vs Boston College '' . August 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` College Football Hall of Famers : Frank `` The Master '' Leahy `` . Collegefootball.org . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Leahy Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` HISTORICAL DEBATE : THE ' 53 FAINTING IRISH '' . Jump up ^ `` Heisman Trophy '' . Heisman.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Memories '' . Jump up ^ `` Hawkeye Flashback : 1953 Notre Dame '' . January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dame , ENR / / MarComm : Web / / University of Notre . `` Frank Leahy Joins The Navy / / Moments / / 125 Football / / University of Notre Dame '' . 125.nd.edu . Jump up ^ `` Ed McKeever Bio : : Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Jump up ^ `` 1944 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Cornell Daily Sun 19 September 1950 -- The Cornell Daily Sun '' . cdsun.library.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ `` 1945 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holland , Gerald . `` SUBJECT : FRANK LEAHY '' . Jump up ^ Carew , Wally ( September 1 , 2012 ) . `` A Farewell to Glory : The Rise and Fall of an Epic Football Rivalry Boston College Vs. Holy Cross '' . Xlibris Corporation -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` BlueAndGold.com - Notre Dame & Father Hesburgh : A Centennial Remembered '' . May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gildea , William ; Jennison , Christopher ( 1976 ) . The Fighting Irish : Notre Dame Football Through the Years . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 314641 - 3 Jump up ^ Dame , ENR / PAZ / / University Communications : Web / / University of Notre . `` Notre Dame Football : The Indisputable Importance of Saturday / / News / / Notre Dame Magazine / / University of Notre Dame '' . magazine.nd.edu . ^ Jump up to : `` Terry Brennan Bio : : Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . Jump up ^ `` Terry Brennan named Norte Dame coach ... '' Rarenewspapers.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Brennan Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Football Archives : : Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dame , ENR / / MarComm : Web / / University of Notre . `` Notre Dame 's Fifth Heisman Trophy : Paul Hornung ( 1956 ) / / Moments / / 125 Football / / University of Notre Dame '' . 125.nd.edu . ^ Jump up to : `` Heisman Trophy '' . Heisman.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reliving the end of OU 's 47 - game win streak '' . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . Jump up ^ Boyles , Bob ; Guido , Paul ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` The USA Today College Football Encyclopedia '' . Skyhorse Publishing Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . Jump up ^ `` Joe Kuharich Bio : : Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Stats '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Thomas ( September 27 , 1981 ) . `` Joe Kuharich Dies ; Coached Eagles , Irish '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Kuharich Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . Jump up ^ `` The enigma of the interim coach '' . Jump up ^ `` Magical 1964 Season Marked Debut Of The Era Of Ara '' . 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College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heisman Trophy '' . Heisman.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Cliff Brown '' . Espn.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . Archives.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dan Devine Dies At Age 77 '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pomarico , Frank ; Serafin , Raymond ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Ara 's Knights : Ara Parseghian and the Golden Era of Notre Dame Football '' . Triumph Books -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Russell , Marvin A. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Linebacker in the Boardroom : Lessons in Life and Leadership '' . Marvin A. Russell -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Dan Devine Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic - Devine led Notre Dame to national title '' . Espn.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 COTTON BOWL : Notre Dame 38 - Texas 10 '' ( PDF ) . Grfx.cstv.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lore Of The Green Jersey '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dame , ENR / / MarComm : Web / / University of Notre . `` The Block / / Moments / / 125 Football / / University of Notre Dame '' . 125.nd.edu . ^ Jump up to : Jr , Gordon S. White ( September 16 , 1979 ) . `` Notre Dame Wins by 12 ‐ 10 ; Blocks Late Michigan Kick '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nd - michigan : ` A Special One '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : KUPPER , MIKE ( May 10 , 2002 ) . `` Dan Devine , 77 ; Hall of Fame Football Coach '' -- via LA Times . ^ Jump up to : Feinstein , John ( November 12 , 1980 ) . `` DAN DEVINE & '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Missouri vs Notre Dame '' . Saturdaydownsouth.com . June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` September 9 , 1978 : Mizzou 3 , Notre Dame 0 '' . Rockmnation.com . May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` University of Minnesota Duluth - UMD Athletic Hall of Fame '' . Umdbulldogs.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CROWE , JERRY ( November 24 , 2008 ) . `` For him , the Notre Dame job was a Faustian bargain '' -- via LA Times . ^ Jump up to : Jacon - Duffy , Marais ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` From the Vault : ' The Bold Experiment ' with Gerry Faust , Notre Dame and Moeller High School '' . Wcpo.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gerry Faust Coaching Record '' . Sports-reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hersch , Hank . `` FAUST : FROM THE GIPPER TO THE ZIPPERS '' . Si.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Even At Akron , Faust Is Faust '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alfano , Peter ( April 4 , 1986 ) . `` Gerry Faust Starts Over With Akron '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lou Holtz Bio : : Notre Dame Football '' . Und.Com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results College Football at '' . Sports-reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 Notre Dame Football Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . University of Notre Dame . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Holtz Coaching Record College Football at '' . Sports-reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results College Football at '' . Sports-reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Brown Bio : : Notre Dame Football '' . Und.Com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heisman Trophy '' . Heisman.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Upset By Notre Dame '' . NYTimes.com . September 13 , 1987 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COLLEGE FOOTBALL -- BROWN RUNS 71 AND 66 FOR IRISH '' . NYTimes.com . September 20 , 1987 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ . ( September 25 , 1987 ) . `` Irish Can ` t Look Back Vs. Purdue '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Stunned By Pitt , Lose Andrysiak e '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . October 11 , 1987 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COLLEGE FOOTBALL : Notre Dame 's Ground Attack Brings Down Air Force , 35 -- 14 '' . Articles.latimes.com . October 18 , 1987 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NOTRE DAME IS GOLDEN AGAIN '' . September 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Football '' . Und.Com . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame - Boston College : Gridiron Intensity : : Notre Dame Football '' . Und.Com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Alabama vs Notre Dame '' . Saturdaydownsouth.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AP ( November 22 , 1987 ) . `` COLLEGE FOOTBALL -- Penn State Stops Notre Dame , 21 -- 20 '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Is Too Much for Irish : Hurricanes Put the Big Hit on Brown & Co. , 24 -- 0 -- latimes '' . Articles.latimes.com . November 29 , 1987 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerald Eskenazi ( January 2 , 1988 ) . `` Cotton Bowl -- Aggies Top Irish By 35 -- 10 '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Follansbee honors legendary coach Lou Holtz News , Sports , Jobs -- The Times Leader '' . Timesleaderonline.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pam Prevatte . `` Woodruff native says ex-Notre Dame coach could turn it all around -- News -- GoUpstate -- Spartanburg , SC '' . GoUpstate.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Heisler ; Tim Prister . Always Fighting Irish : Players , Coaches , and Fans Share Their Passion for ... Books.google.com . p. 314 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bowl Championship Series -- Flashback : Notre Dame - USC 1988 '' . Espn.com . December 13 , 2002 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( November 27 , 1988 ) . `` SPORTS OF THE TIMES ; Lou Holtz of Notre Dame Raps the Gavel Again '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tardy Irish Learn : Don ` t Tick Off Holtz '' . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Catholics vs. Convicts ' Miami Hurricanes Notre Dame Fighting Irish is such a memorable game '' . Espn.com . December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIESTA BOWL : NOTRE DAME 34 , WEST VIRGINIA 21 : DREAM IS SHATTERED : Lackluster Play , Harris ' Injury Keep Mountaineers From Realizing Their Goal '' . Articles.latimes.com . October 18 , 2003 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results College Football at '' . Sports-reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Randy ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Notre Dame Football : Comparing 1988 Championship Team to Brian Kelly 's 2012 Unit '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HOLTZ SAYS NOTRE DAME AS WORTHY OF NO . 1 AS ANY IF IT TOPS COLORADO '' . Deseret News . December 1 , 1990 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings ` Official Wants Holtz -- tribunedigital - chicagotribune '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . November 20 , 1991 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Holtz -- The Enquirer -- November 19 , 1996 '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . November 19 , 1996 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerald Eskenazi ( November 24 , 1996 ) . `` ' New York Jets Go Rolling Along ' '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results College Football at '' . Sports-reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish vs. Virginia In Kickoff Classic '' . NYTimes.com . January 18 , 1989 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moran , Malcolm ( September 14 , 1989 ) . `` Holtz , With No. 1 Team , Worries About No. 2 '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Moran ( September 17 , 1989 ) . `` COLLEGE FOOTBALL -- Ismail Leads Notre Dame Past Michigan '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame -- Michigan State Football Rivalry '' . Uhnd.com . August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame -- Purdue Football Rivalry History '' . Uhnd.com . August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph Tybor ( October 8 , 1989 ) . `` Notre Dame 27 , Stanford 17 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 Notre Dame Uses Rocket to Blast Air Force Out of Path '' . LA Times . October 15 , 1989 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USC vs ND memories : 1989 -- USC Trojans '' . ESPN . October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laurel Leader Call Newspaper Archives , Oct 30 , 1989 , p. 10& # 124 '' . Newspaperarchive.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Und.Com . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Show Mercy in 59 -- 6 Win -- latimes '' . Articles.latimes.com . November 12 , 1989 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Beat Penn State , 34 -- 23 , to Run Winning Streak to 23 : Notre Dame : Blair Thomas ' 133 yards and two touchdowns are n't enough as the Nittany Lion defense gives up 425 yards on the ground '' . Articles.latimes.com . November 19 , 1989 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Exacts Its Revenge , 27 -- 10 : Hurricanes : Seventh - ranked squad ends Notre Dame 's winning streak and reign as top - ranked team '' . Articles.latimes.com . November 26 , 1989 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1990s -- History Orange Bowl '' . Game.orangebowl.org . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results College Football at '' . Sports-reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic -- Classic Michigan vs. Notre Dame '' . Espn.com . November 19 , 2003 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lou Somogyi . `` BlueAndGold.com -- Notre Dame - Michigan State : Top Five Moments For Fighting Irish '' . Notredame.rivals.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Und.Com . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Wilbon ( October 7 , 1990 ) . `` Irish Run Out of Miracles : College football : Stanford upsets No. 1 Notre Dame , 36 -- 31 , when last pass is dropped in end zone . Vardell scores four touchdowns '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Football Travels To Notre Dame -- Air Force Academy Athletics Official Athletic Site Air Force Academy Athletics Official Athletic Site -- Football '' . Goairforcefalcons.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matt Smith ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Notre Dame vs. Miami : A Retrospective of the Storied Rivalry '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norman Bone Football Program Index '' . Archives.nd.edu . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Notre Dame Navy Football Rivalry '' . Uhnd.com . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Notre Dame vs Tennessee '' . Saturdaydownsouth.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish in the Right Places at the Right Times , 34 -- 29 : Notre Dame : Seniors step forward in beating Tennessee . Smith 's interception near goal line thwarts comeback '' . Articles.latimes.com . February 1 , 1994 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Moran ( November 18 , 1990 ) . `` College Football -- Penn St. Shocks Notre Dame '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Traditional Defeat for USC : Trojans : Notre Dame defense sparks eighth consecutive victory in series , 10 -- 6 '' . Articles.latimes.com . November 25 , 1990 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Moran ( January 2 , 1991 ) . `` Top - Ranked Colorado Holds Off Notre Dame '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . Sports-reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Und.Com . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joe Boozell ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Notre Dame - Michigan : Top five games of one of college football 's most historic rivalries '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COLLEGE FOOTBALL -- MIDWEST -- Notre Dame Nets 650 Yards '' . NYTimes.com . September 22 , 1991 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Football Game Notes -- vs. Northern Illinois -- Purdue University Official Athletic Site '' . Purduesports.Com . September 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USC Will Try to Extend Dominance of Stanford '' . Articles.latimes.com . October 19 , 1991 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Post-Gazette from Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania on October 14 , 1991 Page 31 '' . Newspapers.com . October 14 , 1991 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bettis Leads the Irish Over Air Force , 28 -- 15 '' . Articles.latimes.com . May 9 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Case of the Bends : Lou Holtz Loved Notre Dame 's Stage , but Roller Coaster Season May Have Been Too Much for Him -- Page 2 '' . Articles.latimes.com . November 29 , 1996 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mirer , Notre Dame pass Navy in icy , 38 -- 0 breeze Chaump cuts off run '' . Articles.baltimoresun.com . November 3 , 1991 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moran , Malcolm ( November 10 , 1991 ) . `` COLLEGE FOOTBALL -- Tennessee Rallies To Stun The Irish '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph Tybor ( November 17 , 1991 ) . `` Penn State Pummels Notre Dame '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Holds Off Hawaii , 48 -- 42 '' . Articles.latimes.com . December 1 , 1991 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Game Recap / Allstate Sugar Bowl '' . Allstatesugarbowl.org . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . Sports-reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Rockets Past Northwestern : Notre Dame : Miller , expected to fill role of Ismail , scores on 70 - yard pass play in 42 -- 7 victory '' . Articles.latimes.com . September 6 , 1992 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moran , Malcolm ( September 13 , 1992 ) . `` COLLEGE FOOTBALL -- Notre Dame and Michigan Sputter at the End to a 17 -- 17 Tie '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame 52 , Michigan St. 31 -- UPI Archives '' . Upi.com . September 19 , 1992 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame 48 , Purdue 0 -- UPI Archives '' . Upi.com . September 26 , 1992 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill Dwyre ( October 4 , 1992 ) . `` Stanford Overcomes Irish , 33 -- 16 '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Call , Jeff ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` BYU football : Cougars do have some game history with Notre Dame '' . Deseret News . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame vs. Navy : : The Rivalry '' . Und.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph Tybor ( November 8 , 1992 ) . `` Notre Dame Bashes Bc In 54 -- 7 Rout '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . 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Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CFB Data Warehouse Notre Dame Recognized National Champions '' . cfbdatawarehouse.com `` . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2003 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ncaa.com : Championship History '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Championship History - FBS '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame is still No. 1 , according to one BCS computer '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame AP Football Poll Summary -- College Poll Archive -- Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings '' . collegepollarchive.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The All - Time Team -- Compiled by Ted Gangi and Josh Yonis '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` NOTRE DAME WINS 2017 JOE MOORE AWARD AS MOST OUTSTANDING OFFENSIVE LINE UNIT '' . Joe Moore Award . December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Research : Notre Dame now first in all - time winning percentage '' . CFR . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Drafted Players / Alumni '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Division I-A All Time Wins '' . cfbdatawarehouse.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2004 . Retrieved April 15 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Division I-A All Time Wins and Losses by games played '' . cfbdatawarehouse.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Yearly Totals '' . cfbdatawarehouse.com . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2003 . Retrieved December 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Manti Te'o Named 33rd Unanimous All - American in School History '' . und.com . October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Notre Dame '' . Collegefootball.org . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Zorich Named To College Football Hall of Fame '' . und.com . May 9 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` University of Notre Dame -- Best College -- Education -- US News '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Derrick Z. ( December 6 , 2006 ) . `` College football 's winners and losers '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame 's NCAA - record 43 - game win streak over Navy ends '' . espn.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Day in History 1957 : Notre Dame ends Oklahoma record winning streak '' . history.com . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FCS foes are weak , not cheap '' . U-T San Diego . September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 vs. No. 2 '' . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pete Fiutak ; Richard Cirminiello ; John Harris ; Matthew Zemek ( August 28 , 2006 ) . `` CFN 's Tuesday Question -- The All - Time Greatest Regular Season Games '' . sportingnews.com . scout.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Walters , John ( July 21 , 2004 ) . Notre Dame Golden Moments . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 59186 - 042 - 3 . Jump up ^ Games Where # 1 Faced # 2 Archived August 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( kiko13.com ) Jump up ^ Unknown , Unknown ( November 3 , 1913 ) . `` TEAMS SHOWING MORE OPEN PLAY ; Notre Dame 's Game Proves Great Possibilities of the Forward Pass '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Helwagen , Steve ( December 11 , 2005 ) . `` OSU - ND 1935 : `` The Game of the Century '' `` . scout.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gietschier , Steve ( September 25 , 1995 ) . `` Awakening the echoes . ( Notre Dame - Ohio State football ) '' . sportingnews.com . encyclopedia.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Whittingham , Richard ( 2001 ) . `` 6 '' . Rites of autumn : the story of college football . New York : The Free Press . pp. 148 -- 183 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2219 - 9 . It was surely the game of the year , and many have said it was the college football game of the century Jump up ^ `` The New York Times : This Day in Sports : Irish Spoil the Sooner 's Party '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mike Celzic . The Biggest Game of Them All : Notre Dame , Michigan State and the Fall of 1966 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 75817 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bob Boyles & Paul Guido ( September 1 , 2005 ) . Fifty Years of College Football . Sideline Communications . ISBN 0 - 9755684 - 0 - X . Jump up ^ Burns , Marty ( July 17 , 2007 ) . `` Catholics vs. Convicts The Irish pulled out a gritty win over a bitter foe '' . si.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2007 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` College football 's best of the last 20 years '' . usatoday.com . November 19 , 2002 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mike Duffy & Andrew Heitner ( November 19 , 1993 ) . `` Irish win game of the century '' . The Tech ( MIT Newspaper ) . mit.edu . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame 's NCAA - record 43 - game win streak over Navy ends '' . ESPN . November 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pete Fiutak ; Richard Cirminiello ; John Harris ; Matthew Zemek ( September 5 , 2006 ) . `` Tuesday Question ... The Ten Greatest Bowl Games of All - Time '' . sportingnews.com . scout.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2006 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The List : Greatest bowl games '' . espn.com . espn.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Win percentage computation form '' . stassen.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Historical Data '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2002 . Retrieved June 28 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Dan ( 1969 ) . `` Knute Rockne Would Have Agreed , Ara '' . Sports Illustrated . Time - Life , Inc. 31 ( 26 ) : 26 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` With Chicago next , Notre Dame ' Shamrock Series ' games here to stay '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reevaluate the Shamrock Series -- Viewpoint -- The Observer -- University of Notre Dame and Saint Mary 's College '' . October 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame 's Shamrock Series adds flavor to neutral - site games '' . Irish247 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ patrick_hayes . `` Notre Dame 's Jack Swarbrick : New Uniforms Will Give Special Feel To ' Shamrock Series ' Games '' . SB Nation Chicago . Vox Media . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Heisman Trophy vote totals '' . Al.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Maxwell Award Collegiate Player of the Year : Past Recipients '' . The Maxwell Football Club . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Maxwell Award College Player of the Year : Brady Quinn , University of Notre Dame '' . The Maxwell Football Club . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Camp Football Foundation Awards ( Page 3 ) '' . The Walter Camp Foundation . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walter Camp Football Foundation Awards ( Page 2 ) '' . The Walter Camp Football Foundation , Inc . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners '' . The Golden Arm Foundation . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAMMY BAUGH TROPHY RECIPIENTS '' . Touchdown Club of Columbus . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tate Wins Biletnikoff Award , Named Walter Camp First Team All - American '' . University of Notre Dame . December 10 , 2009 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Eifert of Notre Dame Named 2012 John Mackey Award Recipient '' . johnmackeyaward.org . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Butkus Award Past Winners '' . thebutkusaward.com . December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame 's Te'o wins Butkus Award '' . chicagotribune.com . December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Butkus Award Past Winners '' . thebutkusaward.com . December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners & Finalists '' . Rotary Club of Houston . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ REPORTER ( December 9 , 2012 ) . `` College football : Notre Dame 's Manti Te'o wins Lott Trophy '' . DeseretNews.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame linebacker Manti Te'o wins Bronko Nagurski Award for nation 's top defensive player '' . The Washington Post . December 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ALL - TIME OUTLAND TROPHY WINNERS '' . Football Writers Association of America . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brady Quinn Selected as Cingular All - America Player of the Year '' . University of Notre Dame . January 9 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Stanley Named 2015 Polynesian College Football Player of the Year '' . University of Notre Dame . December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul `` Bear '' Bryant College Football Coaching Awards '' ( PDF ) . The American Heart Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award '' . Football Writers Association of America . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame 's Brian Kelly wins Eddie Robinson Award '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tyrone Willingham Named Home Depot National Coach of the Year '' . UND.cstv.com . December 9 , 2002 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ralph D. Russo ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Kelly named coach of the year '' . Fort Wayne Journal - Gazette . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Krausz , Tony ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Brian Kelly named Walter Camp Coach of the Year '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coach of the Year '' . coachoftheyear.com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2002 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brady , James ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Notre Dame 's Kelly wins AP coach of the year '' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Diaco Captures Broyles Award As Nation 's Top Assistant Coach '' . UND.cstv.com . December 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Famers '' . collegefootball.org . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Football Team to Wear Throwback Uniforms Against USC '' . cstv.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ND Archives : All - Time Roster '' . und.cstv.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News College Football Cathedrals '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2001 . Retrieved January 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Ten Greatest College Football Rivalries '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2007 . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Walters , John ( October 13 , 2005 ) . `` Does it get any better than this ? '' . si.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Marden , Keith ; Spellen , Mark Donovan , Jim ( 2001 ) . The Notre Dame Football Encyclopedia : The Ultimate Guide to America 's Favorite College Team . Citadel . pp. 232 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2108 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ https://www.ncaa.com/history/football/fbs Jump up ^ http://www.herloyalsons.com/blog/2012/09/19/the-hand-that-rocks-the-cradle-why-we-hate-michigan/ Jump up ^ Fortune , Matt ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` ND - Michigan to end after 2014 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Celzic . The Biggest Game of Them All : Notre Dame , Michigan State and the Fall of 1966 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 75817 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gano , Rick ( September 17 , 2011 ) . `` Irish get first win , beat No. 15 Spartans 31 -- 13 '' . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 Notre Dame Media Guide : Introduction Part I ( Page 10 -- Football Weekend at ND ) '' . und.cstv.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Traditions : Notre Dame Player Walk '' . Jump up ^ `` Father Thesing to serve as Notre Dame football team chaplain '' . Jump up ^ Katzmann , Kristy ( Fall 2000 ) . `` Tim McCarthy adds puns to football announcements : Football announcer punches it up '' . Notre Dame Magazine . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McCarthy to Deliver One Final Live Safety Message At Notre Dame - Massachusetts Football Game Saturday '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame NFL Draft History by numbers '' . drafthistory.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Tuck Stars in Super Bowl Again As Giants Top Patriots For Second Time in Four Years '' . UND.cstv.com . February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by College '' . profootballhof.com . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2008 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame catches USC in Pro Football Hall of Famers '' . collegefootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John ( Blood ) McNally '' . profootballhof.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Football Travels to Notre Dame '' . goairforcefalcons.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` If Roberts has anything to say , he 'll rejoin Irish '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` N.D. - Air Force not on major network -- Notre Dame Central -- MSNBC.com '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MSNBC -- Notre Dame Central -- Stay Current with Notre Dame Football Scores , Schedule , Match - ups & Breaking News -- MSNBC.com Front Page '' . Nbcsports.msnbc.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Keith . `` Notre Dame and NBC Sports renew partnership '' . nbcsports.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame And ISP Join To Produce Football Radio Network '' . und.cstv.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` I GET CAUGHT IN A WEB OF LIES ! '' . jenniferfulwiler.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank . `` Notre Dame to the ACC , football not included ... but football will have ACC feel to it '' . Yahoo ! sports . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Eric . `` Swarbrick offers updates on hot topics '' . South Bend Tribune . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Brian ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` With Chicago next , Notre Dame ' Shamrock Series ' games here to stay '' . ChicagoTribune.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lazerus , Mark . `` Notre Dame drops Michigan from football schedule '' . suntimes.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Allen . `` Observer Exclusive : Swarbrick discusses eventful fall semester '' . The Observer . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2012 . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Swarbrick Press Conference Transcript -- Notre Dame Announces 2014 -- 2016 Schedules '' . und.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Release Football Schedules Through 2016 '' . nd.edu . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Keith . `` It 's Official : Notre Dame - Michigan Set for 2018 , 2019 '' . nbcsports.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Keith . `` Notre Dame , Ball State set to meet in 2018 '' . Inside the Irish . nbcsports.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fortuna , Matt . `` ACC , Notre Dame announce opponents through 2025 '' . espn.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston College Series '' . gostanford.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fortuna , Matt . `` Notre Dame - Navy to meet in SanDiego in 2018 '' . espn.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huston , Chris . `` USC extends series with Notre Dame , adds BYU to future schedule '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Douglas . `` ND releases 2017 home game times and channels as well as the ' 18 , ' 19 schedules '' . Irish.nbcsports.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fortuna , Matt . `` Bob Davie 's return ? New Mexico to visit Notre Dame in ' 19 '' . espn.go.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame and Georgia to Play Pair of Football Games '' . und.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Did Notre Dame Schedule Itself Into a Problem in ' 18 / 19 ? '' . uhnd.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Navy - Notre Dame playing at MetLife Stadium in 2020 '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame and Arkansas Set Two - Game Football Series '' . und.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Somogyi , Lou . `` Report : Notre Dame To Host Western Michigan In 2020 '' . notredame.rivals.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest football team to play Notre Dame in 2020 in Charlotte '' . TheCharlotteObserver.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame Schedules Wisconsin In 2020 & 2021 '' . und.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Notre Dame And Georgia Tech Agree To Schedule Change '' . NotreDame.Rivals.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rittenberg , Adam . `` Notre Dame - Wisconsin matchups to be played at Lambeau Field , Soldier Field '' . espn.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toledo to Play at Notre Dame in 2021 '' . utrockets.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winn , Andrew . `` Notre Dame Football : Irish Drop Game With Purdue Boilermakers , Add Two More '' . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Future Football Schedules '' . Hokiesports.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virginia Future Football Schedules '' . VirginiaSports.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Future Football Opponents '' . Ramblinwreck.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Navy , Notre Dame to meet at Redskins ' home in 2014 '' . SI.com . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame , Ohio State Reach Agreement for Football Games in 2022 and 2023 '' . und.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame , Texas A&M announce home - and - home for 2024 -- 25 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Future Football Opponents '' . Ramblinwreck.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ATLANTIC COAST CONFERENCE , NOTRE DAME ANNOUNCE FUTURE FOOTBALL MATCHUPS '' . theACC.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sallee , Barrett . `` Notre Dame and Alabama schedule home - and - home college football series in 2028 and 2029 '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sallee , Barrett . `` Notre Dame and Alabama schedule home - and - home college football series in 2028 and 2029 '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Notre Dame Fighting Irish football Venues Cartier Field ( 1889 -- 1928 ) Soldier Field ( 1929 ) Notre Dame Stadium ( 1930 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Emerald Isle Classic Army Boston College : Holy War Michigan Michigan State Navy Northwestern Pittsburgh Purdue Stanford USC Culture & lore All - time series results History Band of the Fighting Irish Irish Guard Notre Dame Box Notre Dame Leprechaun `` Notre Dame , Our Mother '' `` Notre Dame Victory March '' Play Like a Champion Today Subway Alumni T formation Tall Grass Game 1946 `` Game of the Century '' 1966 `` Game of the Century '' Catholics vs. Convicts 1993 `` Game of the Century '' Bush Push Navy ends the drought Knute Rockne , All American Notre Dame Football on NBC Rudy People Head coaches Starting quarterbacks Four Horsemen NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Links to related articles University of Notre Dame Located in : Notre Dame , Indiana Topics Alumni History Campus Congregation of Holy Cross Notre Dame , Indiana Commencement Schools and Colleges College of Arts and Letters College of Engineering College of Science Law School Mendoza College of Business School of Architecture Academics Center for the Study of Religion and Society Environmental Research Center History of Science Society Journal of Legislation Medieval Institute Notre Dame Journal of Law , Ethics & Public Policy Notre Dame OpenCourseWare ESTEEM Program Driehaus Architecture Prize American Midland Naturalist Campus buildings Basilica of the Sacred Heart Bond Hall Cartier Field Compton Family Ice Arena Edmund P. Joyce Center Fire Department Frank Eck Stadium Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes LaFortune Student Center Legends of Notre Dame Log Chapel Main Building Notre Dame Fieldhouse Notre Dame Stadium Snite Museum of Art Stepan Center Hesburgh Library Washington Hall Residence halls Residence halls Alumni Badin Breen - Phillips Carroll Cavanaugh Dillon Duncan Dunne Farley Fisher Flaherty Howard Keenan Keough Knott Lewis Lyons McGlinn Morrissey Old College O'Neill Pasquerilla East Pasquerilla West Ryan Siegfried Sorin Stanford St. Edward 's Walsh Welsh Family Zahm Athletics Bengal Bouts Football Jeweled Shillelagh Leprechaun Baseball Men 's Basketball Men 's Ice Hockey Men 's Lacrosse Men 's Soccer Rugby Football Club Women 's Basketball Women 's Soccer UConn -- Notre Dame rivalry Bookstore Basketball Culture and the arts Band of the Fighting Irish Irish Guard Laetare Medal Molarity comic strip Notre Dame Collegiate Jazz Festival Notre Dame Glee Club `` Notre Dame , Our Mother '' ( Alma mater ) Notre Dame Review Notre Dame Symphony Orchestra `` Notre Dame Victory March '' ( Fight song ) Scholastic Shakespeare Festival University of Notre Dame Press WNDU - TV WSND - FM Notre Dame Queer Film Festival Campus art Edward F. Sorin ( statue ) Chaplain Corby of Gettysburg Christ and the Samaritan Woman Notre Dame Old Fieldhouse Key people Fr . Edward Sorin Fr . Theodore Hesburgh Knute Rockne Fr . John Zahm Fr . Edward Malloy Fr . Julius Nieuwland Dan Devine Frank Leahy Ara Parseghian Lou Holtz John I. Jenkins NCAA Division I FBS independents Current teams Army Black Knights BYU Cougars Massachusetts Minutemen Notre Dame Fighting Irish Future teams Liberty Flames ( starting in 2018 ) New Mexico State Aggies ( starting in 2018 ) Former teams List of former NCAA Division I-A / FBS Independent teams Seasons All - time standings Bowl Championship Series Conferences ACC American ( formerly the Big East ) Big 12 Big Ten Pac - 12 SEC Notre Dame Bowls Fiesta Orange Rose Sugar BCS National Championship Other Controversies Media coverage Playoff debate Automatic qualifier if ranked in top eight Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football&oldid=839378101 '' Categories : Notre Dame Fighting Irish football Sports clubs established in 1887 1887 establishments in Indiana Soldier Field Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Use mdy dates from January 2018 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 01 : 41 . 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when's the last time notre dame won a national championship
[ "The NCAA does not list 1938 and 1953 but does recognize 1919 and 1964, making Notre Dame a national champion selection in thirteen seasons: 1919, 1924, 1929, 1930, 1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1964, 1966, 1973, 1977, 1988.[536]" ]
[ "1988" ]
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Port St. Lucie, Florida
Port St. Lucie , Florida - wikipedia Port St. Lucie , Florida Jump to : navigation , search Port St. Lucie City City of Port St. Lucie PGA Golf Club in Port St. Lucie Motto : A City for All Ages Location in St. Lucie County and the state of Florida U.S. Census Map Coordinates : 27 ° 16 ′ 33 '' N 80 ° 21 ′ 18 '' W  /  27.27583 ° N 80.35500 ° W  / 27.27583 ; - 80.35500 Coordinates : 27 ° 16 ′ 33 '' N 80 ° 21 ′ 18 '' W  /  27.27583 ° N 80.35500 ° W  / 27.27583 ; - 80.35500 Country United States State Florida County St. Lucie Incorporated April 27 , 1903 Government Mayor Greg Oravec Area City 120.51 sq mi ( 312.11 km ) Land 118.89 sq mi ( 307.92 km ) Water 1.62 sq mi ( 4.19 km ) Elevation 16 ft ( 5 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 164,603 Estimate ( 2016 ) 185,132 Rank US : 142nd Density 1,557.18 / sq mi ( 601.23 / km ) Urban 376,047 ( US : 101st ) Metro 438,095 ( US : 116th ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) FIPS code 12 - 58715 GNIS feature ID 0308089 Website City of Port St. Lucie Port St. Lucie is a city in St. Lucie County , Florida , United States . It is the most populous municipality in the county with a population of 164,603 at the 2010 census due to its rapid growth during the 2000s . In 2013 , the state of Florida estimated the city 's population at 171,016. Port St. Lucie forms part of a metropolitan area called the Port St. Lucie , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area that in 2013 was estimated to have 438,095 residents . As of 2015 , the city had 179,413 residents , surpassing Fort Lauderdale in population . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Demographics 2.1 Languages 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Transportation 4.1 Major highways 5 Sports 6 Education 7 Government 8 Notable people 9 Sister cities 10 In popular culture 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Port St. Lucie was a largely uninhabited tract of land south of White City in the 1950s , composed of a fishing camp , a few farms and businesses near U.S. 1 . In 1958 , with a budget of $5 , the General Development Corporation ( GDC ) purchased the River Park development and 40,000 acres ( 160 km ) along the North Fork of the St. Lucie River . In 1959 , the GDC opened its first bridge over the St. Lucie River , allowing for direct automobile access to Port St. Lucie . By February 25 , 1961 there were 250 homes in the new city . GDC requested the state legislature to incorporate 70 miles ( 110 km ) , along with the River Park settlement , into the City of Port St. Lucie . River Park did not incorporate into the city at the request of its residents . Port St. Lucie became a city on April 27 , 1961 with the passage of House Bill No. 953 , proposed by State Representative Rupert Smith and approved by Florida Governor C. Farris Bryant . In the early 1990s , Core Communities ( CC ) , acquired and began planning what would become St. Lucie West . Originally , St. Lucie West was to have contained about 14,000 homes over a 20 - year period on 7 square miles ( 18 km ) . But after realizing the community 's strategic position , they began developing it into more than just a residential area . CC began building business sectors and places of entertainment and leisure . That resulted in 7,000 jobs being brought to the small town , helping it into its boom during most of the early 2000s . In 2006 , CC started development of its newest community , Tradition . The community , which sits west of the Interstate 95 intersection of Gatlin Blvd. , was a large cattle ranch before CC began to develop it . There they built around 13,000,000 square feet ( 1,200,000 m ) of commercial area , and room for over 18,000 residences . According to CC 's website , Tradition is the largest fully entitled residential development area from the tip of Interstate 95 to the Canada -- U.S. border . It is modeled after a 1950s - era town . According to its website , Tradition Square , the town center of the community , holds festivities year - round . It was also chosen as the site of HGTV 's Green Home 2009 , and one of America 's best 100 communities . In 2007 , the housing market began to collapse and unemployment started to rise . As of February 2009 , unemployment was at 101⁄2 percent and in 2008 , nearly 11,000 homes went into foreclosure . This prompted the county government to consider declaring itself a disaster area . Doing so would have given county administrators access to $17 million in county emergency reserve funds . That money , combined with a transportation fund and other accounts , would give St. Lucie $20 -- $30 million to spend on building projects : research parks , highways and other infrastructure improvements . In 2008 , Tradition and Core Communities welcomed the Florida Center of Innovation , a research laboratory and campus , which has a building in Tradition for two biotech and life science companies , the Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies and the Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute . This campus alone is projected to bring more than 30,000 jobs to the city of Port St. Lucie . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1970 330 -- 1980 14,690 4,351.5 % 55,866 280.3 % 2000 88,769 58.9 % 164,603 85.4 % Est. 2016 185,132 12.5 % U.S. Decennial Census Port St. Lucie Demographics 2010 Census Port St. Lucie St. Lucie County Florida Total population 164,603 277,789 18,801,310 Population , percent change , 2000 to 2010 + 85.4 % + 44.2 % + 17.6 % Population density 1,444.5 / sq mi 485.7 / sq mi 350.6 / sq mi White or Caucasian ( including White Hispanic ) 74.3 % 71.8 % 75.0 % ( Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian ) 61.6 % 61.2 % 57.9 % Black or African - American 16.3 % 19.1 % 16.0 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 18.4 % 16.6 % 22.5 % Asian 2.0 % 1.6 % 2.4 % Native American or Native Alaskan 0.4 % 0.4 % 0.4 % Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.1 % Two or more races ( Multiracial ) 3.0 % 2.6 % 2.5 % Some Other Race 3.9 % 4.4 % 3.6 % As of 2000 , 31.6 % of households had children under the age of 18 living with them , 61.8 % were married couples living together , 10.0 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 24.1 % were non-families. 18.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8.9 % had someone living alone who was aged 65 or older . The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 2.94 . As of the 2010 census the population was 61.6 % non-Hispanic white , 15.6 % non-Hispanic black , 0.8 % Hispanic black , 0.4 % Native American , 0.5 % Asian Indian , 1.5 % other Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Island , 0.4 % non-Hispanics reporting some other race alone , 3.0 % from two or more races , and 17.6 % non-black Hispanics . In 2000 , the city 's population was spread out with 24.3 % under the age of 18 , 5.9 % from 18 to 24 , 28.1 % from 25 to 44 , 22.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 18.8 % who were 65 or older . The median age was 40 years . For every 100 females there were 94.5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.4 males . In 2000 , the median income for a household in the city was $40,509 , and the median income for a family was $44,162 . Males had a median income of $18,730 versus $16,702 for females . The per capita income for the city was $18,059 . About 15.7 % of families and 17.9 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 11.1 % of those under age 18 and 9.8 % of those age 65 or over . Languages ( edit ) As of 2000 , 88.05 % of residents spoke English as their first language , while 6.59 % spoke Spanish , 1.34 % spoke Italian , 1.00 % spoke French , 0.60 % spoke German , and 0.50 % spoke Haitian Creole as their mother tongue . In total , 11.94 % of the total population spoke languages other than English . Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 76.7 sq mi ( 198.6 km ) , of which 75.5 sq mi ( 195.6 km ) is land and 1.2 sq mi ( 3.0 km ) ( 1.50 % ) is water . Climate ( edit ) Port St. Lucie features a warm humid subtropical climate , falling just short of having a true tropical climate . Summers are usually hot , with high temperatures averaging in the low 90s . Winters are usually mild to warm , with average high temperatures in the 70s . The average yearly precipitation is around 53.5 in . Port St. Lucie was hit directly by Hurricane Frances ( as a Category 2 hurricane ) on September 4 , 2004 , and by Hurricane Jeanne ( as a Category 3 hurricane ) on September 26 , 2004 . On October 24 , 2005 Port St. Lucie was hit directly by Hurricane Wilma ( as a Category 3 hurricane ) . ( hide ) Climate data for Port Saint Lucie , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 89 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 92 ( 33 ) 97 ( 36 ) 98 ( 37 ) 101 ( 38 ) 101 ( 38 ) 98 ( 37 ) 99 ( 37 ) 96 ( 36 ) 92 ( 33 ) 89 ( 32 ) 101 ( 38 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 74 ( 23 ) 75 ( 24 ) 79 ( 26 ) 82 ( 28 ) 86 ( 30 ) 90 ( 32 ) 92 ( 33 ) 91 ( 33 ) 90 ( 32 ) 86 ( 30 ) 81 ( 27 ) 76 ( 24 ) 83 ( 28 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 51 ( 11 ) 52 ( 11 ) 56 ( 13 ) 61 ( 16 ) 67 ( 19 ) 71 ( 22 ) 72 ( 22 ) 72 ( 22 ) 72 ( 22 ) 67 ( 19 ) 60 ( 16 ) 54 ( 12 ) 63 ( 17 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 23 ( − 5 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 33 ( 1 ) 45 ( 7 ) 56 ( 13 ) 64 ( 18 ) 61 ( 16 ) 60 ( 16 ) 42 ( 6 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 23 ( − 5 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.7 ( 69 ) 2.9 ( 76 ) 3.3 ( 83 ) 2.8 ( 70 ) 4.4 ( 111 ) 5.8 ( 148 ) 5.8 ( 147 ) 6.4 ( 161 ) 7.8 ( 198 ) 5.8 ( 148 ) 3.5 ( 89 ) 2.3 ( 58 ) 53.5 ( 1,359 ) Source : Weather Channel Transportation ( edit ) Port St. Lucie is served by the St. Lucie Transportation Planning Organization ( TPO ) . The TPO is a Metropolitan Planning Organization ( MPO ) , a federally mandated and federally funded transportation policy - making organization responsible for transportation planning , programming , and financing of State and Federal Transportation Funds for the City of Port St. Lucie . The TPO is governed by a TPO Board , which is composed of elected officials , representatives from the St. Lucie County School Board , and representatives from Community Transit , a division of The Council on Aging of St. Lucie , Inc . The original bus system started out as a demand response service bus in the 1990s , it only served St. Lucie County . Soon it expanded to a fixed route system , going to predetermined locations along a route . On June 3 , 2002 , the Florida Department of Transportation ( FDOT ) approved funding , expanding the bus service to Martin County , and became the Treasure Coast Connector . Major highways ( edit ) Florida 's Turnpike ( State Road 91 ) is the only toll road in St. Lucie County , which is the northernmost place where the Turnpike and Interstate 95 run close to each other . The Turnpike has 2 exits within Port St. Lucie 's city limits : Port St. Lucie Boulevard ( SR 716 ) and Becker Road . For most of its route through St. Lucie County , the Turnpike is east of I - 95 . The Turnpike provides access to Orlando to the north , and Miami to the southeast . Interstate 95 ( State Road 9 ) is in the western portion of the city . It is 6 lanes wide ( 3 in each direction ) , and provides access to Miami and Jacksonville . Exits include exit 126 ( Midway Road ) , exit 121 ( St. Lucie West Blvd . ) , exit 120 ( Crosstown Parkway ) , exit 118 ( Gatlin Blvd. / Tradition Pkwy . ) , and exit 114 ( Becker Rd . ) . U.S. 1 ( State Road 5 ) almost runs parallel to Interstate 95 , and runs from Key West to Jacksonville , where it crosses into Georgia at Folkston . Its route through the city extends from Lennard Road to Midway Road . Sports ( edit ) PGA Village golf complex The city is home to New York Mets spring training , the St. Lucie Mets Florida State League team and the Mets rookie level team in the Gulf Coast League . All three play at First Data Field . The Treasure Coast Galleons , a semi-pro soccer team also calls Port St. Lucie its home. The city also has two soccer clubs both with recreation and competitive play . Mako soccer club and the Port Saint Lucie soccer club are the stated soccer clubs . There is a golf complex , the PGA Village with 54 holes of golf , a learning center and a historical center . The city also hosted the Ginn Classic at Tesoro , the city 's first ever PGA Tour Event , in 2007 . Port St. Lucie is also the home of the 2009 & 2011 National Champions in Pop Warner Football Pop Warner Little Scholars . The 2009 Jr . Midget team went 16 - 0 en route to winning the Pop Warner National Championship at Disney 's Wide World of Sports Complex . The 2011 Jr . Peewee team went 17 - 0 in winning the National Championship . Education ( edit ) Port St. Lucie is served by St. Lucie County Public Schools , which is a school district which serves the rest of St. Lucie County , FL . In Port St. Lucie , there are six elementary schools , seven K -- 8 schools , three high schools , and three post-secondary institutions . The three public high schools in Port St. Lucie are Port St. Lucie High School , St. Lucie West Centennial High School , and Treasure Coast High School . The three post-secondary institutions operated in Port St. Lucie are Indian River State College , Barry University , and Keiser University . Government ( edit ) City Council Mayor Gregory J. Oravec Vice Mayor Shannon Martin - District 3 Councilwoman Stephanie Morgan - District 1 Councilman John Carvelli - District 2 Councilwoman Jolien Caraballo - District 4 City Manager Russ Blackburn Notable people ( edit ) Rick Ankiel , professional baseball player Mario Bencastro , Salvadorian novelist Michael Brantley , professional baseball player Megan Fox , American actress Ace Hood , hip hop artist Vanilla Ice , hip hop artist Larry Sanders ( basketball ) , professional basketball player Fabrizio Scaccia , professional football player Din Thomas , UFC fighter Mickey Wright , LPGA Hall of Fame Sister cities ( edit ) Putuo , Zhoushan , Zhejiang , China In popular culture ( edit ) A fictional version of Port St. Lucie is the setting for JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Part 6 : Stone Ocean . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nicole Rodriguez . `` Greg Oravec wins Port St. Lucie mayor 's race - TC Palm '' . TCP . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.portstluciehistoricalsociety.org/pslhistory2.htm Archived October 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.portstluciehistoricalsociety.org Archived 2008 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Hard - Hit Boomtown Considers Emergency Measures '' . NPR.org. 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Modern Language Association Data Center Results of Port Saint Lucie , FL Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Average Weather for Port Saint Lucie , FL - Temperature and Precipitation Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Port Saint Lucie , FL - Temperature and Precipitation '' . Retrieved 8 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` St Lucie TPO '' . stlucietpo.org . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` COASL : Our Services - Transportation '' . coasl.com . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Florida Department of Transportation - Home Archived 2011 - 07 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Coast Connector : Home '' . treasurecoastconnector.com . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Laurie K. Blandford . `` Becker Road interchange should make things easier for Port St. Lucie residents '' . TCP . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ PGATOUR.COM - Ginn Resorts to host PGA TOUR event Archived October 31 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.popwarner.com/09superbowl/pop.asp Jump up ^ http://www.popwarner.com/11superbowl/jrpeeweebrackets.asp External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Port St. Lucie . City of Port St. Lucie St. Lucie County Chamber of Commerce Places adjacent to Port St. Lucie , Florida Unincorporated St. Lucie County White City , River Park Fort Pierce Okeechobee Port St. Lucie St. Lucie Inlet Indiantown Palm City , St. Lucie River Jensen Beach , Rio Municipalities and communities of St. Lucie County , Florida , United States County seat : Fort Pierce Cities Fort Pierce Port St. Lucie Towns St. Lucie Village CDPs Fort Pierce North Fort Pierce South Hutchinson Island South Indian River Estates Lakewood Park River Park White City Unincorporated community Viking Port St. Lucie metropolitan area Largest city Port St. Lucie Counties ( by population ) St. Lucie Martin Cities and towns 10k - 250k Fort Pierce Port St. Lucie Stuart Other incorporated places Jupiter Island Ocean Breeze Sewall 's Point St. Lucie Village Major census - designated places Hobe Sound Indiantown Jensen Beach Palm City Port Salerno See also : Hutchinson Island Indian River Jupiter Jupiter Island Lake Okeechobee Miami metropolitan area Okeechobee St. Lucie Inlet St. Lucie River Tequesta Vero Beach West Palm Beach Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Florida Lenny Curry ( R ) ( Jacksonville ) Tomás Regalado ( R ) ( Miami ) Bob Buckhorn ( D ) ( Tampa ) Buddy Dyer ( D ) ( Orlando ) Rick Kriseman ( D ) ( St. Petersburg ) Carlos Hernández ( R ) ( Hialeah ) Andrew Gillum ( D ) ( Tallahassee ) Jack Seiler ( D ) ( Fort Lauderdale ) Gregory J. Oravec ( D ) ( Port St. Lucie ) Marni Sawicki ( D ) ( Cape Coral ) Frank C. Ortis ( D ) ( Pembroke Pines ) Peter Bober ( D ) ( Hollywood ) Wayne M. Messam ( D ) ( Miramar ) Lauren Poe ( D ) ( Gainesville ) Vincent Boccard ( R ) ( Coral Springs ) Oliver Gilbert III ( D ) ( Miami Gardens ) George Cretekos ( R ) ( Clearwater ) Guillermo `` William '' Capote ( D ) ( Palm Bay ) Lamar Fisher ( D ) ( Pompano Beach ) Jeri Muoio ( D ) ( West Palm Beach ) Howard Wiggs ( R ) ( Lakeland ) Other states AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Delegations Environment Geography Geology Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV State parks Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida Society Floridians Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville West Palm Beach - Boca Raton Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian -- Vero Beach Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg -- Clearwater Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Former Counties Mosquito Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_St._Lucie,_Florida&oldid=810049259 '' Categories : Port St. Lucie , Florida Cities in St. Lucie County , Florida Port St. Lucie metropolitan area Populated places on the Intracoastal Waterway in Florida Populated places established in 1958 1958 establishments in Florida Cities in Florida Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Cebuano Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 02 : 22 . About Wikipedia
what county is pt st lucie florida in
[ "Port St. Lucie is a city in St. Lucie County, Florida, United States. It is the most populous municipality in the county with a population of 164,603 at the 2010 census due to its rapid growth during the 2000s. In 2013, the state of Florida estimated the city's population at 171,016.[6] Port St. Lucie forms part of a metropolitan area called the Port St. Lucie, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area that in 2013 was estimated to have 438,095 residents. As of 2015, the city had 179,413 residents, surpassing Fort Lauderdale in population." ]
[ "St. Lucie County" ]
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England at the FIFA World Cup
England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History Brazil 1950 Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1954 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1954 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualfying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notible for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . Records Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 1 * 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references Notes Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Copies of old newspapers reveal England 's World Cup myth - The British Newspaper Archive Blog '' . 15 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Argentina - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Bulgaria - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=850362068 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia semi-protected pages EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 12 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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when was the last time england reached the world cup quarter finals
[ "England did not enter the competition until 1950, but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments. They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions, 1974 (West Germany), 1978 (Argentina) and 1994 (United States), and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England, whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990, in Italy, and in 2018 in Russia. Other than that, the team have reached the quarter-finals on nine occasions, the latest of which were at the 2002 (South Korea/Japan) and the 2006 (Germany).[a]\n" ]
[ "2006" ]
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Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's singles
Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles - wikipedia Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Men 's singles at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games Venue Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung , South Korea Dates 16 -- 17 February Competitors 30 from 21 nations Winning score 317.85 Medalists 01 ! Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 02 ! Shoma Uno Japan 03 ! Javier Fernández Spain ← 2014 2022 → Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification Singles men ladies Pairs mixed Ice dancing mixed Team event mixed The men 's single figure skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held on 16 and 17 February 2018 at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung , South Korea . The short program was held on 16 February and the free skating was held on 17 February . This medal event was the 1000th medal event in the history of the Winter Olympic Games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Qualification 3 Schedule 4 Results 4.1 Short program 4.2 Free skating 4.3 Overall 5 References Summary ( edit ) With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics , Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button , who did so in 1952 . Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal , and Spain 's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal . Fernández won Spain 's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics . After the short program , Hanyu , Fernández , Uno , and Jin Boyang were first , second , third , and fourth respectively . Nathan Chen , originally one of the favorites for the podium , skated an uncharacteristically poor short program that placed him at 17th , but fought back to win the free skating with a score of 215.08 -- 8.91 points above the second place free skating by Hanyu . He ended up fifth overall . In the free program , Jin Boyang overtook Chen by less than a point overall , and placed fourth . In the victory ceremony , the medals were presented by Tsunekazu Takeda , member of the International Olympic Committee , accompanied by Alexander Lakernik , ISU Figure Skating Vice President . Vincent Zhou landed the first quadruple lutz at the Olympics . Nathan Chen became the first to ever land six quads , five clean . He also landed the first quadruple flip at the Olympics . With these jumps he holds the new record for highest free skating technical score . For complete list of figure skating records , see list of highest scores in figure skating . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete for the event , with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three . 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy . Each country decided the entry of its teams , and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete . All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score , which does not include component scores . For the short program this was 25.00 and the free skating 45.00 . Schedule ( edit ) All times are ( UTC + 9 ) . Date Time Round 16 February 10 : 00 Short program 17 February 10 : 00 Free skating Results ( edit ) Short program ( edit ) The short program was held on 16 February 2018 . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 111.68 63.18 48.50 9.71 9.43 9.86 9.75 9.75 0.00 25 Javier Fernández Spain 107.58 59.79 47.79 9.36 9.36 9.71 9.68 9.68 0.00 29 Shoma Uno Japan 104.17 58.13 46.04 9.29 9.00 9.25 9.29 9.21 0.00 28 Jin Boyang China 103.32 60.27 43.05 8.79 8.29 8.82 8.54 8.61 0.00 30 5 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 98.98 56.98 42.00 8.43 8.11 8.50 8.50 8.46 0.00 20 6 Patrick Chan Canada 90.01 45.08 45.93 9.36 9.07 9.00 9.29 9.21 -- 1.00 21 7 Adam Rippon United States 87.95 44.48 43.47 8.57 8.43 8.86 8.68 8.93 0.00 19 8 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 86.69 43.84 43.85 8.96 8.54 8.64 8.82 8.89 -- 1.00 27 9 Michal Březina Czech Republic 85.15 44.34 40.81 8.25 7.89 8.25 8.21 8.21 0.00 13 10 Keegan Messing Canada 85.11 45.50 40.61 8.04 7.96 8.07 8.29 8.25 − 1.00 12 11 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 84.74 44.17 40.57 7.96 7.89 8.25 8.18 8.29 0.00 17 12 Vincent Zhou United States 84.53 48.50 36.03 7.39 6.96 7.11 7.32 7.25 0.00 13 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 84.13 43.63 40.50 7.93 7.71 8.36 8.18 8.32 0.00 23 14 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 83.90 41.75 42.15 8.18 8.18 8.54 8.46 8.79 0.00 16 15 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 83.43 43.79 39.64 7.93 7.68 8.07 8.00 7.96 0.00 14 16 Brendan Kerry Australia 83.06 45.49 37.57 7.57 7.36 7.61 7.57 7.46 0.00 10 17 Nathan Chen United States 82.27 41.39 41.88 8.46 8.32 8.14 8.57 8.39 -- 1.00 26 18 Daniel Samohin Israel 80.69 43.29 38.40 7.79 7.29 7.79 7.71 7.82 -- 1.00 18 19 Yan Han China 80.63 40.99 40.64 8.46 8.07 7.86 8.18 8.07 − 1.00 8 20 Keiji Tanaka Japan 80.05 40.30 40.75 8.36 7.86 8.07 8.21 8.25 -- 1.00 22 21 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 79.52 39.34 41.18 8.25 8.00 8.18 8.39 8.36 -- 1.00 24 22 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 76.56 40.88 36.68 7.46 7.11 7.32 7.43 7.36 − 1.00 11 23 Matteo Rizzo Italy 75.63 39.23 36.40 7.29 7.11 7.29 7.39 7.32 0.00 5 24 Paul Fentz Germany 74.73 37.71 37.02 7.46 7.25 7.46 7.46 7.39 0.00 15 Did not advance to free skating 25 Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 38.37 35.21 7.07 6.82 7.11 7.14 7.07 0.00 9 26 Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 38.41 33.69 6.79 6.29 6.89 6.86 6.86 0.00 27 Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 30.77 39.35 8.11 7.82 7.46 8.07 7.89 0.00 28 Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 26.04 29.52 5.96 5.64 5.96 6.00 5.96 0.00 6 29 Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 22.59 30.82 6.25 6.07 6.00 6.25 6.25 − 1.00 30 Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 18.68 29.90 6.43 5.79 5.61 6.21 5.86 − 2.00 7 Notes : WR - World record TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Free skating ( edit ) The free skating was held on 17 February 2018 . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Nathan Chen United States 215.08 127.64 87.44 8.82 8.32 9.04 8.79 8.75 0.00 9 Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 206.17 109.55 96.62 9.71 9.50 9.64 9.71 9.75 0.00 22 Shoma Uno Japan 202.73 111.01 92.72 9.36 9.07 9.25 9.32 9.36 -- 1.00 24 Javier Fernández Spain 197.66 101.52 96.14 9.46 9.43 9.64 9.79 9.75 0.00 23 5 Jin Boyang China 194.45 109.69 85.76 8.71 8.21 8.64 8.68 8.64 -- 1.00 20 6 Vincent Zhou United States 192.16 112.24 79.92 8.04 7.71 8.25 7.96 8.00 0.00 15 7 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 177.56 91.62 87.94 9.00 8.64 8.68 8.86 8.72 -- 2.00 16 8 Patrick Chan Canada 173.42 81.56 91.86 9.32 9.14 8.66 9.29 9.32 0.00 21 9 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 172.88 89.08 83.80 8.39 8.04 8.61 8.43 8.43 0.00 7 10 Adam Rippon United States 171.41 84.47 86.94 8.75 8.54 8.68 8.71 8.79 0.00 18 11 Daniel Samohin Israel 170.75 89.03 81.72 8.32 7.75 8.32 8.18 8.29 0.00 8 12 Keegan Messing Canada 170.32 84.88 85.44 8.50 8.29 8.61 8.61 8.71 0.00 14 13 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 168.53 85.39 85.13 8.64 8.39 8.32 8.61 8.61 -- 2.00 19 14 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 165.16 84.94 81.22 8.21 7.86 8.25 8.11 8.18 -- 1.00 13 15 Keiji Tanaka Japan 164.78 85.64 81.14 8.36 7.89 8.00 8.18 8.14 -- 2.00 5 16 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 164.21 81.79 82.42 8.25 7.96 8.36 8.25 8.39 0.00 13 17 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 161.04 74.96 86.08 8.46 8.36 8.54 8.75 8.93 0.00 10 18 Michal Březina Czech Republic 160.92 76.58 84.34 8.57 8.21 8.39 8.57 8.43 0.00 17 19 Matteo Rizzo Italy 156.78 80.86 75.92 7.64 7.32 7.79 7.64 7.57 0.00 20 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 155.06 76.42 80.64 8.14 7.86 7.96 8.18 8.18 -- 2.00 21 Brendan Kerry Australia 150.75 73.33 77.42 7.96 7.54 7.68 7.82 7.71 0.00 12 22 Paul Fentz Germany 139.82 66.98 72.84 7.50 7.14 7.14 7.39 7.25 0.00 23 Yan Han China 132.38 53.80 79.58 8.56 7.82 7.57 8.04 8.00 -- 1.00 24 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 128.01 63.35 70.66 7.34 6.86 6.68 7.32 7.04 -- 6.00 6 Notes : TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Overall ( edit ) The skaters were ranked according to their overall score . Rank Name Nation TP SP FS 01 ! Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 317.85 111.68 206.17 02 ! Shoma Uno Japan 306.90 104.17 202.73 03 ! Javier Fernández Spain 305.24 107.58 197.66 Jin Boyang China 297.77 103.32 194.45 5 5 Nathan Chen United States 297.35 82.27 17 215.08 6 Vincent Zhou United States 276.69 84.53 12 192.16 6 7 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 267.51 98.98 5 168.53 13 8 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 264.25 86.69 8 177.56 7 9 Patrick Chan Canada 263.43 90.01 6 173.42 8 10 Adam Rippon United States 259.36 87.95 7 171.41 10 11 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 257.01 84.13 13 172.88 9 12 Keegan Messing Canada 255.43 85.11 10 170.32 12 13 Daniel Samohin Israel 251.44 80.69 18 170.75 11 14 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 248.95 84.74 11 164.21 16 15 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 248.59 83.43 15 165.16 14 16 Michal Březina Czech Republic 246.07 85.15 9 160.92 18 17 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 244.94 83.90 14 161.04 17 18 Keiji Tanaka Japan 244.83 80.05 20 164.78 15 19 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 234.58 79.52 21 155.06 20 20 Brendan Kerry Australia 233.81 83.06 16 150.75 21 21 Matteo Rizzo Italy 232.41 75.63 23 156.78 19 22 Paul Fentz Germany 214.55 74.73 24 139.82 22 23 Yan Han China 213.01 80.63 19 132.38 23 24 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 204.57 76.56 22 128.01 24 Did not advance to free skating 25 Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 25 26 Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 26 27 Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 27 28 Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 28 29 Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 29 30 Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 30 TP - Total points ; SP - Short program ; FS - Free skating References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venues '' . www.pyeongchang2018.com/ . Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Start list ^ Jump up to : `` Schedule '' . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hanyu edges out YOG star for skating gold '' . olympic.org. 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Chen Makes Olympic History With 6 Quad Jumps '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Bests '' . www.isuresults.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 , Figure skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extract from ISU Communication 2097 '' . www.iceskating.org.uk/ . National Ice Skating Association ( UK ) . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Short Program Results '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Free Skating Results '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Total Results '' . International Skating Union . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Olympic champions in figure skating -- Men 's singles 1908 : Ulrich Salchow ( SWE ) 1920 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1924 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1928 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1932 : Karl Schäfer ( AUT ) 1936 : Karl Schäfer ( AUT ) 1948 : Dick Button ( USA ) 1952 : Dick Button ( USA ) 1956 : Hayes Alan Jenkins ( USA ) 1960 : David Jenkins ( USA ) 1964 : Manfred Schnelldorfer ( EUA ) 1968 : Wolfgang Schwarz ( AUT ) 1972 : Ondrej Nepela ( TCH ) 1976 : John Curry ( GBR ) 1980 : Robin Cousins ( GBR ) 1984 : Scott Hamilton ( USA ) 1988 : Brian Boitano ( USA ) 1992 : Viktor Petrenko ( EUN ) 1994 : Alexei Urmanov ( RUS ) 1998 : Ilia Kulik ( RUS ) 2002 : Alexei Yagudin ( RUS ) 2006 : Evgeni Plushenko ( RUS ) 2010 : Evan Lysacek ( USA ) 2014 : Yuzuru Hanyu ( JPN ) 2018 : Yuzuru Hanyu ( JPN ) Record scores in figure skating Combined total ( Total ) Short program ( SP ) Free skating ( FS ) Short dance ( SD ) Free dance ( FD ) Juniors ( J ) Men Total : Yuzuru Hanyu 330.43 SP : Yuzuru Hanyu 112.72 FS : Yuzuru Hanyu 223.20 Total ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 258.11 SP ( J ) : Shoma Uno 84.87 FS ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 179.24 Ladies Total : Evgenia Medvedeva 241.31 SP : Alina Zagitova 82.92 FS : Evgenia Medvedeva 160.46 Total ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 225.52 SP ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 73.25 FS ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 153.49 Pairs Total : Aliona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 245.84 SP : Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 84.17 FS : Savchenko / Massot 162.86 Total ( J ) : Anna Dušková / Martin Bidař 181.82 SP ( J ) : Amina Atakhanova / Ilia Spiridonov 64.79 FS ( J ) : Sui Wenjing / Han Cong 118.54 Ice dance Total : Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 207.20 SD : Papadakis / Cizeron 83.73 FD : Papadakis / Cizeron 123.47 Total ( J ) : Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 164.83 SD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 67.88 FD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 97.54 See also Progression of record scores Record technical and component scores Highest technical element scores Highest program component scores See also ( J ) Record junior scores Progression of record scores ( J ) Record technical and component scores ( J ) Highest technical element scores ( J ) Highest program component scores ( J ) 2017 -- 18 figure skating season Olympics Qualification Men 's singles Ladies ' singles Pair skating Ice dancing Team event ISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Rostelecom Cup Skate Canada International Cup of China NHK Trophy Internationaux de France Skate America Grand Prix Final ISU Challenger Series U.S. Classic Lombardia Trophy Autumn Classic Ondrej Nepela Trophy Nebelhorn Trophy Finlandia Trophy Minsk - Arena Ice Star Warsaw Cup Tallinn Trophy Golden Spin of Zagreb Junior internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix Junior Grand Prix Final National championships Canada China Germany Japan Russia South Korea United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_ -- _Men % 27s_singles&oldid = 833477722 '' Categories : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Men 's events at the 2018 Winter Olympics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 20 : 06 . About Wikipedia
who won the men's figure skating olympics 2018
[ "With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button, who did so in 1952. Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal, and Spain's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal. Fernández won Spain's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics." ]
[ "Yuzuru Hanyu" ]
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Galactic Center
Galactic Center - wikipedia Galactic Center Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Milky Way 's center . For galaxy centers in general , see Bulge ( astronomy ) and Central massive object . For the book saga , see Galactic Center Saga . The Galactic Center , as seen by one of the 2MASS infrared telescopes , is located in the bright upper left portion of the image . The Galactic Center is the rotational center of the Milky Way . The estimates for its location range from 24 -- 28.4 kilolight - years ( 7.4 -- 8.7 kiloparsecs ) from Earth in the direction of the constellations Sagittarius , Ophiuchus , and Scorpius where the Milky Way appears brightest . It coincides with the compact radio source Sagittarius A * . There are around 10 million stars within one parsec of the Galactic Center , dominated by red giants . There is also a significant population of massive supergiants and Wolf - Rayet stars from a star formation event around one million years ago . There is a supermassive black hole at the centre , which powers the Sagittarius A * radio source Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Distance to the Galactic Center 3 Supermassive black hole 4 Stellar population 4.1 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Further reading 8 External links Discovery ( edit ) Play media This pan video gives a closer look at a huge image of the central parts of the Milky Way made by combining thousands of images from ESO 's VISTA telescope on Paranal in Chile and compares it with the view in visible light . Because VISTA has a camera sensitive to infrared light it can see through much of the dust blocking the view in visible light , although many more opaque dust filaments still show up well in this picture . Because of interstellar dust along the line of sight , the Galactic Center can not be studied at visible , ultraviolet or soft ( low - energy ) X-ray wavelengths . The available information about the Galactic Center comes from observations at gamma ray , hard ( high - energy ) X-ray , infrared , sub-millimetre and radio wavelengths . Immanuel Kant stated in General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens ( 1755 ) that a large star was at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy , and that Sirius might be the star . Harlow Shapley stated in 1918 that the halo of globular clusters surrounding the Milky Way seemed to be centered on the star swarms in the constellation of Sagittarius , but the dark molecular clouds in the area blocked the view for optical astronomers . In the early 1940s Walter Baade at Mount Wilson Observatory took advantage of wartime blackout conditions in nearby Los Angeles to conduct a search for the center with the 100 inch Hooker Telescope . He found that near the star Alnasl ( Gamma Sagittarii ) there is a one - degree - wide void in the interstellar dust lanes , which provides a relatively clear view of the swarms of stars around the nucleus of our Milky Way Galaxy . This gap has been known as Baade 's Window ever since . At Dover Heights in Sydney , Australia a team of radio astronomers from the Division of Radiophysics at the CSIRO , led by Joseph Lade Pawsey , used ' sea interferometry ' to discover some of the first interstellar and intergalactic radio sources , including Taurus A , Virgo A and Centaurus A. By 1954 they had built an 80 feet ( 24.4 meters ) fixed dish antenna and used it to make a detailed study of an extended , extremely powerful belt of radio emission that was detected in Sagittarius . They named an intense point - source near the center of this belt Sagittarius A , and realised that it was located at the very center of our Galaxy , despite being some 32 degrees south - west of the conjectured galactic center of the time . In 1958 the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) decided to adopt the position of Sagittarius A as the true zero co-ordinate point for the system of galactic latitude and longitude . In the equatorial coordinate system the location is : RA 17 45 40.04 , Dec − 29 ° 00 ′ 28.1 '' ( J2000 epoch ) . Distance to the Galactic Center ( edit ) Play media Animation of a barred galaxy like the Milky Way showing the presence of an X-shaped bulge . The X-shape extends to about one half of the bar radius . It is directly visible when the bar is seen from the side , but when the viewer is close to the long axis of the bar it can not be seen directly and its presence can only be inferred from the distribution of brightnesses of stars along a given direction . The exact distance between the Solar System and the Galactic Center is not certain , although estimates since 2000 have remained within the range 24 -- 28.4 kilolight - years ( 7.4 -- 8.7 kiloparsecs ) . The latest estimates from geometric - based methods and standard candles yield the following distances to the Galactic Center : 7000740000000000000 ♠ 7.4 ± 0.2 ( stat ) ± 0.2 ( syst ) or 7020228340141028572 ♠ 7.4 ± 0.3 kpc ( 7020227057531341939 ♠ ≈ 24 ± 1 kly ) 7020235128631707800 ♠ 7.62 ± 0.32 kpc ( 7020234626115720003 ♠ ≈ 24.8 ± 1 kly ) 7020237597173772973 ♠ 7.7 ± 0.7 kpc ( 7020237464334861778 ♠ ≈ 25.1 ± 2.3 kly ) 7.94 or 7020246854206517375 ♠ 8.0 ± 0.5 kpc ( 7020245978992287100 ♠ ≈ 26 ± 1.6 kly ) 7000798000000000000 ♠ 7.98 ± 0.15 ( stat ) ± 0.20 ( syst ) or 7020246854206517375 ♠ 8.0 ± 0.25 kpc ( 7020245978992287100 ♠ ≈ 26 ± 0.8 kly ) 7020257036942536217 ♠ 8.33 ± 0.35 kpc ( 7020255439722759681 ♠ ≈ 27 ± 1.1 kly ) 7020268453949587645 ♠ 8.7 ± 0.5 kpc ( 7020268684745421294 ♠ ≈ 28.4 ± 1.6 kly ) An accurate determination of the distance to the Galactic Center as established from variable stars ( e.g. RR Lyrae variables ) or standard candles ( e.g. red - clump stars ) is hindered by countless effects , which include : an ambiguous reddening law ; a bias for smaller values of the distance to the Galactic Center because of a preferential sampling of stars toward the near side of the Galactic bulge owing to interstellar extinction ; and an uncertainty in characterizing how a mean distance to a group of variable stars found in the direction of the Galactic bulge relates to the distance to the Galactic Center . The nature of the Milky Way 's bar , which extends across the Galactic Center , is also actively debated , with estimates for its half - length and orientation spanning between 1 -- 5 kpc ( short or a long bar ) and 10 -- 50 ° . Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars , one nestled within the other . The bar is delineated by red - clump stars ( see also red giant ) ; however , RR Lyr variables do not trace a prominent Galactic bar . The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the `` 5 - kpc ring '' that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way , as well as most of the Milky Way 's star formation activity . Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy , it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way . Supermassive black hole ( edit ) There is a supermassive black hole in the bright white area to the right of the center of the image . This composite photograph covers about half of a degree . The complex astronomical radio source Sagittarius A appears to be located almost exactly at the Galactic Center ( approx. 18 hrs , − 29 deg ) , and contains an intense compact radio source , Sagittarius A * , which coincides with a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way . Accretion of gas onto the black hole , probably involving a disk around it , would release energy to power the radio source , itself much larger than the black hole . The latter is too small to see with present instruments . Artist impression of a supermassive black hole at the centre of a galaxy A study in 2008 which linked radio telescopes in Hawaii , Arizona and California ( Very Long Baseline Interferometry ) measured the diameter of Sagittarius A * to be 44 million kilometers ( 0.3 AU ) . For comparison , the radius of Earth 's orbit around the Sun is about 150 million kilometers ( 1.0 AU ) , whereas the distance of Mercury from the Sun at closest approach ( perihelion ) is 46 million kilometers ( 0.3 AU ) . Thus the diameter of the radio source is slightly less than the distance from Mercury to the Sun . Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany using Chilean telescopes have confirmed the existence of a supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center , on the order of 4.3 million solar masses . On 5 January 2015 , NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual , a record - breaker , from Sagittarius A * . The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A * , according to astronomers . Stellar Population ( edit ) Galactic Center of the Milky Way and a meteor The central cubic parsec around Sagittarius A * contains around 10 million stars . Although most of them are old red giant stars , the Galactic Center is also rich in massive stars . More than 100 OB and Wolf -- Rayet stars have been identified there so far . They seem to have all been formed in a single star formation event a few million years ago . The existence of these relatively young stars was a surprise to experts , who expected the tidal forces from the central black hole to prevent their formation . This paradox of youth is even stronger for stars that are on very tight orbits around Sagittarius A * , such as S2 and S0 - 102 . The scenarios invoked to explain this formation involve either star formation in a massive star cluster offset from the Galactic Center that would have migrated to its current location once formed , or star formation within a massive , compact gas accretion disk around the central black - hole . Most of these 100 young , massive stars seem to be concentrated within one or two disks , rather than randomly distributed within the central parsec . This observation however does not allow definite conclusions to be drawn at this point . Star formation does not seem to be occurring currently at the Galactic Center , although the Circumnuclear Disk of molecular gas that orbits the Galactic Center at two parsecs seems a fairly favorable site for star formation . Work presented in 2002 by Antony Stark and Chris Martin mapping the gas density in a 400 - light - year region around the Galactic Center has revealed an accumulating ring with a mass several million times that of the Sun and near the critical density for star formation . They predict that in approximately 200 million years there will be an episode of starburst in the Galactic Center , with many stars forming rapidly and undergoing supernovae at a hundred times the current rate . This starburst may also be accompanied by the formation of galactic jets as matter falls into the central black hole . It is thought that the Milky Way undergoes a starburst of this sort every 500 million years . In addition to the paradox of youth , there is also a `` conundrum of old age '' associated with the distribution of the old stars at the Galactic Center . Theoretical models had predicted that the old stars -- which far outnumber young stars -- should have a steeply - rising density near the black hole , a so - called Bahcall -- Wolf cusp . Instead , it was discovered in 2009 that the density of the old stars peaks at a distance of roughly 0.5 parsec from Sgr A * , then falls inward : instead of a dense cluster , there is a `` hole '' , or core , around the black hole . Several suggestions have been put forward to explain this puzzling observation , but none is completely satisfactory . For instance , although the black hole would eat stars near it , creating a region of low density , this region would be much smaller than a parsec . Because the observed stars are a fraction of the total number , it is theoretically possible that the overall stellar distribution is different than what is observed , although no plausible models of this sort have yet been proposed . Gallery ( edit ) Red giant stars coexist with white , Sun - like stars . White Dwarfs in Milky Way 's Central Hub The center of the Milky Way - image taken by ISAAC , the VLT 's near - and mid-infrared spectrometer and camera Infrared image from Spitzer Space Telescope A view of the night sky near Sagittarius , enhanced to show better contrast and detail in the dust lanes . The principal stars in Sagittarius are indicated in red . The central parts of the Milky Way , as observed in the near - infrared with the NACO instrument on ESO 's Very Large Telescope Infra - red image of the center of the Milky Way revealing a new population of massive stars Detection of an unusually bright X-Ray flare from Sagittarius A * , a supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy See also ( edit ) Space portal Cosmic noise Galactic anticenter Galactic coordinate system Great Rift Sagittarius A Sagittarius A * Sagittarius B2 Supermassive black hole SDSS J090745. 0 + 024507 Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( August 1965 ) . `` The Galactic Giants '' . For Your Information . Galaxy Science Fiction . pp. 130 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Shapley , H ( 1918 ) . `` Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters . VII . The distances , distribution in space , and dimensions of 69 globular clusters '' . Astrophysical Journal . 48 : 154 . Bibcode : 1918ApJ ... 48 ... 154S . doi : 10.1086 / 142423 . Jump up ^ Baade , W ( 1946 ) . `` A Search for the Nucleus of Our Galaxy '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 58 : 249 . Bibcode : 1946PASP ... 58 ... 249B . doi : 10.1086 / 125835 . Jump up ^ Ng , Y. K ; Bertelli , G ; Chiosi , C ; Bressan , A ( 1996 ) . `` The galactic structure towards the Galactic Centre . III . A study of Baade 's Window : Discovery of the bar population ? '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 310 : 771 . Bibcode : 1996A&A ... 310 ... 771N . Jump up ^ Pawsey , J. L ( 1955 ) . `` A Catalogue of Reliably Known Discrete Sources of Cosmic Radio Waves '' . Astrophysical Journal . 121 : 1 . Bibcode : 1955ApJ ... 121 ... 1P . doi : 10.1086 / 145957 . Jump up ^ Blaauw , A. ; Gum , C.S. ; Pawsey , J.L. ; Westerhout , G. ( 1960 ) . `` The new IAU system of galactic coordinates ( 1958 revision ) '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 121 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 131 . Bibcode : 1960MNRAS. 121 ... 123B . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 121.2. 123 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Zinovy M. ( February 2013 ) . `` Analysis of Determinations of the Distance between the Sun and the Galactic Center '' . Astronomy Reports . 57 ( 2 ) : 128 -- 133 . arXiv : 1301.7011 . Bibcode : 2013ARep ... 57 ... 128M . doi : 10.1134 / S1063772913020078 . Russian original Малкин , З . М. ( 2013 ) . `` Об определении расстояния от Солнца до центра Галактики '' . Astronomicheskii Zhurnal ( in Russian ) . 90 ( 2 ) : 152 -- 157 . doi : 10.7868 / S0004629913020072 . ^ Jump up to : Francis , Charles ; Anderson , Erik ( June 2014 ) . `` Two estimates of the distance to the Galactic Centre '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 441 ( 2 ) : 1105 -- 1114 . arXiv : 1309.2629 . Bibcode : 2014MNRAS. 441.1105 F . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / stu631 . 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Bibcode : 1993ARA&A ... 31 ... 345R . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. aa. 31.090193. 002021 . Jump up ^ Eisenhauer , F. ; Schödel , R. ; Genzel , R. ; Ott , T. ; Tecza , M. ; Abuter , R. ; Eckart , A. ; Alexander , T. ( 2003 ) . `` A Geometric Determination of the Distance to the Galactic Center '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 597 ( 2 ) : L121 -- L124 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0306220 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 597L. 121E . doi : 10.1086 / 380188 . Jump up ^ Horrobin , M. ; Eisenhauer , F. ; Tecza , M. ; Thatte , N. ; Genzel , R. ; Abuter , R. ; Iserlohe , C. ; Schreiber , J. ; Schegerer , A. ; Lutz , D. ; Ott , T. ; Schödel , R. ( 2004 ) . `` First results from SPIFFI . I : The Galactic Center '' ( PDF ) . Astronomische Nachrichten. 325 ( 2 ) : 120 -- 123 . Bibcode : 2004AN ... 325 ... 88H . doi : 10.1002 / asna. 200310181 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Zinovy ( 2012 ) . `` The current best estimate of the Galactocentric distance of the Sun based on comparison of different statistical techniques '' . 1202 : arXiv : 1202.6128 . arXiv : 1202.6128 ( astro-ph.GA ) . Bibcode : 2012arXiv1202. 6128M . ^ Jump up to : Gillessen , S. ; Eisenhauer ; Trippe ; Alexander ; Genzel ; Martins ; Ott ( 2009 ) . `` Monitoring Stellar Orbits Around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 692 ( 2 ) : 1075 -- 1109 . arXiv : 0810.4674 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ ... 692.1075 G . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 692 / 2 / 1075 . ^ Jump up to : Vanhollebeke , E. ; Groenewegen , M.A.T. ; Girardi , L. ( April 2009 ) . `` Stellar populations in the Galactic bulge . Modelling the Galactic bulge with TRILEGAL '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 498 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 107 . Bibcode : 2009A&A ... 498 ... 95V . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 20078472 . ^ Jump up to : Majaess , D ( March 2010 ) . `` Concerning the Distance to the Center of the Milky Way and Its Structure '' . Acta Astronomica. 60 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . arXiv : 1002.2743 . Bibcode : 2010AcA ... 60 ... 55M . Jump up ^ Vovk , Olga `` Universe at a glance blog : Milky Way : Distance to the Galactic Centre '' . April 2011 Jump up ^ Cabrera - Lavers , A. ; González - Fernández , C. ; Garzón , F. ; Hammersley , P.L. ; López - Corredoira , M. ( December 2008 ) . `` The long Galactic bar as seen by UKIDSS Galactic plane survey '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 491 ( 3 ) : 781 -- 787 . arXiv : 0809.3174 . Bibcode : 2008A&A ... 491 ... 781C . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 200810720 . Jump up ^ Nishiyama , Shogo ; Nagata , Tetsuya ; Baba , Daisuke ; Haba , Yasuaki ; Kadowaki , Ryota ; Kato , Daisuke ; Kurita , Mikio ; Nagashima , Chie ; Nagayama , Takahiro ; Murai , Yuka ; Nakajima , Yasushi ; Tamura , Motohide ; Nakaya , Hidehiko ; Sugitani , Koji ; Naoi , Takahiro ; Matsunaga , Noriyuki ; Tanabé , Toshihiko ; Kusakabe , Nobuhiko ; Sato , Shuji ( March 2005 ) . `` A Distinct Structure inside the Galactic Bar '' . Astrophysical Journal . 621 ( 2 ) : L105 -- L108 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0502058 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 621L. 105N . doi : 10.1086 / 429291 . Jump up ^ Alcock , C. ; Allsman , R.A. ; Alves , D.R. ; Axelrod , T.S. ; Becker , A.C. ; Basu , A. ; Baskett , L. ; Bennett , D.P. ; Cook , K.H. ; Freeman , K.C. ; Griest , K. ; Guern , J.A. ; Lehner , M.J. ; Marshall , S.L. ; Minniti , D. ; Peterson , B.A. ; Pratt , M.R. ; Quinn , P.J. ; Rodgers , A.W. ; Stubbs , C.W. ; Sutherland , W. ; Vandehei , T. ; Welch , D.L. ( January 1998 ) . `` The RR Lyrae Population of the Galactic Bulge from the MACHO Database : Mean Colors and Magnitudes '' . Astrophysical Journal . 492 ( 1 ) : 190 -- 199 . Bibcode : 1998ApJ ... 492 ... 190A . doi : 10.1086 / 305017 . Jump up ^ Kunder , Andrea ; Chaboyer , Brian ( December 2008 ) . `` Metallicity Analysis of MACHO Galactic Bulge RR0 Lyrae Stars from their Light Curves '' . The Astronomical Journal . 136 ( 6 ) : 2441 -- 2452 . arXiv : 0809.1645 . Bibcode : 2008AJ ... 136.2441 K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 136 / 6 / 2441 . Jump up ^ Staff ( September 12 , 2005 ) . `` Introduction : Galactic Ring Survey '' . Boston University . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ALMA Reveals Intense Magnetic Field Close to Supermassive Black Hole '' . ESO Press Release . European Southern Observatory . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Doeleman , Sheperd S. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Event - horizon - scale structure in the supermassive black hole candidate at that Galactic Centre '' . Nature . 455 ( 7209 ) : 78 -- 80 . arXiv : 0809.2442 . Bibcode : 2008Natur. 455 ... 78D . doi : 10.1038 / nature07245 . PMID 18769434 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Christopher S. ( 2008 ) . `` Bringing black holes into focus '' . Nature . 455 ( 7209 ) : 39 -- 40 . Bibcode : 2008Natur. 455 ... 39R . doi : 10.1038 / 455039a . PMID 18769426 . ^ Jump up to : Chou , Felicia ; Anderson , Janet ; Watzke , Megan ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` RELEASE 15 - 001 - NASA 's Chandra Detects Record - Breaking Outburst from Milky Way 's Black Hole '' . NASA . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~ryden/ast162_7/notes31.html Jump up ^ Mauerhan , J.C. ; Cotera , A. ; Dong , H. ( 2010 ) . `` Isolated Wolf - Rayet Stars and O Supergiants in the Galactic Center Region Identified Via Paschen - α Excess '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 725 : 188 -- 199 . arXiv : 1009.2769 . Bibcode : 2010ApJ ... 725 ... 188M . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 725 / 1 / 188 . Jump up ^ http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~ghezgroup/gc/ Jump up ^ http://www.mpe.mpg.de/ir/GC/ Jump up ^ Buchholz , R.M. ; Schödel , R. ; Eckart , A. ( May 2009 ) . `` Composition of the galactic center star cluster : Population analysis from adaptive optics narrow band spectral energy distributions '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 499 ( 2 ) : 483 -- 501 . arXiv : 0903.2135 . Bibcode : 2009A&A ... 499 ... 483B . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 200811497 . Jump up ^ Merritt , David ( May 2011 ) . `` Dynamical Models of the Galactic Center '' . In Morris , Mark ; Wang , Daniel Q. ; Yuan , Feng . Dynamical Models of the Galactic Center . The Galactic Center : A Window on the Nuclear Environment of Disk Galaxies . San Francisco : Astronomical Society of the Pacific . Jump up ^ Chown , Marcus ( Sep 2010 ) . `` Something 's been eating the stars '' . New Scientist. 207 ( 2778 ) : 30 -- 33 . Bibcode : 2010NewSc. 207 ... 30M . doi : 10.1016 / S0262 - 4079 ( 10 ) 62278 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Hubble captures glittering crowded hub of our Milky Way '' . www.spacetelescope.org . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hubble Spots White Dwarfs in Milky Way 's Central Hub '' . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Eckart , A. ; Schödel , R. ; Straubmeier , C. ( 2005 ) . The Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way . London : Imperial College Press . ISBN 1 - 86094 - 567 - 8 . Melia , Fulvio ( 2003 ) . The Black Hole in the Center of Our Galaxy . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09505 - 1 . Melia , Fulvio ( 2007 ) . The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13129 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galactic Center . UCLA Galactic Center Group Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Galactic Center Group The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole The Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way The dark heart of the Milky Way Animation showing orbits of stars near the center of the Milky Way galaxy Zooming in on the centre of the Milky Way Dramatic Increase in Supernova Explosions Looms APOD : Journey to the Center of the Galaxy A Galactic Cloud of Antimatter Fast Stars Near the Galactic Center At the Center of the Milky Way Galactic Centre Starscape Annotated Galactic Center A simulation of the stars orbiting the Milky Way 's central massive black hole Galactic Center on arxiv.org Milky Way : Distance to the Galactic Centre Milky Way : a Distance to the Galactic Center - 2 Milky Way : a Distance to the Galactic Center - 3 ( hide ) The Milky Way Location Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Galactic core Center of the Milky Way Sagittarius A Sagittarius A * Supermassive black hole Spiral arms Carina -- Sagittarius Norma -- Cygnus Orion -- Cygnus Perseus Scutum -- Centaurus Satellite galaxies Magellanic Clouds Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud Magellanic Stream Magellanic Bridge Sagittarius Spheroidal Sagittarius Stream Boötes II Coma Berenices Messier 54 Palomar 12 Segue 1 Segue 2 Terzan 7 Dwarfs Boötes I Boötes III Canes Venatici I Canes Venatici II Canis Major Carina Crater 2 Draco Fornax Hercules Leo I Leo II Leo IV Leo V Leo T Phoenix Pisces I Pisces II Sculptor Sextans Triangulum II Ursa Major I Ursa Major II Ursa Minor Virgo I Other Monoceros Ring Virgo Stream Koposov I Koposov II Segue 3 Willman 1 Related Andromeda -- Milky Way collision Astronomy portal Coordinates : 17 45 40.04 , − 29 ° 00 ′ 28.1 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galactic_Center&oldid=827470495 '' Categories : Milky Way Geometric centers Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is proposed to be at the center of our galaxy
[ "There are around 10 million stars within one parsec of the Galactic Center, dominated by red giants. There is also a significant population of massive supergiants and Wolf-Rayet stars from a star formation event around one million years ago. There is a supermassive black hole at the centre, which powers the Sagittarius A* radio source" ]
[ "a supermassive black hole" ]
-3354160269472007883
List of Prime Ministers of Nepal
List of Prime Ministers of Nepal - wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of Nepal Jump to : navigation , search It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to Prime Minister of Nepal . Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page . Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed . Prime Minister of Nepal नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री Emblem of Nepal Incumbent Khadga Prasad Oli since 15 February 2018 Style The Right Honourable ( formal ) His Excellency ( diplomatic ) Residence Baluwatar , Kathmandu Seat Singha Durbar , Kathmandu Appointer President of Nepal Inaugural holder Bhimsen Thapa Formation 25 December 1843 ; 174 years ago ( 1843 - 12 - 25 ) Deputy Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal ( multiple ) Salary NPR 77,280 ( basic monthly pay ) Website www.opmcm.gov.np Nepal This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nepal Constitution ( show ) Fundamental Rights and Duties Human rights LGBT rights Government ( show ) President : Bidhya Devi Bhandari Vice President : Nanda Bahadur Pun Executive : Prime Minister : Khadga Prasad Oli Council of Ministers : Oli II Civil Services Cabinet Secretary Federal Parliament : House of Representatives Speaker : Krishna Bahadur Mahara National Assembly Chairman : Ganesh Prasad Timilsina Judiciary : Supreme Court Chief Justice of Nepal : Gopal Parajuli District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission Political parties Recent elections Presidential : 2008 2015 National : 2008 2013 2017 Provincial : 2017 Local : 2017 Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions Provinces Province governments Provincial Assemblies Governors Chief Minister Local governments Districts Municipality Rural Municipality Foreign relations ( show ) Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Nepal to Nepal Passport Visa requirements Related topics ( show ) Democracy movement Civil War Other countries Atlas The position of Prime Minister of Nepal ( Nepali : नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री ; Nēpālakō pradhānamantrī ) in modern form was called by different names at different times of Nepalese history . At the time of the Shah dynasty , the Mulkajis ( Chief Kajis ) served the function of Prime Ministers . In 1806 , the position of Mukhtiyar was created by Rana Bahadur Shah which carried executive powers of nation . Mukhtiyar is formed from two words : Mukhya and Akhtiyar . Mukhya means Chief and Akhtiyar means Authority . Altogether it means the `` Executive Head of the State '' . Mukhtiyar held the position of Executive Head till adoption of title of Prime Minister on 1843 A.D. During the Rana dynasty , the position of Prime Minister was hereditary and the officeholder held additional titles -- Maharaja of Lambjang and Kaski , Supreme Commander - in - Chief of Nepal and Grand Master of the Royal Orders of Nepal . The Prime Minister of Nepal does not have a term limit . Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa was the first person to be referred to as Prime Minister by the British . However , the first Mukhtiyar to title himself as Prime Minister , as per the British convention , was Bhimsen 's nephew , Mathabar Singh Thapa . Few of Nepalese Prime Ministers have carried a democratic mandate . The first elected Prime Minister was Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala , in 1959 . After he was deposed and imprisoned in 1960 , the King established the Panchayat system and Nepal did not have a democratic government until 1990 , when the country became a constitutional monarchy after the Jana Andolan movement . The monarchy was abolished on 28 May 2008 by the 1st Constituent Assembly . The current Prime Minister is Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli , since 15 February 2018 . The residence of Prime Minister of Nepal is in Baluwatar , Kathmandu . The seat of the Prime Minister is Singha Darbar since the time of Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana . The basic monthly salary of Prime Minister of Nepal is NPR 77,280 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before 1799 1.1 Old Bharadari governmentship 2 Prime Ministers of the Kingdom of Nepal ( 1799 -- 2008 ) 2.1 Mul - Kajis and Muktiyars during the Shah expansion era and before the Rana era 2.2 Prime Ministers before the Rana era ( 1845 -- 1846 ) 2.3 Prime Ministers during the Rana era ( 1846 -- 1951 ) 2.4 Prime Ministers during the Transition era ( 1951 -- 1960 ) 2.5 Prime Ministers during the Panchayat era ( 1960 -- 1990 ) 2.6 Prime Ministers during the Constitutional monarchy ( 1990 -- 2008 ) 3 Prime Ministers of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( 2008 -- present ) 4 References 4.1 Footnotes 4.2 Notes 5 External links 6 See also Before 1799 ( edit ) Old Bharadari governmentship ( edit ) The character of government in Kingdom of Nepal was driven from consultative state organ of the previous Gorkha hill principality , known as Bharadar . These Bharadars were drawn from high caste and politically influential families . For instance ; Thar Ghar in previous Gorkha hill principality . Bharadars formed consultative body in the kingdom for the most important functions of the state as Councellors , Ministers and Diplomats . There was no single successful coalition government as court politics were driven from large factional rivalries , consecutive conspiracies and ostracization of opponent Bharadar families through assassination rather than legal expulsion . Another reason was the minority of the reigning King between 1777 to 1847 that led to establishment of anarchial rule . The government was stated to have controlled by regents , Mukhtiyars and alliance of political faction with strong fundamental support . In the end of the 18th century , the central politics was regularly dominated by two notable political factions ; Thapas Basnyat and Pandes . Per historians and contemporary writer Francis Hamilton , the government of Nepal comprised 1 Chautariya 4 Kajis 4 Sirdar / Sardars 2 Subedars 1 Khazanchi 1 Kapardar . Per historian Dilli Raman Regmi , the states the government of Nepal were 4 Chautariyas 4 Kajis 4 Sirdar / Sardars . Later , the number varied after King Rana Bahadur Shah abdicated his throne to minor son on 1799 . In 1794 , King Rana Bahadur Shah came of age and his first act was to re-constitute the government such that his uncle , Prince Bahadur Shah of Nepal , had no official part to play . Rana Bahadur appointed Kirtiman Singh Basnyat as Chief ( Mul ) Kaji among the newly appointed four Kajis though Damodar Pande was the most influential Kaji . Kirtiman had succeeded Abhiman Singh Basnyat as Chief Kaji while Prince Bahadur Shah was succeeded as Chief ( Mul ) Chautariya by Prince Ranodyot Shah , then heir apparent of King Rana Bahadur Shah by a Chhetri Queen Subarna Prabha Devi . Kajis had held the administrative and executive powers of nation after the fall of Chief Chautariya Prince Bahadur Shah in 1794 . Later , Kirtiman Singh was secretly assassinated on 28 September 1801 , by the supporters of Raj Rajeshwari Devi and his brother Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat , was then given the post of Chief ( Mul ) Kaji . Later Damodar Pande was appointed by Queen Rajrajeshwari as Chief Kaji . Prime Ministers of the Kingdom of Nepal ( 1799 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) Mul - Kajis and Muktiyars during the Shah expansion era and before the Rana era ( edit ) No . Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Term of Office Political Party King of Kingdom of Nepal ( Reign ) Took Office Left Office Damodar Pande ( 1752 -- 1804 ) 1799 1804 Independent Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah ( 8 March 1799 - 20 November 1816 ) -- Rana Bahadur Shah ( 1775 -- 1806 ) 26 February 1806 26 April 1806 Independent Bhimsen Thapa ( 1775 -- 1839 ) 1806 1837 Independent Rajendra Bikram Shah ( 20 November 1816 - 12 May 1847 ) Rana Jang Pande ( 1789 -- 1843 ) 1st time 1837 1837 Independent Ranga Nath Poudyal ( 1773 -- ? ) 1st time 1837 1838 Independent 5 Chautariya Puskhar Shah ( 1784 -- 1846 ) 1838 1839 Independent ( 3 ) Rana Jang Pande ( 1789 -- 1843 ) 2nd time 1839 1840 Independent ( 4 ) Ranga Nath Poudyal ( 1773 -- ? ) 2nd time 1840 1840 Independent 6 Fateh Jung Shah ( 1805 -- 1846 ) 1st time November 1840 January 1843 Independent 7 Mathabar Singh Thapa ( 1798 -- 1845 ) November 1843 25 December 1843 Independent Prime Ministers before the Rana era ( 1845 -- 1846 ) ( edit ) No . Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Term of Office Political Party King of Kingdom of Nepal ( Reign ) Took Office Left Office 7 Mathabar Singh Thapa ( 1798 -- 1845 ) 25 December 1843 17 May 1845 Independent Rajendra Bikram Shah ( 20 November 1816 - 12 May 1847 ) ( 6 ) Fateh Jung Shah ( 1805 -- 1846 ) 2nd time September 1845 14 September 1846 Independent Prime Ministers during the Rana era ( 1846 -- 1951 ) ( edit ) No . Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Term of Office Political Party King of Kingdom of Nepal ( Reign ) Took Office Left Office 8 Jung Bahadur Rana ( 1816 -- 1877 ) 1st time 15 September 1846 1 August 1856 Independent Surendra Bikram Shah ( 12 May 1847 - 17 May 1881 ) 9 Bam Bahadur Kunwar ( 1818 -- 1857 ) 1 August 1856 25 May 1857 Independent -- Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Rana ( 1823 -- 1863 ) Acting Prime Minister 25 May 1857 28 June 1857 Independent ( 8 ) Jung Bahadur Rana ( 1816 -- 1877 ) 2nd time 28 June 1857 25 February 1877 Independent 10 Ranodip Singh Kunwar ( 1825 -- 1885 ) 27 February 1877 22 November 1885 Independent 11 Bir Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana ( 1852 -- 1901 ) 22 November 1885 5 March 1901 Independent Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah ( 17 May 1881 - 11 December 1911 ) 12 Dev Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana ( 1862 -- 1914 ) 5 March 1901 27 June 1901 Independent 13 Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana ( 1863 -- 1929 ) 27 June 1901 26 November 1929 Independent Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah ( 11 December 1911 - 13 March 1955 ) 14 Bhim Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana ( 1865 -- 1932 ) 26 November 1929 1 September 1932 Independent 15 Juddha Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana ( 1875 -- 1952 ) 1 September 1932 29 November 1945 Independent 16 Padma Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana ( 1882 -- 1961 ) 29 November 1945 30 April 1948 Independent 17 Mohan Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana ( 1885 -- 1967 ) 30 April 1948 12 November 1951 Independent Prime Ministers during the Transition era ( 1951 -- 1960 ) ( edit ) No . Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Term of Office Political Party King of Kingdom of Nepal ( Reign ) Took Office Left Office 18 Matrika Prasad Koirala ( 1912 -- 1997 ) 1st time 16 November 1951 14 August 1952 Nepali Congress Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah ( 11 December 1911 -- 13 March 1955 ) -- Direct rule by King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah ( 1906 -- 1955 ) 14 August 1952 15 June 1953 -- ( 18 ) Matrika Prasad Koirala ( 1912 -- 1997 ) 2nd time 15 June 1953 14 April 1955 Rastriya Praja Party -- Direct rule by King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah ( 1920 -- 1972 ) 14 April 1955 27 January 1956 -- Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah ( 14 March 1955 -- 31 January 1972 ) 19 Tanka Prasad Acharya ( 1912 -- 1992 ) 27 January 1956 26 July 1957 Nepal Praja Parishad 20 Kunwar Inderjit Singh ( 1906 -- 1982 ) 26 July 1957 15 May 1958 United Democratic Party 21 Subarna Shamsher Rana ( 1910 -- 1977 ) 15 May 1958 27 May 1959 Nepali Congress 22 Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala ( 1914 -- 1982 ) 27 May 1959 26 December 1960 Nepali Congress Prime Ministers during the Panchayat era ( 1960 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) No . Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Term of Office Political Party King of Kingdom of Nepal ( Reign ) Took Office Left Office -- Direct rule by King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah ( 1920 -- 1972 ) 26 December 1960 2 April 1963 -- Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah ( 14 March 1955 -- 31 January 1972 ) 23 Tulsi Giri ( 1926 -- ) 1st time 2 April 1963 23 December 1963 Independent 24 Surya Bahadur Thapa ( 1928 -- 2015 ) 1st time 23 December 1963 26 February 1964 Independent ( 23 ) Tulsi Giri ( 1926 -- ) 2nd time 26 February 1964 26 January 1965 Independent ( 24 ) Surya Bahadur Thapa ( 1928 -- 2015 ) 2nd time 26 January 1965 7 April 1969 Independent 25 Kirti Nidhi Bista ( 1927 -- 2017 ) 1st time 7 April 1969 13 April 1970 Independent -- Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari ( 1923 -- 1994 ) Acting Prime Minister 13 April 1970 14 April 1971 Independent ( 25 ) Kirti Nidhi Bista ( 1927 -- 2017 ) 2nd time 14 April 1971 16 July 1973 Independent Birendra Bir Bikram Shah ( 31 January 1972 -- 1 June 2001 ) 26 Nagendra Prasad Rijal ( 1927 -- 1994 ) 1st time 16 July 1973 1 December 1975 Independent ( 23 ) Tulsi Giri ( 1926 -- ) 3rd time 1 December 1975 12 September 1977 Independent ( 25 ) Kirti Nidhi Bista ( 1927 -- 2017 ) 3rd time 12 September 1977 30 May 1979 Independent ( 24 ) Surya Bahadur Thapa ( 1928 -- 2015 ) 3rd time 30 May 1979 12 July 1983 Independent 27 Lokendra Bahadur Chand ( 1940 -- ) 1st time 12 July 1983 21 March 1986 Independent ( 26 ) Nagendra Prasad Rijal ( 1927 -- 1994 ) 2nd time 21 March 1986 15 June 1986 Independent 28 Marich Man Singh Shrestha ( 1942 -- 2013 ) 15 June 1986 6 April 1990 Independent ( 27 ) Lokendra Bahadur Chand ( 1940 -- ) 2nd time 6 April 1990 19 April 1990 Independent Prime Ministers during the Constitutional monarchy ( 1990 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) No . Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Term of Office Political Party King of Kingdom of Nepal ( Reign ) Took Office Left Office Days 29 Krishna Prasad Bhattarai ( 1924 -- 2011 ) 1st time 19 April 1990 26 May 1991 402 Nepali Congress Birendra Bir Bikram Shah ( 31 January 1972 -- 1 June 2001 ) 30 Girija Prasad Koirala ( 1925 -- 2010 ) 1st time 26 May 1991 30 November 1994 1284 Nepali Congress 31 Man Mohan Adhikari ( 1920 -- 1999 ) 30 November 1994 12 September 1995 286 Communist Party of Nepal ( Unified Marxist -- Leninist ) 32 Sher Bahadur Deuba ( 1946 -- ) 1st time 12 September 1995 12 March 1997 547 Nepali Congress ( 27 ) Lokendra Bahadur Chand ( 1940 -- ) 3rd time 12 March 1997 7 October 1997 209 Rastriya Prajatantra Party ( Chand ) ( 24 ) Surya Bahadur Thapa ( 1928 -- 2015 ) 4th time 7 October 1997 15 April 1998 190 Rastriya Prajatantra Party ( 30 ) Girija Prasad Koirala ( 1925 -- 2010 ) 2nd time 15 April 1998 31 May 1999 411 Nepali Congress ( 29 ) Krishna Prasad Bhattarai ( 1924 -- 2011 ) 2nd time 31 May 1999 22 March 2000 296 Nepali Congress ( 30 ) Girija Prasad Koirala ( 1925 -- 2010 ) 3rd time 22 March 2000 26 July 2001 491 Nepali Congress ( 32 ) Sher Bahadur Deuba ( 1946 -- ) 2nd time 26 July 2001 4 October 2002 435 Nepali Congress Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah ( 4 June 2001 -- 28 May 2008 ) -- Direct rule by King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah ( 1947 -- ) 4 October 2002 11 October 2002 7 -- ( 27 ) Lokendra Bahadur Chand ( 1940 -- ) 4th time 11 October 2002 5 June 2003 237 Rastriya Prajatantra Party ( 24 ) Surya Bahadur Thapa ( 1928 -- 2015 ) 5th time 5 June 2003 3 June 2004 364 Rastriya Prajatantra Party ( 32 ) Sher Bahadur Deuba ( 1946 -- ) 3rd time 3 June 2004 1 February 2005 243 Nepali Congress ( Democratic ) -- Direct rule by King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah ( 1947 -- ) 1 February 2005 25 April 2006 448 -- ( 30 ) Girija Prasad Koirala ( 1925 -- 2010 ) 4th time 25 April 2006 28 may 2008 764 Nepali Congress Prime Ministers of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( 2008 -- present ) ( edit ) No . Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Term of Office Political Party Cabinet President of Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( 1 . Term of Office ) ( 2 . Political Party ) Took Office Left Office Days ( 30 ) Girija Prasad Koirala ( 1925 -- 2010 ) 5th time 28 May 2008 18 August 2008 82 Nepali Congress Girija Prasad Koirala Head of state of Nepal ( 1 . 15 January 2007 - 23 July 2008 ( 2 . Nepali Congress ) 33 Pushpa Kamal Dahal ( 1954 -- ) 1st time 18 August 2008 25 May 2009 280 Unified Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist ) 2008 Dahal Cabinet Ram Baran Yadav ( 1 . 23 July 2008 - 29 October 2015 ) ( 2 . Nepali Congress ) 34 Madhav Kumar Nepal ( 1953 -- ) 25 May 2009 6 February 2011 622 Communist Party of Nepal ( Unified Marxist -- Leninist ) 2009 Madhav Nepal Cabinet 35 Jhala Nath Khanal ( 1950 -- ) 6 February 2011 29 August 2011 204 Communist Party of Nepal ( Unified Marxist -- Leninist ) 2011 Khanal Cabinet 36 Baburam Bhattarai ( 1954 -- ) 29 August 2011 14 March 2013 563 Unified Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist ) 2011 Bhattarai Cabinet -- Khil Raj Regmi ( 1949 -- ) Acting Prime Minister 14 March 2013 11 February 2014 334 Independent 2013 Regmi Interim Cabinet 37 Sushil Koirala ( 1939 -- 2016 ) 11 February 2014 12 October 2015 608 Nepali Congress 2013 Koirala Cabinet 38 Khadga Prasad Oli ( 1952 -- ) 1st time 12 October 2015 4 August 2016 297 Communist Party of Nepal ( Unified Marxist -- Leninist ) 2015 Oli Cabinet Bidhya Devi Bhandari ( 1 . 29 October 2015 - ) ( 2 . Communist Party of Nepal ( Unified Marxist -- Leninist ) ) ( 33 ) Pushpa Kamal Dahal ( 1954 -- ) 2nd time 4 August 2016 7 June 2017 307 Unified Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist ) 2016 Dahal Cabinet ( 32 ) Sher Bahadur Deuba ( 1946 -- ) 4th time 7 June 2017 15 February 2018 253 Nepali Congress 2017 Deuba Cabinet ( 38 ) Khadga Prasad Oli ( 1952 -- ) 2nd time 15 February 2018 Incumbent 101 Communist Party of Nepal ( Unified Marxist -- Leninist ) 2018 Oli Cabinet References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bharadar translates as ' bearers of burden of state ' . Jump up ^ Here the government of Nepal can simply be called Bharadari Sabha or Council of Bharadars . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` PM Deuba shifts to official residence in Baluwatar '' . thehimalayantimes.com. 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` How much are VIPs , including President and PM , paid monthly ? '' . thehimalayantimes.com. 20 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Nepal , Gyanmani ( 2007 ) . Nepal ko Mahabharat ( in Nepali ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Kathmandu : Sajha . p. 314 . ISBN 9789993325857 . Jump up ^ `` English Translation of `` मुख्य '' - Collins Hindi - English Dictionary `` . www.collinsdictionary.com . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` English Translation of `` अख़्तियार '' - Collins Hindi - English Dictionary `` . www.collinsdictionary.com . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kandel , Devi Prasad ( 2011 ) . Pre-Rana Administrative System . Chitwan : Siddhababa Offset Press . p. 95 . Jump up ^ `` Left alliance urges President to appoint UML Chair Oli as prime minister '' . thehimalayantimes.com. 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baluwatar vacated - The Himalayan Times '' . thehimalayantimes.com. 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PM 's Office - Heritage Tale - ECSNEPAL - The Nepali Way '' . ecs.com.np . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pradhan 2012 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Pradhan 2012 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Acharya 2012 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Pradhan 2012 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Karmacharya 2005 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Acharya 2012 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Acharya 2012 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Pradhan 2012 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Girija Prasad koirla prime minister '' . nepalnews . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Girija prasad , acting head of state of nepal '' . cnn . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : bbc http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7475112.stm . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda sworn in as new Nepal PM '' . Hindustan Times . 2016 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sher Bahadur Deuba sworns in as Prime Minister '' . thehimalayantimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` PM Deuba announces resignation '' . The Kathmandu Post . 2018 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Sher Bahadur Deuba resigns , KP Oli to take over as Nepal PM '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Newly appointed PM KP Sharma Oli takes oath of office '' . The Kathmandu Post . 2018 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers See also ( edit ) King of Nepal President of Nepal Government of Nepal Prime Ministers of Nepal Kingdom of Nepal ( 19th century -- 1990 ) Damodar Pande Bhimsen Thapa Ranga Nath Poudyal Chautariya Puskhar Shah Rana Jang Pande Ranga Nath Poudyal Fateh Jung Shah Mathabarsingh Thapa Fateh Jung Shah Jung Bahadur Rana Bam Bahadur Kunwar Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Rana Jung Bahadur Rana Renaudip Singh Bahadur Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Dev Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Bhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Padma Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Matrika Prasad Koirala vacant ( 1952 -- 1953 ) Matrika Prasad Koirala vacant ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Tanka Prasad Acharya Kunwar Inderjit Singh Subarna Shamsher Rana Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala Tulsi Giri Surya Bahadur Thapa Tulsi Giri Surya Bahadur Thapa Kirti Nidhi Bista vacant ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Kirti Nidhi Bista Nagendra Prasad Rijal Tulsi Giri Kirti Nidhi Bista Surya Bahadur Thapa Lokendra Bahadur Chand Nagendra Prasad Rijal Marich Man Singh Shrestha Lokendra Bahadur Chand Kingdom of Nepal ( 1990 -- 2008 ) Krishna Prasad Bhattarai Girija Prasad Koirala Man Mohan Adhikari Sher Bahadur Deuba Lokendra Bahadur Chand Surya Bahadur Thapa Girija Prasad Koirala Krishna Prasad Bhattarai Sher Bahadur Deuba vacant ( 2002 ) Lokendra Bahadur Chand Surya Bahadur Thapa Sher Bahadur Deuba vacant ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Girija Prasad Koirala Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( 2008 -- present ) Girija Prasad Koirala Pushpa Kamal Dahal Madhav Kumar Nepal Jhala Nath Khanal Baburam Bhattarai Khil Raj Regmi Sushil Koirala Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli Pushpa Kamal Dahal Sher Bahadur Deuba Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli Nepal articles History Khasas Kiratas Shakya Siddhartha Gautama Maithali Sita Janaka Licchavi Arimalla Khasa kingdom Baise Rajya Chaubisi rajya Gorkha Kingdom Prithvi Narayan Shah Unification Kalu Pande Kingdom of Nepal Shah dynasty Sino - Nepalese War Bhimsen Thapa Anglo - Nepalese War Balbhadra Kunwar Treaty of Sugauli Rana dynasty Kot massacre Jung Bahadur Rana Nepalese -- Tibetan War Tribhuvan Nepal -- Britain Treaty of 1923 Nepali Congress Democracy movement in 2006 Birendra Royal massacre Jana Andolan Ganesh Man Singh Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala Pushpa Kamal Dahal ( Prachanda ) Civil War 2015 Nepal Earthquake Geography Mountains Himalayas Dhaulagiri Annapurna Manaslu Mount Everest Makalu Kanchanjunga Areas Kathmandu Valley Siliguri Corridor ( Chicken 's Neck ) Madhesh Inner Madhesh Tibetan Plateau Rivers Arun Karnali ( Ghaghara ) Koshi ( Kosi ) Narayani ( Gandaki ) West Rapti Subdivisions Districts Provinces Cities Gaupalikas Cities Biratnagar Birgunj Bharatpur Hetauda Itahari Damak Janakpur Kathmandu ( capital ) Nepalgunj Patan Pokhara Politics Constitution Constituent Assembly Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT LGBT history Military Political parties President Vice President Prime Minister Council of Ministers Supreme Court Chief Justice Village Development Committees Economy Agriculture Energy companies South Asian Free Trade Area Rupee ( currency ) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Culture Cuisine Music Demographics Education universities and colleges schools Languages literature Gorkhas ( Gurkhas ) International rankings Madhesi people Nepal Academy Newar people Sherpas Sport Football Cricket Olympics Media Newar traditional clothing Public holidays Religion Religion Hinduism Buddhism Pashupatinath Temple Ceremonies and festivals Bratabandha ( Upanayana ) Dashain Nwaran Pasni Tihar Chhath Dipankha Yatra Holi Issues Capital punishment Intersex rights LGBT rights Health Human rights International rankings Outline Index Portal Prime minister Prime Ministers by country Abkhazia Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Armenia Artsakh Aruba Australia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo ( Kinshasa ) Cook Islands Croatia Cuba Curaçao Northern Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica East Timor Egypt Equatorial Guinea Estonia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France Ghana Georgia Greece Greenland Grenada Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya North Korea South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malaysia Malta Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Myanmar ( Burma ) Nagorno - Karabakh Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Niue Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Ossetia Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland Sweden Syria Taiwan ( Republic of China ) Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkmenistan Turkey Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vietnam Yemen Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Nepal&oldid=842497808 '' Categories : Lists of prime ministers Lists of political office - holders in Nepal Prime ministers of Nepal Hidden categories : CS1 Nepali - language sources ( ne ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles containing Nepali - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano मैथिली Bahasa Melayu नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् தமிழ் Українська 中文 डोटेली 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 21 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the recent prime minister of nepal
[ "The current Prime Minister is Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli, since 15 February 2018.[7] The residence of Prime Minister of Nepal is in Baluwatar, Kathmandu.[1][8] The seat of the Prime Minister is Singha Darbar since the time of Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.[9] The basic monthly salary of Prime Minister of Nepal is NPR 77,280.[2]" ]
[ "Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli" ]
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Star Wars: The Force Awakens
Star Wars : the Force Awakens - Wikipedia Star Wars : the Force Awakens Jump to : navigation , search `` Episode VII '' redirects here . For other episodes , see Episode 7 . `` The Force Awakens '' redirects here . For the soundtrack , see The Force Awakens ( soundtrack ) . Star Wars : The Force Awakens Theatrical release poster Directed by J.J. Abrams Produced by Kathleen Kennedy J.J. Abrams Bryan Burk Written by Lawrence Kasdan J.J. Abrams Michael Arndt Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Harrison Ford Mark Hamill Carrie Fisher Adam Driver Daisy Ridley John Boyega Oscar Isaac Lupita Nyong'o Andy Serkis Domhnall Gleeson Anthony Daniels Peter Mayhew Max von Sydow Music by John Williams Cinematography Dan Mindel Edited by Maryann Brandon Mary Jo Markey Production companies Lucasfilm Ltd . Bad Robot Productions Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) ( Los Angeles ) December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $306 million ( gross ) $258.6 million ( net ) Box office $2.068 billion Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( also known as Star Wars : Episode VII -- The Force Awakens ) is a 2015 American epic space opera film produced , co-written and directed by J.J. Abrams . It is the first installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the seventh main installment of the Star Wars franchise , following Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) . The film stars Harrison Ford , Mark Hamill , Carrie Fisher , Adam Driver , Daisy Ridley , John Boyega , Oscar Isaac , Lupita Nyong'o , Andy Serkis , Domhnall Gleeson , Anthony Daniels , Peter Mayhew , and Max von Sydow , and was produced by Lucasfilm Ltd. and Abrams ' production company Bad Robot Productions . The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars film to not involve franchise creator George Lucas . Set 30 years after Return of the Jedi , the film follows Rey , Finn , and Poe Dameron 's search for Luke Skywalker and their fight alongside the Resistance , led by veterans of the Rebel Alliance , against Kylo Ren and the First Order , a successor to the Galactic Empire . The Force Awakens was announced after The Walt Disney Company 's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012 . The film was produced by Abrams , his longtime collaborator Bryan Burk , and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy . Abrams and Lawrence Kasdan , co-writer of the original trilogy films The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , rewrote an initial script by Michael Arndt . John Williams , the composer for the previous six films , returned to compose the film 's score . Lucas served as creative consultant during the film 's early production . Filming began in April 2014 in Abu Dhabi and Iceland , with principal photography also taking place in Ireland and Pinewood Studios in the United Kingdom , and concluded in November 2014 . It is the first live - action Star Wars film since Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Star Wars : The Force Awakens was widely anticipated , and Disney backed the film with extensive marketing campaigns . It premiered in Los Angeles on December 14 , 2015 before its wide release in the United States on December 18 . The film received highly positive reviews from critics , with praise aimed at its ensemble cast , Abrams ' direction , musical score , visual effects , and action sequences , although it received criticism for being derivative of the original trilogy . The film broke various box office records and became , unadjusted for inflation , the highest - grossing installment in the franchise , the highest - grossing film in North America , the highest - grossing film of 2015 , and the third - highest - grossing film of all time , with a worldwide gross of over $2 billion and a net profit of over $780 million . It received five Academy Award nominations and four British Academy Film Award nominations , where it won the award for Best Special Visual Effects . It was followed by The Last Jedi in December 2017 , with a third film scheduled for release in 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Tie - in literature and merchandise 4.3 Video games 4.4 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 Theatrical run 5.1. 2 Commercial analysis 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 5.3. 1 Top ten lists 6 Sequels 6.1 The Last Jedi 6.2 Episode IX 7 See also 8 Footnote 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot Thirty years after the Galactic Civil War , the First Order has risen from the fallen Galactic Empire and seeks to eliminate the New Republic . The Resistance , backed by the Republic and led by General Leia Organa , opposes them while Leia searches for her brother , Luke Skywalker . On the planet Jakku , Resistance pilot Poe Dameron receives a map to Luke 's location from village elder Lor San Tekka . Stormtroopers commanded by Kylo Ren destroy the village and capture Poe , while Kylo kills San Tekka . Poe 's droid BB - 8 escapes with the map and encounters a scavenger , Rey , near a junkyard settlement . Kylo tortures Poe using the Force and learns of BB - 8 . Stormtrooper FN - 2187 , unwilling to kill for the First Order , frees Poe , and they escape in a stolen TIE fighter ; Poe dubs FN - 2187 `` Finn '' . They crash on Jakku ; Finn survives and assumes Poe died in the crash . Finn encounters Rey and BB - 8 , but the First Order tracks them and launches an airstrike . Finn , Rey , and BB - 8 flee the planet in the Millennium Falcon , which they steal from a junkyard . The Falcon is captured by a larger ship piloted by Han Solo and Chewbacca , looking to reclaim their former vessel . They are attacked by gangs seeking to settle debts with Han , and flee in the Falcon . The gangs inform the First Order . At the First Order 's Starkiller Base , a planet converted into a superweapon that harnesses star energy , Supreme Leader Snoke allows General Hux to use the weapon for the first time . Snoke questions Kylo 's ability to deal with emotions relating to his father , Han Solo ; Kylo says Han means nothing to him . The Falcon crew determines BB - 8 's map is incomplete . Han explains that Luke attempted to rebuild the Jedi Order but exiled himself when an apprentice turned to the dark side , destroyed the temple , and slaughtered the other apprentices . The crew travels to the planet Takodana and meets with cantina owner Maz Kanata , who offers assistance getting BB - 8 to the Resistance . Rey is drawn to a secluded vault and finds the lightsaber that once belonged to Luke and his father , Anakin Skywalker . She experiences disturbing visions and flees into the woods . Maz gives Finn the lightsaber for safekeeping . Starkiller Base fires and destroys the Republic capital star system and a portion of its fleet . The First Order attacks Takodana in search of BB - 8 . Han , Chewbacca , and Finn are saved by Resistance X-wing fighters led by Poe , who survived the crash on Jakku . Leia arrives at Takodana with C - 3PO and reunites with Han and Chewbacca . Meanwhile , Kylo captures Rey and takes her to Starkiller Base , but she resists his mind - reading attempts . Discovering she can use the Force , Rey escapes by using a Jedi mind trick on a nearby guard . At the Resistance base on D'Qar , BB - 8 finds R2 - D2 , who has been inactive since Luke 's disappearance . As Starkiller Base prepares to fire on D'Qar , the Resistance devises a plan to destroy it by attacking a critical facility . Using the Falcon , Han , Chewbacca , and Finn infiltrate the facility , find Rey , and plant explosives . Han confronts Kylo , calling him by his birth name , Ben , and implores him to abandon the dark side . Kylo refuses and kills Han , enraging Chewbacca , who shoots Kylo and sets off the explosives , allowing the Resistance to attack and destroy Starkiller Base . The injured Kylo pursues Finn and Rey to the surface . Kylo defeats Finn in a lightsaber duel and leaves him badly wounded . Rey takes the lightsaber and uses the Force to defeat Kylo , before they are separated by a fissure as the planet begins to disintegrate . Snoke orders Hux to evacuate and bring Kylo to him to complete his training . Rey and Chewbacca escape with the unconscious Finn in the Falcon . On D'Qar , the Resistance celebrates while Leia , Chewbacca , and Rey mourn Han 's death . R2 - D2 awakens and reveals the rest of the map , which Rey follows to the oceanic planet Ahch - To . She finds Luke and presents him with the lightsaber . Cast See also : List of Star Wars : The Force Awakens characters and List of Star Wars cast members Star Wars : The Force Awakens introduces ( from top ) Adam Driver as the dark warrior Kylo Ren , Daisy Ridley as the scavenger Rey , John Boyega as the reformed stormtrooper Finn , and Oscar Isaac as X-wing fighter pilot Poe Dameron . Harrison Ford as Han Solo : A rogue and a smuggler , formerly a key player in the Rebel Alliance . Ford said `` Han does not aspire to the position of Obi - Wan , nor do I aspire to be some New Age Alec Guinness . His development is consistent with the character , and there are emotional elements which have occasioned his growth ... There 's a lot of the rogue still left in Solo . Some things do n't change ... '' Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker : The last Jedi , who has gone into hiding . Regarding Luke , Han , and Leia , Abrams stated : `` They 'd be as old and as mythic as the tale of King Arthur . They would be characters who ( the new characters ) may have heard of , but maybe not . They 'd be characters who they might believe existed , or just sounded like a fairy tale ... '' Hamill was initially skeptical of Luke 's reveal at the end of the film , although he later reconsidered his limited screentime to be `` a great surprise '' . Abrams added that the film 's ending was intended to be `` this great long drum roll up to seeing this guy '' . Carrie Fisher as General Leia Organa : The former princess of the destroyed planet Alderaan , now General of the Resistance , and Luke 's twin sister . After the events of Return of the Jedi , she is described as `` a little more battle weary , a little more broken hearted '' . Fisher described Leia as `` Solitary . Under a lot of pressure . Committed as ever to her cause , but I would imagine feeling somewhat defeated , tired , and pissed . '' Abrams said : `` The stakes are pretty high in the story for her , so there 's not much goofing around where Leia 's concerned . '' Adam Driver as Ben Solo / Kylo Ren : A dark warrior who is strong with the Force , originally a member of the Knights of Ren , and a high ranking member of the First Order . He is the son of Han and Leia and the grandson of the deceased Darth Vader . Driver said the team tried `` not to think of him as being bad , or evil , or a villain . Something that was more three - dimensional . He 's more dangerous and unpredictable , and morally justified in doing what he thinks is right . '' Daisy Ridley as Rey : A highly Force - sensitive scavenger who was abandoned as a child on the desert planet Jakku , waiting for her family to return . Ridley said : `` She 's completely self - sufficient and does everything for herself , until she meets ( Finn ) and an adventure begins . '' Cailey Fleming plays a young Rey . John Boyega as Finn : A reformed First Order stormtrooper . Boyega said that he learned he obtained the part `` over a nice breakfast in Mayfair '' during which Abrams told him , `` John , you 're the new star of Star Wars . '' Boyega said : `` When we find Finn , he 's in incredible danger . And the way he reacts to this danger changes his life , and launches him into the Star Wars universe in a very unique way . '' He said in another interview : `` He 's been taught about ( Luke ) , he knows about his history . For him it 's like joining the army and then learning about one of the great enemies of your country . '' Oscar Isaac as Poe Dameron : A Resistance X-wing fighter pilot . Isaac said : `` He 's the best freaking pilot in the galaxy ... He 's been sent on a mission by a certain princess , and he ends up coming up across ( Finn ) , and their fates are forever intertwined . '' Lupita Nyong'o as Maz Kanata : A wise and perceptive figure operating a somewhat shady cantina on the peaceful forest planet , Takodana . J.J. Abrams said Kanata has `` lived over a thousand years . She 's had this watering hole ... and it 's like another bar that you 'd find in a corner of the Star Wars universe . '' According to Abrams , the character was based on his former high school English teacher , Rose Gilbert , who lectured at the Palisades Charter High School from 1961 to 2013 . Abrams said the team `` really wanted the story to feel authentic , despite being a wild fantasy . I mentioned Rose in an early story meeting as a sort of timeless , wise figure that I 'd actually known in my life . '' Andy Serkis as Supreme Leader Snoke : The political leader of the First Order . He is Kylo Ren 's master and is very powerful in the dark side . Serkis described Snoke as `` quite an enigmatic character , and strangely vulnerable at the same time as being quite powerful ... He is large . He appears tall . And also just the facial design -- you could n't have gotten there with prosthetics ... Without giving too much away at this point , he has a very distinctive , idiosyncratic bone and facial structure . '' Domhnall Gleeson as General Hux : The commander of the First Order 's Starkiller Base . Gleeson described him as `` pretty ruthless . A strong disciplinarian would be a mild way of putting it ... He 's kind of opposite Kylo Ren . They have their own relationship , which is individual and unusual . One of them is strong in different ways than the other . They 're both vying for power . '' Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO : A humanoid protocol droid under Organa 's service . Daniels said the actors were allowed to experiment with their performances , and that Abrams `` made a field , a playpen where you were allowed to take your time and suggest things '' . Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca : A Wookiee and Solo 's longtime companion . Mayhew 's double Joonas Suotamo portrays the character in several action scenes , and Ian Whyte performed stunts , as the 71 - year - old Mayhew suffered from knee problems . Max von Sydow as Lor San Tekka : A retired adventurer on Jakku , aiding the Resistance in locating Skywalker . Tim Rose and Mike Quinn reprise their respective roles as Admiral Ackbar and Nien Nunb , both from Return of the Jedi . Kipsang Rotich returns as the voice of Nien Nunb and Erik Bauersfeld returns to voice Ackbar . This was Bauersfeld 's final film role before his death in April 2016 . Kenny Baker , originally announced as part of the cast , was credited as `` consultant '' for R2 - D2 , with Jimmy Vee performing some of the work for R2 - D2 . Ewan McGregor has an uncredited vocal cameo as Obi - Wan Kenobi in Rey 's vision sequence , while archival audio of Frank Oz and Alec Guinness as Yoda and Kenobi , respectively , are also used in the same scene ; Oz recorded new dialogue for the film , but it was replaced with pre-existing audio from The Empire Strikes Back . Gwendoline Christie portrays Captain Phasma , the commander of the First Order 's legions of stormtroopers . Dave Chapman and Brian Herring served as puppeteers for BB - 8 , with Bill Hader and Ben Schwartz credited as `` Vocal Consultants '' . Ken Leung appears as Statura , an admiral in the Resistance . Simon Pegg appears as Unkar Plutt , the Junkyard dealer on Jakku . Greg Grunberg plays Temmin `` Snap '' Wexley , an X-wing pilot . Kiran Shah plays Teedo , a scavenger on Jakku who rides a semi-mechanical Luggabeast . Jessica Henwick appears as Jess `` Testor '' Pava or Jess Testor , an X-wing pilot . Brian Vernel appears as Bala - Tik , the leader of the Guavian Death Gang . Yayan Ruhian , Iko Uwais , and Cecep Arif Rahman appear as Tasu Leech , Razoo Qin - Fee , and Crokind Shand , members of the Kanjiklub Gang , a criminal organization . Warwick Davis appears as Wollivan , a tavern - dweller in Maz Kanata 's castle . Anna Brewster appears as Bazine Netal , a First Order spy , also at Maz Kanata 's castle . Thomas Brodie - Sangster and Kate Fleetwood play First Order Petty Officers , Thanisson and Unamo , respectively . Billie Lourd , daughter of Carrie Fisher , appears as Connix , a lieutenant in the Resistance . Members of the Resistance include Emun Elliott as Brance and Maisie Richardson - Sellers as Korr Sella while Harriet Walter appears as Kalonia , the doctor who tends to Chewbacca . Mark Stanley appears as a Knight of Ren . Sebastian Armesto portrays Lieutenant Mitaka and Pip Torrens portrays Colonel Caplan , both serving the First Order . Daniel Craig , Michael Giacchino and Nigel Godrich cameo as stormtroopers . Abrams ' assistant , Morgan Dameron , appears as a Resistance officer , while his father , Gerald W. Abrams , appears as Captain Cypress . The film 's dialect coach , Andrew Jack , appears as Major Ematt of the Resistance . Additionally , Crystal Clarke , Pip Andersen , Christina Chong , Miltos Yerolemou , Amybeth Hargreaves , Leanne Best , Judah Friedlander , and Kevin Smith were cast in minor roles . Abrams has a vocal cameo , singing with Lin - Manuel Miranda on two songs , `` Jabba Flow '' and `` Dobra Doompa '' , performed by Shag Kava , consisting of Abrams , Miranda and musicians . Star Wars : The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels cast members Dee Bradley Baker , Matt Lanter , Tom Kane , Catherine Taber , Matthew Wood , Sam Witwer , Meredith Salenger , James Arnold Taylor , show runner Dave Filoni , Michael Donovan , Devon Libran , Elle Newlands , Terri Douglas , Robert Stambler , Verona Blue , TJ Falls , Michelle Rejwan , Eugene Byrd , Fred Tatasciore , David Collins , Amanda Foreman , Christopher Scarabosio , Patrick Correll , Karen Huie , Orly Schuchmacher , Emily Towers , Jonathan Dixon , Kat Sheridan , Salacious Crumb actor Mark Dodson , and Gavyn Sykes actor Christian Simpson were the additional voices used in the film . Riot control stormtrooper FN - 2199 , who calls Finn a traitor during the battle on Takodana , was portrayed by stunt performer Liang Yang and voiced by sound editor David Acord . Production Development See also : Star Wars sequel trilogy Star Wars creator George Lucas discussed ideas for a sequel trilogy several times after the conclusion of the original trilogy , but denied any intent to make it . In October 2012 , he sold his production company Lucasfilm , and with it the Star Wars franchise , to The Walt Disney Company . Speaking alongside Lucasfilm 's new president , Kathleen Kennedy , Lucas said : `` I always said I was n't going to do any more and that 's true , because I 'm not going to do any more , but that does n't mean I 'm unwilling to turn it over to Kathy to do more . '' As creative consultant on the film , Lucas attended early story meetings and advised on the details of the Star Wars universe . Among the materials he turned over to the production team were his rough story treatments for Episodes VII -- IX , which Lucas requested would only be read by Kennedy , Bob Iger , Alan Horn , and Kevin Mayer . Lucas later stated that Disney had discarded his story ideas and that he had no further involvement with the film . Lucas ' son Jett told The Guardian that his father was `` very torn '' about having sold the rights to the franchise , despite having picked Abrams to direct , and that his father was `` there to guide '' but that `` he wants to let it go and become its new generation '' . ( L -- R ) Producer Kathleen Kennedy , writer and director J.J. Abrams and writer Lawrence Kasdan speaking at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International The Force Awakens 's first screenplay was written by Michael Arndt . Early drafts had Luke appear midway through the film , but Arndt found that `` every time Luke came in and entered the movie , he just took it over . Suddenly you did n't care about your main character anymore . '' Luke became the film 's MacGuffin and does not appear in person until the final scene . Several directors were considered , including David Fincher , Brad Bird , Ben Affleck and Guillermo del Toro ; after a suggestion by Steven Spielberg to Kennedy , J.J. Abrams was named director in January 2013 , with Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg as project consultants . Arndt worked on the script for eight months , but said he needed 18 more , which was more time than Disney or Abrams could give him . The production announced Arndt 's exit from the project on October 24 , 2013 , and Kasdan and Abrams took over script duties . Abrams expressed relief that the release date was announced for December 2015 instead of a previously discussed summer release . He and Kasdan planned the story while walking in Santa Monica , New York City , Paris and London . The first draft was completed in six weeks . Abrams said that the key for the film was to return to the roots of the first Star Wars film and be based more on emotion than explanation . In January 2014 , Abrams confirmed that the script was complete . In April 2014 , Lucasfilm clarified that Episodes VII -- IX would not feature storylines from the Star Wars expanded universe , though other elements could be included as with the TV series Star Wars Rebels . Abrams stated that he purposely withheld some plot elements from The Force Awakens , such as Finn and Rey 's last names and their backgrounds . Kennedy admitted that `` we have n't mapped out every single detail ( of the sequel trilogy ) yet '' , but said that Abrams is collaborating with The Last Jedi director Rian Johnson , and that Johnson would work with Episode IX 's then - director Colin Trevorrow , to ensure a smooth transition and that `` everybody 's got a say in how we move forward with this '' . A fictional language was developed for use in the film by YouTube star Sara Forsberg , who created the viral video series `` What Languages Sound Like To Foreigners '' ; Forsberg developed the language by studying languages such as Hindi and Gujarati . In November 2015 , Lucas recorded an hour - long interview with CBS News reporter Charlie Rose in which he said Disney had not been `` keen '' to involve him and conceded : `` If I get in there , I 'm just going to cause trouble because they 're not going to do what I want them to do , and I do n't have the control to do that any more , and all it would do is just muck everything up . '' He also stated : `` They wanted to do a retro movie . I do n't like that . Every movie , I worked very hard to make them different ... I made them completely different -- different planets , different spaceships to make it new . '' In early December 2015 , Kathleen Kennedy told The Hollywood Reporter that Lucas had seen the movie and `` liked it '' . In the same month , at the Kennedy Center Honors , Lucas said : `` I think the fans are going to love it , It 's very much the kind of movie they 've been looking for . '' Abrams felt that , as the first in a new trilogy , the film had `` needed to take a couple of steps backwards into very familiar terrain '' and use plot elements from previous Star Wars films . Pre-production In May 2013 , it was confirmed that The Force Awakens would be filmed in the United Kingdom . Representatives from Lucasfilm met with Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne to agree to produce The Force Awakens in the UK . Osborne committed £ 25 million of public money towards the film , claiming it was a boost for British culture and the film industry . According to production company account filings in the United Kingdom , The Force Awakens ultimately received a total of £ 31.6 million ( $47.4 million ) from the government . Beginning in September 2013 , production spaces at the Bad Robot facility were converted for shooting of The Force Awakens for the benefit of shooting a minor portion of the film in the United States . The film 's costume designer was Michael Kaplan , who had previously worked with Abrams on the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness . Film editors Mary Jo Markey and Maryann Brandon , long - term collaborators with Abrams , were also signed . In August 2013 , it was announced that cinematographer Daniel Mindel would be shooting the film on 35 mm film ( specifically Kodak 5219 ) . In October 2013 , other crew members were confirmed , including sound designer Ben Burtt , director of photography Daniel Mindel , production designers Rick Carter and Darren Gilford , costume designer Michael Kaplan , special effects supervisor Chris Corbould , re-recording mixer Gary Rydstrom , supervising sound editor Matthew Wood , visual effects supervisors Roger Guyett and Matthew Cunnelly , and executive producer Jason McGatlin . Casting The cast of Star Wars : The Force Awakens at the 2015 San Diego Comic Con International ( L -- R : John Boyega , Daisy Ridley , Oscar Isaac , Adam Driver , Domhnall Gleeson , Gwendoline Christie , Carrie Fisher , Mark Hamill and Harrison Ford ) Casting began around August 2013 , with Abrams meeting with potential actors for script readings and screen tests . Open auditions were held in the UK , Ireland , and the United States in November 2013 for the roles of Rachel and Thomas . Casting began in earnest in January 2014 , because of changes to the script by Kasdan and Abrams . Screen tests with actors continued until at least three weeks before the official announcement on April 29 , 2014 , with final casting decisions made only a few weeks prior . Actors testing had strict non-disclosure agreements , preventing them , their agents or publicists from commenting on their potential involvement . Though Lucas intimated that previous cast members Carrie Fisher , Harrison Ford , and Mark Hamill would return for the new film as early as March 2013 , their casting was not confirmed until over a year later . Saoirse Ronan , Michael B. Jordan , and Lupita Nyong'o auditioned for new characters ; industry publications reported Jesse Plemons was considered , possibly for Luke Skywalker 's son ; Adam Driver for an unnamed villain ; and Maisie Richardson - Sellers for an unknown character . In March 2014 , actor Dominic Monaghan said that Abrams was looking for three unknown actors to play the leads in The Force Awakens and that rumors of bigger - name stars were untrue . Daisy Ridley was chosen for the film by February 2014 , and by the end of that month a deal had been worked out with Driver , who was able to work around his Girls schedule . By March 2014 , talks with Andy Serkis and Oscar Isaac began and continued into April 2014 . In April , John Boyega began talks after dropping out of a Jesse Owens biopic . Denis Lawson , who played Wedge Antilles in the original trilogy , declined to reprise his role , stating that it would have `` bored '' him . On April 29 , 2014 , the cast was announced with a photo of the first table read of the script at Pinewood Studios near London , picturing director Abrams with Ford , Ridley , Fisher , Peter Mayhew , producer Bryan Burk , Lucasfilm president and producer Kathleen Kennedy , Domhnall Gleeson , Anthony Daniels , Hamill , Serkis , Oscar Isaac , Boyega , Driver , and writer Lawrence Kasdan . The announcement was originally planned for May 4 ( Star Wars Day ) , but was announced early for fear of media leaks . In June 2014 , cast additions Lupita Nyong'o and Gwendoline Christie were announced . To prepare for his role , Hamill was assigned a personal trainer and a nutritionist at the request of the producers , who wanted him to resemble an older Luke . Fisher was also assigned a personal trainer and a nutritionist . Abrams initially considered using Daniels only in a voice role for C - 3PO , but Daniels opted to reprise the role physically as well ; the production team built a new C - 3PO suit to accommodate him . In May , Abrams announced a donation contest for UNICEF from the Star Wars set in Abu Dhabi ; the winner was allowed to visit the set , meet members of the cast and appear in the film . In October 2014 , Warwick Davis , who played Wald and Weazle in The Phantom Menace and Wicket in Return of the Jedi , announced that he would appear in The Force Awakens , but did not reveal his role . In November 2014 , Debbie Reynolds confirmed that her granddaughter ( Fisher 's daughter ) , Billie Lourd , is in the film . Isaac 's uncle , a Star Wars fan , was cast as an extra at the invitation of Abrams upon visiting the set . In December 2015 , The Mail reported that Ford would be paid $25 million , plus a 0.5 % share of the revenue . Ridley and Boyega each would receive $460,000 , plus a share if the movie grossed over $1 billion . Fisher received $1.5 million ; Abrams was paid $5.1 million , plus a 2 % share of the revenue . For the original 1977 film , Ford was paid $10,000 ( equivalent to $40,000 in 2017 ) . Filming Skellig Michael in Ireland ( top ) and former RAF Greenham Common in the United Kingdom served as filming locations . In February 2014 , Abrams said filming would begin in May and last about three months . The official announcement came in March , when Disney and Lucasfilm announced that principal photography would commence in May and be based at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire , United Kingdom . That month , it was revealed that pre-production filming would take place in Iceland prior to the start of official filming in May , consisting of landscape shots that would be used for scenery in the film . In April , Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn confirmed that filming had begun , filming in secret in the UAE emirate of Abu Dhabi by a second - unit . Later that month , it was revealed that in addition to 35mm film , segments of the film were being shot in the 65mm IMAX format . In July , Bad Robot reported on Twitter that the film would be at least partially shot on IMAX cameras . On May 4 , 2014 ( Star Wars Day ) , the studio posted a selfie taken by Iger with an unidentified actor in a Chewbacca costume . Iger stated the photo was taken when he visited Pinewood Studios two weeks earlier to discuss the shoot , `` which was just about to start '' , with Abrams , Kennedy , and Horn . Principal photography began in Abu Dhabi on May 16 , 2014 . Abrams and the cast members went to Abu Dhabi in early - May , where large sets were built on location -- including a shuttle - like spacecraft , a large tower , and a big market -- and where explosives were used to create a `` blast crater '' . Cast members were spotted practicing driving vehicles that would be used during filming . Production moved to Pinewood Studios in June . That same month , Harrison Ford fractured his leg while filming at Pinewood after a hydraulic door on the Millennium Falcon set fell on him and was taken to a hospital . According to Abrams , Ford 's ankle `` went to a 90 - degree angle '' . Production was suspended for two weeks to accommodate Ford 's injury . Ford 's son Ben stated that the ankle would likely need a plate and screws and that filming could be altered slightly , with the crew needing to shoot Ford from the waist up for a short time until he recovered . A month later , Jake Steinfeld , Ford 's personal trainer , said that Ford was recovering rapidly . Abrams also suffered a fractured vertebra in his back when he was trying to help lift the door after Ford 's accident . However , he kept this to himself and did not tell anyone about it for over a month . In February 2016 , it was reported that the Health and Safety Executive brought four criminal charges against Disney subsidiary Foodles Production ( UK ) , Ltd. for alleged health and safety breaches relating to Ford 's accident . Foodles Production ( UK ) Ltd was subsequently fined $1.95 million in October 2016 for two health and safety breaches , after admitting the counts at an earlier hearing . Storyboard artists Simon Duric said `` The security on the film was a challenge . That script was locked in a safe . Most of the time on a film you can sit at your desk with a copy of the script next to you . On this , you could n't . That 's fine but it was tricky in places . We had people flying drones over Pinewood studios trying to take photographs . It was nuts . If a prop was being moved we had to have them covered in a big black sheet . We were told in an email to be ( wary ) of drones . '' In July 2014 , filming took place over three days at Skellig Michael , an island off the coast of County Kerry , Ireland , with a cast including Mark Hamill and Daisy Ridley . Landscape shots for the planet Takodana were shot in July in the Lake District in the north west of England . Production was halted for two weeks in early August 2014 so Abrams could rework shooting in Ford 's absence and resumed with a fully healed Ford during mid-August . In September 2014 , the former RAF Greenham Common military base in Berkshire was used and featured set constructions of several spaceships from the Star Wars Universe . Puzzlewood in the Forest of Dean was used for forest scenes . Principal photography ended on November 3 , 2014 . Post-production Bad Robot Productions headquarters in Santa Monica , where Abrams supervised post-production of the film Cinematographer Daniel Mindel stated that The Force Awakens would use real locations and scale models over computer - generated imagery to make it aesthetically similar to the original Star Wars trilogy . Rian Johnson , director of The Last Jedi , reiterated that Abrams would use little CGI and more practical , traditional special effects , saying : `` I think people are coming back around to ( practical effects ) . It feels like there is sort of that gravity pulling us back toward it . I think that more and more people are hitting kind of a critical mass in terms of the CG - driven action scene lending itself to a very specific type of action scene , where physics go out the window and it becomes so big so quick . '' Abrams ' intention in prioritizing practical special effects was to recreate the visual realism and authenticity of the original Star Wars . To that end , the droid BB - 8 was a physical prop that was developed by Disney Research , created by special effects artist Neal Scanlan and operated live on set with the actors . In February 2014 , Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) announced plans to open a facility in London , citing Disney 's Star Wars films as a catalyst for the expansion . ILM 's Vancouver branch also worked on the special effects for the film . Abrams supervised post-production and editing of the film at Bad Robot Productions ' headquarters in Santa Monica . In August 2015 , Abrams gave the estimated running time of the film as 124 -- 125 minutes . Abrams made changes to the film 's plot in the editing process to simplify the film , by removing some sequences shown in trailers : `` At one point , Maz used to continue along with the characters back to the Resistance base , but we realised that she really had nothing to do there of value , except to be sitting around . '' The film was converted to 3D in post-production . Music Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( soundtrack ) It 's all a continuation of an initial set of ideas . It 's a bit like adding paragraphs to a letter that 's been going on for a number of years . Starting with a completely new film , a story that I do n't know , characters that I have n't met , my whole approach to writing music is completely different -- trying to find an identity , trying to find melodic identifications if that 's needed for the characters , and so on . -- John Williams on returning to the Star Wars universe In July 2013 , John Williams was confirmed to compose the score . The music for the film 's first two trailers was reworked from earlier Williams compositions . He began working on the film in December 2014 , and by June 2015 had been through most of the film reels , working on a daily basis . In May 2015 , Williams stated that he would return to themes from the previous films , such as ones for Luke , Leia and Han , in ways that `` will seem very natural and right in the moments for which we 've chosen to do these kinds of quotes . There are n't many of them , but there are a few that I think are important and will seem very much a part of the fabric of the piece in a positive and constructive way . '' He said that working with Abrams was similar to the process he went through with Lucas in the earlier films . Recording sessions for The Force Awakens began in June 2015 at the Sony Pictures Studios ' Barbra Streisand Scoring Stage in Culver City , with William Ross conducting most of the music . The first day of recording was June 1 , 2015 . Williams attended the sessions and conducted the remainder of the recordings . Williams said the recording process was `` very luxurious '' , with 12 sessions scattered over a five - month period between June and November . The score was recorded by the Hollywood Studio Symphony , a freelance orchestra , with sessions continuing on and off over that five - month period . The 90 - piece orchestra recorded 175 minutes of music , although nearly an hour of that was discarded , modified , or rerecorded as Abrams re-edited the film . Williams 's theme for Snoke was recorded by a 24 - voice men 's chorus . Gustavo Dudamel conducted the opening and end title music for the film at Williams ' behest . Recording of the score was completed on November 14 , 2015 . The film 's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on December 18 , 2015 . Williams 's score is more than two hours long . Lin - Manuel Miranda and Abrams contributed music to the film 's cantina scene , similar to the Mos Eisley Cantina . Abrams met Miranda at a performance of his Broadway musical Hamilton , where Miranda jokingly offered to compose the cantina music , should it be needed . Unknown to Miranda , Williams had previously told Abrams that he did not want to compose the music for that scene , wanting to focus on the orchestral score for the film . Abrams then contacted Miranda , and the two began to collaborate on the music for the scene , over a period of two months . South Korean boy band EXO released their song `` Lightsaber '' in collaboration with the film for its release in their home country on November 11 . The promoted track was subsequently released as part of their Sing for You album with a Chinese version , as well as being released in Japanese . Chinese pop singer Luhan provided the Chinese theme `` Inner Force '' for the Chinese release of the film . Release Star Wars : The Force Awakens premiered in Los Angeles at the TCL Chinese Theatre , El Capitan Theatre and Dolby Theatre on December 14 , 2015 . A white tent stretched along Hollywood Boulevard from Orange Drive to Highland Avenue , covering the `` massive '' premiere event that hosted more than five thousand guests . The film was released in 12 countries , including European nations ( such as Italy and France , releasing it on a Wednesday ) , the Philippines and Thailand on December 16 ; 32 countries including the United Kingdom ( releasing on a Thursday ) , Mexico and additional European , Asian , African , South American and Oceania countries on December 17 ; and in North America , Japan , Spain , and Venezuela on December 18 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . It was released in India on December 25 and in China on January 9 , 2016 . In North America , it had the widest release of December across 4,134 theaters of which 3,300 were 3D locations , a record 392 IMAX screens ( 13 of which were 70mm ) , 451 premium large format screens , 146 D - Box locations , as well as releasing in the Dolby Vision format ( High dynamic range , Rec. 2020 color ) in Dolby Cinema . Worldwide , it was released across 940 IMAX theaters , a new record . On December 18 , 2015 , the film began playing on every IMAX screen in North America for four straight weeks up to January 14 , 2016 . This made it the first film since Warner Bros. Pictures ' The Hobbit trilogy to receive such a release . The film finally shed some of its IMAX screens with the release of The Revenant and The Finest Hours in mid-January 2016 . On November 6 , 2014 , the film 's title was announced as Star Wars : The Force Awakens . Similarly to The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , `` Episode VII '' was included in the film 's opening crawl , but not in its official title . In December 2015 , Pablo Hidalgo , the creative executive at the Lucasfilm Story Group which handles all the canonical continuity for the Star Wars universe , revealed that the working title for the film was Shadow of the Empire `` for the longest time '' . Advance ticket sales for the film began on October 19 , 2015 , and were in strong demand , resulting in online movie ticket sites crashing . Vue Cinemas , the United Kingdom 's third - largest theater chain , sold 45,000 tickets in 24 hours , 10,000 of which were sold in 90 minutes , a record for the theater . In the United States , the film pre-sold a record - breaking $6.5 million worth of IMAX ticket sales on a single day . IMAX has never previously registered more than $1 million in pre-sales on a single day . In total it sold over $50 million in pre-sales breaking the record . This number was raised to $100 million including $50 -- 60 million in advance ticket sales by December 14 . However , not all tickets that were pre-sold were for the film 's opening weekend , with Fandango President Paul Yanover saying `` people have set aside tickets for screenings in January , weeks after the big opening ... We have people buying Star Wars ( The Force Awakens ) into 2016 . It 's not just an opening - weekend phenomenon . '' Similarly , the film broke pre-sales records in the UK , Canada , and Germany . The film is the first live - action Star Wars film not to be released theatrically by 20th Century Fox ; accordingly the film is not introduced with either that company 's logo , or its signature fanfare composed by Alfred Newman . Instead , the film is the first in the series to be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . Shortly following Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm , the studio had indicated that the then - untitled film would be released under the `` Disney Lucasfilm '' branding , similar to the branding used for Star Wars Rebels , and akin to the `` Disney Pixar '' co-branding of Pixar - produced films released by Walt Disney Pictures . Ultimately , Disney 's logo was largely absent from the film 's marketing -- but nonetheless , appeared on merchandise -- and the film is presented with only Lucasfilm 's production logo shown silently before the main titles ; Disney chairman Bob Iger explained the change by saying it was `` for the fans '' . Marketing Disney backed The Force Awakens with extensive marketing campaigns . On November 28 , 2014 , Lucasfilm released an 88 - second teaser trailer . It was screened in selected cinemas across the United States and Canada and in theaters worldwide in December 2014 . It was also released on YouTube and the iTunes Store , generating a record 58.2 million views on YouTube in its first week . Critics compared the brief footage favorably to the production values of the original trilogy . The Hollywood Reporter called the trailer `` perfectly potent nostalgia '' , praising its mix of old and new . Empire was impressed by the continuity with the first films -- `` the feel of classic Star Wars '' -- but noted the absence of Hamill , Ford , and Fisher and speculated about the significance of the new characters . The Guardian wrote that the use of the Star Wars fanfare by John Williams reinforced brand loyalty among fans . Large - scale outdoor advertising for Star Wars : The Force Awakens in the city centre of Nuremberg , Germany On December 11 , 2014 , Abrams and Kennedy released a series of eight mock Topps trading cards revealing the names of several characters . On April 16 , 2015 , a second teaser trailer , this one lasting two minutes , was shown at the opening panel at the Star Wars Celebration in Anaheim , California . Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy said the reaction to the trailer was `` staggering ... the entire room of almost eight thousand people just leapt to their feet and roared , I mean I ca n't think of anything I 've ever been to -- other than a rock concert -- that felt quite like that '' . The trailer was viewed over 88 million times within the first 24 hours of release , breaking the record . According to the Guinness World Records , the second teaser trailer amassed 30.65 million in 24 hours , setting a new world record for the `` most viewed movie trailer on YouTube in 24 hours '' . The event was broadcast live by Verizon on YouTube , StarWars.com and in movie theaters . The trailer shows many of the new characters and the first footage of Chewbacca and Han Solo . The Huffington Post 's Graham Milne wrote that the trailer `` was an affirmation of something that we 'd long been told was never going to happen . This was a gift . This was faith rewarded . About damn time . '' Vanity Fair was the first magazine to release an exclusive cover issue devoted to The Force Awakens . The magazine , released on May 7 , 2015 , featured exclusive interviews and photos of the cast photographed by Annie Leibovitz . At the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International , in addition to a panel with many of the actors , a behind - the - scenes look at the film demonstrated the film 's use of practical sets and effects . It was positively received , with Nigel M. Smith of The Guardian writing : `` The featurette 's angle is a strong one and connects with fans of the original trilogy in an incredibly poignant way . It also does a sly job of teasing Fisher 's new look as Leia and Simon Pegg 's mysterious involvement as a rumored alien in the movie , without actually showing the actors in action . '' Smith compared the marketing strategy for the film to that of a previous Abrams film , Super 8 , saying `` the promos ... are notable for what they tease , not what they give away . '' Walt Disney Studios and Lucasfilm presented a look at The Force Awakens at Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2015 . Drew Struzan -- who designed the poster artwork for the previous Star Wars films -- produced a commemorative poster given to the event 's attendees . In October 2015 , Lucasfilm unveiled the theatrical release poster and a third trailer . The poster omitted Luke Skywalker and revealed a Death Star - like `` orb '' . The trailer debuted during the halftime break of Monday Night Football , before being released online . The reaction to the trailer by fans on social media was `` frenzied '' , with Lizo Mzimba of the BBC writing that `` perhaps the most significant thing about the final trailer before the film 's release is how little of the story it reveals . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph felt the trailer was `` a perfect blend of old and new , in keeping with the old - fashioned Star Wars aesthetic '' . The trailer received 128 million views in 24 hours , a new record for the most views of a trailer in 24 hours . 16 million of the views came from its airing on Monday Night Football . At the end of October , Air France announced a `` Flight and Cinema '' package , providing customers who book select flights to Paris transportation to a theater to see the film , since France is one of the first countries to release the film . On November 6 , a Japanese trailer for the film was released . After seeing the new trailer Forbes ' Ollie Barder stated the trailer gave him `` hope '' that the film would not `` let us all down like the prequels did ... ( with ) a worthwhile story this time '' . On November 23 , a partnership with Google was announced , in which Google users could choose to affiliate themselves with either the Dark or Light Side , which would change the appearance of their Google websites . Additionally , Disney teamed up with Verizon to create a virtual - reality experience for Google Cardboard . On December 17 , 2015 , select theaters across North America aired a Star Wars marathon , airing the six previous Star Wars episode films in 2D , followed by The Force Awakens in 3D . Attendees received a special lanyard featuring exclusive marathon art . Tie - in literature and merchandise Disney Publishing Worldwide and Lucasfilm announced a series of at least 20 books and comics , `` Journey to Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' , with releases from multiple publishers starting in late 2015 , prior to the film 's premiere . The series includes books by Del Rey and Disney - Lucasfilm publishers and comic books from Marvel Comics . All titles under the program are canonical to the Star Wars universe . Alan Dean Foster wrote a novelization of The Force Awakens which was released in e-book form on December 18 . In an effort to avoid revealing plot details before the film 's release , the print release of the novelization was delayed until January 2016 . Marvel Comics published a six - issue comic book adaptation of The Force Awakens between June and November 2016 . Disney Consumer Products and Lucasfilm announced that September 4 , 2015 would be deemed `` Force Friday '' and would be the official launch of all the merchandise for The Force Awakens . Beginning at 12 : 01 am , fans could buy toys , books , clothing and various other products at Disney Stores and other retailers throughout the world . Disney and Maker Studios hosted an 18 - hour live - streaming presentation on YouTube , showcasing multiple merchandise products beginning on September 3 , 2015 . Among these products were a remote - controlled BB - 8 developed by Sphero . Sphero had participated in a Disney - run startup accelerator in July 2014 , where they were invited into a private meeting with Disney CEO Bob Iger , in which they were shown on - set photos and imagery of BB - 8 before its public unveiling . Many retailers were unable to meet demand for Star Wars products . Video games The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars film to not have a direct tie - in game to accompany it . Instead , select characters , scenes and / or locations from the film became part of other Star Wars video games , as described below : Characters from the film were added to an update to the mobile game Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , available for iOS and Android and released by Electronic Arts . Free downloadable content for Electronic Arts ' Star Wars Battlefront reboot allowed players to battle on the planet Jakku , which was where the remaining Imperial forces took their last stand at the conclusion of the Galactic Civil War . An update to the mobile game Star Wars Commander , released by Disney Mobile for iOS , Android and the Windows Store , allowed players to battle on the planet Takodana during the Galactic Civil War era . A condensed version of the film 's plot becomes an add - on `` playset '' in the toys - to - life game Disney Infinity 3.0 , with Finn and Rey becoming its starting characters . Poe Dameron and Kylo Ren are playable add - on characters . Eventually , the film got a full Lego video game adaptation , titled Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens , which was released by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for Android , iOS , Microsoft Windows , Nintendo 3DS , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Wii U , Xbox 360 and Xbox One in the summer of 2016 . In addition to fully adapting the film , the game includes bonus levels that take place a few years before the events of the film . Home media Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Star Wars : The Force Awakens via download and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 1 , 2016 , with a Blu - ray and DVD release on April 5 . The home media release contains additional footage . As with the videodisc releases of all of the first six films in the saga , the videodisc release of The Force Awakens splits the film into fifty chapters . On March 23 , 2016 , the film was leaked online prior to its original Blu - ray release and was downloaded more than two million times in twelve hours . In January 2016 , it was confirmed that Starz would hold the U.S. premium television rights for The Force Awakens , having been released just before the end of Starz 's output deal covering most Disney - released films , which includes releases through the end of 2015 . The Force Awakens will be broadcast on all the Starz channels beginning on September 10 , 2016 . The equivalent rights in Canada will be held by Netflix . A Blu - ray 3D `` collector 's edition '' of the film was released on November 15 , 2016 , including all the features of the original home releases , as well as several new bonus features , including new deleted scenes and audio commentary by Abrams . The package includes a Blu - ray 3D , regular Blu - ray , DVD , and digital copy of the film , as well as an additional Blu - ray disc for the bonus features . Reception Box Office Main article : List of box office records set by Star Wars : The Force Awakens Star Wars : The Force Awakens grossed $936.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $1.132 billion in other countries for a worldwide total of $2.068 billion . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold close to 110 million tickets in North America , the most tickets sold by any film in North America since Titanic in 1997 . The Force Awakens earned 8.6 % of the total 2015 releases in North America , second only to the 8.8 % of the box office earned by Titanic in 1997 . The film is the highest - grossing film of 2015 , the highest - grossing film in the franchise ( surpassing The Phantom Menace ) , the highest - grossing film released by Walt Disney Studios , the highest - grossing film in North America ( dethroning Avatar ) , and the third - highest - grossing film of all time . It was the 24th film in cinematic history to gross $1 billion worldwide , standing as the fastest film to surpass the mark , doing so in 12 days . It was also the third film in history to surpass $2 billion worldwide , doing so on its 53rd day of release . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $780.1 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the most profitable film of 2015 and the most profitable film in the last seven years . Theatrical run The Force Awakens was released in the United States and Canada on December 18 , 2015 . It made a record - breaking $57 million from Thursday night previews , of which IMAX screenings generated a record - breaking $5.7 million from 391 screens . On its opening day , the film grossed $119.1 million , marking the biggest single and opening day record and the first time a film has earned more than $100 million in a single day . Without Thursday night grosses , the film earned the second largest opening - day gross ( $62.1 million ) . In total , it earned a record $247,966,675 ( surpassing the original Sunday weekend estimate of $238 million by almost $10 million ) for its opening weekend from around 14,400 screens at 4,134 theaters , for an average of $59,982 per theater ( or $17,220 per screen ) . The debut was 19 % bigger than the previous record holder ( s ) Marvel 's The Avengers ( $207 million ) and Jurassic World ( $208 million ) . The opening weekend figure included an IMAX opening - weekend record of $30.1 million ( 12.65 % ) from 391 IMAX theaters , which nearly amounts to the $252.5 million total earned by Return of the Jedi -- the 2nd lowest - grossing film in the series -- in its original run . Minus the $57 million it earned from Thursday previews , the film earned $190.8 million on straight Friday to Sunday , giving it an average of $63.6 million per day . 2D screenings accounted for 53 % of the total opening gross while 3D accounted for 47 % . RealD 3D comprised $78 million of the opening gross , setting a new record . Other records set by the film include the biggest weekend per - theater average for a wide release ( $59,982 per theater from 4,134 theaters ) , biggest holiday opening , biggest PG - 13 rated opening , and biggest December opening . The opening - weekend audience was evenly split among those under and over the age of 25 , with 58 % of the audience male , 71 % adults , 20 % families and 9 % teenagers . Internationally , the film was released in over 30,000 screens . It opened on December 16 , 2015 in 12 international markets and earned $14.1 million on its opening day , debuting at first place in all of them . It expanded in an additional 42 countries on December 17 , generating $58.6 million for a two - day international total of $72.7 million , reaching first place in all 44 markets . It grossed a total of $129.5 million in three days after adding $56.8 million on its third day , topped the daily box office in all countries except for South Korea and Vietnam where it was the second , and set a new midnight record in the United Kingdom with $3.6 million . It broke opening day records in the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $14.3 million ) , Germany ( $7.1 million ) , Australia ( $6.8 million ) , Sweden ( $1.7 million ) , Norway ( $1.1 million ) and in 16 other countries . Other markets which generated large opening days were Spain ( $3.5 million ) , Mexico ( $3.4 million ) , Italy ( $3.1 million ) and Japan ( $3 million ) . After the five days , The Force Awakens had a total international opening gross of $281 million from 30,000 screens in 72 markets , a new record for December opening and the third biggest international opening of all time . International markets generating opening weekend tallies of at least $10 million were the United Kingdom , Ireland and Malta ( $50.6 million ) , Germany ( $27.5 million ) , France ( $22.5 million ) , Australia ( $19.6 million ) and Japan ( $13.4 million ) and Russia ( $12.3 million ) . The film had the biggest opening of all time in 18 countries including the United Kingdom , Germany , Australia , Russia and Sweden . IMAX generated $17.9 million from 276 IMAX theaters . After five days , the film had a total worldwide opening record of $529 million from 74 territories , which was the biggest worldwide opening , making it only the second time in cinematic history -- after Jurassic World -- that a film had opened to more than $500 million globally . This included an IMAX opening record of $48 million . Revenues in the film 's second weekend decreased by only 39.8 % in the United States and Canada , earning $149.2 million , to remain in first place at the box office and recording the biggest second weekend of all time . Revenues from IMAX dipped slightly , generating $19 million in its second weekend , for a record total of over $70 million in 10 days . Internationally , the film had a steeper decline in its second weekend , falling 51 % to $136.9 million . Of the notable major markets , the film had an unsuccessful opening in India where it opened third against two local blockbusters with a mere $1.51 million . As of February 21 , the largest markets outside of the United States and Canada are the United Kingdom ( $180.7 million ) , China ( $124.5 million ) , Germany ( $109.7 million ) , Japan ( $92.6 million ) and France ( $88.2 million ) . The Force Awakens crossed the $1 billion mark on the 12th day of its general release ( December 26 , 2015 ) , making it the fastest film to reach this mark . It became the twenty - fourth film grossing more than $1 billion worldwide , and the fifth film of 2015 to do so , making 2015 the first year to have five films gross more than $1 billion . The film experienced another decrease in revenue in its third weekend , dropping 39.5 % to $90.2 million domestically , remaining in first place at the box office , to set a third - weekend record . On January 2 , after just 16 days of release , it became the second film ( following Avatar ) to gross over $700 million in North America , and on January 6 became the highest - grossing film of all time domestically , doing so in 20 days . On January 9 , it became the first film in cinematic history to cross $800 million domestically unadjusted for inflation , and in the same weekend set a Saturday to Sunday opening weekend record for the studio in China with $52.6 million . On January 17 , 2016 , it passed the $1 billion mark overseas becoming the first film of Disney , the third film of 2015 and the fifth film overall to achieve this feat . It topped the international box office chart for five consecutive weekends , becoming the first film since Avengers : Age of Ultron to have five straight wins , before being dethroned by The Revenant in its sixth weekend . In Japan , it topped the box office for six straight weekends . On February 5 , the fiftieth day of release , The Force Awakens became the first film to earn over $900 million , unadjusted for inflation , in the United States and Canada . On the following day , it became the third film in cinematic history to pass $2 billion in ticket sales worldwide ( after Titanic and Avatar ) and the second in original release ( after Avatar ) . It became the third film to earn over $600 million in Europe . In North America and the United Kingdom and Ireland , it fell outside of the top ten for the first time in its eleventh weekend during the weekend February 26 -- 28 , 2016 , and in the U.S. it did not achieve $1 million in ticket sales for the first time in its fourteenth weekend . Commercial analysis With a production budget of $306 million , plus $175 million for marketing , printing and advertising costs , The Force Awakens was predicted to be a major box office success . The cost of the film was subsidized by £ 31.6 million ( $47 million USD ) from the UK film incentive program . Total costs , after accounting for profit participations , production and distribution of home videos , as well as other ancillary mediums , is expected to run $423 million . Reports in April 2015 from The Hollywood Reporter and Amboee Brand Intelligence predicted the film would earn up to $540 million worldwide for its opening , breaking the record for the biggest worldwide opening , as well as breaking the record for the biggest U.S. opening . They believed that The Force Awakens would have the widest release ever , across 4,500 theaters in North America . Instead , it received a total of 4,134 theaters , and had the widest December opening . Box office analyst Phil Contrino likened the film to Avatar ( 2009 ) , which opened to $77 million in North America and went on to earn $2.8 billion worldwide , saying The Force Awakens would earn $1 billion `` without blinking '' and could gross $2 billion . In August 2015 , Deadline.com predicted an opening weekend of $615 million worldwide could be possible , including a $300 million opening in North America . In November , box office analysts reported opening weekend projections were at $175 -- 250 million . In December , capital analyst Barton Crockett suggested that the film will be the first to gross over $3 billion worldwide at the box office . Analysts said that the box office receipts of the film , when compared to predecessors , must be adjusted for inflation , and that the first Star Wars film made more when this adjustment is made . It has further been observed that each of the first three films in the series was more profitable in calculating revenue against production costs . Box office analyst Paul Dergarabedian said that while Avatar and The Force Awakens were both released on the same date of December 18 , higher ticket prices in 2015 and IMAX screenings could push Star Wars `` into the box office stratosphere '' . On December 23 , Mark Hughes of Forbes stated that The Force Awakens had matched the most optimistic projections for its opening , and he predicted that The Force Awakens would likely surpass Titanic as the second - highest - grossing film of all time . He commented that The Force Awakens could catch Avatar as the top - grossing film of all time , but only if it managed to avoid major week - to - week declines in ticket sales . By January 13 , analysts concluded that it was unlikely that The Force Awakens would surpass Avatar 's global gross . While The Force Awakens was very successful in North America , the same success was not witnessed in many overseas individual markets such as Germany , India , Latin America , and parts of Asia . One cited reason for this is that overseas audiences do not have the same nostalgia or affinity for the film as those in the U.S. The Star Wars franchise has traditionally lacked resonance with filmgoers in China , and marketing for The Force Awakens heavily focused on appealing to that market . Pamela McClintock of The Hollywood Reporter stated that , for these territories , Star Wars `` does n't have the same legacy as it does in North America and more mature markets . It 's also a faster burn , meaning it likely wo n't stay in theaters as long as Avatar did . '' Dergarabedian said , `` As in all box - office trajectories , the higher the altitude , the tougher it becomes to rack up sales at the kind of breakneck pace as in the beginning of the run . '' Nancy Tartaglione of Deadline.com argued that , if accounting for its 40 / 60 domestic to international split , The Force Awakens did well overseas . Avatar did well internationally because of its novelty , the marketing campaign advertising it as showcasing the newest 3D technology that can only be fully appreciated in the theaters , and because of its extended time in overseas theaters . While The Force Awakens had appeal with its special effects , analysts feel that it lacked the novelty factor ; they also cite that its gross was stilted due to markets making way for new films sooner than was previously done . Films do not play in overseas theaters as long as they did back when Avatar was released . Dergarabedian stated , `` No matter what , ( The Force Awakens ) is an absolute , all - out blockbuster without peer in terms of the sheer speed at which it has crossed all of these major box - office milestones . '' Moreover , Mike Fleming of Deadline.com argued that the movie was the `` most valuable movie '' of the year , with `` the net profit to Disney an astounding $923 M , and the Cash on Cash Return twice that of any other film ( released in 2016 ) , at 2.31 '' . Critical response Star Wars : The Force Awakens received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 93 % approval rating based on 383 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Packed with action and populated by both familiar faces and fresh blood , The Force Awakens successfully recalls the series ' former glory while injecting it with renewed energy . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 54 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale ; women , under - 25s and under - 18s gave it an `` A + '' , while 98 % of audiences gave it either an `` A '' or a `` B '' . Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave The Force Awakens five stars out of five and wrote that it `` sets out to shake Star Wars from its slumber , and reconnect the series with its much - pined - for past . That it achieves this both immediately and joyously is perhaps the single greatest relief of the movie - going year . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave it five stars out of five , writing that it was `` both a narrative progression from the earlier three films and a shrewdly affectionate next - gen reboot ... ridiculous and melodramatic and sentimental of course , but exciting and brimming with energy and its own kind of generosity . '' Variety 's Justin Chang wrote that the film has `` sufficient style , momentum , love and care to prove irresistible to any who have ever considered themselves fans '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film four stars out of four , describing it as `` a beautiful , thrilling , joyous , surprising , and heart - thumping adventure '' . Tom Long of The Detroit News wrote that though some may find the film too similar to the original Star Wars , it leaves `` the ungainly and unneeded clumsiness of the subsequent prequels far behind ... the energy , humor and simplicity of direction ( has ) been recaptured '' . The Associated Press called it `` basically the same '' as the original film but `` is n't that what we all wanted anyway ? '' Ann Hornaday , writing for The Washington Post , thought the film had `` enough novelty to create yet another cohort of die - hard fans ... The Force Awakens strikes all the right chords , emotional and narrative , to feel both familiar and exhilaratingly new . '' Christopher Orr , writing in The Atlantic , called the film `` a mashup masterpiece '' that `` may be completely derivative '' but is `` a delight nonetheless '' . The Charlotte Observer 's Lawrence Toppman said Abrams had `` pulled off a delicate balancing act , paying clever homage to the past . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film his highest rating and called it `` the best Star Wars sequel yet and one of the best films of 2015 '' . Frank Pallotta , reviewing the film for CNN Money , found it was the best Star Wars film since the original trilogy and that it `` is bound to be a film experience long remembered by fans and non-fans alike '' . Jack Bottomley , writing for Starburst , awarded the film a 10 out of 10 score , saying `` From old joys to fresh twists , this is a unique blockbuster experience that celebrates the franchise whilst also expanding it . '' Some critics found The Force Awakens was too derivative of the original Star Wars trilogy , expressing in particular that the film is essentially a remake of A New Hope . Andrew O'Hehir wrote for Salon that it was `` the work of a talented mimic or ventriloquist who can just about cover for the fact that he has nothing much to say '' . Stephanie Zacharek of TIME wrote that Abrams had delivered `` everything we expect , as opposed to those nebulous wonders we did n't know we wanted '' . Reviewing for Forbes , Scott Mendelson cited the film 's `` top - tier production values and a strong sense of scale and scope '' , but felt it was so much `` an exercise in fan service ( that ) it is only due to the charisma and talent of our newbies and J.J. Abrams ' undeniable skill as a visual storyteller that the Mad Libs narrative does n't outright destroy the picture '' . Brian Merchant of Motherboard wrote that `` Science fiction is supposed to be all about exploring the unexplored , not rehashing the well - trod ... one of the most unabashedly creative enterprises of the 20th century has been rendered another largely enjoyable , but mostly forgettable Hollywood reboot . '' Accolades Main article : List of accolades received by Star Wars : The Force Awakens Several awards held their nominations before the December release of The Force Awakens , making the film ineligible for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and some other awards ceremonies . However , the film was added to the 21st Critics ' Choice Awards 's slate of best picture nominees after a special vote by the board of directors , and the announcement of the 2015 American Film Institute Awards was delayed until after the release of The Force Awakens , where it was named one of Top Ten Films of the year . The film received five Academy Award nominations at the 88th Academy Awards , including Best Original Score , Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , Best Film Editing , and Best Visual Effects . The film garnered four nominations at the 69th British Academy Film Awards for Best Original Music , Best Sound , and Best Production Design , including two wins , one for Best Special Visual Effects and a BAFTA Rising Star Award for John Boyega . It was nominated for Best Picture at the 2016 Critics ' Choice Awards . The film received seven Visual Effects Society Awards nominations , winning four , including Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture . It received the most nominations at the 21st Empire Awards , including Best Film , Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film , Best Director for J.J. Abrams , Best Male Newcomer for John Boyega , and Best Female Newcomer for Daisy Ridley . It became the most nominated film in Saturn Award history with a total of 13 nominations at the 42nd Saturn Awards , where it won in eight categories , including Best Science Fiction Film , Best Writing , Best Actor for Ford , Best Supporting Actor for Driver , Best Music , Best Special Effects , Best Editing , and Best Make - Up . Daisy Ridley and John Boyega each received several nominations and accolades for their performances . They were nominated as Best Newcomers at various critics circle and associations , including the Alliance of Women Film Journalists , and the Florida Film Critics Circle , The Force Awakens received eleven nominations at the MTV Movie Awards , the most for the ceremony , including Movie of the Year , Best Female Performance for Ridley , Best Breakthrough Performance for Boyega , and Best Virtual Performance for Lupita Nyong'o and Andy Serkis . Top ten lists In addition to several awards and nominations , The Force Awakens appeared on various critics ' lists of the ten best films of 2015 . 1st -- Peter Howell , The Toronto Star 2nd -- Bob Thompson , The Vancouver Sun 3rd -- Total Film 4th -- Digital Spy 4th -- Rod Pocowatchit , The Wichita Eagle 4th -- Troy L. Smith , The Plain Dealer 5th -- Empire 5th -- Wired 5th -- Collin Souter , RogerEbert.com 6th -- Michael Smith , Tulsa World 6th -- Twitch Film 7th -- Matthew Jacobs , The Huffington Post 7th -- Peter Debruge , Variety 8th -- Matt Fagerholm , RogerEbert.com 9th -- Sean P. Means , The Salt Lake Tribune 9th -- Christopher Orr , The Atlantic 9th -- Richard Roeper , The Chicago Sun - Times 9th -- Peter Travers , Rolling Stone 10th -- Robbie Collin , The Daily Telegraph 10th -- Mick LaSalle , San Francisco Chronicle Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- American Film Institute Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Peter Bradshaw , The Guardian Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Joe Leydon , Variety Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Nell Minow , RogerEbert.com Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Joe Morgenstern , The Wall Street Journal Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Katherine Tulich , RogerEbert.com Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Calvin Wilson , St. Louis Post-Dispatch Top 10 ( ordered alphabetically ) -- Brian Truitt , USA Today Sequels The last Jedi Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi Rian Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII , later titled The Last Jedi . It was released on December 15 , 2017 . Some second - unit filming took place in September 2015 in Ireland , with principal photography beginning in February 2016 at Pinewood Studios . Hamill , Fisher , Driver , Ridley , Boyega , Isaac , Serkis , Nyong'o , Gleeson , Daniels , Christie , Vee , and Suotamo reprised their roles in the film , and are joined by Kelly Marie Tran , Laura Dern , and Benicio del Toro . Episode IX Main article : Star Wars : Episode IX Episode IX is scheduled for release on December 20 , 2019 . Abrams will direct the film and co-write it with Chris Terrio . See also List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of Star Wars films and television series Cultural impact of Star Wars Footnote Jump up ^ The $57 million figure incorporates revenues generated from the `` Star Wars Marathon Event '' from 135 theaters in which all previous six Star Wars films were shown along with Star Wars : The Force Awakens . 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Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Tre'vell ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` J.J. Abrams ' good luck charm Greg Grunberg reveals his ' Force Awakens ' character Snap Wexley '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Teedo '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JESS PAVA '' . starwars.com . November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Adds Jessica Henwick To Cast '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 13 ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Cameos You Might Have Missed '' . MTV . December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' : All the Cameos You Might Have Missed '' . Collider.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ English , Paul ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Scots who won coveted roles in the epic blockbuster and a look back at their predecessors '' . Daily Record . Scotland . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Husada , T.R. ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Misteri Karakter Iko Uwais dan Yayan Ruhian di Film Star Wars : The ForceAwakens Akhirnya Terungkap ' '' . Cinemags.id . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cecep Arif Rahman Melengkapi Trio The Raid di Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Cinemags.id . December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Todd ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Raid ' Trio To Appear In ' Star Wars : Episode 7 -- The Force Awakens ' '' . Twitch Film . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Warwick Davis aka Wicket Returns For ' Star Wars : Episode 7 ' '' . The Playlist ( Indiewire ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Is The Movie The Series So Badly Needed '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Lee , Chris ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Daniel Craig 's Star Wars : The Force Awakens cameo revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' : A collection of cameos and Easter eggs : Musical Troopers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' : A collection of cameos and Easter eggs : The Real Dameron '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' : A collection of cameos and Easter eggs : Join Me , Father ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . 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Lin - Manuel Miranda verified Twitter page . December 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Familiar voices are in that new movie ! @ MattLanter @ cattaber @ matthewood @ MeredthSalenger @ SamWitwer @ DavidWCollins '' . Twitter . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet FN - 2199 , a.k.a. TR - 8R : The Stormtrooper Behind the Meme '' . StarWars.com . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` George Lucas : ' Star Wars ' wo n't go beyond Darth Vader '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Leonard , Devin ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` How Disney Bought Lucasfilm -- and Its Plans for ' Star Wars ' '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ryan ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to make new ' Star Wars ' films , buy Lucas co '' . Los Angeles , California : Yahoo ! Finance . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin ( February 20 , 2016 ) . `` How Disney Bought Lucasfilm -- and Its Plans for ' Star Wars ' '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . pp. 4 of 5 . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` George Lucas Says His Treatments for the New ' Star Wars ' Films Were Discarded '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( 2015 ) . `` How George Lucas ' Star Wars 7 Ideas Were Used By Disney '' ( Written coverage / Video interview ) . Cinema Blend . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Creator George Lucas Does n't Know Force Awakens Story '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Star Wars sequels : George Lucas ' constantly talking ' to JJ Abrams '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Update : Toy Story 3 's Michael Arndt Confirmed As Star Wars : Episode VII Writer '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` New ' Star Wars ' Movie Has Treatment by ' Toy Story 3 ' Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Lucasfilm Confirms Michael Arndt to Write ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hiatt , Brian ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Strikes Back : Behind the Scenes of the Biggest Movie of the Year '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` J.J. Abrams explains R2 - D2 's closing scene in Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Disney Plans Stand - Alone ' Star Wars ' Films '' . CNBC . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Writer Michael Arndt Exits ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Tells Us What Will Make ' Star Wars ' ' Infinitely Better ' '' . MTV . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan on the past , present and future of ' Star Wars ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Micke , Sébastien ( February 22 , 2014 ) . `` J.J. Abrams un livre et des étoiles '' . Paris Match . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Says ' Star Wars Episode VII ' Script Done , Confirms Jesse Plemons Talks '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' : J.J. Abrams , Lawrence Kasdan to pen script '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Abrams and Kasdan Take Over Writing of New ' Star Wars ' Movie '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars open auditions venue and dates change '' . BBC News . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jeanie ( November 9 , 2013 ) . `` Disney holds St. Louis casting call for upcoming movie '' . KSDK - TV . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Search For Two Major Roles in Star Wars '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars Episode VII A New Hope ( Really ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` How ' Star Wars ' Director J.J. Abrams Kept the Cast Secret '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Matthew ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Saoirse Ronan Confirms She Did Audition For ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' Role , But ' So Did Everyone ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ryan ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Michael B. Jordan Confirms ' Star Wars ' Rumor '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Lupita Nyong'o Meets With J.J. Abrams for ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad 's ' Jesse Plemons Eyed for Lead in ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Adam Driver Near Deal to Play the Villain ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' Speculation Centers on Unknown Oxford Actress '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dassanayake , Dion ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` JJ Abrams looking at ' unknown actors ' for Star Wars Episode VII like original trilogy cast '' . Express . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Topping , Kirsty ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` New Star Wars films ' would have bored me ' , says Scots actor Denis Lawson '' . The Courier . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Award Winner Lupita Nyoung'o Joins the Cast of Star Wars : Episode VII '' . StarWars.com . June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Earnes , Tom ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars 7 ' actors Mark Hamill , Carrie Fisher ' told to lose weight ' '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric . `` Star Wars ' C - 3PO Demanded These 2 Things From J.J. Abrams Before Signing His Contract '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Anthony Daniels ' deep - dive ' Star Wars ' interview : C - 3PO 's past , present and future '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' : J.J. Abrams Offers Fans a Chance to Be in Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis Will Return for Star Wars : Episode VII , Plus Darth Vader 's Star Wars Rebels Appearance Revealed '' . ComingSoon.net . October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oscar Isaac 's Uncle Scored a Role in Star Wars VII Using T - Shirts . YouTube . March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Peter ; Wood , Mark ( December 19 , 2015 ) . `` In another galaxy ! Harrison Ford nets £ 23m from Star Wars ( that 's 76 times more than newcomer Daisy Ridley ) '' . The Mail . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode VII filming to begin in UK in May '' . BBC News . March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars 7 Iceland rumours spark speculation of return to Hoth '' . Metro . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Chief Reveals ' Star Wars : VII ' Casting Almost Complete , Says Film Is Already Shooting ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi is First Location for Star Wars : Episode VII '' . twofour54 . May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newbould , Chris ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Disney confirms that Star Wars : Episode 7 is filming in Abu Dhabi desert '' . The National . Abu Dhabi . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham , Joe ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` Film Renaissance '' . Cinefex Blog . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars Episode VII ' Is Filming in IMAX '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Bob Iger and Chewbacca share ' Star Wars ' selfie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Faber , David ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Chairman & CEO Bob Iger Speaks with CNBC 's David Faber on ' Squawk on the Street ' Today '' . Squawk on the Street . CNBC . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' Filming in Abu Dhabi '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamad , Marwa ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' begins filming on Friday in Abu Dhabi '' . Gulf News . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : ' Day one ' filming begins '' . BBC News . May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newbould , Chris ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars filming to start on May 13 in Abu Dhabi desert '' . The National . Au Dhabi . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Harrison Ford Injured on the Set of ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford 's Leg Injury To Halt ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' Production For 2 Weeks '' . The Huffington Post . July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( June 14 , 2014 ) . `` Harrison Ford 's ' Star Wars ' Injury : New Details ! '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford is recovering rapidly '' . Contactmusic.com . Bang Showbiz . July 4 , 2014 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Broke His Back While Filming ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars prosecuted over Harrison Ford injury '' . BBC News . February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Production Company Fined Nearly $2 Million Over Harrison Ford 's On - Set Injury '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Storyboard Artist -- Simon Duric -- In conversation '' . Film Doctor . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Majella , O'Sullivan ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` And ... action ! New ' Star Wars ' film shoot kicks off on Skellig Michael '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb , Sam ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` An island far , far away : Filming for Star Wars Episode 7 takes place on remote Irish island under veil of secrecy '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beth , Abbit ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : Fascinating video pinpointing exactly where Star Wars scenes were filmed in the Lake District '' . Manchester Evening News . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' to Resume Filming This Month '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford to return to ' Star Wars ' '' . Houston Chronicle . August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars surprise : Millennium Falcon and X-Wing pictured '' . BBC News . September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Jason ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Close up photos of the Star Wars : Episode VII Greenham Common set '' . MakingStarWars.net . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Be Transported into your very own Star Wars Film in Puzzlewood '' . Visit England . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Puzzlewood ' magical ' location for filming '' . BBC News . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars 7 : ' Extraordinary ' Cast and Crew Hailed As Film Wraps '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Chris ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Star Wars Episode VII to Use Film , Be More Like Original Trilogy '' . Mashable . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rian Johnson Says Next ' Star Wars ' Will Have Less CGI , More Practical Effects '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Otero , Jose ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Celebration : Why Star Wars 7 Uses Practical Effects '' . IGN . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hackett , Robert ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Disney just developed the most adorable walking robot '' . Fortune . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( December 13 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Hamill Says Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' BB - 8 Is a Prop , Not CGI '' . IGN . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Awesome ' The Force Awakens ' Droid BB - 8 Appear Live on Stage '' . slashfilm . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , David ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Avengers ' Spawn Industrial Light & Magic 's London Expansion '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' -- Current Runtime Revealed '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : JJ Abrams on why major scene featuring Maz Kanata and Leia was cut '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brayson , Johnny ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Force Awakens ' In 3D Is A First For A ' Star Wars ' Movie , But Is It Worth The Extra Cost ? '' . Bustle . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Handy , Bruce ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` John Williams Says His New Star Wars Score Will Include the Original Themes '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` John Williams Confirmed to Score ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Who Composed The Star Wars : The Force Awakens Trailer Music ? '' . / Film . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , that 's new John Williams score in # TheForceAwakens teaser '' . Star Wars verified Twitter account . November 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pine , Rachel . `` International Musician John Williams '' . American Federation of Musicians . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Film Score Icons Williams , Morricone and Horner Loom Large in Oscar Race '' . Variety . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scoring '' . Sony Pictures Studios . Jump up ^ `` John Williams has started scoring STAR ... '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ `` John Williams is recording Star Wars : The Force Awakens in LA '' . NerdReactor.com . Jump up ^ `` John Williams to Record Star Wars : The Force Awakens Score in Los Angeles '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grieving , Tim ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' surprise : Gustavo Dudamel conducted parts of ' The Force Awakens ' score '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` They 've been on and off ... '' . Doug Adams Music Twitter account . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Announces Star Wars : The Force Awakens Original Motion Picture Soundtrack From Oscar - winning Composer John Williams '' ( Press release ) . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Records . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 -- via PR Newswire . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' : J.J. Abrams Wrote Cantina Band Music with ' Hamilton ' Creator Lin - Manuel Miranda '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` EXO Collaborate With ' Star Wars ' on New Single ' Lightsaber ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SING FOR YOU -- Winter Special Album , 2015 by EXO '' . iTunes Store . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LIGHTSABER Japanese Version - Single by EXO '' . iTunes Store . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Chinese Pop Star Lu Han Releases Official ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Music Video '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ; Sage , Alyssa ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Premiere : Fans , Security to Bring the Force '' . Variety . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Inside the Star Wars : The Force Awakens World Premiere and Party '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' : When the Film Opens Around the World '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney to Release Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : Episode VII in IMAX '' . ComingSoon.net . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLan , Sean ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Why ' Star Wars ' Arrives a Week Late in India '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' Gets Widest December Release of All Time '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Planet Earth Braces For ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' To Make Intergalactic B.O. History '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Dolby Cinema Release Could Push Forward the New Format '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Set to Take Over Imax for a Month '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Crosses $885 M , ' The Revenant ' Tops Holdovers On Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VII ' Title Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Geller , Eric ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VII Will Be Called The Force Awakens '' . TheForce.net . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Read the Full ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Opening Crawl '' . Screen Crush . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gwaltney , Javy ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` The Original Title for The Force Awakens Revealed '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' tickets go on sale after trailer debut on Monday Night Football '' . CNN . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ; McClintock , Pamela ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Presales Crash Movie Ticket Sites '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Advance Ticket Demand Crashes U.K. Theater Websites '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Advance Ticket Sales Set Record for U.K. Exhibitor '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Scores $6.5 M in IMAX Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Faughnder , Ryan ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' is latest film to show why Hollywood wants you to buy tickets in advance '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Advance Ticket Sales Cross Historic $100 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Planet Earth Braces For ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' To Make Intergalactic B.O. History '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Sets U.K. Pre-Sales Record With ' Way Beyond 1 Million ' Tickets '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Sales in Canada Sees Premium Seats Go First '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Breaks German Pre-Sales Record But Police Warn of Security Concerns '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars VII ' Will Have Major Change to Opening : No Fox Fanfare '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( January 26 , 2013 ) . `` Abrams officially tapped as ' Star Wars ' director '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Here 's What Disney CEO Bob Iger Says He Wants To Do With ' Star Wars ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Inside the World Premiere of ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ... the Lucasfilm logo preceding the movie ( there was no Disney logo ) ... Jump up ^ Sampson , Mike ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` There Will Be No Disney Logo Before ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : the marketing force awakens '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Disney has brought a whole new level of marketing savvy to an already popular product Jump up ^ Bart , Peter ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Main Force Driving Audiences to ' Star Wars ' Is Marketing '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Trailer Debuts Friday on Apple 's iTunes '' . Re / code . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer Report : ' Star Wars ' Teaser Beats ' Age of Ultron ' In Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( November 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Teaser : Perfectly Potent Nostalgia Strikes Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( November 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Teaser Trailer For Star Wars : The Force Awakens Arrives '' . Empire . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens trailer -- a classic recipe trailed across the taste buds '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' character names revealed ( in coolest way possible ) -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mzimba , Lizo . `` Star Wars executive ' staggered ' by teaser reaction '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Trailer Viewed 88 Million Times In 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , David ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` This Weekend , ' Star Wars ' 88 Million Views Made ' Superman ' Bleed '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swatman , Rachel ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens second trailer sets YouTube world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miline , Graham ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chewie , We 're Home '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Cover : J.J. Abrams Reveals His Idea to Kill Jar Jar Binks '' . Vanity Fair . 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Driver 's and Lupita Nyong'o's Characters Revealed in Exclusive Star Wars : The Force Awakens Photos '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con : Why the Force was with Star Wars and not Batman v Superman '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Disney To Tease ' Captain America : Civil War ' , ' The Force Awakens ' , More At D23 Expo 2015 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` New ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Poster Highlights Aging Han Solo , New Jedi ( Photo ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Theatrical Poster First Look , In - Theater Exclusives and More '' . StarWars.com . October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ; Miller , Ross ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Every new scene in the third Star Wars : The Force Awakens trailer , analyzed '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens -- six things we learned from the new trailer '' . The Guardian . UK . October 20 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Frenzied social media reaction to trailer '' . London , UK : BBC News . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens trailer : ' evokes the spirit of the original trilogy ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' Trailer Viewed 112 Million Times in 24 Hours '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Albert , Brian ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Fly Air France to See ' The Force Awakens ' 2 Days Early '' . IGN . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens -- six things learned from the Japanese trailer '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Jonathan . `` Japanese Star Wars : The Force Awakens trailer reveals new footage '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie . `` Japan Gets An Awesome ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Trailer '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's ' Star Wars ' promo lets you go to the dark side ( or the light ) '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fandango Offers Star Wars Movie Marathons Including ' The Force Awakens ' Premiere '' . Tech Times . October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars to release 20 books in journey to The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Journey To Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Publishing Program Coming Fall 2015 '' ( Press release ) . StarWars.com . March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened After Endor ? Find Out in Star Wars : Aftermath '' ( Press release ) . StarWars.com . March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trachtenberg , Jeffrey ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Cloak of Secrecy Extends to Tie - In Book '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Announces ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Adaptation '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Products Coming on September 4 '' . ComingSoon.net . May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Sets Massive ' Star Wars ' Toy Promotion '' . Variety . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Toys to Be Unveiled During 18 - Hour YouTube Marathon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Story ( And Tech ) Behind That Awesome Star Wars BB - 8 Toy '' . Wired . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ryan ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's support for start - ups led to one new company winning a dream Star Wars contract '' . The National . Abu Dhabi . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Force Friday Was A Disaster For Many Star Wars Fans '' . io9 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew . `` Why is n't there a Star Wars : The Force Awakens video game ? '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grush , Andrew . `` Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes update adds new characters from ' Force Awakens ' '' . Android Authority . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to get Battle of Jakku DLC '' . Star Wars EA . EA . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Take the Battle to Takodana in Star Wars : Commander '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Andy ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Infinity : The Force Awakens Dated , Adds Kylo Ren And Poe Dameron '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ G. Macy , Seth ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` LEGO Star Wars Ep. 7 Confirmed , Details And Deluxe Editions Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Blu - ray release date and bonus features revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens DVD will have deleted scenes , but no extended cut '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode VII -- The Force Awakens Blu - Ray chapter list '' . ChaptersDb . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Pirated Blu - ray Copies Leak Online '' . Variety . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Starz Nabs Rights to ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Inks Output Deals with Showtime , Starz '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' To Run on Starz Channels Beginning September 10 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Lauren ( October 25 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix to stream Star Wars : The Force Awakens in Canada -- and nowhere else '' . CBC News . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens coming to 3D Blu - ray -- with exclusive bonus features '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Is Doomed Because ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Made Too Much Money ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Passes ' The Avengers ' at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars ' Crosses $1 Billion Globally at Record Pace '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Force Awakens ' becomes fastest movie to $1 billion '' . The Big Story . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Reaches Unprecedented Height At Domestic B.O. With $900 M , $2 B Worldwide '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` No. 1 ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` How Disney & Universal Dominated Most Valuable Movie Blockbusters of 2015 -- The Data Behind The Dollars '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Targets Record Breaking $100 M+ Opening Day '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` This is why you should n't buy a Star Wars marathon ticket '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Theatrical Poster First Look , In - Theater Exclusives and More '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ; Ford , Rebecca ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Hits Record $57 Million Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Ford , Rebecca ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Blazes to Record $120.5 M Friday , Crosses $250 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( December 19 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Shatters Opening Day Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( December 19 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Box Office : $248 M Opening Weekend , $529 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' : 3 Reasons Its Box Office Blowout Is Good News '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Box Office : First ' Star Wars Story ' May Score Boffo $130 M+ Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessando , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Force Awakens ' Rises on Saturday Night ; Opening Weekend Record Now At $241 M - $246 M -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Smashes IMAX Records With $48 M Galactic Launch '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Series : Star Wars '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Weekend Theater Averages '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Weekends by Season ( Holiday ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Opening Weekends by MPAA Rating ( PG - 13 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Opening Weekends by Month ( December ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Force Awakens ' With $517 M Worldwide Weekend ; No. 2 All - Time Global Bow -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Blasts Off Overseas With $14.1 M Wednesday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Hits $250 M Worldwide Box Office In 3 Days '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' crushed box - office records with $517 million worldwide '' . Business Insider Australia . December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Szalai , Georg ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Star Wars ' Opens With Highest Single - Day Gross '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNarry , Dave ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Hits Stellar $72.7 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hoad , Phil ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` What Star Wars : The Force Awakens has to do to beat Avatar '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total All Time Openings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Rules Galaxy ; What Else Is Up at the International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brevet , Brad ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Crushes Records , Topping Largest Box Office Weekend of All Time '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' Crosses $1 Billion Worldwide , Topping Christmas Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Second Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Daddy ' , ' Joy ' & ' Hateful Eight ' Reap Fortune As ' Star Wars ' Hits $540 M+ ... Can ' Force Awakens ' Hit $1 Billion in U.S. ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Crosses $1 B Global Box Office To Break ' World ' Record ; Offshore Cume Rises To $550.3 M -- Monday Update '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ramachandran , Naman ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` India Box Office : ' Star Wars ' Opens in Third Place '' . Variety . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Scores $85.3 M in 2nd Offshore Frame ; Nears $500 M Global -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` With $88.3 M - $90 M Weekend , ' Force Awakens ' Will Claim All - Time Domestic Crown This Week '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Third Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Crosses $700 Million Domestically as 2016 is Off to a Strong Start '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Force Awakens ' Beats ' Avatar ' As Highest - Grossing Film of All - Time at Domestic B.O. In Jaw - Dropping 20 Days '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Force Awakens ' Crosses $800 M on Saturday & Holds No. 1 , ' Revenant ' Taking No. 2 With $38 M -- Early AM B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Force Awakens ' Has $53 M China Launch ; Overtakes ' Jurassic World ' As No. 3 Movie Ever at Global Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; Busch , Anita ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Force Awakens ' $100 M in China ; Oscar Fave ' The Revenant ' Opens Big in UK , Korea -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Revenant ' Tops Offshore Weekend With $33.8 M And Over $223 M Global ; ' The Force Awakens ' At No. 2 -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Reaches Unprecedented Height At Domestic B.O. With $900 M , $2 B Worldwide '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' Crossing $2 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Revenant ' , ' Martian ' Land New Global Milestones ; ' Kung Fu Panda 3 ' Tops $100 M in China -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Deadpool ' Tops ' Matrix Reloaded ' As Leonardo DiCaprio 's ' The Revenant ' Crosses $170 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Grimsby sickens but fails to gross as Deadpool continues heroics at the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Star Wars ' Dips Under $1 M , ' Deadpool ' Tops ' Spider - Man 3 , ' Zootopia ' Near $600 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars VII ' Could Become The 3rd Highest Grossing Film Ever -- Analyst '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens likely to make $2 bn at box office '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Could ' Star Wars ' Open at $500 Million ? The Force Is Strong '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Star Wars ' Will Blow Up The Record Books With A $615 M+ Global Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Hits B.O. Tracking Boards : Current Opening Estimates At $185 M - $210 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Star Wars ' could become Disney 's next cash cow '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Tracking Suggests Film Could Make $2.7 Billion Profit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stock , Kyle ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Why Force Awakens Ca n't Hope to Match the Box - Office Power of the Original '' . Bloomberg Business . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Will The Force Awakens be biggest film of all time ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' To Hit $1 Billion In Record Time '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars ' Now Unlikely to Beat ' Avatar ' Global Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eggertse , Chris ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Can ' The Force Awakens ' beat ' Avatar 's ' global box office record ? Not a chance , experts say '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Vs ' Avatar ' : It 's A Different Picture Overseas '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Force Awakens ' In China With $33 M ; Market 's Best Saturday Bow Ever ; Top All - Time For Disney '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` No. 1 ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fechter , Joshua ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' reviews of ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' overwhelmingly positive '' . mySA . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Epstein , Adam ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' reviews are in , and they 're overwhelmingly positive '' . Quartz . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Wong , Jessica ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens earns positive early reviews '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens gets rave reviews '' . BBC News . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Stomps on Dinos & Witch - Slaps ' Potter ' As ' Force Awakens ' Flies Toward $251 M - $255 M Opening Record -- Late Night Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review : ' the magic is back ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review -- a spectacular homecoming '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Film Review : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : The thrills are strong with this one '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Long , Tom ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Movie review : The Force is back , baby '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Star Wars : The Force Awakens Is Fun Fan Service '' . Tribune - Star . Associated Press . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' gets the nostalgia - novelty mix just right '' . The Washington Post . p . T29 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Is a Mashup Masterpiece '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toppman , Lawrence ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` The force is strong with new ' Star Wars ' installment , ' The Force Awakens ' '' . The Charlotte Observer . p. 5C . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens is the best sequel yet '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' is best film since original trilogy '' . CNN Money . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bottomley , Jack ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Starburst . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plagiarizing Star Wars the problems with The Force Awakens . RogerEbert.com . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Star Wars The Force Awakens : JJ Abrams responds to criticism about the film being A New Hope ' rip off . The Independent . January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' : You know all the spoilers in J.J. Abrams ' obsessive reboot -- because you 've seen this movie before '' . Salon . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Review : The Force Awakens Is Everything You Could Hope for in a Star Wars Movie -- and Less '' . TIME . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Review : The Empire Strikes Out '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Merchant , Brian ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Force Awakens ' Is the Least Interesting Star Wars Yet '' . Motherboard . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critics ' Choice Awards add ' The Force Awakens ' as an 11th best picture nominee '' . U.S. News & World Report . Associated Press . December 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Star Wars ' Added as 11th Best Pic Nominee '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are the AFI AWARDS 2015 Official Selections '' . American Film Institute . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter Staff ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oscar Nominations : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Bafta nominations 2016 : Carol and Bridge of Spies lead the pack '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Star Wars ' Added as 11th Best Pic Nominee '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 14th Annual VES Awards Nominees '' . Visual Effects Society . January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Nugent ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jameson Empire Awards 2016 : Star Wars and Mad Max lead the nominations '' . Empire Awards . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Award nominations '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Award nominations on YouTube '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alliance of Women Film Journalists Staff ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` 2015 EDA Award Nominees '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Florida Film Critics Circle Editors ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Dominates 2015 Florida Film Critics Awards '' . Florida Film Critics Circle . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Deadpool , Avengers , And Star Wars Nominated For MTV Movie Awards '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 : Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Title for Star Wars : Episode VIII Revealed '' . StarWars.com . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Gets New Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Updated : Star Wars : Episode VIII will shoot in Ireland this month '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Graham ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Skellig Michael : Is 6th - century rock star selling out to a galaxy far , far away ? '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII has started filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` ILM London Launch : Updates on Star Wars Episode VII & Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' to Shoot at U.K. 's Pinewood '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII NOW FILMING '' . Star Wars.com . February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Writer and Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as Director of ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Further reading Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2015 ) . Star Wars : The Force Awakens : The Visual Dictionary . New York : DK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4654 - 3816 - 4 . 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where does the force awakens fit into star wars
[ "Star Wars: The Force Awakens (also known as Star Wars: Episode VII – The Force Awakens) is a 2015 American epic space opera film produced, co-written and directed by J. J. Abrams. It is the first installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the seventh main installment of the Star Wars franchise, following Return of the Jedi (1983). The film stars Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Lupita Nyong'o, Andy Serkis, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels, Peter Mayhew, and Max von Sydow, and was produced by Lucasfilm Ltd. and Abrams' production company Bad Robot Productions. The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars film to not involve franchise creator George Lucas. Set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, the film follows Rey, Finn, and Poe Dameron's search for Luke Skywalker and their fight alongside the Resistance, led by veterans of the Rebel Alliance, against Kylo Ren and the First Order, a successor to the Galactic Empire.", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens (also known as Star Wars: Episode VII – The Force Awakens) is a 2015 American epic space opera film produced, co-written and directed by J. J. Abrams. It is the first installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the seventh main installment of the Star Wars franchise, following Return of the Jedi (1983). The film stars Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Lupita Nyong'o, Andy Serkis, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels, Peter Mayhew, and Max von Sydow, and was produced by Lucasfilm Ltd. and Abrams' production company Bad Robot Productions. The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars film to not involve franchise creator George Lucas. Set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, the film follows Rey, Finn, and Poe Dameron's search for Luke Skywalker and their fight alongside the Resistance, led by veterans of the Rebel Alliance, against Kylo Ren and the First Order, a successor to the Galactic Empire." ]
[ "first installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy", "the seventh main installment of the Star Wars franchise, following Return of the Jedi (1983)" ]
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Indian Museum, Kolkata
Indian Museum , Kolkata - wikipedia Indian Museum , Kolkata Museum in West Bengal , India Indian Museum , Kolkata ভারতীয় জাদুঘর , কলকাতা भारतीय संग्रहालय , कोलकाता Courtyard Established 1814 Location Chowringhee - Kolkata , West Bengal , India Type Museum Collection size 102,646 ( as of March 31 , 2004 ) Director Shri Rajesh Purohit Website indianmuseumkolkata.org The Indian Museum in Kolkata , also referred to as the Imperial Museum at Calcutta in British India era texts , is the largest and oldest museum in India and has rare collections of antiques , armour and ornaments , fossils , skeletons , mummies , and Mughal paintings . It was founded by the Asiatic Society of Bengal in Kolkata ( Calcutta ) , India , in 1814 . The founder curator was Nathaniel Wallich , a Danish botanist . It has six sections comprising thirty five galleries of cultural and scientific artifacts namely Art , Archaeology , Anthropology , Geology , Zoology and Economic Botany . Many rare and unique specimens , both Indian and trans - Indian , relating to humanities and natural sciences , are preserved and displayed in the galleries of these sections . the administrative control of the Cultural sections , viz . Art , Archaeology and Anthropology rests with the Board of Trustees under its Directorate , and that of the three other science sections is with the geological survey of India , the zoological survey of India and the Botanical survey of India . The museum Directorate has eight co-ordinating service units : Education , Preservation , publication , presentation , photography , medical , modelling and library . This multipurpose Institution with multidisciplinary activities is being included as an Institute of national importance in the seventh schedule of the Constitution of India . It is one of oldest museums in the world . This is an autonomous organization under Ministry of Culture , Government of India . The present Director of the Indian Museum is Rajesh Purohit. The museum was closed to visitors due to massive restoration and upgrades from 1 September 2013 to 3 February 2014 . Contents 1 History 2 Collections 3 Museum Gallery 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The Indian Museum originated from the Asiatic Society of Bengal which was created by Sir William Jones in 1784 . The concept of having a museum arose in 1796 from members of the Asiatic Society as a place where man - made and natural objects could be collected , cared for and displayed . The objective began to look achievable in 1808 when the Society was offered suitable accommodation by the Government of India in the Chowringhee - Park Street area . The Indian Museum , ca 1905 In February 2 , 1814 , Nathaniel Wallich , a Danish botanist , who had been captured in the siege of Serampore but later released , wrote a letter supporting the formation of a museum in Calcutta which he said should have two sections - an archaeological , ethnological and technical section and a geological and zoological one . The Museum was created , with Wallich named the Honorary Curator and then Superintendent of the Oriental Museum of the Asiatic Society . Wallich also donated a number of botanical specimens to the museum from his personal collection . View of the courtyard After the resignation of Wallich , curators were paid salaries ranging from Rs 50 to Rs 200 a month . Until 1836 this salary was paid by the Asiatic Society but in that year its bankers , Palmer and Company became insolvent and the Government began to pay from its public funds . A temporary grant of Rs 200 per month was sanctioned for maintenance of the museum and library , and J.T. Pearson of the Bengal Medical Service was appointed curator followed shortly by John McClelland and after his resignation by Edward Blyth . In 1840 , the Government took a keen interest in the geology and mineral resources and this led to an additional grant of Rs 250 per month for the geological section alone . A new building became a need and this was designed by Walter R Granville and completed in 1875 for the cost of Rs 1 , 40,000 . In 1879 it received a portion of the collection from the India Museum ( South Kensington ) when that collection was dispersed . Ivory Durga Idol , Indian Museum , Kolkata The Zoological and Anthropological sections of the museum gave rise to the Zoological Survey of India in 1916 , which in turn gave rise to the Anthropological Survey of India in 1945 . The Scottish anatomist and zoologist John Anderson took up the position of curator in 1865 , and catalogued the mammal and archaeology collections . The English zoologist James Wood - Mason worked at the museum from 1869 and succeeded Anderson as curator in 1887 . Collections ( edit ) Egyptian human mummy , about 4,000 yrs old , at Indian Museum . It currently ( 2009 ) occupies a resplendent mansion , and exhibits among others : an Egyptian mummy , The organs are taken out of the mummy 's body through nostrils , except heart . The heart is placed in special chambers . The body was then massaged with salt and oil . The covering was done by thin cotton cloth the Buddhist stupa from Bharhut , the Buddha 's ashes , the Ashoka pillar , whose four - lion symbol became the official emblem of the Republic of India , fossil skeletons of prehistoric animals , an art collection , rare antiques , and a collection of meteorites . stone sculpture of Devi Durga in kolkata The Indian Museum is also regarded as `` the beginning of a significant epoch initiating the socio - cultural and scientific achievements of the country . It is otherwise considered as the beginning of the modernity and the end of mediaeval era '' by UZER Places . Museum Gallery ( edit ) National Emblem in the Museum Elephant skeleton Showcases with different types of fossils Egyptian Exhibit Stone imprint of Buddha 's foot Buddha Palaeoloxodon namadicus , extinct elephant Ashok Stambha Skull of Indus Valley inhabitants Young goat with 8 legs The Mathura Herakles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Comptroller & Auditor General of India report No. 4 of 2005 ( Civil ) of CHAPTER III : MINISTRY OF CULTURE , p : 31 Jump up ^ History of Indian Museum , Kolkata , Ministry of Culture , Government of India Jump up ^ Government of India , Ministry of Culture , ANNUAL REPORT 2008 - 09 p. 27 Jump up ^ `` Indian Participants - National Council of Science Museums . '' Ncsm.gov.in/TenderDoc/Announcement % 20Brochure % 20India. pdf . N.p. , n.d. Web . Jump up ^ `` : : : Indian Museum : : : . '' : : : Indian Museum : : : . N.p. , n.d. Web . 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AIndian_Museum_Under_Renovation_-_Kolkata_2013-10-10_3242.JPG Jump up ^ `` History of Indian Museum '' . Website of the Indian Museum . Ministry of Culture , Government of India . 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Indian Museum ( second page ) '' . Website of the Indian Museum . Ministry of Culture , Government of India . 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Official website of Indian Museum , Biography of Nathaniel Wallich Jump up ^ Anon. ( 1927 ) A short guide to the Indian Museum . Calcutta Jump up ^ Desmond , Ray ( 1982 ) The India Museum 1801 - 1879 Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , London , ISBN 0 - 11 - 580088 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Appendix K : The Anthropological Survey of India ( The Andamanese by George Weber ) '' . 10 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Smith MA ( 1931 ) . The Fauna of British India , Including Ceylon and Burma . Reptilia and Amphibia . Vol . I. -- Loricata , Testudines . London : Secretary of State for India in Council . ( Taylor and Francis , printers ) . xxviii + 185 pp. + Plates I - II . ( `` Anderson , Dr. John , F.R.S. , 1833 -- 1900 '' , p. 10 ) . Jump up ^ Britannica encyclopedia . Tata Mcgraw Hill . March 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Museum UZER '' . myuzer. xyz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 20 . 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Sorcar Football Kolkata Derby Group theatre of Kolkata Places of worship Hindu Belur Math Dakshineswar Kali Temple Kalighat Christian St. Paul 's Cathedral Portuguese Church St. John 's Church Parasnath Temple Tipu Sultan Mosque Birla Mandir , Kolkata Chinese temples in Kolkata Magen David Synagogue Sports ATK Barasat Stadium B.C. Roy Trophy Beighton Cup Bengal cricket team Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Calcutta Polo Club Calcutta South Club Bengal Tigers Bhawanipore F.C. Calcutta Cricket and Football Club Calcutta Football League Dalhousie A.C. East Bengal Club East Bengal Ground Eastern Railway F.C. Eden Gardens Indian Football Association IFA Shield Kalighat F.C. Kishore Bharati Krirangan Kolkata Derby Kolkata Knight Riders No Dada No KKR Kolkata Police Friendship Cup Football Tournament Kolkata Vipers Mohammedan Sporting Club Mohammedan Sporting Ground Mohun Bagan Athletic Club Mohun Bagan Ground Netaji Indoor Stadium Pailan Arrows United S.C. 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West Bengal football team Other topics Someplace Else Princeton Club Calcutta Club Adwaita Zoological Garden , Alipore Bengal Club Central Forensic Science Laboratory Calcutta Rowing Club Electoral constituencies List of people from Kolkata Fort William Hooghly River Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden Kundu Special Chinese of Calcutta Early phase of printing in Calcutta Legendary personalities in Bengal Maidan Missionaries of Charity Rabindra Sarobar Royal Calcutta Golf Club South Park Street Cemetery Sundarbans National Park Tolly Portal Coordinates : 22 ° 33 ′ 29 '' N 88 ° 21 ′ 03 '' E  /  22.55806 ° N 88.35083 ° E  / 22.55806 ; 88.35083 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Museum,_Kolkata&oldid=846367235 '' Categories : 1814 establishments in British India National museums of India Art museums and galleries in India Archaeological museums in India Natural history museums in India Museums established in 1814 Museums in Kolkata World 's fair sites in India Hidden categories : EngvarB from March 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies বাংলা Cymraeg Deutsch Français 한국어 हिन्दी Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский தமிழ் 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 09 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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where is the largest museum of india located
[ "The Indian Museum in Kolkata, also referred to as the Imperial Museum at Calcutta in British India era texts,[2] is the largest and oldest museum in India and has rare collections of antiques, armour and ornaments, fossils, skeletons, mummies, and Mughal paintings. It was founded by the Asiatic Society of Bengal in Kolkata (Calcutta), India, in 1814. The founder curator was Nathaniel Wallich, a Danish botanist.\n" ]
[ "Kolkata" ]
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Deadpool 2
Deadpool 2 - wikipedia Deadpool 2 Deadpool 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by David Leitch Produced by Simon Kinberg Ryan Reynolds Lauren Shuler Donner Written by Rhett Reese Paul Wernick Ryan Reynolds Based on Deadpool by Fabian Nicieza Rob Liefeld Starring Ryan Reynolds Josh Brolin Morena Baccarin Julian Dennison Zazie Beetz T.J. Miller Brianna Hildebrand Jack Kesy Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Jonathan Sela Edited by Dirk Westervelt Craig Alpert Elísabet Ronaldsdóttir Production company Marvel Entertainment Kinberg Genre Maximum Effort The Donners ' Company TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) ( Leicester Square ) May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $110 million Box office $734 million Deadpool 2 is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It is the eleventh installment in the X-Men film series , and a direct sequel to the 2016 film Deadpool . The film is directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese , Paul Wernick , and Ryan Reynolds , with Reynolds starring in the title role alongside Josh Brolin , Morena Baccarin , Julian Dennison , Zazie Beetz , T.J. Miller , Brianna Hildebrand , and Jack Kesy . In the film , Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young mutant from the time - traveling soldier Cable . Plans for a sequel to Deadpool began before that film 's release , and were confirmed in February 2016 . Though the original creative team of Reynolds , Reese , Wernick , and director Tim Miller were quickly set to return for the second film , Miller left the project in October 2016 due to creative differences with Reynolds and was soon replaced by Leitch . An extensive casting search took place to fill the role of Cable , with Brolin ultimately cast . Filming took place in British Columbia , Canada , from June to October 2017 . During filming , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '' Harris died in a motorcycle accident ; the film is dedicated to her memory . The film 's score is the first to receive a parental advisory warning for explicit content , and the soundtrack also includes the original song `` Ashes '' by Céline Dion . Deadpool 2 was released in the United States on May 18 , 2018 . It has grossed $734 million worldwide , making it the fifth highest - grossing film of 2018 , as well as the third highest - grossing R - rated film and the third highest - grossing X-Men film . It received positive reviews from critics , who praised its humor , performances ( particularly Reynolds , Brolin , and Beetz ) , story , action sequences , and the mid-credit sequences , with some calling it better than the first film , although a feeling of cynicism drew some criticism . An extended cut of the film was released later in 2018 . A sequel , Deadpool 3 , is in development . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Pre-production 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Music 5 Marketing 6 Release 6.1 Theatrical 6.2 Extended edition 6.3 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) After successfully working as the mercenary Deadpool for two years , Wade Wilson fails to kill one of his targets on his anniversary with his girlfriend Vanessa . That night , after the pair decides to start a family together , the target tracks Wilson down and kills Vanessa . Wilson kills the man in revenge . He blames himself for her death and attempts to commit suicide six weeks later by blowing himself up . Wilson has a vision of Vanessa in the afterlife , but the pieces of his body remain alive and are put back together by Colossus . Wilson is left with only a Skee - Ball token , an anniversary gift , as a final memento of Vanessa . Recovering at the X-Mansion , Wilson agrees to join the X-Men as a form of healing . He , Colossus , and Negasonic Teenage Warhead respond to a standoff between authorities and the unstable young mutant Russell Collins / Firefist at an orphanage , labeled a `` Mutant Reeducation Center '' . Wilson realizes that Collins has been abused by the orphanage staff , and kills one of the staff members . Colossus stops him from killing anyone else , and both Wilson and Collins are arrested . Restrained with collars that suppress their powers , they are taken to the Ice Box , an isolated prison for mutant criminals . Meanwhile , a cybernetic soldier from the future , Cable , whose family is murdered by an older Collins , travels back in time to kill the boy before Collins ever becomes a killer . Cable breaks into the Ice Box and attacks Collins . Wilson , whose collar has broken in the melee , attempts to defend Collins . After Cable takes Vanessa 's token , Wilson forces himself and Cable out of the prison , but not before Collins overhears Wilson deny that he cares for the young mutant . Near death again , Wilson has another vision of Vanessa in which she convinces him to help Collins . Wilson organizes a team called X-Force to break Collins out of a prison - transfer convoy and defend him from Cable . The team launches its assault on the convoy by parachuting from a plane , but all of the members die during the landing except for Wilson and the lucky Domino . While they fight Cable , Collins frees fellow inmate Juggernaut , who agrees to help Collins kill the abusive orphanage headmaster . Juggernaut destroys the convoy , allowing himself and Collins to escape . Cable offers to work with Wilson and Domino to stop Collins ' first murder , and agrees to give Wilson a chance to talk Collins down . At the orphanage , they are overpowered by Juggernaut while Collins attacks the headmaster , until Colossus -- who had at first refused to help Wilson due to Wilson 's murderous ways -- arrives to distract Juggernaut . When Wilson fails to talk down Collins , Cable shoots at the young mutant . Wilson leaps in front of the bullet while wearing the Ice Box collar and dies , reuniting with Vanessa in the afterlife . Seeing this sacrifice , Collins does not kill the headmaster ; this changes the future so that Cable 's family now survives . Cable uses the last charge on his time - traveling device , which he needed for returning to his family , to go back several minutes and strap Vanessa 's token in front of Wilson 's heart . Now when Wilson takes the bullet for Collins , it is stopped by the token and both survive . Collins still has his change of heart , and afterwards , the headmaster is run over by Wilson 's taxi - driver friend Dopinder . In a mid-credits sequence , Negasonic Teenage Warhead and her girlfriend Yukio repair Cable 's time - traveling device for Wilson . He uses it to save the lives of Vanessa and X-Force member Peter , and kills both X-Men Origins : Wolverine 's version of Deadpool and actor Ryan Reynolds while he is considering starring in the film Green Lantern . Cast ( edit ) Reynolds at the Tokyo premiere of the film Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool : A wisecracking mercenary with accelerated healing but severe scarring over his body after undergoing an experimental regenerative mutation . He forms the X-Force , a team of mutants , after finding himself at his `` lowest point '' at the beginning of the film . The film makes several references to Deadpool 's pansexuality after the first film was criticized for ignoring it . As a co-writer on the film , Reynolds ad - libbed much of his dialogue throughout the production process . For the film 's mid-credits sequence , archive footage of Reynolds portraying Deadpool in X-Men Origins : Wolverine is used , and Reynolds also portrays himself before he acted in the film Green Lantern . Josh Brolin as Cable : A time - traveling cybernetic soldier , `` in many ways the opposite of Deadpool '' . Director David Leitch called the dynamic between Cable and Deadpool `` sort of classic buddy - cop fare '' , and compared them to the characters portrayed by Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy , respectively , in 48 Hrs. ( 1982 ) . Leitch added that the character as written in the script was mostly just an `` action character '' , and he relied on Brolin to add nuance to the role and explore the character 's internal pain to avoid it becoming a caricature . Brolin signed a four - film deal to play the character , and described his appearance here as just the introduction for the character , with `` three more movies to reveal more '' . Morena Baccarin as Vanessa : Wilson 's fiancée . The character is killed at the beginning of the film in an example of `` fridging '' -- the killing of a female character solely to forward the development of a male character . This happens to Cable 's wife and daughter as motivation for his story arc as well . Leitch and the writers said they were unaware of the term `` fridging '' , and that they were not being `` consciously sexist '' . Earlier versions of the film simply had Vanessa breaking up with Wilson , but the writers wanted to use the opportunity to `` engender great suffering for him by having his line of work be the thing that costs Vanessa her life '' . They were also more comfortable with the deaths due to the increased number of strong female characters in the film overall , and because those deaths are all reversed by the end of the film through time travel ; screenwriter Rhett Reese stated , `` We ran with that . And maybe that 's a sexist thing . I do n't know . And maybe some women will have an issue with that . I do n't know . I do n't think that that 'll be a large concern , but it did n't even really occur to us . '' Baccarin said she trusted the storyline was necessary for the film , and emphasized the fact that Vanessa is saved at the end of the film . Julian Dennison as Russell Collins / Firefist : A young mutant with pyrokinesis who is being hunted by Cable . Reynolds insisted on casting Dennison after seeing him in Hunt for the Wilderpeople ( 2016 ) , with the character `` tailor - made '' for him , and no other actors considered for the role . The character is considered a villain for much of the film , which Leitch thought was an `` interesting take on the whole angle of the villain '' . Dennison felt the role was particularly special because , being `` chubby '' , he would watch superhero films and `` never see anyone like me . I am excited to be that for other kids who look like me . '' Sala Baker portrays an older Firefist , in Cable 's future . Zazie Beetz as Domino : A mercenary with the mutant ability to manipulate luck , who joins Deadpool 's X-Force team . Leitch described the film 's version of the character as Beetz ' own `` real fun interesting take '' , with the actress interpreting the character as an only child who forms a `` sibling sort of relationship '' with Deadpool , with `` that back - and - forth banter where she is not dealing with his '' . Beetz began `` working out everyday '' when she got the role , which required her to shoot guns and use `` full body '' physicality , and chose not to shave her armpits to match the changing perception of the practice among the general public and to prove that it is `` not something that is gross or shameful '' . T.J. Miller as Weasel : Wilson 's best friend and the owner of a bar frequented by mercenaries . Brianna Hildebrand as Negasonic Teenage Warhead : A teenage X-Man with the mutant power to detonate atomic bursts from her body , she is now a `` new level of X-Men '' after being a trainee in the first film . Hildebrand felt that `` it 's cool that she 's grown and matured and she still has so much of this essence of a punk kid '' from the first film , and added that the character would have a `` cooler '' costume in the sequel . The filmmakers intended to have Hildebrand shave her head to indicate that her abilities burned off her hair , but she was unable to do so due to a television series commitment . The film also reveals that Negasonic is in a same - sex relationship , which is the first openly LGBTQ relationship depicted in a Marvel film . When Reynolds asked Hildebrand how she felt about the potential storyline during development , the actress -- a member of the LGBTQ community herself -- responded positively with the stipulation that the film not make `` a big deal '' about the relationship . In a statement , GLAAD President and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the relationship as `` a milestone in a genre that too often renders LGBTQ people invisible , and should send a message to other studios to follow this example of inclusive and smart storytelling '' . Jack Kesy as Black Tom Cassidy : A mutant inmate of the Ice Box with Deadpool and Firefist . His role was reduced from being the main antagonist , who would have acted as a `` devil on Firefist 's shoulder '' , when the writers felt there were too many antagonists and they would rather spend the money needed to portray his abilities on a character such as Juggernaut . Ryan Reynolds also provides the voice for Juggernaut , in addition to portraying Deadpool and himself . Juggernaut is credited as being voiced by `` himself '' , and was previously portrayed by Vinnie Jones in the 2006 film X-Men : The Last Stand . According to Reese , the creative team on Deadpool 2 felt that appearance did not do justice to the character . Wanting an additional villain for the film to support Firefist for the final fight with X-Force , the writers chose Juggernaut because he is `` a force of nature ( who ) was probably the coolest character never to be used ... in the right way '' . The character 's face was modeled on Leitch 's , with Reynolds providing facial capture and his voice . The latter was digitally modulated to make it deeper . Reese added that the character `` did n't have many lines , he 's a man of few words , but he 's a man of great anger and forcefulness '' . Stefan Kapičić voices Colossus , an X-Man with the mutant ability to transform his entire body into organic steel . Kapičić described Colossus as one of the most important characters in the film , requiring a more intense process for Kapičić during recording for the character . He explained that Colossus would continue to try make Deadpool a better person and potential X-Man after doing so in the first film . Unlike the first film , Kapičić also provided performance capture for the character 's face on the sequel , while Andre Tricoteux returned to stand - in for the character on set . Leslie Uggams and Karan Soni also return from the first film as Deadpool 's elderly roommate Blind Al and the taxi driver Dopinder , respectively . Additionally , Eddie Marsan plays the headmaster of the Essex Home for Mutant Rehabilitation , an orphanage ; Robert Maillet briefly appears as Sluggo , an inmate of the Ice Box who originally had a more prominent antagonistic role alongside Black Tom before both roles were reduced due to the number of villains in the film ; Hayley Sales and Islie Hirvonen respectively appear as Cable 's wife and Hope , their daughter , during a flashforward ; and Shioli Kutsuna portrays Yukio , Negasonic Teenage Warhead 's girlfriend and fellow X-Man . A version of Yukio previously appeared in the 2013 film The Wolverine , portrayed by Rila Fukushima . The film 's version of the X-Force team also includes Terry Crews as Bedlam , Lewis Tan as Shatterstar , Bill Skarsgård as Zeitgeist , Rob Delaney as Peter , and Brad Pitt as Vanisher . Pitt was considered for the role of Cable before scheduling issues prevented him from taking it ; he filmed his Vanisher cameo in two hours during post-production . Reprising their roles as the X-Men for a brief appearance are James McAvoy as Professor X , Nicholas Hoult as Beast , Evan Peters as Quicksilver , Tye Sheridan as Cyclops , Alexandra Shipp as Storm , and Kodi Smit - McPhee as Nightcrawler . Archive footage of Hugh Jackman as Wolverine from X-Men Origins : Wolverine is used in the mid-credits sequence , with Jackman 's permission . This was re-edited for the sequence , and included raw footage shot for that film . Luke Roessler , who portrays a young David Haller in the X-Men - based television series Legion , appears as a young mutant credited as `` Cereal Kid '' . When Cable travels to the present day , he comes across two `` rednecks '' discussing a toilet paper manifesto . This was inspired by a real manifesto written by Reese , which the writers wanted to be discussed in the film by a certain `` calibre '' of actor : the characters are portrayed by Alan Tudyk and a disguised Matt Damon , with the latter credited as `` Dickie Greenleaf '' ( a reference to the 1999 film The Talented Mr. Ripley in which Damon stars ) . Leitch and writers Reese and Paul Wernick respectively cameo as Ice Box inmate `` Ground Chuck Mutant '' , a news helicopter pilot , and a news cameraman . Stan Lee was unable to cameo in the sequel , as he did in the first film and the short No Good Deed , but his likeness was used for a bust in the X-Mansion and for graffiti on a wall . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Producer Simon Kinberg revealed in September 2015 that discussions had begun regarding ideas for a sequel to Deadpool , which was set to be released in February 2016 . One idea was for the film to introduce the character Cable , who had previously been looked at to appear in the first Deadpool , and X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) before that . Cable 's inclusion in the potential sequel was confirmed by the character Deadpool while breaking the fourth wall in the post-credit scene of the first film . Domino , a character with connections to Cable in the comics , was also believed to be featured in the sequel . By the first film 's release , 20th Century Fox had green - lit a sequel , with writers Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick returning to write the screenplay . Though director Tim Miller and producer / star Ryan Reynolds were not confirmed for the sequel at the time , Fox was `` intent on keeping the creative team together '' . Miller and Reynolds ' involvement was confirmed at the 2016 CinemaCon that April , though Miller had still not formally signed on to direct the sequel . He began work developing the script with the writers , while Reynolds had signed a new contract granting him `` casting approval and other creative controls '' . It has to tonally and stylistically be as fresh and original ( as the first film ) . That 's a big challenge especially because they had 10 years to gestate on the first movie and we do n't have that kind of time on the second movie . That 's the biggest mandate ( for the sequel ) ... we have to resist the temptation to make it bigger . -- Producer Simon Kinberg on approaching Deadpool 2 In June 2016 , Kinberg expected filming to begin at the beginning of 2017 . By August , Kyle Chandler was believed to be in the running to portray Cable . Testing of actresses for Domino had also begun by October , with the shortlist of actresses under consideration including Lizzy Caplan , Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Sienna Miller , Sofia Boutella , Stephanie Sigman , Sylvia Hoeks , Mackenzie Davis , Ruby Rose , Eve Hewson , and Kelly Rohrbach . The producers were particularly interested in casting a black or Latina actress in the role . At the end of October , Miller left the film over `` mutual creative differences '' with Reynolds , reportedly based on several factors , including Reynolds ' expanded creative control over the sequel ; Miller 's wish for a more stylized follow - up than the first film , versus Reynolds ' focus `` on the raunchy comedy style that earned the first movie its R rating '' ; and Miller 's intention to cast Chandler as Cable , which Reynolds opposed . Fox ultimately backed `` its marketable star '' over Miller , who had made his directorial debut with the first film . Miller denied this report , while Reynolds said he could only add that `` I 'm sad to see him off the film . Tim 's brilliant and nobody worked harder on Deadpool than he did . '' A week after Miller 's departure , Fox was looking at David Leitch , Drew Goddard , Magnus Martens , and Rupert Sanders as potential replacements for the director . Leitch was the `` strong frontrunner '' for the role , and signed on a month later . Reynolds , a fan of Leitch 's John Wick , said the director `` really understands those Deadpool sensibilities and where we need to take the franchise '' , and `` can make a movie on an ultra tight minimal budget look like it was shot for 10 -- 15 times what it cost '' . Writing ( edit ) The first completed draft from Wernick and Reese was expected around June 2016 ; multiple had been completed by January 2017 . The pair felt a responsibility to explore the team X-Force , which includes Deadpool , Cable , and Domino in the comics , but to also keep the film focused on Deadpool . By the next month , the studio was still not happy with the script , with Reynolds and the writers `` bunkered down ... trying to cross the finish line and create something everyone is excited to make '' . Goddard joined them as a consultant . Reese , Wernick , and Reynolds were credited for the script , the three having split the film 's scenes between them before passing them around to be re-written by the others . Reese felt they were able to maintain `` one voice '' because of their long history with the character during development on the first film . Deadpool 2 is set `` more or less '' when the first film ends , and focuses on `` an existential crisis and a deeply personal cause '' for Deadpool . Leitch felt that retaining these personal stakes was more compelling for audiences than trying to build the film around global stakes . The writers felt that the sequel was tonally similar to the first film , but wanted to explore a different theme by focusing on a group of individuals ( X-Force ) and their need for family , with Reynolds explaining that `` the first movie is a love story masquerading as a comic - book movie , and this one is kind of a family film masquerading as a comic - book film again . '' Deadpool spends around half of the film unmasked , which the writers wanted for exploring the more emotional scenes , though Reynolds was reluctant to do this because he found the make - up required to portray an unmasked Deadpool `` time consuming and really uncomfortable '' . An early idea was to have the film begin five years after the first and explore Deadpool being a father , but the writers quickly decided that this was `` never , ever going to work '' and reworked the idea to explore the character wanting to have a child but being unable to . Earlier versions of the script included prominent roles for the characters Black Tom Cassidy and Sluggo , but they ultimately had a supporting role and a brief appearance , respectively . The villain Mr. X was also included in early drafts , but was cut due to the number of villains already in the film . The mutant inmates of the Ice Box were going to be explored more by having Cable breaking into the prison cause their power dampening collars to malfunction . This was removed from the script due to not being feasible within the film 's budget . Leitch fought to include more aspects of Cable 's backstory in the film after the writers chose to mostly ignore it due to it being convoluted ; a painting of Cyclops which would have acknowledged that character as Cable 's father was ultimately cut , but the Techno - Organic Virus that Cable is inflicted with and his daughter Hope are depicted . The film features contradictory connections to the various films of the franchise , which Leitch acknowledged as confusing but said that the issue had not really been discussed during development since the Deadpool films are considered their own `` entity '' in a way , and the character of Deadpool allows them to be `` flexible with the timeline , per se '' . Reese and Wernick preferred to use jokes in the film that only certain members of the audience would understand , though Reynolds would not allow some to be used if he thought not enough people would enjoy them ( including a reference to golfer Davis Love III ) . Following the announcement of the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney in December 2017 , the film includes several Disney related jokes including a running gag about the Disney film Frozen ( 2013 ) . However , Fox did make the producers remove a joke from the film that directly acknowledged the deal , which Reynolds said `` was a wise decision '' . Other cut jokes included many `` bizarre '' characters interviewing to join the X-Force , such as an idea to have Chris Evans reprise his role as the Human Torch from the Fantastic Four films . Pre-production ( edit ) Reese and Wernick confirmed in January 2017 that Stefan Kapičić 's Colossus , Brianna Hildebrand 's Negasonic Teenage Warhead , and Karan Soni 's Dopinder would be returning from the first film to `` make at least an appearance '' . By the beginning of March 2017 , Michael Shannon had been in the running to portray Cable , but no longer could due to a scheduling conflict . David Harbour had screen - tested for the role , and Pierce Brosnan was believed to be in negotiations for a part in the film , potentially Cable . Reynolds announced shortly after that Zazie Beetz had been cast as Domino . Shannon was in the running to portray Cable again later in the month , and was considered the frontrunner ahead of a shortlist that also included Harbour . Brad Pitt was also considered for the role , but had `` moved on '' . Leitch soon addressed the potential casting of these actors , saying Shannon `` would make an incredible Cable ... If that happens , I would be through the roof '' ; and on Pitt , `` We had a great meeting with Brad , he was incredibly interested in the property . Things did n't work out schedule-wise ( but ) I think he would 've made an amazing Cable . '' At the end of March , Morena Baccarin confirmed her return from the first film as Vanessa , and expressed interest in exploring the character 's Copycat persona from the comics in the sequel . Josh Brolin emerged as a `` surprise contender '' to play Cable in April , ahead of Shannon and Harbour , and was officially cast in the role . Brolin also portrays the Marvel Comics character Thanos , in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Also in April , Leslie Uggams confirmed that she would be reprising her role of Blind Al from the first film , while Fox gave the sequel a June 1 , 2018 release date . Noting the release date , Leitch wanted to ensure that the film `` was worthy of a summer tentpole movie , and we knew we were going to be wedged in between some big films '' , specifically wanting to expand the action and make the general feeling of the film `` bigger '' than the first one . However , he wanted the film to have the same DNA as the original `` in terms of the tone , and the fun ... I love that challenge '' of combining that with the increased scope . The film uses Deadpool 's fourth wall - breaking to reference this release period , with Leitch calling these comments `` definitely fresh and timely when they come up '' . In May 2017 , Fox was reportedly looking to use a post-credits scene at the end of Deadpool 2 to introduce several other members of X-Force who would go on to star alongside Reynolds , Brolin , and Beetz in an X-Force film . Casting for the characters -- Sunspot , Feral , and Shatterstar -- would take place over the coming months , though Reese denied the accuracy of this report . Later , T.J. Miller confirmed that he would return from the first film as Weasel , and described the sequel as `` even more weaselicious '' than the first . He noted that Reynolds and the writers had `` really put the time in on the script '' to meet their own expectations for the sequel as well as those of fans . Jack Kesy also joined the cast , as Black Tom Cassidy . In June , Shioli Kutsuna was cast in a key role for the film , Negasonic Teenage Warhead 's girlfriend Yukio . The writers felt free to use the character however the film needed due to her having only a minor role in the comics . Filming ( edit ) Initial filming had begun by June 17 , 2017 , at Hatley Castle in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada , which is used to portray the X-Mansion in the X-Men films . Principal photography began in Vancouver , on June 26 , under the working title Love Machine . Jonathan Sela served as cinematographer for the film . At the end of June , Reynolds revealed that Julian Dennison had been cast in the film . The next month , T.J. Miller said that he found the sequel to be funnier than the first film , and that `` it 's not going to be the same movie in a different location ( like The Hangover Part II ) . It 's got different stakes , different things happen , some pretty tragic , dark shit happens in the first part of the film , in the beginning , and the rest of the film is kind of dealing with that . '' By then , Kapičić had been working with Leitch on set , and expected to continue contributing to Colossus through to April 2018 . Production on the X-Men film Dark Phoenix was taking place in Montreal concurrently with the filming of Deadpool 2 , with Kinberg directing that film . He directed a brief moment where the X-Men are seen through an open door in the X-Mansion , which was added to Deadpool 2 with the aid of green screen to allow those characters to appear in this film . Leitch worked closely with Sela , the pair having previously collaborated on Leitch 's earlier films , to acknowledge the aesthetic of the first film while expanding the look of the sequel to match the new situations and characters introduced . The pair created specific shot lists and plans for blocking out scenes before they arrived on set , and were very particular about the colors they used ; they planned the color palette of the entire film , and also produced color wheels detailing specific palettes for each set piece . These color wheels were sometimes adjusted several days into the filming of a sequence after digital intermediate work revealed a different look than Leitch and Sela had been anticipating . Elements that were carried over from the first film included the `` moodiness '' and saturation of scenes set in Deadpool 's apartment , and the contrast with blacks in action sequences , while Cable 's future had a new aesthetic unlike anything in the first film . Another example of these color wheels was the sequence in which Firefist is introduced , with Leitch taking advantage of the scene being set during day to overemphasize the lighting and create a general sepia / orange tone that represented the fire abilities the character displays . This aesthetic met the storytelling needs of the scene as well as the practicalities of the filmmaking process . Because the film was shot digitally , Sela worked with Vantage Film to develop custom lenses that created the `` texture and flavor '' he wanted for it where he otherwise would have manipulated the exposure and development of film stock to achieve the same effect . An accident during filming on location at Shaw Tower in Vancouver caused the death of stunt woman Joi Harris On August 14 , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '' Harris died in a motorcycle accident after losing control and crashing into Shaw Tower . Harris , the first African - American female professional road racer , was working on the film as a stunt performer for the first time and had only joined the production a week before . Harris was not wearing a helmet because the character she was portraying , Domino , does not wear one in the scene , and there had not been time since she joined the film to create one for her to fit underneath the Domino wig . She had two full days of rehearsing the stunt as well as five more attempts on the day of the accident . Veteran stunt double Melissa Stubbs had been available and willing to do the stunt , but the inexperienced Harris was preferred due to her skin color being a match for Beetz . This decision was criticized by multiple stunt professionals , with many noting that Harris ' experiences racing motorcycles did not necessarily qualify her as an able stunt performer . Production was shut down immediately after the incident , but resumed two days later . With this news also came reports that the film 's crew were `` enduring very long hours '' and were `` exhausted by the schedule '' , with the studio confirming that some days had increased from the scheduled 12 -- 13 hours filming to over 15 hours . The film 's credits includes a dedication to the stuntwoman that reads `` In memory of Sequana Harris '' . Earlier in August , Reynolds revealed that Rob Delaney was at the film 's set , and Eddie Marsan revealed later in the month that he was also on set for a role in the film . Filming in Vancouver was expected to last until October 6 , with production on Deadpool 2 being officially completed on October 14 . Discussing the film 's action , having previously worked as a stunt coordinator , Leitch said that all stunts are `` variations on a theme '' with the same basic elements , but Deadpool allows you to `` subvert those basics , and there 's an expectation for a classic gag , but oops , maybe you get something else '' . He also felt that introducing Domino gave the film unique opportunities for action sequences taking advantage of her luck - based abilities , as well as focusing on Deadpool 's healing abilities and trying to use those interestingly . Darrin Prescott served as second - unit director on the film , and Jonathan Eusebio was the stunt - coordinator for the film , both having worked on John Wick previously . Domino 's abilities were envisioned as a Rube Goldberg machine `` on steroids '' , while Deadpool allowing his arm to be broken during a fight was an example of his abilities being used . Unlike the first film , for which Fox was unwilling to pay for the writers to be on set , the studio did pay for Reese and Wernick to be on set for the sequel . Leitch was happy for this to happen , Reynolds wanted them to be there , and it allowed the pair to continue contributing to the script and suggest new jokes and ideas throughout the filming process . Post-production ( edit ) Fox revealed in November that the film was technically untitled at that point , and not officially known as Deadpool 2 as had been assumed ; the studio was temporarily referring to the film as The Untitled Deadpool Sequel . Sexual misconduct allegations against T.J. Miller surfaced a month later , and by January 2018 some commentators had called for Miller to be replaced in the film in a similar manner to how Kevin Spacey was replaced by Christopher Plummer through reshoots in All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) . Producer Lauren Shuler Donner addressed whether this would be possible , saying `` We 're in the final editing . I do n't think so . '' Miller was later arrested for calling in a false bomb threat ; Reynolds would not comment on either issue , but stated that Miller would not be appearing in the X-Force film . Also in January , the film 's release was moved up to May 18 , 2018 . In February 2018 , Terry Crews was revealed to have a role in the film , the character Shatterstar was confirmed to be appearing , and the production returned to Vancouver for six days of reshoots under a new working title , Daisy . Some reports emerged by mid-March claiming that these reshoots were due to poor audience responses during test screenings of the film , and consisted of sweeping changes . However , the film was soon confirmed to be testing better than the original did , up to 98 out of 100 over three different tests ( compared to a maximum score of 91 during tests of the first film ) . Because of this , the reshoots were adding more of the elements that audiences responded positively to , including additional material featuring Cable and Domino . Sam Hargrave joined the film as a stunt coordinator for the reshoots , trying to `` breathe some new life in a couple of sequences '' . He highlighted a car chase which combines vehicles , actors , and green screen . By the end of the month , Pitt filmed a secret cameo appearance as the X-Force team member Vanisher during two hours of filming in Los Angeles , having been asked to shoot the part by Reynolds and agreeing to be paid `` scale '' , which Reese described as the equivalent of a Starbucks coffee . This was the final photography work done for the film . The film 's first full trailer officially titled the film Deadpool 2 , and revealed that Crews was portraying Bedlam ; confirmed that Delaney would appear , portraying Peter ; and that Bill Skarsgård also had a role . The film 's final trailer , released a month later , confirmed that Lewis Tan would portray Shatterstar , joining Domino , Bedlam , and Peter as members of X-Force . The group also includes Skarsgård 's character , revealed to be Zeitgeist . One scene that was cut from the film following test screenings was a post-credits scene featuring Deadpool travelling back in time to kill a baby Adolf Hitler . It was decided that the scene made audiences too `` squeamish '' , which was not the feeling that the creative team wanted people to be leaving the film with . The film originally did not have any post - or mid - credits scenes , with the Hitler scene and the film 's other time - traveling mid-credits scenes shot during additional photography . The latter came about when someone suggested the time travel device be used to fix real - world mistakes like Reynolds ' role in Green Lantern which the writers felt was `` the funniest idea ever , and what a great idea to end the movie '' . Additional footage of the X-Force team was shot for the film 's marketing to hide the fact that the majority of the X-Force are immediately killed as a joke in the film . Due to Deadpool 's mask , the creative team was able to change the character 's dialogue up to the film being officially completed ; Reynolds took this opportunity to keep adding new jokes to the film as long as possible . Visual effects for the characters of Colossus and Juggernaut were provided by Framestore . The model for Colossus was altered from the first film to make him more `` chiseled and angular '' , and his movements were based on motion capture done by Andre Tricoteux on set . Tricoteux wore several metallic pieces , including a helmet and chest piece , as reference . Kapičić provided the character 's facial performance . The character 's `` iconic metal ridges '' were live textured by animators for the first film , but Framestore changed this to use a combination of shape movement and distortion so they could be more precise with the geometry of the lines . Juggernaut was represented on set by a 6 feet 8 inches ( 2.03 m ) stand - in , who wore a helmet extension to match the character 's 9 feet 6 inches ( 2.90 m ) height . A full scale replica of the character 's metal helmet was built for interacting with stunts on set , but the final version was completely digital along with the rest of the character . Framestore animators found it challenging to move the helmet in a way that the character could still move his head underneath it , and studied the movement of bodybuilders for the character . Juggernaut 's face was modeled on Leitch 's , and Reynolds provided facial capture for the character , but this was modified during the animation process . For the final fight between the two characters , two stuntmen who matched the height difference between the two were filmed on a motion capture stage for reference ; this footage was edited into a previsualization . Music ( edit ) Main article : Deadpool 2 ( soundtrack ) Junkie XL chose not to return for Deadpool 2 after composing the score for the first film , given that Miller was `` the driving force behind '' him working on that film in the first place . In October 2017 , it was confirmed that Tyler Bates would be writing the score for Deadpool 2 after doing the same for Leitch 's previous films . Bates approached the music with a slight rock sensibility , and used a distorted guitar run through a wah - wah pedal , microsynths to add `` unique colors '' , and a choir . The choir originally sings lyrics such as `` you ca n't stop this motherfucker '' and `` holy shit balls ! '' , which ultimately earned the score a parental advisory warning . It is the first score album to receive such a warning . Bates felt this was not `` merit-less debauchery , it was just fun . It 's very rare that we can work on something at such a high professional level that embraces the irreverence of Deadpool . '' Leitch wanted to create an original song for the film that served as an emotional through - line for all of the film 's characters ; the song `` Ashes '' was ultimately produced , as recorded by Céline Dion . Leitch directed a music video to go with the release of the song , and Reynolds both wanted to produce a music video to accompany the song ; Leitch was initially conflicted about this , as he wanted audiences to discover the song , which was filmed in The Colosseum at Caesars Palace . It features dancer Yanis Marshall performing as Deadpool in high heels while Dion sings the song . The song was released as a single with the music video on May 3 , 2018 , before Sony Classical Records released a score album on May 11 , and Columbia Records released an album featuring the songs from the film -- including `` Ashes '' -- on May 18 . Marketing ( edit ) For the Fox presentation at CineEurope 2017 in June , Reynolds made a video message featuring himself in costume as Deadpool from the film 's set . The first teaser poster , which pays homage to Norman Rockwell 's 1943 painting Freedom from Want , was released that November . Justin Carter of Comic Book Resources found it `` oddly appropriate for Deadpool 2 to co-opt ( this ) iconic work for a modern pop culture audience '' as it is `` true to Deadpool 's incredibly referential nature '' . Eric Diaz of Nerdist said , `` It strikes exactly the irreverent tone you 'd expect for the Deadpool sequel . '' The first footage from the film debuted the following week , at the end of a video where Reynolds ( in - character as Deadpool ) parodies Bob Ross and his television show The Joy of Painting . The video was described by The Hollywood Reporter 's Ryan Parker as `` completely out of left field '' and setting the tone perfectly for the film , though his colleague Graeme McMillan was less positive due to not knowing of Ross ( Deadpool co-creator Fabian Nicieza thought the fact that many in the audience would n't know of Ross made the video `` exactly the kind of quirky pop culture choice that works perfectly for Deadpool '' ) . Parker added , `` This trailer only showed a few seconds from the film , but fans will be talking about it all day '' because of the presentation , unlike `` any other trailer which would have shown so little of the product '' . Rather than pay for an expensive advertisement spot during Super Bowl LII , the film 's official Twitter account was used to `` live tweet '' the event with in - character commentary from Deadpool . A new trailer for the film was released later that week , focusing on introducing Cable . Parker felt that `` Reynolds and company have completely changed the trailer game . The formula of just showing some of the actual movie , but with a tiny story thrown in is such an incredible marketing idea . '' McMillan and their colleague Aaron Couch praised the trailer playing on the visual effects for Cable 's arm not being finished , noting it as a joke about the visual effects to remove Henry Cavill 's mustache from Justice League . The group collectively praised the overall marketing for the franchise , with McMillan suggesting that the campaign for the sequel may surpass that of the first Deadpool . A full trailer for the film , explaining its general plot , was released at the end of March . Forbes contributor Scott Mendelson called it `` pretty funny and mostly entertaining '' , but was disappointed in it being a `` conventional '' trailer compared to the more out - there videos previously released for the film . He explained that he thought the first film `` had a winning lead character and fine character - centric jokes , but a pretty generic origin story plot that eventually became the thing it was critiquing '' , and was concerned that the sequel would turn out to be `` a more standard ' superhero sequel ' sell '' . Mendelson also noted the inclusion of T.J. Miller in the trailer following the reveal of sexual misconduct allegations against the actor in late 2017 , calling it `` inevitable no matter how tarnished his reputation might be these days '' . The Hollywood Reporter group also noted the more traditional style of the trailer , but remained generally positive about the film and highlighted the supporting cast for the film as appearing in the trailer , including Brolin , Beetz , Kutsuna , and Crews . Also in March , a Twitter account was established for the character Peter and began to be regularly updated with `` tweets '' about his interests , including photos of the character beekeeping and preparing for his work as part of the X-Force team ( as seen in the film ) . A month later , Fox released the final trailer for the film , with Mendelson lamenting that it was as `` conventional '' as the previous trailer but finding it understandable that Fox not be seen to be hiding the film , and ultimately felt that the trailer indicated the film would be `` a pretty solid comic book sequel '' . The group at The Hollywood Reporter praised the final trailer as well , highlighting its references to X-Men Origins : Wolverine and the DC universe as well as its introduction of Peter . At the end of April , Leitch stated that alternate versions of jokes that had been cut from the film were included in the trailers , since `` only one can live in the movie , so we might have snuck a couple in sort of additional materials that people can discover . '' As part of a promotion for the film with beverage company Mike 's Harder , Sister Margaret 's School for Wayward Girls -- the fictional bar featured in the films -- was emulated in pop - ups at the Alligator Lounge in New York from April 26 through 28 and the Slipper Clutch in Los Angeles from May 10 through 12 . The pop - ups respectively served pizza and chimichangas , traditionally Deadpool 's favorite food , as well as Deadpool - inspired Harder drinks . The campaign also included the chance to win a trip to the film 's premiere through Harder , and the Los Angeles pop - up benefitted the nonprofit DTLA Film Festival . Release ( edit ) Theatrical ( edit ) Deadpool 2 premiered at Leicester Square in London on May 10 , 2018 . It was released in the United States on May 18 , 2018 , having been previously scheduled for release on June 1 of that year . Extended edition ( edit ) Leitch 's initial cut of the film was around two hours and twelve minutes , with `` nips and tucks '' done to it to get the run time down to the final two hours . By May 2018 , Leitch was working on an official extended edition of the film with Fox wanting to `` spin that out as a special thing '' . He said it would be closer to his initial runtime and would include a cut montage of Deadpool trying to commit suicide in various ways , an extended sequence in the X-Mansion , and alternate versions of jokes that were not chosen for the film 's theatrical version . The extended cut was screened at San Diego Comic - Con 2018 at an event titled Deadpool 2 : Uncut Screening . Ahead of the screening , a panel was held at the convention moderated by Soni and featuring other cast members . Some of the scenes cut from the theatrical version of the film were debuted at the panel . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on Digital HD on August 7 , 2018 , and physically on August 21 . The latter release covered the 4K Ultra HD , Blu - ray , and DVD formats , including both the theatrical version and Super Duper $ @ % ! # & Cut unrated extended edition . The physical release includes an audio commentary for the theatrical version in 4K Ultra HD and Blu - ray formats , from Reynolds , Leitch , Reese , and Wernick . The Blu - ray format also includes a gag reel , deleted and extended scenes , alternate takes , featurettes on Easter eggs , the cast and characters , Leitch 's directing , and the action and stunts , and more . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of August 26 , 2018 , Deadpool 2 has grossed $318.4 million in the United States and Canada , and $415.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $734 million , against a production budget of $110 million . On April 20 , 2018 , both Fandango and Regal Cinemas announced that Deadpool 2 was the best pre-selling R - rated film in their respective histories . The film opened in 4,332 theaters , setting the record for widest R - rated release ever ( beating the 4,103 count by It in September 2017 ) . It made $18.6 million from Thursday night previews and $53.3 million on its first day , setting records for both by an R - rated film , beating It 's $13.5 million and $50.4 million , respectively . The film went on to debut to $125.5 million , the second - best opening for an R - rated film behind the original , and became the first film to dethrone Avengers : Infinity War atop the box office . It fell 65.4 % in its second weekend , grossing $43.5 million and finishing second behind newcomer Solo : A Star Wars Story . The film made $23.2 million in its third weekend , remaining in second behind Solo . It dropped 39 % in both its fourth and fifth weekends , making a respective $14.1 million and $8.7 million . Worldwide , the film had a global debut of $300.4 million , including $174.9 million internationally , the largest - ever for an R - rated film or Fox release . It opened in 81 markets and finished first in all of them , including the United Kingdom ( $18 million ) , Korea ( $17 million ) , Russia ( $11.8 million ) and Australia ( $11.7 million ) . It remained number one in 27 markets in its second weekend , making $57 million and bringing its foreign total through its first full week to $279.7 million . In its third week of international release the film made $47 million , including a $5.5 million debut in Japan ( 26 % better than the first film ) , bringing its foreign total to $344 million . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 82 % based on 318 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Though it threatens to buckle under the weight of its meta gags , Deadpool 2 is a gory , gleeful lampoon of the superhero genre buoyed by Ryan Reynolds ' undeniable charm . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 , based on reviews from 51 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score as the first film . Audiences were 59 % male and 41 % female . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , jokingly calling it the best sequel since The Godfather Part II and saying : `` Deadpool 2 is wicked , dark fun from start to finish , with some twisted and very funny special effects , cool production elements ( and ) terrific ensemble work . '' PopMatters writer J.R. Kinnard wrote : `` If you enjoyed the guilty pleasures of Deadpool , it 's an immutable law of physics that you will love Deadpool 2 . The second verse may be the same as the first , but that verse is a dirty limerick of childish goodness . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote , `` Deadpool 2 is just like Deadpool only more so . It 's actually a fair bit better -- funnier , more inventive than the 2016 smash ... and more consistent in its chosen tone and style : ultraviolent screwball comedy . '' Alex Hudson of Exclaim ! lauded the film , saying `` Much like in the Marvel Studios universe , Deadpool 2 serves to unite superheroes into a cohesive narrative arc , setting the stage for plenty of cross-pollination superhero boogaloos in the future . Assuming that more films follow in the series , this sets the bar high . '' Sequel ( edit ) By November 2016 , with development underway on Deadpool 2 , Fox was also planning Deadpool 3 , which was said to include the team X-Force . With the confirmation that Leitch would direct Deadpool 2 , it was revealed that Fox was looking for a separate filmmaker to direct Deadpool 3 . In March 2017 , Reese clarified that though Deadpool 2 sets - up the X-Force team , a future film focused on the team would be separate from Deadpool 3 , `` so I think we 'll be able to take two paths . ( X-Force ) is where we 're launching something bigger , but then ( Deadpool 3 is ) where we 're contracting and staying personal and small . '' After the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017 , Disney CEO Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe under Disney , and that the company would be willing to make future R - rated Deadpool films `` as long as we let the audiences know what 's coming '' . In May 2018 , Reynolds stated that a third Deadpool film may not be made given the franchise 's shift of focus to X-Force , though Reese and Wernick felt a third film would `` absolutely '' be happening after Reynolds took a break from the character and X-Force was released , which they compared to the Iron Man franchise having Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) release after the crossover film The Avengers ( 2012 ) . Also , Leitch expressed interest in returning to the franchise , saying , `` I would be grateful to work on something ( starring Reynolds ' Deadpool ) again . It just depends on time and place , so we 'll see what happens . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Deadpool 2 ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 5 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deadpool 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Deadpool 2 : What the critics thought '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . 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Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Writers Break Down the ( Many ) Big Surprises in the Film Page 2 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : Creating the Colossus vs. Juggernaut Slugfest , One Mocap at a Time '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Francisco , Eric ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Colossus Actor Reveals ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Secrets , Confirms New Mutants '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` How Colossus Became a Secret Weapon of ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Wilson ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Leslie Uggams To Return In Deadpool 2 '' . BlackFilm.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marnell , Blair ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Exclusive : Dopinder is Coming Back for the Sequel ! '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marsan , Eddie ( @ eddiemarsan ) ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` The kids visited me at work on # Deadpool2. Ryan made them feel so special . I 'm officially the coolest Dad in the world '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Cardona , Ian ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 May Have Teased a Major X-Men Villain -- Again '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blanch , Vanessa ( May 26 , 2018 ) . `` Actor , former wrestler Robert Maillet lands role in Deadpool 2 '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Faierman , Leo ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Almost Had More Mutants Using A Lot More Mutant Powers '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webber , Tim ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 's 18 Most Surprising Cameos '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : N'Duka , Amanda ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Actress Shioli Kutsuna in a Key Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Writers Break Down the ( Many ) Big Surprises in the Film '' . Comic Book Resources . 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Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' eyes ' John Wick ' director David Leitch to replace Tim Miller ( Exclusive ) '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grobar , Matt ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Scribes Rhett Reese & Paul Wernick on This Awards Season 's Biggest Surprise Candidate '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Writers on Laying the Foundation for ' X-Force ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Drew Goddard Is Working on the ' Deadpool 2 ' Script '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Writers Explain How They 'll Handle Cable 's Convoluted Origin '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` When is Deadpool 2 set in the X-Men timeline ? '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 : Ryan Reynolds says Fox made him cut a Disney joke '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour in the Mix for Cable '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Umberto ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour Eyed to Play Cable in ' Deadpool 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . 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Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heuring , David ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Billion Dollar Cinematographer Jonathan Sela Rises as Master Storyteller '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ; Busch , Anita ; Robb , David ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Stunt Crash Victim ID 'd As First African - American Female Pro Road Racer ; Director & Fox ' Deeply Saddened ' -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ; Busch , Anita ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' To Start Production 48 Hours After Stunt Driver Killed '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Scott ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Motorcycle Death Leaves Stunt Community Asking Tough Questions '' . 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Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Skips Expensive Trailer , Live Tweets Through The Super Bowl '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Witty ( But Generic ) ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Finally Spills The Beans '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kilkenny , Katie ; Liefeld , Rob ; Shanley , Patrick ; Parker , Ryan ; McMillan , Graeme ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` A Deep Dive into the ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter W '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Peter , the New Star of Deadpool 2 , Has a Real Twitter That 's an Absolute Delight '' . io9 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Saved The Best ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer For Last '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Parker , Ryan ; Perez , Lexy ; McMillan , Graeme ; Shanley , Patrick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Has One Clear Winner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Pop - Up Bar Coming to New York and L.A. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Reynolds and the cast of Deadpool 2 ooze movie star glamour for London premiere of Marvel film '' . DailyMail . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` A Deadpool 2 Extended Cut Is Coming , Here 's What To Expect '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 : Uncut ' to Screen at Comic - Con ; Saturday Schedule Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Angie ( July 21 , 2018 ) . `` SDCC : Deadpool 2 Takes Over Hall H '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2018 . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Blu - ray Details Reveal an Extended Cut with 15 Minutes of New Footage '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2018 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Advance Ticket Sales Records : Fandango 's Best R - Rated Preseller Ever In First 24 Hours '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Swinging in As Second - Best Opening For R - Rated Pic With $125 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 26 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is ' Solo ' Flying So Low at the B.O. ? Memorial Day Opening Now At $114 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Hits Asteroid Wwth $29 M -- $30 M ; ' Action Point ' Condemned To $2 M+ : Post-Memorial Day Blues at the B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Ocean 's 8 ' dethrones ' Solo ' '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Incredibles 2 ' Record $183 M Beats ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opening & Lifetime Totals Of ' Cars 3 ' , ' A Bug 's Life ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Stalls With $65 M Overseas Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Deadpool 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Deadpool 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' a dark , gruesome delight , from start to very funny finish '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kinnard , J.R. ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` In ' Deadpool 2 ' the Obscenity Delightfully Continues '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Reynolds takes a comic high dive into ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Fox 's X-Men Issues : Jennifer Lawrence Unsigned , ' Deadpool ' Defections , ' Gambit ' on Hold '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Why Deadpool 3 And X-Force Will Be Very Different Projects '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ; Hayes , Dade ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Fox Deal : Bob Iger Discusses Digital Future , James Murdoch , Hulu and $2 B Cost Savings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Can Stay R - Rated at Disney , Says Bob Iger '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Starnews Korea ( May 2 , 2018 ) . Full . 데드 풀 2 내한 기자 간담회 -- 라이언 레 놀즈 ( Ryan Reynolds ) . YouTube . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Don ( May 26 , 2018 ) . `` Making Deadpool 2 Bigger , Funnier , and Weirder '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Deadpool 2 Official website Deadpool 2 on IMDb Deadpool 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Deadpool 2 at Metacritic Deadpool 2 at AllMovie Deadpool Fabian Nicieza Rob Liefeld Supporting characters Agent X Avengers Blind Al Bob , Agent of Hydra Sandi Brandenberg Cable Copycat Death Domino Emrys Killebrew Negasonic Teenage Warhead Outlaw Shiklah Siryn Spider - Man Weasel Wolverine X-Men Antagonists Ajax Black Box Black Swan Black Talon Black Tom Cassidy Bullseye Doctor Bong Dracula Hit - Monkey Flag - Smasher Juggernaut Madcap Sabretooth Slayback Taskmaster T - Ray Thanos Trapster Typhoid Mary Publications Cable & Deadpool Deadpool v. 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who is the main actor in deadpool 2
[ "Deadpool 2 is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eleventh installment in the X-Men film series, and a direct sequel to the 2016 film Deadpool. The film is directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese, Paul Wernick, and Ryan Reynolds, with Reynolds starring in the title role alongside Josh Brolin, Morena Baccarin, Julian Dennison, Zazie Beetz, T.J. Miller, Brianna Hildebrand, and Jack Kesy. In the film, Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young mutant from the time-traveling soldier Cable.\n" ]
[ "Ryan Reynolds" ]
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European Coal and Steel Community
European coal and steel Community - wikipedia European coal and steel Community Jump to : navigation , search European Coal and Steel Community Danish : Det Europæiske Kul - og Stålfællesskab Dutch : Europese Gemeenschap voor Kolen en Staal Finnish : Euroopan hiili - ja teräsyhteisö French : Communauté européenne du charbon et de l'acier German : Europäische Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl Greek : Ευρωπαϊκή Κοινότητα Άνθρακα και Χάλυβα Italian : Comunità europea del carbone e dell'acciaio Portuguese : Comunidade Europeia do Carvão e do Aço Spanish : Comunidad Europea del Carbón y del Acero Swedish : Europeiska kol - och stålgemenskapen International organisation 1952 -- 20021 Flag Founding members of the ECSC : Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands and West Germany ( Algeria was an integral part of the French Republic ) Capital Not applicable2 Languages 11 ( 2002 ) 3 ( show ) Danish Dutch English Finnish French German Greek Italian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Political structure International organisation President of the High Authority 1952 -- 1955 Jean Monnet 1955 -- 1958 René Mayer 1958 -- 1959 Paul Finet 1959 -- 1963 Piero Malvestiti 1963 -- 1967 Rinaldo Del Bo Historical era Cold War Signing ( Treaty of Paris ) 18 April 1951 In force 23 July 1952 Merger 1 July 1967 Treaty expired 23 July 20021 Preceded by Succeeded by International Authority for the Ruhr European Union Today part of European Union 1 The ECSC treaty expired in 2002 , fifty years after it came into force , but its institutions were taken over in 1967 following the Merger Treaty . 2 The political centres were Luxembourg and Strasbourg , later also Brussels . 3Initial founding languages , before the merger and subsequent enlargements , were Dutch , French , German and Italian . The European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) was an organisation of 6 European countries set up after World War II to regulate their industrial production under a centralised authority . It was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris , signed by Belgium , France , West Germany , Italy , the Netherlands and Luxembourg . The ECSC was the first international organisation to be based on the principles of supranationalism , and started the process of formal integration which ultimately led to the European Union . The ECSC was first proposed by French foreign minister Robert Schuman on 9 May 1950 as a way to prevent further war between France and Germany . He declared his aim was to `` make war not only unthinkable but materially impossible '' which was to be achieved by regional integration , of which the ECSC was the first step . The Treaty would create a common market for coal and steel among its member states which served to neutralise competition between European nations over natural resources , particularly in the Ruhr . The ECSC was run by four institutions : a High Authority composed of independent appointees , a Common Assembly composed of national parliamentarians , a Special Council composed of nation ministers , and a Court of Justice . These would ultimately form the blueprint for today 's European Commission , European Parliament , the Council of the European Union and the European Court of Justice . The ECSC stood model for the communities set up after it by the Treaty of Rome in 1957 , the European Economic Community and European Atomic Energy Community , with whom it shared its membership and some institutions . The 1967 Merger ( Brussels ) Treaty led to all of ECSC 's institutions to merge into that of the European Economic Community , but the ECSC retained its own independent legal personality . In 2002 , the Treaty of Paris expired and the ECSC ceased to exist in any form , its activities fully absorbed by the European Community under the framework of Amsterdam and Nice treaties . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Schuman declaration 1.2 Political pressures 1.3 Treaties 1.4 Merger and expiration 1.5 Timeline of treaties 2 Institutions 2.1 High Authority 2.2 Other institutions 3 Achievements and failures 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of the European Coal and Steel Community ( 1945 -- 57 ) As Prime Minister and Foreign Minister , Schuman was instrumental in turning French policy away from the Gaullist policy of permanent occupation or control of parts of German territory such as the Ruhr or the Saar . Despite stiff ultra-nationalist , Gaullist and communist opposition , the French Assembly voted a number of resolutions in favour of his new policy of integrating Germany into a community . The International Authority for the Ruhr changed in consequence . Schuman 's guiding principles were moral , based on the equality of states ( international democracy ) , not the power politics of domination . Schuman Declaration ( edit ) The Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950 ( later known as Europe Day ) occurred after two Cabinet meetings , when the proposal became French government policy . France was thus the first government to agree to surrender sovereignty in a supranational Community . That decision was based on a text , written and edited by Schuman 's friend and colleague , the Foreign Ministry lawyer , professor Paul Reuter with the assistance of economist Jean Monnet and Schuman 's Directeur de Cabinet , Bernard Clappier . It laid out a plan for a European Community to pool the coal and steel of its members in a common market . Schuman proposed that `` Franco - German production of coal and steel as a whole be placed under a common High Authority , within the framework of an organisation open to the participation of the other countries of Europe '' . Such an act was intended to help economic growth and cement peace between France and Germany , who were historic enemies . Coal and steel were vital resources needed for a country to wage war , so pooling those resources between two such enemies was seen as more than symbolic . Schuman saw the decision of the French government on his proposal as the first example of a democratic and supranational Community , a new development in world history . The plan was also seen by some , like Monnet , who crossed out Reuter 's mention of `` supranational '' in the draft and inserted `` federation '' , as a first step to a `` European federation '' . The Schuman Declaration that created the ECSC had several distinct aims : It would mark the birth of a united Europe . It would make war between member states impossible . It would encourage world peace . It would transform Europe in a `` step by step '' process ( building through sectoral supranational communities ) leading to the unification of Europe democratically , unifying two political blocks separated by the Iron Curtain . It would create the world 's first supranational institution . It would create the world 's first international anti-cartel agency . It would create a common market across the Community . It would , starting with the coal and steel sector , revitalise the whole European economy by similar community processes . It would improve the world economy and the developing countries , such as those in Africa . Firstly , it was intended to prevent further war between France and Germany and other states by tackling the root cause of war . The ECSC was primarily conceived with France and Germany in mind : `` The coming together of the nations of Europe requires the elimination of the age - old opposition of France and Germany . Any action taken must in the first place concern these two countries . '' The coal and steel industries being essential for the production of munitions , Schuman believed that by uniting these two industries across France and Germany under an innovative supranational system that also included a European anti-cartel agency , he could `` make war not only unthinkable but materially impossible '' . Schuman had another aim : `` With increased resources Europe will be able to pursue the achievement of one of its essential tasks , namely , the development of the African continent . '' Industrial cartels tended to impose `` restrictive practices '' on national markets , whereas the ECSC would ensure the increased production necessary for their ambitions in Africa . Part of a series on the History of the European Union Timeline ( show ) Pre-1945 ideas 1945 -- 1957 1958 -- 1972 1973 -- 1993 1993 -- 2004 2004 -- present Organisation ( show ) European Communities ( 1958 -- 2009 ) European Coal and Steel Community ( 1952 -- 2002 ) European Economic Community ( 1958 -- 1993 ) European Atomic Energy Community ( 1958 -- present ) European Community ( 1993 -- 2009 ) Justice and Home Affairs ( 1993 -- 2003 ) Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters ( 2003 -- 2009 ) Common Foreign and Security Policy pillar ( 1993 -- 2009 ) Western European Union ( 1954 -- 2011 ) Treaties ( show ) Treaty of Paris 1951 Treaty of Rome 1957 Merger Treaty 1965 Single European Act 1986 Maastricht Treaty 1992 Amsterdam Treaty 1997 Treaty of Nice 2001 Treaty of Lisbon 2007 Commissions ( show ) Hallstein Commission 1958 Rey Commission 1967 Malfatti Commission 1970 Mansholt Commission 1972 Ortoli Commission 1973 Jenkins Commission 1977 Thorn Commission 1981 Delors Commission 1985 Santer Commission Prodi Commission 1999 Barroso Commission Juncker Commission 2014 Topics ( show ) History of Europe History of the euro History of enlargement List of presidents List of founders European Union portal Political pressures ( edit ) In West Germany , Schuman kept the closest contacts with the new generation of democratic politicians . Karl Arnold , the Minister President of North Rhine - Westphalia , the state that included the coal and steel producing Ruhr , was initially spokesman for German foreign affairs . He gave a number of speeches and broadcasts on a supranational coal and steel community at the same time as Robert Schuman began to propose this Community in 1948 and 1949 . The Social Democratic Party of Germany ( German : Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands , SPD ) , in spite of support from unions and other socialists in Europe , decided it would oppose the Schuman plan . Kurt Schumacher 's personal distrust of France , capitalism , and Konrad Adenauer aside , he claimed that a focus on integrating with a `` Little Europe of the Six '' would override the SPD 's prime objective of German reunification and thus empower ultra-nationalist and Communist movements in democratic countries . He also thought the ECSC would end any hopes of nationalising the steel industry and lock in a Europe of `` cartels , clerics and conservatives '' . Younger members of the party like Carlo Schmid , were , however , in favor of the Community and pointed to the long socialist support for the supranational idea . In France , Schuman had gained strong political and intellectual support from all sections of the nation and many non-communist parties . Notable amongst these were ministerial colleague Andre Philip , president of the Foreign Relations Committee Edouard Bonnefous , and former prime minister , Paul Reynaud . Projects for a coal and steel authority and other supranational communities were formulated in specialist subcommittees of the Council of Europe in the period before it became French government policy . Charles de Gaulle , who was then out of power , had been an early supporter of `` linkages '' between economies , on French terms , and had spoken in 1945 of a `` European confederation '' that would exploit the resources of the Ruhr . However , he opposed the ECSC as a faux ( false ) pooling ( `` le pool , ce faux semblant '' ) because he considered it an unsatisfactory `` piecemeal approach '' to European unity and because he considered the French government `` too weak '' to dominate the ECSC as he thought proper . De Gaulle also felt that the ECSC had insufficient supranational authority because the Assembly was not ratified by a European referendum and he did not accept Raymond Aron 's contention that the ECSC was intended as a movement away from United States domination . Consequently , de Gaulle and his followers in the RPF voted against ratification in the lower house of the French Parliament . Despite these attacks and those from the extreme left , the ECSC found substantial public support , and so it was established . It gained strong majority votes in all eleven chambers of the parliaments of the Six , as well as approval among associations and European public opinion . In 1950 , many had thought another war was inevitable . The steel and coal interests , however , were quite vocal in their opposition . The Council of Europe , created by a proposal of Schuman 's first government in May 1948 , helped articulate European public opinion and gave the Community idea positive support . Treaties ( edit ) The 100 - article Treaty of Paris , which established the ECSC , was signed on 18 April 1951 by `` the inner six '' : France , West Germany , Italy , Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg ( Benelux ) . The ECSC was the first international organisation to be based on supranational principles and was , through the establishment of a common market for coal and steel , intended to expand the economies , increase employment , and raise the standard of living within the Community . The market was also intended to progressively rationalise the distribution of high level production whilst ensuring stability and employment . The common market for coal was opened on 10 February 1953 , and for steel on 1 May 1953 . Upon taking effect , the ECSC gradually replaced the International Authority for the Ruhr . On 11 August 1952 , the United States was the first non-ECSC member to recognise the Community and stated it would now deal with the ECSC on coal and steel matters , establishing its delegation in Brussels . Monnet responded by choosing Washington , D.C. as the site of the ECSC 's first external presence . The headline of the delegation 's first bulletin read `` Towards a Federal Government of Europe '' . Six years after the Treaty of Paris , the Treaties of Rome were signed by the six ECSC members , creating the European Economic Community ( EEC ) and the European Atomic Energy Community ( EAEC or Euratom ) . These Communities were based , with some adjustments , on the ECSC . The Treaties of Rome were to be in force indefinitely , unlike the Treaty of Paris , which was to expire after fifty years . These two new Communities worked on the creation of a customs union and nuclear power community respectively . The Rome treaties were hurried through just before de Gaulle was given emergency powers and proclaimed the Fifth Republic . Despite his efforts to `` chloroform '' the Communities , their fields rapidly expanded and the EEC became the most important tool for political unification , overshadowing the ECSC . Merger and expiration ( edit ) Despite being separate legal entities , the ECSC , EEC and Euratom initially shared the Common Assembly and the European Court of Justice , although the Councils and the High Authority / Commissions remained separate . To avoid duplication , the Merger Treaty merged these separate bodies of the ECSC and Euratom with the EEC . The EEC later became one of the three pillars of the present day European Union . The Treaty of Paris was frequently amended as the EC and EU evolved and expanded . With the treaty due to expire in 2002 , debate began at the beginning of the 1990s on what to do with it . It was eventually decided that it should be left to expire . The areas covered by the ECSC 's treaty were transferred to the Treaty of Rome and the financial loose ends and the ECSC research fund were dealt with via a protocol of the Treaty of Nice . The treaty finally expired on 23 July 2002 . That day , the ECSC flag was lowered for the final time outside the European Commission in Brussels and replaced with the EU flag . Timeline of treaties ( edit ) Signed : In force : Document : 1948 1948 Brussels Treaty 1951 1952 Paris Treaty 1954 1955 Modified Brussels Treaty 1957 1958 Rome Treaty & EURATOM 1965 1967 Merger Treaty 1976 Council Agreement on TREVI 1986 Single European Act 1985 + 90 1995 Schengen Treaty & Convention 1992 Maastricht Treaty ( TEU ) 1997 1999 Amsterdam Treaty 2001 2003 Nice Treaty 2007 2009 Lisbon Treaty Content : ( founded WUDO ) ( founded ECSC ) ( protocol amending WUDO to become WEU ) ( founded EEC and EURATOM ) ( merging the legislative & administrative bodies of the 3 European communities ) ( founded TREVI ) ( amended : EURATOM , ECSC , EEC ) + ( founded EPC ) ( founded Schengen ) ( implemented Schengen ) ( amended : EURATOM , ECSC , and EEC to transform it into EC ) + ( founded : JHA + CFSP ) ( amended : EURATOM , ECSC , EC to also contain Schengen , and TEU where PJCC replaced JHA ) ( amended with focus on institutional changes : EURATOM , ECSC , EC and TEU ) ( abolished the 3 pillars and WEU by amending : EURATOM , EC = > TFEU , and TEU ) ( founded EU as an overall legal unit with Charter of Fundamental Rights , and reformed governance structures & decision procedures ) Three pillars of the European Union : European Communities ( with a single Commission & Council ) European Atomic Energy Community ( EURATOM ) European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) Treaty expired in 2002 European Union ( EU ) European Economic Community ( EEC ) European Community ( EC ) Schengen Rules Terrorism , Radicalism , Extremism and Violence Internationally ( TREVI ) Justice and Home Affairs ( JHA ) Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters ( PJCC ) European Political Cooperation ( EPC ) Common Foreign and Security Policy ( CFSP ) Western Union Defence Organization ( WUDO ) Western European Union ( WEU ) Treaty terminated in 2011 Institutions ( edit ) Further information : Institutions of the European Union The institutions of the ECSC were the High Authority , the Common Assembly , the Special Council of Ministers and the Court of Justice . A Consultative Committee was established alongside the High Authority , as a fifth institution representing civil society . This was the first international representation of consumers in history . These institutions were merged in 1967 with those of the European Community , which then governed the ECSC , except for the Committee , which continued to be independent until the expiration of the Treaty of Paris in 2002 . The Treaty stated that the location of the institutions would be decided by common accord of the members , yet the issue was hotly contested . As a temporary compromise , the institutions were provisionally located in the City of Luxembourg , despite the Assembly being based in Strasbourg . High Authority ( edit ) Headquarters of the High Authority in Luxembourg Main article : High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community The High Authority ( the predecessor to the European Commission ) was a nine - member executive body which governed the Community . The Authority consisted of nine members in office for a term of six years . Eight of these members were appointed by the governments of the six signatories . These eight members then themselves appointed a ninth person to be President of the High Authority . Despite being appointed by agreement of national governments acting together , the members were to pledge not to represent their national interest , but rather took an oath to defend the general interests of the Community as a whole . Their independence was aided by members being barred from having any occupation outside the Authority or having any business interests ( paid or unpaid ) during their tenure and for three years after they left office . To further ensure impartiality , one third of the membership was to be renewed every two years ( article 10 ) . The Authority 's principal innovation was its supranational character . It had a broad area of competence to ensure the objectives of the treaty were met and that the common market functioned smoothly . The High Authority could issue three types of legal instruments : Decisions , which were entirely binding laws ; Recommendations , which had binding aims but the methods were left to member states ; and Opinions , which had no legal force . Up to the merger in 1967 , the authority had five Presidents followed by an interim President serving for the final days . Picture President State Took office Left office Authority Jean Monnet France 10 August 1952 3 June 1955 Monnet Authority René Mayer France 3 June 1955 13 January 1958 Mayer Authority Paul Finet Belgium 13 January 1958 15 September 1959 Finet Authority Piero Malvestiti Italy 15 September 1959 22 October 1963 Malvestiti Authority Rinaldo Del Bo Italy 22 October 1963 6 July 1967 Del Bo Authority Albert Coppé Belgium interim ( 1 March - 5 July 1967 ) Coppé Authority Other institutions ( edit ) The Common Assembly ( which later became the European Parliament ) was composed of 78 representatives and exercised supervisory powers over the executive High Authority . The Common Assembly representatives were to be national MPs delegated each year by their Parliaments to the Assembly or directly elected `` by universal suffrage '' ( article 21 ) , though in practice it was the former , as there was no requirement for elections until the Treaties of Rome and no actual election until 1979 , as Rome required agreement in the Council on the electoral system first . However , to emphasise that the chamber was not a traditional international organisation composed of representatives of national governments , the Treaty of Paris used the term `` representatives of the peoples '' . The Assembly was not originally specified in the Schuman Plan because it was hoped the Community would use the institutions ( Assembly , Court ) of the Council of Europe . When this became impossible because of British objections , separate institutions had to be created . The Assembly was intended as a democratic counter-weight and check to the High Authority , to advise but also to have power to sack the Authority for incompetence , injustice , corruption or fraud . The first President ( akin to a Speaker ) was Paul - Henri Spaak . The Special Council of Ministers ( equivalent to the current Council of the European Union ) was composed of representatives of national governments . The Presidency was held by each state for a period of three months , rotating between them in alphabetical order . One of its key aspects was the harmonisation of the work of the High Authority and that of national governments , which were still responsible for the state 's general economic policies . The Council was also required to issue opinions on certain areas of work of the High Authority . Issues relating only to coal and steel were in the exclusive domain of the High Authority , and in these areas the Council ( unlike the modern Council ) could only act as a scrutiny on the Authority . However , areas outside coal and steel required the consent of the Council . The Court of Justice was to ensure the observation of ECSC law along with the interpretation and application of the Treaty . The Court was composed of seven judges , appointed by common accord of the national governments for six years . There were no requirements that the judges had to be of a certain nationality , simply that they be qualified and that their independence be beyond doubt . The Court was assisted by two Advocates General . The Consultative Committee ( similar to the Economic and Social Committee ) had between 30 and 50 members equally divided between producers , workers , consumers and dealers in the coal and steel sector . Again , there were no national quotas , and the treaty required representatives of European associations to organise their own democratic procedures . They were to establish rules to make their membership fully representative for democratic organised civil society . Membership were appointed for two years and were not bound by any mandate or instruction of the organisations which appointed them . The Committee had a plenary assembly , bureau and president . Again , the required democratic procedures were not introduced and nomination of these members remained in the hands of national ministers . The High Authority was obliged to consult the Committee in certain cases where it was appropriate and to keep it informed . The Consultative Committee remained separate ( despite the merger of the other institutions ) until 2002 , when the Treaty expired and its duties were taken over by the Economic and Social Committee ( ESC ) . Despite its independence , the Committee did cooperate with the ESC when they were consulted on the same issue . Achievements and failures ( edit ) Its mission ( article 2 ) was general : to `` contribute to the expansion of the economy , the development of employment and the improvement of the standard of living '' of its citizens . The Community had little effect on coal and steel production , which was influenced more by global trends . Trade between members did increase ( tenfold for steel ) which saved members ' money by not having to import resources from the United States . The High Authority also issued 280 modernization loans to the industry which helped the industry to improve output and reduce costs . Costs were further reduced by the abolition of tariffs at borders . Among the ECSC 's greatest achievements are those on welfare issues . Some mines , for example , were clearly unsustainable without government subsidies . Some miners had extremely poor housing . Over 15 years it financed 112,500 flats for workers , paying US $1,770 per flat , enabling workers to buy a home they could not have otherwise afforded . The ECSC also paid half the occupational redeployment costs of those workers who have lost their jobs as coal and steel facilities began to close down . Combined with regional redevelopment aid the ECSC spent $150 million creating 100,000 jobs , a third of which were for unemployed coal and steel workers . The welfare guarantees invented by the ECSC were extended to workers outside the coal and steel sector by some of its members . Far more important than creating Europe 's first social and regional policy , it is argued that the ECSC introduced European peace . It involved the continent 's first European tax . This was a flat tax , a levy on production with a maximum rate of one percent . Given that the European Community countries are now experiencing the longest period of peace in more than seventy years , this has been described as the cheapest tax for peace in history . Another world war , or `` world suicide '' as Schuman called this threat in 1949 , was avoided . In October 1953 Schuman said that the possibility of another European war had been eliminated . Reasoning had to prevail among member states . However the ECSC failed to achieve several fundamental aims of the Treaty of Paris . It was hoped the ECSC would prevent a resurgence of large coal and steel groups such as the Konzerne , which helped Adolf Hitler rise to power . In the Cold War trade - offs , the cartels and major companies re-emerged , leading to apparent price fixing ( another element that was meant to be tackled ) . With a democratic supervisory system the worst aspects of past abuse were avoided with the anti-cartel powers of the Authority , the first international anti-cartel agency in the world . Efficient firms were allowed to expand into a European market without undue domination . Oil , gas , electricity became natural competitors to coal and also broke cartel powers . Furthermore , with the move to oil , the Community failed to define a proper energy policy . The Euratom treaty was largely stifled by de Gaulle and the European governments refused the suggestion of an Energy Community involving electricity and other vectors that was suggested at Messina in 1955 . In a time of high inflation and monetary instability ECSC also fell short of ensuring an upward equalisation of pay of workers within the market . These failures could be put down to overambition in a short period of time , or that the goals were merely political posturing to be ignored . It has been argued that the greatest achievements of the European Coal and Steel Community lie in its revolutionary democratic concepts of a supranational Community . See also ( edit ) Energy Community Energy policy of the European Union Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community History of the European Union History of the Ruhr District Industrial plans for Germany Monnet plan Schuman Declaration Supranationalism Supranational union References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community , ECSC Treaty , Summary '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The European Communities '' . CVCE . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EUROPA - The Schuman Declaration -- 9 May 1950 '' . europa.eu . ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community , ECSC Treaty '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Archived from the original on 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Schuman Project '' . schuman.info . Jump up ^ `` Schuman Project '' . schuman.info . Jump up ^ `` Schuman Project '' . schuman.info . ^ Jump up to : Declaration of 9 May 1950 Fondation Robert Schuman Jump up ^ Robert Schuman 's proposal of 9 May 1950 Schuman Project Jump up ^ Orlow , D. ( 2002 ) . Common Destiny : A Comparative History of the Dutch , French , and German Social Democratic Parties , 1945 -- 1969 . Berghahn Books . pp. 168 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 1571811851 . ^ Jump up to : Chopra , H.S. ( 1974 ) . De Gaulle and European unity . Abhinav Publications . pp. 28 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Treaties establishing the European Communities '' . CVCE . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Office of the US High Commissioner for Germany Office of Public Affairs , Public Relations Division , APO 757 , US Army , January 1952 `` Plans for terminating international authority for the Ruhr '' , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Washington Delegation History Archived 25 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Jump up ^ `` Ceremony to mark the expiry of the ECSC Treaty ( Brussels , 23 July 2002 ) '' . CVCE. 23 July 2002 . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Economic and Social Committee and ECSC Consultative Committee '' . CVCE . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The seats of the institutions of the European Union '' . CVCE . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Dedman , Martin ( 2010 ) . The Origins and Development of the European Union . 2 Park Square , Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxon , OX14 4RN : Routledge . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 43561 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) '' . CVCE . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Negotiations on the ECSC Treaty : Multilateral negotiations '' . CVCE . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Council of the European Union '' . CVCE . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mathieu , Gilbert ( 9 May 1970 ) . `` The history of the ECSC : good times and bad '' . Le Monde . France , accessed on CVCE . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Price , David H. `` Mr '' . Shuman project . info.schuman.info . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Grin , Gilles ( 2003 ) . The Battle of the Single European Market : Achievements and Economic Thought , 1945 -- 2000 . Kegan Paul . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7103 - 0938 - 9 . Hitchcock , William I. ( 1998 ) . France Restored : Cold War Diplomacy and the Quest for Leadership in Europe , 1944 -- 1954 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4747 - X . Maas , Willem ( 2007 ) . Creating European Citizens . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5485 - 6 . Schuman or Monnet ? The real Architect of Europe . Robert Schuman 's speeches and texts on the origin , purpose and future of Europe . Bron . ISBN 0 - 9527276 - 4 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to European Coal and Steel Community . Documents of the European Coal and Steel Community are consultable at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence rtsp://rtsppress.cec.eu.int/Archive/video/mpeg/i000679/i000679.rm ( insert address into RealPlayer ) Common Destiny , a period film explaining the Coal and Steel Community , Europa ( web portal ) Treaty constituting the European Coal and Steel Community , CVCE Schuman info The institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community , CVCE France , Germany and the Struggle for the War - making Natural Resources of the Rhineland , American University Ruhr Delegation of the United States of America , Council of Foreign Ministers American Embassy Moscow , 24 March 1947 , Truman Library European Union articles History Timeline Pre-1945 1945 -- 57 1958 -- 72 1973 -- 93 1993 -- 2004 Since 2004 Predecessors Timeline Founders European Coal and Steel Community ( 1951 -- 2002 ) European Economic Community ( 1958 -- 1993 / 2009 ) Euratom ( 1958 -- present ) European Communities ( 1967 -- 1993 / 2009 ) Justice and Home Affairs ( 1993 -- 2009 ) Geography Extreme points Geographic centre Largest municipalities Urban areas Larger urban zones Member states Regions ( first - 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what group laid the foundation for the european union
[ "The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was an organisation of 6 European countries set up after World War II to regulate their industrial production under a centralised authority. It was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris, signed by Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The ECSC was the first international organisation to be based on the principles of supranationalism,[2] and started the process of formal integration which ultimately led to the European Union." ]
[ "European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)" ]
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History of Palestine
History of Palestine - wikipedia History of Palestine Jump to : navigation , search See also : Time periods in the region of Palestine , Timeline of the history of the region of Palestine , Timeline of the name Palestine , and History of Israel This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( August 2014 ) Part of a series on the History of Palestine Prehistory Natufian culture Pre-Pottery Tahunian Ghassulian Jericho Ancient history Canaan Phoenicia Ancient Israel and Judah Philistia Median Empire Achaemenid Empire ( Yehud Medinata ) Classical period Seleucus Antigonus Hasmonean dynasty Herodian kingdom Province of Judea Syria Palaestina Byzantine Empire ( Palaestina Prima / Secunda ) Islamic rule Muslim conquest Rashidun ( Jund Filastin , Jund al - Urdunn ) Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Crusader Ayyubid Mamluk Ottoman Modern era British Mandate All - Palestine Jordanian West Bank Egyptian Gaza Strip Israel Military Governorate Israeli Civil Administration Palestinian Authority ( Gaza Strip ) State of Palestine Palestine portal The history of Palestine is the study of the past in the region of Palestine , generally defined as a geographic region in the Southern Levant between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River ( where Israel and Palestine are today ) , and various adjoining lands . Situated at a strategic point between Europe , Asia , and Africa , and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity , the region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion , culture , commerce , and politics . The Palestine region or parts of it have been controlled by numerous different peoples and regional powers , including the Canaanites , Amorites , Ancient Egyptians , Israelites , Moabites , Ammonites , Tjeker , Philistines , Assyrians , Babylonians , Persians , ancient Greeks , Romans , Byzantines , different dynasties of the Early Muslim period ( Umayads , Abbasids , Seljuqs , Fatimids ) , Crusaders , Late Muslim dynasties ( Ayyubids , Mamluks , Ottoman Turks ) , the British , Jordanians ( 1948 -- 1967 , on the `` West Bank '' ) and Egyptians ( in Gaza ) , and modern Israelis and Palestinians . Other terms for approximate geographic area include Canaan , Zion , the Land of Israel , Southern Syria , Outremer and the Holy Land . The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation , agricultural communities and civilization . During the Early and Middle Bronze Age , independent Canaanite city - states were established , and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Phoenicia , Minoan Crete , and Syria . During Late Bronze Age 1550 -- 1400 BCE , the Canaanite cities became vassals to the Egyptian New Kingdom who held power until the 1178 BCE Battle of Djahy ( Canaan ) during the wider Bronze Age collapse . Modern archaeologists dispute parts of the Biblical tradition , the latest thinking being that the Israelites emerged from a dramatic social transformation that took place in the people of the central hill country of Canaan around 1200 BCE , with no signs of violent invasion or even of peaceful infiltration of a clearly defined ethnic group from elsewhere . The Philistines , part of Sea Peoples of Southern Europe , arrived and mingled with the local Canaanite population , and according to Biblical tradition , the United Kingdom of Israel was established in 1020 BCE and split within a century to form the northern Kingdom of Israel , and the southern Kingdom of Judah . The region became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from c. 740 BCE , which was itself replaced by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in c. 627 BCE . A war of Baylonians with Judean Kingdom culminated in 586 BCE when Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II and the local leaders were deported to Babylonia , only to be allowed to return under the rule of the Achaemenid Empire . In the 330s BCE , Alexander the Great conquered the coastline of the region of Palestine , and it changed hands numerous times during the wars of the Diadochi , ultimately joining the Seleucid Empire between 219 and 200 BCE . In 116 BCE , a Seleucid civil war resulted in the independence of certain regions including the minor Hasmonean principality in the Judean Mountains . From 110 BCE , the Hasmoneans extended their authority over much of the area , creating a Judean -- Samaritan -- Idumaean -- Ituraean -- Galilean alliance . The Judean ( Jewish , see Ioudaioi ) control over the wider region resulted in it also becoming known as Hasmonean Judaea , a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the Judean Mountains . During 73 -- 63 BCE , the Roman Republic extended its influence into the region in the Third Mithridatic War , making Judea a vassal kingdom in 63 BCE , and splitting the Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts . After several decades as vassal of the Roman Empire , the Herodian kingdom and tetrarchy was gradually absorbed into Roman Empire as the Roman Judea . Between 66 and 135 CE massive Judean revolts troubled the province , resulting in sack of Jerusalem and extensive depopulation of the country . Jews were prohibited from living in the vicinity of Jerusalem , and in 132 Jerusalem was renamed `` Aelia Capitolina '' . As a result , many Jewish landowners converted to the Ebionim to maintain their properties . After the Bar Kokhba revolt Hadrian joined the province of Judaea with Syria to form a new province and renamed it Syria Palaestina . During 259 -- 272 , the region briefly fell under the rule of Odaenathus as King of the Palmyrene Empire . Following the victory of Christian emperor Constantine in the Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy ( 306 -- 324 ) , the Christianization of the Roman Empire began , and in 326 , Constantine 's mother Saint Helena visited Jerusalem and began the construction of churches and shrines . Byzantine Palestine became a center of Christianity , attracting numerous monks and religious scholars . Persecution of Ebionites led to their dispersion to Arabia and the Parthian Empire . The Christians gradually gained dominance demographically , especially after the Samaritan Revolts during late Byzantine period , which had caused the near extinction of Samaritans . In early 7th century the region briefly fell under the Sasanian Empire and Jewish rebels , until the return of Byzantines in 625 - 9 . Region of Palestine was conqueredby the Islamic Empire following the 636 CE Battle of Yarmouk during the Muslim conquest of Syria , and the Muslims gave relief from burdensome Roman taxes and religious persecution of Christian heretics . The country was incorporated into Bilad al - Sham Province as military districts of Urdunn and Filastin . In 661 CE , with the assassination of Ali , Muawiyah I became the uncontested Caliph of the Islamic World after being crowned in Jerusalem . In 691 , the Dome of the Rock became the world 's first great work of Islamic architecture . The Umayyads were replaced by the Abbasids in 750 . From 878 Palestine was ruled from Egypt by semi-autonomous rulers for almost a century , beginning with Ahmad ibn Tulun and ending with the Ikhshidid rulers who were both buried in Jerusalem . The Fatimids conquered the region in 969 . In 1073 , Palestine was captured by the Great Seljuq Empire , only to be recaptured by the Fatimids in 1098 , who then lost the region to the Crusaders in 1099 . Crusader control of Jerusalem and most of Palestine as the Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted almost a century until defeat by Saladin 's forces in 1187 , after which most of Palestine became controlled by the Ayyubids . A rump Crusader state in the northern coastal cities survived for another century , but despite seven further Crusades , the Crusaders were no longer a significant power in the region . The Mamluk Sultanate was indirectly created in Egypt as a result of the Seventh Crusade . The Mongol Empire reached Palestine for the first time in 1260 , beginning with the raids into the Levant under Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa and reaching an apex at the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut . In 1486 , hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Turks and the Ottomans captured Mamluk Palestine and Syria in 1516 . The Ottoman rule of the country lasted for four centuries , administratively included in the provinces of Ottoman Syria . In 1832 , the region was conquered by Muhammad Ali 's Egypt , but , in 1840 , Britain intervened and returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans in return for further capitulations . The turbulent period of Egyptian rule experienced two major revolts ( the 1834 Arab Peasants revolt and 1838 Druze revolt ) and a significant demographic change in coastal areas , repopulated by Egyptian Arab peasants and former soldiers of Muhammad Ali . Late 19th century was the timing for regional migrations of Druze , Circassians and Bedouin tribes and also the spike of Jewish immigration and the revival of the Hebrew language . Increasing Jewish immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries added considerably to the Jewish communities in Jerusalem , Safed , Tiberias and Jaffa . During World War I the British government issued the Balfour Declaration of 1917 , stating that the British Government favors the establishment of national home for the Jewish people in Palestine . The British captured Jerusalem a month later . The League of Nations formally awarded Britain a mandate over Palestine in 1922 . The land west of the Jordan River was under direct British administration until 1948 , while the land east of the Jordan was a semi-autonomous region known as Transjordan Emirate , under the rule of the Hashemite family from the Hijaz , and gained independence in 1946 . The 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was a nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs against British colonial rule and mass Jewish immigration . After the Nazi Holocaust , pressure grew for the international recognition of a Jewish state in Palestine . In 1947 , the British Government announced its intention to terminate the Mandate . The United Nations General Assembly voted to partition British Palestine into independent Arab and Jewish states , with a special international regime for Jerusalem . The Arabs rejected the partition of Palestine and civil war erupted in the immediate aftermath . The Jews of British Palestine declared the independence of the State of Israel in May 1948 . During the 1948 Palestine War , Israel overran far more territory than was proposed by the Partition Plan ; Jordan captured and annexed the West Bank , while in the Gaza Strip the All - Palestine Government was announced in September 1948 . In what is known as the Nakba , or `` Catastrophe '' , hundreds of Palestinian villages and over 70,000 Palestinian homes were ruined and destroyed . 700,000 Palestinians fled or were driven out of their homes by the Israelis . The Palestinian refugees were unable to return following the Lausanne Conference , 1949 . The question of the Palestinian right to return of the refugees and their descendants remains a source of dispute . During and after the 1948 war , a wave of Jewish refugees from Arab countries arrived in the newly created state of Israel . The All - Palestine Government was shortly moved from Gaza to Cairo and eventually dissolved in 1959 by Egyptian President Nasser . Gaza was taken into Egyptian military administration until 1967 . The Palestinian national movement gradually regrouped in the West Bank and Gaza , and in refugee camps in neighbouring Arab states . The Palestine Liberation Organisation ( PLO ) emerged as its leading umbrella group in 1965 . During the Six - Day War in June 1967 , Israel seized East Jerusalem and the West Bank from Jordan and Gaza from Egypt , as well as the Golan Heights from Syria . Despite international objections and UN resolutions calling them illegal , Israel began a policy of establishing Israeli settlements in the Israeli - occupied territories . The PLO under Yasser Arafat gradually won international recognition as the representative of the Palestinian people . From 1987 to 1993 , the First Palestinian Intifada against Israel took place , ending with the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords . These accords established a Palestinian National Authority as an interim body to run parts of Gaza and the West Bank ( but not East Jerusalem ) pending an agreed solution to the conflict . During the Second Intifada ( 2000 -- 2005 ) , Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip and began building the West Bank barrier . In 2006 , Hamas won the Palestinian legislative elections and took control of the Gaza Strip in 2007 , triggering the Israeli and Egyptian Blockade of the Gaza Strip ( 2007 - the present ) . In 2008 -- 09 and again in 2014 , Israel and Hamas - ruled Gaza Strip engaged in warfare . In November 2012 , the State of Palestine was upgraded in the UN to non-member observer state status , a move that allows it to take part in General Assembly debates and improves its chances of joining other UN agencies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient period 1.1 Proto - Canaanite period 1.2 New Kingdom Egyptian period 1.3 Independent Canaanite , Israelite and Philistine period 1.4 Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empire period 1.5 Achaemenid Empire period 2 Classical antiquity 2.1 Hellenic period 2.2 Restoration of regional self - governance 2.3 Roman Period 2.3. 1 Roman Judea 2.3. 2 Syria Palaestina 2.4 Byzantine period 3 Middle Ages 3.1 Rashidun , Umayyad and Abbasid periods 3.2 Fatimid Caliphate period 3.3 Kingdom of Jerusalem ( Crusaders ) period 3.4 Ayyubid , Mamluk , Bahri and Mamluk Burji period 4 Ottoman era 4.1 Early Ottoman rule 4.2 Decentralization process 4.2. 1 Ridwan - Farrukh - Turabay period 4.2. 2 Imperial attempts at centralization 4.3 Rule of Acre and autonomy of Nablus 4.3. 1 Zaydani period 4.3. 2 Jazzari period 4.4 Centralization 4.4. 1 Egyptian period 4.4. 2 Restoration of Ottoman control 5 Modern era 5.1 British Mandate period 5.1. 1 Infrastructure and development 5.1. 2 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 5.1. 3 World War II 5.1. 4 End of the British Mandate 1945 -- 1948 5.1. 5 UN partition and the 1948 Palestine War 5.2 Partition of former Mandatory territory 5.2. 1 Palestinian governorship in Egyptian - controlled Gaza 5.2. 2 Annexation of the West Bank of Jordan 5.3 Six - Day War and Yom Kippur War 5.4 First Intifada , Oslo Accords and Palestinian Authority 5.4. 1 Second Intifada and later 5.4. 2 Non-member status of State of Palestine 6 Graphical overview of Palestine 's historical sovereign powers 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Ancient period Further information : Prehistory of the Levant Proto - Canaanite period A dwelling unearthed at Tell es - Sultan , Jericho The earliest human remains in Palestine were found in Ubeidiya , some 3 km south of the Sea of Galilee ( Lake Tiberias ) , in the Jordan Rift Valley . The remains are dated to the Pleistocene , c. 1.5 million years ago . These are traces of the earliest migration of Homo erectus out of Africa . The site yielded hand axes of the Acheulean type . Wadi El Amud between Safed and the Sea of Galilee was the site of the first prehistoric dig in Palestine , in 1925 . The discovery of Palestine Man in the Zuttiyeh Cave in Wadi Al - Amud near Safed in 1925 provided some clues to human development in the area . Qafzeh is a paleoanthropological site south of Nazareth where eleven significant fossilised Homo sapiens skeletons have been found at the main rock shelter . These anatomically modern humans , both adult and infant , are now dated to about 90 -- 100,000 years old , and many of the bones are stained with red ochre , which is conjectured to have been used in the burial process , a significant indicator of ritual behavior and thereby symbolic thought and intelligence . 71 pieces of unused red ochre also littered the site . Mount Carmel has yielded several important findings , among them Kebara Cave that was inhabited between 60,000 -- 48,000 BP and where the most complete Neanderthal skeleton found to date . The Tabun cave was occupied intermittently during the Lower and Middle Paleolithic ages ( 500,000 to around 40,000 years ago ) . Excavations suggest that it features one of the longest sequences of human occupation in the Levant . In the nearby Es Skhul cave excavations revealed the first evidence of the late Epipalaeolithic Natufian culture , characterized by the presence of abundant microliths , human burials and ground stone tools . This also represents one area where Neanderthals -- present in the region from 200,000 to 45,000 years ago -- lived alongside modern humans dating to 100,000 years ago . In the caves of Shuqba in Ramallah and Wadi Khareitun in Bethlehem , stone , wood and animal bone tools were found and attributed to the Natufian culture ( c . 12,800 -- 10,300 BCE ) . Other remains from this era have been found at Tel Abu Hureura , Ein Mallaha , Beidha and Jericho . Between 10,000 and 5000 BCE , agricultural communities were established . Evidence of such settlements were found at Tel es - Sultan in Jericho and consisted of a number of walls , a religious shrine , and a 23 - foot ( 7.0 m ) tower with an internal staircase Jericho is believed to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world , with evidence of settlement dating back to 9000 BCE , providing important information about early human habitation in the Near East . Along the Jericho -- Dead Sea -- Bir es - Saba -- Gaza -- Sinai route , a culture originating in Syria , marked by the use of copper and stone tools , brought new migrant groups to the region contributing to an increasingly urban fabric . By the early Bronze Age ( 3000 -- 2200 BCE ) , independent Canaanite city - states situated in plains and coastal regions and surrounded by mud - brick defensive walls were established and most of these cities relied on nearby agricultural hamlets for their food needs . Archaeological finds from the early Canaanite era have been found at Tel Megiddo , Jericho , Tel al - Far'a ( Gaza ) , Bisan , and Ai ( Deir Dibwan / Ramallah District ) , Tel an Nasbe ( al - Bireh ) and Jib ( Jerusalem ) . The Canaanite city - states held trade and diplomatic relations with Egypt and Syria . Parts of the Canaanite urban civilization were destroyed around 2300 BCE , though there is no consensus as to why . Incursions by nomads from the east of the Jordan River who settled in the hills followed soon thereafter . In the Middle Bronze Age ( 2200 -- 1500 BCE ) , Canaan was influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Phoenicia , Minoan Crete , and Syria . Diverse commercial ties and an agriculturally based economy led to the development of new pottery forms , the cultivation of grapes , and the extensive use of bronze . Burial customs from this time seemed to be influenced by a belief in the afterlife . The Middle Kingdom Egyptian Execration Texts attest to Canaanite trade with Egypt during this period . The Minoan influence is apparent at Tel Kabri . New Kingdom Egyptian period New Kingdom at its maximum territorial extent in the 15th century BCE See also : New Kingdom of Egypt During 1550 -- 1400 BCE , the Canaanite cities became vassals to Egypt as the Egyptian New Kingdom reunited Egypt and expanded into the Levant under Ahmose I and Thutmose I. Political , commercial and military events towards the end of this period ( 1450 -- 1350 BCE ) were recorded by ambassadors and Canaanite proxy rulers for Egypt in 379 cuneiform tablets known as the Amarna Letters . These refer to several local proxy rulers for Egypt such as Biridiya of Megiddo , Lib'ayu of Shechem and Abdi - Heba in Jerusalem . Map of the Ancient Near East during the Amarna Period , showing the great powers of the day : Egypt ( orange ) , Hatti ( blue ) , the Kassite kingdom of Babylon ( black ) , Middle Assyrian Empire ( yellow ) , and Mitanni ( brown ) . The extent of the Achaean / Mycenaean civilization is shown in purple . In the first year of his reign pharaoh Seti I ( ca. 1294 -- 1290 BCE ) waged a campaign to resubordinate Canaan to Egyptian rule , thrusting north as far as Beit Shean , and installing local vassals to administer the area in his name . A burial site yielding a scarab bearing his name , found within a Canaanite coffin excavated in the Jezreel Valley , attests to Egypt 's presence in the area . Excavations have established that the late 13th , the 12th and the early 11th centuries BCE witnessed the foundation of perhaps hundreds of insignificant , unprotected village settlements , many in the mountains of Palestine . From around the 11th century BCE , there was a reduction in the number of villages , though this was counterbalanced by the rise of certain settlements to the status of fortified townships . In 1178 BCE , the Battle of Djahy ( Canaan ) between Ramesses III and the Sea Peoples marked the beginning of the decline in power of the New Kingdom in the Levant during the wider Bronze Age collapse . Independent Canaanite , Israelite and Philistine period See also : Canaan , Israelites , and Philistines During the beginning of the Iron Age ( c. 1175 BCE ) , the Philistines occupied the southern coast of Canaan , and mingled with the local population , losing their separate identity over several generations . Pottery remains found in As , Gath ( city ) , Ekron and Gaza decorated with stylized birds provided the first archaeological evidence for Philistine settlement in the region . The Philistines are credited with introducing iron weapons and chariots to the local population . Modern archaeologists dispute parts of the Biblical tradition . In The Bible Unearthed Finkelstein and Silberman describe how , up until 1967 , the Israelite heartland in the highlands of western Palestine was virtually an archaeological ' terra incognita ' . Since then the traditional territories of the tribes of Judah , Benjamin , Ephraim , and Manasseh have been covered by intensive surveys . These surveys have revealed the sudden emergence of a new culture contrasting with the Philistine and Canaanite societies existing in Palestine during Iron Age I . This new culture is characterised by the lack of pork remains ( whereas pork formed 20 % of the Philistine diet in places ) , an abandonment of the Philistines / Canaanite custom of having highly decorated pottery , and the practice of circumcision . According to Prof. Faust Avraham of Bar - Ilan University , the Israelite ethnic identity had been created , not from the Exodus and a subsequent conquest , but from a transformation of the existing Canaanite - Philistine cultures . Finkelstein and Silberman write : `` These surveys revolutionized the study of early Israel . The discovery of the remains of a dense network of highland villages -- all apparently established within the span of few generations -- indicated that a dramatic social transformation had taken place in the central hill country of Canaan around 1200 BCE . There was no sign of violent invasion or even the infiltration of a clearly defined ethnic group . Instead , it seemed to be a revolution in lifestyle . In the formerly sparsely populated highlands from the Judean hills in the south to the hills of Samaria in the north , far from the Canaanite cities that were in the process of collapse and disintegration , about two - hundred fifty hilltop communities suddenly sprang up . Here were the first Israelites . '' From then on , over a period of hundreds of years until after the return of the exiles from Babylon , the Canaanites were gradually absorbed by the Israelites until after the period of Ezra ( ~ 450 BCE ) when there is no more biblical record of them . Hebrew , a dialect of Canaanite became the language of the hill country and later the valleys and plains . The first use of grapheme - based writing originated in the area , probably among Canaanite peoples resident in Egypt . All modern alphabets are descended from this writing . Written evidence of the use of Classical Hebrew exists from about 1000 BCE . It was written using the Paleo - Hebrew alphabet . According to the Hebrew Bible , the United Kingdom of Israel was established by the Israelite tribes with Saul as its first king in 1020 BCE . In 1000 BCE , Jerusalem was made the capital of King David 's kingdom and it is believed that the First Temple was constructed in this period by King Solomon . By 930 BCE , the united kingdom split to form the northern Kingdom of Israel ( Samaria ) , and the southern Kingdom of Judah . These kingdoms coexisted with several more kingdoms in the greater Palestine area , including Philistine town states on the Southwestern Mediterranean coast , Edom , to the South of Judah , and Moab and Ammon to the east of the river Jordan . The socio - political system during this period was characterized by local patrons fighting other local patrons , lasting until around the mid-9th century BCE when some local chieftains were able to create large political structures that exceeded the boundaries of those present in the Late Bronze Age Levant . Archaeological evidence from this era is believed to corroborate some Biblical events . In 925 BCE , Pharaoh Sheshonk I of the Third Intermediate Period is recorded to have invaded Canaan following the Battle of Bitter Lakes , and is thought to be the same as Shishak , the first Pharaoh mentioned in the Bible who captured and pillaged Jerusalem . There was an at least partial Egyptian withdrawal from Palestine in this period , though it is likely that Bet Shean was an Egyptian garrison as late as the beginning of the 10th century BCE . The Kurkh Monolith , dated c. 835 BCE , describes King Shalmaneser III of Assyria 's Battle of Qarqar , where he fought alongside the contingents of several kings , among them King Ahab and King Gindibu . The Mesha Stele , from c. 850 BCE , recounts the conquering of Moab , located East of the Dead Sea , by king Omri , and the successful revolt of Moabian king Mesha against Omri 's son , presumably King Ahab ( and French scholar André Lemaire reported that line 31 of the Stele bears the phrase `` the house of David '' ( in Biblical Archaeology Review ( May / June 1994 ) , pp. 30 -- 37 ) . ) . Inscriptions at Tel Dan and Tell es - Safi record parts of the conquest of the region by Hazael of Aram Damascus in the 830s BCE . The Levant c. 830 BCE Developments in Palestine during this period have been the focus of debate between those who accept the version in the Hebrew Bible of the conquest of Canaan by the Israelite tribes , and those who reject it . Niels Peter Lemche , of the Copenhagen School of Biblical Studies , submits that the biblical picture of ancient Israel `` is contrary to any image of ancient Palestinian society that can be established on the basis of ancient sources from Palestine or referring to Palestine and that there is no way this image in the Bible can be reconciled with the historical past of the region '' . For example , according to Jon Schiller and Hermann Austel , among others , while in the past , the Bible story was seen as historical truth , `` a growing number of archaeological scholars , particularly those of the minimalist school , are now insisting that Kings David and Solomon are ' no more real than King Arthur , ' citing the lack of archaeological evidence attesting to the existence of the United Kingdom of Israel , and the unreliability of biblical texts , due to their being composed in a much later period . '' Sites and artifacts , including the Large Stone Structure , Mount Ebal , the Merneptah , and Mesha stelae , among others , are subject to widely varying historical interpretations : the `` conservative camp '' reconstructs the history of Israel according to the biblical text and views archaeological evidence in that context , while scholars in the minimalist or deconstructionist school hold that there is no archaeological evidence supporting the idea of a United Monarchy and the biblical account is a religious mythology created by Judean scribes in the Persian and Hellenistic periods ; a third camp of centrist scholars acknowledges the value of some isolated elements of the Pentateuch and of Deuteronomonistic accounts as potentially valid history of monarchic times that can be in accord with the archaeological evidence , but argue that nevertheless the biblical narrative should be understood as highly ideological and adapted to the needs of the community at the time of its compilation . Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empire period Neo-Assyrian Empire at its greatest extent See also : Neo-Assyrian Empire and Neo-Babylonian Empire Assyrian inscriptions from c. 740 BCE record the military victories of Tiglath Pileser III in the region , during which period the Neo-Assyrian Empire conquered most of the Levant . The Bible records the Israelite cities becoming vassals to the Neo-Assyrian Empire during this period . At around this time , the Siege of Gezer ( c. 733 BCE ) , 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of Jerusalem , is recorded on a stone relief at the Assyrian royal palace in Nimrud . Further military expeditions into the region are recorded in the annals of Sargon and Sennacherib , as well as in the bible . According to the bible , between 722 and 720 BCE the northern Kingdom of Israel was destroyed by the Assyrian Empire and the Israelite tribes -- thereafter known as the Lost Tribes -- were exiled . The most important finding from the southern Kingdom of Judah is the Siloam Inscription , dated c. 700 BCE , which celebrates the successful encounter of diggers , digging from both sides of the Jerusalem wall to create the Siloam tunnel and water pool , mentioned in the Hebrew Bible , in 2Kings 20 : 20 . The Neo-Assyrian Empire was replaced by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in c. 627 BCE , following the death of Ashurbanipal and the successful revolt of Nabopolassar . The region was controlled briefly by Pharaoh Necho II of the Twenty - sixth dynasty of Egypt between the Battle of Megiddo ( 609 BCE ) and the Battle of Carchemish four years later , and further conflict between the Babylonians and the 26th dynasty of Egypt is recorded during 601 -- 586 BCE . According to the bible , this culminated in 586 BCE when Jerusalem and the First Temple were destroyed by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II . Most of the surviving Jewish leaders , and much of the other local population , were deported to Babylonia . Achaemenid Empire period Achaemenid Empire under Darius III Main article : Yehud Medinata See also : Achaemenid Empire Following King Cyrus the Great 's defeat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire at the Battle of Opis , the region became part of the Eber - Nari satrapy or District number V ( corresponding the regions of ( Syria , Phoenicia , Palestine and Cyprus ) according to Herodotus and Arrian , which included three administrative areas : Phoenicia , Judah and Samaria , and the Arabian tribes . The Phoenician cities of Tyre , Sidon , Byblos , and Aradus were vassal states ruled by hereditary local kings who struck their own silver coins and whose power was limited by the Persian satrap and local popular assemblies . The economies of these cities were mainly based on maritime trade . During military operations , the Phoenicians were obliged to put their fleet at the disposal of the Persian kings . Judah and Samaria enjoyed considerable internal autonomy . Bullae and seal impressions of the end of the 6th and beginning of the 5th centuries mention the province of Judah . Its governors included Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel under Cyrus and Darius I ; Nehemiah ; Bagohi , who succeeded Nehemiah and whose ethnicity is difficult to determine ; and `` Yehizkiyah the governor '' and `` Yohanan the priest '' , known from coins struck in Judah in the 4th century BCE . From the second half of the 5th century the province of Samaria was governed by Sanballat and his descendants . According to the Bible and implications from the Cyrus Cylinder , Jews were allowed to return to what their holy books had termed the Land of Israel , and having been granted some autonomy by the Persian administration , it was during this period that the Second Temple in Jerusalem was built . Sebastia , near Nablus , was the northernmost province of the Persian administration in Palestine , and its southern borders were drawn at Hebron . Some of the local population served as soldiers and lay people in the Persian administration , while others continued to agriculture . In 400 BCE , the Nabataeans made inroads into southern Palestine and built a separate civilization in the Negev that lasted until 160 BCE . The end of the Persian period was marked by a number of revolts in the region , including a significant uprising against Artaxerxes III in 350 BCE , which resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem . Classical antiquity Hellenic period The Seleucid Empire in c. 200 BCE Hasmonean Kingdom at its greatest extent under Salome Alexandra In the late 330s BCE , Alexander the Great conquered the region , during his six - year Macedonian conquest of the empire of Darius III of Persia . Alexander 's armies took Palestine without complication while traveling to Egypt after the Siege of Tyre , beginning an important period of Hellenistic influence in the land . During 323 -- 301 BCE , the region changed hands numerous times during the wars of the Diadochi , with rulers including Laomedon of Mytilene , Ptolemy I Soter and Antigonus I Monophthalmus . In 312 BCE Ptolemy I Soter defeated Antigonus ' son Demetrius I at the Battle of Gaza , but withdrew from the region shortly thereafter . It is probable that Seleucus I Nicator , then an admiral under Ptolemy 's command , took part in the battle , as following the battle he was given 800 infantry and 200 cavalry and immediately travelled to Babylon where he founded the Seleucid Empire . The region was finally re-captured by Ptolemy I Soter after Antigonus I Monophthalmus was killed at the Battle of Ipsus . Ptolemy had not taken part in the battle , and the victors Seleucus I Nicator and Lysimachus had carved up the Antigonid Empire between them , with Southern Syria intended to become part of the Seleucid Empire . Although Seleucus did not attempt to conquer the area he was due , Ptolemy 's pre-emptive move led to the Syrian Wars , which began in 274 BCE between the successors of the two leaders . The northern portion of Palestine ultimately fell into the hands of the Seleucid Empire in 219 through the betrayal of Governor Theodotus of Aetolia , who had held the province on behalf of Ptolemy IV Philopator . The Seleucids advanced on Egypt , but were defeated at the Battle of Raphia ( Rafah ) in 217 . However , in 200 BCE Southern Palestine also fell under the control of the Seleucid Empire following the Battle of Panium ( part of the Fifth Syrian War ) in which Antiochus III the Great defeated the Ptolemies . The landscape during this period was markedly changed by extensive growth and development that included urban planning and the establishment of well - built fortified cities . Hellenistic pottery was produced that absorbed Philistine traditions . Trade and commerce flourished , particularly in the most Hellenized areas , such as Ashkelon , Jaffa , Jerusalem , Gaza , and ancient Nablus ( Tell Balatah ) . The Persians had not interfered with the internal affairs of the various subject - peoples of the region , but the Greeks followed a policy of deliberate Hellenisation , encouraging , although not normally enforcing , Greek culture . Hellenisation took root first in the densely settled coastal and lowland areas , and only really began to impinge on more backward areas such as Judea in the early 2nd century . According to Josephus and the Books of the Maccabees , the continued Hellenization of Palestine by the Seleucids resulted in an uprising in the Judean Mountains , known as the Maccabean Revolt . Although the revolt was quelled in 160 BCE at the Battle of Elasa , the Seleucid Empire entered a period of rapid decline in 145 -- 144 BCE , beginning with the overthrowing of King Alexander Balas at the Battle of Antioch ( 145 BCE ) ( the capital of the empire ) by Demetrius II Nicator in alliance with Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt , as well as the capturing of Seleucia ( the previous capital of the empire ) by Mithradates I of Parthia . By 116 BCE , a civil war between Seleucid half - brothers Antiochus VIII Grypus and Antiochus IX Cyzicenus resulted in a breakup of the kingdom and the independence of certain principalities , including Judea . This allowed Judean leader John Hyrcanus to carry out the first military conquests of the independent Hasmonean kingdom in 110 BCE , raising a mercenary army to capture Madaba and Schechem , significantly increasing the regional influence of Jerusalem The Hasmoneans gradually extended their authority over much of the region , forcibly converting the populations of neighbouring regions , and creating a Judean - Samaritan - Idumaean - Ituraean - Galilean alliance in the process . The Judean ( Jewish , see Ioudaioi ) control over the wider region resulted in it also becoming known as Judaea , a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the Judean Mountains . During 73 -- 63 BCE , the Roman Republic extended its influence into the region in the Third Mithridatic War . During the war , Armenian King Tigranes the Great took control of Syria and prepared to invade Judea but retreated following an invasion of Armenia by Lucullus . According to Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi writing in c. 482 CE , Tigranes captured Jerusalem and deported Hyrcanus to Armenia ; however , most scholars deem this account to be incorrect . Restoration of regional self - governance Pompey and his immediate successors , Aulus Gabinius , etc. , reduced certain areas of the land into single city domains and petty lordships . `` The Jews were ... obliged to give up all the possessions which they had hitherto gained , particularly the whole coast '' . These cities had been self - governing poleis before the Jewish Hasmoneans had conquered them in the 2nd century BCE . The Romans restored their self - governing status and as such this event was marked as the Pompeian era by some cities . `` Under the early Roman Emperors the local communities lived under a variety of governments . The Greco - Macedonian colonies kept their own magistrates under whom were a senate and a popular assembly . The ancient Greek city - state remained the organization type . The Phoenician city - states likewise retained their traditional oligarchical systems , to which a Greek colouring had been by this time added '' . Cities and Domains awarded self - governance under Roman rule : Paralia Iturea Decapolis Perea Gaza Joppa Dora ( Tel Dor ) Gaba ( Tel Shush ) Raphia ( Tel Rafah ) Anthedon ( Blakhiyeh ) Samaria ( refounded by Herod as Sebaste ) Stratonospyrgos ( Straton 's Tower refounded by Herod as Caesarea ) Dion Adora Marisa Hippos Pella Gadara Gerasa Iamnia Scythopolis Roman period Roman Judea Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus , 30 BCE -- 6 CE Main article : Judea ( Roman province ) Following the Roman conquest of Judea led by Pompey in 63 BCE , Aulus Gabinius , proconsul of Syria , split the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts of legal and religious councils known as sanhedrin based at Jerusalem , Sepphoris ( Galilee ) , Jericho , Amathus ( Perea ) and Gadara . Roman rule was solidified when Herod , whose dynasty was of Idumean ancestry , was appointed as king . Following a brief intervention by Pacorus I of Parthia , from 37 Judea under Herod I was a client kingdom of the Roman Empire . Among the most notable archaeological remnants from this era are Herodium ( Tel al - Fureidis ) to the south of Bethlehem , Masada and Caesarea Maritima . Herod arranged a renovation of the Second Temple in Jerusalem , with a massive expansion of the Temple Mount platform and major expansion of the Jewish Temple around 19 BCE . Around the time associated with the birth of Jesus , Roman Palestine was in a state of disarray and direct Roman rule was re-established . In 6 CE , the Herodian governorate ended with the deposition of Herod Archelaus as the ethnarch of the Tetrarchy of Judea . The Herodian Dynasty was then replaced by Roman prefects and after 44 CE by procurators , beginning with Coponius . Herodians continued to rule elsewhere in Palestine . Senator Quirinius was appointed Legate of the Roman province of Syria ( to which Judea had been `` added '' according to Josephus though Ben - Sasson claims it was a `` satellite of Syria '' and not `` legally part of Syria '' ) and carried out the tax census of both Syria and Judea known as the Census of Quirinius . Caesarea Palaestina replaced Jerusalem as the administrative capital of the region . Most scholars agree that Jesus was a Galilean Jew , born around the beginning of the first century , and hold that Jesus lived in Galilee and Judea and did not preach or study elsewhere . Using the gospel accounts with historical data , most scholars arrive at a date of birth between 6 and 4 BCE for Jesus , but some propose estimates that lie in a wider range . The general scholarly consensus is that Jesus was a contemporary of John the Baptist and was crucified by Roman governor Pontius Pilate . Most scholars agree that his crucifixion was between 30 and 33 CE . As a result of the First Jewish - Roman War ( 66 -- 73 ) , Titus sacked Jerusalem ( in 70 CE ) destroying the Second Temple , leaving only supporting walls , including the Western Wall . According to Josephus , the estimated death toll was 250,000 -- 1,100,000 . Pharisee rabbi Yokhanan ben Zakai , a student of Hillel , fled during the siege of Jerusalem to negotiate with the Roman General Titus . Yokhanan obtained permission to reestablish a Sanhedrin in the coastal city of Iamnia ( modern Yavne ) ( see also Council of Jamnia ) . He founded a school of Torah there that would eventually evolve , through the Mishna in around 200 CE , into Rabbinic Judaism . The region 's leading Christians ( Jewish Christians ) relocated to Pella . Other Jewish groups such as Sadducees and Essenes are no longer recorded as groups in history . In 106 CE , the Nabatean territory was incorporated into the Roman province of Arabia Petraea . Syria Palaestina The Roman empire at its peak under Hadrian showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in 125 CE Main article : Syria Palaestina In 132 CE , the Emperor Hadrian joined the province of Judea ( comprising Samaria , Judea proper , and Idumea ) with Galilee to form new province of Syria Palaestina . Hadrian probably chose a name that revived the ancient name of Philistia ( Palestine ) , combining it with that of the neighboring province of Syria , in an attempt to suppress Jewish connection to the land . However , Cassius Dio , the Roman historian from whom we have the bulk of our understanding of the revolt , does not mention the change of name nor the reason behind it in his `` Roman History '' . Jerusalem was renamed `` Aelia Capitolina '' and temples were built there to honor Roman gods , particularly Jupiter . In 135 CE , Hadrian 's victory in the Bar Kokhba 's revolt resulted in 580,000 Jews killed ( according to Cassius Dio ) and destabilization of the region 's Jewish population . Jerusalem was re-established as the Roman military colony of Aelia Capitolina ; a largely unsuccessful attempt was made to prevent Jews and Christians from living there . Many Jews and Christians left Palestine altogether for the Diaspora communities , and large numbers of prisoners of war were sold as slaves throughout the Empire . Christianity in particular was practiced in secret and the Hellenization of Palestine continued under Septimius Severus ( 193 -- 211 CE ) . New pagan cities were founded in Judea at Eleutheropolis ( Bayt Jibrin ) , Diopolis ( Lydd ) , and Nicopolis ( Emmaus ) . Some two hundred Jewish communities remained , as gradually certain religious freedoms were restored , such as exemption from the imperial cult and internal self - administration . The Romans made no such concession to the Samaritans , to whom religious liberties were denied , while their sanctuary on Mount Gerizim was defiled by a pagan temple , as part of measures were taken to suppress the resurgence of Samaritan nationalism . A number of events with far - reaching consequences took place during this period , including further religious schisms between Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism such as a council held by the bishops of Palestine in Caesarea in 195 that decreed that Easter was to be always kept on a Sunday , and not with the Jewish Passover . The Romans destroyed the community of the Mother Church in Jerusalem , which had existed since the time of Jesus The line of Jewish bishops in Jerusalem , which is claimed to have started with Jesus 's brother James the Righteous as its first bishop , ceased to exist , within the Empire . Hans Kung suggests that the Jewish Christians sought refuge in Arabia and he quotes with approval a view that this created a paradox of truly world - historical significance that while Jewish Christianity was swallowed up in the Christian church , it preserved itself in Islam . During 259 -- 272 , the region fell under the rule of Odaenathus as King of the Palmyrene Empire after the capture of Emperor Valerian by Shapur I at the Battle of Edessa caused the Roman Empire to splinter until Aurelian defeated the Palmyrenes at the Battle of Emesa ( Homs ) . Byzantine period The Byzantine Empire in 476 Following the victory of Christian emperor Constantine in the Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy ( 306 -- 324 ) , the total Christianization of the Roman Empire began . Within a few months , the First Council of Nicaea ( first worldwide Christian council ) confirmed the status of Aelia ( Jerusalem ) as a patriarchate , at which point the city is generally taken to have been renamed Jerusalem . Theodosius I declared Christianity the state religion of the empire in 380 , and Palestine became part of the Eastern Roman Empire ( `` Byzantium '' ) after the division of the Roman Empire into east and west ( a fitful process that was not finalized until 395 CE ) . 5th - century CE : Byzantine provinces of Palaestina I ( Philistia , Judea and Samaria ) and Palaestina II ( Galilee and Perea ) The Byzantines redrew the borders of Palestine . The various Roman provinces ( Syria Palaestina , Samaria , Galilee , and Peraea ) were reorganized into three diocese of Palaestina , reverting to the name first used by Greek historian Herodotus in the mid-5th century BCE : Palaestina Prima , Secunda , and Tertia or Salutaris ( First , Second , and Third Palestine ) , part of the Diocese of the East . Palaestina Prima consisted of Judea , Samaria , the Paralia , and Peraea with the governor residing in Caesarea . Palaestina Secunda consisted of the Galilee , the lower Jezreel Valley , the regions east of Galilee , and the western part of the former Decapolis with the seat of government at Scythopolis . Palaestina Tertia included the Negev , southern Jordan -- once part of Arabia -- and most of Sinai with Petra as the usual residence of the governor . Palestina Tertia was also known as Palaestina Salutaris . According to historian H.H. Ben - Sasson , this reorganisation took place under Diocletian ( 284 -- 305 ) , although other scholars suggest this change occurred later in 390 . This was the period of Palestine 's greatest prosperity in antiquity . Urbanization increased , large new areas were put under cultivation , monasteries proliferated and synagogues were restored . The cities of Palestine , such as Caesarea Maritima , Jerusalem , Scythopolis , Neapolis , and Gaza reached their peak population , and the population West of the Jordan may have reached as many as one million . Bede in his Historia Ecclesiastica , drew on Orosius ' information gathered from the local Jews to describe Palestine as one of the provinces of `` Syria , which is called Aram by the Hebrews . The place is between the River Euphrates and the Great Sea , and extends towards Egypt ; its largest provinces are Commagene , Phoenicia , and Palestine , as well as the countries of the Saraceni and the Nabathaei . It has twelve gentes . '' 54 In 326 , Constantine 's mother Saint Helena visited Jerusalem and ordered the destruction of Hadrian 's temple to Venus , which had been built on Calvary . Accompanied by Macarius of Jerusalem , the excavation reportedly discovered the True Cross , the Holy Tunic and the Holy Nails . The first Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem , the first Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem and the first Church of the Ascension on the Mount of Olives were all built during Constantine 's reign . The earliest monasteries in Christianity outside of Egypt were built in Palestine during this period , notably those of Hilarion near Gaza , Saint Epiphanius at Ad near the city of Eleutheropolis ( Bayt Jibrin , the head of the largest bishopric in Palestine at this time ) , Tyrannius Rufinus and Melania the Elder on the Mount of Olives , Euthymius the Great at Pharan , Sabbas the Sanctified in the Kidron Valley as well as St. George 's Monastery in Wadi al - Qelt , the Monastery of the Temptation and Deir Hajla near Jericho , and Deir Mar Saba and Deir Theodosius east of Bethlehem . The sack of Rome in 410 caused a significant episode of migration to Palestine as a group of aristocratic ladies responded to the holy man Jerome 's invitation to settle in Aelia Capitolina and Bethlehem . In 451 , the Council of Chalcedon confirmed Jerusalem 's status as a Patriarchate as one of the Pentarchy , and Juvenal of Jerusalem became the first Patriarch of Jerusalem Notable works by Christian scholars were produced in Palestine in the disciplines of rhetoric , historiography , Eusebian ecclesiastical history , classicizing history and hagiography . Saint Cyril of Jerusalem delivered his Mystagogical Catecheses , instructions on the principal topics of Christian faith and practise , and Saint Jerome moved to Jerusalem in order to commence work on the Vulgate , commissioned by Pope Damasus I and instrumental in the fixation of the Biblical canon in the West . Procopius , from Caesarea Palaestina , became the Byzantine Empire 's principal historian of the 6th century , writing the Wars of Justinian , the Buildings of Justinian and the celebrated Secret History . Palestine according to Eusebius and Jerome , by George Adam Smith , 1915 Under Byzantine rule , the two dioceses of Palaestina proper became a center of Christianity , while retaining significant Jewish and Samaritan communities . Some areas , like Gaza , were well known as pagan holdouts , and remained attached to the worship of Dagon and other deities as their ancestors had been for thousands of years . Ghassanid Arab migration in the 4th and 5th centuries established an Arab Christian domain with a capital on the Golan , forming a buffer of Christian Byzantium against the wild tribes of Arabia . The `` Life of Barsauma of Samosata '' , a 6th - century Christian polemic about the Monophysite monk of the early 5th century , stated that Jews , Samaritans and pagans formed a large part of the population and persecuted Christians during this period . In 351 -- 352 , a Jewish revolt against Byzantine rule in Tiberias and other parts of the Galilee was brutally suppressed . In 361 , Neoplatonist Julian the Apostate becomes Roman Emperor and attempted to reverse the growing influence of Christianity by encouraging other religions . As a result , Alypius of Antioch was commissioned to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem and Jews were formally allowed to return to the city However , two years later the Galilee earthquake of 363 together with the re-establishment of Christianity 's dominance following the death of Julian the Apostate at the Battle of Samarra ended the attempts to rebuild the Temple . In 438 CE , the Empress Eudocia allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem to live . The Samaritan self - rule had shortly gained a level of independence under the leadership of Baba Rabba in late 4th century . However , they were again subdued by Byzantine forces . Samaritan attempts to gain independence from Byzantines peaked during the 5th and 6th centuries in a series of Samaritan Revolts , some of which had messianic aspirations . The outcome of Samaritan strife with Christian Byzantines , supported by Ghassanid Arabs , turned disastrous . After the Third Samaritan revolt in 529 -- 531 , led by Julianus ben Sabar , and the Fourth Revolt in 555 . With Samaritan casualties went well beyond 100,000 , cities and worship places destroyed , many enslaved and expelled , the Samaritan community dwindled . On 1 July 536 CE , Justinian I promoted Stephanus ( Stephen ) the governor at Caesarea to proconsul ( anthypatos ) , giving him authority over the two remaining consulars . Justinian believed that the elevation of the governor was appropriate because he was responsible for `` the province in which our Lord Jesus Christ ... appeared on earth '' . Justinian I undertook a number of building works in Jerusalem , including the once magnificent Nea Ekklesia of the Theotokos ( `` the Nea '' ) and the extension of the Cardo thoroughfare . This map of Palestine and the Holy Land was published in Florence around 1480 and was included in Francesco Berlinghieri 's expanded edition of Ptolemy 's Geographia ( Geography ) . Byzantine administration of Palestine was temporarily suspended during the Persian occupation of 614 -- 28 . In 613 CE , the Persian Sassanian Empire under Khosrau II had invaded the Levant led by General Shahrbaraz , taking Antioch and later Caesaria . Jews under Benjamin of Tiberias assisted the conquering Persians , revolting against the Byzantine Empire under Heraclius and hoping of controlling Jerusalem autonomously . In 614 CE , Persian - Jewish forces conquered Jerusalem , destroying most of the churches , taking Patriarch Zacharias prisoner , taking the True Cross and other relics to Ctesiphon , and massacring much of the Christian population . The Jews of Jerusalem gained autonomy to some degree , but frustrated with its limitations and anticipating its loss offered to assist the Byzantines in return for amnesty for the revolt . In 617 CE , the Jewish governor Nehemiah ben Hushiel was killed by a mob of Christian citizens , three years after his appointment . The Sassanids quelled the uprising and appointed a Christian governor to replace him . At that time the Persians betrayed the agreements with the Jews and expelled the Jewish population from Jerusalem , forbidding them to live within 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) of it . In 625 CE ( or 628 CE ) , the Byzantinian army returned to the area , promising amnesty to Jews who had joined the Persians , and was greeted by Benjamin of Tiberias . In 629 CE , the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius marched into Jerusalem at the head of his army , following the decisive defeat of the Sassanid Empire at the Battle of Nineveh ( 627 ) . Heraclius personally returned the True Cross to the city . The Nabateans roamed the Negev by the Roman Period , and by the Byzantine Period dominated the swath of sparsely populated deserts , from the Sinai to the Negev to the northwest coast of Arabia , the outlands that the Byzantines called the diocese of Palaestina Salutoris ( meaning something like `` near Palestine '' ) . Its capital Petra was formally the capital of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea . The Nabateans also inhabited the outland of Jordan and southern Syria , improperly called the diocese of Arabia because its capital Bostra was within the northern extremity of the Roman province of Arabia Petrae . The origin of the Nabateans remains obscure , but they were Aramaic speakers , and the term `` Nabatean '' was the Arabic name for an Aramean of Syria and Iraq . By the 3rd century during the Late Roman Period , the Nabateans stopped writing in Aramaic and began writing in Greek , and by the Byzantine Period they converted to Christianity . Trading relations existed between the cities of Palestine and the Arab tribes of the Hejaz , particularly with the southern cities of Petra and Gaza . Muhammed , his father ( Abd Allah ) and his great - grandfather ( Hashim , who died in Gaza ) all travelled on trading routes through the region in the 6th century , and in 583 Muhammed is said to have met with Nestorian monk Bahira at Bosra . From the beginning of Islam in 610 , Jerusalem became the Qibla ( focal point for Muslim prayers ) for fourteen years until it was replaced by Mecca in 624 , 18 months after the Hijra ( Muhammad 's migration to Medina ) . According to Sahih al - Bukhari , Muhammad then ordained the Al - Aqsa Mosque as one of the three holy mosques of Islam A decade later , Byzantium lost control of the region during the Muslim conquest of the Levant , during which the empire 's forces were decisively defeated at the Battle of Yarmouk in 636 . Jerusalem capitulated in 638 and Caesarea between 640 and 642 . The subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion of Arab power well beyond the Arabian peninsula in the form of a vast Muslim Arab Empire . Middle ages Rashidun , Umayyad and Abbasid periods The expansion of the caliphate under the Umayyads . Expansion under Muhammad , 622 -- 632 Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate , 632 -- 661 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate , 661 -- 750 An anachronistic map of the various de facto independent emirates after the Abbasids lost their military dominance ( c. 950 ) . See also : Rashidun Caliphate , Umayyad Caliphate , and Abbasid Caliphate In 638 , following the Siege of Jerusalem , the Caliph Omar Ibn al - Khattab and Safforonius , the Patriarch of Jerusalem , signed Al - Uhda al - ' Omariyya ( The Umariyya Covenant ) , an agreement that stipulated the rights and obligations of all non-Muslims in Palestine . Christians and Jews were considered People of the Book , enjoyed some protection ( dhimmi ) but had to pay a special poll tax called jizyah ( `` tribute '' ) in return for this protection . According to Muhammad ibn Jarir al - Tabari , the covenant guaranteed Christians freedom of religion but prohibited Jews from living in Jerusalem . However , during the early years of Muslim control of the city , a small permanent Jewish population returned to Jerusalem after a 500 - year absence . Umar , the second of the initial four Rashidun Caliphs , was the first conqueror of Jerusalem to enter the city on foot , and when visiting the site that now houses the Haram al - Sharif , A popular account from later centuries is that the Rashidun Caliph Umar was led to the place reluctantly by the Christian patriarch Sophronius . He found it covered with rubbish , but the sacred Rock was found with the help of a converted Jew , Ka'b al - Ahbar . Al - Ahbar advised Umar to build a mosque to the north of the rock , so that worshippers would face both the rock and Mecca , but instead Umar chose to build it to the south of the rock . It became known as the Al - Aqsa Mosque . The first known eyewitness testimony is that of the pilgrim Arculf who visited about 670 . According to Arculf 's account as recorded by Adomnán , he saw a rectangular wooden house of prayer built over some ruins , large enough to hold 3,000 people . Cities that accepted the new rulers , as recorded in registrars from the time , were : Jerusalem , Nablus , Jenin , Acre , Tiberias , Bisan , Caesarea , Lajjun , Lydd , Jaffa , Imwas , Beit Jibrin , Gaza , Rafah , Hebron , Yubna , Haifa , Safed and Ashkelon . In Arabic , the area approximating the Byzantine Diocese of Palaestina I in the south ( roughly Judea , Philistia , and southern Jordan ) was called Jund Filastin ( meaning `` the military district of Palestine '' , as a tax administrative area ) , and the Diocese of Palaestina II in the north ( roughly Samaria , Galilee , Golan , and northern Jordan ) Jund al - Urdunn . In 661 , with the assassination of Ali , the last of the Rashidun Caliphs , Muawiyah I became the uncontested Caliph of the Islamic World . Muawiyah I was ordained as Caliph in Jerusalem , ending the First Fitna and marking the beginning of the Umayyad Empire . Under Umayyad rule , the Byzantine province of Palaestina Prima became the administrative and military sub-province ( jund ) of Filastin -- the Arabic name for Palestine from that point forward . It formed one of five subdivisions of the larger province of ash - Sham ( Arabic for Greater Syria ) . Jund Filastin ( Arabic جند فلسطين , literally `` the army of Palestine '' ) was a region extending from the Sinai to the plain of Acre . Major towns included Rafah , Caesarea , Gaza , Jaffa , Nablus and Jericho . Lod served as the headquarters of the province of Filastin and the capital later moved to Ramla . Jund al - Urdunn ( literally `` the army of Jordan '' ) was a region to the north and east of Filastin , which included the cities of Acre , Bisan and Tiberias . The Dome of the Rock In 687 -- 691 , during the Second Fitna , the Dome of the Rock was built under Caliph Abd al - Malik ibn Marwan , becoming the world 's first great work of Islamic architecture . The Temple Mount ( known as Haram Ash - Sharif in the Islamic world and the site where the Islamic prophet Muhammad is believed by Muslims to have begun his nocturnal journey to heaven ) , had remained unbuilt for c. 600 years since Titus 's destruction of Herod 's Temple in 70 . About a decade afterward , Caliph Al - Walid I had the Al - Aqsa Mosque built . It was under Umayyad rule that Christians and Jews were granted the official title of `` Peoples of the Book '' to underline the common monotheistic roots they shared with Islam . Christian pilgrims visited and made generous donations to Christian holy places in Jerusalem and Bethlehem , and the establishment of the Pilgrims ' Inn in Jerusalem during this period was seen as a fulfillment of Umar 's pledge to Bishop Sophronious to allow freedom of religion and access to Jerusalem for Christian pilgrims . The Christian monasteries throughout the region continued to operate , and between 730 -- 749 John of Damascus , previously chief adviser to Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al - Malik , moved to the monastery Mar Saba outside Jerusalem and became the major opponent of the First Iconoclasm through his theological writings . Trading relations between Palestine and Europe were strong , and a trade fair took place in Jerusalem every year on September 15 where merchants from Pisa , Genoa , Venice and Marseilles converged to acquire spices , soaps , silks , olive oil , sugar and glassware in exchange for European products . In 744 riots broke out in the major cities of Palestine and Syria during the reign of Marwan II , and were quelled in 745 -- 6 . These rebellions were followed by further revolts in the East of the empire , which culminated in the defeat of the Umayyad army in 750 at the Battle of the Zab . The Abbasids took control of the entire empire including Palestine , forcing Marwan II to flee via Gaza to Egypt , where he was assassinated . The Baghdad - based Abbasid Caliphs renovated and visited the holy shrines and sanctuaries in Jerusalem , with Al - Mansur arranging in 758 the renovation of the Dome of the Rock that had collapsed in an earthquake and Al - Ma'mun arranging further renovations following a visit to Jerusalem in 813 . The Abbasids continued to build up Ramle , which had become the capital of Jund Filastin . Coastal areas were fortified and developed and port cities like Acre , Haifa , Caesarea , Arsuf , Jaffa and Ashkelon received monies from the state treasury . However , the Abbasid caliphs visited the region less frequently than the Umayyads since their capital in Baghdad was a further 500 miles ( 800 km ) east . The Abbasid period marked the beginning of the Islamic Golden Age , in which a number of scholars from Palestine , such as the Gazan - born jurist and founder of the Shafi'i school of fiqh Muhammad ibn Idris ash - Shafi ` i and the Jerusalemite geographer Al - Muqaddasi , played an integral part . The influence of the Arabian tribes declined during the Abbasid period and the only context where they are reported is in uprising against the central authority . However , a dispute between the Qaysi Mudhar and Yamani tribes broke out in Jund al - Urdunn towards the end of the 8th century leading to Qaysi - Yamani war of 793 -- 96 . Harun al - Rashid viewed this tribal dispute as a rebellion and sent a large army under Ja'far ibn Yahya al - Barmaki to quell the revolt . According to historian Moshe Gil , `` he put down the rebels with an iron hand and much blood was spilled . '' The cities of Gaza , Bayt Jibrin , Ascalon in Jund Filastin and the town Sariphaea in Jund al - Urdunn were completely destroyed in the conflict by Bedouin tribes . Several towns and villages in western Palestine were also sacked . The monasteries of St. Chariton , St. Cyriacus , St. Sabas , St. Theodosius , and St. Euthymius were also attacked . The combined casualties of the tribal federations totalled roughly 1,200 . During Harun al - Rashid 's ( 786 -- 809 ) reign the first formal contacts with the Frankish Kingdom of Charlemagne occurred , as part of the attempted Abbasid -- Carolingian alliance In 797 , Harun al - Rashid is reported to have offered the custody of the Christian holy places in Jerusalem to Charlemagne , in return for Charlemagne sending money for construction and improvements . As a result , the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was restored and the Latin hospital was enlarged and placed under the control of the Benedictines . Two years later Charlemagne sent another mission to Patriarch George of Jerusalem . Towards the end of the 9th century , the Baghdad - based Abbasids began to lose control of their western provinces . From 878 Palestine was ruled from Egypt by semi-autonomous rulers for almost a century , beginning with Ahmad ibn Tulun , ruler of Egypt and founder of the Tulunid dynasty , who conquered Palestine and most of Syria four years after declaring Egypt 's independence from the Abbasid court in Baghdad . The Abbasids regained direct control of Palestine in 904 , after their invasion forced the army of Tulunid Emir Harun to retreat to Egypt , where the Tulunids were defeated the following year . Direct control from Baghdad was maintained until 939 when Muhammad bin Tughj Al - Ikhshid , governor of Abbasid Egypt and Palestine , was granted independent control over his domain and the title Al - Ikhshid ( Prince ) by Abbasid Caliph Ar - Radi . Like the Tulunids , the relative proximity of the Ikhshidid capital to Palestine resulted in a greater focus on the region , such that both Ikhshidid rulers , Muhammad bin Tughj Al - Ikhshid and Abu al - Misk Kafur , were buried in Jerusalem . The death of Abu al - Misk Kafur in 968 resulted in a fatal division of the Ikhshidid government as they prepared for the expected invasion by the Fatimids . Fatimid caliphate period The Fatimid Caliphate at its greatest extent See also : Fatimid Caliphate From their base in Tunisia , General Gawhar Al - Siqilli of the Ismaili Shi'ite Fatimids , who claimed to be descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah , conquered the Ikhshidid domains of Palestine and Egypt in 969 , following a treaty guaranteeing the local Sunnis freedom of religion . They moved their capital to the new city of Cairo , just north of the Ikhshidid capital of Fustat . The Fatimids continued their expansion to the borders of the Byzantine Empire , and a failed attack on Antioch in 971 was followed up by a Byzantine defeat outside of Amida . However , the Byzantines fought back and in 975 Emperor John I Tzimiskes 's second campaign took Syria and much of northern Palestine , including Tiberias , Nazareth and Caesarea Palaestina , but was defeated en route to Jerusalem . The emperor became ill and died suddenly in 976 on his return from the campaign , and the Byzantines withdrew shortly thereafter to face the Bulgar threat in the north of their empire . Jerusalem , Nablus , and Askalan were expanded and renovated under Fatimid rule . However , in 1009 , Fatimid Caliph Al - Hakim ordered the destruction of all churches and synagogues in the empire , including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . However , this was reversed twenty years later by the Al - Hakim ' successor as Caliph , Ali az - Zahir , who authorized the rebuilding of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and other Christian churches in a treaty with Byzantine Emperor Romanos III Argyros . Romanos ' successor Constantine IX Monomachos paid for the restoration , and a number of other Christian buildings , including the Muristan hospital , church and monastery were built during this period . Az - Zahir also undertook a major renovation of the Dome of the Rock during his reign . After the 10th century , the division of Palestine into Junds began to break down . During the early 11th century , Seljuk Turks invaded large portions of West Asia and both the Fatimids and the Byzantines suffered setbacks from the fighting . Warfare between the Fatimids and Seljuks caused great disruption for the local population and for western pilgrims . In 1073 Palestine was captured by Malik - Shah I 's Isfahan - based Great Seljuq Empire under Emir Atsiz ibn Uvaq , who was advancing south into the weakening Fatimid Empire following the decisive defeat over the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert two years previously and a devastating six - year famine in Egypt between 1067 and 1072 . The Seljuk rule was unpopular , and in 1077 Jerusalem revolted against their rule while Emir Atsiz ibd Uvaq was fighting the Fatimid Empire in Egypt . On his return to Jerusalem , Atsiz re-took the city and massacred the local population . As a result , Atsiz was executed by the governor of Syria Tutush I , the brother of Seljuk leader Malik - Shah I. Tutush I appointed Artuq bin Ekseb , later founder of the Artuqid dynasty , as governor . Artuq bin Ekseb died in 1091 , and was succeeded as governor by his sons Ilghazi and Sokmen , known as the Artuqid dynasty . Malik Shah died in 1092 , and the Great Seljuk Empire split into smaller warring states . Control of Palestine was disputed between Duqaq and Radwan after the death of their father Tutush I in 1095 . The ongoing rivalry weakens Syria , and Fatimid Regent Al - Afdal Shahanshah recaptured the region in 1098 from the Artuqids , just before the arrival of the crusaders . In 1054 , the Great Schism formally divided the Christian church into east and west , resulting in the holy sites of Palestine falling under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Orthodox Church . However , in 1090 , Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos began taking reconciliatory measures towards the Papacy , with the intention of seeking western support against the Seljuqs . In 1095 his ambassadors appeared before Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza , to request mercenary forces , and later that year at the Council of Clermont Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade . Kingdom of Jerusalem ( crusaders ) period The kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states at their height in 1135 Crusader states shortly before their fall in 1180 Main article : The Crusades See also : Kingdom of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 as a result of the First Crusade . Its control of Jerusalem and most of Palestine lasted almost a century until defeat by Saladin 's forces in 1187 , after which most of Palestine was controlled by the Ayyubids . Shortly after Crusader rule was established in Palestine , Godfrey of Bouillon promised to turn over the rule of the region to the Papacy once the crusaders had captured Egypt . However , the invasion of Egypt did not occur as Godfrey died shortly thereafter and Baldwin was proclaimed the first King of Jerusalem after politically outmanoeuvering Dagobert of Pisa who had previously been appointed as the Latin Patriarch . At first the Crusader kingdom was little more than a loose collection of towns and cities captured during the first crusade . At its height , the kingdom roughly encompassed the territory of modern - day Israel and the State of Palestine . It extended from modern Lebanon in the north to the Sinai Desert in the south , and into modern Jordan and Syria in the east . There were also attempts to expand the kingdom into Fatimid Egypt . Its kings held a certain amount of authority over the other crusader states to the north : the County of Tripoli , the Principality of Antioch , and the County of Edessa . Many customs and institutions were imported from the territories of Western Europe from which the crusaders came , and there were close familial and political connections with the West throughout the kingdom 's existence . It was , however , a relatively minor kingdom in comparison and often lacked financial and military support from Europe . Locally based military orders were founded in the kingdom to fill this vacuum . The foundation of the Knights Hospitaller by Gerard Thom at the Muristan Christian hospice in Jerusalem was confirmed by a Papal Bull from Pope Paschal II in 1113 , and the founding by Hugues de Payens and Godfrey de Saint - Omer of the Knights Templar took place in 1119 in the Al Aqsa Mosque . The kingdom grew closer to the neighbouring Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and the Byzantine Empire , from which it inherited `` oriental '' qualities , and the kingdom was also influenced by pre-existing Muslim institutions . However , when Arnulf of Chocques was appointed Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem for the second time in 1112 , he prohibited non-Catholic worship at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . Socially , the `` Latin '' inhabitants from Western Europe had almost no contact with the Muslims and Eastern Christians whom they ruled . The Royal Palace of the Kingdom was based in the Al - Aqsa Mosque , and the Dome of the Rock was converted into a church . Under the Crusader rule , fortifications , castles , towers and fortified villages were built , rebuilt and renovated across Palestine largely in rural areas . A notable urban remnant of the Crusader architecture of this era is found in Acre 's old city and on the island of Arwad . Numerous Muslim families emigrated Palestine during this period , including those of notable Islamic scholars Ibn Qudamah and Diya al - Din al - Maqdisi . During the period of Crusader control , it has been estimated that Palestine had only 1,000 poor Jewish families . Jews fought alongside the Muslims against the Crusaders in Jerusalem in 1099 and Haifa in 1100 . Some Jews from Europe visited the country , like Benjamin of Tudela who wrote about it . Maimonides visited Palestine after escaping from the Almohads in 1165 and visited Acre , Jerusalem and Hebron , finally choosing to settle in Fostat in Egypt . In July 1187 , the Cairo - based Kurdish General Saladin commanded his troops to victory in the Battle of Hattin , shortly followed by the Siege of Jerusalem ( 1187 ) in which Saladin captured Jerusalem . Ayyubid , Mamluk , bahri and Mamluk Burji period Jerusalem under the Ayyubid dynasty after the death of Saladin , 1193 The Bahri Mamluk dynasty 1250 -- 1382 Tower of Ramla , constructed in 1318 See also : Ayyubid dynasty , Bahri dynasty , Burji dynasty , and Mamluk Following the crusader defeat by Saladin 's forces in 1187 , most of Palestine was controlled by the Ayyubids . A rump crusader state in the northern coastal cities known as the Kingdom of Acre survived in the region for another hundred years until 1291 , throughout the Ayyubid Period and well into the Mamluk Period . However , despite seven further crusades from Europe , the crusader state was no longer a significant power in the region after the fall of Jerusalem in 1187 . The Ayyubids allowed Jewish and Orthodox Christian settlement in the region , and the Dome of the Rock was converted back into an Islamic center of worship . The Mosque of Omar was built under Saladin outside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , commemorating Umar the Great 's decision to pray outside the church so as not to set a precedent and thereby endanger the church 's status as a Christian site . About eighty years after Saladin 's conquest , the Catalan Rabbi Nahmanides left Europe following the disputation of Barcelona , and spent the last three years of his life in Palestine , primarily in Acre . He established the Ramban Synagogue in the Old City of Jerusalem and thus , having found only two Jewish people living in the city at the time , re-established Jewish communal life in Jerusalem . The defeat of the Europeans provoked further crusades from Europe , varying in size and success . In 1192 , after preventing the Third Crusade under Richard the Lionheart from recapturing Jerusalem , Saladin entered into the Treaty of Ramla in which he agreed that Western Christian pilgrims could worship freely in Jerusalem . The threat remained , however , and Ayyubid Emir Al - Mu'azzam destroyed Jerusalem 's city walls in 1219 to prevent the Crusaders from capturing a fortified city . To end the Sixth Crusade , a 10 - year treaty was signed between Frederick II , Holy Roman Emperor and Ayyubid Sultan Al - Kamil , allowing Christians freedom to live in the unfortified Jerusalem , as well as Nazareth and Bethlehem , although the Ayyubids retained control of the Muslim holy places . These areas were returned to Ayyubid control after the peace treaty expired in 1239 and An - Nasir Dawud , Ayyubid Emir of Kerak , occupied the cities . For the four following years , control of the cities was contested between An - Nasir Dawud and his cousin As - Salih Ayyub who had allied with the crusaders , aided by the diplomatic efforts of Thibaut IV of Champagne . In order to permanently retake the city from the rival breakaway rulers who had allied with the crusaders , As - Salih Ayyub summoned a mercenary army of Khwarezmians , who were available for hire following the defeat of the Khwarazm Shah dynasty by the Mongols ten years earlier . The Khwarezmians could not be controlled by As - Salih Ayyub , and destroyed Jerusalem . A few months later , the two sides met again at the decisive Battle of La Forbie , marking the end of the Crusader influence in southern and central Palestine . Two years later the Ayyubids regained control of Jerusalem after the Khwarezmians were defeated by Al - Mansur Ibrahim at Lake Homs . The Mamluk Sultanate was indirectly created in Egypt as a result of the Seventh Crusade , which had been launched in reaction to the 1244 destruction of Jerusalem . The crusade failed after Louis IX of France was defeated and captured by Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah at the Battle of Fariskur in 1250 . Turanshah was killed by his Mamluk soldiers a month after the battle and his step - mother Shajar al - Durr became Sultana of Egypt with the Mamluk Aybak as Atabeg . The Ayyubids relocated to Damascus , where they continued to control Palestine for a further 10 years . In the late 13th century , Palestine and Syria became the primary front against the fast - expanding Mongol Empire , whose army reached Palestine for the first time in 1260 , beginning with the Mongol raids into Palestine under Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa . Mongol leader Hulagu Khan sent a message to Louis IX of France that Jerusalem had been remitted to the Christians under the Franco - Mongol Alliance ; however , shortly thereafter he had to return to Mongolia following the death of Mongke , leaving Kitbuqa and a reduced army . Kitbuqa then engaged with the Mamluks under Baibars in the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut in the Jezreel Valley . The Mamluks ' decisive victory in Palestine is seen as one of world history 's most significant battles , establishing a high - water mark for the Mongol conquests . The Mongols were , however , able to engage into some further brief raids in 1300 under Ghazan and Mulay , reaching as far as Gaza . Jerusalem was held by the Mongols for four months ( see Ninth Crusade ) . In 1270 , Sultan Baibars expelled the remaining Crusaders from most of the country , and the last major Crusader stronghold , Acre , fell in 1291 , at the Siege of Acre . Thereafter , any remaining Europeans either went home or merged with the local population . The Mamluks , continuing the policy of the Ayyubids , made the strategic decision to destroy the coastal area and to bring desolation to many of its cities , from Tyre in the north to Gaza in the south . Ports were destroyed and various materials were dumped to make them inoperable . The goal was to prevent attacks from the sea , given the fear of the return of the crusaders . This had a long - term effect on those areas , which remained sparsely populated for centuries . The activity in that time concentrated more inland . Palestine formed a part of the Damascus Wilayah ( district ) under the rule of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and was divided into three smaller sanjaks ( subdivisions ) with capitals in Jerusalem , Gaza , and Safed . Due in part to the many conflicts , earthquakes and the Black Death that hit the region during this era , the population is estimated to have dwindled to around 200,000 . The Mamluks constructed a `` postal road '' from Cairo to Damascus , that included lodgings for travelers ( khans ) and bridges , some of which survive to this day ( see Jisr Jindas , near Lod ) . The period also saw the construction of many schools and the renovation of mosques neglected or destroyed during the Crusader period . In 1377 the major cities of Palestine and Syria revolted , following the death of Al - Ashraf Sha'ban . The revolt was quelled and a coup d'etat was staged by Barquq in Cairo in 1382 , founding the Mamluk Burji dynasty . Palestine was celebrated by Arab and Muslim writers of the time as the `` blessed land of the prophets and Islam 's revered leaders '' ; Muslim sanctuaries were `` rediscovered '' and received many pilgrims . In 1496 , Mujir al - Din al - ' Ulaymi wrote his history of Palestine known as The Glorious History of Jerusalem and Hebron . Ottoman era Early Ottoman rule The Ottoman Empire in 1683 , showing Jerusalem See also : Ottoman Empire In 1486 , hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Turks in a battle for control over western Asia . The Ottomans proceeded to conquer Palestine following their victory over the Mamluks at the Battle of Marj Dabiq . The Ottoman conquest of Palestine was relatively swift , with small battles fought against the Mamluks in the Jordan Valley and at Khan Yunis en route to the Mamluk capital in Egypt . There were also minor uprisings in Gaza , Ramla and Safad , which were quickly suppressed . The Ottomans maintained the administrative and political organization that the Mamluks left in Palestine . The region was divided into the five sanjaks ( provincial districts , also called liwa ′ in Arabic ) of Safad , Nablus , Jerusalem , Lajjun and Gaza , all part of the larger eyalet ( province ) of Damascus . The sanjaks were further subdivided into subdistricts called nawahi ( sing . nahiya ) . For much of the 16th century , the Ottomans ruled Damascus Eyalet in a centralized way , with the Istanbul - based Sublime Porte ( imperial government ) playing a crucial role in maintaining public order and domestic security , collecting taxes , and regulating the economy , religious affairs and social welfare . Most of Palestine 's population , estimated to be around 200,000 in the early years of Ottoman rule , lived in villages . The largest cities were Gaza , Safad and Jerusalem , each with a population of around 5,000 -- 6,000 . Ottoman property administration consisted of a system of fiefs called timar and trusts called waqf . Timar lands were distributed by the sultan to various officers and officials , particularly from the elite sipahi units . A timar was a source of income for its holder , who was responsible for maintaining order and enforcing the law in the timar . Waqf land was owned by various individuals and its revenues were dedicated to religious functions and institutions , social welfare and individual beneficiaries . Over 60 % of cultivated land in the Jerusalem Sanjak was waqf land . To a lesser extent , there was also privately owned land predominantly located within villages and their immediate vicinity . The name `` Palestine '' was no longer used as the official name of an administrative unit under the Ottomans because they typically named provinces after their capitals . Nonetheless , the old name remained in popular and semi-official use , with many examples of its usage in the 16th , 17th and 18th centuries surviving . The 16th - century Jerusalem - based Islamic jurist Sayf al - Islam Abu'l Sa'ud Effendi defined the term as an alternative name for Arazi - i Muqaddas ( Turkish for `` the Holy Land '' ) . The 17th - century Ramla - based jurist Khayr al - Din al - Ramli often used the term `` Filastin '' in his fatawat ( religious edicts ) without defining the term , although some of his fatawat suggest that it more or less corresponded with the borders of Jund Filastin . Thomas Salmon 's 18th - century book , Modern history or , the present state of all nations , states that `` Jerusalem is still reckoned the capital city of Palestine , though much fallen from its ancient grandeur . '' Decentralization process Ridwan - Farrukh - Turabay period By the end of the 16th century , direct Ottoman rule over Damascus Eyalet was weakened , partly due to the Jelali revolts and other Anatolian insurrections . The timar system , which functioned to serve the Sublime Porte 's fiscal and military needs , was also becoming less relevant during this period . Consequently , a new governing elite emerged in Palestine consisting of the Ridwan , Farrukh and Turabay dynasties whose members provided the district governors of the Gaza , Nablus , Jerusalem and Lajjun sanjaks between the late 16th century and the late 17th century . The stability of their rule varied by sanjak , with Ridwan control of Gaza , Turabay control of Lajjun , and Farrukh control of Nablus largely continuous , and the Ridwan - Farrukh hold over Jerusalem frequently interrupted by governors appointed from Istanbul . Ties between the families were solidified through inter-marriage , business and political cooperation . From the late 16th century until the early 18th century , the prestigious post of amir al - hajj ( commander of the Hajj caravan ) would often be assigned to the district governor of Nablus or Gaza . This tradition laid the foundation for a durable military alliance between the three families since the departing amir al - hajj from one of these families would entrust authority over his sanjak to the governor of the neighboring sanjak . Gradually , the ties between the Ridwan , Farrukh and Turabay families led to the establishment of a single extended dynasty that held sway over much of Palestine . In 1622 , the Druze emir ( prince ) of Mount Lebanon , Fakhr - al - Din II gained control of Safad Sanjak and was appointed governor of Nablus and mutasallim ( chief tax collector ) of Gaza . Alarmed at the looming threat to their rule , the Ridwan - Farrukh - Turabay alliance prepared for a confrontation with Fakhr ad - Din by pooling their financial resources to acquire arms and bribe Bedouin tribes to fight alongside them . They were also tacitly supported by the Sublime Porte , which was wary of Fakhr ad - Din 's growing autonomy . When Fakhr ad - Din 's better - equipped army launched an offensive to gain control of Palestine 's coastal plain and Jerusalem , the army of Hasan ' Arab Ridwan , Ahmad Turabay and Muhammad ibn Farrukh routed his forces at the Awja River near Jaffa . In 1624 , following the Battle of Anjar , Fakhr ad - Din was appointed the `` Emir of Arabistan '' by the Ottomans , which gave him official authority over the region between Aleppo and Jerusalem . He was deposed and hanged a decade later by the Wali of Damascus Imperial attempts at centralization Gaza 's political influence in Palestine rose under the Ridwan dynasty , particularly during the governorship of Husayn Pasha , which began in the 1640s . It was considered the `` capital of Palestine '' by the French consul of Jerusalem , Chevalier d'Arvieux . Husayn 's closeness with France and his good relations with Palestine 's Christian communities were a source of imperial consternation at his rule . Concurrently , in the mid-17th century , the Ottoman government guided by the Köprülü viziers attempted to restore centralized authority over its outlier provinces . One of the centralization measures introduced by Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha was the establishment of the Sidon Eyalet in 1660 , which administratively separated Safad Sanjak from the rest of Palestine , which remained part of Damascus Eyalet . This reorganization was done to both weaken the ambitious governors of Damascus and to maintain stricter control over the rebellious emirs of Mount Lebanon . With the elimination of Fakhr ad - Din 's threat to Ottoman control in the Levant , the Sublime Porte sought to bring an end to the Ridwan - Farrukh - Turabay dynasty . Beside concern over their increasing consolidation of power in Palestine , the Sublime Porte was frustrated by the substantially decreased revenues from the annual Hajj caravan , which a governor from one of the three families often commanded . In 1657 , the Ottoman authorities launched a military expedition in Palestine to reassert imperial control over the region because of its strategic importance in the funding and protection of the Hajj caravan and also because it was a crucial link to Egypt . The Sublime Porte used Husayn Pasha 's alleged incompetence leading the Hajj caravan in 1662 -- 63 to imprison and execute him . Husayn Pasha served as the foundation of the Ridwan - Farrukh - Turabay alliance and his death was followed by the Sublime Porte 's gradual elimination of the rest of the extended dynasty by the late 1670s . Ridwan rule persisted in Gaza until 1690 . The elimination of the Ridwan - Farrukh - Turabay dynasty and their replacement by governors appointed by the Ottoman government `` radically changed the state of affairs '' in Palestine , according to historian Dror Ze'evi . The appointed governors abandoned the relationships that the local dynasties maintained with the local elites and largely ignored the increasing exploitation of the populace by the Janissaries , subashis and timar holders . Official complaints to the Sublime Porte about the latter groups skyrocketed among Muslims , Christians and Jews alike . Many peasants abandoned their villages to avoid exploitation , townspeople complained about the seizure of their property and the ulama ( Muslim scholarly class ) complained about the Janissaries ' disregard for justice and the sanctity of Muslim places of worship , including the Temple Mount ( Haram al - Sharif ) . In reaction to this state of affairs , in 1703 , an uprising , known as the Naqib al - Ashraf Revolt , by the people of Jerusalem took place , led by the chief of the ashraf families , Muhammad ibn Mustafa al - Husayni , and backed by the city 's notables . The home of Jerusalem 's qadi , a symbol of imperial authority , was ransacked and his translator killed by rebels . They proceeded to govern the city themselves until an Ottoman siege and internal strife forced al - Husayni and his rebels to withdraw from Jerusalem in October 1705 . Meanwhile , the mostly Arab sipahi officers of the 1657 centralization expedition , chief among them members of the Nimr clan , settled in Nablus and , contrary to the Sublime Porte 's intention , began forming their own local power bases in the city 's rural hinterland from the timars they were assigned . Towards the end of the 17th century , they were soon followed by the Jarrar and Tuqan clans , who like the Nimrs , came from other parts of Ottoman Syria . The sheikhs ( chiefs ) of these clans soon emerged as the new nobility of central Palestine . They developed increasingly close ties to the local population through selling or leasing their timars to rural notables , investing in local commerce , property and businesses such as soap factories , and intermarrying and partnering with local ashraf and mercantile families . Politically , the Tuqans and Nimrs dominated the governorship of Nablus and at times controlled other districts and subdistricts ( in 1723 Salih Pasha Tuqan was governor of the Nablus , Lajjun and Gaza sanjaks ) . The Jarrars were the dominant clan of the Nablus hinterland , although other clans , among them the Mamluk - era Jayyusis , continued to hold influence in their respective subdistricts . This state of affairs in Jabal Nablus persisted with minor interruptions until the mid-19th century . Rule of Acre and autonomy of Nablus Zaydani period Zahir al - Umar 's autonomous sheikhdom in 1774 In the mid-17th century , the Zaydani clan became a formidable force in northern Palestine . Initially , its sheikhs were appointed as multazems ( tax collectors and local enforcers ) of iltizam ( tax farms ) in parts of the Galilee by the Ma'ani , and , after 1697 , the Shihabi emirs of Mount Lebanon . In 1730 , Zaydani sheikh Zahir al - Umar was directly appointed by the Wali of Sidon as the multazem of Tiberias , which he soon fortified , along with other Zaydani strongholds such as Deir Hanna , Arraba and Nazareth . Between that time and 1750 , Zahir had consolidated his control over the entire Galilee . He transferred his headquarters to the port village of Acre , which he renovated and refortified . Acre became the center of an expanding autonomous sheikhdom financed by a monopoly on cotton and other agricultural commodities from Palestine and southern Lebanon established by Zahir . Zahir 's control of cotton and olive oil prices drew great revenues from European merchants , and these funds enabled him to marshal military resources needed to fend off military assaults by the governors of Damascus . Moreover , the monopolies ended the foreign merchants ' manipulation of prices and financial exploitation of the local peasantry . Together with significantly improved general security and social justice , Zahir 's economic policies made him popular with the local inhabitants . Zahir also encouraged immigration to Palestine and his rule attracted large numbers of Jews and Melkite and Greek Orthodox Christians from throughout Ottoman Syria , revitalizing the region 's economy . Zahir founded modern - day Haifa in 1769 . In the early 1770s , Zahir allied himself with the Russian Empire and Ali Bey of Egypt . Together with Ali Bey 's deputy commanders Ismail Bey and Abu al - Dhahab , and backed by the Russian Navy , Zahir and his Lebanese Shia allies invaded Damascus and Sidon . Ali Bey 's commanders abruptly withdrew from Damascus after briefly capturing it in June 1771 , compelling Zahir to withdraw from Sidon shortly thereafter . Uthman Pasha al - Kurji , the Wali of Damascus , renewed his campaign to eliminate Zahir , but his forces were routed at Lake Hula in September 1771 . Zahir followed up this decisive victory with another major victory against Emir Yusuf Shihab 's Druze forces at Nabatieh . By 1774 , Zahir 's rule extended from Gaza to Beirut and included most of Palestine . The year after , however , a coalition of Ottoman forces besieged and killed him at his Acre headquarters . The Ottoman commander Jazzar Pasha subsequently waged a campaign that destroyed Deir Hanna 's fort and ended Zaydani rule in the Galilee in 1776 . Although Acre and the Galilee were part of Sidon Eyalet while the rest of Palestine administratively belonged to Damascus , it was the rulers of Acre , beginning with Zahir , that dominated Palestine and the southern Syrian districts . Damascus governors typically held office for short periods of time and were often occupied with protecting and leading the Hajj caravan ( the office of amir al - hajj had become the responsibility of the Wali of Damascus in 1708 ) , preventing them from asserting their authority over semi-autonomous areas such as the Nablus region . In contrast , Zahir established Acre as a virtually autonomous entity , a process seen in other parts of the Ottoman Empire including Egypt , Mount Lebanon and Mosul . Moreover , Acre became the de facto capital of Sidon Eyalet during and after Zahir 's reign , and like Zahir , his successors ruled Acre until their deaths . There were several military confrontations between Zahir and the Jarrar clan starting in 1735 when the former occupied the latter 's territory of Nazareth and the Jezreel Valley , which served as trade and transportation hubs . Meanwhile , in 1766 , the Tuqan clan had ousted the Jayyusis from the Bani Sa'b subdistrict , which was then occupied by Zahir in 1771 , stripping Nablus of its sea access . The conflict between Zahir and the Tuqans culminated with the former 's unsuccessful siege of Nablus later that year . Jazzari period An illustration of Jazzar Pasha 's court Jazzar Pasha was appointed Wali of Sidon by the Sublime Porte for his role in uprooting the Zaydani sheikhdom . Unlike the Galilee - born Zahir , Jazzar was a product of the Ottoman state and a force for Ottoman centralization , yet he also pursued his own agenda , extending his influence throughout the southern half of Ottoman Syria . Jazzar assumed control over Zahir 's cotton monopoly and further strengthened the fortifications of Acre , where he was based . He financed his rule through income generated from the cotton trade , as well as taxes , tolls and extortion . Tensions between Jazzar and the French cotton merchants of Acre ended with the latter being expelled in the late 1780s , at a time when prices for Palestine 's cotton were declining due to alternative sources elsewhere . Like Zahir , Jazzar was able to maintain domestic security by suppressing the Bedouin tribes . However , the local peasantry did not fare well under his stringent taxation policies , which resulted in many leaving the Galilee for neighboring areas . To protect his rule , he raised a personal army of mamluks ( slave soldiers ) and mercenaries consisting of troops from different parts of the Islamic world . Jazzar established close ties with the Tuqan clan , who were traditionally aligned with the Ottoman authorities . However , the Tuqans ' chief rival , the Jarrar clan , resisted his attempts at centralization and Jazzar besieged them at their Sanur fortress in 1790 and 1795 , both times ending in defeat . In February 1799 , Emperor Napoleon of France entered Palestine after conquering Egypt as part of his campaign against the Ottomans , who were allied with his enemy , the British Empire . He occupied Gaza and moved north along Palestine 's coastal plain , capturing Jaffa , where his forces massacred some 3,000 Ottoman troops who had surrendered and many civilians . His forces then captured Haifa and used it as a staging ground for their siege of Acre . Napoleon called for Jewish support to capture Jerusalem . This was done to gain favor with Haim Farhi , Jazzar 's Jewish vizier . The invasion rallied the sheikhs of Jabal Nablus , with the multazem of Jenin , Sheikh Yusuf al - Jarrar , beckoning them to combat the French . In contrast to the sheikhs of the Hebron Hills and Jerusalem who provided conscripts to the Ottoman Army , the sheikhs of Jabal Nablus fought independently , to the chagrin of the Sublime Porte . Their men were defeated by the French in the Galilee . Napoleon failed to conquer Acre and his defeat by Jazzar 's forces , backed by the British , compelled him to withdraw from Palestine with heavy losses in May . Jazzar 's victory significantly boosted his prestige . The Ottomans pursued the French in Egypt in 1800 , using Gaza as their launch point . The Jazzar Mosque in Acre . Its founder , Jazzar Pasha , and his successor , Sulayman Pasha al - Adil , are buried in the mosque 's courtyard Jazzar died in 1804 and was succeeded as Wali of Sidon by his trusted mamluk Sulayman Pasha al - Adil . Sulayman , under Farhi 's guidance , undertook a policy of loosening his predecessors ' monopolies on the cotton , olive oil and grain trades . However , he also established Acre as the only Levantine port city allowed to export these cash crops . He also made significant cuts to Acre 's military and adopted a decentralization policy of non-interference with his deputy governors , such as Muhammad Abu - Nabbut of Jaffa , and diplomacy with various autonomous sheikhs , such as Musa Bey Tuqan of Nablus . This marked a departure from the violent approach of Jazzar . By 1810 , Sulayman was appointed to Damascus Eyalet , giving him control over most of Ottoman Syria . Before he was dismissed from the latter in 1812 , he managed to have the sanjaks of Latakia , Tripoli and Gaza annexed to Sidon Eyalet . Towards the end of his rule , in 1817 , a civil war broke out in Jabal Nablus between the Tuqans and a coalition of the Nimr , Jarrar , Qasim and Abd al - Hadi clans over Musa Bey 's attempt to monopolize power in Nablus by ousting the Nimrs . Sulayman mediated between the clans and secured a temporary peace in 1818 . Abdullah Pasha , groomed by Farhi for leadership , succeeded Sulayman in 1820 nine months after the latter 's death in 1819 . Ottoman hesitation to appoint Abdullah was mitigated after persistent lobbying and bribery of Ottoman imperial officials by Farhi . Unlike Jazzar 's mamluks who sought the governorship , Farhi did not view his protégé Abdullah to be a threat to his influence . Nonetheless , Abdullah had Farhi executed less than a year into his rule as the result of a power struggle . Abdullah more or less continued his predecessor 's alliance with Emir Bashir Shihab II of Mount Lebanon and together they confronted the Wali of Damascus . The Ottoman authorities , instigated by Farhi 's relatives , attempted to oust Abdullah in a siege against Acre , but Muhammad Ali , Wali of Egypt , persuaded the Ottomans to keep Abdullah as governor . In 1830 , the Sidon Eyalet was assigned the sanjaks of Nablus , Jerusalem and Hebron , thereby bringing all of Palestine under a single province . That year , the Jarrars led a revolt against Abdullah , who thereafter besieged and destroyed Sanur 's fortress , which had successfully resisted sieges by his predecessors . Abdullah 's rule was marked by declining revenues from the cotton trade , efforts to reassert Acre 's monopolies and poverty in Palestine . Nonetheless , Acre under Abdullah remained the principal force in Ottoman Syria due to instability in Damascus and the Ottomans ' preoccupation with the war in Greece . Centralization `` Independent '' Vilayet of Jerusalem shown within Ottoman administrative divisions in the Eastern Mediterranean coast after the reorganisation of 1887 -- 88 Further information : Decline of the Ottoman Empire and Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire Egyptian period In October 1831 , Muhammad Ali of Egypt dispatched his modernized army commanded by his son Ibrahim Pasha in a campaign to annex Ottoman Syria , including Palestine . Ibrahim Pasha 's forces had previously defeated the Ottomans and gained control of Sudan and the western Arabian Peninsula . Their entry into Palestine was not resisted by the local inhabitants , nor by the rural sheikhs of the central highlands . However , Abdullah Pasha resisted the conquest from Acre , which was besieged and ultimately surrendered in May 1832 . Egyptian rule brought on major political and administrative reforms to Palestine and Ottoman Syria in general , and represented a radical change from the semi-autonomous rule that existed in the region prior to Muhammad Ali 's conquest . Among the significant measures established by Ibrahim Pasha to bring all of Syria under a single administration was the introduction of the advisory councils whose purpose was to standardize the diverse political configurations of Syria . The councils , based in the major cities , were composed of religious leaders , wealthy merchants and urban leaders , and functioned as administrative centers . In effect , they solidified urban control and economic domination of the hinterland , according to historian Beshara Doumani . Ibrahim Pasha also instituted the disarmament and conscription of the peasantry , a policy carried out by Muhammad Ali in Egypt to establish centralized rule and a modern army . Conscription and disarmament were highly unpopular among the peasantry and their leaders , who refused to implement the orders . New taxation policies also threatened the role of urban notables and rural sheikhs as mutasallims , while Egypt 's effective law enforcement measures threatened the livelihood of Bedouin tribes who derived their income from extorting merchants and travelers . The diverse array of social and political groups hostile to Egyptian reforms throughout Palestine developed into a coalition . Consequently , this coalition launched what became known as the Peasants ' Revolt in 1834 . The core of the rebels were based in Jabal Nablus and led by subdistrict chief Qasim al - Ahmad , who had previously contributed peasant irregulars to Ibrahim Pasha 's forces during the conquest of Syria . The revolt represented a major threat to the flow of arms and conscripts between Egypt and Syria and to Muhammad Ali 's program of modernizing Egypt . Rebel forces captured most of Palestine , including Jerusalem , by June . However , Muhammad Ali arrived in Palestine , opened negotiations with various rebel leaders and sympathizers , and secured a truce in July . He also managed to secure the defection of the powerful Abu Ghosh clan of Jerusalem 's hinterland from the rebel forces . During the truce period , numerous religious and political leaders from Jerusalem and other cities were either arrested , exiled or executed . Afterward , Qasim recommenced the rebellion , viewing the truce as a ruse . Egyptian forces launched a campaign to defeat the rebels in Jabal Nablus , destroying 16 villages before capturing Nablus itself on 15 July . Qasim was pursued to Hebron , which was leveled in August , and was later captured and executed with most of the rebel leadership . In the wake of Egypt 's victory , the virtual autonomy of Jabal Nablus was significantly weakened , the conscription orders were carried out with 10,000 peasant conscripts sent to Egypt , and the population was largely disarmed . The latter measure effectively introduced a monopoly of violence in Palestine , as part of Egypt 's centralization policies . Egyptian rule and the defeat of the powerful rural sheikhs of Jabal Nablus led to the political elevation of the Abd al - Hadi clan of Arraba . Its sheikh , Husayn Abd al - Hadi , supported Ibrahim Pasha during the revolt and was promoted as the Wali of Sidon , which included all of Palestine . His relatives and allies were appointed the mutasallims of Jerusalem , Nablus and Jaffa . Britain sent the navy to shell Beirut and an Anglo - Ottoman expeditionary force landed , causing local uprisings against the Egyptian occupiers . A British naval squadron anchored off Alexandria . The Egyptian army retreated to Egypt . Muhammad Ali signed the Treaty of 1841 . Britain returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans , and as a result was able to increase the extraterritorial rights that various European nations had enjoyed throughout previous centuries under the terms of the Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire . One American diplomat wrote that `` Extraordinary privileges and immunities had become so embodied in successive treaties between the great Christian Powers and the Sublime Porte that for most intents and purposes many nationalities in the Ottoman empire formed a state within the state . '' Restoration of Ottoman control In common usage from 1840 onward , `` Palestine '' was used either to describe the consular jurisdictions of the Western powers or for a region that extended in the north -- south direction typically from Rafah ( south - east of Gaza ) to the Litani River ( now in Lebanon ) . The western boundary was the sea , and the eastern boundary was the poorly defined place where the Syrian desert began . In various European sources , the eastern boundary was placed anywhere from the Jordan River to slightly east of Amman . The Negev Desert was not included . The Consuls were originally magistrates who tried cases involving their own citizens in foreign territories . While the jurisdictions in the secular states of Europe had become territorial , the Ottomans perpetuated the legal system they inherited from the Byzantine Empire . The law in many matters was personal , not territorial , and the individual citizen carried his nation 's law with him wherever he went . Capitulatory law applied to foreigners in Palestine . Only Consular Courts of the State of the foreigners concerned were competent to try them . That was true , not only in cases involving personal status , but also in criminal and commercial matters . According to American Ambassador Morgenthau , Turkey had never been an independent sovereignty . The Western Powers had their own courts , marshals , colonies , schools , postal systems , religious institutions , and prisons . The Consuls also extended protections to large communities of Jewish protégés who had settled in Palestine . The Muslim , Christian , and Jewish communities of Palestine were allowed to exercise jurisdiction over their own members according to charters granted to them . For centuries the Jews and Christians had enjoyed a large degree of communal autonomy in matters of worship , jurisdiction over personal status , taxes , and in managing their schools and charitable institutions . In the 19th century those rights were formally recognized as part of the Tanzimat reforms and when the communities were placed under the protection of European public law . In the 1860s , the Ottoman military was able to restore order east of Jordan by halting tribal conflicts and Bedouin raids . This invited migration to the east , notably the Salt area , from various populations in Lebanon , Syria and Palestine to take advantage of new lands . This influx amounted to some 12,000 over the period from 1880 to just before the First World War , while the Bedouin population east of Jordan increased to 56,000 . However , with the creation of the Transjordanian emirate in 1921 -- 22 , the hamlet of Amman , which had been recently resettled by Circassians , attracted most of the new immigrants from Palestine , and many of those that had previously moved to Salt . Map of `` Palestine '' in 1851 , showing the Kaza subdivisions . At the time , the region shown was split between the Sidon Eyalet and the Damascus Eyalet In the reorganisation of 1873 , which established the administrative boundaries that remained in place until 1914 , Palestine was split between three major administrative units . The northern part , above a line connecting Jaffa to north Jericho and the Jordan , was assigned to the vilayet of Beirut , subdivided into the sanjaks ( districts ) of Acre , Beirut and Nablus . The southern part , from Jaffa downwards , was part of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem , a special district under the direct authority of Istanbul . Its southern boundaries were unclear but petered out in the eastern Sinai Peninsula and northern Negev Desert . Most of the central and southern Negev was assigned to the vilayet of Hejaz , which also included the Sinai Peninsula and the western part of Arabia . The Ottomans regarded `` Filistin '' as an abstract term referring to the `` Holy Land '' , and not one consistently applied to a clearly defined area . Among the educated Arab public , Filastin was a common concept , referring either to the whole of Palestine or to the Jerusalem sanjak alone or just to the area around Ramle . The publication of the daily paper Falastin ( Palestine ) from 1911 was one example of the increasing currency of this concept . The rise of Zionism , the national movement of the Jewish people started in Europe in the 19th century seeking to recreate a Jewish state in Palestine , and return the original homeland of the Jewish people . The end of the 19th century saw the beginning of Zionist immigration . The `` First Aliyah '' was the first modern widespread wave of Zionist aliyah . Jews who migrated to Palestine in this wave came mostly from Eastern Europe and from Yemen . This wave of aliyah began in 1881 -- 82 and lasted until 1903 . An estimated 25,000 -- 35,000 First Aliyah laid the cornerstone for Jewish settlement in Israel and created several settlements such as Rishon LeZion , Rosh Pina , Zikhron Ya'akov and Gedera . In 1891 , a group of Jerusalem notables sent a petition to the central Ottoman government in Istanbul calling for the cessation of Jewish immigration , and land sales to Jews . Tel Aviv was founded on land purchased from Bedouins north of Jaffa . This is the 1909 auction of the first lots . The `` Second Aliyah '' took place between 1904 and 1914 , during which approximately 40,000 Jews immigrated , mostly from Russia and Poland , and some from Yemen . The Second Aliyah immigrants were primarily idealists , inspired by the revolutionary ideals then sweeping the Russian Empire who sought to create a communal agricultural settlement system in Palestine . They thus founded the kibbutz movement . The first kibbutz , Degania , was founded in 1909 . Tel Aviv was founded at that time , though its founders were not necessarily from the new immigrants . The Second Aliyah is largely credited with the revival of the Hebrew language and establishing it as the standard language for Jews in Israel . Eliezer Ben - Yehuda contributed to the creation of the first modern Hebrew dictionary . Although he was an immigrant of the First Aliyah , his work mostly bore fruit during the second . Ottoman rule over the eastern Mediterranean lasted until World War I when the Ottomans sided with the German Empire and the Central Powers . During World War I , the Ottomans were driven from much of the region by the British Empire during the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire . Modern era British Mandate period Zones of French and British influence and control proposed in the Sykes - Picot Agreement Palestine in British map 1924 the map now in the National Library of Scotland The new era in Palestine . The arrival of Sir Herbert Samuel , H.B.M. High Commissioner with Col. Lawrence , Emir Abdullah , Air Marshal Salmond and Sir Wyndham Deedes , 1920 . Main article : Mandatory Palestine In World War I , the Ottoman Empire sided with Germany . As a result , it was embroiled in a conflict with the United Kingdom . Under the secret Sykes -- Picot Agreement of 1916 , it was envisioned that most of Palestine , when freed from Ottoman control , would become an international zone not under direct French or British colonial control . Shortly thereafter , British foreign minister Arthur Balfour issued the Balfour Declaration of 1917 , which promised to establish a `` Jewish national home '' in Palestine but appeared to contradict the 1915 -- 16 Hussein - McMahon Correspondence , which contained an undertaking to form a united Arab state in exchange for the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire in World War I. McMahon 's promises could have been seen by Arab nationalists as a pledge of immediate Arab independence , an undertaking violated by the region 's subsequent partition into British and French League of Nations mandates under the secret Sykes - Picot Agreement of May 1916 , which became the real cornerstone of the geopolitics structuring the entire region . The Balfour Declaration , likewise , was seen by Jewish nationalists as the cornerstone of a future Jewish homeland . The British - led Egyptian Expeditionary Force , commanded by Edmund Allenby , captured Jerusalem on 9 December 1917 and occupied the whole of the Levant following the defeat of Turkish forces in Palestine at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918 and the capitulation of Turkey on 31 October . Allenby famously dismounted from his horse when he entered Jerusalem as a mark of respect for the Holy City and was greeted by the Christian , Jewish , and Islamic leaders of the city . Following the First World War and the occupation of the region by the British , the principal Allied and associated powers drafted the mandate , which was formally approved by the League of Nations in 1922 . Great Britain administered Palestine on behalf of the League of Nations between 1920 and 1948 , a period referred to as the `` British Mandate '' . The preamble of the mandate declared : `` Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on November 2nd , 1917 , by the Government of His Britannic Majesty , and adopted by the said Powers , in favor of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people , it being clearly understood that nothing should be done which might prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine , or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country . '' Not all were satisfied with the mandate . The League of Nations ' objective with the mandate system was to administer the parts of the former Ottoman Empire , which the Middle East had controlled since the 16th century , `` until such time as they are able to stand alone '' . Some of the Arabs felt that Britain was violating the McMahon - Hussein Correspondence and the understanding of the Arab Revolt . Some wanted a unification with Syria : in February 1919 , several Muslim and Christian groups from Jaffa and Jerusalem met and adopted a platform endorsing unity with Syria and opposition to Zionism ( this is sometimes called the First Palestinian National Congress ) . A letter was sent to Damascus authorizing Faisal to represent the Arabs of Palestine at the Paris Peace Conference . In May 1919 a Syrian National Congress was held in Damascus , and a Palestinian delegation attended its sessions . The 1922 census of Palestine recorded the population of Palestine as 757,000 , of which 78 % were Muslims , 11 % were Jews , 10 % were Christians and 1 % were Druze . In the early years of the Mandate , Jewish immigration to Palestine was quite substantial . In April 1920 , violent Arab disturbances against the Jews in Jerusalem occurred , which came to be known as the 1920 Palestine riots . The riots followed rising tensions in Arab - Jewish relations over the implications of Zionist immigration . The British military administration 's erratic response failed to contain the rioting , which continued for four days . As a result of the events , trust among the British , Jews , and Arabs eroded . One consequence was that the Jewish community increased moves towards an autonomous infrastructure and security apparatus parallel to that of the British administration . In April 1920 , the Allied Supreme Council ( the United States , Great Britain , France , Italy and Japan ) met at Sanremo and formal decisions were taken on the allocation of mandate territories . The United Kingdom obtained a mandate for Palestine and France obtained a mandate for Syria . The boundaries of the mandates and the conditions under which they were to be held were not decided . The Zionist Organization 's representative at Sanremo , Chaim Weizmann , subsequently reported to his colleagues in London : There are still important details outstanding , such as the actual terms of the mandate and the question of the boundaries in Palestine . There is the delimitation of the boundary between French Syria and Palestine , which will constitute the northern frontier and the eastern line of demarcation , adjoining Arab Syria . The latter is not likely to be fixed until the Emir Feisal attends the Peace Conference , probably in Paris . Churchill and Abdullah ( with Herbert Samuel ) during their negotiations in Jerusalem , March 1921 In July 1920 , the French drove Faisal bin Husayn from Damascus , ending his already negligible control over the region of Transjordan , where local chiefs traditionally resisted any central authority . The sheikhs , who had earlier pledged their loyalty to the Sharif of Mecca , asked the British to undertake the region 's administration . Herbert Samuel asked for the extension of the Palestine government 's authority to Transjordan , but at meetings in Cairo and Jerusalem between Winston Churchill and Emir Abdullah in March 1921 it was agreed that Abdullah would administer the territory ( initially for six months only ) on behalf of the Palestine administration . In the summer of 1921 Transjordan was included within the Mandate , but excluded from the provisions for a Jewish National Home . On 24 July 1922 , the League of Nations approved the terms of the British Mandate over Palestine and Transjordan . On 16 September the League formally approved a memorandum from Lord Balfour confirming the exemption of Transjordan from the clauses of the mandate concerning the creation of a Jewish national home and Jewish settlement . With Transjordan coming under the administration of the British Mandate , the mandate 's collective territory became constituted of 23 % Palestine and 77 % Transjordan . The mandate for Palestine , while specifying actions in support of Jewish immigration and political status , stated , in Article 25 , that in the territory to the east of the Jordan River , Britain could ' postpone or withhold ' those articles of the Mandate concerning a Jewish National Home . Transjordan was a very sparsely populated region ( especially in comparison with Palestine proper ) due to its relatively limited resources and largely desert environment . Palestine and Transjordan were incorporated ( under different legal and administrative arrangements ) into the `` Mandate for Palestine and Transjordan Memorandum '' issued by the League of Nations to Great Britain on 29 September 1923 In 1923 , an agreement between the United Kingdom and France confirmed the border between the British Mandate of Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria . The British handed over the southern Golan Heights to the French in return for the northern Jordan Valley . The border was re-drawn so that both sides of the Jordan River and the whole of the Sea of Galilee , including a 10 - metre - wide strip along the northeastern shore , were made a part of Palestine , with the provisions that Syria have fishing and navigation rights in the lake . The Palestine Exploration Fund published surveys and maps of Western Palestine ( aka Cisjordan ) starting in the mid-19th century . Even before the Mandate came into legal effect in 1923 , British terminology sometimes used ' `` Palestine '' for the part west of the Jordan River and `` Trans - Jordan '' ( or Transjordania ) for the part east of the Jordan River . Rachel 's Tomb on a 1927 British Mandate stamp . `` Palestine '' is shown in English , Arabic ( فلسطين ‎ ) , and Hebrew , the latter includes the acronym א ״ י ‎ for Eretz Yisrael The first reference to the Palestinians , without qualifying them as Arabs , is to be found in a document of the Permanent Executive Committee , composed of Muslims and Christians , presenting a series of formal complaints to the British authorities on 26 July 1928 . Infrastructure and development Between 1922 and 1947 , the annual growth rate of the Jewish sector of the economy was 13.2 % , mainly due to immigration and foreign capital , while that of the Arab was 6.5 % . Per capita , these figures were 4.8 % and 3.6 % respectively . By 1936 , the Jewish sector had eclipsed the Arab one , and Jewish individuals earned 2.6 times as much as Arabs . In terms of human capital , there was a huge difference . For instance , the literacy rates in 1932 were 86 % for the Jews against 22 % for the Arabs , but Arab literacy was steadily increasing . In 1933 , Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany , Haavara agreement is in place between the Zionist Federation and the German government of the Third Reich to facilitate the emigration of German Jews . The office of `` Mufti of Jerusalem '' , traditionally limited in authority and geographical scope , was refashioned by the British into that of `` Grand Mufti of Palestine '' . Furthermore , a Supreme Muslim Council ( SMC ) was established and given various duties , such as the administration of religious endowments and the appointment of religious judges and local muftis . During the revolt ( see below ) the Arab Higher Committee was established as the central political organ of the Arab community of Palestine . During the Mandate period , many factories were established and roads and railroads were built throughout the country . The Jordan River was harnessed for production of electric power and the Dead Sea was tapped for minerals -- potash and bromine . 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Main article : 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Sparked off by the death of Shaykh Izz ad - Din al - Qassam at the hands of the British police near Jenin in November 1935 , in the years 1936 -- 1939 the Arabs participated in the Great Uprising to protest against British rule and against mass Jewish immigration . The revolt manifested in a strike and armed insurrection started sporadically , becoming more organized with time . Attacks were mainly directed at British strategic installations such as the Trans Arabian Pipeline ( TAP ) and railways , and to a lesser extent against Jewish settlements , secluded Jewish neighbourhoods in the mixed cities , and Jews , both individually and in groups . Violence abated for about a year while the Peel Commission deliberated and eventually recommended partition of Palestine . With the Arab rejection of this proposal , the revolt resumed during the autumn of 1937 . Violence continued throughout 1938 and eventually petered out in 1939 . The British responded to the violence by greatly expanding their military forces and clamping down on Arab dissent . `` Administrative detention '' ( imprisonment without charges or trial ) , curfews , and house demolitions were among British practices during this period . More than 120 Arabs were sentenced to death and about 40 hanged . The main Arab leaders were arrested or expelled . The Haganah ( Hebrew for `` defense '' ) , a Jewish paramilitary organization , actively supported British efforts to quell the insurgency , which reached 10,000 Arab fighters at their peak during the summer and fall of 1938 . Although the British administration did not officially recognize the Haganah , the British security forces cooperated with it by forming the Jewish Settlement Police and Special Night Squads . A terrorist splinter group of the Haganah , called the Irgun ( or Etzel ) adopted a policy of violent retaliation against Arabs for attacks on Jews . At a meeting in Alexandria in July 1937 between Jabotinsky and Irgun commander Col. Robert Bitker and chief - of - staff Moshe Rosenberg , the need for indiscriminate retaliation due to the difficulty of limiting operations to only the `` guilty '' was explained . The Irgun launched attacks against public gathering places such as markets and cafes . The Arab revolt of 1936 -- 39 in Palestine . A Jewish bus equipped with wire screens to protect civilian riders against rocks and grenades thrown by militants . The revolt did not achieve its goals , although it is `` credited with signifying the birth of the Arab Palestinian identity '' . It is generally credited with forcing the issuance of the White Paper of 1939 , which renounced Britain 's intent of creating a Jewish National Home in Palestine , as proclaimed in the 1917 Balfour Declaration . Another outcome of the hostilities was the partial disengagement of the Jewish and Arab economies in Palestine , which were more or less intertwined until that time . For example , whereas the Jewish city of Tel Aviv previously relied on the nearby Arab seaport of Jaffa , hostilities dictated the construction of a separate Jewish - run seaport for Tel Aviv . World War II When the Second World War broke out , the Jewish population sided with Britain . David Ben - Gurion , head of the Jewish Agency , defined the policy with what became a famous motto : `` We will fight the war as if there were no White Paper , and we will fight the White Paper as if there were no war . '' While this represented the Jewish population as a whole , there were exceptions ( see below ) . As in most of the Arab world , there was no unanimity among the Palestinian Arabs as to their position regarding the combatants in World War II . A number of leaders and public figures saw an Axis victory as the likely outcome and a way of securing Palestine back from the Zionists and the British . Mohammad Amin al - Husayni , Grand Mufti of Jerusalem , spent the rest of the war in Nazi Germany and the occupied areas . About 6,000 Palestinian Arabs and 30,000 Palestinian Jews joined the British forces . On 10 June 1940 , Italy declared war on the British Commonwealth and sided with Germany . Within a month , the Italians attacked Palestine from the air , bombing Tel Aviv and Haifa . In 1942 , there was a period of anxiety for the Yishuv , when the forces of German General Erwin Rommel advanced east in North Africa towards the Suez Canal and there was fear that they would conquer Palestine . This period was referred to as the two hundred days of anxiety . This event was the direct cause for the founding , with British support , of the Palmach -- a highly trained regular unit belonging to Haganah ( which was mostly made up of reserve troops ) . Jewish Brigade headquarters under both Union Flag and Jewish flag On 3 July 1944 , the British government consented to the establishment of a Jewish Brigade with hand - picked Jewish and also non-Jewish senior officers . The brigade fought in Europe , most notably against the Germans in Italy from March 1945 until the end of the war in May 1945 . Members of the Brigade played a key role in the Berihah 's efforts to help Jews escape Europe for Palestine . Later , veterans of the Jewish Brigade became key participants of the new State of Israel 's Israel Defense Forces . Starting in 1939 and throughout the war and the Holocaust , the British reduced the number of Jewish immigrants allowed into Palestine , following the publication of the MacDonald White Paper . Once the 15,000 annual quota was exceeded , Jews fleeing Nazi persecution were placed in detention camps or deported to places such as Mauritius . In 1944 Menachem Begin assumed the Irgun 's leadership , determined to force the British government to remove its troops entirely from Palestine . Citing that the British had reneged on their original promise of the Balfour Declaration , and that the White Paper of 1939 restricting Jewish immigration was an escalation of their pro-Arab policy , he decided to break with the Haganah . Soon after he assumed command , a formal ' Declaration of Revolt ' was publicized , and armed attacks against British forces were initiated . Lehi , another splinter group , opposed cessation of operations against the British authorities all along . The Jewish Agency , which opposed those actions and the challenge to its role as government in preparation responded with `` The Hunting Season '' -- severe actions against supporters of the Irgun and Lehi , including turning them over to the British . The country developed economically during the war , with increased industrial and agricultural outputs and the period was considered an ` economic Boom ' . In terms of Arab - Jewish relations , these were relatively quiet times . End of the British Mandate 1945 -- 1948 Main article : British -- Zionist conflict Map showing Jewish - owned land as of 31 December 1944 , including land owned in full , shared in undivided land and State Lands under concession . This constituted 6 % of the total land area , of which more than half was held by the JNF and PICA Arab autobus after an attack by Irgun , 29 December 1947 In the years following World War II , Britain 's control over Palestine became increasingly tenuous . This was caused by a combination of factors , including : World public opinion turned against Britain as a result of the British policy of preventing Holocaust survivors from reaching Palestine , sending them instead to Cyprus internment camps , or even back to Germany , as in the case of Exodus 1947 . The costs of maintaining an army of over 100,000 men in Palestine weighed heavily on a British economy suffering from post-war depression , and was another cause for British public opinion to demand an end to the Mandate . Rapid deterioration due to the actions of the Jewish paramilitary organizations ( Hagana , Irgun and Lehi ) , involving attacks on strategic installations ( by all three ) as well as on British forces and officials ( by the Irgun and Lehi ) . This caused severe damage to British morale and prestige , as well as increasing opposition to the mandate in Britain itself , public opinion demanding to `` bring the boys home '' . The U.S. Congress was delaying a loan necessary to prevent British bankruptcy . The delays were in response to the British refusal to fulfill a promise given to Truman that 100,000 Holocaust survivors would be allowed to emigrate to Palestine . In early 1947 the British Government announced their desire to terminate the Mandate , and asked the United Nations General Assembly to make recommendations regarding the future of the country . The British Administration declined to accept the responsibility for implementing any solution that was n't acceptable to both the Jewish and the Arab communities , or to allow other authorities to take over responsibility for public security prior to the termination of its mandate on 15 May 1948 . UN partition and the 1948 Palestine War 1948 Palestinian exodus Main Articles 1947 -- 48 civil war 1948 Arab -- Israeli War 1948 Palestine war Causes of the exodus Nakba Day Palestinian refugee Palestine refugee camps Palestinian right of return Palestinian return to Israel Present absentee Transfer Committee Resolution 194 Background Mandatory Palestine Israeli Declaration of Independence Israeli -- Palestinian conflict history New Historians Palestine Plan Dalet 1947 partition plan UNRWA Key incidents Battle of Haifa Deir Yassin massacre Exodus from Lydda and Ramle Notable writers Aref al - Aref Yoav Gelber Efraim Karsh Walid Khalidi Nur - eldeen Masalha Benny Morris Ilan Pappé Tom Segev Avraham Sela Avi Shlaim Related categories / lists List of depopulated villages Related templates Palestinians Main articles : United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and 1948 Arab -- Israeli War UN partition plan , 1947 On 29 November 1947 , the United Nations General Assembly , voting 33 to 13 in favour with 10 abstentions , adopted a resolution , Resolution 181 ( II ) , recommended a partition with Economic Union of Mandatory Palestine to follow the termination of the British Mandate . The plan was to partition Palestine into an `` Independent Arab state alongside a Jewish States , and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem '' . Jerusalem was to encompass Bethlehem . Zionist leaders ( including the Jewish Agency ) , accepted the plan , while Palestinian Arab leaders rejected it and all independent Muslim and Arab states voted against it . Almost immediately , sectarian violence erupted and spread , killing hundreds of Arabs , Jews and British over the ensuing months . The rapid evolution of events precipitated into a Civil War . For four months , under continuous Arab provocation and attack , the Yishuv was usually on the defensive while occasionally retaliating . Arab volunteers of the Arab Liberation Army entered Palestine to fight alongside the Palestinians , but the April -- May offensive of Yishuv forces defeated the Arab forces and Arab Palestinian society collapsed . Some 700,000 Palestinians caught up in the turmoil fled or were driven from their homes . David Ben - Gurion proclaiming independence beneath a large portrait of Theodor Herzl , founder of modern Zionism On 14 May 1948 , David Ben - Gurion and the Jewish People 's Council declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel ( The Land of Israel ) , to be known as the State of Israel . The neighbouring Arab states intervened to prevent the partition and support the Palestinian Arab population . While Transjordan took control of territory designated for the future Arab State , Syrian , Iraqi and Egyptian expeditionary forces attacked Israel without success . The most intensive battles were waged between the Jordanian and Israeli forces over the control of Jerusalem . On June 11 , a truce was accepted by all parties . Israel used the lull to undertake a large - scale reinforcement of its army . In a series of military operations , during the war it conquered the whole of the Galilee region , both the Lydda and Ramle areas , and the Negev . It also managed to secure , in the Battles of Latrun , a road linking Jerusalem to Israel . However , the neighboring Arab countries signed the 1949 Armistice Agreements that ended the war , and have recognized de facto the new borders of Israel . In this phase , 350,000 more Arab Palestinians fled or were expelled from the conquered areas . Partition of former Mandatory territory Main articles : History of the State of Israel , Jordanian annexation of the West Bank , All - Palestine Government , and Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt Following the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , the area allocated to the Palestinian Arabs and the international zone of Jerusalem were occupied by Israel and the neighboring Arab states in accordance with the terms of the 1949 Armistice Agreements . In addition to the UN-partitioned area allotted to the Jewish state , Israel captured and incorporated a further 26 % of the British Mandate territory . Jordan retained possession of about 21 % of the former Mandate territory . Jerusalem was divided , with Jordan taking the eastern parts , including the Old City , and Israel taking the western parts . In addition , Syria held on to small slivers of the former Mandate territory to the south and east of the Sea of Galilee , which had been allocated in the UN partition plan to the Jewish state . For a description of the massive population movements , Arab and Jewish , at the time of the 1948 war and over the following decades , see Palestinian exodus and Jewish exodus from Arab lands . Palestinian governorship in Egyptian - controlled Gaza Main article : All - Palestine Protectorate On the same day that the State of Israel was announced , the Arab League announced that it would set up a single Arab civil administration throughout Palestine , and launched an attack on the new Israeli state . The All - Palestine Government was established by the Arab League on 22 September 1948 , during the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . It was soon recognized by all Arab League members , except Jordan . Though jurisdiction of the Government was declared to cover the whole of the former Mandatory Palestine , its effective jurisdiction was limited to the Gaza Strip . The Prime Minister of the Gaza - seated administration was named Ahmed Hilmi Pasha , and the President was named Hajj Amin al - Husseini , former chairman of the Arab Higher Committee . The All - Palestine Government is regarded by some as the first attempt to establish an independent Palestinian state . It was under official Egyptian protection , but , on the other hand , it had no executive role , but rather mostly political and symbolic . Its importance gradually declined , especially due to relocation of seat of government from Gaza to Cairo following the Israeli invasion in late 1948 . Though Gaza Strip returned under Egyptian control later on through the war , the All - Palestine Government remained in - exile in Cairo , managing Gazan affairs from outside . In 1959 , the All - Palestine Government was officially merged into the United Arab Republic , coming under formal Egyptian military administration , with the appointment of Egyptian military administrators in Gaza . Egypt , however , both formally and informally denounced any and all territorial claims to Palestinian territory , in contrast to the government of Transjordan , which declared its annexation of the Palestinian West Bank . The All - Palestine Government 's credentials as a bona fide sovereign state were questioned by many , particularly due to the effective reliance upon not only Egyptian military support , but Egyptian political and economic power . Annexation of the West Bank of Jordan Shortly after the proclamation of All - Palestine Government in Gaza , the Jericho Conference named King Abdullah I of Transjordan , `` King of Arab Palestine '' . The Congress called for the union of Arab Palestine and Transjordan and Abdullah announced his intention to annex the West Bank . The other Arab League member states opposed Abdullah 's plan . The New Historians , like Avi Shlaim , hold that there was an unwritten secret agreement between King Abdullah of Transjordan and Israeli authorities to partition the territory between themselves , and that this translated into each side limiting their objectives and exercising mutual restraint during the 1948 war . The presence of a large number of immigrants and refugees from the now dissolved Mandate of Palestine fueled the regional ambitions of King Abdullah I , who sought control over what had been the British Jerusalem and Samaria districts on the west bank of Jordan River . Towards this goal the king granted Jordanian citizenship to all Arab holders of the Palestinian Mandate identity documents in February 1949 , and outlawed the terms `` Palestinian '' and `` Transjordanian '' from official usage , changing the country 's name from the Emirate of Trans - Jordan to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan . The area east of the river became known as `` al - Ḍiffah al - Sharqiyyal '' , or `` The East Bank '' . In April 1950 , with the formal annexation of the positions held by the Jordanian Army since 1948 , the area became known as `` al - Ḍiffah al - Gharbiyyal '' or `` The Western Bank '' . With the formal union of the East and West Banks in 1950 , the number of Palestinians in the kingdom rose by another 720,000 , of whom 440,000 were West Bank residents and 280,000 were refugees from other areas of the former Mandate then living on the West Bank . Palestinians became the majority in Jordan although most believed their return to what was now the state of Israel was imminent . Six - day War and Yom Kippur War The region today : Israel , the West Bank , the Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights In the course of the Six - Day War in June 1967 , Israel captured the rest of the area that had been part of the British Mandate of Palestine , taking the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) from Jordan and the Gaza Strip from Egypt . Following military threats by Egypt and Syria , including Egyptian president Nasser 's demand of the UN to remove its peace - keeping troops from the Egyptian - Israeli border , in June 1967 Israeli forces went to action against Egypt , Syria and Jordan . As a result of that war , the Israel Defense Forces conquered the West Bank , the Gaza Strip , the Golan Heights , and the Sinai Peninsula bringing them under military rule . Israel also pushed Arab forces back from East Jerusalem , which Jews had not been permitted to visit during the prior Jordanian rule . East Jerusalem was allegedly annexed by Israel as part of its capital , though this action has not been recognized internationally . Israel also started building settlements on the occupied land . The United Nation 's Security Council passed Resolution 242 , promoting the `` land for peace '' formula , which called for Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in 1967 , in return for the end of all states of belligerency by the aforementioned Arab League nations . Palestinians continued longstanding demands for the destruction of Israel or made a new demand for self - determination in a separate independent Arab state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip similar to but smaller than the original Partition area that Palestinians and the Arab League had rejected for statehood in 1947 . In the course of 1973 Yom Kippur War , military forces of Egypt crossed the Suez canal and Syria to regain the Golan heights . The attacking military forces of Syria were pushed back . After a cease fire , Egyptian President Sadat Anwar Sadat started peace talks with the U.S. and Israel . Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt as part of the 1978 Camp David Peace Accords between Egypt and Israel in hopes of establishing a genuine peace . First Intifada , Oslo Accords and Palestinian authority From 1987 to 1993 , the First Palestinian Intifada against Israel took place . Attempts at the Israeli -- Palestinian peace process were made at the Madrid Conference of 1991 . As the process progressed , in 1993 the Israelis allowed Chairman and President of the Palestine Liberation Organization Yassir Arafat to return to the region . Following the historic 1993 Oslo Peace Accords between Palestinians and Israel ( the `` Oslo Accords '' ) , which gave the Palestinian Arabs limited self - rule in some parts of the occupied territories through the Palestinian Authority , and other detailed negotiations , proposals for a Palestinian state gained momentum . They were soon followed in 1993 by the Israel -- Jordan peace treaty . To date , efforts to resolve the conflict have ended in deadlock , and the people of the region , Jews and Arabs , are engaged in a bloody conflict , called variously the `` Arab -- Israeli conflict '' or `` Israeli -- Palestinian conflict '' . Second Intifada and later After few years of on - and - off negotiations , the Palestinians began an uprising against Israel . This was known as the Al - Aqsa Intifada . The events were highlighted in world media by Palestinian suicide bombings in Israel that killed many civilians , and by Israeli Security Forces full - fledged invasions into civilian areas along with some targeted killings of Palestinian militant leaders and organizers . Israel began building a complex security barrier to block suicide bombers crossing into Israel from the West Bank in 2002 . Also in 2002 , the Road map for peace calling for the resolution of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict was proposed by a `` quartet '' : the United States , European Union , Russia , and United Nations . U.S. President George W. Bush in a speech on June 24 , 2002 , called for an independent Palestinian state living side by side with Israel in peace . Bush was the first U.S. President to explicitly call for such a Palestinian state . Following Israel 's unilateral disengagement plan of 2004 , it withdrew all settlers and most of the military presence from the Gaza strip , but maintained control of the air space and coast . Israel also dismantled four settlements in northern West Bank in September 2005 . Following Israel 's withdrawal , Palestinian militia groups fired Qassam rockets into Israel and smuggled weapons and ammunition into Gaza from Egypt . After the kidnap of Israeli soldiers in June 2006 , Israel launched a military operation and reentered some parts of the Gaza Strip . Amidst severe criticism , they built the Israeli West Bank barrier . Following the January 2006 election of the Hamas government , Fatah resistance took the form of street battles that resulted in a victory for Hamas . Hamas took over the ministries of the ( Fatah ) Palestinian Authority and Gaza became a Hamas enclave outside PA control . As of July 2009 , approximately 305,000 Israelis lived in 121 settlements in the West Bank . The 2.4 million West Bank Palestinians ( according to Palestinian evaluations ) live primarily in four blocs centered in Hebron , Ramallah , Nablus , and Jericho . Non-member status of state of Palestine Further information : International recognition of the State of Palestine , State of Palestine , and PLO On 23 September 2011 , President Mahmoud Abbas on behalf of the Palestine Liberation Organisation submitted an application for membership of Palestine in the United Nations . The campaign , dubbed `` Palestine 194 '' , was formally backed by the Arab League in May , and was officially confirmed by the PLO on 26 June . The decision was labelled by the Israeli government as a unilateral step , while the Palestinian government countered that it is essential to overcoming the current impasse . Several other countries , such as Germany and Canada , have also denounced the decision and called for a prompt return to negotiations . Many others , however , such as Norway and Russia , have endorsed the plan , as has Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon , who stated , `` UN members are entitled whether to vote for or against the Palestinian statehood recognition at the UN . '' In July 2012 , it was reported that Hamas Government in Gaza was considering declaring the independence of the Gaza Strip with the help of Egypt . In August 2012 , Foreign Minister of the PNA Riyad al - Malki told reporters in Ramallah that PNA would renew effort to upgrade the Palestinian ( PLO ) status to `` full member state '' at the U.N. General Assembly on September 27 , 2012 . By September 2012 , with their application for full membership stalled due to the inability of Security Council members to `` make a unanimous recommendation '' , Palestine had decided to pursue an upgrade in status from `` observer entity '' to `` non-member observer state '' . On November 27 , it was announced that the appeal had been officially made , and would be put to a vote in the General Assembly on November 29 , where their status upgrade was expected to be supported by a majority of states . In addition to granting Palestine `` non-member observer state status '' , the draft resolution `` expresses the hope that the Security Council will consider favourably the application submitted on 23 September 2011 by the State of Palestine for admission to full membership in the United Nations , endorses the two state solution based on the pre-1967 borders , and stresses the need for an immediate resumption of negotiations between the two parties '' . On November 29 , 2012 , in a 138 -- 9 vote ( with 41 abstaining ) , General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 passed , upgrading Palestine to `` non-member observer state '' status in the United Nations . The new status equates Palestine 's with that of the Holy See . The change in status was described by The Independent as `` de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine '' . The UN has permitted Palestine to title its representative office to the UN as `` The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations '' , and Palestine has started to re-title its name accordingly on postal stamps , official documents and passports , whilst it has instructed its diplomats to officially represent `` The State of Palestine '' , as opposed to the `` Palestine National Authority '' . Additionally , on 17 December 2012 , UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that `` the designation of ' State of Palestine ' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents '' , thus recognising the PLO - proclaimed State of Palestine as being sovereign over the territories Palestine and its citizens under international law . As of February 2013 , 131 ( 67.9 % ) of the 193 member states of the United Nations have recognised the State of Palestine . 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Jump up ^ `` Palestine : Middle Bronze Age '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Ember , Melvin ; Peregrine , Peter Neal , eds. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Prehistory. 8 : South and Southwest Asia ( 1 ed . ) . New York , N.Y. ; London : Kluwer Academic / Plenum . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 46262 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Slavik , Diane . 2001 . Cities through Time : Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Jerusalem . Geneva , Illinois : Runestone Press , p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 3218 - 7 Jump up ^ Mazar , Benjamin . 1975 . The Mountain of the Lord . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Company , Inc. , p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 04843 - 2 Jump up ^ Remains Of Minoan - Style Painting Discovered During Excavations Of Canaanite Palace , ScienceDaily ( December 7 , 2009 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ William H. Propp `` Amarna Letters '' The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan , eds . Oxford University Press Inc. 1993 . Oxford Reference Online . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Ilan Ben Zion , ' Egyptian coffin , gold seal with king 's name found in Israel , ' The Times of Israel , 9 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Niels Peter Lemche . `` On the Problems of Reconstructing Pre-Hellenistic Israelite ( Palestinian ) History '' . Journal of Hebrew Scriptures . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Shahin ( 2005 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ Carl S. Ehrlich `` Philistines '' The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible . Ed . Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan . Oxford University Press , 2001 . Oxford Reference Online . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Philistine. ( 2007 ) . In Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Peter Myers . `` The Exodus & the Expulsion of the Hyksos -- Archaeology of the Bible '' ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Avraham Faust ( 2009 ) `` How Did Israel Become a People ? The Genesis of Israelite Identity . Biblical Archaeology Review 201 : pp. 62 -- 69 , 92 -- 94 Jump up ^ Finkelstein and Silberman ( 2001 ) , p. 107 Jump up ^ Holy Bible . King James version . Ezra , Chapter 9 Jump up ^ `` Canaan '' . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts about Israel : History '' . Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affaits . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bienkowski , op. cit . Jump up ^ `` '' House of David '' Restored in Moabite Inscription : A new restoration of a famous inscription reveals another mention of the `` House of David '' in the ninth century BCE `` . Jewishhistory.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gyémánt , Ladislau ( 2003 ) . `` Historiographic Views on the Settlement of the Jewish Tribes in Canaan '' . 1 / 2003 . Sacra Scripta : 26 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Austel in Grisanti and Howard , 2003 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Schiller , 2009 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Mazar and Schmidt , 2007 , pp. 10 -- 20 Jump up ^ Erlanger , Steven ( 2005 - 08 - 05 ) . `` King David 's Palace Is Found , Archaeologist Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Matthew Sturgis , It ai n't necessarily so , ISBN 0 - 7472 - 4510 - X Jump up ^ Carol A. Redmount , ' Bitter Lives : Israel in and out of Egypt ' in The Oxford History of the Biblical Word , ed : Michael D. Coogan , ( Oxford University Press : 1999 ) Jump up ^ Stager , Lawrence E. , `` Forging an Identity : The Emergence of Ancient Israel '' in Michael Coogan ed . The Oxford History of the Biblical World , Oxford University Press , 2001 . p. 92 Jump up ^ M.G. Hasel , `` Israel in the Merneptah Stela '' , BASOR 296 , 1994 , pp. 54 , 56 , n . 12 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Texts p. 321 Jump up ^ Pritchard , Pictures p. 275 , 744 Jump up ^ J. Simons , Jerusalem in the Old Testament ( 1952 ) p. 175 - 92 Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica , vol. 14 pp. 1440 -- 1441 Jump up ^ `` Babylon '' A Dictionary of the Bible . W.R.F. Browning . Oxford University Press , 1997 . Oxford Reference Online . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ * Dandamaev , M ( 1994 ) : `` ( 2 ) '' , in E. Yarshater ( ed . ) Encyclopaedia Iranica vol. 7 . Jump up ^ Drumbrell , WJ ( 1971 ) : `` The Tell el - Maskuta Bowls and the ' Kingdom ' of Qedar in the Persian Period '' , BASOR 203 , pp. 33 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Tuell ( 1991 ) : `` The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar - Nahara '' , BASOR n . 234 , pp. 51 -- 57 Jump up ^ Jona Lendering . `` Satrapies '' . Livius.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Diana Edelman ( November 2005 ) . `` Redating the Building of the Second Temple '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Palestine. ( 2007 ) . In Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ `` Avdat : A Nabatean City in the Negev '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Shahin ( 2005 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Hellenistic Greece : Alexander the Great '' . Washington State University . 1996 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Free , Joseph P. ; Vos , Howard F. ( 1992 ) . Archaeology and Bible History . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 47961 - 1 . , p. 225 . Jump up ^ `` Palestine '' . Britannica . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Julie Galambush ( 2006 ) . `` The Reluctant Parting : How the New Testament 's Jewish Writers Created a Christian Book '' . HarperCollins.ca . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dick Doughty ( September -- October 1994 ) . `` Gaza : Contested Crossroads '' . SaudiAramcoWorld . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tell Balatah ( Shechem or Ancient Nablus ) '' . World Monuments Watch : 100 Most Endangered Sites 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Barthold Georg Niebuhr ; Marcus Carsten Nicolaus von Niebuhr ( 1852 ) . Lectures on Ancient History . Taylor , Walton , and Maberly . p. 465 . Jump up ^ Josephus . Antiquities of the Jews . 13.10 . , Perseus Project AJ13. 10.1 , . Jump up ^ John Mee Fuller ( 1893 ) . Encyclopaedic dictionary of the Bible . 5 . Concept Publishing Company . p. 287 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7268 - 095 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sievers , 142 Jump up ^ `` Cambridge History of Judaism '' . Cambridge.org . p. 210 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . `` In both the Idumaean and the Ituraean alliances , and in the annexation of Samaria , the Judaeans had taken the leading role . They retained it . The whole political -- military -- religious league that now united the hill country of Palestine from Dan to Beersheba , whatever it called itself , was directed by , and soon came to be called by others , ' the Ioudaioi ' '' Jump up ^ Abraham Malamat ( 1976 ) . A History of the Jewish People . Harvard University Press . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 39731 - 6 . The name Judea no longer referred only to ... Jump up ^ Martin Sicker ( 2001 ) . Between Rome and Jerusalem : 300 Years of Roman - Judaean Relations . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97140 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Armenians of Jerusalem Launch Project To Preserve History and Culture '' . Pr-inside.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Aram Topchyan ; Aram Tʻopʻchʻyan ( 2006 ) . The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movses Xorenacʻi 's History of Armenia . Isd . ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 1662 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jacob Neusner ( 1997 ) . A History of the Jews in Babylonia . Brill Archive . p. 351 . ^ Jump up to : Mommsen , Theodor ( 1886 ) . The History of Rome . R. Bentley . p. 174 . ( Judaea under the republic ) . The state of things in northern Syria was organised by the generals of the republic , Pompeius and his immediate successors , on such a footing , that the larger powers that were beginning to be formed there were again reduced , and the whole land was broken up into single city - domains and petty lordships . The Jews were most severely affected by this course ; not merely were they obliged to give up all the possessions which they had hitherto gained , particularly the whole coast ( iv. 142 ) , but Gabinius had even broken up the empire formerly subsisting into five independent self - administering districts , and withdrawn from the high priest Hyrcanus his secular privileges ( iv. 158 ) . Thus , as the protecting power was restored on the one hand , so was the pure theocracy on the other . ( Image of p. 174 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Hitti , Phillip K. ( 1 January 2004 ) . History of Syria , Including Lebanon and Palestine . Gorgias Press LLC . p. 287 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59333 - 119 - 1 . ( Under the early Roman Emperors ) . The local communities lived under a variety of governments . The Greco - Macedonian colonies kept their own magistrates under whom were a senate and a popular assembly . The ancient Greek city - state remained the organization type . The Phoenician city - states likewise retained their traditional oligarchical systems , to which a Greek colouring had been by this time added . Jump up ^ Butcher , Kevin ( 2003 ) . Roman Syria and the Near East . Getty Publications . pp. 112 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89236 - 715 - 3 . Pompey and his successors restored the ' freedom ' of the subject cities , but not all of them managed to survive as city states after the first century BC . Those that did included Dora ( Tel Dor ) , Gaba ( Tel Shush ) , Samaria ( refounded by Herod as Sebaste ) . Strato 's Tower ( refounded by Herod as Caesarea ) , Gaza , Anthedon ( Blakhiyeh ) and Raphia ( Tel Rafah ) . Jump up ^ Sartre , Maurice ( 2005 ) . The Middle East Under Rome . Harvard University Press . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01683 - 5 . The Hasmonaean state had been seriously diminished : it now included only Judaea , Samaria ( except for the city of Samaria itself ) , southern Galilee , and eastern Idumaea . Lands that had been appropriated were awarded to other kingdoms , and many city - states were added to the province of Syria in particular . These included not only all the cities situated beyond the Jordan and Lake Tiberias ( Hippos , Gadara , Pella , Gerasa , Dion ) , but also cities of the southern Levant , along the coast as well as inland ( Scythopolis , Samaria , Iamnia , Gaza , Joppa , Dora ) . ( note 67 . ) With this reorganization , Pompey , inaugurated a policy of client states in Judaea like the one already in place in much of Anatolia . ( ... ) Pompey restored damaged and destroyed cities everywhere . Above all , he guaranteed the independence of cities formerly occupied by Hasmonaeans , on the coast ( Gaza , Anthedon ) , in Idumaea and Samaria ( Samaria it - self , Adora , Marisa ) , as well as in the Transjordan region , where Gadara , Pella , Gerasa , and Dion in particular were liberated and integrated into a district originally comprising ten cities that seem to have been linked geographically and administratively rather than politically . Jump up ^ Loos , Hendrik van der ( 1965 ) . The Miracles Of Jesus . Brill Archive . pp. 524 , note 4 . GGKEY : ZY15HUEX1RJ . They are the Hellenistic towns of Perea ( except Scythopolis ) , once subjugated by Alexander Jannaeus , and later liberated again by Pompey Jump up ^ Josephus . Antiquities of the Jews . 14.5. 4 . , Perseus Project AJ14. 5.4 , . : `` And when he had ordained five councils ( συνέδρια ) , he distributed the nation into the same number of parts . So these councils governed the people ; the first was at Jerusalem , the second at Gadara , the third at Amathus , the fourth at Jericho , and the fifth at Sepphoris in Galilee . '' Jump up ^ `` Josephus uses συνέδριον for the first time in connection with the decree of the Roman governor of Syria , Gabinius ( 57 BCE ) , who abolished the constitution and the then existing form of government of Palestine and divided the country into five provinces , at the head of each of which a sanhedrin was placed ( '' Ant . '' xiv 5 , § 4 ) . '' via Jewish Encyclopedia : Sanhedrin : Jump up ^ `` Herod '' . Concise Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Herodium ( Jebel Fureidis ) Jordan / Israel '' . The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.887.a.php Jump up ^ `` Judaea - Palestine '' . UNRV History : Roman Empire . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Josephus . Antiquities of the Jews . Translated by Whiston , William . 18.1. 1 . , Perseus Project AJ18. 1.1 , . `` Cyrenius came himself into Judea , which was now added to the province of Syria '' Jump up ^ H.H. Ben - Sasson , A History of the Jewish People , pp. 247 -- 248 : `` Consequently , the province of Judea may be regarded as a satellite of Syria , though , in view of the measure of independence left to its governor in domestic affairs , it would be wrong to say that in the Julio - Claudian era Judea was legally part of the province of Syria . '' Jump up ^ A History of the Jewish People , H.H. Ben - Sasson editor , 1976 , p. 247 : `` When Judea was converted into a Roman province ( in 6 CE , p. 246 ) , Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country . The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea . The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem , and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the hellenistic cities ( Sebaste , Caesarea and others ) . '' Jump up ^ Köstenberger , Kellum & Quarles 2009 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Maier 1989 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Green , McKnight & Marshall 1992 , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Borg , Marcus J. ( 2006 ) . `` The Spirit - Filled Experience of Jesus '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; McKnight , Scot . The Historical Jesus in Recent Research . Eisenbrauns . p. 303 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57506 - 100 - 9 . Jump up ^ Crossan & Watts 1999 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Vermes , Géza ( 2010 ) . The Nativity : History and Legend . Random House Digital . pp. 81 -- 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 49918 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2003 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Meier 1991 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Finegan , Jack ( 1998 ) . Handbook of Biblical Chronology , rev . ed . Hendrickson Publishers . p. 319 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56563 - 143 - 4 . ( ( # cite_ref - FOOTNOTEFor_example , _John_P. _Meier_states_that_Jesus'_birth_year_is_ ' ' c . ' ' _7 / 6_BC , ' `` ` UNIQ -- ref - 00000081 - QINU ` '' ' _while_Finegan_favors_ ' ' c . ' ' _3 / 2_BC . ' `` ` UNIQ -- ref - 00000082 - QINU ` '' ' _105 - 0 ^ ) ) For example , John P. Meier states that Jesus ' birth year is c. 7 / 6 BC , ( 103 ) while Finegan favors c. 3 / 2 BC. . Jump up ^ Levine 2006 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Humphreys , Colin J. ; Waddington , W.G. ( 1992 ) . `` The Jewish Calendar , a Lunar Eclipse and the Date of Christ 's Crucifixion '' ( PDF ) . Tyndale Bulletin . 43 ( 2 ) : 340 . Jump up ^ Köstenberger , Kellum & Quarles 2009 , p. 398 . Jump up ^ Mark A. Chancey ( 2005 ) Greco - Roman Culture and the Galilee of Jesus Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 84647 - 1 p 62 Jump up ^ H.H. Ben - Sasson , A History of the Jewish People , Harvard University Press , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 39731 - 2 , page 334 : `` In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land , Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria - Palestina , a name that became common in non-Jewish literature . '' Jump up ^ Ariel Lewin . The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine . Getty Publications , 2005 p. 33 . `` It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name -- one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity ( Palestine ) , already known from the writings of Herodotus -- Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land . '' ISBN 0 - 89236 - 800 - 4 Jump up ^ Peter Schäfer ( 2003 ) . The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered : New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome . Isd . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 16 - 148076 - 8 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Roman History , Cassius Dio , book 69 parts 12 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Lehmann , Clayton Miles ( Summer 1998 ) . `` Palestine : History : 135 -- 337 : Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy '' . The On - line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces . University of South Dakota . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Whealey , J ( 2008 ) `` Eusebius and the Jewish Authors : His Citation Technique in an Apologetic Context '' ( Journal of Theological Studies ; Vol 59 : 359 -- 362 ) Jump up ^ Hans Küng , Christianity and world religions : paths of dialogue with Islam , Hinduism , and Buddhism , Orbis Books , 1993 p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Shahin ( 2005 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Shaye I.D. Cohen . `` Legitimization Under Constantine '' . PBS . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Schaff 's Seven Ecumenical Councils : First Nicaea : Canon VII : `` Since custom and ancient tradition have prevailed that the Bishop of Aelia ( i.e. , Jerusalem ) should be honored , let him , saving its due dignity to the Metropolis , have the next place of honor . '' ; `` It is very hard to determine just what was the `` precedence '' granted to the Bishop of Aelia , nor is it clear which is the `` metropolis '' referred to in the last clause . Most writers , including Hefele , Balsamon , Aristenus and Beveridge consider it to be Cæsarea ; while Zonaras thinks Jerusalem to be intended , a view recently adopted and defended by Fuchs ; others again suppose it is Antioch that is referred to . '' Jump up ^ Thomas A. Idniopulos ( 1998 ) . `` Weathered by Miracles : A History of Palestine From Bonaparte and Muhammad Ali to Ben - Gurion and the Mufti '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Arabia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ H.H. Ben - Sasson , A History of the Jewish People , Harvard University Press , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 39731 - 2 , p. 351 Jump up ^ Merrills , A.H. , History and Geography in Late Antiquity , Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought fourth Series , Cambridge University Press , Melbourne , 2005 , pp. 242 -- 243 Jump up ^ Horn , Cornelia B. ; Robert R. Phenix , Jr. 2008 . The Lives of Peter the Iberian , Theodosius of Jerusalem , and the Monk Romanus . Atlanta , Georgia : Society of Biblical Literature , p. lxxxviii . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 200 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Kenneth G. Holum `` Palestine '' The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Ed . Alexander P. Kazhdan . Oxford University Press 1991 . Jump up ^ Glen Warren Bowersock , Peter Robert Lamont Brown , Oleg Grabar ( 1999 ) Late Antiquity : A Guide to the Postclassical World Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 51173 - 5 p 553 Jump up ^ Moshe Gil and Ethel Broido ( 1997 ) History of Palestine , 634 -- 1099 , Translated by Ethel Broido Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 59984 - 9 p 3 Jump up ^ Jews and Christians in the Holy Land , Gunter Stemberger , 2000 Jump up ^ Browning , Robert . 1978 . The Emperor Julian . Berkeley , California : University of California Press , p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03731 - 6 Jump up ^ Martindale , Jones & Morris ( 1992 ) , p. 102 -- 104 Jump up ^ `` The Emperor Justinian and Jerusalem ( 527 -- 565 CE ) '' . Snunit.k12.il . Archived from the original on 2002 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hussey , J.M. 1961 . The Byzantine World . New York , New York : Harper & Row , Publishers , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Karen Armstrong . 1997 . Jerusalem : One City , Three Faiths . New York , New York : Ballantine Books , p. 229 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 39168 - 3 Jump up ^ Ostrogorsky , George . 1969 . History of the Byzantine State . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Rutgers University Press , p. 104 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 0599 - 2 Jump up ^ Paul Johnson , A History of the Jews ( London 1987 ) Jump up ^ A History of Palestine , 634 -- 1099 , Moshe Gil , pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ See Muhammad 's first revelation Jump up ^ `` Translation of Sahih Bukhari , Book 21 , Number 281 : `` Do not set out on a journey except for three Mosques i.e. Al - Masjid - Al - Haram , the Mosque of Allah 's Apostle , and the Mosque of Al - Aqsa , ( Mosque of Jerusalem ) . '' `` . Islamicity.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Jacob Rader ( March 2000 ) . The Jew in the Medieval World : A Source Book , 315 - 1791 ( Revised ed . ) . Hebrew Union College Press . pp. 13 -- 15 . ISBN 0 - 87820 - 217 - X . Jump up ^ Gil , Moshe ( February 1997 ) . A History of Palestine , 634 -- 1099 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 68 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59984 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : F.E. Peters ( 1985 ) . Jerusalem . Princeton University Press . pp. 186 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Dan Bahat ( 1990 ) . The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem . Simon & Schuster . pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ John Wilkinson ( 2002 ) . Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusades . p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Shahin , 2005 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.mideastweb.org/caliph2m.gif Jump up ^ Walid Khalidi ( 1984 ) . Before Their Diaspora . Institute for Palestine Studies , Washington DC . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 0 - 88728 - 144 - 3 . Jump up ^ Haim Gerber ( Fall 2003 ) . `` Zionism , Orientalism , and the Palestinians '' . Journal of Palestine Studies . Journal of Palestine Studies . 33 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 41 . doi : 10.1525 / jps. 2003.33. 1.23 . ^ Jump up to : James Parkes . `` Palestine Under the Caliphs '' . MidEastWeb . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rizwi Faizer ( 1998 ) . `` The Shape of the Holy : Early Islamic Jerusalem '' . Rizwi 's Bibliography for Medieval Islam . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ahl al - Kitab. ( 2007 ) . In Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online ^ Jump up to : Shahin ( 2005 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ M. Cherif Bassiouni ( 2004 ) . `` Islamic Civilization : An Overview '' . Middle East Institute : The George Camp Keiser Library . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gil , Moshe ( February 1997 ) . A History of Palestine , 634 -- 1099 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 297 -- 298 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59984 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ghada Hashem Talhami ( February 2000 ) . `` The Modern History of Islamic Jerusalem : Academic Myths and Propaganda '' . VII ( 2 ) . Middle East Policy Council . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Yaacov Lev ( 2007 ) . `` The Ethics and Practice of Islamic Medieval Charity '' . 5 ( 2 ) . History Compass : 603 -- 618 . ^ Jump up to : Gil , Moshe ( February 1997 ) . A History of Palestine , 634 -- 1099 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 279 -- 281 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59984 - 9 . Jump up ^ Palestine Exploration Fund , 1872 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Patrich , 2001 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Shagrir , Ellenblum , Riley - Smith , and Kedar , 2007 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Miriam Greenblatt ( 2002 ) . Charlemagne and the Early Middle Ages . Benchmark Books . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 1487 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gil , Moshe ( February 1997 ) . A History of Palestine , 634 -- 1099 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 159 and 285 -- 289 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59984 - 9 . Jump up ^ Heck , Gene W. ( 2006 ) . Charlemagne , Muhammad , and the Arab roots of capitalism . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 019229 - 2 . Jump up ^ Majid Khadduri ( 2006 ) . War and Peace in the Law of Islam . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd. p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 695 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt : The Fatimid Period 969 -- 1771 '' . Arab Net . 2002 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1997 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Norwich 1997 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Moshe Gil , A History of Palestine ( Cambridge , 1992 ) p. 410 ; p. 411 n . 61 Jump up ^ Singh , Nagendra. 2002 . `` International Encyclopedia of Islamic Dynasties '' Jump up ^ Bosworth , Clifford Edmund. 2007 . `` Historic Cities of the Islamic World Jump up ^ Holt , pp. 11 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Norwich , pg. 30 Jump up ^ Canduci , pg. 279 Jump up ^ Runciman , Steven . 1951 . A History of the Crusades : Volume 1 The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . New York , New York : Cambridge University Press , pp. 279 -- 290 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 06161 - X Jump up ^ David Nicolle ( July 2005 ) . Crusader Castles in the Holy Land 1192 -- 1302 . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 827 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Projects : The Old City of Akko ( Acre ) '' . Israeli Antiquities Authority . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Frank Heynick , Jews and medicine , An Epic Saga , KTAV Publishing House , Inc. , 2002 p. 103 , commenting on Maimonidies ' decision not to settle there a century later . Jump up ^ A History of the Crusades : The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East ( vol 5 ) , By Kenneth M. Setton , Norman P. Zacour , Harry W. Hazard , Marshall Whithed Baldwin , Robert Lee Wolff , Univ of Wisconsin Press , 1985 , ISBN 0 - 299 - 09144 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 09144 - 6 , pp. 96 . Jump up ^ Sefer HaCharedim Mitzvat Tshuva Chapter 3 ^ Jump up to : Kenneth Setton , ed . A History of the Crusades , vol . I. University of Pennsylvania Press , 1958 ^ Jump up to : Shahin ( 2005 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ p. 73 in Jonathan Sachs ( 2005 ) To heal a fractured world : the ethics of responsibility . London : Continuum ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 8039 - 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Jerusalem ( After 1291 ) '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Myriam Rosen - Ayalon , ` ` Between Cairo and Damascus : Rural Life and Urban Economics in the Holy Land During the Ayyuid , Maluk and Ottoman Periods in The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land edited Thomas Evan Levy , Continuum International Publishing Group , 1998 ^ Jump up to : Walid Khalidi ( 1984 ) . Before Their Diaspora . Institute for Palestine Studies , Washington DC . pp. 28 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 88728 - 144 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chase , 2003 , pp. 104 -- 105 . ^ Jump up to : Ze'evi , 1996 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Doumani , 1995 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Gerber , 1998 , pp. 565 -- 566 . ^ Jump up to : Ze'evi , 1996 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Gerber , 1998 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( 1639 ) . The Historie of the Holy Warre . Thomas Buck . p. 248 . Jump up ^ John Milner ( 1688 ) . A Collection of the Church - history of Palestine : From Birth of Christ ... Dring . Jump up ^ The London Magazine , and Monthly Chronologer . Edward Ekshaw. 1741 . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Salmon , Thomas ( 1744 ) . Modern History , Or , The Present State of All Nations : Describing Their Respective Situations , Persons , Habits , and Buildings , Manners , Laws and Customs ... Plants , Animals , and Minerals . 1 . London : Printed for T. Longman . T. Osborne . J. Shuckburgh. C. Hitch . S. Austen . And J. Rivington . p. 461 . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Scholch , ed . Qusner , 1986 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Ze'evi , 1996 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Ze'evi , 1996 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Ze'evi , 1996 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Ze'evi , 1996 , p. 39 and p. 47 . Jump up ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin ( 1993 ) . The Druzes : A New Study of Their History , Faith , and Society . BRILL . p. 192 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09705 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sharon , 2009 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Labat , 1735 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Filiu , 2014 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Ze'evi , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Joudah , 1987 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Doumani , 1995 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Ze'evi , 1996 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Ze'evi , 1996 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Filiu , 2014 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Ze'evi , 1996 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Doumani , 1995 , pp. 36 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Doumani , 1995 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Doumani , 1995 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Joudah , 1987 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Joudah , 1987 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Joudah , 1987 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Sluglett , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Joudah , 1987 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Philipp , 2013 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Rogan , 2012 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Joudah , 1987 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Joudah , 1987 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Joudah , 1987 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Philipp , 2013 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Joudah , 1987 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Joudah , 1987 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Doumani , 1995 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Doumani , 1995 , p. 268 . ^ Jump up to : Doumani , 1995 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Doumani , 1995 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Doumani , 1995 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Doumani , 1995 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Yazbak , 1998 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Kramer , 2011 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Kramer , 2011 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Sluglett , pp. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Philipp , 1998 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Filiu , 2014 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ McGregor , 2006 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Yazbak , 1998 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Simon Schwarzfuchs ( 1979 ) . Napoleon , the Jews , and the Sanhedrin . Routledge & Kegan Paul . Jump up ^ Doumani , 1995 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Doumani , 1995 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Herold , 2009 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ McGregor , 2006 , pp. 44 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Doumani , 1995 , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Philipp , 2013 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Philipp , 2013 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Mattar , 2005 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Philipp , 2013 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Mishaqah , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Philipp , 2013 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Philipp , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Mishaqah , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Philipp , pp. 91 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Philipp , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Philipp , pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Mattar , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Doumani , 1995 Jump up ^ Mishaqah , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Doumani , 1995 , pp. 44 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Doumani , 1995 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Kimmerling , 2012 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Rood , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Kimmerling , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kimmerling , 2012 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Rood , pp. 132 -- 133 . ^ Jump up to : Kimmerling , 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Rood , p. 96 . Jump up ^ The Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire and the Question of their Abrogation as it Affects the United States , Lucius Ellsworth Thayer , The American Journal of International Law , Vol. 17 , No. 2 ( April , 1923 ) , pp. 207 -- 233 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Ruth Kark ( 1994 ) . American Consuls in the Holy Land , 1832 -- 1914 . Wayne State University Press . p. 139 . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 2523 - 8 . Jump up ^ Biger , Gideon ( 1981 ) . Where was Palestine ? Pre-World War I perception , AREA ( Journal of the Institute of British Geographers ) Vol 13 , No. 2 , pp. 153 -- 160 . Jump up ^ The Abrogation of the Turkish Capitulations , Norman Bentwich , Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law , Third Series , Vol. 5 , No. 4 ( 1923 ) , pp. 182 -- 188 ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Raja Shehadeh , Kluwer Law International , 1997 , ISBN 90 - 411 - 0618 - 9 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Ambassador Morgenthau 's Story , Henry Morgenthau , Cornell University Library 2009 , ISBN 1 - 112 - 30638 - 2 , Chapter 10 , p. 70 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ The Habsburgs and the Jewish Philanthropy in Jerusalem during the Crimean War ( 1853 -- 6 ) , Yochai Ben - Ghedalia , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , 2009 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ See Jews , Turks , Ottomans , Avigdor Levy ( Editor ) Syracuse University Press , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2941 - 9 , p. 109 ; Christian communities in Jerusalem and the West Bank since 1948 , By Daphne Tsimhoni , Praeger , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 275 - 93921 - 9 , p. xv Jump up ^ See International law : achievements and prospects , UNESCO , editor Mohammed Bedjaoui , Martinus Nijhoff Publishers , 1991 , ISBN 92 - 3 - 102716 - 6 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Heikki Palva , Negations in the dialect of es - Salt , Jordan , university of Helsinki , in , Martine Haak , Rudolf de Jong , Kees Versteegh , eds. , Approaches to Arabic dialects : A collection of articles presented to Manfred Woidich on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday , Koninklijke Brill NV , The Netherlands , 2004 , p. 223 Jump up ^ Heikki Palva , Negations in the dialect of es - Salt , Jordan , university of Helsinki , in , Martine Haak , Rudolf de Jong , Kees Versteegh , eds. , Approaches to Arabic dialects : A collection of articles presented to Manfred Woidich on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday , Koninklijke Brill NV , The Netherlands , 2004 , pp. 223 -- 224 ^ Jump up to : Gideon Biger , The Boundaries of Modern Palestine , 1840 -- 1947 , pp. 13 -- 15 . Routledge , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5654 - 2 Jump up ^ Jankowski , James P. ( 1997 ) . Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East . Columbia University Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10695 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bernard Lewis , `` Palestine : On the History and Geography of a Name '' , International History Review 11 ( 1980 ) : 1 -- 12 Jump up ^ Porath , 1974 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Haim Gerber ( 1998 ) referring to fatwas by two Hanafite Syrian jurists . Jump up ^ Strawson , John ( 2010 ) , pp. 25 . Jump up ^ Scharfstein , Sol , Chronicle of Jewish History : From the Patriarchs to the 21st Century , p. 231 , Ktav Publishing House ( 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 88125 - 545 - 9 Jump up ^ `` New Aliyah -- Modern Zionist Aliyot ( 1882 -- 1948 ) '' . Jewish Agency for Israel . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The First Aliyah '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mandel , Neville , The Arabs and Zionism before World War I , Berkeley : University of California Press , 1976 . ( p. xviii ) Jump up ^ Porath , Zipporah , Letters from Jerusalem , 1947 -- 1948 , Jerusalem : Association of Americans and Canadians in Israel , 1987 ( p. 26 ) Jump up ^ `` Israeli government site on the Second Aliyah '' . Moia.gov.il . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Baylis Thomas ( 1999 ) . How Israel was Won : A Concise History of the Arab - Israeli Conflict . Lexington Books . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0064 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hughes , 1999 , p. 17 ; p. 97 . Jump up ^ See also Third Battle of Gaza and Battle of Beersheba Jump up ^ `` The Palestine Mandate '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Article 22 , The Covenant of the League of Nations Archived 2016 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . and `` Mandate for Palestine '' , Encyclopedia Judaica , Vol. 11 , p. 862 , Keter Publishing House , Jerusalem , 1972 Jump up ^ see A History of the Israeli - Palestinian conflict , By Mark A. Tessler , Indiana University Press , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 253 - 20873 - 4 , pp. 155 -- 156 Jump up ^ J.B. Barron , ed. ( 1923 ) . Palestine : Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 . Government of Palestine . Table I . Jump up ^ ' Zionist Aspirations : Dr Weizmann on the Future of Palestine ' , The Times , Saturday , 8 May 1920 ; p. 15 . Jump up ^ Gelber , 1997 , pp. 6 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Sicker , 1999 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Boundaries Delimitation : Palestine and Trans - Jordan , Yitzhak Gil - Har , Middle Eastern Studies , Vol. 36 , No. 1 ( January , 2000 ) , pp. 68 -- 81 Jump up ^ See Marjorie M. Whiteman , Digest of International Law , vol. 1 , U.S. State Department ( Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1963 ) pp. 650 -- 652 Jump up ^ `` The Council for Arab - British Understanding '' . CAABU . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ No. 565 . -- Exchange of Notes * Constituting an Agreement Between the British and French Governments Respecting the Boundary Line Between Syria and Palestine from the Mediterranean to El Hammé , Paris March 7 , 1923 , p. 7 Border Treaty Archived 2008 - 09 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ingrams , 1972 Jump up ^ `` Mandate for Palestine -- Interim report of the Mandatory to the LoN / Balfour Declaration text '' . League of Nations . 1921 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Henry Laurens , La Question de Palestine , Fayard , Paris 2002 vol. 2 p. 101 Jump up ^ Rashid Khalidi , The Iron Cage : The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood , 2006 . Beacon Press . ( 7 ) . Jump up ^ see see Uniform and History of the Palestine Police Jump up ^ Etzel -- The Establishment of Irgun . Jump up ^ `` Restraint and Retaliation '' . Etzel . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ see for example the incident on 14 March 1937 when Arieh Yitzhaki and Benjamin Zeroni tossed a bomb into the Azur coffee house outside Tel Aviv in Terror Out of Zion , by J. Bowyer Bell , Transaction Publishers , 1996 , ISBN 1 - 56000 - 870 - 9 , pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` Aljazeera : The history of Palestinian revolts '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Why Italian Planes Bombed Tel - Aviv ? '' . Isracast.com. 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ How the Palmach was formed ( History Central ) Jump up ^ Karl Lenk , The Mauritius Affair , The Boat People of 1940 / 41 , London 1991 Jump up ^ James L. Gelvin , The Israel - Palestine conflict , Cambridge University Press , 2007 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ `` Land Registration in Palestine before 1948 ( Nakba ) : Table 2 showing Holdings of Large Jewish Lands Owners as of December 31st , 1945 , British Mandate : A Survey of Palestine : Volume I -- Page 245 . Chapter VIII : Land : Section 3 . -- Palestine Remembered '' . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Rise and fall of the British Empire , By Lawrence James , Macmillan , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 16985 - X , p. 562 Jump up ^ see Request for a Special Session of the General Assembly on Palestine Jump up ^ see Rabbi Silver 's request regarding the formation of a Jewish militia and the dissolution of the mandate in S / PV. 262 , Minutes 262nd Meeting of the UN Security Council , 5 March 1948 Jump up ^ UNITED NATIONS General Assembly : A / RES / 181 ( II ) : 29 November 1947 : Resolution 181 ( II ) : Future government of Palestine : Retrieved 26 April 2012 Archived 24 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Plascov , Avi ( 1981 ) . The Palestinian Refugees in Jordan 1948 - 1957 . Psychology Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 3120 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bovis , H. Eugene ( 1971 ) . The Jerusalem Question , 1917 - 1968 . Hoover Press . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 3293 - 0 . Jump up ^ 6 Arab states , Egypt , Iraq , Lebanon , Saudi Arabia , Syria , Yemen : 4 Moslem states , Afghanistan , Iran , Pakistan , Turkey : Greece , Cuba and India also voted against . See Henry Cattan , The Palestine question , Routledge , London 1988 p. 36 Jump up ^ Benny Morris , 1948 . A History of the First Arab - Israeli War , Yale University Press , 2008 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs : Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel : 14 May 1948 : Retrieved 26 April 2012 Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Snetsinger ( 1974 ) . Truman , The Jewish Vote , and the Creation of Israel . Hoover Press . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 3393 - 7 . Jump up ^ see The Middle East Journal , Middle East Institute ( Washington , D.C. ) , 1949 , p. 78 , October 1 ) : Robert A. Lovett , Acting Secretary of State , announced the U.S. would not recognize the new Arab Government in Palestine , and Foreign relations of the United States , 1948 . The Near East , South Asia , and Africa , Volume V , Part 2 , p. 1448 ^ Jump up to : Gelber , Yoav ( 2006 ) . Palestine , 1948 : War , Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem . Sussex Academic Press . p. 364 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84519 - 075 - 0 . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ; Priscilla Roberts ( 2008 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Arab - Israeli Conflict : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 4 volumes ) : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 464 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 842 - 2 . Jump up ^ See Jericho Declaration , Palestine Post , December 14 , 1948 , Front page Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim in Pappe 's The Israel / Palestine question , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Carroll , K.B. , Business As Usual ? : Economic Reform in Jordan , Lexington Books , 2003 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Lutfiyya , A.M. , Baytin : A Jordanian Village . A Study of Social Institutions and Social Change in a Folk Community , Walter de Gruyter , 1966 , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Carroll , p. 108 Jump up ^ Ian Lustick , Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem ? Archived 2009 - 11 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ian J. Bickerton 2009 , The Arab -- Israeli Conflict : A History . Reaktion Books Ltd , ISBN 9781861895271 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Israel and the Palestinians : Key terms , BBC ^ Jump up to : Baroud , Ramzy ( July 2007 ) . `` Gaza : chaos foretold '' . Le Monde Diplomatique . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` No - goodniks and the Palestinian shootout '' . Asia Times . 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` IDF : More than 300,000 settlers live in West Bank '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Schell , Bernhard ( July 31 , 2011 ) . `` UN will count 194 members if Palestine gets in '' . InDepthNews . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sawafta , A. ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` Arabs to seek full Palestinian upgrade at UN '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Staff writers ( July 6 , 2011 ) . `` Arab League Requests Palestinian Statehood from U.N. '' Palestine News Network . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ashkar , Alaa ; Bannoura , Saed ( 9 September 2011 ) . `` UN Secretary - General Supports Full Palestinian Membership '' . IMEMC News . International Middle East Media Center . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Report of possible Gaza independence stirs debate '' . Al Arabiya. 31 July 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinians to renew U.N. statehood drive in September '' . Al Arabiya . August 4 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` A / 67 / L. 28 of 26 November 2012 and A / RES / 67 / 19 of 29 November 2012 '' . Unispal.un.org . Archived from the original on 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Inside Story . `` Palestine : What is in a name ( change ) ? '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Israel defies UN after vote on Palestine with plans for 3,000 new homes in the West Bank '' . The Independent . 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations '' . Archived from the original on 31 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinian Authority officially changes name to ' State of Palestine ' '' . Haaretz.com. 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gharib , Ali ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) . `` U.N. Adds New Name : `` State of Palestine '' `` . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Bibliography Gerber , Haim ( 1998 ) . `` ' Palestine ' and other Territorial Concepts in the 17th Century '' . International Journal of Middle East Studies . 30 ( 4 ) : 563 -- 572 . doi : 10.1017 / s0020743800052569 . Filiu , Jean - Pierre ( 2014 ) . Gaza : A History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190201890 . Herold , J. Christopher ( 2009 ) . Bonaparte in Egypt . Fireship Press . ISBN 9781934757765 . Joudah , Ahmad Hasan ( 1987 ) . Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century : The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al - ʻUmar . Kingston Press . ISBN 9780940670112 . Krämer , Gudrun ( 2011 ) . A History of Palestine : From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691150079 . Labat , Jean Baptiste ( 1735 ) . Mémoires du Chevalier d'Arvieux ( in French ) . Charles Jean Baptiste Delespine . McGregor , Andrew James ( 2006 ) . A Military History of Modern Egypt : From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780275986018 . Philipp , Thomas ( 1998 ) . The Syrian Land : Processes of Integration and Fragmentation : Bilād Al - Shām from the 18th to the 20th Century . Franz Steiner Verlag . ISBN 9783515073097 . Philipp , Thomas ( 2013 ) . Acre : The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City , 1730 -- 1831 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231506038 . Shahin , Mariam ( 2005 ) . Palestine : A Guide . Interlink Books . ISBN 1 - 56656 - 557 - X . Sharon , Moshe ( 2009 ) . Handbook of Oriental Studies : The Near and Middle East . Corpus inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae . BRILL . ISBN 90 - 04 - 17085 - 5 . Sluglett , Peter , ed. ( 2014 ) . The Urban Social History of the Middle East , 1750 -- 1950 . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 9780815650638 . Ze'evi , Dror ( 1996 ) . An Ottoman century : the district of Jerusalem in the 1600s . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2915 - 6 . External links Picturesque Palestine , Sinai and Egypt by Colonel Sir Charles William Wilson , ed. ( published 1881 -- 1884 ) image gallery at New York Public Library A chronology of milestones in Palestine 's modern history by Al Jazeera Holy land Maps Abraham J. Brawer & Shimon Gibson , Palestine , Encyclopedia Judaica A map of Palestine from 1475 , it is considered one of the earliest printed maps . Syria and Palestine from 1920 Zionism and the Land of Israel Historic region of Israel Independent Israel Modern Israel History Prehistory / History of the Levant History of ancient Israel and Judah Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism The Jewish people Timeline of Jewish history History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel ( leaders ) Modern Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel History of Israel Israeli Jews Culture of Israel Law of Return History to 1948 Zionism ( history timeline ) Aliyah Theodor Herzl Balfour Declaration History UN Partition Plan Declaration of Independence Politics Arab -- Israeli conflict Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( Peace process Disengagement from Gaza Society and economy Kibbutzim and Moshavim Exodus from Arab countries Development towns Austerity Agriculture technology Green Line Israeli settlements Timeline International law West Bank Judea and Samaria Area Gaza Strip Geography Hof Aza Regional Council East Jerusalem Positions on Jerusalem Palestinian nationalism and the region of Palestine Palestine ( British Mandate borders ) State of Palestine Palestinian National Authority Name Timeline of the name `` Palestine '' History Time periods Demographics Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Palestinians Culture Refugees Diaspora Right of return Political status History Palestine Liberation Organization Green Line Palestinian territories West Bank History Geography Gaza Strip History Geography East Jerusalem Positions on Jerusalem Jerusalem Governorate Oslo Accords Interim Agreement ( `` Oslo 2 '' ) Politics Cities ( PNA -- administered ) Electoral districts Foreign relations Governorates Law Legislative Council Political parties Fatah Hamas Palestine region articles History History of Palestine Timeline periods name Jewish Christian Muslim Geographic definition Demographics Abrahamic holy places Cave of the Patriarchs Joseph 's Tomb Rachel 's Tomb Lot 's Tomb Judaism Four Holy Cities Western Wall Christianity Church of the Holy Sepulchre Church of the Nativity Basilica of the Annunciation Islam Dome of the Rock Al - Aqsa Mosque Great Mosque of Gaza Regimes Canaanite tribes New Kingdom of Egypt Ancient Israel and Judah / Phoenicia / Philistia Neo-Assyrian Empire / Neo-Babylonian Empire Persian Empire Yehud Medinata Hellenistic Greece / Hasmonean dynasty Roman Empire Herodian dynasty Kingdom Tetrarchy Roman Judea Syria Palaestina Byzantine Empire Palaestina Prima / Palaestina Secunda Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid / Fatimid Crusaders / Seljuk Empire / Ayyubids The Mamluk Ottoman Empire British Empire Modern state of Israel Egyptian rule of Gaza / Jordanian rule of West Bank Palestinian territories / Palestinian National Authority / Gaza Strip / State of Palestine / Israeli - occupied territories History of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Palestine&oldid=842664664 '' Categories : History of Palestine ( region ) History of the Levant Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing French - 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when did the ottoman empire take over palestine
[ "Region of Palestine was conqueredby the Islamic Empire following the 636 CE Battle of Yarmouk during the Muslim conquest of Syria, and the Muslims gave relief from burdensome Roman taxes and religious persecution of Christian heretics.[citation needed] The country was incorporated into Bilad al-Sham Province as military districts of Urdunn and Filastin. In 661 CE, with the assassination of Ali, Muawiyah I became the uncontested Caliph of the Islamic World after being crowned in Jerusalem. In 691, the Dome of the Rock became the world's first great work of Islamic architecture. The Umayyads were replaced by the Abbasids in 750. From 878 Palestine was ruled from Egypt by semi-autonomous rulers for almost a century, beginning with Ahmad ibn Tulun and ending with the Ikhshidid rulers who were both buried in Jerusalem. The Fatimids conquered the region in 969. In 1073, Palestine was captured by the Great Seljuq Empire, only to be recaptured by the Fatimids in 1098, who then lost the region to the Crusaders in 1099. Crusader control of Jerusalem and most of Palestine as the Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted almost a century until defeat by Saladin's forces in 1187, after which most of Palestine became controlled by the Ayyubids. A rump Crusader state in the northern coastal cities survived for another century, but despite seven further Crusades, the Crusaders were no longer a significant power in the region. The Mamluk Sultanate was indirectly created in Egypt as a result of the Seventh Crusade. The Mongol Empire reached Palestine for the first time in 1260, beginning with the raids into the Levant under Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa and reaching an apex at the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut. In 1486, hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Turks and the Ottomans captured Mamluk Palestine and Syria in 1516." ]
[ "1516" ]
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Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award
Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year award - wikipedia Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year award Rookie of the Year Award Jackie Robinson , the inaugural winner in 1947 and eventual namesake of the award Given for Major League Baseball 's best regular - season rookie History First award 1947 Most recent Aaron Judge ( American League ) Cody Bellinger ( National League ) Website Rookie of the Year In Major League Baseball , the Rookie of the Year Award is annually given to one player from each league as voted on by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) . The award was established in 1940 by the Chicago chapter of the BBWAA , which selected an annual winner from 1940 through 1946 . The award became national in 1947 ; Jackie Robinson , the Brooklyn Dodgers ' second baseman , won the inaugural award . One award was presented for both leagues in 1947 and 1948 ; since 1949 , the honor has been given to one player each in the National and American League . Originally , the award was known as the J. Louis Comiskey Memorial Award , named after the Chicago White Sox owner of the 1930s . The award was renamed the Jackie Robinson Award in July 1987 , 40 years after Jackie Robinson broke the baseball color line . Of the 140 players named Rookie of the Year ( as of 2016 ) , 16 have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame -- Jackie Robinson , five American League players , and ten others from the National League . The award has been shared twice : once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976 ; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979 . Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any franchise ( with 18 ) , twice the total of the New York Yankees , and members of the Philadelphia and Oakland Athletics ( eight ) , who have produced the most in the American League . Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year , and Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year . Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award , at age 32 , 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki ( also 32 ) . Aaron Judge of the New York Yankees and Cody Bellinger of the Los Angeles Dodgers are the most recent winners . Contents 1 Qualifications and voting 2 Winners 2.1 Key 2.2 Major Leagues combined ( 1947 -- 48 ) 2.3 American League winners ( 1949 -- present ) 2.4 National League winners ( 1949 -- present ) 3 See also 4 References Qualifications and voting ( edit ) Hideo Nomo won in 1995 , the first of several players to win with past professional baseball experience in Nippon Professional Baseball . From 1947 through 1956 , each BBWAA voter used discretion as to who qualified as a rookie . In 1957 , the term was first defined as someone with fewer than 75 at bats or 45 innings pitched in any previous Major League season . This guideline was later amended to 90 at bats , 45 innings pitched , or 45 days on a Major League roster before September 1 of the previous year . The current standard of 130 at bats , 50 innings pitched or 45 days on the active roster of a Major League club ( excluding time in military service or on the disabled list ) before September 1 was adopted in 1971 . Since 1980 , each voter names three rookies : a first - place choice is given five points , a second - place choice three points , and a third - place choice one point . The award goes to the player who receives the most overall points . Edinson Vólquez received three second - place votes in 2008 balloting despite no longer being a rookie under the award 's definition . The award has drawn criticism in recent years because several players with experience in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) have won the award , such as Hideo Nomo in 1995 , Kazuhiro Sasaki in 2000 , and Ichiro Suzuki in 2001 . The current definition of rookie status for the award is based only on Major League experience , but some feel that past NPB players are not true rookies because of their past professional experience . Others , however , believe it should make no difference since the first recipient and the award 's namesake played for the Negro Leagues prior to his MLB career and thus could also not be considered a `` true rookie '' . This issue arose in 2003 when Hideki Matsui narrowly lost the AL award to Ángel Berroa . Jim Souhan of the Minneapolis Star Tribune said he did not see Matsui as a rookie in 2003 because `` it would be an insult to the Japanese league to pretend that experience did n't count . '' The Japan Times ran a story in 2007 on the labeling of Daisuke Matsuzaka , Kei Igawa , and Hideki Okajima as rookies , saying `` ( t ) hese guys are n't rookies . '' Past winners such as Jackie Robinson , Don Newcombe , and Sam Jethroe had professional experience in the Negro Leagues . Winners ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Cal Ripken , Jr. won in 1982 , and is one of 16 Hall of Famers to win Rookie of the Year honors . Year Links to the article about the corresponding Major League Baseball season † Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Denotes player who is still active * Denotes year in which the award was shared § Unanimous selection Major Leagues combined ( 1947 -- 48 ) ( edit ) Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Ref 1947 Jackie Robinson Brooklyn Dodgers 1B . 297 batting average 125 runs scored 29 stolen bases 1948 Alvin Dark Boston Braves SS . 322 batting average 3 home runs 48 runs batted in American League winners ( 1949 -- present ) ( edit ) Mike Trout , 2012 AL winner Jeremy Hellickson , the 2011 AL winner Evan Longoria , the 2008 AL winner Dustin Pedroia , the 2007 AL winner Justin Verlander , the 2006 AL winner Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Ref 1949 Roy Sievers St. Louis Browns OF . 306 batting average 16 home runs 91 runs batted in 1950 Walt Dropo Boston Red Sox 1B . 322 batting average 34 home runs 144 runs batted in 1951 Gil McDougald New York Yankees 3B . 306 batting average 14 home runs 63 runs batted in 1952 Harry Byrd Philadelphia Athletics 3.31 earned run average 15 complete games 15 -- 15 record in 37 appearances ( 28 games started ) 1953 Harvey Kuenn Detroit Tigers SS . 308 batting average 94 runs scored 209 hits 1954 Bob Grim New York Yankees 3.26 earned run average 199 innings pitched 20 -- 6 record in 37 appearances ( 20 games started ) 1955 Herb Score Cleveland Indians 2.85 earned run average 227 ​ ⁄ innings pitched 16 -- 10 record in 32 games started 1956 Luis Aparicio Chicago White Sox SS . 266 batting average 21 stolen bases 69 runs scored 1957 Tony Kubek New York Yankees SS . 297 batting average 56 runs scored 39 runs batted in 1958 Albie Pearson Washington Senators OF . 275 batting average 3 home runs 63 runs scored 1959 Bob Allison Washington Senators OF . 261 batting average 30 home runs 85 runs batted in 1960 Ron Hansen Baltimore Orioles SS . 255 batting average 22 home runs 86 runs batted in 1961 Don Schwall Boston Red Sox 3.22 earned run average 178 ​ ⁄ innings pitched 15 -- 7 record in 25 games started 1962 Tom Tresh New York Yankees SS . 286 batting average 20 home runs 93 runs batted in 1963 Gary Peters Chicago White Sox 2.33 earned run average 243 innings pitched 19 -- 8 record in 41 appearances ( 30 games started ) 1964 Tony Oliva Minnesota Twins OF . 323 batting average 32 home runs 94 runs batted in 1965 Curt Blefary Baltimore Orioles OF . 260 batting average 22 home runs 70 runs batted in 1966 Tommie Agee Chicago White Sox OF . 273 batting average 44 stolen bases 98 runs scored 1967 Rod Carew Minnesota Twins 2B . 292 batting average 8 home runs 66 runs scored 1968 Stan Bahnsen New York Yankees 2.05 earned run average 267 ​ ⁄ innings pitched 17 -- 12 record in 34 games started 1969 Lou Piniella Kansas City Royals OF . 282 batting average 11 home runs 68 runs batted in 1970 Thurman Munson New York Yankees . 302 batting average 53 runs batted in 52 % caught stealing percentage in the field 1971 Chris Chambliss Cleveland Indians 1B . 275 batting average 9 home runs 48 runs batted in 1972 Carlton Fisk Boston Red Sox . 293 batting average 22 home runs 61 runs batted in 1973 Al Bumbry Baltimore Orioles OF . 337 batting average 11 triples 73 runs scored Mike Hargrove Texas Rangers 1B . 323 batting average . 395 on - base percentage 66 runs batted in Fred Lynn Boston Red Sox OF . 331 batting average 47 doubles 105 runs batted in 1976 Mark Fidrych Detroit Tigers 2.34 earned run average 24 complete games 19 -- 9 record in 29 games started 1977 Eddie Murray Baltimore Orioles DH . 283 batting average 27 home runs 88 runs batted in 1978 Lou Whitaker Detroit Tigers 2B . 285 batting average 3 home runs 58 runs batted in 1979 * John Castino Minnesota Twins 3B . 285 batting average 8 triples 52 runs batted in 1979 * Alfredo Griffin Toronto Blue Jays SS . 287 batting average 10 triples 81 runs scored 1980 Joe Charboneau Cleveland Indians OF . 289 batting average 23 home runs 87 runs batted in 1981 Dave Righetti New York Yankees 2.05 earned run average 105 ​ ⁄ innings pitched 8 -- 4 record in 15 games started 1982 Cal Ripken , Jr . Baltimore Orioles SS . 264 batting average 28 home runs 93 runs batted in Ron Kittle Chicago White Sox OF . 254 batting average 35 home runs 100 runs batted in 1984 Alvin Davis Seattle Mariners 1B . 284 batting average 27 home runs 116 runs batted in 1985 Ozzie Guillén Chicago White Sox SS . 273 batting average 9 triples 71 runs scored 1986 Jose Canseco Oakland Athletics OF . 240 batting average 33 home runs 117 runs batted in Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics 1B . 289 batting average 49 home runs 118 runs batted in 1988 Walt Weiss Oakland Athletics SS . 250 batting average 3 home runs 39 runs batted in 1989 Gregg Olson Baltimore Orioles 1.69 earned run average 85 innings pitched 27 saves 1990 Sandy Alomar , Jr . Cleveland Indians . 290 batting average 9 home runs 66 runs batted in 1991 Chuck Knoblauch Minnesota Twins 2B . 281 batting average 25 stolen bases 78 runs scored 1992 Pat Listach Milwaukee Brewers SS . 290 batting average 54 stolen bases 93 runs scored 1993 Tim Salmon California Angels OF . 283 batting average 31 home runs 95 runs batted in 1994 Bob Hamelin Kansas City Royals DH . 282 batting average 24 home runs 65 runs batted in 1995 Marty Cordova Minnesota Twins OF . 277 batting average 24 home runs 84 runs batted in Derek Jeter New York Yankees SS . 314 batting average 10 home runs 104 runs scored 1997 Nomar Garciaparra Boston Red Sox SS . 306 batting average 30 home runs 122 runs scored 1998 Ben Grieve Oakland Athletics OF . 288 batting average 18 home runs 89 runs batted in 1999 Carlos Beltrán Kansas City Royals OF . 293 batting average 22 home runs 108 runs batted in 2000 Kazuhiro Sasaki Seattle Mariners 3.16 earned run average 78 strikeouts 37 saves 2001 Ichiro Suzuki Seattle Mariners OF . 350 batting average 56 stolen bases 127 runs scored 2002 Eric Hinske Toronto Blue Jays 3B . 279 batting average 24 home runs 84 runs batted in 2003 Ángel Berroa Kansas City Royals SS . 287 batting average 21 stolen bases 92 runs scored Bobby Crosby Oakland Athletics SS . 239 batting average 22 home runs 64 runs batted in 2005 Huston Street Oakland Athletics 1.72 earned run average 78 ​ ⁄ innings pitched 23 saves 2006 Justin Verlander Detroit Tigers 3.63 earned run average 186 innings pitched 17 -- 9 record in 30 games started 2007 Dustin Pedroia Boston Red Sox 2B . 317 batting average 39 doubles 86 runs scored 2008 Evan Longoria Tampa Bay Rays 3B . 272 batting average 27 home runs 85 runs batted in 2009 Andrew Bailey Oakland Athletics 1.84 earned run average 83 ​ ⁄ innings pitched 26 saves Neftalí Feliz Texas Rangers 2.73 earned run average 69 ​ ⁄ innings pitched 40 saves 2011 Jeremy Hellickson Tampa Bay Rays 2.95 earned run average 117 strikeouts 13 -- 10 record in 29 games started 2012 Mike Trout Los Angeles Angels OF . 326 batting average 30 home runs 129 runs scored 49 stolen bases 2013 Wil Myers Tampa Bay Rays OF . 293 batting average 13 home runs 53 runs batted in 2014 José Abreu Chicago White Sox 1B . 317 batting average 36 home runs 107 runs batted in 2015 Carlos Correa Houston Astros SS . 279 batting average 22 home runs 68 runs batted in 2016 Michael Fulmer Detroit Tigers 3.06 earned run average 132 strikeouts 11 -- 7 record in 26 games started 2017 Aaron Judge New York Yankees OF . 284 batting average 52 home runs 114 runs batted in 128 runs scored National League winners ( 1949 -- present ) ( edit ) Bryce Harper , 2012 NL winner Craig Kimbrel , 2011 NL winner Geovany Soto , 2008 NL winner Ryan Braun , 2007 NL winner Ryan Howard , 2005 NL winner Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Ref 1949 Don Newcombe Brooklyn Dodgers 3.17 earned run average 5 shutouts 17 -- 8 record in 31 games started 1950 Sam Jethroe Boston Braves OF . 273 batting average 35 stolen bases 100 runs scored 1951 Willie Mays New York Giants OF . 274 batting average 20 home runs 68 runs batted in 1952 Joe Black Brooklyn Dodgers 2.15 earned run average 15 saves 15 -- 4 record in 56 appearances 1953 Jim Gilliam Brooklyn Dodgers 2B . 278 batting average 17 triples 125 runs scored 1954 Wally Moon St. Louis Cardinals OF . 304 batting average 12 home runs 106 runs scored 1955 Bill Virdon St. Louis Cardinals OF . 281 batting average 17 home runs 68 runs batted in 1956 Frank Robinson Cincinnati Reds OF . 290 batting average 38 home runs 122 runs scored 1957 Jack Sanford Philadelphia Phillies 3.08 earned run average 188 strikeouts 19 -- 8 record in 33 games started 1958 Orlando Cepeda San Francisco Giants 1B . 312 batting average 25 home runs 96 runs batted in 1959 Willie McCovey San Francisco Giants 1B . 354 batting average 13 home runs 38 runs batted in 1960 Frank Howard Los Angeles Dodgers OF . 268 batting average 23 home runs 77 runs batted in 1961 Billy Williams Chicago Cubs OF . 278 batting average 25 home runs 86 runs batted in 1962 Ken Hubbs Chicago Cubs 2B . 260 batting average 90 runs scored Gold Glove Award 1963 Pete Rose Cincinnati Reds 2B . 273 batting average 9 triples 101 runs scored 1964 Dick Allen Philadelphia Phillies 3B . 318 batting average 13 triples 125 runs scored 1965 Jim Lefebvre Los Angeles Dodgers 2B . 250 batting average 12 home runs 69 runs batted in 1966 Tommy Helms Cincinnati Reds 2B . 284 batting average 9 home runs 72 runs scored 1967 Tom Seaver New York Mets 2.76 earned run average 251 innings pitched 16 -- 13 record in 34 games started 1968 Johnny Bench Cincinnati Reds . 275 batting average 15 home runs 82 runs batted in 1969 Ted Sizemore Los Angeles Dodgers 2B . 271 batting average 4 home runs 69 runs scored 1970 Carl Morton Montreal Expos 3.60 earned run average 284 ​ ⁄ innings pitched 18 -- 11 record in 43 appearances ( 37 games started ) 1971 Earl Williams Atlanta Braves . 260 batting average 33 home runs 87 runs batted in 1972 Jon Matlack New York Mets 2.32 earned run average 244 innings pitched 15 -- 10 record in 32 games started 1973 Gary Matthews San Francisco Giants OF . 300 batting average 12 home runs 74 runs scored Bake McBride St. Louis Cardinals OF . 309 batting average 30 stolen bases 81 runs scored John Montefusco San Francisco Giants 2.88 earned run average 215 strikeouts 15 -- 9 record on 34 games started 1976 * Butch Metzger San Diego Padres 2.92 earned run average 16 saves 11 -- 4 record in 77 appearances 1976 * Pat Zachry Cincinnati Reds 2.74 earned run average 204 innings pitched 14 -- 7 record in 38 appearances ( 28 games started ) 1977 Andre Dawson Montreal Expos OF . 282 batting average 19 home runs 65 runs batted in 1978 Bob Horner Atlanta Braves 3B . 266 batting average 23 home runs 63 runs batted in 1979 Rick Sutcliffe Los Angeles Dodgers 3.46 earned run average 242 innings pitched 17 -- 10 record in 39 appearances ( 30 games started ) 1980 Steve Howe Los Angeles Dodgers 2.66 earned run average 84 ​ ⁄ innings pitched 17 saves 1981 Fernando Valenzuela Los Angeles Dodgers 2.48 earned run average 8 shutouts 13 -- 7 record in 25 games started 1982 Steve Sax Los Angeles Dodgers 2B . 282 batting average 49 stolen bases 88 runs scored Darryl Strawberry New York Mets OF . 257 batting average 26 home runs 74 runs batted in 1984 Dwight Gooden New York Mets 2.60 earned run average 276 strikeouts 17 -- 9 record in 31 games started 1985 Vince Coleman St. Louis Cardinals OF . 267 batting average 110 stolen bases 107 runs scored 1986 Todd Worrell St. Louis Cardinals 2.08 earned run average 103 ​ ⁄ innings pitched 36 saves Benito Santiago San Diego Padres . 300 batting average 18 home runs 79 runs batted in 1988 Chris Sabo Cincinnati Reds 3B . 271 batting average 46 stolen bases 74 runs scored 1989 Jerome Walton Chicago Cubs OF . 293 batting average 24 stolen bases 64 runs scored 1990 David Justice Atlanta Braves OF . 282 batting average 28 home runs 78 runs batted in 1991 Jeff Bagwell Houston Astros 1B . 294 batting average 15 home runs 82 runs batted in 1992 Eric Karros Los Angeles Dodgers 1B . 257 batting average 20 home runs 88 runs batted in 1993 Mike Piazza Los Angeles Dodgers . 318 batting average 35 home runs 112 runs batted in 1994 Raúl Mondesí Los Angeles Dodgers OF . 306 batting average 16 home runs 56 runs batted in 1995 Hideo Nomo Los Angeles Dodgers 2.54 earned run average 236 strikeouts 13 -- 6 record in 28 games started Todd Hollandsworth Los Angeles Dodgers OF . 291 batting average 12 home runs 59 runs batted in 1997 Scott Rolen Philadelphia Phillies 3B . 283 batting average 21 home runs 92 runs batted in 1998 Kerry Wood Chicago Cubs 3.40 earned run average 233 strikeouts 13 -- 6 record in 26 games started 1999 Scott Williamson Cincinnati Reds 2.41 earned run average 19 saves 12 -- 7 record in 62 appearances 2000 Rafael Furcal Atlanta Braves SS . 295 batting average 40 stolen bases 87 runs scored 2001 Albert Pujols St. Louis Cardinals 3B . 329 batting average 37 home runs 130 runs batted in 2002 Jason Jennings Colorado Rockies 4.52 earned run average 185 ​ ⁄ innings pitched 16 -- 8 record in 32 games started 2003 Dontrelle Willis Florida Marlins 3.30 earned run average 160 ​ ⁄ innings pitched 14 -- 6 record in 27 games started Jason Bay Pittsburgh Pirates OF . 282 batting average 26 home runs 82 runs batted in 2005 Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies 1B . 288 batting average 22 home runs 63 runs batted in 2006 Hanley Ramírez Florida Marlins SS . 292 batting average 51 stolen bases 119 runs scored 2007 Ryan Braun Milwaukee Brewers 3B . 324 batting average 34 home runs 97 runs batted in 2008 Geovany Soto Chicago Cubs . 285 batting average 23 home runs 86 runs batted in 2009 Chris Coghlan Florida Marlins OF . 321 batting average 162 base hits 84 runs scored Buster Posey San Francisco Giants . 305 batting average 18 home runs 67 runs batted in 2011 Craig Kimbrel Atlanta Braves 2.10 earned run average 127 strikeouts in 77 innings pitched 46 saves 2012 Bryce Harper Washington Nationals OF . 270 batting average 22 home runs 59 runs batted in 2013 José Fernández Miami Marlins 2.19 earned run average 0.98 WHIP 12 wins 2014 Jacob deGrom New York Mets 2.69 earned run average 1.14 WHIP 9 wins 2015 Kris Bryant Chicago Cubs 3B . 275 batting average 26 home runs 99 runs batted in 2016 Corey Seager Los Angeles Dodgers SS . 308 batting average 26 home runs 72 runs batted in 2017 Cody Bellinger Los Angeles Dodgers 1B . 267 batting average 39 home runs 97 runs batted in See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Esurance MLB Awards Best Rookie ( in MLB ) Players Choice Awards Outstanding Rookie ( in each league ) Baseball America Rookie of the Year ( in MLB ) Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award ( in each league ) Rookie of the Month Topps All - Star Rookie Teams Baseball awards Rookie of the Year Award ( all sports ) Rookie of the Year ( film ) References ( edit ) General `` Rookie of the Year winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . `` Rookie of the Year Awards & Rolaids Relief Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Inline citations ^ Jump up to : Vass , George ( July 1998 ) . `` History of the rookie award filled with controversy '' . Baseball Digest . 57 ( 7 ) : 26 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Jump up ^ `` Sports News '' . Associated Press . July 14 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( June 19 , 2001 ) . `` Sam Jethroe Is Dead at 83 ; Was Oldest Rookie of the Year '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2009 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cour , Jim ( November 7 , 2000 ) . `` Sasaki voted AL Rookie of the Year '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` MLB Miscellany : Rules , regulations and statistics '' . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Award / Jackie Robinson Award '' . Baseball Almanac. 2008 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Longoria , Soto are Rookies of the Year '' . Major League Baseball . November 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The BBWAA and Edinson Volquez '' . Baseball Prospectus . November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berroa barely edges Matsui for AL honor '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Graczyk , Wayne ( May 27 , 2007 ) . `` MLB should eliminate ' rookie ' label for Japanese veterans '' . The Japan Times . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2008 . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin Dark Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Sievers Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Dropo Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gil McDougald Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Byrd Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harvey Kuenn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Grim Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Score Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Aparicio Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Kubek Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Albie Pearson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Allison Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Hansen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` Rod Carew Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Bahnsen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Piniella Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Thurman Munson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Chambliss Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carlton Fisk Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Al Bumbry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Hargrove Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Lynn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Fidrych Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murray Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Whitaker Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Castino Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alfredo Griffin Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Charboneau Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Righetti Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cal Ripken , Jr . Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Kittle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin Davis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ozzie Guillén Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Canseco Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mark McGwire Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Weiss Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gregg Olson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy Alomar Jr . Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Knoblauch Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Listach Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Salmon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Hamelin Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Cordova Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Jeter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nomar Garciaparra Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Grieve Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Beltrán Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kazuhiro Sasaki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ichiro Suzuki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Hinske Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . 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Archived from the original on May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Bailey Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Feliz wins AL Rookie of the Year Award '' . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Hellickson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout wins AL Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year unanimously -- BBWAA '' . bbwaa.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rays ' Wil Myers wins AL Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year -- BBWAA '' . bbwaa.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Abreu a unanimous choice as 2014 AL Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year -- BBWAA '' . bbwaa.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Correa the latest SS to win AL Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year Award -- BBWAA '' . bbwaa.com . Archived from the original on 12 March 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Despite recent drought for pitchers , Michael Fulmer wins AL Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year -- BBWAA '' . bbwaa.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees slugger Aaron Judge cruises to unanimous Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year -- BBWAA '' . bbwaa.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Don Newcombe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Jethroe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Mays Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . 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Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Lefebvre Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Helms Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Seaver Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Bench Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Sizemore Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Morton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Williams Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Matlack Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Matthews Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bake McBride Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Montefusco Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Metzger Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Zachry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andre Dawson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Horner Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Sutcliffe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Howe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Valenzuela Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Sax Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Darryl Strawberry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Gooden Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Coleman Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Worrell Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Benito Santiago Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Sabo Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Walton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Justice Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Bagwell Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Karros Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Piazza Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Raúl Mondesí Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hideo Nomo Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Hollandsworth Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scott RolenStatistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Wood Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Williamson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Furcal Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Jennings Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dontrelle Willis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Bay Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Howard Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hanley Ramírez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Braun Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Geovany Soto Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Coghlan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Bailey ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Posey tops Heyward for NL Rookie honor '' . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Kimbrel Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Harper Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Fernandez becomes first Cuban to win Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year -- BBWAA '' . bbwaa.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mets ' Jacob deGrom wins 2014 NL Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year Award -- BBWAA '' . bbwaa.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs ' Kris Bryant unanimously named 2015 NL Rookie of the Year '' . cbssports.com . Archived from the original on 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Seager rolls to unanimous selection as NL Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year -- BBWAA '' . bbwaa.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Another Dodgers winner , Cody Bellinger takes Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year -- BBWAA '' . bbwaa.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Major League Baseball awards and trophies Team Commissioner 's Trophy ( list of winners ) Warren Giles Trophy ( NL pennant winners ) William Harridge Trophy ( AL pennant winners ) Individual Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Cy Young Manager of the Year Rookie of the Year Roberto Clemente Hank Aaron Gold Glove Silver Slugger World Series MVP All - Star Game MVP Rolaids Relief Man Comeback Player of the Year League Championship Series MVP Reliever of the Year Player of the Month Pitcher of the Month Rookie of the Month Player of the Week Other Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award Book : Major League Baseball awards Category : Major League Baseball awards Portal : Baseball American League Rookie of the Year Award 1949 : Sievers 1950 : Dropo 1951 : McDougald 1952 : Byrd 1953 : Kuenn 1954 : Grim 1955 : Score 1956 : Aparicio 1957 : Kubek 1958 : Pearson 1959 : Allison 1960 : Hansen 1961 : Schwall 1962 : Tresh 1963 : Peters 1964 : Oliva 1965 : Blefary 1966 : Agee 1967 : Carew 1968 : Bahnsen 1969 : Piniella 1970 : Munson 1971 : Chambliss 1972 : Fisk 1973 : Bumbry 1974 : Hargrove 1975 : Lynn 1976 : Fidrych 1977 : Murray 1978 : Whitaker 1979 : Castino & Griffin 1980 : Charboneau 1981 : Righetti 1982 : Ripken Jr . 1983 : Kittle 1984 : Davis 1985 : Guillén 1986 : Canseco 1987 : McGwire 1988 : Weiss 1989 : Olson 1990 : Alomar Jr . 1991 : Knoblauch 1992 : Listach 1993 : Salmon 1994 : Hamelin 1995 : Cordova 1996 : Jeter 1997 : Garciaparra 1998 : Grieve 1999 : Beltrán 2000 : Sasaki 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Hinske 2003 : Berroa 2004 : Crosby 2005 : Street 2006 : Verlander 2007 : Pedroia 2008 : Longoria 2009 : Bailey 2010 : Feliz 2011 : Hellickson 2012 : Trout 2013 : Myers 2014 : Abreu 2015 : Correa 2016 : Fulmer 2017 : Judge National League Rookie of the Year Award 1947 : J. Robinson 1948 : Dark 1949 : Newcombe 1950 : Jethroe 1951 : Mays 1952 : Black 1953 : Gilliam 1954 : Moon 1955 : Virdon 1956 : F. Robinson 1957 : Sanford 1958 : Cepeda 1959 : McCovey 1960 : F. Howard 1961 : B. Williams 1962 : Hubbs 1963 : Rose 1964 : Allen 1965 : Lefebvre 1966 : Helms 1967 : Seaver 1968 : Bench 1969 : Sizemore 1970 : Morton 1971 : E. Williams 1972 : Matlack 1973 : Matthews 1974 : McBride 1975 : Montefusco 1976 : Metzger & Zachry 1977 : Dawson 1978 : Horner 1979 : Sutcliffe 1980 : Howe 1981 : Valenzuela 1982 : Sax 1983 : Strawberry 1984 : Gooden 1985 : Coleman 1986 : Worrell 1987 : Santiago 1988 : Sabo 1989 : Walton 1990 : Justice 1991 : Bagwell 1992 : Karros 1993 : Piazza 1994 : Mondesi 1995 : Nomo 1996 : Hollandsworth 1997 : Rolen 1998 : Wood 1999 : Williamson 2000 : Furcal 2001 : Pujols 2002 : Jennings 2003 : Willis 2004 : Bay 2005 : R. Howard 2006 : Ramírez 2007 : Braun 2008 : Soto 2009 : Coghlan 2010 : Posey 2011 : Kimbrel 2012 : Harper 2013 : Fernández 2014 : deGrom 2015 : Bryant 2016 : Seager 2017 : Bellinger Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=839298303 '' Categories : Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners Major League Baseball trophies and awards Awards established in 1947 1947 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 15 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who has won rookie of the year and mvp in baseball
[ "Of the 140 players named Rookie of the Year (as of 2016), 16 have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame—Jackie Robinson, five American League players, and ten others from the National League. The award has been shared twice: once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979. Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any franchise (with 18), twice the total of the New York Yankees, and members of the Philadelphia and Oakland Athletics (eight), who have produced the most in the American League. Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year, and Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year. Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award, at age 32,[3] 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki (also 32).[4] Aaron Judge of the New York Yankees and Cody Bellinger of the Los Angeles Dodgers are the most recent winners.\n", "Of the 140 players named Rookie of the Year (as of 2016), 16 have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame—Jackie Robinson, five American League players, and ten others from the National League. The award has been shared twice: once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979. Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any franchise (with 18), twice the total of the New York Yankees, and members of the Philadelphia and Oakland Athletics (eight), who have produced the most in the American League. Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year, and Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year. Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award, at age 32,[3] 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki (also 32).[4] Aaron Judge of the New York Yankees and Cody Bellinger of the Los Angeles Dodgers are the most recent winners.\n" ]
[ "Fred Lynn", "Ichiro Suzuki" ]
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway
Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Getaway - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Getaway Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2017 ) This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia . Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway Author Jeff Kinney Country United States Language English Series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Genre Children 's novel Graphic Novel Publisher Amulet Books ( US ) Puffin Books ( UK ) Publication date November 7 , 2017 ( Worldwide ) Media type Print ( hardcover ) Pages 217 story pages ( 224 altogether ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 2545 - 6 Preceded by Double Down Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway is the twelfth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney . The book was unveiled during the 2017 Diary of a Wimpy Kid Virtually Live Event which was live streamed via YouTube as part of the 10th anniversary of the first book . The book was published and released on November 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Release date 3 Reception 4 References Plot ( edit ) After many frustrations when Greg Heffley 's family try to prepare for Christmas , Greg 's parents decide to skip Christmas and travel by plane to Isla De Corales , the hotel they stayed at while on their honeymoon much to Greg 's dismay . Greg Heffley did not want to go on this trip and skip Christmas . On Christmas Eve they drive to the airport but are delayed by a series of mishaps . They encounter holiday traffic but arrive at the airport . As they fail to unload in time at the drop off zone , Frank and Greg have to return later with the luggage . Greg steps in a slush puddle and they end up missing the shuttle . In the airport , the family 's suitcases are too heavy , so they stuff some clothes into their carry on baggage . They enter the line for security , but a child unclips a barrier separating the lines , and everybody gets scrambled . They go through security and are delayed again by somebody who has to remove all of his piercings . Manny then gets his toy stuck in an escalator , delaying them more . As a result , the family panic , grab some luggage and dash to the gate . It turns out their flight is delayed . Greg goes to dry his sock but destroys it while doing so . He hears that the flight is overbooked , and tries to stop his family boarding in exchange of a hotel stay and $300 ( soon $500 ) , but is stopped by Susan . A replacement crew for the plane is required and they finally board . Greg is first impressed by the plane 's first class seats before he discovers that he has to sit in economy . However , Frank collected enough air miles because of his business trips to sit in first class . In economy , Mom , Rodrick , and Manny are seated in the right row . Greg finds out he has three seats to himself until a couple with a baby arrives late on board . The couple sits on either side of him with their baby . Greg becomes paranoid when he watches the plane 's safety video and begins to ask questions about unfortunate events . Greg is very aggravated of the other passengers because most are n't watching the safety video . Mid-flight , he feels boxed in when the people in front recline and the person behind slides his feet on Greg 's armrest . Greg tries to recline his chair too but when he asks the flight attendant how he learns that he ca n't because the row behind him is an emergency exit . He tries to swap seats with Frank but Rodrick beats him to it . He stays in the bathroom because the couple 's baby started to get annoying , but then he returns to his seat after experiencing turbulence . He somehow was able to sleep for the rest of the flight . As they land on Christmas Day , Greg begins to understand why the family came there . They touch down and began to head to the resort , Isla de Corrales . He is even excited by the activities the resort offer which he sees on the bus . However , Frank and Susan are disappointed that the resort has since changed , and it is now split with a family side ( the Mild Side ) and a couple side ( the Wild Side ) and the hotel they wanted to stay last time is now in the Wild Side . The family has to stay to a different hotel . The family also discovers that they got the wrong luggage that is locked , and their luggage was sent back home . They only have the clothes they put in their carry on luggage . They attempt to buy some new clothes , but Frank wo n't buy them as they are too expensive . The family goes to explore the resort and end up at the pool . The Director of Fun shows up , however , and gets everybody moving . Greg is forced to take part in two games . After this , Greg sees an iguana by the pool and is worried , so the family goes to get some lunch . Greg and his family try to eat outside ; however , too many birds and bugs keep ruining their meals . Frank contracts a stomach bug from his water , so they head back to the suite . The next day , Greg uses the shower which is outside . As he puts on his slipper , a giant spider falls out . Greg has an intense fear of spiders . As a result , he calls room service , but the lady who answers says that there is a do not disturb sign on the doorknob . The lady says he has to order food for someone to come . The waiter who arrives also is scared of spiders . Eventually , they manage to trap the spider and flush it down the toilet . The family heads to the beach without Frank as he is still at the suite . He returns , however , and reveals that he found the same spider that Greg attempted to flush away on the toilet seat . Manny develops an obsession with collecting sea creatures in his bucket so he can have them as pets . Unfortunately , he is upset by Susan when she returns them , so they go to the activities . Before this , they have to find Rodrick , who has been in the teen zone helping a girl get her lip ring out of the volleyball net . They first try the banana boat , but this is ruined when a kid using a water trampoline lands on and bursts their float . They get hungry , so they go to the golf clubhouse which turns them down as they are not following the dress code . They go to the swim - up bar and learn of a monkey which has been returning there for drinks every day . They are chased away when Manny finds the TV remote , changes the channel to his favorite cartoons and throws the remote in the water . Greg goes to the arcade , and the family regroups later to find Rodrick . The same girl he helped earlier is now his girlfriend . In the evening , they go to the beach bonfire and go to see turtles hatching . Just as they are prepared to leave , they begin to hatch , but they lose their way to the sea as people are using the flashes on their phones to take photos . The next day , Susan goes to the spa and Frank goes to the gym . Rodrick then goes back to the teen zone . Greg takes Manny to the Toddler 's Cabana , but Manny gets out of going there because he is not potty trained . He puts Manny in the pool but has to get him out again later . Susan booked a charter cruise for the whole family due in thirty minutes . On the cruise ( which turns out to be a regular boat ) , the captain offers them to go scuba diving . Greg is freaked out by all of the deadly animals , including the venomous box jellyfish , and only stays in for one photo . As he surfaces , he swallows a big gulp of water . He thinks a seahorse was in there too : so they return to the resort to see a doctor . Frank and Susan were both seasick , so they just return to the poolside . They see the Director of Fun , who keeps circling their chair , but suddenly stops at a plastic bag in Manny 's bucket . It is actually a box jellyfish which Manny smuggled from the scuba diving , in which the Director of Fun launches it back into the pool in fear . Because the pool workers could n't find the jellyfish , they have to drain the pool . They escape in the commotion , and notice Rodrick is n't there . He had been left in the sea where they went scuba diving and had extreme sunburn . They return to the suite and decide to spend their last few days outdoors . The next day , Greg goes to the tennis court in hopes of learning how to play tennis . Unfortunately , it was just a cage full of children with a ball machine and tennis balls . It turns into a free - for - all , which stops suddenly when one of the kids recognizes Greg as the kid who brought the box jellyfish during the episode . He tries to tell them that it was Manny 's fault , but they throw tennis balls at him . He quickly escapes the cage and goes back to the suite with his family . They were out of things to do and want to leave the resort early ; however , Frank refuses to leave until he gets a decent meal . Manny discovers that the suitcase they got on mistake fell and broke and also has the clothes they need to get in the clubhouse . They each wear some of the clothes in there ; the first head to the clubhouse , and then the putting green for golf . However , they are spotted by a security guard , who escorts them out of the green . A family had reported them for wearing their missing clothes . They attempted a failed getaway with a golf cart , and are ultimately sent back to the hotel to return the clothes . They were also ejected from the hotel for theft , so they were forced to stay overnight at the airport hotel . The next day , Susan refuses to leave the resort to leave on a high note . So they sneak in . They skip the pool and then find Rodrick 's girlfriend with a man named Rodrigo . They go back to the beach and scavenge for food by distracting others and then eating their food . They go to take one more photo but are spotted by the family who they took clothes from . The Heffleys try to escape the resort . Greg heads to the beach and windsurfs away . He gets stuck in the dolphin swimming area but is chased back to shore by security . He ends up on the Wild Side ( couple ) of the beach and lands on a nude beach . Greg runs for the wall dividing the two sides ; just where his family was passing . Greg tries to climb over the wall separating the two sides , but it is destroyed by a stampede of Mild Side tourists . The family escapes unnoticed and heads to the airport . When they get back , Greg wants to show Rowley where he went to for his Christmas holidays . He discovers that he and his family has been banned from the resort for the rest of their lives and are wanted for the chaos they caused . On Isla de Corrales ' website , there is a picture of Greg 's family on the banana boat with words in Spanish : `` ¡ Atención ! Póngase en Contacto con Isla de Corrales si conoce la identidad de las personas en la foto de Arriba '' meaning `` Attention ! Contact Coral Island if you know the identities of the people in the picture above . '' Release date ( edit ) The Getaway is the 12th book in the series , and was released everywhere except Canada and China on November 7 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) A week since its release , it has received 4.5 / 5 stars on Waterstones with 786 reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid ( 27 April 2017 ) . `` Wimpy Kid LIVE Special 10th Anniversary Presentation and Cover Reveal of Book 12 ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Of New Diary Of A Wimpy Kid Book Revealed By Jeff Kinney To Fans Worldwide At Live streamed Carnegie Hall Event Hosted By ABRAMS '' . Tristateupdate.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway by Jeff Kinney -- Waterstones '' . Waterstones.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . ( hide ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid:_The_Getaway&oldid=834437604 '' Categories : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from August 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with too few wikilinks from December 2017 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 18 : 46 . About Wikipedia
where does diary of a wimpy kid the getaway take place
[ "After many frustrations when Greg Heffley's family try to prepare for Christmas, Greg's parents decide to skip Christmas and travel by plane to Isla De Corales, the hotel they stayed at while on their honeymoon much to Greg's dismay. Greg Heffley did not want to go on this trip and skip Christmas." ]
[ "Christmas" ]
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List of highest paid film actors
List of highest paid film actors - wikipedia List of highest paid film actors Jump to : navigation , search Salaries for the world 's highest paid film actors currently range from $20 -- 30 million , but an actor can earn substantially more by deferring all or part of their salary against a percentage of the film 's gross , known within the industry as a `` profit participation '' deal . Since not all salaries are made public , this is a non-definitive list of actors who have received $30 million or more as compensation for their services . The figures are given at their nominal value , since earnings from profit based deals are accumulated over many years , making it unfeasible to adjust for inflation . Highest - earning actors in films Actor Film Year Salary Total income Ref Reeves , Keanu Keanu Reeves Matrix Reloaded , The The Matrix Reloaded The Matrix Revolutions 2003 $30,000,000 $156,000,000 Willis , Bruce Bruce Willis Sixth Sense , The The Sixth Sense 1999 $14,000,000 $100,000,000 Cruise , Tom Tom Cruise Mission Impossible 2Mission : Impossible 2 2000 $100,000,000 Cruise , Tom Tom Cruise War of the Worlds 2005 $100,000,000 Smith , Will Will Smith Men in Black 3 2012 $100,000,000 Bullock , Sandra Sandra Bullock Gravity 2013 $20,000,000 $70,000,000 + Hanks , Tom Tom Hanks Forrest Gump $70,000,000 Cruise , Tom Tom Cruise Mission Impossible 1Mission : Impossible $70,000,000 Ford , Harrison Harrison Ford Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 2008 $65,000,000 Nicholson , Jack Jack Nicholson Batman $6,000,000 $60,000,000 DiCaprio , Leonardo Leonardo DiCaprio Inception $59,000,000 Depp , Johnny Johnny Depp Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides 2011 $35,000,000 $55,000,000 Downey , Jr. , Robert Robert Downey , Jr . Avengers , The The Avengers 2012 $50,000,000 Diaz , Cameron Cameron Diaz Bad Teacher 2011 $42,000,000 DiCaprio , Leonardo Leonardo DiCaprio Titanic $40,000,000 Hanks , Tom Tom Hanks Saving Private Ryan 1998 $40,000,000 Depp , Johnny Johnny Depp Alice in Wonderland $40,000,000 Carrey , Jim Jim Carrey Yes Man 2008 $35,000,000 Schwarzenegger , Arnold Arnold Schwarzenegger Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines 2003 $29,250,000 $30,000,000 + Gibson , Mel Mel Gibson Lethal Weapon 4 1998 $30,000,000 $30,000,000 Pitt , Brad Brad Pitt Ocean 's Eleven $10,000,000 $30,000,000 Jump up ^ Arnold Schwarzenegger received a $29,250,000 salary for Terminator 3 plus a 20 % royalty on the worldwide box office gross over $380 million . The film ultimately had a global gross of $433 million . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - By - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . pp. 616 -- 617 , 714 -- 715 , 824 -- 825 & 832 . ISBN 9780061778896 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( 5 June 2013 ) . `` Will Smith 's ' After Earth ' Apocalypse : Who Loses Most '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Stephen ( 26 February 2014 ) . `` Sandra Bullock to Make $70 Million ( At Least ) for ' Gravity ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( 10 June 2009 ) . `` Hollywood 's Top - Earning Actors '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Peter A. ( 1997 ) . Jack Nicholson : the life and times of an actor on the edge . Carol Publishing Group . p. 214 . ISBN 9781559724203 . By 1994 , it had reportedly reached $60 million . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb , Peter ( March 2011 ) . `` Hollywood 's Top 40 '' . Vanity Fair . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( 22 July 2014 ) . `` Fourth Pirates Of The Caribbean Is Most Expensive Movie Ever With Costs Of $410 Million '' . Forbes . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . One of the biggest costs of making On Stranger Tides was paying the production staff and actors with Mr Depp alone believed to have received $55 million for the movie . Jump up ^ Heath , Chris ( April 2013 ) . `` Profile : Robert Downey Jr . '' . GQ . p. 3 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 20 June 2013 ) . `` Sequel to Cameron Diaz 's ' Bad Teacher ' in the Works '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Schuker , Lauren E. ( 2 April 2009 ) , `` Hollywood Squeezes Stars ' Pay in Slump '' , The Wall Street Journal , archived from the original on 16 June 2013 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_paid_film_actors&oldid=806634743 '' Categories : Lists of superlatives Lists of film actors Wages and salaries Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 07 : 12 . About Wikipedia
who is the highest paid actor in history
[ "\nReeves, KeanuKeanu Reeves\nMatrix Reloaded, TheThe Matrix Reloaded\nThe Matrix Revolutions\n2003\n$30,000,000\n$156,000,000\n[1]\n" ]
[ "Keanu Reeves" ]
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Cahokia
Cahokia - wikipedia Cahokia This article is about a Native American site at Cahokia Mounds . For the modern city about 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the southwest , see Cahokia , Illinois . For the former Native American tribe unrelated to the builders of the Cahokia Mounds , see Cahokia tribe . Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site Monks Mound , the largest earthen structure at Cahokia ( for scale , an adult is standing on top ) Location St. Clair County , Illinois , U.S. Nearest city Collinsville , Illinois Coordinates 38 ° 39 ′ 14 '' N 90 ° 3 ′ 52 '' W  /  38.65389 ° N 90.06444 ° W  / 38.65389 ; - 90.06444 Coordinates : 38 ° 39 ′ 14 '' N 90 ° 3 ′ 52 '' W  /  38.65389 ° N 90.06444 ° W  / 38.65389 ; - 90.06444 Area 2,200 acres ( 8.9 km ) Governing body Illinois Historic Preservation Agency UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site Type Cultural Criteria iii , iv Designated 1982 ( 6th session ) Reference no . 198 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name Cahokia Mounds Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000899 U.S. National Historic Landmark Official name Cahokia Mounds Designated July 19 , 1964 The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site / kəˈhoʊkiə / ( 11 MS 2 ) is the site of a pre-Columbian Native American city ( circa 1050 -- 1350 CE ) directly across the Mississippi River from modern St. Louis , Missouri . This historic park lies in southern Illinois between East St. Louis and Collinsville . The park covers 2,200 acres ( 890 ha ) , or about 3.5 square miles ( 9 km ) , and contains about 80 mounds , but the ancient city was much larger . In its heyday , Cahokia covered about 6 square miles ( 16 km ) and included about 120 manmade earthen mounds in a wide range of sizes , shapes , and functions . Cahokia was the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture , which developed advanced societies across much of what is now the central and southeastern United States , beginning more than 1,000 years before European contact . Today , Cahokia Mounds is considered the largest and most complex archaeological site north of the great pre-Columbian cities in Mexico . Cahokia Mounds is a National Historic Landmark and a designated site for state protection . It is also one of only 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites within the United States . The largest prehistoric earthen construction in the Americas north of Mexico , the site is open to the public and administered by the Illinois Historic Preservation Division and supported by the Cahokia Mounds Museum Society . In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial , the Cahokia Mounds were selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component ( AIA Illinois ) and was recognized by USA Today Travel magazine , as one of AIA Illinois ' selections for Illinois 25 Must See Places . Contents 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Rise and peak ( 13th century ) 1.3 Decline 2 Notable features 2.1 Monks Mound 2.2 Urban landscape 2.3 Mound 72 2.4 Copper workshop 2.5 Cahokia Woodhenge 3 Related mounds 4 Cahokia Museum and Interpretive Center 5 Designations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Development ( edit ) A map showing approximate areas of various Mississippian and related cultures . Cahokia is located near the center of this map in the upper part of the Middle Mississippi area . Although some evidence exists of occupation during the Late Archaic period ( around 1200 BCE ) in and around the site , Cahokia as it is now defined was settled around 600 CE during the Late Woodland period . Mound building at this location began with the emergent Mississippian cultural period , about the 9th century CE . The inhabitants left no written records beyond symbols on pottery , shell , copper , wood , and stone , but the elaborately planned community , woodhenge , mounds , and burials reveal a complex and sophisticated society . The city 's original name is unknown . The mounds were later named after the Cahokia tribe , a historic Illiniwek people living in the area when the first French explorers arrived in the 17th century . As this was centuries after Cahokia was abandoned by its original inhabitants , the Cahokia tribe was not necessarily descended from the earlier Mississippian - era people . Most likely , multiple indigenous ethnic groups settled in the Cahokia Mounds area during the time of the city 's apex . Historian Daniel Richter notes that the apex of the city occurred during the Medieval Warming Period . This period appears to have fostered an agricultural revolution in upper North America , as the three-fold crops of maize , beans ( legumes ) , and gourds ( squash ) were developed and adapted or bred to the temperate climates of the north from their origins in Mesoamerica . Richter also notes that Cahokia 's advanced development coincided with the development in the Southwest of the Chaco Canyon society , which also produced large - scale works in an apparent socially stratified society . The decline of the city coincides with the Little Ice Age , although by then , the three-fold agriculture remained well - established throughout temperate North America . Rise and peak ( 13th century ) ( edit ) A Mississippian - era priest , in the 13th century , Cahokia metropolis , holding a ceremonial flint mace and severed sacrificial head Cahokia became the most important center for the people known today as Mississippians . Their settlements ranged across what is now the Midwest , Eastern , and Southeastern United States . Cahokia was located in a strategic position near the confluence of the Mississippi , Missouri , and Illinois Rivers . It maintained trade links with communities as far away as the Great Lakes to the north and the Gulf Coast to the south , trading in such exotic items as copper , Mill Creek chert , and whelk shells . Mill Creek chert , most notably , was used in the production of hoes , a high demand tool for farmers around Cahokia and other Mississippian centers . Cahokia 's control of the manufacture and distribution of these hand tools was an important economic activity that allowed the city to thrive . Mississippian culture pottery and stone tools in the Cahokian style were found at the Silvernale site near Red Wing , Minnesota , and materials and trade goods from Pennsylvania , the Gulf Coast and Lake Superior have been excavated at Cahokia . Bartering , not money was used in trade . At the high point of its development , Cahokia was the largest urban center north of the great Mesoamerican cities in Mexico and Central America . Although it was home to only about 1,000 people before circa 1050 , its population grew rapidly after that date . According to a 2007 study in Quaternary Science Reviews , `` Between AD 1050 and 1100 , Cahokia 's population increased from between 1400 and 2800 people to between 10,200 and 15,300 people '' . an estimate that applies only to a 1.8 - square - kilometre ( 0.69 sq mi ) high density central occupation area . Archaeologists estimate the city 's population at between 6,000 and 40,000 at its peak , with more people living in outlying farming villages that supplied the main urban center . In the early 21st century , new residential areas were found to the west of Cahokia as a result of archeological excavations , increasing estimates of area population . If the highest population estimates are correct , Cahokia was larger than any subsequent city in the United States until the 1780s , when Philadelphia 's population grew beyond 40,000 . Moreover , according to the same population estimates , the population of 13th - century Cahokia was equal to or larger than the population of 13th - century London . One of the major problems that large centers like Cahokia faced was keeping a steady supply of food . A related problem was waste disposal for the dense population , and Cahokia became unhealthy from polluted waterways . Because it was such an unhealthy place to live , Snow believes that the town had to rely on social and political attractions to bring in a steady supply of new immigrants ; otherwise , the town 's death rate would have caused it to be abandoned earlier . Decline ( edit ) Tamarois et Caouquias on a map of Illinois in 1718 south of the confluence of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers ( approximate modern state area highlighted ) from Carte de la Louisiane et du Cours du Mississipi by Guillaume de L'Isle The population of Cahokia began to decline during the 13th century , and the site was eventually abandoned around 1300 . The area around it was not reoccupied by indigenous tribes to 1350 . Scholars have proposed environmental factors , such as overhunting , deforestation , and flooding , as explanations for abandonment of the site . Another possible cause is invasion by outside peoples , though the only evidence of warfare found so far are the defensive wooden stockade and watchtowers that enclosed Cahokia 's main ceremonial precinct . Due to the lack of other evidence for warfare , the palisade may have been more for ritual or formal separation than for military purposes . Diseases transmitted among the large , dense urban population are another possible cause of decline . Many theories since the late 20th century propose conquest - induced political collapse as the primary reason for Cahokia 's abandonment . Together with these factors , researchers found evidence in 2015 of major floods at Cahokia , so severe as to flood dwelling places . Analysis of sediment from beneath Horseshoe Lake has revealed that two major floods occurred in the period of settlement at Cahokia , in roughly 1100 -- 1260 and 1340 -- 1460 . Notable features ( edit ) Mississippian period showing the multiple layers of mound construction , mound structures such as temples or mortuaries , ramps with log stairs , and prior structures under later layers , multiple terraces , and intrusive burials The original site contained 120 earthen mounds over an area of 6 square miles ( 16 km ) , of which 80 remain today . To achieve that , thousands of workers over decades moved more than an `` estimated 55 million cubic feet ( 1,600,000 m ) of earth in woven baskets to create this network of mounds and community plazas . Monks Mound , for example , covers 14 acres ( 5.7 ha ) , rises 100 ft ( 30 m ) , and was topped by a massive 5,000 sq ft ( 460 m ) building another 50 ft ( 15 m ) high . '' Monks Mound ( edit ) Main article : Monks Mound An 1887 illustration of Monks Mound showing it with fanciful proportions Incised sandstone tablet of a Birdman found in 1971 during excavations into the east side of Monks Mound Monks Mound is the largest structure and central focus of the city : a massive platform mound with four terraces , 10 stories tall , it is the largest man - made earthen mound north of Mexico . Facing south , it is 100 ft ( 30 m ) high , 951 ft ( 290 m ) long , 836 ft ( 255 m ) wide and covers 13.8 acres ( 5.6 ha ) . It contains about 814,000 cu yd ( 622,000 m ) of earth . The mound was built higher and wider over the course of several centuries , through as many as 10 separate construction episodes , as the mound was built taller and the terraces and apron were added . Monks Mounds was named for the community of Trappist monks who resided there for a short time , after Euroamericans settled in the area . Excavation on the top of Monks Mound has revealed evidence of a large building , likely a temple or the residence of the paramount chief , which would have been seen throughout the city . This building was about 105 ft ( 32 m ) long and 48 feet ( 15 m ) wide , and could have been as much as 50 ft ( 15 m ) high . It was about 5,000 sq ft ( 460 m ) . The east and northwest sides of Monks Mound were twice excavated in August 2007 during an attempt to avoid erosion due to slumping . These areas were repaired to preserve the mound . Urban landscape ( edit ) Cahokia 's east - west baseline transects the Woodhenge , Monk 's Mound , and several other large mounds The Rattlesnake Causeway leading from Monks Mound to Mound 66 is the city 's ceremonial north - south axis . Early in its history , Cahokia underwent a massive construction boom . Along with the early phase of Monks Mound , an overarching urban layout was established at the site . It was built with a symbolic quadripartite worldview and oriented toward the four cardinal directions with the main east - west and north - south axes defined with Monks Mound near its center point . Four large plazas were established to the east , west , north , and south of Monks Mound . To the south of Monks Mound is the Grand Plaza , a large area that covered roughly 50 acres ( 20 ha ) and measured over 1,600 ft ( 490 m ) in length by over 900 ft ( 270 m ) in width . Researchers originally thought the flat , open terrain in this area reflected Cahokia 's location on the Mississippi 's alluvial flood plain , but instead soil studies have shown that the landscape was originally undulating ridge and swale topography . In one of the earliest large - scale construction projects , the site had been expertly and deliberately leveled and filled by the city 's inhabitants . It is part of the sophisticated engineering displayed throughout the site . It was used for large ceremonies and gatherings , as well as for ritual games , such as chunkey . The game was played by rolling a disc - shaped chunky stone across the field . The men would throw spears where they thought the chunky stone would land . The game required a great deal of judgment and aim . The major ceremonial north - south ' axis ' connects the main precinct with the large ridgetop mortuary mound to its south now known as the Rattlesnake Mound ( Mound 66 ) . The feature , named the Rattlesnake Causeway by archaeologists , was an elevated embankment about 18 metres ( 59 ft ) wide , roughly 800 metres ( 2,600 ft ) in length and varies in height from 0.5 metres ( 1.6 ft ) to almost 1.3 metres ( 4.3 ft ) as it traverses a low swampy area to the south of the Grand Plaza . It is aligned 5 ° east of north , a direction thought to mimic the maximum southern moon rise of 5 ° west of north , albeit in reverse . This is thought to have had symbolic associations to the builders in connection with their lunar maize goddess of the underworld . This is further strengthened by its close proximity to the ridgetop mortuary Mound 72 , the underworld connotations of the low water - filled area the causeway traversed , and its terminus at the mortuary complex at the Rattlesnake Mound . The causeway itself may have been seen as a symbolic `` Path of Souls '' . The high - status central district of Cahokia was surrounded by a 2 - mi - long palisade that was equipped with protective bastions . A later addition to the site , when the palisade was constructed , it cut through and separated some pre-existing neighborhoods . Archaeologists found evidence of the stockade during excavation of the area and indications that it was rebuilt several times . Its bastions showed that it was mainly built for defensive purposes . Beyond Monks Mound , as many as 120 more mounds stood at varying distances from the city center . To date , 109 mounds have been located , 68 of which are in the park area . The mounds are divided into three different types : platform , conical , and ridge - top . Each appeared to have had its own meaning and function . In general terms , the city center seems to have been laid out in a diamond - shaped pattern about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) from end to end , while the entire city is 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) across from east to west . Mound 72 ( edit ) Main article : Mound 72 Mound 72 Reconstruction of the Birdman burial in the site 's interpretative center . Mass grave burial of fifty - three sacrificed Native American women Cahokians of the Mississippian culture painting in the Cahokia Mounds Historic Site Museum During excavation of Mound 72 , a ridge - top burial mound south of main urban precinct , archaeologists found the remains of a man in his 40s who was probably an important Cahokian ruler . The man was buried on a bed of more than 20,000 marine - shell disc beads arranged in the shape of a falcon , with the bird 's head appearing beneath and beside the man 's head , and its wings and tail beneath his arms and legs . The falcon warrior or `` birdman '' is a common motif in Mississippian culture . This burial clearly had powerful iconographic significance . In addition , a cache of sophisticated , finely worked arrowheads in a variety of different styles and materials was found near the grave of this important man . Separated into four types , each from a different geographical region , the arrowheads demonstrated Cahokia 's extensive trade links in North America . Archeologists recovered more than 250 other skeletons from Mound 72 . Scholars believe almost 62 % of these were sacrificial victims , based on signs of ritual execution , method of burial , and other factors . The skeletons include : Four young males , missing their hands and skulls A mass grave of more than 50 women around 21 years old , with the bodies arranged in two layers separated by matting A mass burial containing 40 men and women who appear to have been violently killed , some of these may have been buried alive : `` From the vertical position of some of the fingers , which appear to have been digging in the sand , it is apparent that not all of the victims were dead when they were interred -- that some had been trying to pull themselves out of the mass of bodies . '' The relationship of these burials to the central burial is unclear . They were unlikely to have all deposited at the same time . Wood in several parts of the mound has been radiocarbon - dated to between 950 and 1000 CE . Excavations have indicated that Mound 72 was not constructed as a single mound , but rather as a series of smaller mounds . These mounds were reshaped and covered over to give Mound 72 its final ridge - top shape . Map showing geographical extent of Mississippian stone statues showing Cahokia The `` Chunkey Player '' statuette made of Missouri flint clay depicts the ancient Native American game of chunkey . The statuette is believed to have been originally crafted at or near Cahokia Mounds was excavated at a Mississippian site in Muskogee County , Oklahoma . Clay statuette excavated at Cahokia site Copper workshop ( edit ) Main article : Mound 34 Mississippian culture repoussé copper plates Excavations near Mound 34 from 2002 to 2010 revealed a copper workshop . This unique find was originally discovered in the 1950s by archaeologist Gregory Perino , but its exact location was lost for 60 years . It is the only known copper workshop to be found at a Mississippian culture site . The area contains the remains of three tree stumps thought to have been used to hold anvil stones . Analysis of copper found during excavations showed that it had been annealed , a technique involving repeatedly heating and cooling the metal as it is worked , as blacksmiths do with iron . Artisans produced religious items , such as long - nosed god maskettes , ceremonial earrings with a symbolic shape , thought to have been used in fictive kinship rituals . Many of the stylistically related Mississippian copper plates , such as the Wulfing cache from southeastern Missouri , some of the Etowah plates from Georgia , and many of the Spiro plates from Oklahoma , are associated with the Greater Braden style and are thought to have been made in Cahokia in the 13th century . Cahokia Woodhenge ( edit ) Main article : Cahokia Woodhenge Artist 's conception of Woodhenge III at sunrise looking east towards Monks Mound Artist 's conception of midwinter sunrise over Mound 60 The Cahokia Woodhenge was a series of large timber circles located roughly 850 m ( 2,790 ft ) to the west of Monks Mound . They are thought to have been constructed between 900 and 1100 CE , with each one being larger and having 12 more posts than its predecessor . The site was discovered during salvage archaeology undertaken by Dr. Warren Wittry in the early 1960s interstate highway construction boom . Although the majority of the site contained village house features , a number of unusually shaped , large post holes were also discovered . When the holes were plotted out , they formed several arcs of equally spaced holes . Detailed analytical work supported the hypothesis that the placement of these posts was by design , and Wittry hypothesized that the arcs could be whole circles . He began referring to the circles as `` woodhenges '' , comparing the structures to England 's well - known circles at Woodhenge and Stonehenge . Additional excavations in the 1960s , ' 70s , and ' 80s used predictions based on verified posthole locations and spacing to locate other postholes and confirm the existence of five separate timber circles in the general vicinity . The circles are now designated Woodhenges I through V in Roman numerals . In 1985 , a reconstruction of Woodhenge III was built with the posts being placed into the original excavated post positions . The circle , which has 48 posts in the circle and a 49th central post , has been used to investigate archaeoastronomy at Cahokia . The Illinois Historic Preservation Division that oversees the Cahokia site hosts public sunrise observations at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes and the winter and summer solstices . Out of respect for Native American beliefs , these events do not feature ceremonies or rituals of any kind . Related Mounds ( edit ) St. Louis as seen from Monks Mound . Until the 19th century , a series of similar mounds existed in what is now the city of St. Louis , some 20 km ( 12 mi ) to the southwest of the Cahokia site . Most of these mounds were leveled throughout the construction of St. Louis , as their material was reused in construction projects . The lone survivor of these mounds is Sugarloaf Mound , which is located on the west bank of the Mississippi . It marked the initial border between St. Louis and the once autonomous city of Carondelet . Cahokia Museum and Interpretive center ( edit ) The Museum and Interpretive Center The Cahokia Museum and Interpretive Center , which receives up to a million visitors a year , was designed by AAIC Inc . The building , which opened in 1989 , received the Thomas H. Madigan Award , the St. Louis Construction News & Reviews Readers Choice Award , the Merit Award from the Metal Construction Association , and the Outstanding Achievement Award from the Brick Manufacturer Association . Designations ( edit ) Cahokia Mounds was first protected by the state of Illinois in 1923 when its legislature authorized purchase of a state park . Later designation as a state historic site offered additional protection , but the site came under significant threat from the federal highway building program in the 1950s . The highway program reduced the site 's integrity ; however , it increased funding for emergency archeological investigations . These investigations became intensive , and today continue , and have led to the present understanding of the significance of the site . The site was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 19 , 1964 , and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . In 1982 , UNESCO ( the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ) designated the site a World Heritage Site . This is the only such site in Illinois and among only 23 World Heritage Sites in the United States . State Senator Evelyn M. Bowles wrote about the Cahokia Mounds site : Through the years my friends and I made occasional Sunday afternoon trips to the Mounds . When I became the State Senator , it afforded me the opportunity to secure funds for the acquisition of additional acreage in which there are smaller Mounds . Many of these have contained additional artifacts . '' The designation has helped protect the property and attract funds to conduct research on this significant civilization . See also ( edit ) American Bottom List of Mississippian sites Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere Mississippian stone statuary List of archaeoastronomical sites by country Notes ( edit ) Constructs such as ibid. , loc . cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia 's style guide for footnotes , as they are easily broken . Please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ) , or an abbreviated title . ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ^ a : See Engraved beaker from Cahokia site , donated by Moorehead , ISM collection . for image of the object in question . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cahokia Mounds '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pursell 205 Jump up ^ Munoz , Samuel E. , Sissel Schroeder , David A. Fike , and John W. Williams 2014 A record of sustained prehistoric and historic land use from the Cahokia region , Illinois , USA . Geology 42 ( 6 ) : 499 -- 502 Jump up ^ Cahokia Mounds Homepage ; Map of the Site ^ Jump up to : `` Nomination -- Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site , Illinois '' , US World Heritage Sites , National Park Service , accessed 2012 - 05 - 03 Jump up ^ WashingtonPost.com : Ancient Cahokia , Washington Post Jump up ^ Waldinger , Mike ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The proud history of architecture in Illinois '' . Springfield Business Journal . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Must See Buildings in Illinois '' . USA Today . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ James M. Collins , The archaeology of the Cahokia Mounds ICT - II , Springfield IL , Illinois Historic Preservation Agency ( 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 942579 - 10 - 0 Jump up ^ Emerson and Barry , Cahokia and the Hinterlands , 33 & 46 Jump up ^ Townsend , Sharp , and Bailey Jump up ^ `` Native American city on the Mississippi was America 's first ' melting pot ' News Bureau University of Illinois '' . News.illinois.edu. 2014 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 12th - Century Cahokia Was a `` Melting Pot '' `` . Archaeology Magazine . Archaeology.org. 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel K. ( 2011 ) . Before the Revolution : America 's Ancient Pasts . Cambridge , MA : Belknap - Harvard University Press . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 9780674055803 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Agriculture - Technology - Hand tools - Native American Tools '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , Dean ( 2010 ) . Archaeology of Native North Americas . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . pp. 201 -- 203 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/march/12/cahokia.htm Jump up ^ Benson LV , Berry MS , Jolie EA , Spangler JD , Stahle DW , Hattori EM . `` Possible impacts of early - 11th - , middle - 12th - , and late - 13th - century droughts on western Native Americans and the Mississippian Cahokians . '' Quaternary Science Reviews 2007 , 26 : 336 -- 350 , Jump up ^ Benson , L.V. , Pauketat , T.R. and Cook , E.R. ( 2009 ) `` Cahokia 's Boom and Bust in the Context of Climate Change '' , American Antiquity , 74 ( 3 ) , pp. 467 -- 483 . doi : 10.1017 / S000273160004871X . Jump up ^ Glenn Hodges , `` America 's Forgotten City , '' National Geographic , January 2011 , https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2011/01/americas-forgotten-city/ . Jump up ^ Ibid . Jump up ^ United States Census Office , A Century of Population Growth from the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth : 1790 -- 1900 , Government Printing Office , 1909 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Henderson , Harold . `` The Rise and Fall of the Mound People . '' Chicago Reader. 2000 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Pyburn , K. Anne , Ungendering Civilization , Routledge ; 1 edition ( Jan 29 , 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26058 - 9 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Durrie Bouscaren , `` New insights into the curious disappearance of the Cahokia Mounds builders '' , St. Louis Public Radio , 4 May 2015 , accessed 6 May 2015 Jump up ^ Emerson 1997 , Pauketat 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Cahokia 's rise and fall linked to river flooding '' , Popular Archaeology , Spring 2015 ^ Jump up to : Skele , Mike ( 1988 ) . `` The Great Knob '' . Studies in Illinois Archaeology . Springfield , Illinois : Illinois Historic Preservation Agency ( 4 ) . ISBN 0 - 942579 - 03 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Monks Mound Slump Repair , Page 1 '' . Lithiccastinglab.com. 2007 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Steadman , Sharon R. ( 2009 ) . Archaeology of Religion : Cultures and their Beliefs in Worldwide Context . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1598741544 . Jump up ^ Chappell , Sally A. Kitt ( 2002 ) . Cahokia : Mirror of the Cosmos . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226101361 . Jump up ^ Timothy R. , Pauketat ( 2009 ) . Cahokia : Ancient Americas Great City on the Mississippi . Viking Press . pp. 23 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02090 - 4 . Pg 23 `` Cahokia was so large - covering three to five square miles - that archaeologists have yet to probe many portions of it . Its centerpiece was an open 50 - acre Grand Plaza , surrounded by packed - clay pyramids . The size of 35 football fields , the Grand Plaza was at the time the biggest public space ever conceived and executed north of Mexico . '' ... Pg 34 `` a flat public square 1,600 - plus feet in length and 900 - plus feet in width Jump up ^ `` Mound 66 '' . Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Baires , Sarah E. ( 2014 ) . `` Cahokia 's Rattlesnake Causeway '' . Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romain , William F. ( 2015 ) . `` Moonwatchers of Cahokia '' . In Pauketat , Timothy R. ; Alt , Susan M. Medieval Mississippians : The Cahokian World . School for Advanced Research Press . pp. 33 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 1938645327 . Jump up ^ `` Cahokia and the excavation of Mound 72 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Young & Fowler , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Young & Fowler , pp. 146 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` Mound 72 '' . Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pawlaczyk , George ( 16 February 2010 ) . `` Copper men : Archaeologists uncover Stone Age copper workshop near Monks Mound '' . Science . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Gahagan Long - nosed god maskette '' . University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Aztalan -- Wisconsin 's Middle Mississippian Outpost '' . Milwaukee Public Museum . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kelly et al. in King , 57 -- 87 Jump up ^ Robb , Matthew H. ( March 2010 ) . `` Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum - Spotlight Series March 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Saint Louis Art Museum . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Sharp , and Bailey 151 Jump up ^ Bolfing 67 -- 68 Jump up ^ `` Visitors Guide to the Woodhenge '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Iseminger , William R . `` The Skywatchers of Cahokia '' . Mexicolore . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Michael W. ( 2007 ) . `` The Cahokia Sun Circles '' . The Wisconsin Archeologist. 88 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Wittry , Warren L. ( 1964 ) . `` An American Woodhenge '' . Cranbrook Institute of Science Newsletter. 33 ( 9 ) : 102 -- 107 -- via Explorations into Cahokia Archaeology , Bulletin 7 , Illinois Archaeological Survey , 1969 . Jump up ^ Wittry , Warren L. `` Discovering and Interpreting the Cahokia Woodhenges '' . The Wisconsin Archaeologist. 77 ( 3 / 4 ) : 26 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Mary ( 2005 ) . American Woodhenge : Archaeoastronomy at Cahokia ( PDF ) ( Bachelors thesis ) . Northern Illinois University . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Iseminger , William . `` Welcome the Fall Equinox at Cahokia Mounds '' . Illinois Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Solstice Sunrise Observance at Cahokia Mounds '' . Collinsville Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cahokia Mounds Mark Spring Equinox : The keepers of Cahokia Mounds will host a spring gathering to celebrate the vernal equinox '' . Indian Country Today . Indian Country Media Network . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America -- UNESCO World Heritage Centre '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . March 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional representative letter '' . Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bolfing , Christopher ( May 1 , 2010 ) . The Paradigm of the Periphery in Native North America ( Thesis ) . Texas State University - San Marcos , University College , University Honors Program . pp. 67 -- 68 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Chappell , Sally A. Kitt ( 2002 ) . Cahokia : Mirror of the Cosmos . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 10136 - 1 . Emerson , Thomas E. ( 1997 ) . Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0888 - 1 . Emerson , Thomas E. ; Lewis , R. Barry ( 1991 ) . Cahokia and the Hinterlands : Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06878 - 5 . Kelly , John E. ; Brown , James A. ; Hamlin , Jenn M. ; Kelly , Lucretia S. ; Kozuch , Laura ; Parker , Kathryn ; Van Nest , Julieann . `` Mound 34 : The Context for the Early Evidence of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex at Cahokia '' . In King , Adam . Southeastern Ceremonial Complex : Chronology , Content , Context . University of Alabama Press . pp. 57 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 5409 - 1 . Lankford , George E. ; Reilly , F. Kent ; Garber , James ( eds . ) . Visualizing the Sacred : Cosmic Visions , Regionalism , and the Art of the Mississippian World ( PDF ) . University of Texas Press . p. 227 . ISBN 978 - 0292723085 . Pauketat , Timothy R. ( 2009 ) . Cahokia : Ancient America 's Great City on the Mississippi . New York : Viking Adult . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02090 - 4 . Pursell , Corin ( 2004 ) . Geographic distribution and symbolism of colored mound architecture in the Mississippian Southeast ( Thesis ) . Southern Illinois University Carbondale . p. 205 . Townsend , Richard F ; Sharp , Robert V ; Bailey , Garrick Alan ( 2000 ) . Hero , Hawk , and Open Hand : American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10601 - 7 . Young , Biloine ; Fowler , Melvin L. ( 2000 ) . Cahokia : The Great Native American Metropolis . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06821 - 1 . full text available at ( 2 ) Further reading ( edit ) Introductory Bibliography of Published Sources on Cahokia Archeology Scholarly Bibliography of Published Sources on Cahokia Archaeology Emerson , Iseminger ; Nance , L. Michael ; Winslow , Madeline ; Gass , Marilyn ( 2001 ) . Cahokia Mounds State Historical Site Nature / Culture Hike Guidebook , 4th revised edition . Collinsville , Illinois : Cahokia Mounds Museum Society . pp. 79 pp . Fowler , Melvin L. ; Rose , Jerome ; Leest , Barbara Vander ; Ahler , Steven R. ( 1999 ) . The Mound 72 Area : Dedicated and Sacred Space in Early Cahokia . Illinois State Museum Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89792 - 157 - 2 . Milner , George R. ( 2004 ) . The Moundbuilders : Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America . London : Thames and Hudson , Ltd . Mink , Claudia Gellman ( 1992 ) . Cahokia , City of the Sun : Prehistoric Urban Center in the American Bottom . Collinsville , IL : Cahokia Mounds Museum Society . ISBN 1 - 881563 - 00 - 6 . Pauketat , Timothy ( 1994 ) . The Ascent of Chiefs : Cahokia and Mississippian Politics in Native North America . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0728 - 1 . Price , Douglas T. ; Feinman , Gary M. ( 2008 ) . Images of the Past ( 5 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 280 -- 285 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340520 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cahokia . Cahokia Mounds Homepage and Map of the Site Cahokia Mounds Photo Gallery Cahokia Mounds Information & Videos - Chickasaw.TV `` Cahokia Mounds '' , Illinois Historic Preservation Agency `` Metropolitan Life on the Mississippi '' , Washington Post , March 12 , 1997 Mississippian Art and Artifacts Visitors ' perspectives Woodhenge and the Cahokia Mounds `` Cahokia : America 's Forgotten City '' , National Geographic Magazine , January 2011 IHPA video with narration on Cahokia Illinois Great Places - Mounds Society of Architectural Historians SAH ARCHIPEDIA entry on the Cahokia Mounds Cahokia travel guide from Wikivoyage Mississippian and related cultures List of Mississippian sites Timeline of Mississippi valley Middle Mississippian American Bottom and Upper Mississippi Aztalan Big Eddy Cahokia Monks Mound Mound 34 Mound 72 Woodhenge Cloverdale Dickson Mounds Emerald Acropolis Emmons Cemetery Horseshoe Lake John Chapman Kuhn Station Larson Lunsford - Pulcher McCune Mitchell Orendorf Sleeth Steed - 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Tucker Fort Walton Mound Lake Jackson Leon - Jefferson culture Letchworth Velda Yon Pensacola culture Bottle Creek Dauphin Island Fort Walton Hickory Ridge Cemetery Naval Live Oaks Cemetery Pensacola people Plaquemine Mississippian Anna Atchafalaya Basin Emerald Fitzhugh Flowery Fosters Ghost Glass Grand Village of the Natchez Holly Bluff Jaketown Jordan Julice Mangum Mazique Medora Mott Natchez Taensa Pocahontas Routh Scott Place Sims Transylvania Venable Winterville Caddoan Mississippian Battle Belcher Blue Spring Shelter Bluffton Caddo Caddoan Mounds Gahagan Hughes Ka - Do - Ha Indian Village Keller Spiro Upper Mississippian cultures Oneota Beattie Park Mound Group Blood Run Hartley Fort State Preserve Roche - a-Cri Petroglyphs Fort Ancient culture Alligator Effigy Mound Clover Dodge Leo Petroglyph Serpent Mound SunWatch Indian Village Culture Agriculture Beans Chenopodium Little barley Maize Marshelder Pumpkin Squash Sunflower Three Sisters Tobacco Artwork Emmons mask Copper plates Rogan plates Spiro plates Wulfing cache Long - nosed god maskette Mill Creek chert Pottery Shell gorget Stone statuary Languages Caddoan Central Algonquian Cherokee Mobilian Jargon Muskogean Natchez Taensa Siouan Timucuan Tunican Yuchi Religion Ballgame ( Southeastern ) Northern Black drink Burial mound Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Chunkey Earth / fertility cult Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Platform mound Red Horn Sacred bundle Village bundle Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stone box grave Thunderbird Underwater panther Related topics Chevron bead Clarksdale bell Mound Builders de Soto Expedition Pre-Columbian North America Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Beringian Ancient Pueblo ( Anasazi ) Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek Complex Caborn - Welborn Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Leon - Jefferson Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo - 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Grant National Historic Site Union Station Science and natural history Cahokia Mounds Crow Observatory Mastodon State Historic Site McDonnell Planetarium Saint Louis Science Center Sports St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum St. Louis Soccer Hall of Fame World Chess Hall of Fame Theatres and music venues Fox Theatre The Muny National Blues Museum Stifel Theatre Powell Hall The Sheldon Transportation Greater Saint Louis Air & Space Museum Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum Museum of Transportation Zoological Butterfly House World Aquarium Saint Louis Zoo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cahokia&oldid=866507539 '' Categories : Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois Middle Mississippian culture Native American museums in Illinois Archaeological museums in Illinois Museums in St. Clair County , Illinois State parks of Illinois Archaeological sites in Illinois Former Native American populated places in the United States Populated places established in the 7th century National Register of Historic Places in St. Clair County , Illinois National Historic Landmarks in Illinois World Heritage Sites in the United States History of Greater St. Louis Protected areas of St. Clair County , Illinois Pre-historic cities in the United States National Register of Historic Places in Madison County , Illinois Mounds in Illinois 7th - century establishments in North America 14th - century disestablishments in North America Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2013 Use mdy dates from May 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Articles with ibid from October 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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prior to 1800 the largest settled community in what is now the us was
[ "Cahokia was the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture, which developed advanced societies across much of what is now the central and southeastern United States, beginning more than 1,000 years before European contact.[6] Today, Cahokia Mounds is considered the largest and most complex archaeological site north of the great pre-Columbian cities in Mexico.\n" ]
[ "Cahokia" ]
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Lucius Accius
Lucius Accius - wikipedia Lucius Accius Jump to : navigation , search Lucius Accius 170 BC Pisaurum c. 86 BC Nationality Roman Lucius Accius ( / ˈæksiəs / ; 170 -- c. 86 BC ) , or Lucius Attius , was a Roman tragic poet and literary scholar . The son of a freedman , Accius was born at Pisaurum in Umbria , in 170 BC . The year of his death is unknown , but he must have lived to a great age , since Cicero ( born 106 BC , hence 64 years younger ) speaks of having conversed with him on literary matters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Literary works 2 As a grammarian 3 Politics and temperament 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Literary works ( edit ) He was a prolific writer and enjoyed a very high reputation . The titles and considerable fragments ( about 700 lines ) of some fifty plays have been preserved . Judging from the titles and fragments , scholars have surmised that most , if not all , of these poems were tragic in nature ( although Pliny the Younger does rank him among the erotic poets ) . Most of his poetical works were imitations or free translations of the Greek , especially Aeschylus . The earliest of these was most likely the Atreus , which was performed in 140 BC , but which is now lost . He also wrote on some Roman subjects , one of which , an examination of the tyranny of L. Tarquinius Superbus and his expulsion by Lucius Junius Brutus , titled Brutus , and was probably written in honor of his patron D. Brutus . His favorite subjects were the legends of the Trojan War and the house of Pelops . While only fragments remain , the most important of which were preserved by Cicero , they seem sufficient to justify the terms of admiration in which Accius is spoken of by the ancient writers . He is particularly praised for the strength and vigor of his language and the sublimity of his thoughts , and although the grandiloquence of his literary style was on occasion mocked by some of his peers , he continued to be cited by other writers long after his death . Accius wrote other works of a literary character : Libri Didascalicon , a treatise in verse on the history of Greek and Roman poetry , and dramatic art in particular ; also Libri Pragmaticon , Parerga , and Praxidica , of which no fragments remain ; and a hexameter Annales containing the history of Rome , like that of Ennius . As a grammarian ( edit ) Accius also attempted to introduce innovations in Latin orthography and grammar , most of which were attempts to change written Latin to more faithfully reproduce its actual pronunciation . Few of these caught on , although his preference against giving Greek names Latin endings had quite a few supporters , particularly Varro , who dedicated his De antiquitate litterarum to Accius . A spelling convention of writing long vowels double ( such as aa for long ā ) is also associated with him , and is found in texts concurrent with his lifetime . Politics and temperament ( edit ) Accius was politically conservative , and generally noted for his dignity and reserve . He did however believe that one with literary gifts , such as himself , ought to be accorded more respect than someone who , through no effort of their own , was merely born to nobility . He was , by some accounts , a self - important man , and some writers expressed a wry amusement at the larger - than - life statues of himself he had erected in the temple of the Muses . Atreus featured the line oderint dum metuant ( `` let them hate , so long as they fear '' ) , later an infamous motto of Caligula . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jocelyn , H.D. ( 1996 ) . `` Accius , Lucius '' . In Hornblower , Simon . Oxford Classical Dictionary . 1 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Cicero , Brutus , 72 - 73 ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Accius , Lucius '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Horace , Epistles , ii. i , 56 ; Cicero , Pro Plancio , 24 Jump up ^ Pliny the Younger , Epistulae 5.6 Jump up ^ Cicero , Brutus 229 Jump up ^ Cicero De Legibus . ii. 21 , Pro Archia Poeta. 11 Jump up ^ Cicero pro Plancio 24 , pro Sestio 56 , &c. ; Horace Epodes ii. 1.56 ; Quintilian x. 1 . § 97 ; Aulus Gellius xiii. 2 Jump up ^ Smith , William ( 1867 ) . `` Accius , Lucius '' . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 1 . p. 6 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Porph . Hor . Serm. 1.10. 53 Jump up ^ Varro , De lingua Latina 10.70 Jump up ^ Rhetorica ad Herennium 1.24 Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Naturalis Historia 34.19 Chisholm ( 1911 ) also includes these authorities : Boissier , Le Poète Accius , 1856 ; L. Müller , De Accii fabulis Disputatio ( 1890 ) ; Ribbeck , Geschichte der römischen Dichtung ( 1892 ) ; editions of the tragic fragments by Ribbeck ( 1897 ) , of the others by Bährens ( 1886 ) ; Plessis , Poésie latine ( 1909 ) . Sources ( edit ) G. Manuwald , Accius und seine Zeit ( Würzburg 2002 ) . B. Baldarelli , Accius und die vortrojanische Pelopidensage ( Paderborn 2004 ) . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Smith , William , ed. ( 1870 ) . `` `` . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Lucius Accius at Wikiquote Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article : Lucius Accius VIAF : 4905872 LCCN : n80125819 ISNI : 0000 0001 0864 2532 GND : 118500368 SUDOC : 028370384 BNF : cb118855676 ( data ) NKC : jn19990210007 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ RAVV \ 077732 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Accius&oldid=702564263 '' Categories : 170 BC 80s BC deaths 2nd - century BC Romans 1st - century BC Romans Ancient Roman tragic dramatists People from Pisaurum 170s BC births Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the DGRBM Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the DGRBM with no wstitle or title parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the DGRBM Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2016 , at 10 : 07 . 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latin quote let them hate as long as they fear
[ "Atreus featured the line oderint dum metuant (\"let them hate, so long as they fear\"), later an infamous motto of Caligula." ]
[ "oderint dum metuant" ]
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"The Spaghetti Incident?"
`` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' - Wikipedia `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Studio album of cover songs by Guns N ' Roses Released November 23 , 1993 Recorded 1992 -- 1993 Studio A&M Studios , Record Plant Studios , Rumbo Recorders , CanAm Studios , Sound Techniques , Triad Studios , Conway Recording Studios , Ocean Way Recording Genre Hard rock punk rock Length 46 : 03 Label Geffen Producer Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses Duff McKagan Jim Mitchell Guns N ' Roses chronology Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition ( 1993 ) `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' ( 1993 ) Use Your Illusion ( 1998 ) Guns N ' Roses studio album chronology Use Your Illusion II ( 1991 ) Use Your Illusion II 1991 `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' ( 1993 ) `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' 1993 Chinese Democracy ( 2008 ) Chinese Democracy 2008 Singles from The Spaghetti Incident ? `` Ai n't It Fun '' Released : November 20 , 1993 `` Since I Do n't Have You '' Released : May 1994 `` Hair of the Dog '' Released : 1994 `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' is the fifth studio album by the American hard rock band Guns N ' Roses . The album is composed of covers of older punk rock and hard rock songs . `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' is the only studio album to feature rhythm guitarist Gilby Clarke , who replaced original Guns N ' Roses member Izzy Stradlin during the band 's Use Your Illusion tour in 1991 , as well as the last album to feature guitarist Slash , bassist Duff McKagan and drummer Matt Sorum . It is also the only Guns N ' Roses album not to be accompanied by a supporting tour . As of March 2018 , the album has sold 6,100,000 copies worldwide . Contents 1 Background 2 Titling and release 3 Controversy 4 Live performances 5 Commercial performance and reception 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Many of the tracks were recorded with original Guns N ' Roses guitarist Izzy Stradlin during the Use Your Illusion I and II sessions and then were later re-recorded with Gilby Clarke . Those tracks were previously intended to be included in a combined Use Your Illusion album , consisting of three ( or possibly four ) discs , instead of the two separate discs they ended up being . In 1992 , the band prepared to release the leftover cover tracks as an EP , with Gilby Clarke replacing Stradlin 's guitar tracks . They later decided on making the album a full release and recorded several more tracks for it . Bassist Duff McKagan sings on many of the album 's tracks and Hanoi Rocks frontman Michael Monroe appears on `` Ai n't It Fun '' as a guest vocalist . This was the last Guns N ' Roses album to feature lead guitarist Slash , bassist Duff McKagan , drummer Matt Sorum , and the only album to feature Gilby Clarke . It was also the band 's last studio album until 15 years later with Chinese Democracy , and its last album until the live compilation album six years later with Live Era : ' 87 - ' 93 . During the studio sessions the band also recorded instrumental tracks of the song titled `` Beer and a Cigarette '' , originally by Hanoi Rocks . The vocals were not recorded and the song was left out of the record because the band did n't want the songwriter Andy McCoy to get the money . The band also did an instrumental version of the song `` Down On The Street '' by The Stooges which also was never released . On the bottom of the cover art of the album , there is a code written with the Zodiac Killer 's symbols , which has been deciphered as `` fuck'em all '' . Titling and release ( edit ) The title references an incident Steven Adler had in 1989 ; while the band was temporarily staying at an apartment in Chicago . Adler stored his drugs in a refrigerator next to the band 's takeout containers , which contained Italian food . McKagan explained that Adler 's code word for his stash was ' spaghetti ' . In his lawsuit against the band , Adler 's lawyer asked the band to `` tell us about the spaghetti incident , '' which the band found amusing and used as the title of the album . During a discussion between Rose , Slash and the album 's cover designer in the `` Making of Estranged '' video , it is made clear that the correct form of the title is within quotation marks and with a question mark . The album was released shortly after the conclusion of the Use Your Illusion World Tour which had lasted until mid-1993 . The vinyl copy of the album was released on orange vinyl , and the CD was released with color designs and markings : black concentric rings around the outer edge , and an indigo and blood - red depiction of an evil jack - o - lantern eating spaghetti out of a hollowed - out , decollated head in the center , which would later be changed in the 1997 reissue to simply a plain silver colored CD . Controversy ( edit ) An unadvertised cover of the Charles Manson song `` Look at Your Game , Girl '' was included on the album . The track was kept secret , including not being on advance tapes sent out to reviewers . Band manager Doug Goldstein stated `` There is a bonus track on the album , but Axl wants it to speak for itself . '' and that `` It was n't done for the critics or anybody else . It was a bonus for the fans . '' The inclusion of the song caused controversy , with law - enforcement and victims - rights groups expressing outrage over its inclusion . Rose claimed `` the reason we did n't list that song on our album is we wanted to downplay it . We do n't give any credit to Charles Manson on the album ; it 's like a hidden bonus track . '' The band considered removing the song from new pressings of the album , with David Geffen stating in a phone interview , `` I would hope that if Axl Rose had realized how offensive people would find this , he would not have ever recorded this song in the first place . The fact that Charles Manson would be earning money based on the fame he derived committing one of the most horrific crimes of the 20th Century is unthinkable to me '' . Slash mentioned that the song was `` done with naive and innocent black humor on our part '' . Rose stated he would donate all performance royalties from the song to a nonprofit environmental organization . Slash stated that the group intended to remove the song , before they decided to keep it once they learned that royalties from the song would be donated to Bartek Frykowski , the son of Wojciech Frykowski , a victim of Manson during the Tate Murders . Geffen Records released a statement mentioning their share of royalties would be donated to the Doris Tate Crime Victims Bureau . Years later , Rose said the song would be removed from new pressings of the album , claiming that critics and the media had misinterpreted his interest in Manson . Rose can be seen wearing a Manson shirt in the video for `` Estranged '' and during a concert in Milton Keynes , England , in 1993 . Rose explained wearing the shirt as `` trying to make a statement '' because `` a lot of people enjoy playing me as the bad guy and the crazy . Sorry , I 'm not that guy . I 'm nothing like him . '' Despite the statement that the track would be removed , `` Look at Your Game , Girl '' is still featured on pressings of the album . Live performances ( edit ) The first track , `` Since I Do n't Have You '' , was performed a few times as an intro to songs `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' or `` Paradise City '' in 1992 and 1993 . `` Down on the Farm '' was performed once in its full length during the 1990 performance in the Farm Aid IV show . It was also played a few times during the Chinese Democracy Tour in 2006 . The band performed `` Hair of the Dog '' once in 1988 , and again in 1990 , during the only known `` The Gak '' ( band featuring members of Guns N ' Roses , Metallica and Skid Row ) performance . `` Attitude '' was performed frequently during the Use Your Illusion Tour , and Duff still plays it in Loaded and his solo career . Other songs played live by Duff McKagan are `` New Rose '' , `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around a Memory '' and `` Raw Power '' . The other songs were never played live by Guns N ' Roses , but might have been played by some of the members ' side projects , like Matt Sorum 's supergroup Camp Freddy , that plays cover versions of famous songs , as well as Neurotic Outsiders , the supergroup Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum were part of . Guns N ' Roses played `` Attitude '' and - for the first time - `` Raw Power '' live in Buenos Aires ( Argentina ) in April 2014 with Duff McKagan on vocals . `` Attitude '' , `` Raw Power '' and `` New Rose '' were played during the `` Not In This Lifetime Tour '' . Song Added to recent plays from the album . Friday , August 19 , at Dodger Stadium , Duff McKagan sang `` Raw Power '' from The Stooges with an intro from `` New Rose '' , by The Damned . Commercial performance and reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Robert Christgau A − Entertainment Weekly A − NME 7 / 10 Q Rolling Stone Spin positive `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 , selling about 190,000 albums in its first week of release , significantly less than their previous releases . The album was certified platinum by RIAA on January 26 , 1994 . In his review for AllMusic , music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that , `` As punk albums go , `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' lacks righteous anger and rage . As Guns N ' Roses albums go , it 's a complete delight , returning to the ferocious , hard - rocking days of Appetite for Destruction `` . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Original artist Length 1 . `` Since I Do n't Have You '' Joseph Rock , James Beaumont , Jackie Taylor , Janet Vogel , Joe VanScharnen , Lennie Martin , and Wally Lester The Skyliners 4 : 20 2 . `` New Rose '' Brian James The Damned 2 : 38 3 . `` Down on the Farm '' Alvin Gibbs , Charlie Harper , Nicholas Garrett U.K. Subs 3 : 29 4 . `` Human Being '' Johnny Thunders , David Johansen New York Dolls 6 : 48 5 . `` Raw Power '' Iggy Pop , James Williamson The Stooges 3 : 12 6 . `` Ai n't It Fun '' ( featuring Michael Monroe ) Cheetah Chrome , Peter Laughner Dead Boys 5 : 06 7 . `` Buick Makane ( Big Dumb Sex ) '' Marc Bolan / Chris Cornell T. Rex / Soundgarden 2 : 40 8 . `` Hair of the Dog '' Dan McCafferty , Pete Agnew , Manny Charlton , Darrell Sweet Nazareth 3 : 55 9 . `` Attitude '' Glenn Danzig Misfits 1 : 27 10 . `` Black Leather '' Steve Jones , Paul Cook Steve Jones / The Sex Pistols 4 : 09 11 . `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around a Memory '' Johnny Thunders Johnny Thunders 3 : 35 12 . `` I Do n't Care About You '' Lee Ving Fear 2 : 07 13 . `` Look at Your Game , Girl '' ( Hidden track starting at 2 : 17 in `` I Do n't Care About You '' ) Charles Manson Charles Manson 2 : 34 Total length : 46 : 03 Personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes . Guns N ' Roses W. Axl Rose -- lead vocals , keyboards on `` Since I Do n't Have You '' , kazoo on `` Human Being '' Slash -- lead guitar , lead vocals on `` I Do n't Care About You '' , co-lead vocals on `` Buick Mackane ( Big Dumb Sex ) '' , talkbox on `` Hair of the Dog '' , backing vocals on `` Attitude '' Duff McKagan -- bass , backing vocals , acoustic guitar , lead vocals on `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around a Memory '' , `` New Rose '' and `` Attitude '' , co-lead vocals on `` Raw Power '' , drums on `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around A Memory '' , production Matt Sorum -- drums , percussion on `` Hair of the Dog '' , backing vocals on `` Human Being '' and `` Attitude '' Dizzy Reed -- keyboards , piano on `` Since I Do n't Have You '' , percussion on `` Look at Your Game Girl '' , backing vocals on `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around a Memory '' Gilby Clarke -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals Izzy Stradlin -- rhythm guitar ( uncredited ) Production Mike Clink -- production on all tracks except 1 and 11 Jim Mitchell -- production on track 11 Bill Price -- mixing George Marino -- mastering Kevin Reagan -- art direction ; graphic design Dennis Keeley , Gene Kirkland & Robert John -- photography Additional musicians Michael Monroe -- co-lead vocals on `` Ai n't It Fun '' Mike Staggs -- additional guitar on `` Ai n't It Fun '' Mike Fasano -- percussion on `` Hair of the Dog '' Richard Duguay -- lead and rhythm guitars on `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around a Memory '' Eddie Huletz -- backing vocals on `` You Ca n't Put Your Arms Around a Memory '' Blake Stanton -- backing vocals on `` I Do n't Care About You '' Eric Mills -- backing vocals on `` I Do n't Care About You '' Rikki Rachtman -- backing vocals on `` I Do n't Care About You '' Stuart Bailey -- backing vocals on `` I Do n't Care About You '' Carlos Booy -- acoustic guitar on `` Look at Your Game , Girl '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Spanish Albums ( AFYVE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) US Billboard 200 See also ( edit ) List of number - one albums in Australia during the 1990s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Jim ( November 26 , 1993 ) . `` Here 's what 's new in the record racks : Guns N ' Roses '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.allmusic.com/album/r188450/review Jump up ^ GNR chartmasters Jump up ^ `` GN'R Recording Sessions '' . Here Today ... Gone To Hell ! . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' . GnRsource . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Spaghetti Incident ? on SlashParadise '' . www.slashparadise.com . November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Off the Record : 25 Years of Music Street Press Jump up ^ `` Recording Sessions on Here Today ... Gone To Hell '' . heretodaygonetohell.com. April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Axl 's history of personal hints regarding a song / or concept on the next album , in the previous album . MYGNR Forum . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved on February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Summer 1989 : The Actual Spaghetti Incident '' . Rolling Stone . November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hochman , Steve ( November 21 , 1993 ) . `` It 's No Illusion : Guns N ' Roses Does Charles Manson '' . LAtimes.com . Austin Beutner . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Philips , Chuck ( December 8 , 1993 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses to Stick With Manson Song on Album : Convict 's royalties from ' Girl ' will be paid to the son of one of those killed in a spree masterminded by the cult leader '' . LAtimes.com . Austin Beutner , Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Considine , J.D. ( December 3 , 1993 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses under fire for Manson ' bonus ' song '' . Baltimoresun.com . Timothy E. Ryan , Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bring Out The Manson '' . Q Magazine . March 1994 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Philips , Chuck ( December 1 , 1993 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses May Remove Manson Song From Album '' . LAtimes.com . Austin Beutner . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Victim 's Son Gets Manson Royalties '' . NYtimes.com . December 26 , 1993 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Wild ( February 3 , 2000 ) . `` Rolling Stone 833 : Axl Speaks '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ setlist.fm `` Guns N ' Roses Setlist at Estadio Ferrocarril Oeste , Buenos Aires , Argentina '' Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( January 18 , 1994 ) . `` Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' The Spaghetti Incident ? ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York : 62 -- 3 . November 26 , 1993 . The Spaghetti Incident ? scales everything back a notch ... Guns ' N ' Roses aims to prove it does n't need two padded CDs , a horn section and a bevy of backup singers to make a joyful racket ... Jump up ^ `` Review : ' The Spaghetti Incident ? ' '' . NME . London : 31 . November 27 , 1993 ... a bizarre mixture of swagger , nihilism and bad attitood which is as funny as it is exhilarating ... Jump up ^ `` Review : ' The Spaghetti Incident ? ' '' . Q. London : 92 . February 1994 ... relatively faithful cover versions ... Jump up ^ Gold , Jonathan ( 9 December 1993 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses : The Spaghetti Incident ? Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Weisbard , Eric ( February 1994 ) . `` Spins '' . Spin . New York : 67 . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hasty , Katie ( December 3 , 2008 ) . `` Kanye Edges GNR , Ludacris For No. 1 Debut '' . billboard.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=GUNS+N%27+ROSES&ti=THE+SPAGHETTI+INCIDENT%3F Jump up ^ `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' ( Media notes ) . Guns N ' Roses . Geffen Records . 1993 . Jump up ^ gilby clarke interview Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns n ' Roses -- The Spaghetti Incident ? '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guns n ' Roses Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Sullivan , Jim ( November 26 , 1993 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses dips into history '' . The Boston Globe . Living section , p. 79 . External links ( edit ) `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Duff McKagan Slash Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Tracii Guns Izzy Stradlin Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Appetite for Democracy 3D Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Appetite for Destruction : Locked N ' Loaded edition Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' `` Shadow of Your Love '' Promo singles `` Mr. Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` So Fine '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Garden of Eden '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` New Rose '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' `` Welcome to the Jungle ( 1986 Sound City Session ) '' `` Move to The City ( 1988 Acoustic Version ) '' `` November Rain ( Piano Version / 1986 Sound City Session ) '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Shackler 's Revenge '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... Tour Related Articles Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Del James West Arkeen Guns N ' Roses Pinball Riverport Riot Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses The Roots of Guns N ' Roses Uzi Suicide Bands Slash 's Snakepit The Dead Daisies Hollywood Rose Kings of Chaos L.A. Guns Neurotic Outsiders Road Crew Velvet Revolver Book Gilby Clarke Studio albums Pawnshop Guitars The Hangover Rubber Swag Live albums 99 Live Extended plays Blooze Compilation albums Gilby Clarke Related Guns N ' Roses Slash 's Snakepit Rock Star Supernova Candy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%22The_Spaghetti_Incident%3F%22&oldid=853706428 '' Categories : 1993 albums Covers albums Guns N ' Roses albums Albums produced by Mike Clink Geffen Records albums Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 13 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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who sings ain't it fun by guns n roses
[ "In 1992, the band prepared to release the leftover cover tracks as an EP, with Gilby Clarke replacing Stradlin's guitar tracks. They later decided on making the album a full release and recorded several more tracks for it.[5] Bassist Duff McKagan sings on many of the album's tracks and Hanoi Rocks frontman Michael Monroe appears on \"Ain't It Fun\" as a guest vocalist. This was the last Guns N' Roses album to feature lead guitarist Slash, bassist Duff McKagan, drummer Matt Sorum, and the only album to feature Gilby Clarke. It was also the band's last studio album until 15 years later with Chinese Democracy, and its last album until the live compilation album six years later with Live Era: '87-'93.\n" ]
[ "Hanoi Rocks frontman Michael Monroe" ]
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The Lion and the Jewel
The Lion and the Jewel - Wikipedia The Lion and the Jewel Jump to : navigation , search The Lion and the Jewel is a play by Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka that was first performed in 1959 . It chronicles how Baroka , the lion , fights with the modern Lakunle over the right to marry Sidi , the titular Jewel . Lakunle is portrayed as the civilized antithesis of Baroka and unilaterally attempts to modernize his community and change its social conventions for no reason other than the fact that he can . The transcript of the play was first published in 1962 by Oxford University Press . Soyinka emphasises the theme of the corrupted African culture through the play , as well as how the youth should embrace the original African culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Plot 2.1 Morning 2.2 Noon 2.3 Night 3 Themes 4 Critical reception 5 References Characters ( edit ) Main characters Baroka -- The Balè or viceroyal chieftain of Ilujinle , a Yoruba village in the realm of the Ibadan clan 's kingdom . A crafty individual , he is the Lion referred to in the title . At 62 years of age , he has already sired 63 children thanks to polygamy . Lakunle -- The progressive and absurdly arrogant Westernised teacher . He is in his twenties . He appears to only be semi literate . Sidi -- A beautiful yet somewhat egotistical village girl who is wooed by both Baroka and Lakunle . She is also the village belle . She is the titular Jewel . Sadiku -- The chief 's sly great wife , chieftess of his harem . Ailatu -- Baroka 's favourite , who loses her place in his affections due to her jealousy . Supporting characters Village girls , a wrestler , a surveyor , schoolboys , his assorted consorts and various musicians , dancers , mummers , prisoners , traders and so on . Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The play takes place over the span of a day ( Sunday ) . It is divided into three parts ; morning , noon , and night . Morning ( edit ) A school teacher , Lakunle , is teaching a class the times table when Sidi walks past carrying a pail of water on her head . The teacher peers out of the window and disappears . Two 11 - year - old school children start ogling her , so he hits them on the head and leaves to confront her . Lakunle is wearing a threadbare and rumpled clean English suit that is a little too small for him . He wears a tie that disappears beneath his waistcoat . His trousers are ridiculously small , and his shoes are blanco - white . He comes out and insists on taking the pail from Sidi . She refuses , saying that she would look silly . Lakunle replies , saying that he told her not to carry loads on her head or her neck may be shortened . He also tells her not to expose so much of her cleavage with the cloth she wears around her breasts . Sidi says that it is too inconvenient for her to do so . She scolds him , saying that the village thinks he 's stupid , but Lakunle says that he is not so easily cowed by taunts . Lakunle also insults her saying that her brain is smaller than his . He claims that his books say so . Sidi is angry . After arguing , Sidi wants to leave , but Lakunle tells her of his love for her , but she remains indifferent . Eventually , it is revealed that Sidi does not want to marry him because Lakunle refuses to pay her bride - price as he thinks it is an uncivilized , outrageous custom . Sidi tells him that if she did so , people will jeer at her , saying that she is not a virgin . Lakunle further professes how he wants to marry her and treat her `` just like the Lagos couples I have seen '' . Sidi does not care . She also says that she finds the Western custom of kissing repulsive . She tells him that not paying her bride price is mean and miserly . As the village girls enter , they play `` the dance of the Lost Traveller '' featuring the sudden arrival of a photographer in their midst some time ago . They tease the traveller in the play , calling his motorbike `` the devil 's own horse '' and the camera that he used to take pictures `` the one - eyed box '' . Four girls dance the `` devil - horse '' , a youth is selected to play the snake and Lakunle becomes the Traveller . He seeks to be excused to teach Primary Four Geography but Sidi informs him that the village is on holiday due to the arrival of the photographer / traveler . We also find out that the photographer made a picture book about the village based on the photos he took . There is a picture of Sidi on the front page , and a two - page spread of her somewhere inside . Baroka is featured too , but he `` is in a little corner somewhere in the book , and even that corner he shares with one of the village latrines '' . They banter about for a while , Lakunle gave in and participated because he could n't tolerate being taunted by them . The Dance of the Lost Traveller The four girls crouch on the ground , forming the wheels of the car . Lakunle adjusts their position and sits in air in the middle . He pretends to drive the `` car '' . The girls dance the stall . They shudder , and drop their faces onto their laps . He pretends to try to restart the `` car '' . He gets out and checks the `` wheels '' and also pinches them . He tries to start the `` car '' , fails and takes his things for a trek . He hears a girl singing , but attributes it to sunstroke , so he throws the bottle that he was drinking from in that general direction . He hears a scream and a torrent of abuse . He takes a closer look and sees a girl ( played by Sidi ) . He tries to take photos , but falls down into the stream . The cast assembles behind him , pretending to be villagers in an ugly mood hauling him to the odan tree in the town centre . Then Baroka appears and the play stops . He talks to Lakunle for a while , saying that he knew how the play went and was waiting for the right time to step in . He drops subtle hints of an existing feud between him and Lakunle , then makes the play continue . The villagers once again start thirsting for his blood . He is hauled before Baroka , thrown on his face . He tries to explain his plight . Baroka seems to understand and orders a feast in the Lost Traveller 's honour . He then takes the opportunity to take more photos of Sidi . He is also pressed to drink lots of alcohol , and at the end of the play , he is close to vomiting . The play ends . Sidi praises him for his performance . Lakunle runs away , followed by a flock of women . Baroka and the wrestler sit alone . Baroka takes out his book , and muses that it has been five full months since he last took a wife . Noon ( edit ) Sidi is at a road near the marketplace . Lakunle follows her , while carrying the firewood that Sidi asks him to help her get . She admires the pictures of her in the magazine . Then Sadiku appears , wearing a shawl over her head . She informs her that the Lion ( Baroka ) wishes to take her as a wife . Lakunle is outraged , but Sidi stops him . Lakunle changes tactics , telling her as his lover to ignore the message . Sadiku took that as a yes , but Sidi dashed her hopes , saying that since her fame had spread to Lagos and the rest of the world , she deserves more than that . Sadiku presses on , dissembling that Baroka has sworn not to take any more wives after her and that she would be his favourite and would get many privileges , including being able to sleep in the palace rather than one of the outhouses . As Baroka 's last wife , she would also be able to become the first , and thus head wife , of his successor , in the same way that Sadiku was Baroka 's head wife . However , Sidi sees through her lies , and tells her that she knew that he just wanted fame `` as the one man who has possessed ' the jewel of Ilujinle ' '' . Sadiku is flabbergasted and wants to kill Lakunle for what he has done for her . Sidi shows the magazine . She says that in the picture , she looks absolutely beautiful while he simply looks like a ragged , blackened piece of saddle leather : she is youthful but he is spent . Sadiku changes techniques , saying that if Sidi does not want to be his wife , will she be kind enough to attend a small feast in her honour at his house that night . Sidi refuses , saying that she knows that every woman who has eaten supper with him eventually becomes his wife . Lakunle interjects , informing them that Baroka was known for his wiliness , particularly when he managed to foil the Public Works attempt to build a railroad through Ilujinle . Baroka bribed the surveyor for the route to move the railroad much farther away as `` the earth is most unsuitable , could not possibly support the weight of a railway engine '' . Lakunle is distraught , as he thinks just how close Ilujinle was to civilisation at that time . The scene cuts to Baroka 's bedroom . Ailatu is plucking his armpit hairs . There is a strange machine with a long lever at the side . It is covered with animal skins and rugs . Baroka mentions that she is too soft with her pulls . Then he tells her that he plans to take a new wife , but that he would let her be the `` sole out - puller of my sweat - bathed hairs '' . She is angry , and deliberately plucks the next few hairs a lot harder . Sadiku enters . He shoos Ailatu away , lamenting about his bleeding armpit . Sadiku informs him that she failed to woo Sidi . She told her that Sidi flatly refused her order , claiming that he was far too old . Baroka pretends to doubt his manliness and asks Sadiku to massage the soles of his feet . Sadiku complies . He lies to her that his manhood ended a week ago , specifically warning her not to tell anyone . He comments that he is only 62 . Compared to him , his grandfather had fathered two sons late on 65 and Okiki , his father , produced a pair of female twins at 67 . Finally Baroka falls asleep . Night ( edit ) Sidi is at the village center , by the schoolroom window . Enter Sadiku , who is carrying a bundle . She sets down a figure by the tree . She gloats , saying that she has managed to be the undoing ( making him impotent ) of Baroka , and of his father , Okiki , before that . Sidi is amazed at what she initially perceives to be Sadiku going mad . She shuts the window and exits , shocking Sadiku . After a pause , Sadiku resumes her victory dance and even asks Sidi to join in . Then Lakunle enters . He scorns them , saying : `` The full moon is not yet , but the women can not wait . They must go mad without it . '' Sidi and Sadiku stop dancing . They talk for a while . As they are about to resume dancing , Sidi states her plans to visit Baroka for his feast and toy with him . Lakunle tries in vain to stop her , telling her that if her deception were to be discovered she would be beaten up . Sidi leaves . Lakunle and Sadiku converse . Lakunle states his grand plans to modernize the area by abolishing the bride - price , building a motor - road through the town and bring city ways to isolated Ilujinle . He goes on to spurn her , calling her a bride - collector for Baroka . The scene is now Baroka 's bedroom . Baroka is arm - wrestling the wrestler seen earlier . He is surprise that she ( Sidi ) managed to enter unchallenged . Then he suddenly remembers that that day was the designated day off for the servants . He laments that Lakunle had made his servants form an entity called the Palace Workers ' Union . He asks if Ailatu was at her usual place , and was disappointed to find out that she had not left him yet despite scolding her severely . Then Sidi mentions that she was here for the supper . Sidi starts playing around with Baroka . She asks him what was up between him and Ailatu . He is annoyed . Changing the subject , Sidi says that she thinks Baroka will win the ongoing arm - wrestling match . Baroka responds humbly , complimenting the strength and ability of the wrestler . She slowly teases Baroka , asking if he was planning to take a wife . She draws an example , asking if he was her father , would he let her marry a person like him ? Sidi takes this opportunity to slightly tease him , and is rewarded by his violent reaction by taking the wrestler and slinging him over his shoulder . The wrestler quickly recovers and a new match begins again . The discussion continues . Baroka is hurt by the parallels and subtle hints about his nature dropped by Sidi . Sidi even taunts him , saying that he has failed to produce any children for the last two years . Eventually he is so angered that he slams the wrestler 's arm down on the table , winning the match . He tells the defeated wrestler to get the fresh gourd by the door . In the meantime , Baroka tries to paint himself as a grumpy old man with few chances to show his kindliness . The wrestler returns . Baroka continues with his self - glorification . Then he shows her the now - familiar magazine and an addressed envelope . He shows her a stamp , featuring her likeness , and tells her that her picture would adorn the official stamp of the village . The machine at the side of his room is also revealed to be a machine to produce stamps . As she admires the pictures of her in the magazine , Baroka happens to mention that he does not hate progress , only its nature which made `` all roofs and faces look the same '' . He continues praising Sidi 's looks , appealing to her . The scene cuts back to the village centre , where Lakunle is pacing in frustration . He is mad at Sadiku for tricking her to go see Baroka , and at the same time concerned that Baroka will harm or imprison her . Some mummers arrive . Sadiku remains calm , despite Lakunle 's growing stress . Sadiku steals a coin from Lakunle to pay the mummers . In return , the mummers drum her praises , but Sadiku claims that Lakunle was the real benefactor . Then they dance the Baroka story , showing him at his prime and his eventual downfall . Lakunle is pleased by the parts where they mock Baroka . Sadiku mentions that she used to be known as Sadiku of the duiker 's feet because she could twist and untwist her waist with the smoothness of a water snake . Sidi appears . She is distraught . Lakunle is outraged , and plans to bring the case to court . Sidi reveals that Baroka only told her at the end that it was a trap . Baroka said that he knew that Sadiku would not keep it to herself , and go out and mock his pride . Lakunle is overcome with emotion , and after at first expressing deep despair , he offers to marry her instead , with no bride - price since she is not a virgin after all . Lakunle is pleased that things have gone as he hoped . Sadiku tells him that Sidi is preparing for a wedding . Lakunle is very happy , saying he needs a day or two to get things ready for a proper Christian wedding . Then musicians appear . Sidi appears , bearing a gift . She tells Lakunle that he is invited to her wedding . Lakunle hopes that the wedding will be between Sidi and himself , but she informs him that she has no intention of marrying him , but rather will marry Baroka . Lakunle is stunned . Sidi says that between Baroka and him , at sixty , Baroka is still full of life but Lakunle would be probably `` ten years dead '' . Sadiku then gives Sidi her blessing . The marriage ceremony continues . A young girl taunts Lakunle , and he gives chase . Sadiku gets in his way . He frees himself and clears a space in the crowd for them both to dance . The drama ends . Themes ( edit ) The most prominent theme of this story is the rapid modernisation of Africa , coupled with the rapid evangelisation of the population . This has driven a wedge between the traditionalists , who seek to nullify the changes done in the name of progress due to vested interests or simply not liking the result of progress , and the modernists , who want to see the last of outdated traditional beliefs at all cost . Another core theme is the marginalisation of women as property . Traditionally , they were seen as properties that could be bought , sold or accumulated . Even the modern Lakunle falls victim to this , by looking down on Sidi for having a smaller brain , and later by thinking it will be easier to marry her once she 's lost her virginity , since no dowry was required in such a situation . There is also the conflict between education and traditional beliefs . The educated people seek to spread their knowledge to the tribal people in an attempt to make them more modern . This in turn is resisted by the tribal people who see no point in obtaining an education as it served them no use in their daily lives . Finally , there is the importance of song and dance as a form of spreading information in a world where the fastest route of communication is by foot . It is also an important source of entertainment for the otherwise bored village youths . The author shows the slow influence of mordenisation , for example , the wondering traveller influences Sidi 's life drastiscally Critical reception ( edit ) The Times Literary Supplement : `` In this richly ribald comedy , The Lion and the Jewel , poetry and prose are also blended , but with a marvelous lightness in the treatment of both . The big set - piece of miming in the opening scene , where the villagers re-enact the visit of the white photographer , and the seduction of the village jewel Sidi by the old Lion of a chief , are two of the pinnacles of Mr. Soyinka 's achievement to date . '' African Forum : `` The contemporary theater seems to have forgotten that it has its roots in ritual and song , and it is only the rare emergence of a Lorca or a Brecht - or a Wole Soyinka - that recreates an awareness of our deprivation . '' West Africa : `` ... a brilliant dramatist - the most important in Nigeria , if not in all of Black Africa . He is helped by a profound command of the English language , reflected sometimes in the dazzling brilliance , at other times in the intense poetic quality of his writing ... '' The Times Educational Supplement : `` He does not use the culture of his ancestors as a gimmick to sell his abilities or even as an export commodity , but as inborn material for expansion . His skilful use of idiom with the lively and musical Nigerian flavour in no way detracts from the command of the English language which he possesses . '' The Times , at the time of the play 's production at the Royal Court Theatre , London , in December 1966 : `` This is the third play by Wole Soyinka to appear in London since last year , and this work alone is enough to establish Nigeria as the most fertile new source of English - speaking drama since Synge 's discovery of the Western Isles ... Even this comparison does Soyinka less than justice , for he is dealing not only with rich folk material , but with the impact of the modern on tribal custom : to find any paralled for his work in English drama you have to go back to the Elizabethans . '' References ( edit ) `` Wole Soyinka '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Taubman , Howard ( April 18 , 1965 ) , `` A Nigerian Looks At ' Progress ' '' , The New York Times . Brians , Paul ( February 22 , 2003 ) , `` Wole Soyinka Study Guide '' Thurman , Chris ( April 19 ) , `` Review : `` The Lion and the Jewel '' , Business Day ( South Africa ) . Soyinka , Wole , `` The Lion and The Jewel '' ( hide ) Works by Wole Soyinka Plays The Swamp Dwellers The Lion and the Jewel The Trials of Brother Jero A Dance of the Forests The Strong Breed Kongi 's Harvest The Road The Bacchae of Euripides Madmen and Specialists Camwood on the Leaves Jero 's Metamorphosis Death and the King 's Horseman Opera Wonyosi Requiem for a Futurologist A Play of Giants A Scourge of Hyacinths The Beatification of the Area Boy King Baabu Etiki Revu Wetin Sixty Six Screenplay Kongi 's Harvest ( film ) Novels The Interpreters ( 1965 ) Season of Anomy ( 1973 ) Related articles Ẹni Ògún Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_and_the_Jewel&oldid=804500873 '' Categories : 1959 plays Nigerian plays Plays by Wole Soyinka Plays set in Nigeria Yoruba culture Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2014 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 12 : 30 . 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character of baroka in the lion and the jewel
[ "The Lion and the Jewel is a play by Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka that was first performed in 1959. It chronicles how Baroka, the lion, fights with the modern Lakunle over the right to marry Sidi, the titular Jewel. Lakunle is portrayed as the civilized antithesis of Baroka and unilaterally attempts to modernize his community and change its social conventions for no reason other than the fact that he can. The transcript of the play was first published in 1962 by Oxford University Press. Soyinka emphasises the theme of the corrupted African culture through the play, as well as how the youth should embrace the original African culture." ]
[ "the lion" ]
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Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)
Hallelujah ( Leonard Cohen song ) - wikipedia Hallelujah ( Leonard Cohen song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Hallelujah ( disambiguation ) . `` Hallelujah '' Artwork for Spain vinyl release Single by Leonard Cohen from the album Various Positions Released December 1984 Recorded June 1984 Genre Folk rock Length 4 : 36 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) John Lissauer Various Positions track listing `` Night Comes On '' ( 4 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 5 ) `` The Captain '' ( 6 ) `` Hallelujah '' is a song written by Canadian singer Leonard Cohen , originally released on his album Various Positions ( 1984 ) . Achieving little initial success , the song found greater popular acclaim through a recording by John Cale , which inspired a recording by Jeff Buckley . It is considered as the `` baseline '' of secular hymns . Following its increased popularity after being featured in the film Shrek ( 2001 ) , many other arrangements have been performed by many and various singers , both in recordings and in concert , with over 300 versions known . The song has been used in film and television soundtracks and televised talent contests . `` Hallelujah '' experienced renewed interest following Cohen 's death in November 2016 and appeared on multiple international singles charts , including entering the American Billboard Hot 100 for the first time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Musical composition and lyrical interpretation 2 Charts 3 Certifications 4 Cover versions 4.1 John Cale 4.2 Jeff Buckley 4.3 Rufus Wainwright 4.4 k.d. lang 4.5 Espen Lind featuring Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm 4.6 Alexandra Burke 4.7 Pentatonix 4.8 Other cover versions 5 Accolades and achievements 6 Other charted versions 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Musical composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) John Cale `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt John Cale 's selection of Cohen 's verses have since been followed by most covers . First recorded by Cale in 1991 for the Cohen tribute album I 'm Your Fan . Cale 's version is used in the film Shrek . Jeff Buckley `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt From the album Grace , released in 1994 . In 2007 , Sony BMG rereleased the album ( subtitled `` The Legacy Edition '' ) with a live music video of the song . Allison Crowe `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt Different in style , Allison Crowe 's single - take recording , from Tidings , released in 2003 , is among a new generation of interpretations . Rufus Wainwright `` Hallelujah '' cover excerpt Rufus Wainwright recorded a version similar to Cale 's , also on piano . Problems playing these files ? See media help . `` Hallelujah '' , in its original version , is in 12 8 time , which evokes both early rock and roll and gospel music . Written in the key of C major , the chord progression matches lyrics from the song : `` goes like this , the fourth , the fifth , the minor fall , and the major lift '' : C , F , G , A minor , F . Cohen wrote around 80 draft verses for `` Hallelujah '' , with one writing session at the Royalton Hotel in New York where he was reduced to sitting on the floor in his underwear , banging his head on the floor . His original version , as recorded on his Various Positions album , contains several biblical references , most notably evoking the stories of Samson and treacherous Delilah from the Book of Judges ( `` she cut your hair '' ) as well as King David and Bathsheba ( `` you saw her bathing on the roof , her beauty and the moonlight overthrew you '' ) . Following his original 1984 studio - album version , Cohen performed the original song on his world tour in 1985 , but live performances during his 1988 and 1993 tours almost invariably contained a quite different set of lyrics , with only the last verse being common to the two versions . Numerous singers mix lyrics from both versions , and occasionally make direct lyric changes ; for example , in place of Cohen 's `` holy dove '' , Canadian - American singer Rufus Wainwright substituted `` holy dark '' , while Canadian singer - songwriter Allison Crowe sang `` holy ghost '' . Cohen 's lyrical poetry and his view that `` many different hallelujahs exist '' is reflected in wide - ranging covers with very different intents or tones , allowing the song to be `` melancholic , fragile , uplifting ( or ) joyous '' depending on the performer : The Welsh singer - songwriter John Cale , the first person to record a cover version of the song ( in 1991 ) , promoted a message of `` soberness and sincerity '' in contrast to Cohen 's dispassionate tone ; the cover by Jeff Buckley , an American singer - songwriter , is more sorrowful and was described by Buckley as `` a hallelujah to the orgasm '' ; Crowe interpreted the song as a `` very sexual '' composition that discussed relationships ; Wainwright offered a `` purifying and almost liturgical '' interpretation ; and Guy Garvey of the British band Elbow made the hallelujah a `` stately creature '' and incorporated his religious interpretation of the song into his band 's recordings . Canadian singer k.d. lang said in an interview shortly after Cohen 's death that she considered the song to be about `` the struggle between having human desire and searching for spiritual wisdom . It 's being caught between those two places . '' Former Barenaked Ladies frontman Steven Page , who sang the song at Canadian politician Jack Layton 's funeral , described the song as being `` about disappointing people '' . Charts ( edit ) the Australian release Chart ( 1985 -- 2016 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 59 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 17 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 65 Finland Download ( Latauslista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) 55 Italy ( FIMI ) 66 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Portugal ( AFP ) 69 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 58 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 16 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 36 US Billboard Hot 100 59 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Since 1991 , `` Hallelujah '' has been performed by a wide variety of singers : over 300 , and in various languages . Statistics from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , the Canadian Recording Industry Association , the Australian Recording Industry Association , and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , show that , by late 2008 , more than five million copies of the song sold in CD format . It has been the subject of a BBC Radio documentary and been in the soundtracks of numerous films and television programs . Different interpretations of the song may include different verses , out of the over 80 verses Cohen originally wrote . In an April 2009 CBC Radio interview , Cohen said he found the number of covers of his song `` ironic and amusing '' , given that his record label refused to release it when he first wrote it ; however , he then claimed the song could benefit from a break in exposure : I was just reading a review of a movie called Watchmen that uses it and the reviewer said -- `` Can we please have a moratorium on ' Hallelujah ' in movies and television shows ? '' And I kind of feel the same way ... I think it 's a good song , but I think too many people sing it . Conversely , in early 2012 , while promoting his then - current album , Old Ideas , Cohen stated he was n't tired of the song being covered : There 's been a couple of times when other people have said can we have a moratorium please on `` Hallelujah '' ? Must we have it at the end of every single drama and every single Idol ? And once or twice I 've felt maybe I should lend my voice to silencing it but on second thought no , I 'm very happy that it 's being sung . John Cale ( edit ) John Cale 's cover first appeared on I 'm Your Fan ( 1991 ) , a Leonard Cohen tribute album , and later on his live album Fragments of a Rainy Season ( 1992 ) . Cale 's version has vocals , piano , and different lyrics that Cohen had only performed live such as `` I used to live alone before I knew you '' and `` All I ever learned from love was how to shoot at someone who outdrew you '' . Cale had watched Cohen perform the song and asked Cohen to send him the lyrics . Cohen then faxed Cale fifteen pages of lyrics . Cale claims that he `` went through and just picked out the cheeky verses . '' Cale 's version forms the basis of most subsequent performances , including Cohen 's performances during his 2008 -- 09 world tour . It was the version used in the film Shrek ( 2001 ) , although it is Rufus Wainwright 's version that is used on the soundtrack album . It also appears on the first soundtrack album for the TV series Scrubs and as the ending song of the Cold Case episode `` Death Penalty , Final Appeal '' . Jeff Buckley ( edit ) `` Hallelujah '' Single by Jeff Buckley from the album Grace Released 2007 Recorded Late 1993 -- 94 , at Bearsville Studios , Bearsville , New York Genre Folk alternative rock Length 6 : 53 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) Jeff Buckley Andy Wallace Jeff Buckley singles chronology `` Forget Her '' ( 2004 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2007 ) `` Forget Her '' ( 2004 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2007 ) Grace track listing `` So Real '' ( 5 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 6 ) `` Lover , You Should 've Come Over '' ( 7 ) Jeff Buckley , inspired by Cale 's earlier cover , recorded one of the most acclaimed versions of `` Hallelujah '' for his only complete album , Grace , in 1994 . It was posthumously released as a single in 2007 , as Buckley died 10 years prior . Critical reception In 2004 , Buckley 's version was ranked number 259 on Rolling Stone 's `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . The same year Time called Buckley 's version `` exquisitely sung , '' observing `` Cohen murmured the original like a dirge , but ... Buckley treated the ... song like a tiny capsule of humanity , using his voice to careen between glory and sadness , beauty and pain ... It 's one of the great songs . '' In September 2007 , a poll of fifty songwriters conducted by the magazine Q listed `` Hallelujah '' among the all - time `` Top 10 Greatest Tracks '' with John Legend calling Buckley 's version `` as near perfect as you can get . The lyrics to ' Hallelujah ' are just incredible and the melody 's gorgeous and then there 's Jeff 's interpretation of it . It 's one of the most beautiful pieces of recorded music I 've ever heard . '' In July 2009 , the Buckley track was ranked number three on the 2009 Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time , a listener poll held every decade by the Australian radio station Triple J . '' In 2017 , The International Observer named Buckley 's version of `` Hallelujah '' the greatest song of all time . On April 2 , 2014 , it was announced that Buckley 's version of the song will be inducted into the Library of Congress 's National Recording Registry . Commercial performance Buckley 's version was not an instant hit , nor did Buckley live to see the full measure of the reception his recording would ultimately have ; he died in 1997 . The album on which it appeared did not go Gold in the U.S. until 2002 , nine years after its release . In fact , like Cohen 's original , the Buckley version was not released as a single , until much later , and it did n't chart until 2006 , posthumously for Buckley . In March of that year , Buckley had his first national top 10 best - seller when `` Hallelujah '' was at number seven in Norway . In 2007 , it made the top 3 on the Swedish charts . In March 2008 , it topped Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs in the U.S. after a performance of the song by Jason Castro in the seventh season of American Idol . The sudden resurgence of interest provided both Gold and Platinum status , the RIAA certifying the digital track on 22 April 2008 . It has sold 1,144,000 digital copies in the US as of May 2010 . It also hit number one in France in March 2008 . Usage in media The Buckley version has been widely used in film and television dramas , including the series The West Wing , Crossing Jordan , Without a Trace , The O.C. , House , Dirt , Criminal Minds , ER , Third Watch , Ugly Betty , LAX , NCIS , Justiça and Sense8 and the films Feast of Love , The Edukators , Vinterkyss and Lord of War . `` Hallelujah can be joyous or bittersweet , depending on what part of it you use '' , Time quoted Buckley 's publisher as saying , and the magazine opined that its liberal use in some cases was `` a tacit admission that neither the writers nor the actors could convey their characters ' emotions as well as Buckley . '' On April 20 , 2013 , Buckley 's version of the song was played at Fenway Park during a tribute honoring the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing before the Red Sox played their first home game following the tragedy . Charts Chart ( 2006 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 70 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 38 Canadian Digital Songs ( Billboard ) European Hot 100 Singles 10 France ( SNEP ) 64 France Downloads Chart ( SNEP ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 45 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 38 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 7 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum Belgium ( BEA ) Gold Italy ( FIMI ) Gold New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold Sweden ( GLF ) Gold United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold United States ( RIAA ) Platinum Rufus Wainwright ( edit ) Canadian - American musician and singer Rufus Wainwright had briefly met Jeff Buckley and recorded a tribute to him after his 1997 death . That song , `` Memphis Skyline '' , referenced Buckley 's version of `` Hallelujah '' , which Wainwright would later record , though using piano and a similar arrangement to Cale 's . Wainwright 's version is included on the album Shrek : Music from the Original Motion Picture , although it was Cale 's version that was used in the film itself . The Shrek soundtrack , containing Wainwright 's cover , was certified 2 × Platinum in the United States in 2003 as selling over two million copies . Rufus Wainwright , his sister Martha Wainwright , and Joan Wasser performed the song in the film Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man . Charts Chart ( 2007 -- 10 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 97 US Rock Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 34 K.D. Lang ( edit ) In 2004 , k.d. lang recorded a version of `` Hallelujah '' on her album Hymns of the 49th Parallel . She has since sung it at several major events , such as at the Canadian Juno Awards of 2005 , where it `` brought the audience to its feet for a two - minute ovation . '' Lang also sang it at the 2006 Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame when Cohen was inducted into the Hall of Fame . Cohen 's partner , singer Anjani Thomas , said : `` After hearing k.d. lang perform that song at the Canadian Songwriter 's Hall of Fame in 2006 we looked at each other and said , ' well , I think we can lay that song to rest now ! It 's really been done to its ultimate blissful state of perfection ' . '' Lang sang it at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver , before a claimed TV audience of three billion . Charts Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 40 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 Norway ( VG - lista ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 61 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Espen Lind featuring Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm ( edit ) `` Hallelujah '' Single by Espen Lind featuring Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm from the album Hallelujah -- Live Released 2006 Format Digital download Genre Folk Label Universal Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Espen Lind singles chronology `` Million Miles Away '' ( 2005 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2006 ) `` The Boys of Summer '' ( 2006 ) `` Million Miles Away '' ( 2005 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2006 ) `` The Boys of Summer '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Hallelujah '' on YouTube In 2006 , the Norwegian quartet of Espen Lind , Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm released a cover of the song . After debuting at number 8 on the Norwegian VG - lista , the single reached number one in January 2007 . The song remained listed on the Norwegian top 20 for 37 ( non-consecutive ) weeks between 2006 and 2007 . The song also appears on the 2006 album Hallelujah Live , credited to Espen Lind with Kurt Nilsen , Alejandro Fuentes and Askil Holm , which also reached the top of the Norwegian VG - lista . Charts Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Norway ( VG - lista ) Alexandra Burke ( edit ) `` Hallelujah '' Single by Alexandra Burke from the album Overcome B - side `` Candyman '' ( Live on The X Factor ) `` Without You '' ( Live on The X Factor ) Released 17 December 2008 Format CD digital download Recorded 2008 Genre R&B Length 3 : 39 Label Syco Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) Quiz & Larossi Alexandra Burke singles chronology `` Hero '' ( 2008 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2008 ) `` Bad Boys '' ( 2009 ) `` Hero '' ( 2008 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2008 ) `` Bad Boys '' ( 2009 ) Music video `` Hallelujah '' on YouTube Alexandra Burke , the winner of the fifth series of the reality television show The X Factor , released a condensed cover version of the song as a prize for her victory . It reached Christmas number one on the UK Singles Chart on 21 December 2008 . Background The release of Burke 's cover created interest in the previous versions of the song , including a Buckley fan campaign to take Buckley 's cover to the top of the Christmas chart and therefore deny Burke the top spot . The campaign was fuelled by Buckley fans ' dislike of The X Factor 's commercialism and the song 's arrangement , as well as their desire to introduce younger people to Buckley 's version . Burke herself was not enamoured of the choice of song , remarking `` It just did n't do anything for me . '' Commercial performance Burke 's version broke a European sales record after selling over 105,000 digital downloads in just one day , breaking the previous record set by Leona Lewis . The song sold 576,000 copies in its first week , becoming the fastest - selling single released by a woman in the United Kingdom and the 2008 Christmas number one , while Buckley 's cover charted at number two and Cohen 's original version at number 36 . On 28 December 2008 , the UK Singles Chart listed Burke 's version as the biggest - selling single of the year , with NME announcing sales of over one million copies since its release . This also made Burke the first ever female British artist to have a million - selling single in the UK . It has sold 1.297 million as of August 2016 , making it the biggest - selling X Factor winner 's single to date . Charts Chart ( 2008 -- 15 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 53 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 27 European Hot 100 Singles 6 France ( SNEP ) 175 Ireland ( IRMA ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,297,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Pentatonix ( edit ) `` Hallelujah '' Single by Pentatonix from the album A Pentatonix Christmas Released 21 October 2016 Format CD digital download Recorded 2016 Genre A cappella Length 4 : 28 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Cohen Producer ( s ) PTX , Ben Bram Pentatonix singles chronology `` Jolene '' ( 2016 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2016 ) `` Jolene '' ( 2016 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Hallelujah '' on YouTube The a cappella group Pentatonix covered the song in the quintet 's 2016 album , A Pentatonix Christmas . On October 21 , 2016 , Pentatonix also released a music video for its cover . Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 22 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 14 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 16 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 83 France ( SNEP ) 20 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Italy ( FIMI ) 37 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 88 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 53 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 23 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Other cover versions ( edit ) `` it 's a beautifully constructed melody that steps up , evolves , and slips back , all in quick time . But this song has a connective chorus , which when it comes in has a power all of its own . The ' secret chord ' and the point - blank I - know - you - better - than - you - know - yourself aspect of the song has plenty of resonance for me . '' -- Bob Dylan Bob Dylan was among the first to perform Cohen 's song in concert with his earliest noted performance being in Montreal on 8 July 1988 . Other notable singers who have covered `` Hallelujah '' include Brandi Carlile , Regina Spektor , Willie Nelson , Susan Boyle , Tim Minchin , Alter Bridge , ( Myles Kennedy ) , and Bono . Bono 's version , which is mostly spoken , was included in Tower of Song , an all - star tribute to Cohen in 1995 . Bon Jovi has covered the song several times in concert , including on their 2008 Live at Madison Square Garden DVD . International group Il Divo released a Spanish - language adaptation with different lyrics on their album The Promise ( 2008 ) , which topped the charts in the UK . The song was performed by recording artist Damien Rice at the 2008 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions when Cohen was inducted . That same year Welsh mezzo - soprano Katherine Jenkins recorded a classical - crossover version for her album Sacred Arias . Kate Voegele performed it in character as Mia Catalano in the U.S. teen drama One Tree Hill . Also appearing on an album , her version made the Hot 100 Billboard charts and reached number 53 in the UK shortly after airing of the episode there . Also in 2008 , the Welsh band Brigyn released a version in Welsh . The song has become a staple of television talent shows . Jason Castro , an American Idol season 7 contestant , performed a version on 4 March 2008 , which propelled Jeff Buckley 's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart . His version was included in his self - titled debut album and his second studio album , Who I Am. Lisa Hordijk , winner of the 2009 Dutch X Factor , released `` Hallelujah '' as her debut single , which went double platinum and remained at the top of the Dutch charts for ten weeks . A 2009 hit by Orthodox Jewish singer Ohad Moskowitz , `` Bo'i Kala '' , featuring the words of the traditional tune accompanying a Jewish bride to the chuppah , is a musical adaptation of `` Hallelujah '' . On 22 January 2010 , American musicians Justin Timberlake , Matt Morris , and Charlie Sexton performed a live cover version of `` Hallelujah '' during the Hope for Haiti Now telethon in support of those affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake . A recorded version was released the following day on the Hope for Haiti Now soundtrack album and reached a peak of No. 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . On 16 April 2010 , the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra and the Richard Eaton Singers conducted by Jack Everly premiered a new arrangement for orchestra and chorus by Claude Lapalme . Also in 2010 , the Maccabeats of Yeshiva University released Voices from the Heights , with an a cappella version of `` Hallelujah '' set to the Hebrew words of the Shabbat liturgical poem `` Lecha Dodi '' . Steven Page performed the song live at the state funeral of Canadian Opposition Leader Jack Layton on 27 August 2011 . Raul Esparza performed the song live at the Kennedy Center 's September 11 Memorial Concert on 8 September 2011 . In May 2012 , Canada 's Royal Winnipeg Ballet presented the World Premiere of The Doorway -- Scenes from Leonard Cohen , created and choreographed by Jorden Morris -- with `` Hallelujah '' performed by Allison Crowe ( voice and piano ) and ballerinas Sophia Lee and Jo - Ann Gudilin dancing alternate dates . '' On the third season of the American version of The Voice , contestant Nicole Nelson sang `` Hallelujah '' in the `` Blind Audition '' stages , and all four coaches selected Nelson for their team . Later in the season , the show recorded a shortened version in honor of the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting . All four coaches -- Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , CeeLo Green and Christina Aguilera -- performed , with hosts Carson Daly and Christina Milian along with the show contestants singing background vocals . Each person in the ensemble held up a card that displayed the name and age of one of the people lost in the tragedy . American entertainer Adam Sandler performed an off - color parody of `` Hallelujah '' in December 2012 at Madison Square Garden in New York City as part of 12 - 12 - 12 : The Concert for Sandy Relief . Sandler 's version contained numerous references to Hurricane Sandy and contemporary events in local culture , sports and politics . On 31 May 2015 , a 167 - piece operatic choir , Côr Glanaethwy , sang a rendition in Welsh in the final of Britain 's Got Talent ( series 9 ) . They came third in the competition . Singer Tori Kelly recorded a cover of `` Hallelujah '' for the animated film Sing and has done two notable live performances of the song : during the `` In Memoriam '' portion of the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , and alongside Luis Fonsi during the 2017 Hand in Hand : A Benefit for Hurricane Relief telethon . On 12 November 2016 , an episode of Saturday Night Live opened with cast member Kate McKinnon as Hillary Clinton performing a rendition of the song in tribute to both Cohen and Clinton ; the preceding week had seen both Cohen 's death and Clinton 's unexpected loss to Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Multiple orchestral and instrumental versions of the song have also been performed . The Vitamin String Quartet included a rendition on their album The Indie Wedding String Collection . Violinist Lindsey Stirling also recorded an arrangement of the song in accordance with the A Savior is Born campaign , created by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Stirling uploaded a video of her performing the piece in a New York City Subway station to her YouTube channel . During her performance in the subway station , though , not one person stopped to listen to her play . Other artists to cover the song include Marcy Playground , Allison Crowe , Straight No Chaser , Elvis Blue , G.E.M. , Veronica Rotin , Peter Hollens , Axel Rudi Pell , Celtic Thunder , Kathryn Williams , Imogen Heap , Draco Rosa , Neil Diamond , Pain of Salvation , Ulf Lundell , Kevin Max , Popa Chubby , Davy Knowles , Theory of a Deadman and The Osmonds . Rea Garvey sang it on the soundtrack to the German romantic comedy Barfuss . Accolades and achievements ( edit ) The BBC commemorated the 25th anniversary of the first recording with an hour - long radio documentary , The Fourth , The Fifth , The Minor Fall , in which the song 's history and numerous cover versions were presented and discussed . It was named one of the top ten greatest tracks of all time in a poll of songwriters conducted by the British music magazine Q . It was listed as one of the 500 greatest songs by Rolling Stone magazine . In the February 2009 issue of Blender , `` Hallelujah '' was named that month 's `` Greatest Song Ever '' ( a monthly feature ) . In 2005 , `` Hallelujah '' was named the tenth - greatest Canadian song of all time in Chart magazine 's annual readers ' poll . On 21 December 2008 , `` Hallelujah '' became the first song in 51 years to be numbers one and 2 on the UK Singles Chart ; The X Factor winner Alexandra Burke 's and American singer Jeff Buckley 's covers were the two highest - selling songs in the week beginning 15 December 2008 . Leonard Cohen 's version was number 36 in the same chart . Pulitzer Prize - winning author Geraldine Brooks took the title of her 2015 novel about King David , The Secret Chord from this song . Other charted versions ( edit ) Covering Artist ( s ) Year Peak chart positions Certifications AUS AUT BEL ( FL ) BEL ( WA ) CAN DEN EU FRA NL NZ SWE SWI UK US Bon Jovi 2008 -- 29 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 177 -- Kate Voegele -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 53 68 Lisa Lois 2009 -- -- -- -- -- -- 99 -- -- -- -- -- -- Justin Timberlake and Matt Morris featuring Charlie Sexton -- 22 25 31 37 -- -- -- 8 10 -- 91 13 Natalia and Gabriel Ríos -- -- 6 -- -- 81 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- BEA : Platinum Karise Eden 2012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 35 -- -- -- -- ARIA : Platinum Bastian Baker -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 18 -- -- -- 24 -- -- Matthew Schuler 2013 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 40 Xavier Naidoo 2014 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 36 -- -- Notes A ^ Bastian Baker 's version of `` Hallelujah '' did not enter the Ultratop 50 , but peaked at number 5 on the Wallonia Ultratip chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Christensen , Andrea ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Seeking spirituality in pop songs : BYU researchers identify criteria for ' secular hymns ' '' . BYU News . Brigham Young University . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Fetters , Ashley ( 2 December 2012 ) . `` How Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah ' Became Everybody 's ' Hallelujah ' '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Singer backs Welsh ' Hallelujah ' '' . BBC . 7 November 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Arjatsalo , J. , Riise , A. , & Kurzweil , K. `` A Thousand Covers Deep : Leonard Cohen Covered by Other Artists '' . The Leonard Cohen files . Archived from the original on 7 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah ' Hits Hot 100 for First Time '' . Billboard . 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VG - lista . ^ Jump up to : Jamieson , Alastair ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Hallelujah , the Leonard Cohen song recorded by X Factor television show winner Alexandra Burke , has become both the Christmas number one and number two best - selling single '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Buckley , Leonard Cohen fans unite on Facebook to keep reality show version of ' Hallelujah ' off British chart '' . National Post . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hallelujah ! You Buck the trend '' . The Sun . United Kingdom . 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Fight for a ' Hallelujah ' Christmas Victory '' . The Times . 18 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ' Hallelujah ' Hits Number One and Two Slots in Christmas Charts . The Times . 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Lawson : Warring ' Hallelujahs ' '' . The Guardian , 19 December 2008 ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` X Factor Winner Alexandra Burke Sets New Chart Record with `` Hallelujah '' `` . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Duffy and Burke Top 2008 Charts '' . BBC . 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra Burke 's ' Hallelujah ' Joins ' Million - Selling ' Singles List '' . NME. 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra is first million - seller '' . BBC News . BBC Online . 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sedghi , Ami ( 26 August 2016 ) . `` The winner takes it all ? The biggest selling X Factor winner 's singles revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Alexandra Burke -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . 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Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201649 into search . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ David Remnick ( 17 October 2016 ) . `` Leonard Cohen Makes It Darker '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Elisa Bray ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` Hallelujah -- a song with a life of its own '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 25 January 2010 ) . `` The Outside Organisation -- Clients -- entertainment -- Bon Jovi -- Live At Madison Square Garden DVD and Blu - ray Released November 23rd '' . Outside-org.co.uk . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Singer backs Welsh ' Hallelujah ' BBC . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hallelujah '' for Idol `` . E !. 14 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baffled King Regretting ' Hallelujah ' '' Eurosavant . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Cashman , Greer Fay ( 16 March 2012 ) . `` Cantering Ahead '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . HighBeam subscription Jump up ^ `` Ohad Moskowitz - Boi Kala ( Hallelujah ) ( video ) '' . YouTube . 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 February 13 , 2010 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ A Chorus of Hits -- Program Information . Edmonton Symphony Orchestra website . Retrieved 16 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hesse , Monica ( 4 December 2010 ) . `` Harmony group 's Hanukkah anthem lights a fire on Web '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Maccabeats : Making Jewish Music Fun '' . Arutz Sheva TV . 18 January 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Anthem to Remember '' . CBC News Network , 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Center Announces 9 / 11 Commemorative Event '' . NBC News . 18 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . 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Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Watch Tori Kelly 's Touching ' Hallelujah ' for ' In Memoriam ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Justin Bieber Introduces ' Hand in Hand ' Prayer , Tori Kelly & Luis Fonsi Perform ' Hallelujah ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Editor , Lee Moran Trends ; Post , The Huffington ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Kate McKinnon As Clinton Sings Leonard Cohen 's ' Hallelujah ' On ' SNL ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` VITAMIN STRING QUARTET -- Online Store '' . Vitaminstringquartet.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mormons Release ' A Savior Is Born ' Christmas Message '' . www.mormonnewsroom.org. 2015 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . 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Jump up ^ ( 0 ) = ts_chart_artistname % 3AJackie % 20Evancho&f ( 1 ) = ss_chart_search_title % 3A * Hallelujah * &f ( 2 ) = ss_bb_type % 3Achart_item&type = 1&artist = Jackie % 20Evancho&title = Hallelujah `` Search results '' , Billboard.com/biz , December 27 , 2014 , accessed December 8 , 2015 Rick Price , Karen Zoid Jump up ^ by Simon ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Karen Zoid Pays Tribute To Madiba '' . Love SA Music . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Imogen Heap -- Hallelujah '' . YouTube . Retrieved 10 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Davy Knowles - Hallelujah - 11 / 25 / 16 Bethesda Blues & Jazz - Bethesda , MD '' . YouTube . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barfuß '' . Filmstarts.De . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Aidin Vaziri ( 4 November 2012 ) , ' Hallelujah ' : Song of Leonard Cohen , San Francisco Chronicle , retrieved 6 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Greatest Songs Ever : `` Hallelujah '' . Blender Magazine . 22 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hallelujah ' Set for Chart Trinity '' . BBC News . 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 21 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( 3 October 2015 ) . `` ' The Secret Chord ' by Geraldine Brooks '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Australian ARIA Singles chart : For the version by Karise Eden : `` Australian Charts -- Karise Eden -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` ARIA CHART WATCH # 392 '' . auspOp . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart : For the version by Bon Jovi : `` Austria Top 40 -- Bon Jovi -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at / Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Austria Top - 40 -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Belgian Ultratop 50 Flanders chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Charts Vlaanderen -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Natalia & Gabriel Ríos : `` Charts Vlaanderen -- Natalia & Gabriel Ríos -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Belgian Ultratop 50 Wallonia chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Charts Wallonie -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Natalia & Gabriel Ríos : `` Charts Wallonie -- Natalia & Gabriel Ríos -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Justin Timberlake Album & Song Chart History -- Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Pentatonix -- Chart History '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Danish Tracklisten : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Danish Charts -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Danishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the European Hot 100 Singles chart : For the version by Lisa : `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2009 - 05 - 30 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Natalia & Gabriel Ríos : `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2010 - 03 - 20 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the French Singles Chart : For the version by Bastian Baker : `` Classements -- Bastian Baker -- Hallelujah ( chanson ) '' ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Classements -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah ( chanson ) '' ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the Dutch Single Top 100 : For the version by Lisa : `` Dutch Charts -- Lisa ( Lois ) -- Hallelujah '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the New Zealand Singles Chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` New Zealand Charts -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Karise Eden : `` New Zealand Charts -- Karise Eden -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . / charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the Swedish Singles Chart : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Swedish Charts -- Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton -- Hallelujah ( song ) '' . Swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak positions on the Swiss Singles Chart : For the version by Bastian Baker : `` Swiss Charts -- Bastian Baker -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Swiss Charts -- Pentatonix -- Hallelujah '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the UK Singles Chart : For the version by Bon Jovi : ( 2 ) For the version by Kate Voegele : `` Chart Archive -- Kate Voegele -- Hallelujah '' . Chartarchive.org . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` Chart Archive -- Timberlake / Morris / Sexton -- Hallelujah '' . Chartarchive.org . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions on the US Billboard Hot 100 : For the version by Justin Timberlake & Matt Morris feat . Charlie Sexton : `` The Hot 100 -- February 13 , 2010 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 8 November 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . For the version by Kate Voegele : `` Kate Voegele -- Chart History '' . Billboard . For the version by Pentatonix : `` Pentatonix -- Chart History '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Les Disques d'Or / de Platine -- 2010 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2012 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 15 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bastian Baker -- Hallelujah '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Light , Alan ( 2013 ) . The Holy or the Broken : Leonard Cohen , Jeff Buckley , and the Unlikely Ascent of `` Hallelujah '' . New York : Atria Books . ISBN 9781451657845 . Babich , Babette ( 2013 ) . The Hallelujah Effect : Philosophical Reflections on Music , Performance Practice , and Technology . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 9781409473107 . External links ( edit ) 1984 version lyrics , on The Leonard Cohen Files 1988 version lyrics , on The Leonard Cohen Files BBC : Just whose hallelujah is it anyway ? -- article on writing and meaning of song The Birth of kd lang 's `` Hallelujah '' out of the ' Spirit of Music ' Perfect Sound Forever online music magazine presents ... 2011 article , by philosopher Babette Babich BBC : Hallelujah ! The rise and rise of Leonard Cohen 's once - forgotten classic -- 2012 report , by writer Alan Light Guitar chords Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( show ) Titles and Succession Preceded by `` Floden '' by Bjørn Eidsvåg Norwegian VG - lista number - one single ( Performed by Lind , Nilsen , Fuentes and Holm ) 10 -- 17 January 2007 Succeeded by `` Smack That '' by Akon featuring Eminem Preceded by `` New Soul '' by Yael Naïm French number - one single ( Jeff Buckley version ) 15 March 2008 Succeeded by `` New Soul '' by Yael Naïm Preceded by `` Love in This Club '' by Usher featuring Young Jeezy U.S. number - one digital song ( Jeff Buckley version ) 22 March 2008 Succeeded by `` Love in This Club '' by Usher featuring Young Jeezy Preceded by `` Run '' by Leona Lewis UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Alexandra Burke version ) 21 December 2008 -- 10 January 2009 Succeeded by `` Just Dance '' by Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis Irish Singles Chart number - one single ( Alexandra Burke version ) 19 December 2008 -- 9 January 2009 Preceded by `` When You Believe '' by Leon Jackson The X Factor winner 's single ( Alexandra Burke version ) 2008 Succeeded by `` The Climb '' by Joe McElderry United Kingdom Christmas number - one single ( Alexandra Burke version ) 2008 Succeeded by `` Killing in the Name '' by Rage Against the Machine Preceded by `` Poker Face '' by Lady GaGa Dutch Top 40 number - one single ( Lisa Lois version ) 23 May 2009 -- 20 June 2009 Succeeded by `` Beggin ' '' by Madcon Articles and topics related to `` Hallelujah '' Leonard Cohen Studio albums Songs of Leonard Cohen Songs from a Room Songs of Love and Hate New Skin for the Old Ceremony Death of a Ladies ' Man Recent Songs Various Positions I 'm Your Man The Future Ten New Songs Dear Heather Old Ideas Popular Problems You Want It Darker Live albums Live Songs Cohen Live Field Commander Cohen : Tour of 1979 Live in London Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 Songs from the Road Live in Dublin Ca n't Forget : A Souvenir of the Grand Tour Compilations The Best of Leonard Cohen So Long , Marianne More Best of Leonard Cohen The Essential Leonard Cohen Tribute albums Famous Blue Raincoat I 'm Your Fan Tower of Song Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man Judy Collins Sings Leonard Cohen : Democracy The Songs of Leonard Cohen Covered Concert tours The Smokey Life Tour Various Positions Tour I 'm Your Man Tour The Future World Tour Leonard Cohen Tour 2008 -- 2010 Old Ideas World Tour Songs `` Ai n't No Cure for Love '' `` Avalanche '' `` Bird on the Wire '' `` Dance Me to the End of Love '' `` Everybody Knows '' `` Famous Blue Raincoat '' `` First We Take Manhattan '' `` The Gypsy 's Wife '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Hey , That 's No Way to Say Goodbye '' `` I 'm Your Man '' `` In My Secret Life '' `` Joan of Arc '' `` The Partisan '' `` So Long , Marianne '' `` Suzanne '' `` Take This Waltz '' Books Let Us Compare Mythologies The Spice - Box of Earth The Favourite Game Flowers for Hitler Beautiful Losers Selected Poems 1956 - 1968 Stranger Music Book of Longing Related Awards and nominations Discography Leonard Cohen : I 'm Your Man Sharon Robinson Jennifer Warnes Anjani Thomas Perla Batalla Julie Christensen Marianne Ihlen Blue Alert Bob Johnston I Am a Hotel Ladies and Gentlemen ... Mr. Leonard Cohen The Holy or the Broken Book Category Jeff Buckley Studio albums Grace Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk Live albums Live at Sin - é Live from the Bataclan Mystery White Boy Live À L'Olympia Live at Sin - é ( Legacy Edition ) Grace Around the World Compilations Songs to No One 1991 -- 1992 The Grace EPs So Real : Songs from Jeff Buckley You and I Singles `` Grace '' `` Last Goodbye '' `` So Real '' `` Eternal Life '' `` Everybody Here Wants You '' `` Forget Her '' `` Hallelujah '' DVDs Live in Chicago Grace Around the World Related articles Discography Tim Buckley Gary Lucas Mick Grøndahl Matt Johnson Michael Tighe Parker Kindred Amazing Grace : Jeff Buckley Dream Brother : The Lives and Music of Jeff and Tim Buckley Dream Brother : The Songs of Tim and Jeff Buckley Greetings from Tim Buckley `` Teardrop '' Kate Voegele Studio albums Do n't Look Away A Fine Mess Gravity Happens EPs The Other Side Louder Than Words Wild Card Singles `` Only Fooling Myself '' `` Hallelujah '' `` 99 Times '' `` Heart In Chains '' Promotional singles `` Angel '' `` Sweet Silver Lining '' Featured songs `` Good to You '' ( with Marianas Trench ) Tours Parakate Tour Back 2 School Tour Lift Me Up Tour Battlefield Tour Less is More Tour Related articles One Tree Hill ( season 5 6 7 ) MySpace Records Interscope Records The Veronicas Stephen Kellogg and the Sixers The Wreckers Natasha Bedingfield Amy Kuney Marianas Trench Angel Taylor Jordin Sparks Parachute Tyler Hilton Alexandra Burke Discography Songs Studio albums Overcome Heartbreak on Hold Extended plays Christmas Gift # NewRules Singles `` Hallelujah '' `` Bad Boys '' `` Broken Heels '' `` All Night Long '' `` Start Without You '' `` Elephant '' `` Let It Go '' Promotional singles `` The Silence '' Featured singles `` Hero '' `` Everybody Hurts '' Concert tours All Night Long Tour ( 2011 ) Related articles The X Factor series 5 finalists Melissa Bell k.d. lang Studio albums with The Reclines A Truly Western Experience Angel with a Lariat Absolute Torch and Twang Solo Shadowland Ingénue All You Can Eat Invincible Summer Watershed with The Siss Boom Bang Sing It Loud Covers Drag Hymns of the 49th Parallel with Tony Bennett A Wonderful World Live and compilation albums Live by Request Reintarnation Recollection Singles `` Rose Garden '' `` Crying '' `` Full Moon Full of Love '' `` Three Days '' `` Luck in My Eyes '' `` Constant Craving '' `` Miss Chatelaine '' Related Discography Book Rufus Wainwright Awards and nominations Discography Songs Studio albums Rufus Wainwright Poses Want One Want Two Release the Stars All Days Are Nights : Songs for Lulu Out of the Game Take All My Loves : 9 Shakespeare Sonnets Live albums Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall Milwaukee at Last ! ! ! 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Singles `` I Do n't Know What It Is '' `` Oh What a World '' `` Across the Universe '' `` The One You Love '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Going to a Town '' `` Rules and Regulations '' `` Tiergarten '' `` Me and Liza '' Other `` April Fools '' `` The Art Teacher '' The Best of Rufus Wainwright Blackoutsabbath `` Cigarettes and Chocolate Milk '' `` Dinner at Eight '' `` Gay Messiah '' Hadrian If I Loved You : Gentlemen Prefer Broadway Odd Man Out Tour Out of the Game Tour Prima Donna album Prima Donna : A Symphonic Visual Concert `` Sanssouci '' Wainwright Libre Family Loudon Wainwright III Kate McGarrigle Martha Wainwright Lucy Wainwright Roche Anna McGarrigle Loudon Wainwright , Jr . Sloan Wainwright Jörn Weisbrodt Category Portal WikiProject Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi Tico Torres David Bryan Hugh McDonald Phil X Richie Sambora Alec John Such Dave Sabo Studio albums Bon Jovi 7800 ° Fahrenheit Slippery When Wet New Jersey Keep the Faith These Days Crush Bounce Have a Nice Day Lost Highway The Circle What About Now This House Is Not for Sale Compilation albums Cross Road This Left Feels Right Greatest Hits Burning Bridges Live albums One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 Inside Out This House Is Not for Sale -- Live from the London Palladium Box sets 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Solo albums Blaze of Glory ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Stranger in This Town ( Sambora ) On a Full Moon ( Bryan ) Destination Anywhere ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Undiscovered Soul ( Sambora ) Lunar Eclipse ( Bryan ) The Power Station Years : The Unreleased Recordings ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Aftermath of the Lowdown ( Sambora ) Video albums Breakout : Video Singles Slippery When Wet : The Videos New Jersey : The Videos Access All Areas : A Rock & Roll Odyssey Keep the Faith : An Evening with Bon Jovi Keep the Faith : The Videos Cross Road Live from London The Crush Tour This Left Feels Right Live Lost Highway : The Concert When We Were Beautiful Live at Madison Square Garden Greatest Hits : The Ultimate Video Collection Concert tours Runaway Tour 7800 Fahrenheit Tour Slippery When Wet Tour Jersey Syndicate Tour Keep the Faith Tour I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead Tour These Days Tour Crush Tour One Wild Night Tour Bounce Tour Have a Nice Day Tour Lost Highway Tour The Circle Tour Bon Jovi Live Because We Can Bon Jovi Live ! This House Is Not for Sale Tour Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards Tony Bongiovi Bruce Fairbairn Desmond Child Bob Rock Peter Collins Aldo Nova Luke Ebbin Billy Falcon Andreas Carlsson Patrick Leonard John Shanks Rick Parashar Dann Huff Bobby Bandiera Jeff Kazee Lorenza Ponce Matt O'Ree Everett Bradley Book Category The X Factor ( UK ) Discography Controversy and criticism Series Main 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Celebrity Battle of the Stars Finalists Series 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Main series Steve Brookstein Shayne Ward Leona Lewis Leon Jackson Alexandra Burke Joe McElderry Matt Cardle Little Mix James Arthur Sam Bailey Ben Haenow Louisa Johnson Matt Terry Rak - Su Celebrity series Lucy Benjamin Singles Winners singles `` Against All Odds '' `` That 's My Goal '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` When You Believe '' `` Hallelujah '' `` The Climb '' `` When We Collide '' `` Cannonball '' `` Impossible '' `` Skyscraper '' `` Something I Need '' `` Forever Young '' `` When Christmas Comes Around '' `` Dimelo '' Charity singles `` Hero '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' Related articles The X Factor franchise I Ca n't Sing ! The X Factor Musical X Factor Around the World UK Christmas number - one singles in the 2000s `` Can We Fix It ? '' ( Bob the Builder , 2000 ) `` Somethin ' Stupid '' ( Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman , 2001 ) `` Sound of the Underground '' ( Girls Aloud , 2002 ) `` Mad World '' ( Michael Andrews & Gary Jules , 2003 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` That 's My Goal '' ( Shayne Ward , 2005 ) `` A Moment Like This '' ( Leona Lewis , 2006 ) `` When You Believe '' ( Leon Jackson , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s UK Christmas number - one single downloads in the 2000s `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` JCB '' ( Nizlopi , 2005 ) `` Patience '' ( Take That , 2006 ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( Mariah Carey , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) 2000s 2010s Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) BNF : cb161653609 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hallelujah_(Leonard_Cohen_song)&oldid=816090609 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Christmas number - one single downloads in the United Kingdom 1980s ballads 1984 singles Leonard Cohen songs Columbia Records singles 1994 singles Jeff Buckley songs 2003 singles Rufus Wainwright songs 2008 singles Alexandra Burke songs The X Factor ( UK TV series ) SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Debut singles Songs written by Leonard Cohen Songs about music Rock ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Metasongs Syco Music singles Universal Records singles United States National Recording Registry recordings 1984 songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from December 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Finnishdownload Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for ItalyFIMI Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 05 : 38 . 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who was the original singer of the song hallelujah
[ "\"Hallelujah\" is a song written by Canadian singer Leonard Cohen, originally released on his album Various Positions (1984). Achieving little initial success, the song found greater popular acclaim through a recording by John Cale, which inspired a recording by Jeff Buckley. It is considered as the \"baseline\" of secular hymns.[1]" ]
[ "Canadian singer Leonard Cohen" ]
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Politics of Texas
Politics of Texas - wikipedia Politics of Texas Jump to : navigation , search Texas This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Texas Constitution and law ( show ) Constitution of the United States Constitution of Texas Texas law Executive ( show ) Governor Greg Abbott ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick ( R ) Attorney General Ken Paxton ( R ) Secretary of State Nandita Berry ( R ) Comptroller of Public Accounts Glenn Hegar ( R ) Land Commissioner George P. 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Smith ( R ) 22 : Pete Olson ( R ) 23 : Will Hurd ( D ) 24 : Kenny Marchant ( R ) 25 : Roger Williams ( R ) 26 : Michael C. Burgess ( R ) 27 : Blake Farenthold ( R ) 28 : Henry Cuellar ( D ) 29 : Gene Green ( D ) 30 : Eddie Bernice Johnson ( D ) 31 : John Carter ( R ) 32 : Pete Sessions ( R ) 33 : Marc Veasey ( D ) 34 : Filemon Vela , Jr . ( D ) 35 : Lloyd Doggett ( D ) 36 : Brian Babin ( R ) Politics of the United States Politics portal United States portal Texas portal For approximately 100 years , from after Reconstruction until the 1990s , the Democratic Party dominated Texas politics . In a reversal of alignments , since the late 1960s the Republican Party has grown more prominent within the state based on an influx of primarily white voters ( the majority in the state ) from the Democratic Party . By the mid-1990s , it became the state 's dominant political party . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cultural background 2 Democratic dominance 3 Increasing Republican strength : 1960 to 1990 4 Redistricting disputes and the 1990s 5 Current situation 6 Future 7 Capital punishment 8 Secessionist sentiment 9 Budget 10 See also 10.1 Current state political parties 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Cultural background ( edit ) The 19th - century culture of the state was heavily influenced by the plantation culture of the Old South , dependent on African - American slave labor , as well as the patron system once prevalent ( and still somewhat present ) in northern Mexico and South Texas . In these societies the government 's primary role was seen as being the preservation of social order . Solving of individual problems in society was seen as a local problem with the expectation that the individual with wealth should resolve his or her own issues . These influences continue to affect Texas today . In their book , Texas Politics Today 2009 - 2010 , authors Maxwell , Crain , and Santos attribute Texas ' traditionally low voter turnout among whites to these influences . But beginning in the early 20th century , voter turnout was dramatically reduced by the state legislature 's disenfranchisement of most blacks , and many poor whites and Latinos . Democratic dominance ( edit ) From 1848 until Richard M. Nixon 's victory in 1972 , Texas voted for the Democratic candidate for president in every election except 1928 , when it did not support Catholic Al Smith . The state had a white majority and Democrats re-established their dominance after the Civil War . In the mid-20th century 1952 and 1956 elections , the state voters joined the landslide for Dwight D. Eisenhower . ( Texas did not vote in 1864 and 1868 due to the Civil War and Reconstruction ) . In the post-Civil War era , two of the most important Republican figures in Texas were African Americans George T. Ruby and Norris Wright Cuney . Ruby was a black community organizer , director in the federal Freedmen 's Bureau , and leader of the Galveston Union League . His protégé Cuney was a mulatto whose wealthy , white planter father freed him and his siblings before the Civil War and arranged for his education in Pennsylvania . Cuney returned and settled in Galveston , where he became active in the Union League and the Republican party ; he rose to the leadership of the party . He became influential in Galveston and Texas politics , and is widely regarded as one of the most influential black leaders in the South during the 19th century . From 1902 through 1965 , Texas had virtually disenfranchised most blacks and many Latinos and poor whites through imposition of the poll tax and white primaries . Across the South , Democrats controlled congressional apportionment based on total population , although they had disenfranchised the black population . The Solid South exercised tremendous power in Congress , and Democrats gained important committee chairmanships by seniority . They gained federal funding for infrastructure projects in their states and the region , as well as support for numerous military bases , as two examples of how they brought federal investment to the state and region . In the post-Reconstruction era , by the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the Republican Party became non-competitive in the South , due to Democratic - dominated legislatures ' disenfranchisement of blacks and many poor whites and Latinos . In Texas , the Democratic - dominated legislature excluded them through passage of a poll tax and white primary . As can be seen on the graph at the following link , voter turnout in Texas declined dramatically following these disenfranchisement measures , and Southern voting turnout was far below the national average . Although blacks made up 20 percent of the state population at the turn of the century , they were essentially excluded from formal politics . Republican support in Texas had been based almost exclusively in the free black communities , particularly in Galveston , and in the so - called `` German counties '' -- the rural Texas Hill Country inhabited by German immigrants and their descendants , who had opposed slavery in the antebellum period . The German counties continued to run Republican candidates . Harry M. Wurzbach was elected from the 14th district from 1920 to 1926 , contesting and finally winning the election of 1928 , and being re-elected in 1930 . Some of the most important American political figures of the 20th century , such as President Lyndon B. Johnson , Vice-President John Nance Garner , Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn , and Senator Ralph Yarborough were Texas Democrats . But , the Texas Democrats were rarely united , being divided into conservative , moderate and liberal factions that vied with one another for power . Increasing Republican strength : 1960 to 1990 ( edit ) Some analysts suggest that the rebirth of the Republican Party in Texas among white conservatives can be traced to 1952 , when Democratic Governor Allan Shivers clashed with the Truman Administration over the federal claim on the Tidelands . He worked to help Texas native General Dwight D. Eisenhower to carry the state . Eisenhower was generally highly respected due to his role as Commander of the Allies in World War II and was popular nationally , winning the election . Beginning in the late 1960s , Republican strength increased in Texas , particularly among residents of the expanding `` country club suburbs '' around Dallas and Houston . The election , to Congress , of Republicans such as John Tower ( who had shifted from the Democratic Party ) and George H.W. Bush in 1961 and 1966 , respectively , reflected this trend . Nationally , outside of the South , Democrats supported the civil rights movement and achieved important passage of federal legislation in the mid-1960s . In the South , however , Democratic leaders had opposed changes to bring about black voting or desegregated schools and public facilities and in many places exercised resistance . Following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , southern white Democrats began to leave the party and join the Republicans , a movement accelerated after the next year , when Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , providing for federal enforcement of minorities ' constitutional right to vote . Voter registration and turnout increased among blacks and Latinos in Texas and other states . Unlike the rest of the South , however , Texas voters were never especially supportive of the various third - party candidacies of Southern Democrats . It was the only state in the former Confederacy to back Democrat Hubert Humphrey in the 1968 presidential election . During the 1980s , a number of conservative Democrats defected to the GOP , including Senator Phil Gramm , Congressman Kent Hance , and GOP Governor Rick Perry , who was a Democrat during his time as a state lawmaker . John Tower 's 1961 election to the U.S. Senate made him the first statewide GOP officeholder since Reconstruction and the disenfranchisement of black Republicans . Republican Governor Bill Clements and Senator Phil Gramm ( also a former Democrat ) were elected after him . Republicans became increasingly dominant in national elections in white - majority Texas . The last Democratic presidential candidate to win the state was Jimmy Carter in 1976 . Previously , a Democrat had to win Texas to win the White House , but in the 1992 election , Bill Clinton won the Oval Office while losing Texas electoral votes . This result significantly reduced the power of Texas Democrats at the national level , as party leaders believed the state had become unwinnable . Redistricting disputes and the 1990s ( edit ) Despite increasing Republican strength in national elections , after the 1990 census , Texas Democrats still controlled both houses of the State Legislature and most statewide offices . As a result , they directed the redistricting process after the decennial census . Although Congressional Texas Democrats received an average of 40 percent of the votes , Democrats consistently had a majority in the state delegation , as they had in every election since at least the end of Reconstruction . In 1994 , Democratic Governor Ann Richards lost her bid for re-election against Republican George W. Bush , ending an era in which Democrats controlled the governorship for all but eight of the past 120 years . Republicans have won the governorship ever since . In 1998 , Bush won re-election in a landslide victory , with Republicans sweeping to victory in all the statewide races . After the 2000 census , the Republican - controlled state Senate sought to draw a congressional district map that would guarantee a Republican majority in the state 's delegation . The Democratic - controlled state House desired to retain a plan similar to the existing lines . There was an impasse . With the Legislature unable to reach a compromise , the matter was settled by a panel of federal court judges , who ruled in favor of a district map that largely retained the status quo . But , Republicans dominated the Legislative Redistricting Board , which defines the state legislative districts , by a majority of four to one . The Republicans on this board used their voting strength to adopt a map for the state Senate that was more favorable to the Republicans as well as a map for the state House that also strongly favored them , as Democrats had also done before them . In 2002 , Texas Republicans gained control of the Texas House of Representatives for the first time since Reconstruction . The newly elected Republican legislature engaged in an unprecedented mid-decade redistricting plan . Democrats said that the redistricting was a blatant partisan gerrymander , while Republicans argued that it was a much - needed correction of the partisan lines drawn after the 1990 census . But , the Republicans ignored the effects of nearly one million new citizens in the state , basing redistricting on 2000 census data . The result was a gain of six seats by the Republicans in the 2004 elections , giving them a majority of the state 's delegation for the first time since Reconstruction . In December 2005 , the US Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal that challenged the legality of this redistricting plan . While largely upholding the map , it ruled the El Paso - to - San Antonio 23rd District , which had been a protected majority - Latino district until the 2003 redistricting , was unconstitutionally drawn . The ruling forced nearly every district in the El Paso - San Antonio corridor to be reconfigured . Partly due to this , Democrats picked up two seats in the state in the 2006 elections . The 23rd 's Republican incumbent was defeated in this election . It was the first time a Democratic House challenger unseated a Texas Republican incumbent in 10 years . Current situation ( edit ) Texas Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 52.23 % 4,681,590 43.24 % 3,867,816 2012 57.19 % 4,555,799 41.35 % 3,294,440 2008 55.48 % 4,467,748 43.72 % 3,521,164 61.09 % 4,526,917 38.30 % 2,832,704 2000 59.30 % 3,799,639 38.11 % 2,433,746 48.80 % 2,736,166 43.81 % 2,459,683 40.61 % 2,496,071 37.11 % 2,281,815 56.01 % 3,036,829 43.41 % 2,352,748 1984 63.58 % 3,433,428 36.18 % 1,949,276 1980 55.30 % 2,510,705 41.51 % 1,881,148 1976 47.97 % 1,953,300 51.14 % 2,082,319 1972 66.20 % 2,298,896 33.24 % 1,154,291 1968 39.87 % 1,227,844 41.14 % 1,266,804 1964 36.49 % 958,566 63.32 % 1,666,185 1960 48.52 % 1,121,130 50.52 % 1,167,567 Republicans control all statewide Texas offices , both houses of the state legislature and have a majority in the Texas congressional delegation . This makes Texas one of the most Republican states in the U.S. Despite overall Republican dominance , Austin , the state capital , is primarily Democratic , as are El Paso , Houston , Dallas , San Antonio and the Rio Grande Valley . However , the suburbs of these cities remain heavily Republican . In 2017 , Texas has more transgender candidates for office than any other state . Some trans candidates cited proposed bathroom bills and other legislation targeting trans people as their motivation to run . Future ( edit ) Texas , like California , is now a minority - majority state . This means that Hispanics , African Americans and other minorities constitute the majority of the state ( Hispanics can be of any race and were traditionally classified as white following the United States acquisition of Mexico 's territory . ) The Hispanic population had continued to increase , based on both natural increase and continued immigration from Mexico . It accounted for 38.1 % of the state 's population as of 2011 ( compared to 44.8 % for non-Hispanic whites ) . The state 's changing demographics may result in a change in its overall political alignment , as most Hispanic and Latino voters support the Democratic Party . Mark Yzaguirre questioned forecasts of Democratic dominance by highlighting Governor Rick Perry 's courting of 39 % of Hispanics in his victory in the 2010 Texas Gubernatorial . Analysts with Gallup suggest that low turnout among Texas Hispanics is all that enables continued Republican dominance . In addition to the descendants of the state 's former slave population , the African American population in Texas is also increasing due to the New Great Migration , many of them support the Democratic party . Capital punishment ( edit ) Texas has a reputation for strict `` law and order '' sentencing . According to the Prison Policy Initiative , of the 21 counties in the United States where more than a fifth of residents are prison inmates , 10 are in Texas . Texas leads the nation in executions , with 464 executions from 1974 to 2011 . The second - highest ranking state is Virginia , with 108 . A 2002 Houston Chronicle poll of Texans found that when asked `` Do you support the death penalty ? '' 69.1 % responded that they did , 21.9 % did not support and 9.1 % were not sure or gave no answer . See also : Capital punishment in Texas Secessionist sentiment ( edit ) Texas has a long history with secession . It was originally a Spanish province , which in 1821 seceded from Spain and helped form the First Mexican Empire . In 1824 Texas became a state in the new Mexican republic . In 1835 Antonio López de Santa Anna assumed dictatorial control over the state and several states openly rebelled against the changes : Coahuila y Tejas ( the northern part of which would become the Republic of Texas ) , San Luis Potosí , Querétaro , Durango , Guanajuato , Michoacán , Yucatán , Jalisco , Nuevo León , Tamaulipas , and Zacatecas . Several of these states formed their own governments : the Republic of the Rio Grande , the Republic of Yucatan , and the Republic of Texas . Only the Texans defeated Santa Anna and retained their independence . Some Texans believe that because it joined the United States as a country , the Texas state constitution includes the right to secede . However , neither the ordinance of The Texas Annexation of 1845 nor The Annexation of Texas Joint Resolution of Congress March 1 , 1845 included provisions giving Texas the right to secede . Texas did originally retain the right to divide into as many as five independent States , and as part of the Compromise of 1850 continues to retain that right while ceding former claims westward and northward along the full length of the Rio Grande in exchange for $10 million from the federal government . The United States Supreme Court 's primary ruling on the legality of secession involved a case brought by Texas involving a Civil War era bonds transfer . In deciding the 1869 Texas v. White case , the Supreme Court first addressed the issue of whether Texas had in fact seceded when it joined the Confederacy . In a 5 - 3 vote the Court `` held that as a matter of constitutional law , no state could leave the Union , explicitly repudiating the position of the Confederate States that the United States was a voluntary compact between sovereign states . '' In writing the majority opinion Chief Justice Salmon Chase opined that : When , therefore , Texas became one of the United States , she entered into an indissoluble relation . All the obligations of perpetual union , and all the guaranties of republican government in the Union , attached at once to the State . The act which consummated her admission into the Union was something more than a compact ; it was the incorporation of a new member into the political body . And it was final . The union between Texas and the other States was as complete , as perpetual , and as indissoluble as the union between the original States . There was no place for reconsideration or revocation , except through revolution or through consent of the States . However , as the issue of secession per se was not the one before the court , it has been debated as to whether this reasoning is merely dicta or a binding ruling on the question . It is also worth noting that Salmon Chase was nominated by Abraham Lincoln and was a staunch anti-secessionist . It is unlikely that he or his Republican appointed court would have approved of the Confederacy and Texas ' choice to join it . While the state 's organized secessionist movement is relatively small , a notable minority of Texans hold secessionist sentiments . A 2009 poll found that 31 % of Texans believe that Texas has the legal right to secede and form an independent country and 18 % believe it should do so . Budget ( edit ) Until 2010 , Texas had weathered the Great Recession fairly well , buffered by its vast oil and gas industries . It avoided the housing industry meltdown and its unemployment rate continues to be below the national level . It benefited from having a two - year budget cycle , allowing officials create budget plans with more time to focus on issues of importance . However , Texas was impacted by the economic downturn just like many other states , and by 2011 was suffering from tens of billions of dollars in budget deficits . In order to deal with this deficit , a supermajority of Republicans led to a massive cost cutting spree . In order to draw new businesses to the state , Texas has developed a program of tax incentives to corporations willing to move there . These efforts , along with Texas focusing on developing their natural energy resources , has led to a surplus as Texas begins its next two year budget cycle . Major revenue sources For FY 2011 , the top Texas revenue sources by category were approximately : Federal Income : $42,159,665,863.56 Sales Tax : $21,523,984,733.17 Investments : $10,406,151,499.48 Other Revenue : $8,569,805,443.66 Licenses , Fees , Fines and Penalties : $7,741,880,095.57 As of 2008 , Texas residents paid a total of $88,794 million dollars in income taxes . This does not include Federal taxes paid by Texas businesses . Besides sales tax , other taxes include franchise , insurance , natural gas , alcohol , cigarettee and tobacco taxes . Texas has no personal state income tax . Major spending categories For FY 2011 , the top Texas State Agency spending categories were approximately : Public Assistance Payments : $26,501,123,478.54 Intergovernmental Payments : $21,014,819,852.52 Interfund Transfers / Other : $12,319,487,032.40 Salaries and Wages : $8,595,912,992.82 Employee Benefits : $5,743,905,057.61 See also ( edit ) Government of Texas Political party strength in Texas Elections in Texas Current state political parties ( edit ) Republican Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Republican Party ) Texas Democratic Party ( State Affiliate of Democratic Party ) Libertarian Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Libertarian Party ) Constitution Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Constitution Party ) Texas Independence Party ( State Affiliate of Independence Party of America ) Green Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Green Party of the United States ) Reform Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Reform Party of the United States of America ) Socialist Party of Texas ( State Affiliate of Socialist Party USA ) Texas Communist Party ( State Affiliate of Communist Party of the United States of America ) Southern Independence Party ( State Specific ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maxwell ( 2009 ) , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Texas Politics : Historical Barriers to Voting , accessed 11 Apr 2008 Archived April 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/historical/presidential.shtml Jump up ^ W. Marvin Dulaney , `` African Americans '' , Handbook of Texas Online , accessed 22 February 2014 Jump up ^ Platoff , Emma ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` For some transgender Texans , bathroom bill fight spurs bids for office '' . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Data from the 2010 Federal Census of Texas '' . Quick Facts . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Report focusing on the political persuasion of Hispanic and Latino voters '' . CNN . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Article from the Huffington Post '' . The Huffington Post . 2012 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Gallup Jump up ^ William H. Frey ( May 2004 ) . `` The New Great Migration : Black Americans ' Return to the South , 1965 - to the present '' . Brookings Institution . brookings.edu . Retrieved Institution . brookings.edu . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Execution Information '' . Jump up ^ Hoppe , Christy ( April 18 , 2009 ) . `` Despite state mythology , Texas lacks right to secede '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinance of the Convention of Texas , signed July 4 , 1845 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Annexation of Texas Joint Resolution of Congress March 1 , 1845 '' . Archives of the West : 1806 - 1848 . PBS . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - Joint Resolution of the Congress of Texas , June 23 , 1845 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The 1850 Boundary Act '' . Texas Treasures : Early Statehood . Texas State Library & Archives Commission . 2009 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 29 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Schwartz ( 1995 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Zuczek ( 2006 ) , p. 649 . Jump up ^ Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 ( 1868 ) at Cornell University Law School Supreme Court collection . Jump up ^ Currie ( 1985 ) , p. 315 . Jump up ^ `` Perry 's secession remarks light up blogosphere '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` In Texas , 31 % Say State Has Right to Secede From U.S. , But 75 % Opt To Stay '' . Rasmussen Reports . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Luhby , Tami ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) . `` '' Even budget deficits are bigger in Texas. `` '' . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) . `` '' Lines Blur as Texas Gives Industries a Bonanza. `` '' . Texas ; Austin ( Tex ) : Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Mildenberg , David ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Texas Starts Budget Debate Flush With Energy Boom Cash '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Texas Budget Surplus Proves as Contentious as a Previous Shortfall '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ State Revenue by Category , Texas Transparency , Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ State Spending by Category , Texas Transparency , Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts References ( edit ) Cunningham , Sean P. Cowboy Conservatism : Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right . ( 2010 ) . Currie , David ( 1985 ) . The Constitution in the Supreme Court : The First Hundred Years , 1789 - 1888 . University of Chicago Press . Maxwell , William Earl ; Crain , Ernest ; Santos , Adolfo . Texas Politics Today 2009 - 2010 ( 14th ed . ) . Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 57025 - 7 . Schwartz , Bernard ( 1995 ) . A History of the Supreme Court . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509387 - 9 . Zuczek , Richard ( August 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era . A -- L. Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33074 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Texas Politics , the TxP project at the University of Texas at Austin State of Texas Austin ( capital ) Topics Architecture Climate Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Sports Symbols Texans Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Texas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Ark ‐ La ‐ Tex Big Bend Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers Deep East Texas East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans - Pecos West Texas Metropolitan areas Abilene Amarillo Austin -- Round Rock Beaumont -- Port Arthur Brownsville -- Harlingen College Station -- Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington El Paso Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Killeen -- Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen -- Edinburg -- Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio -- New Braunfels Sherman -- Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Counties See : List of counties in Texas Politics of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Texas&oldid=818094163 '' Categories : Politics of Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Italiano Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 14 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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which party dominated texas politics for most of texas history until the 1980s
[ "In a reversal of alignments, since the late 1960s the Republican Party has grown more prominent within the state based on an influx of primarily white voters (the majority in the state) from the Democratic Party. By the mid-1990s, it became the state's dominant political party." ]
[ "Republican Party" ]
-1860342652742780663
America's Got Talent (season 11)
America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Got Talent Season 11 Broadcast from May 31 -- September 14 , 2016 Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Winner Grace VanderWaal Origin Suffern , New York Genre ( s ) Singer Runner - up The Clairvoyants Chronology ◀ 2016 ▶ Season eleven of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent was ordered on September 1 , 2015 . The season premiered on NBC on Tuesday , May 31 , 2016 . Nick Cannon returned for his eighth and final season as host . Howie Mandel returned for his seventh season as a judge , while Mel B and Heidi Klum returned for their fourth season . Simon Cowell replaced Howard Stern as the fourth judge . The live shows began on July 26 , at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles instead of Radio City Music Hall in New York from previous years . Due to the 2016 Summer Olympics broadcast schedule on NBC , the show took a hiatus from August 9 -- 17 . Dunkin ' Donuts sponsored the show for a second season , and this season again featured the golden buzzer for each judge and Cannon . Four guest judges joined the panel for the judge 's cuts : George Lopez , Reba McEntire , Ne - Yo , and Louis Tomlinson . Each judge was given a golden buzzer . Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner on September 14 , 2016 , making her the second female act and the second child act to win the show since season 1 . Mentalist duo , The Clairvoyants , placed second , marking the first time that females placed in the top two positions . Magician Jon Dorenbos , the NFL Long Snapper for the Philadelphia Eagles , placed third . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season changes 2 Preliminary auditions 2.1 Golden buzzer 3 Judge Cuts 3.1 Round 1 3.2 Round 2 3.3 Round 3 3.4 Round 4 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 ( July 26 -- 27 ) 4.2 Week 2 ( August 2 -- 3 ) 4.3 Week 3 ( August 23 -- 24 ) 5 Semifinals 5.1 Week 1 ( August 30 -- 31 ) 5.2 Week 2 ( September 6 -- 7 ) 6 Finals 6.1 Finale 7 Top 36 acts 8 Ratings 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8.2 Specials 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows 10 International broadcasts 11 References 12 External links Season changes ( edit ) Season 11 judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Nick Cannon On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . On January 12 , 2016 , it was announced that Mel B , Heidi Klum , and Howie Mandel would all return as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows will also move from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Howard Stern 's departure . The live shows will be held at the Dolby Theatre . This season will be the first time in the American version where the host , Nick Cannon , will also have the opportunity to use the golden buzzer . This is similar to the UK version of the series , Britain 's Got Talent , where together the co-hosts are also allowed to press the golden buzzer for an act . The position the judges sit at the judging table was flipped . From left to right ( as seen from the audience 's perspective ) , the order is : Simon Cowell , Heidi Klum , Mel B and Howie Mandel . This is likely because of the fact that Simon , who joined this season , has always been on the farthest left ( from the audience 's perspective ) whenever he 's on the judging panel . Preliminary auditions ( edit ) Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The premiere aired on May 31 , 2016 . The season had preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants could also submit online auditions . Golden buzzer ( edit ) This season again featured the golden buzzer , which allowed each judge ( and host Nick Cannon ) to send an act straight to the live shows . Mel B was the first judge to press it , using it for 13 - year - old opera singer Laura Bretan , who performed `` Nessun dorma '' . Howie Mandel was second to use it , for 12 - year - old singer / songwriter / ukelele player Grace VanderWaal , after she performed an original song titled `` I Do n't Know My Name '' in the third episode of auditions , Heidi Klum used her golden buzzer for 20 - year - old singer / crooner Sal Valentinetti , who performed `` My Way '' by Frank Sinatra . Simon Cowell used his golden buzzer for 16 - year - old Calysta Bevier , who performed `` Fight Song '' by Rachel Platten . All of the golden buzzers had been used for a singer until week 6 of auditions , when Cannon used his golden buzzer for Dorothy Williams , a 90 - year - old burlesque dancer . This was the first season in which Cannon was given a golden buzzer . This was the first time that an act who got a golden buzzer in the auditions round won a season . Judge Cuts ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Judge Cuts began on Tuesday , July 12 , 2016 and ended on Wednesday , July 20 , 2016 . Like the previous season , one guest judge joined the judges ' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced , including the one that received the guest judge 's golden buzzer . Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use . Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges were George Lopez , Reba McEntire , Ne - Yo , and Louis Tomlinson . This season , there were two Judge Cuts shows per week , on Tuesdays and Wednesdays . Consequently , the Judge Cuts ended in two weeks rather than the four weeks they have taken in earlier seasons . This change was made to avoid competition with NBC 's upcoming Olympic Games broadcast . After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were selected to compete in the live shows : FLIP , Sila Sveta , and Steven Brundage . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Eliminated Eliminated Immediately Advanced Immediately Wild Card Round 1 ( edit ) Guest judge : Ne - Yo Date : July 12 , 2016 This was the first Judge Cuts not to feature any acts getting four red buzzers . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Ne - Yo Brown Mandel Hara Multimedia Illusionist Advanced Philippe and Marie - Lee Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Edgar Family Band Advanced Miniotics Dance Group Eliminated Jumpers in Command 5 Acrobatic Jump Rope Team Eliminated Christopher 6 Dancing Puppeteer Eliminated Brennley Brown 7 Singer Eliminated Lori Mae Hernandez 8 Comedian Advanced John Ferraro 9 Danger Act Eliminated Jon Call 10 Strongman Eliminated Duo Guerrero 11 Tightrope Duo Eliminated Jon Dorenbos 12 Magician Advanced Immediately The Passing Zone 13 Juggling Duo Advanced Julian Davis and the Hayburners 14 Bluegrass Band Eliminated Raii and Whitney Smith 15 Singing Duo Eliminated Ronee Martin 16 Singer Advanced Cory Kahaney 17 Comedian Eliminated Axel Perez 18 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated Rory Freeman 19 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated Linkin ' Bridge 20 A Cappella Group Advanced ^ 1 Although Hara is a multimedia illusionist , his act he performed did not include any multimedia . Round 2 ( edit ) Guest judge : Reba McEntire Date : July 13 , 2016 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum McEntire Brown Mendel Kadie Lynn Roberson Singer And Guitarist Advanced Vello Vaher Contortionist Advanced House of Lewis Hip Hop Band Eliminated Zach Sherwin Comedic Rapper Eliminated Skylar Katz 5 Rapper Eliminated Erik Cavanaugh 6 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated Sofie Dossi 7 Contortionist Advanced Immediately Moya Angela 8 Singer Advanced Parker Garrison 9 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated Youngster 10 Dance Group Eliminated Cody Carter 11 Baton Twirler Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett 12 Illusionists Advanced Adam Grabowski 13 Comedian Eliminated Julia Scotti 14 Comedian Advanced OneVoice 15 Singing Group Eliminated RL Bell 16 Singer Eliminated Cecile and Mighty 17 Singing Illusionists Eliminated Steven Brundage 18 Rubik 's Cube Magician Wild Card Gary Sladek and Jim 19 Trampolinists Eliminated Deadly Games 20 Extreme Knife Throwers Advanced Round 3 ( edit ) Guest judge : George Lopez Date : July 19 , 2016 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Lopez Brown Mandel José and Carrie Dancing Dog Act Eliminated Daniel Joyner Singer Advanced Ilan & Josh Beatboxers Eliminated The Finest Family Dance Group Eliminated Blake Vogt 5 Magician Advanced Alla and Daniel 6 Ballroom Dancing Duo Advanced Charles & Rose 7 Singing Duo Eliminated Mason Bumba 8 Martial Artist Eliminated Tape Face 9 Mime Advanced Good Girl 10 R&B Vocal Group Eliminated Dominique Dy 11 Singer And Pianist Eliminated Madison Watkins 12 Singer Eliminated Charlie Plaças 13 Aerialist Eliminated Malevo 14 Malambo Group Advanced Immediately Ian Stewart 15 Crossbow Act Eliminated Ryan Stock & AmberLynn 16 Sideshow Act Advanced Al Ducharme 17 Comedian Eliminated Ryan Beard 18 Comedic Singer Eliminated Sam Morril 19 Comedian Eliminated Brian Justin Crum 20 Singer Advanced Round 4 ( edit ) Guest judge : Louis Tomlinson Date : July 20 , 2016 This was the only episode of Judge Cuts this season in which acts received four red buzzers . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Tomlinson Brown Mandel ThroWings Extreme Acrobats Advanced Campbell Walker Fields Singer And Pianist Eliminated FLIP Dance Group Wild Card Shane and Shannon Jessen Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated Outlawz 5 Dance Group Advanced Ary Hill 6 Singer Eliminated Avonlea Martin 7 Singer Eliminated Jayna Brown 8 Singer Advanced Immediately John Hetlinger 9 Rock Singer Eliminated Nathan Bockstahler 10 Comedian Eliminated Viktor Kee 11 Juggler Advanced Sos and Victoria 12 Quick Change Duo Advanced Jon Bernhardt 13 Musician Eliminated Immediately Jonathan Nosan 14 Contortionist Eliminated The Amazing Armando 15 Magician Eliminated Immediately Musicality 16 A Cappella Group Advanced Oksana Grishina 17 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated The Baron of the Universe 18 Strongman Eliminated D.J. Demers 19 Comedian Eliminated The Clairvoyants 20 Mentalists Advanced ^ 1 Because Mel B was on stage during Armando 's act , Louis pressed her buzzer . Quarterfinals ( edit ) The live quarterfinals were held at the Dolby Theatre , starting on July 26 , 2016 . They featured the nine golden buzzer acts , the 24 acts passed through during the Judge Cuts round , and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges . Twelve acts performed each week . Seven acts made it through to the semi-finals , while five were eliminated . Outlawz , ThroWings , Vello Vaher and Alla and Daniel received an `` X '' in the live shows . Key Buzzed Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Judges ' Wildcard Week 1 ( July 26 -- 27 ) ( edit ) Guests : Mat Franco , Paul Zerdin Act Order Act Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Simon Heidi Mel B Howie Jayna Brown Singer Advanced Hara Multimedia Illusionist Eliminated Outlawz Hip - Hop Dance Group Eliminated Musicality School Choir Advanced Lori Mae Hernandez 5 Comedian Dunkin ' Save Deadly Games 6 Extreme Knife Throwers Judges ' Choice Jon Dorenbos 7 Magician Advanced Daniel Joyner 8 Singer Eliminated Tape Face 9 Mime Advanced Dorothy Williams 10 Burlesque Dancer Eliminated Sila Sveta 11 Videomapping Dance Duo Eliminated Laura Bretan 12 Opera Singer Advanced ^ 1 After Howie 's vote tied the Judges ' Choice , Deadly Games was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Hara , and advanced to the semi-finals . ^ 2 In the middle of the Dunkin ' Save vote during the results show , Deadly Games 's picture was portrayed as Daniel Joyner , bringing Deadly Games 's voting percentage to 0 % . It was later fixed . Week 2 ( August 2 -- 3 ) ( edit ) Guests : Fitz and The Tantrums featuring Team iLuminate Act Order Act Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Simon Heidi Mel B Howie FLIP Dance Group Eliminated Moya Angela Singer Eliminated Viktor Kee Juggler Advanced Kadie Lynn Roberson Singer And Guitarist Judges ' Choice Ryan Stock and AmberLynn 5 Sideshow Act Eliminated Calysta Bevier 6 Singer Advanced Sofie Dossi 7 Contortionist Advanced The Clairvoyants 8 Mentalists Advanced Sal Valentinetti 9 Singer Dunkin ' Save ThroWings 10 Extreme Acrobats Eliminated Steven Brundage 11 Rubik 's Cube Magician Advanced Sos and Victoria 12 Quick Change Duo Eliminated ^ 1 After Simon 's vote tied the Judges ' Choice , Kadie Lynn Roberson was announced to have received more of America 's vote than ThroWings , and advanced to the semifinals . ^ 2 AmberLynn accidentally shot Ryan in the chest , but he was declared okay . ^ 3 Simon pressed his buzzer after his comments on ThroWings . He later stated that he did press his buzzer after the performance due to safety reasons . Week 3 ( August 23 -- 24 ) ( edit ) Guests : Recycled Percussion , Michael Phelps Act Order Act Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Simon Heidi Mel B Howie Vello Vaher Contortionist Eliminated Ronee Martin Singer Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett Illusionists Advanced Linkin ' Bridge A Cappella Group Judges ' Choice Alla and Daniel 5 Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated Blake Vogt 6 Magician Advanced Edgar 7 Family Band Advanced Julia Scotti 8 Comedian Eliminated Brian Justin Crum 9 Singer Advanced Malevo 10 Malambo Group Dunkin ' Save The Passing Zone 11 Juggling Duo Wild Card Grace VanderWaal 12 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player Advanced Semifinals ( edit ) The live semifinals started on August 30 , 2016 . They feature the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts will perform . Five will go through , while six will be eliminated . No acts got buzzed . Key Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Week 1 ( August 30 -- 31 ) ( edit ) Guests : The Illusionists Act Order Performance description Judges ' choices Result Simon Heidi Mel B Howie Sal Valentinetti Singer , performed `` That 's Life '' by Frank Sinatra . Advanced Blake Vogt Magician , performed a trick in which he tore off a piece of a card that Simon chose , and made it reappear in the empty card box . Vogt then got on a scissor lift and covered himself with a large cloth , only to disappear upon dropping the cloth and reappearing on one of the theater 's balconies . Eliminated Edgar Family Band , performed `` Bless the Broken Road '' by Rascal Flatts . Eliminated Lori Mae Hernandez Comedian , performed a routine in which she joked about the U.S Olympic team , her barbie doll collection , and Nick and the judges . Eliminated Musicality 5 School Choir , performed `` Born This Way '' by Lady Gaga . Eliminated Deadly Games 6 Extreme Knife Throwers , performed a routine consisting of Alfredo using a whip to cut a rose off of a stem in Anna 's mouth , throwing knives at Anna while she was obscured by a long white canvas , and shooting a crossbow at her whilst holding balloons with her mouth / hands . Eliminated Tape Face 7 Mime , performed a routine in which he brought an audience member to the stage to `` duel '' with him using staple guns and balloons under both men 's armpits and between their legs . Dunkin ' Save Jon Dorenbos 8 Magician , performed a trick in which he made the judges throw a football at a U.S. map , then proceeded to reveal 4 quarters in a locked chest that represented the states the judges threw their footballs at . Dorenbos also revealed a hidden map to the judges that predicted the locations of the judges ' throws . Advanced Grace VanderWaal 9 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player , performed her original song , `` Light the Sky '' . Advanced Malevo 10 Malambo Group , performed an Argentine folk dance routine with elements such as water and percussion incorporated . Eliminated Laura Bretan 11 Opera Singer , performed Andrew Lloyd Webber 's `` Pie Jesu '' . Judges ' Choice Week 2 ( September 6 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Guests : Andra Day , Blue Journey Act Order Performance description Judges ' choices Result Simon Heidi Mel B Howie Jayna Brown Singer , performed `` Rise '' by Katy Perry . Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett Illusionists , performed a trick in which they made all of their classmates appear out of a cardboard schoolhouse . Eliminated Kadie Lynn Roberson Singer , performed `` I Hope You Dance '' by Lee Ann Womack . Eliminated Viktor Kee Juggler , performed a routine consisting of emerging out of a treasure chest , levitating a ball , and then juggling four balls in a variety of ways . Judges ' Choice Linkin ' Bridge 5 A Cappella Group , performed `` 7 Years '' by Lukas Graham . Advanced The Passing Zone 6 Juggling Duo , performed a routine in which they juggled flaming torches around Cowell . Eliminated Calysta Bevier 7 Singer , performed `` Human '' by Christina Perri . Eliminated Steven Brundage 8 Rubik 's Cube Magician , performed a routine in which he asked Cannon to choose a card with a celebrity 's name on it while the judges were mixing Rubik 's cubes , followed by asking Cannon to place the mixed cubes on a board , followed by revealing the chosen celebrity on the board . Eliminated Sofie Dossi 9 Contortionist , performed a routine in which she balanced and rotated on a platform using her hands while contorting her body , followed by a performance on a suspended hoop . Dunkin ' Save The Clairvoyants 10 Mentalists , performed a routine in which they asked for Mandel to ask Cowell a question , asked Mel B for an influence , asked Klum to name a kiss location , named the time on a clock correctly , and correctly named what the judges wrote . Advanced Brian Justin Crum 11 Singer , performed `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' by Tears for Fears . Advanced ^ 1 After Howie 's vote tied the Judges ' Choice , Viktor Kee was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Steven Brundage , and advanced to the finals . Finals ( edit ) The performances took place on September 13 , 2016 , where 10 acts performed . Every performance received a standing ovation from every judge . No acts were buzzed . The season finale took place on September 14 , 2016 . During the finale results , the top 5 acts were revealed first ; then they were eliminated in reverse ranking from fifth place to third place . Grace VanderWaal was announced the winner at the end of the finale . She won the million - dollar prize and was set to headline at the PH Showroom at the Las Vegas Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino on October 27 , 28 , 29 and 30 , 2016 . Key Advanced to the top 5 Top 10 Guests : Pitbull , LunchMoney Lewis , Paula Abdul , Stevie Nicks , Il Volo Act Order Performance description Ranking Sal Valentinetti Singer , performed `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin Guest Performers : Jersey Boys ; Sang `` Oh What a Night . '' Advanced Sofie Dossi Contortionist , performed a compilation act , including a fast back - flip sequence and an aerial ring routine . Guest Performers : Il Volo , Sofie Dossi , and Viktor Kee ; Laura Bretan and II Volo sing a duet of `` Nessun Dorma '' from Turandot , while Sofie swings from a hoop in the sky and Viktor juggles balls . Top 10 Linkin ' Bridge A Cappella Group , performed `` See You Again '' by Charlie Puth . Guest Performer : Silhouettes ; Sang `` 7 Years '' with Silhouettes shadow dancing in the background . Top 10 Laura Bretan Opera Singer , performed `` O mio babbino caro '' , by Giacomo Puccini . Guest Performers : Il Volo , Sofie Dossi , and Viktor Kee ; Laura Bretan and II Volo sing a duet of `` Nessun Dorma '' from Turandot , while Sofie Dossi swings from a hoop in the sky and Viktor juggles balls . Top 10 The Clairvoyants 5 Mentalists , performed an act where they compiled their previous performances together , naming a man 's birthday from the crowd , naming the expiration date and the last four numbers of Simon 's credit card while Amelie was submerged underwater , and naming the Howie - flavored jelly bean that Mel B described inside of a pendant . Guest Performers : Paula Abdul , and Jon Dorenbos ; Thommy hands Heidi a book of celebrities . She yells `` stop '' on a photo of Paula Abdul , who joins them on stage carrying a box . We 're playing the lottery , and each judge picks a random number between 1 and 50 . Then they open a box , which contains a lottery ticket with the numbers each judge chose . They hand Paula an envelope , and Jon has Paula pick card from a giant deck of cards . He has her pick a card and tear it into four pieces , three of which he puts into a paper bag . Then he makes them disappear , and they reappear in the envelope reassembled . And the remaining corner is a perfect match . Advanced Brian Justin Crum 6 Singer , Performed `` Man in the Mirror '' by Michael Jackson . Brian did not have a Guest Performer ; instead he sang `` Creep '' by Radiohead . Advanced Tape Face 7 Mime , performed an act with horse puppets to the tune of `` William Tell Overture '' , featuring Mel B with a toilet seat around her neck as he fired a plunger at the toilet seat in a parody of the William Tell legend . Guest Performers : Jon Dorenbos , Brian Justin Crum , Viktor Kee , and Shon China Lacy ; Tape Face gets them all to sway to `` Lean on Me '' by Bill Withers . Then he sits them in four chairs , with their backs all facing the same direction . He lays them down so that they 're leaning on each other and pulls out the chairs , one by one , so that they are now the chairs . He sits down , reads some papers and snaps a selfie , and they 're stuck that way until he slides the chairs back so they can de-tangle . Top 10 Viktor Kee 8 Juggler , performed with several different juggling methods , including one with a flaming ball . Guest Performers : Il Volo , Sofie Dossi , and Laura Bretan ; juggles balls while Laura Bretan and II Volo sing a duet of `` Nessun Dorma '' from Turandot , while Sofie Dossi swings from a hoop in the sky . Top 10 Jon Dorenbos 9 Magician , told an inspirational story while manipulating cards the judges signed . Guest Performers : Guest Performers : Paula Abdul , and The Clairvoyants ; Thommy hands Heidi a book of celebrities . She yells `` stop '' on a photo of Paula Abdul , who joins them on stage carrying a box . We 're playing the lottery , and each judge picks a random number between 1 and 50 . Then they open a box , which contains a lottery ticket with the numbers each judge chose . They hand Paula an envelope , and Jon has Paula pick card from a giant deck of cards . He has her pick a card and tear it into four pieces , three of which he puts into a paper bag . Then he makes them disappear , and they reappear in the envelope reassembled . And the remaining corner is a perfect match . Advanced Grace VanderWaal 10 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player , sang an original song called `` Clay '' with an anti-bullying message . Grace did not have a guest performer , but she sang her original : `` I Do n't Know my Name . '' Advanced Finale ( edit ) Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - up ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place Act Result Grace VanderWaal Winner The Clairvoyants Runner - Up Jon Dorenbos 3rd place Brian Justin Crum 4th place Sal Valentinetti 5th place Top 36 acts ( edit ) Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Grace VanderWaal 12 Singing Singer Chicago , Illinois Winner The Clairvoyants 28 & 29 Magic Mentalists Vienna , Austria Runner - up Jon Dorenbos 35 Magic Magician Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 3rd Place Brian Justin Crum 28 Singing Singer San Diego , California 4th Place Sal Valentinetti 21 Singing Singer Bethpage , New York 5th Place Laura Bretan 14 Singing Opera Singer Chicago , Illinois Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Tape Face 38 Comedy Mime Canterbury , New Zealand Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Sofie Dossi 15 Gymnastics Contortionist Cypress , California Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Linkin ' Bridge 36 -- 41 Singing A Cappella Group Louisville , Kentucky Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) Viktor Kee 45 Juggling Juggler Priluki , Ukraine Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Steven Brundage 25 Magic Rubik 's Cube Magician Saratoga Springs , New York Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Edgar 15 -- 36 Singing Family Band Toluca Lake , California Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Blake Vogt 27 Magic Magician Lebanon , Indiana Eliminated Calysta Bevier 16 Singing Singer Grand Rapids , Ohio Eliminated Deadly Games 32 & 34 Danger Extreme Knife Throwers Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Jayna Brown 14 Singing Singer Baltimore , Maryland Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett 10 Magic Illusionists Hollywood , California Eliminated Kadie Lynn Roberson 12 Singing Singer And Guitarist Kemp , Texas Eliminated Lori Mae Hernandez 13 Comedy Comedian Lancaster , California Eliminated Malevo 17 -- 42 Dance Malambo Group Buenos Aires , Argentina Eliminated Musicality 15 -- 18 Singing School Choir Chicago , Illinois Eliminated The Passing Zone 49 Juggling Juggling Duo Hermosa Beach , California Eliminated Hara 25 Magic Multimedia Illusionist Japan N / A Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) ThroWings 25 & 29 Acrobatics Extreme Acrobats Boston , Massachusetts N / A Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Ronee Martin 62 Singing Singer Columbia , Virginia N / A Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Alla & Daniel 8 & 32 Dance Ballroom Dance Duo Saratov , Russia N / A Eliminated Daniel Joyner 17 Singing Singer Alamo , Tennessee N / A Eliminated Dorothy Williams 90 Dance Burlesque Dancer Hilo , Hawaii N / A Eliminated FLIP 14 -- 17 Dance Dance Group Lévis , Canada N / A Eliminated Julia Scotti 63 Comedy Comedienne Whiting , New Jersey N / A Eliminated Moya Angela 32 Singing Singer Las Vegas , Nevada N / A Eliminated Outlawz 17 -- 20 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Gilbert , Arizona N / A Eliminated Ryan Stock & AmberLynn 34 Danger Sideshow Act Las Vegas , Nevada N / A Eliminated Sila Sveta 20 -- 35 Dance Videomapping Dance Duo Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Sos & Victoria 37 & 44 Magic Quick Change Duo Mannheim , Germany N / A Eliminated Vello Vaher 52 Gymnastics Contortionist Tallinn , Estonia N / A Eliminated Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly rank Weekly rank Auditions Week 1 ( Premiere ) May 31 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 11.67 Auditions Week 2 June 7 , 2016 2.3 8 10.79 Auditions Week 3 June 14 , 2016 2.6 10 11.54 5 Auditions Week 4 June 21 , 2016 2.3 9 11.73 5 Auditions Week 5 June 28 , 2016 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.21 6 Auditions Week 6 July 5 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 10 12.81 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 12 , 2016 2.4 9 11.54 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 13 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.85 9 Judge Cuts 3 July 19 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.10 10 Judge Cuts 4 July 20 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 10.78 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) July 26 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 10.47 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) July 27 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 8 9.52 3 ( tie ) 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 2 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 9 11.57 4 ( tie ) 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 3 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 7 9.39 1 ( tie ) 8 ( tie ) 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 23 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.26 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 24 , 2016 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 10.67 1 ( tie ) 2 ( tie ) 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 30 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.28 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 31 , 2016 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.0 8 10.50 19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 6 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 9 11.96 6 20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 7 , 2016 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.0 7 10.61 9 21 Finals ( Performances ) September 13 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.8 10 13.97 4 ( tie ) 22 Finale September 14 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.8 10 14.41 4 ( tie ) Specials ( edit ) Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly rank Weekly rank S1 Best of Season 11 Auditions July 6 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 7 8.48 5 S2 Quarterfinals Week 3 Recap August 24 , 2016 1.4 6 7.26 13 ( tie ) S3 Semifinals Week 1 Recap August 31 , 2016 7 6.46 16 S4 Holiday Spectacular December 19 , 2016 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 6 9.54 5 ( tie ) Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows ( edit ) The Passing Zone competed in season 1 and finished in the final . Dan Meyer competed in season 3 , but was cut in Vegas . Russian Bar Trio competed in season 3 , but had to withdraw due to injury . Donald Braswell took their place . Diane Barnard competed in season 9 , and was eliminated during auditions in both seasons . Sal Valentinetti appeared on season 14 of American Idol and was cut during Hollywood Week . Cory Kahaney competed in season 1 of Last Comic Standing and finished in the final . She also appeared in season 4 of Food Network Star and was eliminated first . Steven Brundage and Blake Vogt participated on the second season of Penn & Teller : Fool Us , where Brundage successfully fooled Penn & Teller . Pato & Ginger participated on the first season of México Tiene Talento , where they finished runners - up . José and Carrie participated on the ninth season of La France a un incroyable talent and finished as a semifinalist . Laura Bretan won the sixth season of Românii au talent . Will Jay , a contestant who was eliminated in auditions , competed in the fourth season of The Voice of China and was eliminated in the Knockouts . Brennley Brown appeared on Season 12 of The Voice and finished in the Top 6 . International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season of the show has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10.00 PM WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5.00 PM WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Judge ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . 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Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NBA Finals down but still dominant in week of June 6 -- 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Maya & Marty ' and ' Coupled ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NBA Finals rule the week of June 13 -- 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Maya & Marty , ' ' To Tell the Truth ' and ' Coupled ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' leads the week of June 20 -- 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . 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Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' wins the week of July 11 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ESPYs , ' Big Brother ' and ' AGT ' adjust up ; ' The Night Shift , ' ' Wayward Pines ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Hotel Hell ' adjust up , final RNC numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' finishes 1 - 2 for July 18 -- 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Whose Line ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' AGT ' and ' Bachelorette ' adjust up , ' Zoo , ' ' Coupled ' and ' Whose Line ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' remains No. 1 for July 25 -- 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' adjust up , ' Night Shift ' and ' American Gothic ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Whose Line ' and ' MADtv ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Combined broadcast / cable weekly rankings , Aug. 1 - 7 : Olympics mean smaller cable presence '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : CMA Festival , ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Night Shift ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Better Late Than Never , ' everything else unchanged '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' leads NBC to a win '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up to season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : College football , ' America 's Got Talent ' top the week of Aug. 29 - Sept. 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' The Night Shift ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NFL rules the week of Sept. 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Presidential forum , ' America 's Got Talent ' , ' Big Brother ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : Football , finales and Emmys , oh my '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother adjust up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' Wayward Pines ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2016 ) . ( tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/great-christmas-light-fight-finale-adjusts-down-monday-final-ratings/ `` ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' finale adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 28 , 2016 ) . ( tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/weekly-ratings/week-14-broadcast-top-25-and-network-rankings-dec-19-25-2016/ `` NFL and NBC dominate the week 14 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NET . on Twitter : `` Mulai malam ini , setiap Sabtu & Minggu America 's ... '' . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akhir Ceritanya Menggantung , Kesempurnaan Cinta akan Berlanjut ke Season 3 '' . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 10 ( 2015 ) America 's Got Talent Season 11 ( 2016 ) Succeeded by Season 12 ( hide ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_11)&oldid=802344164 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2016 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 15 : 47 . 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who was the winner of america's got talent last year
[ "Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner on September 14, 2016, making her the second female act and the second child act to win the show since season 1. Mentalist duo, The Clairvoyants, placed second, marking the first time that females placed in the top two positions. Magician Jon Dorenbos, the NFL Long Snapper for the Philadelphia Eagles, placed third.[6]" ]
[ "Grace VanderWaal" ]
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List of Only Fools and Horses characters
List of only Fools and Horses characters - wikipedia List of only Fools and Horses characters Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters from the BBC situation comedy Only Fools and Horses and its prequel , Rock and Chips . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular characters 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Major 2.2 Minor 2.2. 1 Jevon 2.2. 2 Nerys 2.2. 3 Alan Parry 2.2. 4 Roy Slater 2.2. 5 PC Terry Hoskins 2.2. 6 June Snell 2.2. 7 Barmaids 3 Trotter relatives 3.1 Joan Trotter 3.2 Reg Trotter 3.3 Violet Trotter 3.4 Freddie Robdal 4 Guest and spin - off characters 4.1 Abdul Khan 4.2 Arnie 4.3 Solly Atwell 4.4 The Driscoll Brothers 4.5 Doctor Meadows 4.6 Jumbo Mills 4.7 Don Vincenzo Occhetti 4.8 Gerald `` Jelly '' Kelly 4.9 Reenie Turpin 4.10 Lady Victoria Marsham - Hales 4.11 Janice 5 Unseen characters 5.1 Albie Littlewood 5.2 Monkey Harris , Paddy the Greek & Sunglasses Ron 6 References Regular characters ( edit ) For more details , see individual character articles Character Actor First appearance Last appearance Duration Episodes Del Boy David Jason ( James Buckley in Rock & Chips ) `` Big Brother '' 2014 Sport Relief special 1981 - 2003 , 2014 64 Rodney Nicholas Lyndhurst `` Big Brother '' 2014 Sport Relief special 1981 - 2003 , 2014 64 Grandad Lennard Pearce ( Phil Daniels in Rock & Chips ) `` Big Brother '' `` Licensed to Drill '' 1981 -- 1984 22 Uncle Albert Buster Merryfield `` Strained Relations '' `` The Comic Relief Special '' 1985 -- 1997 37 Cassandra Gwyneth Strong `` Yuppy Love '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1989 -- 2003 21 Raquel Tessa Peake - Jones `` Dates '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1988 - 2003 20 Recurring characters ( edit ) Major ( edit ) For more details , see individual character articles Character Actor First appearance Last appearance Duration Episodes Trigger Roger Lloyd - Pack ( Lewis Osbourne in Rock & Chips ) `` Big Brother '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1981 - 2003 39 Boycie John Challis ( Stephen Lloyd in Rock & Chips ) `` Go West Young Man '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1981 -- 2009 33 Denzil Paul Barber ( Ashley Gerlach in Rock & Chips ) `` Who 's a Pretty Boy ? '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1983 -- 2003 18 Slater Jim Broadbent ( Callum McNab in Rock & Chips ) `` May The Force Be With You '' `` The Class of ' 62 '' 1983 , 1985 , 1991 Marlene Boyce Sue Holderness `` Sleeping Dogs Lie '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1985 -- 2009 20 Mike Kenneth MacDonald `` Who 's a Pretty Boy ? '' `` Time On Our Hands '' 1983 -- 1996 30 Mickey Pearce Patrick Murray `` Healthy Competition '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1983 -- 2003 20 Sid Roy Heather `` The Long Legs of the Law '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1982 , 1985 -- 2003 13 Damien Various `` Three Men , a Woman and a Baby '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1991 -- 2003 10 Minor ( edit ) Jevon ( edit ) Jevon ( Steven Woodcock ) is a friend of Rodney and Mickey Pearce , first seen in Dates . Unlike Mickey , Jevon is successful with the ladies , though to his chagrin Cassandra Parry rebuffed him when he asked her to dance . He was even more surprised when she agreed to dance with Rodney . Jevon set up a trading partnership with Mickey Pearce , which lasted throughout the sixth series . They apparently gave up on the trading business at the end of that series though , following a run - in with the Driscoll brothers which left them both in plaster . Jevon made one further appearance in The Jolly Boys ' Outing , after which Woodcock left the series to take the role of Clyde Tavernier in EastEnders and the character was not seen again . He appeared in The Jolly Boys ' Outing , Little Problems , Sickness & Wealth , Yuppy Love and Dates . Nerys ( edit ) `` Nervous '' Nerys ( Andrée Bernard ) was the Nag 's Head barmaid who appeared in two episodes , Dates and Sickness and Wealth . She briefly dated Rodney , although she was left terrified when a gang of yobs began chasing them in the van . The Trotter 's also scared her again , with their fake seance . Alan Parry ( edit ) Alan Parry ( Denis Lill ) was a regular cast member during series six and seven . He is Cassandra 's father and subsequently , Rodney 's father - in - law . He is the owner of a successful printing firm , which employs Rodney for a time from 1989 to 1991 , and later becomes a friend of Del Boy . Despite being a successful businessman by the time he met Del , Alan was still a Cockney wideboy at heart , often ending up drunk or getting sick after eating too many jellied eels whilst under Del 's influence , much to the chagrin of his more overtly middle - class wife , Pam ( Wanda Ventham ) . Roy Slater ( edit ) Main article : DCI Roy Slater Detective Chief Inspector Roy Slater ( Jim Broadbent in Only Fools and Horses and Calum MacNab in Rock & Chips ) appeared in three episodes - May The Force Be With You , To Hull and Back , and The Class of ' 62 . A much - reviled ex-schoolmate of Del 's , Slater was a corrupt policeman and ( as revealed in The Class of ' 62 ) the ex-husband of Raquel Turner . He was sent to prison for diamond smuggling after the events of To Hull and Back . Slater also appears in the prequel Rock & Chips , where he is barely tolerated by Del and the others as a member of their gang , as his friendship with them is at this point obviously falling apart . In Five Gold Rings , he leaves school to become a police cadet , and arrests Del and Jumbo for selling illegal American records ( although he is snubbed by his sergeant , who goes on to keep the records for himself and lets Del and Jumbo go with a warning ) . This is the last time Slater is seen , as he does not appear in The Frog and the Pussycat . In the entire series , Slater is the only character portrayed by an Academy Award - winning actor . Pc Terry Hoskins ( edit ) Police Constable Terence `` Terry '' Hoskins ( Christopher Mitchell ) appeared in two episodes - May The Force Be With You and To Hull and Back . He works alongside Roy Slater , but does n't like him . Slater often makes him miss lunch and watch suspects whilst Slater is away . He has a conversation with Del Boy , in which it is revealed Del Boy sold Terry 's mother a gas fire . Terry advises Del Boy to tell Slater and make it easier on himself . In To Hull and Back , Terry turns against Slater and hands him into the police force . June Snell ( edit ) June Snell ( Diane Langton ) was an ex-girlfriend of Del Boy 's from many years previously . They met up again when Rodney dated June 's daughter Debbie in Happy Returns , which Del scuppered in the mistaken belief that Debbie was his daughter . Del and June fell out when June revealed that Debbie 's real father was in fact Del 's best friend Albie Littlewood , and Del in turn admitted that he had been cheating on her with Albie 's girlfriend Deidre . They were later reconciled again , however , as Del invited June to the opera in A Royal Flush with Rodney and his date Lady Victoria . He and June ruined the evening and embarrassed Rodney by noisily eating snacks and arguing with other audience members . The evening then comes to an end after June becomes ill from eating too much and is sick ( off screen ) over an audience member sitting in front of her . Aside from Debbie , June has another child , a son named Jason . Barmaids ( edit ) Throughout the run of Only Fools and Horses , there were various barmaids employed at The Nag 's Head . Aside from Nerys , they only filled relatively minor roles , speaking only the occasional one - liner or flirting with Del . Joyce ( Peta Bernard ) appeared in two episodes of the first series . Julie ( Julie La Rousse ) appeared in five episodes between the second and third series ; however , La Rousse was credited for only her second appearance . Karen ( Michele Winstanley ) appeared in four episodes of the fourth series . In all her appearances , she was credited as Michèle Winstanley . Vicky ( Kim Clifford ) appeared in the Christmas special To Hull and Back . Maureen ( Nula Conwell ) appeared in five episodes between the fourth and fifth series . Trotter relatives ( edit ) Joan Trotter ( edit ) Joan Trotter Rock & Chips character Portrayed by Kellie Bright Duration 2010 - 11 First appearance Rock & Chips ( 2010 ) Last appearance The Frog and the Pussycat ( 2011 ) Created by John Sullivan Profile Occupation Cinema ice - cream girl Part - time Filing Clerk Tealady Home Nelson Mandela House , Peckham ( show ) Family Sisters Rose Husband Reg Trotter Sons Derek Trotter Rodney Trotter Grandsons Damien Trotter Granddaughters Joan Trotter II Other relatives Edward Trotter ( father - in - law ) Violet Trotter ( mother - in - law ) Cassandra Trotter ( daughter - in - law ) Joan Mavis Trotter is Del and Rodney 's late mother , and wife of Reg . Though she is never seen in the series , she is often mentioned by Del , especially in his attempts to emotionally blackmail Rodney , who had few memories of her . Del loved his mother deeply , and still mourns her death . Over the series , it became clear to Rodney and the viewers ( but not always to Del ) that Joan had had a series of affairs with numerous men during her loveless marriage to Del 's selfish , work - shy father , Reg . One such affair was with local `` gentleman thief '' Freddie Robdal , and resulted in the birth of Rodney . She died on 12 March 1964 ( according to The Yellow Peril ) of an unknown illness while Rodney was still very young . Her tombstone , a flamboyant fibreglass monument , is also seen occasionally . In `` The Yellow Peril '' , Del paints it yellow , not realising that the paint is luminous . In Danger UXD , they dress up the blow up dolls in Joan 's old clothes in order to get them out of the flat without being noticed . After the Trotters became millionaires , Del returns to their now deserted flat and remembers his mother telling him he could n't have the day off school with a hangover because he was taking his 11 - plus ( Joan is heard saying this in a voiceover provided by an uncredited actress ) . When Cassandra and Rodney have their baby in Sleepless in Peckham , they name her Joan . The character makes her first screen appearance in Rock & Chips . Portrayed as a hard - working woman in her late 30s , struggling to maintain a home , which included her workshy husband Reg , ageing father - in - law Ted and her teenage son Del Boy . She begins an affair with Freddie Robdal , a friend of Reg 's recently released from prison , and soon discovers she is pregnant . Joan and Freddie 's affair is n't one of lust ; they seem to love each other genuinely and Joan loves both her boys deeply . She is willing to leave Reg altogether and run away with Freddie to Bournemouth to raise Rodney with him , but would only do so once she was sure Del was financially secure . She tries her best to help Del 's relationship and hopeful eventual marriage to a rich man 's daughter , but the relationship does not work , and Joan ultimately chooses to remain in Peckham for Del 's sake . Joan is a huge fan of Hollywood films and actresses , given her job in the Ritz cinema , to the point that she changed her hairstyle multiple times during Rock & Chips to resemble actresses such as Marilyn Monroe , Elizabeth Taylor , Jane Fonda and Audrey Hepburn . Reg Trotter ( edit ) Reg Trotter Only Fools and Horses character Portrayed by Peter Woodthorpe ( 1983 ) Shaun Dingwall ( 2010 - 11 ) Duration 1983 , 2010 - 11 First appearance Thicker than Water ( 1983 ) Last appearance The Frog and the Pussycat ( 2011 ) Created by John Sullivan Profile Occupation Unemployed Home Newcastle ( show ) Family Father Edward Trotter ( deceased ) Mother Violet Trotter ( deceased ) Wife Joan Trotter Sons Derek Trotter Stepsons Rodney Trotter Grandsons Damien Trotter Granddaughters Joan Trotter II ( step - granddaughter ) Uncles Albert Trotter George Trotter Jack Trotter First cousins Stan Trotter Reginald `` Reg '' Trotter is the estranged father of Del Boy , stepfather of Rodney , and son of Grandad . Reg abandons his family shortly after the death of his wife Joan , upon which he steals Del 's sixteenth birthday cake and Rodney 's piggy bank . Eighteen years later he returns , in the episode Thicker than Water , claiming to have a hereditary blood disorder . When the results reveal Del and Rodney to have different blood groups , he attempts to split the family by questioning Del 's paternity . He quickly leaves once it becomes known that he has forged the test results himself , and is never heard from again . As with their mother , he is often mentioned by Del in other episodes . It was revealed in the final episode Sleepless in Peckham that Rodney is not in fact Reg 's biological son , but Freddie Robdal 's . It is also shown in Rock & Chips he is an abusive husband to Joan , earning him the hatred of Del and Freddie Robdal , and has an affair with the Nag 's Head barmaid called Val . Violet Trotter ( edit ) Violet Trotter Only Fools And Horses character Portrayed by Paula Wilcox Duration 2010 - 2011 First appearance Rock and Chips Created by John Sullivan Profile Occupation Cleaner Home Peckham ( show ) Family Husband Ted Trotter Sons Reg Trotter Grandsons Del Boy Rodney Trotter ( step - grandson ) Other relatives Damien Trotter ( great - grandson ) Joan Trotter II ( step - great - granddaughter ) Violet `` Vi '' Trotter was the estranged , sharp - tongued wife of Ted Trotter , mother of Reg and the paternal grandmother of Del Boy . She appeared in the second and third episodes of the prequel Rock & Chips , Five Gold Rings and The Frog and the Pussycat , where she baby - sat the infant Rodney - much to the fury of her husband , who resented her for throwing him out after she had discovered his affair with Alice Ball , Trigger 's grandmother . Despite her contempt for her husband , Vi maintained a friendly relationship with her son , grandson and daughter - in - law , and doted on Rodney . Vi mentioned she worked as the charlady for an art dealer , as Del mentioned in Yesterday Never Comes ; however she did not mention that she had stolen a valuable artwork from her employer . Freddie Robdal ( edit ) Freddie Robdal Only Fools And Horses character Portrayed by Nicholas Lyndhurst Duration 2010 - 2011 First appearance `` Rock & Chips '' ( 2010 ) Last appearance `` The Frog and the Pussycat '' ( 2011 ) Created by John Sullivan Profile Occupation Frogman Gangster Criminal Unemployed Home Rotherhithe ( show ) Family Sons Rodney Trotter Granddaughters Joan Trotter II First cousins Norman Frederick `` Freddie '' Robdal , also known by his nickname Freddie the Frog , was an unseen character in the original series . He is first mentioned in The Frog 's Legacy and later revealed to be Rodney 's biological father . Robdal was a career thief who had been a frogman in the Royal Navy ( hence the nickname ) , and had an extramarital affair with Joan Trotter . Robdal died shortly afterwards , when he accidentally sat on his own detonator during a bank robbery . The Trotters ' search for his hidden gold legacy was the focal point of the episode The Frog 's Legacy . When an old photograph of Robdal surfaced in the episode Sleepless in Peckham , his striking resemblance to Rodney finally settled the issue of the latter 's paternity after years of speculation . Robdal is one of the main characters in the Only Fools and Horses prequel Rock & Chips , where he is accompanied by explosive expert Gerald `` Jelly '' Kelly and has a habit of calling people `` cocker '' , among them Del Boy and Boycie . The first episode of Rock & Chips fully reveals the details surrounding Robdal 's affair with Joan which resulted in Rodney 's birth , and establishes the beginning of his uncle - nephew - like relationship with Del , who he accompanies ( along with Reg , Granddad , and Del 's gang ) on their first Jolly Boys ' Outing to Margate , although the trip is merely a ruse so that Robdal and Kelly can rob a nearby jewellery store . It is revealed in the second episode , Five Gold Rings , that Robdal did in fact love Joan deeply and wanted to see his son grow up , but it was difficult because of Joan 's marriage to Reg and his situations with Del Boy and the police . In The Frog and the Pussycat , Robdal and Kelly are again arrested on suspicion of murdering the sole eyewitness to the Margate robbery , although Robdal discovers it was a fraud by the police . However , Robdal is incarcerated when it is revealed one of the stolen jewels was pawned by Joan , who is `` working '' as Robdal 's charlady ( in order to fund Del 's film ) . While in prison , Robdal implores Joan to leave London with him to his seaside home with Rodney . Joan accepts but only once she is certain of Del 's financial state . However , Del 's planned film does not work out well , and Joan is forced to stay in Peckham . It is implied that Robdal remains in Peckham as well . Guest and spin - off characters ( edit ) Abdul Khan ( edit ) Abdul Khan ( Tony Anholt ) only appeared in one episode ; To Hull and Back , where he and Boycie arranged a deal with Del , in order to smuggle diamonds from Amsterdam . Although , this was the only episode in which he appeared , Abdul was also mentioned in Diamonds Are for Heather , when Del tells Heather where he got the engagement ring ; Video Nasty , when Del had struck a deal with Abdul 's cousin 's girlfriend 's brother 's friend , and in the second Rock & Chips episode Five Gold Rings when Del tells his friends that he got four glass diamond rings from Abdul 's father , who owns the Bermondsey Wholesale Jewellery Emporium . Arnie ( edit ) Arnie ( Philip McGough ) appeared in the episode Chain Gang . A conman , Arnie sold Del Boy , Boycie , Mike , Trigger , Uncle Albert and Rodney a batch of 24 carat gold chains for £ 12,500 , only to later double cross them by faking a heart attack in a restaurant and making off with both the chains and the money in an ambulance driven by his sons . The group eventually tracked him down while he was performing the same scam on Denzil and drove Arnie away in an ambulance of their own . Solly Atwell ( edit ) Solly Atwell ( Colin Jeavons ) appeared in the episode Hole in One . The Trotter family solicitor , believed to have represented Del on other , unspecified , occasions . Solly represented Uncle Albert in his case against the brewery when he fell down the Nag 's Head cellar . Solly was described by Rodney as being `` more bent than the villains '' , or according to Del : `` an expert '' . He faced being `` defrocked '' when it was revealed that Albert had been lying to obtain compensation . The Driscoll brothers ( edit ) Danny and Tony Driscoll ( Roy Marsden and Christopher Ryan ) , usually known as the Driscoll brothers , only appeared in one episode - Little Problems - but were mentioned in numerous others . The Driscoll brothers were the local gangsters with a fearsome reputation for violence ( although in order to avoid serious problems with the police , they followed a strict rule in never harming the victim 's head ) . They beat up Del Boy after he failed to repay money owed to them , and in the same episode left Mickey Pearce and Jevon with broken bones for a similar reason . In a similar joke to the different - looking Del and Rodney being brothers , the Driscoll brothers also differ in height , but by a good 18 inches ( 460 mm ) , though in their case the taller brother has the brains . The pair appear to have a love - hate relationship , as they often argue but continually work together to get what they want . In the spin - off series The Green Green Grass , it is revealed that the Driscoll brothers have finally been found guilty and sent to prison , thanks to Boycie grassing them to the police , but have been paroled and are now after his blood . The role of Danny Driscoll was originally written for series fan Anthony Hopkins but he was unable to appear due to the filming of The Silence of the Lambs . The role ultimately went to Roy Marsden , on Hopkins ' own advice , since Hopkins and Marsden are friends . Doctor Meadows ( edit ) Doctor Robert `` Robbie '' Meadows ( Ewan Stewart ) appears once in the episode Sickness and Wealth as Del 's one - time GP . When Del goes to visit him with stomach cramps , he discovers that Robbie has since left his practice and gone to the local hospital . Del tells his new GP a completely opposite story about his lifestyle , that he is a celibate , teetotal , non-smoking , vegetarian health freak . The GP , unable to ascertain why Del is experiencing such difficulties , sends him to hospital . While Del is worrying about what is wrong with him ( he fears he has Aids ) , Robbie finally comes to see him , stating he is now in charge of Del 's case , being as he is a former patient . Robbie warns Del that lying to his GP has meant that diagnosing Del 's condition ( IBS ) has taken far longer than it should , and that only because Robbie knows Del ( and begrudgingly admires him ) has Del 's condition been successfully identified . Jumbo Mills ( edit ) Jumbo Mills ( Nick Stringer in Who Wants to Be a Millionaire and Lee Long in Rock & Chips ) was Del 's old school friend and business partner ( they ran a jellied eels stall together ) who emigrated to Australia during the 1960s . Jumbo returned to Peckham in the episode Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , and offered Del the chance to restore their old partnership by helping him run his new used car business back in Australia , only for Del to refuse the offer due to Rodney being unable to go because of his drug conviction . Stringer also appeared in an earlier episode , Go West Young Man , playing an Australian man who bought a car with no brakes from Del Boy , which he later accidentally crashed into the back of an E-type Jaguar , which at the time was being driven by Del , who was looking after it for Boycie as a present to his `` bit on the side '' . Don Vincenzo Occhetti ( edit ) Don Vincenzo Occhetti ( David Jason ) appeared as the main antagonist in the two - part episode Miami Twice . Ochetti was a Mafia don and an exact doppelgänger for Del Boy . As the episode unfolded it emerged that Ochetti was under FBI surveillance and facing trial for murder , kidnapping and drug - running . After seeing Del 's resemblance to his father , Occhetti 's son Rico launched a series of unsuccessful attempts to assassinate Del , hoping that the authorities would believe Occhetti himself was dead and thus spare him the prison sentence . Every attempt failed , and Del and Rodney eventually uncovered the Mafia plan , providing the FBI with crucial evidence to send Occhetti to prison for life . Gerald `` Jelly '' Kelly ( edit ) Gerald `` Jelly '' Kelly ( Paul Putner ) is first mentioned in The Frog 's Legacy and later introduced in Rock & Chips , as Freddie Robdal 's partner - in - crime and best friend . He accompanies Robdal to Peckham following Robdal 's release from prison , but as they are almost out of money , they plan a jewellery robbery while in Margate on a Jolly Boys Outing with Del Boy and his family and friends , and pull it off while the others are elsewhere . Kelly , however , does not approve of Robdal 's relationship with Joan Trotter , whom he refers to as `` that slag from the cinema '' , as both Robdal and Kelly display dislike for the abusive , work - shy Reg . In Five Gold Rings , it is shown that Robdal and Kelly were arrested and imprisoned again for the jewellery robbery , but while they both make bail , Kelly only appears in the episode 's opening scene . In The Frog and the Pussycat , Robdal and Kelly are temporarily exonerated but later suspected again following the disappearance of their robbery 's sole eyewitness , although Robdal exposes the police 's fraud . Though Robdal eventually goes to prison on an alternate charge ( to protect Joan , who pawned the ring Robdal gave her in order to buy a lambretta for Del ) , Kelly does not , and shares a drink with Robdal once he is freed . In the final scene , he and Robdal rob an art gallery together . Several years later , Freddie and Kelly break into a post office in Plumstead . Unfortunately , while Kelly sets the explosives and is holding the nitroglycerine , Freddie sits on the detonator and the two men are both killed in the ensuing explosion . In The Frog 's Legacy , Rodney sarcastically quips that had Kelly survived , he `` would n't be any good in a Mexican Wave . '' Reenie Turpin ( edit ) Reenie Turpin ( Joan Sims in The Frog 's Legacy and Emma Cooke in Rock & Chips ) only appeared in the episode , The Frog 's Legacy but mentioned in Chain Gang . She is Trigger 's aunt and Joan Trotter 's best friend . She informs Del of the gold legacy that Freddie the Frog left to his mother . She also sparks a debate over who Rodney 's real father was after stating that `` Joanie was never 100 % sure about him '' . In Rock & Chips , Reenie works alongside her best friend , Joan , as an usherette at the local film house . Like Joan and Del , Reenie loathes Reg Trotter and is unafraid to stand up to him , threatening to reveal that Reg is often violent toward his wife . However , the prequel makes no mention of her relationship with Trigger , and she appears to be a mere family friend . She helps Joan determine her pregnancy in an anonymous clinic following her affair with Freddie Robdal and even submits her name for Joan to use while visiting Freddie in prison . Lady Victoria Marsham - Hales ( edit ) Lady Victoria `` Vicky '' Marsham - Hales ( Sarah Duncan ) is a one - off girlfriend of Rodney 's in the 1986 Christmas Special , A Royal Flush . The only daughter of a wealthy and prominent duke , Rodney meets her in the market one day whilst she is ( unsuccessfully ) trying to sell her artwork . They become close friends and eventually start dating . Del Boy is immediately interested in Vicky 's wealth and breeding and sees Rodney 's relationship as a way of making them both millionaires , and despite Rodney 's firm protests , repeatedly meddles in the relationship with disastrous results . He finally destroys all chances of Rodney and Vicky being together after inviting himself to dinner at the home of Vicky 's father , and getting drunk and obscene , insulting the guests and humiliating Rodney . The furious duke throws the Trotters out of his home , and Rodney and Vicky sadly realise that it would be better not to see each other any more . Unknown to Rodney , Del earlier had told the duke to bribe Rodney with £ 1,000 to get out of Vicky 's life , but a pained Rodney turns it down , angering Del . Janice ( edit ) Janice ( Gaynor Ward ) appears in the episode A Slow Bus To Chingford , and is one of Rodney 's girlfriends . Whilst Rodney is discussing art , Janice tells him her brother paints for the council . They then get intimate , but Del Boy enters and ruins it . Her last appearance is shortly after this , when Del Boy plays on snide joke on Rodney by telling him his whip and other implements have been washed by Grandad . Astonished and worried , she quietly sneaks out , not giving Rodney enough time tell her that Del is joking , causing Rodney to shout `` You rotten git , Del ! '' for ruining his evening . Del later reveals that he is taking Janice out , but for Rodney 's sake in order to keep Rodney from getting mad at him . Janice has a Corgi called Nero , which Del gets Rodney to help him patrol the bus garage as a Nocturnal Security Officer , telling Rodney that Nero is an ex-police dog , the morning after Rodney tells Del that he was up all night taking Nero for walks and that Nero ran away scared when he saw a cat . Unseen characters ( edit ) Albie Littlewood ( edit ) Albie Littlewood is an unseen character , mentioned in Happy Returns . He was Del 's best friend but had an affair with Del 's then - fiancée June Snell , something Del only found out years later . However at the same time Del was having an affair with Albie 's girlfriend Deidre . Albie is the father of June 's daughter Debbie , whom Rodney had dated . While en route to see June one night , Albie took a shortcut across a railway line and was killed when he fell onto the live rail ( the railways in Peckham are electrified using third rails rather than overhead wires ) . Albie also appears in the 2010 prequel drama Rock & Chips , played by Jonathan Readwin . In the prequel , he is shown to be ( in secret ) taking drugs to lighten his mood at certain times , and notably , Albie and Jumbo Mills trick Roy Slater into taking one and later dancing in a bar until he falls from exhaustion . Monkey Harris , Paddy the Greek & Sunglasses Ron ( edit ) Kenneth `` Monkey '' Harris , Paddy the Greek and Sunglasses Ron are Del Boy 's friends who are in the same `` business '' as him . Although they are mentioned regularly , they are never seen on screen . They are often involved in Del 's trading deals ( although separately ) , usually sourcing Del 's hooky gear , and are often described and mentioned in discussions between other characters in The Nag 's Head . Writer John Sullivan ( known for his attention to detail ) gives even the unseen characters a well - rounded back story . For instance , it is known that Monkey Harris lives in a bungalow , as mentioned in the episode No Greater Love . As such , the characters often play a minor role in plot development , usually as a device of comic resolution . According to The Class of ' 62 , Monkey Harris was also a schoolfriend of Del , Boycie , Denzil , Trigger and Roy Slater . It is suspected that Sunglasses Ron is the man sat at the back of the bus in The Jolly Boys ' Outing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0961250/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t17 Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0935533/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t18 Only Fools and Horses List of episodes Characters Derek Trotter Rodney Trotter Grandad Uncle Albert Trigger Boycie Marlene Mike Raquel Cassandra Damien Denzil Mickey Pearce Roy Slater Merchandise Home video DVD Collection See also Awards The Green Green Grass Rock & Chips Rock & Chips Regular characters Del Boy Grandad Trigger Boycie Denzil List of episodes Pilot Five Gold Rings The Frog and the Pussycat See also Only Fools and Horses The Green Green Grass John Sullivan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Only_Fools_and_Horses_characters&oldid=805933781 '' Categories : BBC - related lists Fictional characters introduced in 1981 Lists of British sitcom television characters Only Fools and Horses characters Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 15 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played the driscoll brothers in only fools and horses
[ "Danny and Tony Driscoll (Roy Marsden and Christopher Ryan), usually known as the Driscoll brothers, only appeared in one episode - Little Problems - but were mentioned in numerous others. The Driscoll brothers were the local gangsters with a fearsome reputation for violence (although in order to avoid serious problems with the police, they followed a strict rule in never harming the victim's head). They beat up Del Boy after he failed to repay money owed to them, and in the same episode left Mickey Pearce and Jevon with broken bones for a similar reason. In a similar joke to the different-looking Del and Rodney being brothers, the Driscoll brothers also differ in height, but by a good 18 inches (460 mm), though in their case the taller brother has the brains. The pair appear to have a love-hate relationship, as they often argue but continually work together to get what they want.", "Danny and Tony Driscoll (Roy Marsden and Christopher Ryan), usually known as the Driscoll brothers, only appeared in one episode - Little Problems - but were mentioned in numerous others. The Driscoll brothers were the local gangsters with a fearsome reputation for violence (although in order to avoid serious problems with the police, they followed a strict rule in never harming the victim's head). They beat up Del Boy after he failed to repay money owed to them, and in the same episode left Mickey Pearce and Jevon with broken bones for a similar reason. In a similar joke to the different-looking Del and Rodney being brothers, the Driscoll brothers also differ in height, but by a good 18 inches (460 mm), though in their case the taller brother has the brains. The pair appear to have a love-hate relationship, as they often argue but continually work together to get what they want." ]
[ "Roy Marsden", "Christopher Ryan" ]
8039966990977230711
Carl Tanzler
Carl Tanzler - wikipedia Carl Tanzler Jump to : navigation , search Carl Tanzler Tanzler in 1942 ( 1877 - 02 - 08 ) February 8 , 1877 Dresden , German Empire July 3 , 1952 ( 1952 - 07 - 03 ) ( aged 75 ) Pasco County , Florida , U.S. Occupation radiology technician Spouse ( s ) Doris Tanzler Children Ayesha Tanzler , Clarista Tanzler Carl Tanzler , or sometimes Count Carl von Cosel ( February 8 , 1877 -- July 3 , 1952 ) , was a German - born radiology technician at the Marine - Hospital Service in Key West , Florida . He developed an obsession for a young Cuban - American tuberculosis patient , Elena `` Helen '' Milagro de Hoyos ( July 31 , 1909 -- October 25 , 1931 ) , that carried on well after the disease had caused her death . In 1933 , almost two years after her death , Tanzler removed Hoyos ' body from its tomb , and lived with the corpse at his home for seven years until its discovery by Hoyos ' relatives and authorities in 1940 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Early life 3 Maria Elena Milagro de Hoyos 4 Obsession 5 Later life and death 6 In popular culture 7 Timeline 8 See also 9 References Name ( edit ) Tanzler went by many names ; he was listed as Georg Karl Tänzler on his German marriage certificate . He was listed as Carl Tanzler von Cosel on his United States citizenship papers , and he was listed as Carl Tanzler on his Florida death certificate . Some of his hospital records were signed Count Carl Tanzler von Cosel . Early Life ( edit ) He was born as Karl Tänzler or Georg Karl Tänzler on February 8 , 1877 in Dresden , Germany . Around 1920 he married Doris Anna Shafer ( 1889 -- 1977 ) and he was listed as `` Georg Karl Tänzler '' on the marriage certificate . Together they had two children : Ayesha Tanzler ( 1922 -- 1998 ) , and Clarista Tanzler ( 1924 -- 1934 ) , who died of diphtheria . Tanzler grew up in Germany . The following `` Editorial Note '' accompanying the autobiographical account `` The Trial Bay Organ : A Product of Wit and Ingenuity '' by `` Carl von Cosel '' in the Rosicrucian Digest of March and April 1939 , gives details about his stay in Australia before and during World War I and his return to Germany after the war : Many years ago , Carl von Cosel travelled from India to Australia with the intention of proceeding to the South Seas Islands . He paused in Australia to collect equipment and suitable boats , and to become acquainted with prevailing weather and sea conditions . However , he became interested in engineering and electrical work there , bought property , boats , an organ , an island in the Pacific -- so that he was still in Australia at the end of ten years . He had just begun to build a trans - ocean flyer when the war broke out and the British military authorities placed him in a concentration camp for ' safe - keeping ' along with many officers India and China who were prisoners of war . Later he was removed to Trial Bay to a castle - like prison on the cliffs , and there the work in this narrative was accomplished . At the end of the war no prisoner was permitted to return to his former residence , but all were shipped to the prisoner 's exchange in Holland . When Carl von Cosel was released he set out to find his mother from whom he had not heard since the beginning of the war . Finding her safe , he remained with her for three years , witnessing the chaos that followed in the wake of the war ... Finally , she suggested that her son return to his sister in the United States ... Tanzler 's account of Trial Bay Gaol , his secret building of a sailing boat , etc. , is confirmed by Nyanatiloka Mahathera , who mentions that he planned to escape from the Gaol with `` Count Carl von Cosel '' in a sailing boat , and provides other information about the internment of Germans in Australia during WWI . Tanzler emigrated to the United States in 1926 , sailing from Rotterdam on February 6 , 1926 to Havana , Cuba . From Cuba he settled in Zephyrhills , Florida , to where his sister had already emigrated , and was later joined by his wife and two daughters . Leaving his family behind in Zephyrhills in 1927 , he took a job as a radiology technician at the U.S. Marine Hospital in Key West , Florida under the name Carl von Cosel . During his childhood in Germany , and later while traveling briefly in Genoa , Italy , Tanzler claimed to have been visited by visions of a dead ancestor , Countess Anna Constantia von Cosel , who revealed the face of his true love , an exotic dark - haired woman , to him . Maria Elena Milagro de Hoyos ( edit ) On April 22 , 1930 , while working at the Marine Hospital in Key West , Tanzler met Maria Elena `` Helen '' Milagro de Hoyos ( 1909 -- 1931 ) , a local Cuban - American woman who had been brought to the hospital by her mother for an examination . Tanzler immediately recognized her as the beautiful dark - haired woman that had been revealed to him in his earlier `` visions . '' By all accounts , Hoyos was viewed as a local beauty in Key West . Elena was the daughter of local cigar maker Francisco `` Pancho '' Hoyos ( 1883 -- 1934 ) and Aurora Milagro ( 1881 -- 1940 ) . She had two sisters , Florinda `` Nana '' Milagro Hoyos ( 1906 -- 1944 ) , who married Mario Medina ( c. 1905 -- 1944 ) and also succumbed to tuberculosis ; and Celia Milagro Hoyos ( 1913 -- 1934 ) . Medina , Nana 's husband , was electrocuted trying to rescue a coworker who hit a powerline with his crane at a construction site . On February 18 , 1926 , Hoyos married Luis Mesa ( 1908 -- ? ) , the son of Caridad and Isaac Mesa . Luis left Hoyos shortly after Hoyos miscarried the couple 's child , and moved to Miami . Hoyos was legally married to Mesa at the time of her death . Hoyos was eventually diagnosed with tuberculosis , a typically fatal disease at the time , that eventually claimed the lives of almost all of her entire immediate family . Tanzler , with his self - professed medical knowledge , attempted to treat and cure Hoyos with a variety of medicines , as well as x-ray and electrical equipment , that were brought to the Hoyoses ' home . Tanzler showered Hoyos with gifts of jewelry and clothing , and allegedly professed his love to her , but no evidence has surfaced to show that any of his affection was reciprocated by Hoyos . Obsession ( edit ) The corpse of Maria Elena Milagro de Hoyos ( 1910 -- 1931 ) encased in wax and plaster circa 1940 . Despite Tanzler 's best efforts , Hoyos died of tuberculosis at her parents ' home in Key West on October 25 , 1931 . Tanzler paid for her funeral , and with the permission of her family he then commissioned the construction of an above ground mausoleum in the Key West Cemetery , which he visited almost every night . One evening in April 1933 , Tanzler crept through the cemetery where Hoyos was buried and removed her body from the mausoleum , carting it through the cemetery after dark on a toy wagon , and transporting it to his home . He reportedly said that Hoyo 's spirit would come to him when he would sit by her grave and serenade her corpse with a favorite Spanish song . He also said that she would often tell him to take her from the grave . Tanzler attached the corpse 's bones together with wire and coat hangers , and fitted the face with glass eyes . As the skin of the corpse decomposed , Tanzler replaced it with silk cloth soaked in wax and plaster of paris . As the hair fell out of the decomposing scalp , Tanzler fashioned a wig from Hoyos 's hair that had been collected by her mother and given to Tanzler not long after her burial in 1931 . Tanzler filled the corpse 's abdominal and chest cavity with rags to keep the original form , dressed Hoyos 's remains in stockings , jewelry , and gloves , and kept the body in his bed . Tanzler also used copious amounts of perfume , disinfectants , and preserving agents , to mask the odor and forestall the effects of the corpse 's decomposition . In October , 1940 , Hoyo 's sister Florinda heard rumors of Tanzler sleeping with the disinterred body of her sister , and confronted Tanzler at his home , where Hoyos 's body was eventually discovered . Florinda notified the authorities , and Tanzler was arrested and detained . Tanzler was psychiatrically examined , and found mentally competent to stand trial on the charge of `` wantonly and maliciously destroying a grave and removing a body without authorization . '' After a preliminary hearing on October 9 , 1940 at the Monroe County Courthouse in Key West , Tanzler was held to answer on the charge , but the case was eventually dropped and he was released , as the statute of limitations for the crime had expired . Shortly after the corpse 's discovery by authorities , Hoyos 's body was examined by physicians and pathologists , and put on public display at the Dean - Lopez Funeral Home , where it was viewed by as many as 6,800 people . Hoyos 's body was eventually returned to the Key West Cemetery where the remains were buried in an unmarked grave , in a secret location , to prevent further tampering . The facts underlying the case and the preliminary hearing drew much interest from the media at the time ( most notably , from the Key West Citizen and Miami Herald ) , and created a sensation among the public , both regionally and nationwide . The public mood was generally sympathetic to Tanzler , whom many viewed as an eccentric `` romantic '' . Though not reported contemporaneously , research ( most notably by authors Harrison and Swicegood ) has revealed evidence of Tanzler 's necrophilia with Hoyos 's corpse . Two physicians ( Dr. DePoo and Dr. Foraker ) who attended the 1940 autopsy of Hoyos 's remains recalled in 1972 that a paper tube had been inserted in the vaginal area of the corpse that allowed for intercourse . Others contend that since no evidence of necrophilia was presented at the 1940 preliminary hearing , and because the physicians ' `` proof '' surfaced in 1972 , over 30 years after the case had been dismissed , the necrophilia allegation is questionable . While no existing contemporary photographs of the autopsy or photographs taken at the public display show a tube , the necrophilia claim was repeated by the HBO Autopsy program in 2005 . Later Life and death ( edit ) In 1944 , Tanzler moved to Pasco County , Florida close to Zephyrhills , Florida , where he wrote an autobiography that appeared in the Pulp publication , Fantastic Adventures , in 1947 . His home was near his wife Doris , who apparently helped to support Tanzler in his later years . Tanzler received United States citizenship in 1950 in Tampa . Separated from his obsession , Tanzler used a death mask to create a life - sized effigy of Hoyos , and lived with it until his death on July 3 , 1952 . His body was discovered on the floor of his home three weeks after his death . He died under the name `` Carl Tanzler '' . It has been recounted that Tanzler was found in the arms of the Hoyos effigy upon discovery of his corpse , but his obituary reported that he died on the floor behind one of his organs . The obituary recounted : `` a metal cylinder on a shelf above a table in it wrapped in silken cloth and a robe was a waxen image '' . It has been written ( most notably by Swicegood ) that Tanzler had the bodies switched ( or that Hoyos 's remains were secretly returned to him ) , and that he died with the real body of Hoyos . In popular culture ( edit ) A Spanish language song , Bodas Negras ( Black Wedding ) which narrates a similar story , may have been based on the story of Tanzler and Hoyos . Several bands have released musical interpretations of the Tanzler story , such as And You Will Know Us By the Trail of Dead 's The Secret of Elena 's Tomb album , and Sleep Station 's Von Cosel album , both released in 2003 . In 2010 , the electroindie band Fiordmoss released a song titled Cold Night which is sung from Tanzler 's perspective . The band `` Through The Strip '' released a song called `` One Moment In Time ( Carl Von Cosels Requiem ) '' Which featured sound clips from documentaries in the intro . The song is told from the points of view of both Elena and Carl Tanzler . The band Brian Blew It released a song called `` Count Von Cosel '' off their 2013 EP Tales of Love & Horror . It depicts the story of Carl Cosel and Elena as a beautiful tragedy . The band The Black Dahlia Murder released a song titled Deathmask Divine which tells the story . The band Loch Lomond 's song Wax & Wire tells the story of Tanzler 's love for Elena . In 2008 , ChansoNoir released the single Count Von Cosels Obsession , with the b - side A Cemetery Serenade presenting an instrumental piece reenacting Carl Tanzler 's organ playing in the tomb . The Ripley 's Believe It or Not museum In Key West , Florida , has an exhibit recreating Elena 's body being cared for by Tanzler . Portions of the original memorial plaque that was commissioned by Tanzler and affixed to Elena Hoyos 's mausoleum have been reassembled and are on display at the Martello Gallery - Key West Art and Historical Museum in Key West . Sharon Needles wrote `` Dead Girls Never Say No '' inspired by Tanzler on her album PG - 13 The novel Buried by Tom Baker , is a horror novel based on Carl Tanzler . The story of Dr. Von Cosel and Elena Hoyos was featured in an episode Investigation Discovery series `` True Nightmares '' entitled `` Overstay Your Welcome '' . `` This American Life '' aired a story about Elena and Von Cossel on Feb. 17 . 2017 . Japanese composer Kanon69 released a song which depicts the story , not including the events of after she was returned to her grave . Timeline ( edit ) 1877 Birth of Carl Tanzler in Dresden , Germany , on February 8 . 1920 ( circa ) Marriage to Doris in Germany . 1922 Birth of Ayesha Tanzler , his daughter . 1924 Birth of Crysta Tanzler , his daughter . 1926 Rotterdam to Havana , Cuba , on February 6 . 1926 Enters USA and goes to Zephyrhills , Florida , where he may have had a sister . 1927 Begins work at Marine Hospital in Key West , Florida . 1930 1930 US Census with Doris Tanzler in Zephyrhills , Florida . 1930 1930 US Census with Hoyos family in Key West , Florida . 1931 Death of Maria Elena Milagro `` Helen '' de Hoyos in October . 1933 Removal of the body of Maria Elena Milagro de Hoyos to his home . 1934 Death of Crysta Tanzler , his daughter , from diphtheria . 1940 Arrest for desecration of a grave . 1940 Released on bond from jail on October 12 . 1944 Moves to Pasco County , Florida , near Zephyrhills , Florida . 1950 Receives United States citizenship in Tampa , Florida . 1952 Death of Carl Tanzler on July 23 . 1977 Death of Doris Tanzler , his estranged widow , on May 11 . 1998 Death of Ayesha Tanzler , his daughter . See also ( edit ) The Secret of Elena 's Tomb a music EP by ... And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead inspired by the story Fantastic Adventures Tanzler von Cosel , Karl ( September 1947 ) ; `` The Secret of Elena 's Tomb '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Swicegood , Tom ( 2003 ) . Von Cosel . iUniverse . ISBN 0 - 595 - 74652 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` A Macabre Love Story '' . Crime Library . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 24 . Radiologist Carl von Cosel , 56 , became obsessed with one of the tuberculosis patients at the sanitarium where he worked . Her name was Maria Elena de Hoyos and she was a beautiful , 22 - year - old woman . Jump up ^ `` Rosicrucian Digest '' . Supreme Council of the Rosicrucian Order . 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` The Trial Bay Organ : A Product of Wit and Ingenuity , '' The Rosicrucian Digest , March 1939 , pp. 54 -- 58 , April 1939 , pp. 92 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ben ( 2001 ) . Undying Love : The True Story Of A Passion That Defied Death . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 97802 - 2 ... Tanzler left Germany , a country that was dispirited and defeated after the First World War , and sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to the United States , ... Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Nyanatusita & Hellmuth Hecker , The Life of Nyanatiloka Thera , Kandy , 2008 , pp. 53 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison , Ben ( 2001 ) . Undying Love . St. Martin 's True Crime . ISBN 0 - 312 - 97802 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Sloan , David ( 1998 ) . Ghosts of Key West . Phantom Press . ISBN 0 - 9674498 - 0 - 4 . A German citizen , his real name was Carl Tanzler , and though he was well - read in many subjects , it is doubtful that he had any real schooling in the various ... ^ Jump up to : `` Autopsy 6 : Secrets of the Dead - The Strange Obsession of Dr. Carl Von Cosel '' . HBO.com. 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Key West Citizen ; July 24 , 1952 Jump up ^ `` La Boda Negra : Count Carl von Cosel 's macabre obsession with Elena Hoyos - '' . lynncinnamon.com . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Gesture '' . thisamericanlife.org . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl Tanzler . VIAF : 55888311 LCCN : n96117249 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Tanzler&oldid=815328114 '' Categories : 1877 births 1952 deaths German emigrants to the United States History of Key West , Florida People from Zephyrhills , Florida People from Dresden People from the Kingdom of Saxony Necrophiles Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Articles containing timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 05 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
doctor who fell in love with dead patient
[ "Carl Tanzler, or sometimes Count Carl von Cosel (February 8, 1877 – July 3, 1952), was a German-born radiology technician at the Marine-Hospital Service in Key West, Florida. He developed an obsession for a young Cuban-American tuberculosis patient, Elena \"Helen\" Milagro de Hoyos (July 31, 1909 – October 25, 1931), that carried on well after the disease had caused her death.[1] In 1933, almost two years after her death, Tanzler removed Hoyos' body from its tomb, and lived with the corpse at his home for seven years until its discovery by Hoyos' relatives and authorities in 1940.[2]" ]
[ "Carl Tanzler" ]
5179493812051437465
Sebastian Stan
Sebastian Stan - wikipedia Sebastian Stan Jump to : navigation , search Sebastian Stan Stan in September 2015 ( 1982 - 08 - 13 ) August 13 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Constanța , Romania Alma mater Rutgers University Occupation Actor Years active 2003 -- present Home town Rockland County , New York , U.S. Sebastian Stan ( born August 13 , 1982 ) is a Romanian - American actor , known for his role as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . On television , Stan portrayed Carter Baizen in Gossip Girl , Prince Jack Benjamin in Kings , Jefferson in Once Upon a Time , and T.J. Hammond in Political Animals . His role in Political Animals earned him a nomination for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries . In 2015 , he co-starred in Jonathan Demme 's Ricki and the Flash , Ridley Scott 's The Martian , and Bryan Buckley 's The Bronze . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Stan was born in Constanța , Romania . He has stated that his parents divorced when he was two years old . At the age of eight , Stan and his mother , Georgeta Orlovschi , moved to Vienna , Austria following the Romanian Revolution , where Georgeta was employed as a pianist . Four years later , they moved to Rockland County , New York , after his mother married Anthony Fruhauf , the headmaster of Rockland Country Day School , where Stan was educated . During Stan 's years at the Rockland school , he starred in productions including Harvey , Cyrano de Bergerac , Little Shop of Horrors , Over Here ! , and West Side Story . He also attended the Stagedoor Manor summer camp where he was cast in many camp productions . It was then that he decided to take acting seriously and began to apply for acting programs at several universities . He was accepted to and attended Rutgers University 's Mason Gross School of the Arts , which also gave him the opportunity to spend a year abroad studying acting at Shakespeare 's Globe Theatre in London , England . Stan became a United States citizen in 2002 . Career ( edit ) Stan at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2013 After several film and television roles , including The Covenant and Gossip Girl , Stan landed a lead role in the 2009 series Kings as Jack Benjamin . In 2010 , he appeared in Darren Aronofsky 's ballet thriller , Black Swan . Stan also began filming the supernatural horror film The Apparition in February that year ; the film was released on August 24 , 2012 . Stan played Blaine , the main antagonist of Hot Tub Time Machine in March 2010 . In July 2011 , he portrayed Bucky Barnes in the film Captain America : The First Avenger , based on the Marvel Comics character . It was his first film in a nine - picture contract he has with Marvel Studios . In 2012 , he starred in the thriller Gone and began a recurring role in Once Upon a Time as the Mad Hatter . The A.V. Club described his work in `` Hat Trick '' , his premiere episode , as `` excellent '' and placed the episode in their list of the 30 best episodes of 2012 from series which did not make their top list . It was initially reported the role would be recast for Once Upon a Time in Wonderland due to Stan 's commitment to the Marvel Cinematic Universe , but Edward Kitsis later revealed the next month that due to fan backlash and respect for Stan 's performance , the character would not be recast and the series would proceed without the character . The same year , he also appeared in the USA Network miniseries Political Animals as the troubled gay son of the former first lady . This role resulted in a nomination for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries . In 2013 , Stan played the role of Hal Carter in the Roundabout Theater Company 's production of William Inge 's Picnic , at the American Airlines Theater in New York . In 2014 , Stan reprised his role as Bucky Barnes in Captain America : The Winter Soldier . In 2015 , Stan played Joshua Brummel in Ricki and the Flash , and co-starred in The Martian , as NASA scientist Dr. Chris Beck . He reprised his role as the Winter Soldier in the third Captain America film , Captain America : Civil War , released in 2016 , and will portray the character in Avengers : Infinity War in 2018 , and its untitled sequel in 2019 . Stan co-starred as NASCAR driver Dayton White in Steven Soderbergh 's comedy film Logan Lucky . He is set to portray Jeff Gillooly , alongside Margot Robbie , in Craig Gillespie 's biopic I , Tonya , based on the rivalry between figure skaters Tonya Harding and Nancy Kerrigan . Stan will portray Charles Blackwood in We Have Always Lived in the Castle , an adaptation of Shirley Jackson 's novel of the same name , and will also star alongside J.K. Simmons in the drama film I 'm Not Here . Stan has been cast in the lead role of Scott Huffman in the Vietnam War drama film The Last Full Measure . Personal life ( edit ) In early 2008 , Stan and Gossip Girl star Leighton Meester were reported to be in a relationship . Meester and Stan were reported to have broken up in 2010 . In summer 2012 , Stan and Once Upon a Time star Jennifer Morrison met on the Once Upon A Time set and dated for a year , breaking up in mid-2013 . In 2009 , Stan and actress Margarita Levieva starred in the film Spread . They had been reported to be good friends leading up to 2014 , when they were reported to be dating . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 71 Fragments of a Chronology of Chance Boy in Subway Tony n ' Tina 's Wedding Johnny Nunzio 2005 Red Doors Simon 2006 Architect , The The Architect Martin Waters 2006 Covenant , The The Covenant Chase Collins 2007 Education of Charlie Banks , The The Education of Charlie Banks Leo Reilly 2008 Rachel Getting Married Walter 2009 Spread Harry Hot Tub Time Machine Blaine Black Swan Andrew / Suitor 2011 Captain America : The First Avenger Bucky Barnes 2012 Gone Billy 2012 Apparition , The The Apparition Ben Curtis 2014 Captain America : The Winter Soldier Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier 2015 Bronze , The The Bronze Lance Tucker 2015 Ant - Man Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier Uncredited cameo 2015 Ricki and the Flash Joshua Brummel 2015 Martian , The The Martian Dr. Chris Beck 2016 Captain America : Civil War Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier 2017 Logan Lucky Dayton White 2017 I , Tonya Jeff Gillooly 2017 I 'm Not Here Steve Completed 2017 We Have Always Lived in the Castle Charles Blackwood In post-production 2018 Avengers : Infinity War Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier In post-production 2018 The Last Full Measure Scott Huffman In post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Law & Order Justin Capshaw Episode : `` Sheltered '' 2007 -- 2010 Gossip Girl Carter Baizen 11 episodes 2009 Kings Jack Benjamin 13 episodes 2012 Once Upon a Time Jefferson / The Mad Hatter 6 episodes 2012 Political Animals T.J. Hammond Miniseries ; 6 episodes 2012 Labyrinth Will Franklyn Miniseries ; 2 episodes 2017 I 'm Dying Up Here Clay Appuzzo Episode : `` Pilot '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Captain America : Super Soldier Bucky Barnes Voice Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist 2008 `` Wake Up Call '' Hayden Panettiere Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref . 2013 Critics Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries Political Animals Nominated Online Film & Television Association Award Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Gold Derby Awards TV Movie / Mini Supporting Actor Nominated 2015 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight ( vs. Chris Evans ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Chemistry Captain America : Civil War Nominated See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Biography portal Romania portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( December 28 , 2006 ) . `` Pedi , Stan and Rosenblat Join Broadway 's Talk Radio Cast '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sebastian Stan talking for Romanian television ProTV ( with English subtitle ) '' . Pro TV . YouTube . December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Amy ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Interview with Sebastian Stan '' . Box Office . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` Aronofsky 's Black Swan Cast Expands by One '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ `` Two More Catch a Glimpse of Dark Castle 's ' Apparition ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shaw - Williams , Hannah ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America 2 ' Actor Sebastian Stan has 9 - Picture Marvel Deal '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the top 30 : Our favorite episodes of shows that did n't make the cut , part one '' . The A.V. Club . December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Eyeing Potential ' Once Upon a Time ' Spinoff , Recasting Mad Hatter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' exec : ' No plans to recast The Mad Hatter ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl 's ' Sebastian Stan Joins USA 's ' Political Animals ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` THEATER REVIEW ; ' Picnic ' at American Airline Theater '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Mackie mulls Falcon in ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sebastian Stan Joins ' The Martian ' And ' Ricki And The Flash ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Pits Captain America & Iron Man in a Cinematic Civil War '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America 's ' Sebastian Stan Joins Steven Soderbergh 's ' Logan Lucky ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sebastian Stan To Play Jeff Gillooly In ' I , Tonya ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Actor Sebastian Stan to Star in Thriller ' We Have Always Lived in the Castle ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` J.K. Simmons stars in ' I 'm Not Here ' '' . Screen Daily . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Samuel L. Jackson , Sebastian Stan Join Political Drama ' The Last Full Measure ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ PEOPLE STAFF ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` How Leighton Meester 's Boyfriend Handles Her Kissing Scenes '' . PEOPLE . Jump up ^ STAFF of Us Weekly ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Source : Leighton Meester `` Still Friends '' With Ex Despite Split `` . Us Weekly . Jump up ^ Monde , Chiderah ( November 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' stars Jennifer Morrison , Sebastian Stan split : ' Once Upon A Time ' actors ' grew apart ' after real - life year long romance '' . NY Daily News . Jump up ^ Marquina , Sierra ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Sebastian Stan and Margarita Levieva Are Dating ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees for the 3rd annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' . Critics ' Choice Awards . June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Online Film & Television Association Awards ( 2012 -- 13 ) '' . OFTA . Jump up ^ Wickman , Kate ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sebastian Stan . Sebastian Stan on IMDb Sebastian Stan at Rotten Tomatoes Sebastian Stan at AllMovie Sebastian Stan on Instagram Sebastian Stan on Sina Weibo VIAF : 76634920 LCCN : n2007080539 ISNI : 0000 0000 4230 9664 GND : 1061584186 BNF : cb155859064 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Stan&oldid=803668707 '' Categories : 1982 births 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American people of Romanian descent Living people Male actors from New York ( state ) Mason Gross School of the Arts alumni People from Constanța People from Rockland County , New York Romanian emigrants to the United States Rutgers University alumni Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 22 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays the winter soldier in captain america
[ "Sebastian Stan (born August 13, 1982) is a Romanian-American[1] actor, known for his role as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. On television, Stan portrayed Carter Baizen in Gossip Girl, Prince Jack Benjamin in Kings, Jefferson in Once Upon a Time, and T.J. Hammond in Political Animals. His role in Political Animals earned him a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries. In 2015, he co-starred in Jonathan Demme's Ricki and the Flash, Ridley Scott's The Martian, and Bryan Buckley's The Bronze." ]
[ "Sebastian Stan" ]
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Leaders of the Vietnam War
Leaders of the Vietnam War - wikipedia Leaders of the Vietnam War Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Leaders of the Vietnam War listed below comprise the important political and military figures of the Vietnam War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ho Chi Minh ( 19 May 1890 -- 2 September 1969 ) 2 Vo Nguyen Giap ( August 25 , 1911 -- October 4 , 2013 ) 3 Ngo Dinh Diem ( 3 January 1901 -- 2 November 1963 ) 4 Nguyen Cao Ky ( 8 September 1930 -- 23 July 2011 ) 5 Nguyen Van Thieu ( 5 April 1923 -- 29 September 2001 ) 6 Anti-Communist forces 6.1 South Vietnam 6.1. 1 Political 6.1. 2 Military 6.2 United States of America 6.2. 1 Political 6.2. 2 Military 6.3 Republic of Korea 6.4 Australia 6.5 New Zealand 6.6 Philippines 6.7 Taiwan 6.8 Thailand 6.9 Khmer Republic 6.10 Kingdom of Laos 6.11 Spain 7 Communist forces 7.1 North Vietnam 7.1. 1 Political 7.1. 2 Military 7.2 Viet Cong ( National Liberation Front ) 7.3 Khmer Rouge 7.4 Pathet Lao 7.5 People 's Republic of China 7.6 Soviet Union 7.7 North Korea Ho Chi Minh ( 19 may 1890 -- 2 september 1969 ) ( edit ) Ho Chi Minh whose birth name was Nguyen Sinh Cung and also known as Nguyen Tat Thanh and Nguyen Ai Quoc was a Vietnamese revolutionary leader following the path of communism . He left his country on a French steamer in 1911 and traveled extensively around the world participating actively in the Communist International before returning to Vietnam in 1941 . He then organized and led the Viet Minh to fight for Vietnamese Independence . He became more popular for his declaration of Vietnam independence from France , which paraphrased a part of the U.S declaration of independence that says `` All men are created equal ... '' Since 1945 , he became a prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) . In the late 1950s , Ho Chi Minh organized another communist guerrilla movement widely known as Viet Cong in South Vietnam . Ho Chi Minh was the key figure and held the main leadership of North Vietnam during both wars in the country . He remained as a great source of inspiration for the Vietnamese who were fighting for a united Vietnam as in his wish after he officially stepped aside in 1965 and even after his death in 1969 . The final offensive against Saigon -- the capital of South Vietnam in 1975 was named after him ( the Ho Chi Minh Campaign ) . Vietnam was reunified under the Communist rule after the fall of Saigon in April 1975 , nearly 30 years after Ho 's declaration of independence and 6 years after his death . Soon after that , Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh city in honour of his vast contributions to Vietnam . Vo Nguyen Giáp ( august 25 , 1911 -- october 4 , 2013 ) ( edit ) Vo Nguyen Giap was a General , Commander in Chief of the Vietnam People 's Army ( VNA ) and Vietnamese politician . He played a major role as a commander in the First Indochina War ( 1946 - 1954 ) and the Vietnam War ( 1960 - 1975 ) in which he was involved directly in many important campaigns such as the Border Campaign in Fall -- Winter ( 1950 ) , the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ( 1954 ) , the Tet Offensive ( 1968 ) , the Easter Offensive ( 1972 ) , the final Ho Chi Minh Campaign ( 1975 ) which led to the fall of Saigon and South Vietnam . Giap , together with Ho Chi Minh , was the most prominent figure of North Vietnam during the wars in the country . After the war , he was still the Minister of Defence until 1980 and served as a member of Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Vietnam until his retirement in 1991 . Giap celebrated his 100th birthday in 2011 and becomes the oldest Vietnam political and military figure that have ever lived . He is also considered by both his partisans and opponents as one of the greatest military commanders in history . Ngô dinh Diem ( 3 January 1901 -- 2 november 1963 ) ( edit ) Diem was a Vietnamese politician served as an officer in the Nguyen Dynasty . Because of his drastic ideological of anti-communism , Diem received support from the United States and became the first President of the Republic of Vietnam in 1955 . However , as a Catholic , Diem pursued the persecution of Buddhists which led to many religious protests notably the self - immolation of Thich Quang Duc in 1963 . As a result , Diem gradually lost U.S support and was assassinated , together with his brother Nhu , in a coup in 1963 . Nguyen Cao Ky ( 8 september 1930 -- 23 july 2011 ) ( edit ) Nguyen Cao Ky was a senior army officer and a former politician of Republic of Vietnam . He served as a prime minister ( 1965 - 1967 ) and Vice President ( 1967 - 1971 ) of the Republic of Vietnam . From an ally , he then became the opponent of President Nguyen Van Thieu and was mostly sidelined during Thieu 's presidency . Ky had been seen as an aggressive anti-Communist person in the period before 1975 and but then was regarded as a symbol of national reconciliation by the Vietnamese Communist Party since 2004 when he became the first South Vietnamese leader returning to the country . Nguyen Văn Thieu ( 5 April 1923 -- 29 september 2001 ) ( edit ) Thieu was the Leadership Committee Chairman ( 1965 - 1967 ) and President of the Republic of Vietnam ( 1967 - 1975 ) . In 1963 , Thieu joined a military coup to overthrow Diem . During his years as president , Thieu was accused of indulging in corruption . His struggle for power with Ky led to the decisions of side - lining Ky 's supporters and choosing loyalists instead of decent commanders to lead the Army of Public of Vietnam ( APVN ) forces . He strongly opposed the Paris Peace Accords ( 1973 ) and publicly blamed the U.S not keeping its promise for fall of Saigon and South Vietnam in 1975 . Anti-Communist forces ( edit ) South Vietnam ( edit ) Political ( edit ) Ngô Đình Diệm was the President of South Vietnam from 1955 until his assassination in 1963 . Ngô Đình Nhu was Diệm 's younger brother and generally regarded as the architect of the Ngô family 's rule . Dương Văn Minh led the South Vietnamese Army under President Diệm and was briefly leader of South Vietnam in 1963 and 1975 . He was the last president . Nguyễn Thành was a general who was in power from early 1964 to 1965 . Nguyễn Văn Thiệu was the President of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1975 . Nguyễn Cao Kỳ was the Prime Minister of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1967 and the Vice President from 1967 to 1971 . Trần Văn Hương was the second to last President of South Vietnam before its surrender in 1975 . Military ( edit ) Hoàng Xuân Lãm was a general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam , commander of I Corps . Lê Nguyên Khang was the commander of the Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps . Ngo Quang Truong a lieutenant general and commander of the I Corps . United States of america ( edit ) Political ( edit ) Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 . John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States from 1961 until his death in 1963 . Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969 . Richard Nixon was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until he resigned in 1974 . Gerald Ford was the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977 . Robert McNamara was the 8th Secretary of Defense , serving under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 to 1968 . Clark Clifford was the 9th Secretary of Defense , serving under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1968 to 1969 . Melvin R. Laird was the 10th Secretary of Defense , serving under President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973 . James R. Schlesinger was the 12th Secretary of Defense , serving under President Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford from 1973 to 1975 . Henry Kissinger was the 8th National Security Advisor and the 56th Secretary of State , serving under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford from 1969 to 1977 . Military ( edit ) Earle Wheeler was a United States Army General who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1964 to 1970 . Thomas Hinman Moorer was a U.S. admiral who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1970 to 1974 . William Westmoreland was an American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1968 . Creighton Abrams was an American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1972 . Frederick C. Weyand was a U.S. Army General who was the last commander of American military operations in the Vietnam War from 1972 to 1973 . Elmo Zumwalt was an American naval officer and commander of American naval forces in Vietnam . William W. Momyer was commander of the U.S. Air Force Tactical Air Command and the commander of the 7th Air Force . John S. McCain , Jr. was an American admiral and Commander - in - Chief of the Pacific Command . George Stephen Morrison was an American Rear Navy Admiral in Command during the Gulf of Tonkin incident , which escalated the U.S involvement in Vietnam . Republic of Korea ( edit ) Park Chung - hee was the President of South Korea from 1963 until his assassination in 1979 . Chae Myung - shin was the Commander of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces in Vietnam from 1965 to 1969 . Lee Se - ho was the Commander of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces in Vietnam from 1969 to 1973 . Australia ( edit ) Sir Robert Menzies was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1949 to 1966 . Harold Holt was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1966 to 1967 . John Gorton was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1968 to 1971 . Gough Whitlam was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1972 to 1975 . Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick Scherger was Chairman , Chiefs of Staff Committee from 1961 to 1966 . Lieutenant General Sir Reginald Pollard was Chief of Army from 1960 to 1963 . Ted Serong was a senior officer of the Australian Army and commander of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam from 1962 to 1965 . Donald Dunstan was an Australian Army officer , who was commander of Australian Forces in Vietnam in 1971 and 1972 . New Zealand ( edit ) Keith Holyoake was the Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1960 to 1972 . Jack Marshall was the Prime Minister of New Zealand in 1972 . Norman Kirk was the Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1972 to 1974 . Philippines ( edit ) Ferdinand Marcos was the President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986 . Taiwan ( edit ) Chiang Kai Shek was the President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975 Thailand ( edit ) Sarit Thanarat prime minister of Thailand from 1958 to 1963 against the communist Pathet Lao guerrillas in the neighboring Kingdom of Laos . During his years as prime minister Sarit was a patron of his cousin , the Lao strongman General Phoumi Nosavan , against the communist Pathet Lao guerrillas in the neighboring Kingdom of Laos . Thanom Kittikachorn was the prime minister of Thailand from 1963 to 1973 and Royal Thai Armed Forces in Vietnam from 1967 to 1972 . Khmer Republic ( edit ) Lon Nol was the Prime Minister of Cambodia from 1966 to 1967 and then again in 1969 to 1972 , after which he was President until 1975 . Sosthene Fernandez was the commander - in - chief of the Khmer National Armed Forces of Lon Nol 's Khmer Republic . Kingdom of Laos ( edit ) Souvanna Phouma was the prince of Laos and a political figure . Vang Pao was a major general in the Royal Lao Army and commander of the Hmong guerrilla forces that had a large impact on the war . Spain ( edit ) Francisco Franco was the Caudillo of Spain from 1939 to 1975 . Communist forces ( edit ) North Vietnam ( edit ) Political ( edit ) Hồ Chí Minh was prime minister from 1946 to 1955 and president from 1945 until his death in 1969 of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) . Lê Duẩn was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam and leader of North Vietnam and later the unified Vietnam from 1969 until his death in 1986 . Tôn Đức Thắng was the second and final President of North Vietnam and the first President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . Phạm Văn Đồng was the Prime Minister of North Vietnam from 1955 to 1976 . Lê Đức Thọ was a Vietnamese politician who , as North Vietnam 's representative , negotiated the Paris Peace Accords . Trường Chinh was ranked in the top 3 of the Vietnamese Politburo from 1941 to 1986 and both preceded and succeeded Le Duan as General Secretary . Military ( edit ) Võ Nguyên Giáp was the Vietnamese General in the Vietnam People 's Army ( NVA ) , Commander - in - Chief of PAVN and was one of the most prominent military leaders during the war . Văn Tiến Dũng was a Vietnamese general in the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) , PAVN chief of staff ( 1954 -- 1974 ) ; PAVN commander in chief ( 1974 -- 1980 ) ; and Socialist Republic of Vietnam defense minister ( 1980 -- 1986 ) . Hoàng Văn Thái was the General Staff formed National Army , after holding The first Chief of General Staff of the People 's Army of Vietnam . Nguyễn Hữu An was a general in the Vietnamese People 's Army , commander of the 2nd Army Corps . Lê Trọng Tấn was a general and key figure of the Vietnamese People 's Army , he was the deputy commander of the Viet Cong and held senior commands in the Easter Offensive and the Ho Chi Minh campaign . Hoàng Minh Thảo was a general and military theorist of Vietnamese People 's Army and an advisor to the Viet Cong . Viet Cong ( National Liberation Front ) ( edit ) Nguyễn Hữu Thọ was the chairman of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam . Hoàng Văn Thái was one of the leading commanders of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam ( 1967 -- 1973 , during the U.S. buildup in South Vietnam ) , during the Tet Offensive he was the most senior North Vietnamese Officer in South Vietnam . Trần Văn Trà was one of the leading commanders of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam and a member of the Central Committee of the Lao Dong Party . Tran Do was the deputy commander of the Viet Cong . Nguyễn Văn Linh was a political leader of the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War who served as party secretary of South Vietnam for Communist Party of Vietnam . Võ Chí Công was a Vietnamese Communist political figure who was one of the founding members of the Viet Cong . Huỳnh Tấn Phát chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam from 1969 to 1976 . Khmer Rouge ( edit ) Pol Pot was the leader of the Cambodian communist movement known as the Khmer Rouge . Khieu Samphan was the head of the CPNLAF , the Khmer Rouge armed forces . Pathet Lao ( edit ) Souphanouvong was the figurehead leader of the Lao People 's Revolutionary Party , and upon its successful seizure of power in 1975 , he became the first President of the Lao People 's Democratic Republic . Phoumi Vongvichit was a leading figure of the Pathet Lao and an elder statesman of the Lao People 's Democratic Republic . Kaysone Phomvihane was the actual head of the LPRP from 1955 to his death in 1992 and Prime Minister and then President after the takeover . Khamtai Siphandon was the military commander of the Pathet Lao and Defense Minister after the takeover before succeeding Kaysone Phomvihane . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) Mao Zedong was the leader of the People 's Republic of China from 1949 until his death in 1976 . Soviet Union ( edit ) Nikita Khrushchev was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 . He was the leader of USSR when JFK was U.S. president . Leonid Brezhnev was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982 . He was the leader of the USSR when Lyndon B. Johnson was U.S. president . Rodion Malinovsky was the Marshal of the Soviet Union and Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union in 1957 -- 1967 . Andrei Grechko was the Marshal of the Soviet Union Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union in 1967 -- 1976 . Anatoliy Hiuppinen was the commander of the Soviet forces stationed in Vietnam . North Korea ( edit ) Kim Il - sung was the leader of North Korea from 1948 until his death in 1994 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leaders_of_the_Vietnam_War&oldid=843503533 '' Categories : People of the Vietnam War Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2012 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 15 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
leader of north vietnam during the late 1950s
[ "He left his country on a French steamer in 1911 and traveled extensively around the world participating actively in the Communist International before returning to Vietnam in 1941. He then organized and led the Viet Minh to fight for Vietnamese Independence. He became more popular for his declaration of Vietnam independence from France, which paraphrased a part of the U.S declaration of independence that says \"All men are created equal…\" Since 1945, he became a prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). In the late 1950s, Ho Chi Minh organized another communist guerrilla movement widely known as Viet Cong in South Vietnam." ]
[ "Ho Chi Minh" ]
-833830209978357524
Gazetted Officer (India)
Gazetted officer ( India ) - wikipedia Gazetted officer ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search Gazetted Officers ( Hindi : राजपत्रित अधिकारी ) are executive / managerial / supervisorial level ranked public servants in India . Authority for a gazetted officer to issue an official stamp comes from the President of India or the Governors of States . To that effect , they are de jure representatives and delegates of the Indian State and the President . The Gazette of India is published on the regular basis by the Directorate of Printing , Department of Publication , Ministry of Urban Development , Government of India . It is an official Central Government or State Government publication , which publishes the appointments or promotions of certain government officials . An officer or public servant , who is appointed under the seal of the Governor at State level or by the President of India at the national level ( and in the Union Territories ) , requires being listed in the Indian Gazette or State Government Gazette and is considered to be a Gazetted Officer . If a person 's name is published in the Gazette , he / she is called Gazetted . Many are honorary Justices of the Peace and have the same standing as some of the Magistrates . Such officers , among other functions , have the power to verify the documents for academic , immigration and other purposes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ranks 2 Who can certify documents 3 Non-Gazetted 4 References 5 External links Ranks ( edit ) The Central Government of India and Governments of States in India classify public employees into Group A ( Gazetted / Executive ) , B ( Gazetted ) , B ( Non-Gazetted ) , C and D. Earlier classification was Class I ( Gazetted ) , II ( Gazetted ) , II ( Non-Gazetted ) , III and IV . Class I or Group A is the highest rank class and the Class IV or Group D is the least . The Government of India has plans to merge Group D into Group C. Class I and II ( Gazetted ) belong to the class of officers whose transfers , appointments , promotions and superannuation are published on a yearly basis in the official gazette of State or Union Government . Class I or Group A ( Gazetted ) These officials belong to the managerial or highest class of government servants . Examples - Bureaucrats from the All India Services , General Central Service and the Central Civil Services , Scientists in ISRO , DRDO , BARC , CSIR etc . Class II or Group B ( Gazetted ) Examples - Section Officers in the Indian Armed Forces Headquarters Services , Officers in State Civil Services etc . Class II or Group B ( Non-Gazetted ) Examples - Office executives and office supervisors , Inspectors in Central and State Police services etc . Class III or Group C Public servants in non-supervisory roles . Examples - Head Coach / Section Heads , Police Head Constables , Typists , Stenographers , Tax Assistants , Postmen , Telephone Operators , Havildar and Naik or equivalent in the Armed Forces etc . Class IV or Group D Manual workers ( skilled or semi-skilled ) . Examples - Peons , Sweepers etc Gazetted Status of Commissioned Officers of Armed forces has not been conferred till date by the Government of India . Who can certify documents ( edit ) Attestation of copies of original documents : Group A and B ( Gazetted ) public servants Character certificate , Police records verification : Group A officers . Citizenship certification : Group A officers , certification is limited to very few officials such as Sub-Divisional Magistrate etc . Non-Gazetted ( edit ) Officers falling under the category of class III and IV are not gazetted . They do not have the personal authority to issue an official stamp on behalf of the Government . Further employees serving in Nationalized Banks and PSUs are not gazetted . Officers belong to state board and corporation like GEB , GIDC , GSPC , GNFC etc and Commissioned Officers / JCOs of Indian Armed Forces are also not gazetted as per rules and regulations of government . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DoP - Gazette '' . Department of Publication . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.imyideas.com/2010/10/group-d-posts-abolished-in-department.html External links ( edit ) http://egazette.nic.in/ http://wbxpress.com/attestation-by-gazetted-officer/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gazetted_Officer_(India)&oldid=800555760 '' Categories : Titles Civil Services of India Indian government officials Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 07 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who appoints and dismisses the gazetted officials of the union government
[ "The Gazette of India is published on the regular basis by the Directorate of Printing, Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.[1] It is an official Central Government or State Government publication, which publishes the appointments or promotions of certain government officials. An officer or public servant, who is appointed under the seal of the Governor at State level or by the President of India at the national level (and in the Union Territories), requires being listed in the Indian Gazette or State Government Gazette and is considered to be a Gazetted Officer. If a person's name is published in the Gazette, he/she is called Gazetted. Many are honorary Justices of the Peace and have the same standing as some of the Magistrates. Such officers, among other functions, have the power to verify the documents for academic, immigration and other purposes." ]
[ "the President of India" ]
-1329424589128330362
United States Congress
United States Congress - wikipedia United States Congress Jump to : navigation , search For the current Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For the building , see United States Capitol . United States Congress 115th United States Congress Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives History Founded March 4 , 1789 ( 229 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Preceded by Congress of the Confederation New session started January 3 , 2017 Leadership President of the Senate & Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Since January 20 , 2017 Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Since January 6 , 2015 Structure Seats 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members Senate political groups Republican ( 51 ) Democratic ( 47 ) Independent ( 2 ) House of Representatives political groups Republican ( 235 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 7 ) Elections Senate last election November 8 , 2016 House of Representatives last election November 8 , 2016 Meeting place United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website www.congress.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States . The legislature consists of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C . Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 Representatives and 100 Senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members representing Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and Washington , D.C. in addition to its 435 voting members . Although they can not vote , these members can sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation . The members of the House of Representatives serve two - year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at - large in their state for a six - year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one - third of the Senate is up for election . To be eligible for election , a candidate must be aged at least 25 ( House ) or 30 ( Senate ) , have been a citizen of the United States for seven ( House ) or nine ( Senate ) years , and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent . The Congress was created by the Constitution of the United States and first met in 1789 , replacing in its legislative function the Congress of the Confederation . Although not legally mandated , in practice since the 19th century , Congress members are typically affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party and only rarely to a third party or as independents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 1780s -- 1820s : formative era 2.2 1830s -- 1900s : partisan era 2.3 1910s -- 1960s : committee era 2.4 1970s -- present : contemporary era 3 Congress in the United States government 3.1 Powers of Congress 3.1. 1 Overview of congressional power 3.1. 2 Enumerated powers 3.1. 3 Implied powers and the commerce clause 3.1. 4 Territorial Government 3.2 Checks and balances 4 Structure 4.1 Committees 4.1. 1 Specializations 4.1. 2 Power 4.1. 3 Officer 4.2 Support services 4.2. 1 Library of Congress 4.2. 2 Congressional Research Service 4.2. 3 Congressional Budget Office 4.2. 4 Lobbyists 4.2. 5 United States Capitol Police 4.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 5 Procedures of Congress 5.1 Sessions 5.2 Joint sessions 5.3 Bills and resolutions 6 Congress and the public 6.1 Advantage of incumbency 6.1. 1 Citizens and representatives 6.1. 2 Expensive campaigns 6.1. 3 Television and negative advertising 6.1. 4 Public perceptions of Congress 6.2 Smaller states and bigger states 6.3 Members and constituents 6.4 Congressional style 7 Privileges and pay 7.1 Privileges protecting members 7.2 Pay and benefits 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Other notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Play media Overview of the United States legislative process , as explained by the Library of Congress In 1868 , this committee of representatives prosecuted president Andrew Johnson in his impeachment trial , but the Senate did not convict him . Article One of the United States Constitution states , `` All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . '' The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process -- legislation can not be enacted without the consent of both chambers . However , the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers . The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue - raising bills . The House initiates impeachment cases , while the Senate decides impeachment cases . A two - thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be forcibly removed from office . The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature . A Congress covers two years ; the current one , the 115th Congress , began on January 3 , 2017 , and will end on January 3 , 2019 . The Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd - numbered year . Members of the Senate are referred to as senators ; members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives , congressmen , or congresswomen . Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the `` historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom '' and insisted it was a `` driving force in American government '' and a `` remarkably resilient institution '' . Congress is the `` heart and soul of our democracy '' , according to this view , even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that `` legislators remain ghosts in America 's historical imagination '' . One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure . Several academics described Congress : Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses . It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies , our ethnic , religious , and racial diversity , our multitude of professions , and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values . Congress is the government 's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day . -- Smith , Roberts , and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux . In recent times , the American south and west have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more minorities and women although both groups are still underrepresented , according to one view . While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change , the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so - called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap : local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and a state 's at - large representation to the federal government by senators . Most incumbents seek re-election , and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent . The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives , which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . Congress is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Congress The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the thirteen British Colonies in North America . On July 4 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the `` United States of America '' . The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions . Congress had executive but not legislative authority , and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty. and lacked authority to collect taxes , regulate commerce , or enforce laws . George Washington presiding over the signing of the United States Constitution . Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed a revised constitution with a two -- chamber or bicameral congress . Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state . The two - chamber structure had functioned well in state governments . A compromise plan was adopted with representatives chosen by population ( benefiting larger states ) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments ( benefiting smaller states ) . The ratified constitution created a federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual was subjected to both the power of state government and the national government . To protect against abuse of power , each branch of government -- executive , legislative , and judicial -- had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . Furthermore , there were checks and balances within the legislature since there were two separate chambers . The new government became active in 1789 . Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras , with considerable overlap , and included the formative era ( 1780s -- 1820s ) , the partisan era ( 1830s -- 1900s ) , the committee era ( 1910s -- 1960s ) , and the contemporary era ( 1970s -- today ) . 1780s -- 1820s : formative era ( edit ) Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced , surprising the Constitution 's Founding Fathers of the United States . With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the Anti-Federalist movement was exhausted . Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790 -- 91 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic - Republican Party or the Jeffersonian Democrat Party and began the era of the First Party System . Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties in 1800 . John Marshall , 4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803 , effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation . 1830s -- 1900s : partisan era ( edit ) These years were marked by growth in the power of political parties . The watershed event was the Civil War which resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority , but weakened the power of states rights . The Gilded Age ( 1877 -- 1901 ) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress . During this time , lobbying activity became more intense , particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool . Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace . The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress as well as calls for reform ; sometimes reformers would attack lobbyists as corrupting politics . The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . The Senate was effectively controlled by a half dozen men . 1910s -- 1960s : committee era ( edit ) United States Congress meeting , c. 1915 The United States Capitol A system of seniority -- in which long - time Members of Congress gained more and more power -- encouraged politicians of both parties to serve for long terms . Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s . Important structural changes included the direct election of senators by popular election according to the Seventeenth Amendment , ratified in April 8 , 1913 , with positive effects ( senators more sensitive to public opinion ) and negative effects ( undermining the authority of state governments ) . Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution 's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy . One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate . Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment ended the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability . The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies . Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch . Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress . The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years . During this time , Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition . Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees . Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years . More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise , such as space flight and atomic energy policy . Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism and conducted televised hearings . In 1960 , Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994 . 1970s -- present : contemporary era ( edit ) Historical graph of party control of the Senate , House , and Presidency . Since 1980 , the Democrats have held the Presidency for four terms , but because of the Senate filibuster , have only been able to freely legislate in two years . The Republicans have been similarly disabled . Congress enacted Johnson 's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger . The Watergate Scandal had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups ; the scandal `` substantially reshaped '' relations between the branches of government , suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . Partisanship returned , particularly after 1994 ; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education . Congress began reasserting its authority . Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions . While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates , the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates . Reforms such as the 2002 McCain - Feingold act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions . One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the `` influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs '' instead `` legitimized PACs '' since they `` enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates '' . From 1974 to 1984 , PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5 million to $120 million along with concern over PAC influence in Congress . In 2009 , there were 4,600 business , labor and special - interest PACs including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . From 2007 to 2008 , 175 members of Congress received `` half or more of their campaign cash '' from PACs . From 1970 to 2009 , the House expanded delegates , along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas , beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico 's Resident Commissioner in 1970 . In 1971 , a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized , and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam. 1978 saw an additional delegate for American Samoa , and another for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands began in 2009 . These six Members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions , and in recent congresses they vote in permanent and select committees , in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate . They have Capitol Hill offices , staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies . While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of the Whole votes , recent Congresses have not allowed for that , and they can not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives . In the late 20th century , the media became more important in Congress 's work . Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused `` more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions '' . Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress , and referred to this as the tabloidization of media coverage . Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty - second soundbite . A report characterized Congress in 2013 as being unproductive , gridlocked , and `` setting records for futility '' . In October 2013 , with Congress unable to compromise , the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments , causing 60 % of the public to say they would `` fire every member of Congress '' including their own representative . One report suggested Congress posed the `` biggest risk to the US economy '' because of its brinksmanship , `` down - to - the - wire budget and debt crises '' and `` indiscriminate spending cuts '' , resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed . There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress , with extremely low approval ratings which dropped to 5 % in October 2013 . Congress in the United States government ( edit ) Powers of Congress ( edit ) Main article : Powers of the United States Congress Overview of congressional power ( edit ) Congress 's `` power of the purse '' authorizes taxing citizens , spending money , and printing currency . Article I of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress . Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure . Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws , and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers . Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have , and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state , some of which may only be granted by Congress . Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers . Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution 's Necessary and Proper Clause . Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to `` lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States '' . There is vast authority over budgets , although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress 's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since `` entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress 's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm '' . Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary . The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration . The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds , and this power of the purse is one of Congress 's primary checks on the executive branch . Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States , regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states , and coin money . Generally , both the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority , although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . Congress authorizes defense spending such as the purchase of the USS Bon Homme Richard ( CV - 31 ) . Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war , to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military . Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress 's constitutionally defined task of declaring war . While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war , they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I , and World War II , although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval . In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described the American response as a `` police action '' . According to Time magazine in 1970 , `` U.S. presidents ( had ) ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times . '' In 1993 , Michael Kinsley wrote that `` Congress 's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution , '' and that the `` real erosion ( of Congress 's war power ) began after World War II . '' Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation 's history . '' Congress can establish post offices and post roads , issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures , establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and `` make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . '' Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union . Congress oversees other government branches , for example , the Senate Watergate Committee , investigating President Nixon and Watergate , in 1973 -- 74 . One of Congress 's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch . Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress 's subpoena power . Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government . In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case . There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions . Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection . Congress also has the exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president , federal judges and other federal officers . There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress . So - called signing statements are one way in which a president can `` tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch , '' according to one account . Past presidents , including Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it , and commentators including the American Bar Association have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution . There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress . In 2008 , George F. Will called the Capitol building a `` tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters . '' Enumerated powers ( edit ) Main article : Powers of the United States Congress The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail . In addition , other congressional powers have been granted , or confirmed , by constitutional amendments . The Thirteenth ( 1865 ) , Fourteenth ( 1868 ) , and Fifteenth Amendments ( 1870 ) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans , including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law . Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments , not Congress . Implied powers and the commerce Clause ( edit ) Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution 's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to `` make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . '' Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce , in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress 's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section 8 . Territorial government ( edit ) Main article : Territories of the United States Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington , D.C. , the federal district and national capital and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress . The republican form of government in territories is devolved by Congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors , the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures . Each territory and Washington , D.C. elect a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives as they have throughout Congressional history . They `` possess the same powers as other members of the House , except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives . '' They are assigned offices and allowances for staff , participate in debate , and appoint constituents to the four military service academies for the Army , Navy , Air Force and Coast Guard . Washington , D.C. citizens alone among U.S. territories have the right to directly vote for the President of the United States , although the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their presidential candidates at national conventions which include delegates from the five major territories . Checks and balances ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Congress in relation to the president and Supreme Court View of the United States Capitol from the United States Supreme Court building . Representative Lee H. Hamilton explained how Congress functions within the federal government : To me the key to understanding it is balance . The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other -- balancing powers among the three branches : Congress , the president , and the Supreme Court ; between the House of Representatives and the Senate ; between the federal government and the states ; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests ; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens , as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other . The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government . Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One . The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership , presidential political influence , historical circumstances such as war , and individual initiative by members of Congress . The impeachment of Andrew Johnson made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards . The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . However , in recent years , Congress has restricted presidential power with laws such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 and the War Powers Resolution . Nevertheless , the Presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century . Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret ; in return , knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity , congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies . Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies , and this is a task that Congress is ill - suited for . Congress is slow , open , divided , and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity , according to one analysis . The impeachment trial of President Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to impeach both executive and judicial officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors . '' Impeachment is a formal accusation of unlawful activity by a civil officer or government official . The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments . A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official ; however , a two - thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction . A convicted official is automatically removed from office ; in addition , the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future . Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this ; however , a convicted party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial . Only two presidents have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1999 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . In 1974 , Richard Nixon resigned from office after impeachment proceedings in the House Judiciary Committee indicated he would eventually be removed from office . The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials , judges , and other high officers `` by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate . '' It confirms most presidential nominees but rejections are not uncommon . Furthermore , treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two - thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect . As a result , presidential arm - twisting of senators can happen before a key vote ; for example , President Obama 's secretary of state , Hillary Clinton , urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010 . The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials , other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president ; in such a case , a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president 's nomination of a vice president . In 1803 , the Supreme Court established judicial review of federal legislation in Marbury v. Madison , holding , however , that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself . The Constitution does not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review ; however , the notion that courts could declare laws unconstitutional was envisioned by the founding fathers . Alexander Hamilton , for example , mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in Federalist No. 78 . Originalists on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution does not say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should , might or could have said . Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law . It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power substantially . In 1857 , for example , the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in its Dred Scott decision . At the same time , the Supreme Court can extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations . Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation , to test the effectiveness of laws already passed , and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches . Committees may hold hearings , and , if necessary , compel individuals to testify when investigating issues over which it has the power to legislate by issuing subpoenas . Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for contempt of Congress , and those who testify falsely may be charged with perjury . Most committee hearings are open to the public ( the House and Senate intelligence committees are the exception ) ; important hearings are widely reported in the mass media and transcripts published a few months afterwards . Congress , in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters , generates an incredible amount of information in various forms , and can be described as a publisher . Indeed , it publishes House and Senate reports and maintains databases which are updated irregularly with publications in a variety of electronic formats . Congress also plays a role in presidential elections . Both Houses meet in joint session on the sixth day of January following a presidential election to count the electoral votes , and there are procedures to follow if no candidate wins a majority . The main result of congressional activity is the creation of laws , most of which are contained in the United States Code , arranged by subject matter alphabetically under fifty title headings to present the laws `` in a concise and usable form '' . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Structure of the United States Congress Congress is split into two chambers -- House and Senate -- and manages the task of writing national legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different areas . Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these committees . Further , Congress has ancillary organizations such as the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress to help provide it with information , and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them as well . In addition , a vast industry of lobbyists helps members write legislation on behalf of diverse corporate and labor interests . Committees ( edit ) Play media Library of Congress video explanation of committees in the United States Congress . Second committee room in Congress Hall in Philadelphia Main article : United States congressional committee Specializations ( edit ) The committee structure permits members of Congress to study a particular subject intensely . It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before Congress . As time goes by , members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects . Committees investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Congress about choices and trade - offs . The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member 's constituency , important regional issues , prior background and experience . Senators often choose a different specialty from that of the other senator from their state to prevent overlap . Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all legislation ; for example , the House Ways and Means Committee has considerable influence over House affairs . Power ( edit ) Committees write legislation . While procedures such as the House discharge petition process can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input , they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action . Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms . Legislative , oversight , and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information , evaluate alternatives , and identify problems . They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber . In addition , they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing . Officer ( edit ) At the start of each two - year session the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party 's leader . In the Senate , the Vice President is the ex officio president of the Senate . In addition , the Senate elects an officer called the President pro tempore . Pro tempore means for the time being and this office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate 's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there 's a change in party control . Accordingly , the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress . In both the House and Senate , the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party who is appointed so that new members become acquainted with the rules of the chamber . Support services ( edit ) Library of Congress ( edit ) Library of Congress Jefferson Building Main article : Library of Congress The Library of Congress was established by an act of Congress in 1800 . It is primarily housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill , but also includes several other sites : the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in Washington , D.C. ; the National Audio - Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper , Virginia ; a large book storage facility located at Ft . Meade , Maryland ; and multiple overseas offices . The Library had mostly law books when it was burned by a British raiding party during the War of 1812 , but the library 's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of Thomas Jefferson 's private library . One of the Library 's missions is to serve the Congress and its staff as well as the American public . It is the largest library in the world with nearly 150 million items including books , films , maps , photographs , music , manuscripts , graphics , and materials in 470 languages . Congressional Research Service ( edit ) Main article : Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service provides detailed , up - to - date and non-partisan research for senators , representatives , and their staff to help them carry out their official duties . It provides ideas for legislation , helps members analyze a bill , facilitates public hearings , makes reports , consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure , and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements . It has been called the `` House 's think tank '' and has a staff of about 900 employees . Congressional budget office ( edit ) Main article : Congressional Budget Office The Congressional Budget Office or CBO is a federal agency which provides economic data to Congress . It was created as an independent nonpartisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 . It helps Congress estimate revenue inflows from taxes and helps the budgeting process . It makes projections about such matters as the national debt as well as likely costs of legislation . It prepares an annual Economic and Budget Outlook with a mid-year update and writes An Analysis of the President 's Budgetary Proposals for the Senate 's Appropriations Committee . The Speaker of the House and the Senate 's President pro tempore jointly appoint the CBO Director for a four - year term . Lobbyists ( edit ) Lobbying depends on cultivating personal relationships over many years . Photo : Lobbyist Tony Podesta ( left ) with former senator Kay Hagan ( center ) and her husband . Main article : Lobbying in the United States Lobbyists represent diverse interests and often seek to influence congressional decisions to reflect their clients ' needs . Lobby groups and their members sometimes write legislation and whip bills . In 2007 , there were approximately 17,000 federal lobbyists in Washington . They explain to legislators the goals of their organizations . Some lobbyists represent non-profit organizations and work pro bono for issues in which they are personally interested . United States Capitol Police ( edit ) Main article : United States Capitol Police Partisanship versus bipartisanship ( edit ) Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties known as bipartisanship and periods of deep political polarization and fierce infighting known as partisanship . The period after the Civil War was marked by partisanship as is the case today . It is generally easier for committees to reach accord on issues when compromise is possible . Some political scientists speculate that a prolonged period marked by narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress has intensified partisanship in the last few decades but that an alternation of control of Congress between Democrats and Republicans may lead to greater flexibility in policies as well as pragmatism and civility within the institution . Procedures of Congress ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States Congress Sessions ( edit ) A term of Congress is divided into two `` sessions '' , one for each year ; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or special session . A new session commences on January 3 each year unless Congress decides differently . The Constitution requires Congress meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house . Joint sessions ( edit ) Main article : Joint session of the United States Congress Joint Sessions of the United States Congress occur on special occasions that require a concurrent resolution from both House and Senate . These sessions include counting electoral votes after a presidential election and the president 's State of the Union address . The constitutionally - mandated report , normally given as an annual speech , is modeled on Britain 's Speech from the Throne , was written by most presidents after Jefferson but personally delivered as a spoken oration beginning with Wilson in 1913 . Joint Sessions and Joint Meetings are traditionally presided over by the Speaker of the House except when counting presidential electoral votes when the Vice President ( acting as the President of the Senate ) presides . Bills and resolutions ( edit ) See also : Act of Congress and List of United States federal legislation An Act of Congress from 1960 . The House Financial Services committee meets . Committee members sit in the tiers of raised chairs , while those testifying and audience members sit below . Ideas for legislation can come from members , lobbyists , state legislatures , constituents , legislative counsel , or executive agencies . Anyone can write a bill , but only members of Congress may introduce bills . Most bills are not written by Congress members , but originate from the Executive branch ; interest groups often draft bills as well . The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review . A proposal is usually in one of these forms : Bills are laws in the making . A House - originated bill begins with the letters `` H.R. '' for `` House of Representatives '' , followed by a number kept as it progresses . Joint resolutions . There is little difference between a bill and a joint resolution since both are treated similarly ; a joint resolution originating from the House , for example , begins `` H.J. Res . '' followed by its number . Concurrent Resolutions affect only both the House and Senate and accordingly are not presented to the president for approval later . In the House , they begin with `` H. Con. Res . '' Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with `` H. Res . '' or `` S. Res . '' Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the hopper on the Clerk 's desk . It 's assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage . Drafting statutes requires `` great skill , knowledge , and experience '' and sometimes take a year or more . Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction . Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war . On the other hand , concurrent resolutions ( passed by both houses ) and simple resolutions ( passed by only one house ) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure . Bills may be introduced by any member of either house . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives . '' While the Senate can not originate revenue and appropriation bills , it has power to amend or reject them . Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels . Each chamber determines its own internal rules of operation unless specified in the Constitution or prescribed by law . In the House , a Rules Committee guides legislation ; in the Senate , a Standing Rules committee is in charge . Each branch has its own traditions ; for example , the Senate relies heavily on the practice of getting `` unanimous consent '' for noncontroversial matters . House and Senate rules can be complex , sometimes requiring a hundred specific steps before becoming a law . Members sometimes use experts such as Walter Oleszek , a senior specialist in American national government at the Congressional Research Service , to learn about proper procedures . Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office . Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations . The House has twenty standing committees ; the Senate has sixteen . Standing committees meet at least once each month . Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes , publicly , to close the meeting . A committee might call for public hearings on important bills . Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party . Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill . Then , a bill may go to what 's called a mark - up session where committee members debate the bill 's merits and may offer amendments or revisions . Committees may also amend the bill , but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments . After debate , the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house . If a bill is tabled then it is rejected . If amendments are extensive , sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so - called clean bill with a new number . Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used . Generally , members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power . A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex and begins with an enacting formula such as `` Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled . '' Consideration of a bill requires , itself , a rule which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate -- time limits , possibility of further amendments , and such . Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak . Sometimes opponents seek to recommit a bill which means to change part of it . Generally , discussion requires a quorum , usually half of the total number of representatives , before discussion can begin , although there are exceptions . The house may debate and amend the bill ; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ . A final vote on the bill follows . Once a bill is approved by one house , it is sent to the other which may pass , reject , or amend it . For the bill to become law , both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill . If the second house amends the bill , then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a conference committee , an ad hoc committee that includes both senators and representatives sometimes by using a reconciliation process to limit budget bills . Both houses use a budget enforcement mechanism informally known as pay - as - you - go or paygo which discourages members from considering acts which increase budget deficits . If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee , the bill passes , otherwise it fails . The Constitution specifies that a majority of members known as a quorum be present before doing business in each house . However , the rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a quorum call demonstrates the contrary . Since representatives and senators who are present rarely demand quorum calls , debate often continues despite the lack of a majority . Voting within Congress can take many forms , including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting . Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout `` aye '' or `` no '' and the presiding officer announces the result . The Constitution , however , requires a recorded vote if demanded by one - fifth of the members present . If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial , a recorded vote usually happens . The Senate uses roll - call voting , in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators , each senator stating `` aye '' or `` no '' when their name is announced . In the Senate , the vice president may cast the tie - breaking vote if present . The House reserves roll - call votes for the most formal matters , as a roll call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time ; normally , members vote by using an electronic device . In the case of a tie , the motion in question fails . Most votes in the House are done electronically , allowing members to vote yea or nay or present or open . Members insert a voting ID card and can change their votes during the last five minutes if they choose ; in addition , paper ballots are used on some occasions -- yea indicated by green and nay by red . One member can not cast a proxy vote for another . Congressional votes are recorded on an online database . After passage by both houses , a bill is enrolled and sent to the president for approval . The president may sign it making it law or veto it , perhaps returning it to Congress with their objections . A vetoed bill can still become law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two - thirds majority . Finally , the president may do nothing -- neither signing nor vetoing the bill -- and then the bill becomes law automatically after ten days ( not counting Sundays ) according to the Constitution . But if Congress is adjourned during this period , presidents may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it ; the maneuver is known as a pocket veto , and can not be overridden by the adjourned Congress . Congress and the public ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Congress and citizens Advantage of incumbency ( edit ) Citizens and Representatives ( edit ) Senators face reelection every six years , and representatives every two . Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts . Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund - raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing , according to some critics although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters . In this example , the more even distribution is on the left and the gerrymandering is presented on the right . Nevertheless , incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers . They raise more money because donors expect incumbents to win , they give their funds to them rather than challengers , and donations are vital for winning elections . One critic compared being elected to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university . Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering . After each ten - year census , states are allocated representatives based on population , and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party . As a result , reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent , causing some critics to accuse them of being a privileged class . Academics such as Princeton 's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering . Both senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges called franking privileges . Expensive campaigns ( edit ) In 1971 , the cost of running for congress in Utah was $70,000 but costs have climbed . The biggest expense is television ads . Today 's races cost more than a million dollars for a House seat , and six million or more for a Senate seat . Since fundraising is vital , `` members of Congress are forced to spend ever - increasing hours raising money for their re-election . '' Nevertheless , the Supreme Court has treated campaign contributions as a free speech issue . Some see money as a good influence in politics since it `` enables candidates to communicate with voters . '' Few members retire from Congress without complaining about how much it costs to campaign for reelection . Critics contend that members of Congress are more likely to attend to the needs of heavy campaign contributors than to ordinary citizens . Elections are influenced by many variables . Some political scientists speculate there is a coattail effect ( when a popular president or party position has the effect of reelecting incumbents who win by `` riding on the president 's coattails '' ) , although there is some evidence that the coattail effect is irregular and possibly declining since the 1950s . Some districts are so heavily Democratic or Republican that they are called a safe seat ; any candidate winning the primary will almost always be elected , and these candidates do not need to spend money on advertising . But some races can be competitive when there is no incumbent . If a seat becomes vacant in an open district , then both parties may spend heavily on advertising in these races ; in California in 1992 , only four of twenty races for House seats were considered highly competitive . Television and negative advertising ( edit ) Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television , this usually involves negative advertising , which smears an opponent 's character without focusing on the issues . Negative advertising is seen as effective because `` the messages tend to stick . '' However , these ads sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame . One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election , which leads to a culture of risk avoidance , a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors , and concentrating publicity efforts in the members ' home districts . Public perceptions of Congress ( edit ) The Federalist Papers argued in favor of a strong connection between citizens and their representatives . Prominent Founding Fathers writing in The Federalist Papers felt that elections were essential to liberty , and that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential and that `` frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured . '' In 2009 , however , few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress . The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did , in fact , vote was 63 % in 1960 , but has been falling since , although there was a slight upward trend in the 2008 election . Public opinion polls asking people if they approve of the job Congress is doing have , in the last few decades , hovered around 25 % with some variation . Scholar Julian Zeliger suggested that the `` size , messiness , virtues , and vices that make Congress so interesting also create enormous barriers to our understanding the institution ... Unlike the presidency , Congress is difficult to conceptualize . '' Other scholars suggest that despite the criticism , `` Congress is a remarkably resilient institution ... its place in the political process is not threatened ... it is rich in resources '' and that most members behave ethically . They contend that `` Congress is easy to dislike and often difficult to defend '' and this perception is exacerbated because many challengers running for Congress run against Congress , which is an `` old form of American politics '' that further undermines Congress 's reputation with the public : The rough - and - tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil , human frailties too often taint its membership , and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still , we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy . We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society , conducted a public debate on the major issues , found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully , and limited the power of our executive , military , and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public 's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike -- it often generates political posturing and grandstanding , it necessarily involves compromise , and it often leaves broken promises in its trail . Also , members of Congress often appear self - serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial . Scandals , even when they involve a single member , add to the public 's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution 's low ratings in opinion polls. -- Smith , Roberts & Wielen An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science , engineering and economics . As a result , Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch . Since 2006 , Congress has dropped 10 points in the Gallup confidence poll with only 9 % having `` a great deal '' or `` quite a lot '' of confidence in their legislators . Since 2011 , Gallup poll has reported Congress 's approval rating among Americans at 10 % or below three times . Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5 % in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed ' nonessential government ' shut down . Smaller States and bigger States ( edit ) When the Constitution was ratified in 1787 , the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one . The Connecticut Compromise gave every state , large and small , an equal vote in the Senate . Since each state has two senators , residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states . But since 1787 , the population disparity between large and small states has grown ; in 2006 , for example , California had seventy times the population of Wyoming . Critics such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from `` large states to small states . '' However , others argue that the Connecticut compromise was deliberately intended by the Framers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population , and contend that the result works well on balance . Members and constituents ( edit ) A major role for members of Congress is providing services to constituents . Constituents request assistance with problems . Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections and can make a difference in close races . Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies . One academic described the complex intertwined relation between lawmakers and constituents as home style . Congressional style ( edit ) One way to categorize lawmakers , according to political scientist Richard Fenno , is by their general motivation : Reelection . These are lawmakers who `` never met a voter they did n't like '' and provide excellent constituent services . Good public policy . Legislators who `` burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership . '' Power in the chamber . Lawmakers who spend serious time along the `` rail of the House floor or in the Senate cloakroom ministering to the needs of their colleagues . '' Famous legislator Henry Clay in the mid-19th century was described as an `` issue entrepreneur '' who looked for issues to serve his ambitions . Privileges and pay ( edit ) Privileges protecting members ( edit ) Members of Congress enjoy parliamentary privilege , including freedom from arrest in all cases except for treason , felony , and breach of the peace and freedom of speech in debate . This constitutionally derived immunity applies to members during sessions and when traveling to and from sessions . The term arrest has been interpreted broadly , and includes any detention or delay in the course of law enforcement , including court summons and subpoenas . The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege ; a member may not waive the privilege on their own , but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so . Senate rules , however , are less strict and permit individual senators to waive the privilege as they choose . The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses , providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that `` for any Speech or Debate in either House , they shall not be questioned in any other Place . '' Accordingly , a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house , although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches , and may punish members who transgress . Obstructing the work of Congress is a crime under federal law and is known as contempt of Congress . Each member has the power to cite individuals for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation -- the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case . If convicted in court , an individual found guilty of contempt of Congress may be imprisoned for up to one year . The franking privilege allows members of Congress to send official mail to constituents at government expense . Though they are not permitted to send election materials , borderline material is often sent , especially in the run - up to an election by those in close races . Indeed , some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers . Pay and Benefits ( edit ) See also : Salaries of members of the United States Congress From 1789 to 1815 , members of Congress received only a daily payment of $6 while in session . Members received an annual salary of $1,500 per year from 1815 to 1817 , then a per diem salary of $8 from 1818 to 1855 ; since then they have received an annual salary , first pegged in 1855 at $3,000 . In 1907 , salaries were raised to $7,500 per year , the equivalent of $173,000 in 2010 . In 2006 , members of Congress received a yearly salary of $165,200 . Congressional leaders were paid $183,500 per year . The Speaker of the House of Representatives earns $212,100 annually . The salary of the President pro tempore for 2006 was $183,500 , equal to that of the majority and minority leaders of the House and Senate . Privileges include having an office and paid staff . In 2008 , non-officer members of Congress earned $169,300 annually . Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income of $45,113 for men and $35,102 for women . Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government . Another criticism is that members of Congress have access to free or low - cost medical care in the Washington D.C. area . The petition , `` Remove health - care subsidies for Members of Congress and their families '' , has already gathered over 1,076,000 signatures on the website Change.org . Lipton , Eric ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Half of Congress Members Are Millionaires , Report Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . < / ref > Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute . Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress . Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on lucrative careers as lobbyists after serving -- -- that Congress was a `` Farm League for K Street '' -- -- instead of on public service . Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System ( FERS ) . Like other federal employees , congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants ' contributions . Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3 % of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2 % of their salary in Social Security taxes . And like Federal employees , members contribute one - third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two - thirds . The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary . By law , the starting amount of a member 's retirement annuity may not exceed 80 % of their final salary . In 2006 , the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) was $60,972 , while those who retired under FERS , or in combination with CSRS , was $35,952 . Members of Congress make fact - finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed , but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing . For example , the Wall Street Journal reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas , $300 - per - night extra unused rooms , and shopping excursions . Lawmakers respond that `` traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington '' and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations . See also ( edit ) Caucuses of the United States Congress Elections in the United States § Congressional elections Current members of the United States House of Representatives Current members of the United States Senate List of United States Congresses Lobbying in the United States 115th United States Congress Oath of office § United States Party divisions of United States Congresses Term limits in the United States United States Congressional Baseball Game United States congressional hearing United States presidents and control of congress United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction Radio and Television Correspondents ' Association Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John V. Sullivan ( July 24 , 2007 ) . `` How Our Laws Are Made '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lee H. Hamilton ( 2004 ) . How Congress works and why you should care . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34425 - 5 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 23 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) Joanne Barrie Freeman , Jack N. Rakove , Alan Taylor ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. xiii -- xiv . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Perry Bacon Jr . ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` Post Politics Hour : Weekend Review and a Look Ahead '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Information about the Archives of the United States Senate '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kramnick , Isaac ( ed ) ; Thomas Paine ( 1982 ) . Common Sense . Penguin Classics . p. 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` References about weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation '' . * Pauline Maier ( book reviewer ) ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` HISTORY -- The Framers ' Real Motives ( book review ) UNRULY AMERICANS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION book by Woody Holton '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . * `` The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise '' . PBS . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . * Alexander Hamilton ( 1788 ) . `` FEDERALIST No. 15 -- The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union '' . FoundingFathers.info . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Collier ( 1986 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ James Madison ( 1787 ) . `` James Madison and the Federal Constitutional Convention of 1787 -- Engendering a National Government '' . The Library of Congress -- American memory . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers : New Jersey '' . The Charters of Freedom . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE PRESIDENCY : Vetoes '' . Time . March 9 , 1931 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : David E. Kyvig , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 362 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ David B. Rivkin Jr. & Lee A. Casey ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Illegal Health Reform '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Founding Fathers via FindLaw ( 1787 ) . `` U.S. Constitution : Article I ( section 8 paragraph 3 ) -- Article Text -- Annotations '' . FindLaw . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` The Convention Timeline '' . U.S. Constitution Online . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eric Patashnik , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Margaret S. Thompson , The `` Spider Web '' : Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Elisabeth S. Clemens , The People 's Lobby : Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest - Group Politics in the United States , 1890 -- 1925 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ David B. Rivkin Jr. & Lee A. Casey ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Illegal Health Reform '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 38 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David E. Kyvig , author , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : 72nd Made '' . Time . November 17 , 1930 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : English ( 2003 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Democratic Senate '' . Time . November 14 , 1932 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` POLITICAL NOTES : Democratic Drift '' . Time . November 16 , 1936 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CONGRESS : The 76th '' . Time . November 21 , 1938 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE VICE PRESIDENCY : Undeclared War '' . Time . March 20 , 1939 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CONGRESS : New Houses '' . Time . November 11 , 1940 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Before the G.O.P. Lay a Forked Road '' . Time . November 16 , 1942 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Business & Finance : Turn of the Tide '' . Time . November 16 , 1942 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Congress : Effort toward Efficiency '' . Time . May 21 , 1965 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : JUDGMENTS & PROPHECIES '' . Time . November 15 , 1954 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Ahead of the Wind '' . Time . November 17 , 1958 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Party in Power - Congress and Presidency - A Visual Guide to the Balance of Power in Congress , 1945 - 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bruce J. Schulman ( author ) , Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 638 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` THE HOUSE : New Faces and New Strains '' . Time . November 18 , 1974 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 58 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nick Anderson ( March 30 , 2004 ) . `` Political Attack Ads Already Popping Up on the Web '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Tifft ; Richard Homik ; Hays Corey ( August 20 , 1984 ) . `` Taking an Ax to the PACs '' . Time . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : ADAM CLYMER ( October 29 , 1992 ) . `` Campaign spending in congress races soars to new high '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey H. Birnbaum ( October 3 , 2004 ) . `` Cost of Congressional Campaigns Skyrockets '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Richard E. Cohen ( August 12 , 1990 ) . `` PAC Paranoia : Congress Faces Campaign Spending -- Politics : Hysteria was the operative word when legislators realized they could not return home without tougher campaign finance laws '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Walter Isaacson , Evan Thomas , other bureaus ( October 25 , 1982 ) . `` Running with the PACs '' . Time . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : John Fritze ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` PACs spent record $416 M on federal election '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas Frank ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` Beer PAC aims to put Congress under influence '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Isikoff & Dina Fine Maron ( March 21 , 2009 ) . `` Congress -- Follow the Bailout Cash '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Berke ( February 14 , 1988 ) . `` Campaign Finance ; Problems in the PAC 's : Study Finds Frustration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Betsy . Delegates to the U.S. Congress : history and current status , Congressional Research Service ; U.S. House of Representatives , `` The House Explained '' , viewed January 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) Michael Schudson ( author ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 12 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Murray , NBC News , June 30 , 2013 , Unproductive Congress : How stalemates became the norm in Washington DC . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Domenico Montanaro , NBC News , October 10 , 2013 , NBC / WSJ poll : 60 percent say fire every member of Congress . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 , `` ... 60 percent of Americans ... if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress ... they would ... '' Jump up ^ Andy Sullivan of Reuters , NBC News , October 17 , 2013 , Washington : the biggest risk to US economy . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 , `` ... the biggest risk to the world 's largest economy may be its own elected representatives ... Down - to - the - wire budget and debt crises , indiscriminate spending cuts and a 16 - day government shutdown ... '' Jump up ^ Domenico Montanaro , NBC News , October 10 , 2013 , NBC / WSJ poll : 60 percent say fire every member of Congress . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 , `` ... 60 percent of Americans ... saying if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress , including their own representative , they would ... '' ^ Jump up to : Wall Street Journal , Approval of Congress Matches All - Time Low . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Carrie Dann , NBC News , Americans ' faith in Congress lower than all major institutions -- ever . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` White House : Republicans Will ' Do the Right Thing ' '' . Voice of America . October 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett ( 2013 ) . American Epic : Reading the U.S. Constitution . New York : Oxford . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 938971 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Patashnik ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 671 -- 2 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` Congress and the Dollar '' . New York Sun . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kate Zernike ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Senate Passes Detainee Bill Sought by Bush '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` References about congressional war declaring power '' . Dana D. Nelson ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Steve Holland ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Obama revelling in U.S. power unseen in decades '' . Reuters UK . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The President 's News Conference of June 29 , 1950 '' . Teachingamericanhistory.org . June 29 , 1950 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Kinsley ( March 15 , 1993 ) . `` The Case for a Big Power Swap '' . Time . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Time Essay : Where 's Congress ? '' . Time . May 22 , 1972 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The proceedings of congress. ; senate '' . The New York Times . June 28 , 1862 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David S. Broder ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Oversight Offensive '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas Ferraro ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James Gerstenzang ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` Bush claims executive privilege in Valerie Plame Wilson case '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth B. Bazan and Jennifer K. Elsea , legislative attorneys ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linda P. Campbell & Glen Elsasser ( October 20 , 1991 ) . `` Supreme Court Slugfests A Tradition '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eric Cantor ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's 32 Czars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Lee ( January 2 , 2006 ) . `` Alito Once Made Case For Presidential Power '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dan Froomkin ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Playing by the Rules '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dana D. Nelson ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charlie Savage ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Undercuts Whistle - Blowers , Senator Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Binyamin Appelbaum & David Cho ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Seeks Expanded Power to Seize Firms Goal Is to Limit Risk to Broader Economy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George F. Will -- op - ed columnist ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Making Congress Moot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ J. Leslie Kincaid ( January 17 , 1916 ) . `` To Make the Militia a National Force : The Power of Congress Under the Constitution `` for Organizing , Arming , and Disciplining '' the State Troops `` . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Herrington ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Red State Anxiety and The Constitution '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . CBS News . 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randy E. Barnett ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Case for a Federalism Amendment '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13423 Sec. 9. ( l ) . `` The ' United States ' when used in a geographical sense , means the fifty states , the District of Columbia , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Guam , American Samoa , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands , and associated territorial waters and airspace . '' Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty Chart , under `` Sovereignty '' , lists five places under United States sovereignty administered by a local ' Administrative Center ' , with ' Short form names ' , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , Virgin Islands , U.S. Jump up ^ House Learn webpage . Viewed January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Green Papers , 2016 Presidential primaries , caucuses and conventions , viewed September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The very structure of the Constitution gives us profound insights about what the founders thought was important ... the Founders thought that the Legislative Branch was going to be the great branch of government . '' -- Hon . John Charles Thomas ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Susan Sachs ( January 7 , 1999 ) . `` Impeachment : The Past ; Johnson 's Trial : 2 Bitter Months for a Still - Torn Nation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Richard ( January 19 , 2005 ) . `` Kings in the White House '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 19 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Charles Wolfson ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Clinton Presses Senate to Ratify Nuclear Arms Treaty with Russia '' . CBS News . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Interpretation the Old Fashioned Way '' . Center For Individual Freedom . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott Case '' . The New York Times . March 6 , 1851 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frank Askin ( July 21 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Power To Compel '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ben 's Guide to US Government ( 2010 ) . `` Congressional Hearings : About '' . GPO Access . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : United States government ( 2010 ) . `` Congressional Reports : Main Page '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 112th Congress , 1st session ( 2011 ) . `` Tying It All Together : Learn about the Legislative Process '' . United States House of Representatives . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ English , p. 46 Jump up ^ Schiller , Wendy J. ( 2000 ) . Partners and Rivals : Representation in U.S. Senate Delegations . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04887 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Committees '' . U.S. Senate . 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Committee Types and Roles , Congressional Research Service , April 1 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` General Information - Library of Congress '' . Jump up ^ `` The Congressional Research Service and the American Legislative Process '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 388 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Budget Office -- About CBO '' . Cbo.gov . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Washington Representatives ( 32 ed . ) . Bethesda , MD : Columbia Books . November 2007 . p. 949 . ISBN 1 - 880873 - 55 - 9 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 9781139446990 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Partnership for Public Service ( March 29 , 2009 ) . `` Walter Oleszek : A Hill Staffer 's Guide to Congressional History and Habit '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` BLACKS : Confronting the President '' . Time . April 5 , 1971 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News from Washington '' . The New York Times . December 3 , 1861 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ United States government ( 2010 ) . `` Recent Votes '' . United States Senate . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Congress -- Votes Database -- Members of Congress / Robert Byrd '' . The Washington Post . June 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Larry J. Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` An amendment is needed to fix the primary mess '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph A. Califano Jr . ( May 27 , 1988 ) . `` PAC 's Remain a Pox '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brian Kalish ( May 19 , 2008 ) . `` GOP exits to cost party millions '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Page ( May 9 , 2006 ) . `` 5 keys to who will control Congress : How immigration , gas , Medicare , Iraq and scandal could affect midterm races '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Macedo , Stephen ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Toward a more democratic Congress ? Our imperfect democratic constitution : the critics examined '' . Boston University Law Review . Boston University Law Review . 89 : 609 -- 628 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Time Essay : Campaign Costs : Floor , Not Ceiling '' . Time . May 17 , 1971 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Borst , Associated Press ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` Campaign spending up in U.S. congressional elections '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Froomkin ( September 15 , 1997 ) . `` Campaign Finance -- Introduction '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Evan Thomas ( April 4 , 2008 ) . `` At What Cost ? -- Sen. John Warner and Congress 's money culture '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about diffname '' . Jean Merl ( October 18 , 2000 ) . `` Gloves Come Off in Attack Ads by Harman , Kuykendall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Shanto Iyengar -- Director , Political Communications Lab , Stanford University ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Election 2008 : The Advertising '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Dave Lesher ( September 12 , 1994 ) . `` COLUMN ONE -- TV Blitz Fueled by a Fortune -- Once obscure , Huffington now is pressing Feinstein . His well - financed rapid - response team has mounted an unprecedented ad attack '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Howard Kurtz ( October 28 , 1998 ) . `` Democrats Chase Votes With a Safety Net '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Oliphant ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` ' 08 Campaign costs nearing $2 Billion . Is it worth it ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign Finance Groups Praise Rep. Welch for Cosponsoring Fair Elections Now Act '' . Reuters . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Balzar ( May 24 , 2006 ) . `` Democrats Battle Over a Safe Seat in Congress '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Congress : An Idea on the March '' . Time . January 11 , 1963 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Decision ' 92 -- SPECIAL VOTERS ' GUIDE TO STATE AND LOCAL ELECTIONS -- THE CONGRESSIONAL RACES '' . Los Angeles Times . October 25 , 1992 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about prevalence of attack ads '' . Brooks Jackson & Justin Bank ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Radio , Radio -- New Democratic ads attacking House Republicans in the lead - up to the 2010 midterm elections do n't tell the whole story '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Fredreka Schouten ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Union helps non-profit groups pay for attack ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Ruth Marcus ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` Attack Ads You 'll Be Seeing '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Chris Cillizza ( September 20 , 2006 ) . `` Ads , Ads Everywhere ! '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . SAMANTHA GROSS Associated Press ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` Coming Soon : Personalized Campaign Ads '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard Kurtz ( January 6 , 2008 ) . `` CAMPAIGN ON TELEVISION People May Dislike Attack Ads , but the Messages Tend to Stick '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 21 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Hamilton or James Madison ( February 8 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist Paper No. 52 '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Congress ' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year '' . Reuters . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONGRESS : Makings of the 72nd ( Cont . ) '' . Time . September 22 , 1930 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Peterson ( October 21 , 1996 ) . `` Confident Clinton Lends Hand to Congress Candidates '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about diffname '' . `` THE CONGRESS : Makings of the 72nd ( Cont . ) '' . Time . September 22 , 1930 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Maki Becker ( June 17 , 1994 ) . `` Informed Opinions on Today 's Topics -- Looking for Answers to Voter Apathy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Daniel Brumberg ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Re-emerging Democracy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Karen Tumulty ( July 8 , 1986 ) . `` Congress Must Now Make Own Painful Choices '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Janet Hook ( December 22 , 1997 ) . `` As U.S. Economy Flows , Voter Vitriol Ebbs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congress gets $4,100 pay raise '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gallup Poll / Newsweek ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` Congress and the Public : Congressional Job Approval Ratings Trend ( 1974 -- present ) '' . The Gallup Organization . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` References about low approval ratings '' . `` Congress ' Approval Rating Jumps to 31 % '' . Gallup . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . `` Congress ' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year '' . Reuters . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . John Whitesides ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Bush , Congress at record low ratings : Reuters poll '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Seung Min Kim ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Poll : Congress ' job approval at 31 % '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ interview by David Schimke ( September -- October 2008 ) . `` Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch '' . Utne Reader . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guy Gugliotta ( November 3 , 2004 ) . `` Politics In , Voter Apathy Out Amid Heavy Turnout '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout Rate Said to Be Highest Since 1968 '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. xiv -- xv . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Norman , Jim ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Americans ' Confidence in Institutions Stays Low '' . Gallup . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Sherman and The Connecticut Compromise '' . Connecticut Judicial Branch : Law Libraries . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cass R. Sunstein ( October 26 , 2006 ) . `` It Could Be Worse '' . The New Republic . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reviewed by Robert Justin Lipkin ( January 2007 ) . `` OUR UNDEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTION : WHERE THE CONSTITUTION GOES WRONG ( AND HOW WE THE PEOPLE CAN CORRECT IT ) '' . Widener University School of Law . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sanford Levinson ( 2006 ) . `` Our Undemocratic Constitution '' . p. 60 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Labunski interviewed by Policy Today 's Dan Schwartz ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Time for a Second Constitutional Convention ? '' . Policy Today . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charles L. Clapp , The Congressman , His Work as He Sees It ( Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution , 1963 ) , p. 55 ; cf . pp. 50 -- 55 , 64 -- 66 , 75 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 35 ( September 3 , 1977 ) : 1855 . English , op . cit. , pp. 48 -- 49 , notes that members will also regularly appear at local events in their home district , and will maintain offices in the home congressional district or state . Jump up ^ Robert Preer ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Two Democrats in Senate race stress constituent services '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Malloy ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Incumbents battle association with stimulus , Obama '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Amy Gardner ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` Wolf 's Decisive Win Surprised Even the GOP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : William T. Blanco , editor ( 2000 ) . `` Congress on display , Congress at work '' . University of Michigan . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08711 - 8 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ English ( 2003 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Simpson , G.R. ( October 22 , 1992 ) . `` Surprise ! Top Frankers Also Have the Stiffest Challenges '' . Roll Call . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith ; Jason M. Roberts ; Ryan J. Vander Wielen ( 2006 ) . `` The American Congress ( Fourth Edition ) '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 79 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate Salaries since 1789 . United States Senate . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salaries of Members of Congress ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Salaries of Legislative , Executive , and Judicial Officials ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau news release in regards to median income '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lui , Kevin ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` A Petition to Remove Health Care Subsidies From Members of Congress Has Nearly 500000 Signatures '' . Time Magazine . Washington D.C . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . In January 2014 , it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires . Jump up ^ `` A Quiet Raise -- Congressional Pay -- special report '' . The Washington Post . 1998 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Lessig ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` How to Get Our Democracy Back '' . CBS News . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Lessig ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Republic , Lost : How Money Corrupts Congress -- and a Plan to Stop It '' . Google , YouTube , The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . ( see 30 : 13 minutes into the video ) Jump up ^ Scott , Walter ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` Personality Parade column : Q. Does Congress pay for its own health care ? '' . New York , NY : Parade . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service , February 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Brody Mullins & T.W. Farnam ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Congress Travels More , Public Pays : Lawmakers Ramp Up Taxpayer - Financed Journeys ; Five Days in Scotland '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Other notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The two independent senators formally caucus with the Democratic Party . References ( edit ) `` How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System , A Plea -- And A Plan -- To Reform Campaign Finance Before It 's Too '' . NEWSWEEK . October 28 , 1996 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . `` The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise '' . PBS . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Alexander Hamilton ( 1788 ) . `` FEDERALIST No. 15 -- The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union '' . FoundingFathers.info . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Bacon , Donald C. ; Davidson , Roger H. ; Keller , Morton , editors ( 1995 ) . Encyclopedia of the United States Congress ( 4 vols . ) . Simon & Schuster . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Collier , Christopher & Collier , James Lincoln ( 1986 ) . Decision in Philadelphia : The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 394 - 52346 - 6 . Davidson , Roger H. & Walter J. Oleszek ( 2006 ) . Congress and Its Members ( 10th ed . ) . Congressional Quarterly ( CQ ) Press . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 325 - 7 . ( Legislative procedure , informal practices , and other information ) English , Ross M. ( 2003 ) . The United States Congress . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6309 - 4 . Francis - Smith , Janice ( October 22 , 2008 ) . `` Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma '' . The Oklahoma City Journal Record . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Herrnson , Paul S. ( 2004 ) . Congressional Elections : Campaigning at Home and in Washington . CQ Press . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 826 - 1 . Huckabee , David C. ( 2003 ) . Reelection Rates of Incumbents . Hauppauge , New York : Novinka Books , an imprint of Nova Science Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 1 - 59033 - 509 - 0 . Huckabee , David C. -- Analyst in American National Government -- Government Division ( March 8 , 1995 ) . `` Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790 -- 1990 Summary ( page 2 ) '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service -- The Library of Congress . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Maier , Pauline ( book reviewer ) ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` HISTORY -- The Framers ' Real Motives ( book review ) UNRULY AMERICANS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE CONSTITUTION book by Woody Holton '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Oleszek , Walter J. ( 2004 ) . Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . CQ Press . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 477 - 6 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) . How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Price , David E. ( 2000 ) . The Congressional Experience . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 1157 - 8 . Struble , Robert , Jr. ( 2007 ) . chapter seven , Treatise on Twelve Lights . TeLL . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Further Reading ( edit ) Baker , Ross K. ( 2000 ) . House and Senate , 3rd ed . New York : W.W. Norton . ( Procedural , historical , and other information about both houses ) Barone , Michael and Richard E. Cohen . The Almanac of American Politics , 2006 ( 2005 ) , elaborate detail on every district and member ; 1920 pages Berg - Andersson , Richard E. ( 2001 ) . Explanation of the types of Sessions of Congress ( Term of congress ) Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) . In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . ( Legislative procedure ) Bianco , William T. ( 2000 ) Congress on Display , Congress at Work , University of Michigan Press . Hamilton , Lee H. ( 2004 ) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care , Indiana University Press . Herrick , Rebekah ( 2001 ) . `` Gender effects on job satisfaction in the House of Representatives '' . Women and Politics . 23 ( 4 ) : 85 -- 98 . doi : 10.1300 / J014v23n04_04 . Hunt , Richard ( 1998 ) . `` Using the Records of Congress in the Classroom '' . OAH Magazine of History . 12 ( Summer ) : 34 -- 37 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 12.4. 34 . Imbornoni , Ann - Marie , David Johnson , and Elissa Haney . ( 2005 ) . `` Famous Firsts by American Women . '' Infoplease . Lee , Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer . ( 1999 ) . Sizing Up the Senate : The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . University of Chicago Press : Chicago . ( Equal representation in the Senate ) Rimmerman , Craig A. ( 1990 ) . `` Teaching Legislative Politics and Policy Making . '' Political Science Teacher , 3 ( Winter ) : 16 -- 18 . Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2010 ) . The U.S. Congress : A Very Short Introduction . ( History , representation , and legislative procedure ) Smith , Steven S. , Jason M. Roberts , and Ryan Vander Wielen ( 2007 ) . The American Congress ( 5th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 19704 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( Legislative procedure , informal practices , and other information ) Story , Joseph . ( 1891 ) . Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States . ( 2 vols ) . Boston : Brown & Little . ( History , constitution , and general legislative procedure ) Tarr , David R. and Ann O'Connor . Congress A to Z ( CQ Congressional Quarterly ) ( 4th 2003 ) 605pp Wilson , Woodrow. ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . Some information in this article has been provided by the Senate Historical Office . 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2018 NBA Finals
2018 NBA Finals - wikipedia 2018 NBA Finals 2018 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Golden State Warriors Steve Kerr Cleveland Cavaliers Tyronn Lue 0 Dates May 31 -- June 8 MVP Kevin Durant ( Golden State Warriors ) Television U.S. : English : ABC Spanish : ESPN Deportes Canada : TSN ( Games 1 and 3 ) Sportsnet ( Games 2 and 4 ) Announcers ABC : Mike Breen ( play - by - play ) Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy ( analysts ) Doris Burke ( sideline reporter ) ESPN Deportes : Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play ) Carlos Morales ( analyst ) Radio network ESPN Radio ( National ) Cleveland Cavaliers Radio Network ( Cleveland ) Golden State Warriors Radio Network ( Golden State ) Announcers Marc Kestecher and Hubie Brown ( ESPN Radio ) John Michael and Jim Chones ( Cleveland ) Tim Roye , Jim Barnett and Tom Tolbert ( Golden State ) Referees Game 1 : Ken Mauer , Tony Brothers , Ed Malloy Game 2 : Mike Callahan , David Guthrie , Derrick Stafford Game 3 : Marc Davis , John Goble , Zach Zarba Game 4 : Scott Foster , James Capers , Jason Phillips Eastern Finals Cavaliers defeated Celtics , 4 -- 3 Western Finals Warriors defeated Rockets , 4 -- 3 < 2017 NBA Finals 2019 > The 2018 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 2017 -- 18 season and conclusion of the season 's playoffs . In this best - of - seven playoff , the defending NBA champion and Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors swept the Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers 4 games to 0 . This Finals was the first time in any of North America 's four major professional sports leagues that the same two teams met for the championship four years in a row . This was also the first time that a team was swept in the NBA Finals since 2007 , in which the Cavaliers were also the losing team . LeBron James , in his eighth consecutive NBA Finals appearance , suffered the second Finals sweeps of his career , having also played in the 2007 NBA Finals . Kevin Durant was named NBA Finals MVP for the second straight year . After his third appearance in the Finals , Durant became the only player to shoot over 50 -- 40 -- 90 for an NBA Finals career under the non-shortened 3 - point line . The Warriors had home - court advantage in the series since they had a better regular season record of 58 -- 24 , compared to the Cavaliers 50 -- 32 . Entering the Finals matchup , the Warriors were also noted by various sports media outlets as one of the biggest NBA Finals favorites in recent history . This was the first time since 2012 that the Finals did not feature either of the top seeds in each conference . The 2018 Finals began on May 31 and ended on June 8 . The series was sponsored by the Internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the 2018 NBA Finals presented by YouTube TV . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 1.2 Golden State Warriors 1.3 Road to the Finals 1.4 Regular season series 2 Series summary 3 NBA Finals Series 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 4 Rosters 4.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 4.2 Golden State Warriors 5 Player statistics 6 Sponsorship 7 Broadcast 7.1 Television ratings 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Cleveland Cavaliers season This was the Cleveland Cavaliers ' fourth consecutive trip to the NBA Finals , and fifth appearance overall . This is also the eighth consecutive NBA Finals appearance for LeBron James . LeBron James of the Cleveland Cavaliers Prior to the 2017 -- 18 season , point guard Kyrie Irving demanded to be traded away from the Cavaliers . The Cavaliers agreed to his request , trading Irving to the Boston Celtics in exchange for point guard Isaiah Thomas , small forward Jae Crowder , center Ante Žižić , the first round pick from the Brooklyn Nets in the 2018 NBA Draft and the Miami Heat 's 2020 second round pick . Miami 's second round pick was added as compensation after Isaiah Thomas failed his physical . Other major changes included shooting guard Dwyane Wade signing with the Cavaliers , thus reuniting with James from their time together on the Big Three - era Miami Heat , and the signing of point guard Derrick Rose to a one - year contract . On February 8 , 2018 -- just before the NBA trade deadline -- the Cavaliers radically changed their roster in a little more than an hour , acquiring George Hill , Rodney Hood , Jordan Clarkson , and Larry Nance Jr. in exchange for Thomas , Rose , Crowder , Wade , Channing Frye , Iman Shumpert , and their own 2018 first - round pick . Multiple writers argued at the time that the trades made the Cavaliers significantly better . The Cavaliers finished the 2017 -- 18 regular season with a 50 -- 32 record , securing the 4th seed in the Eastern Conference . In the playoffs , the Cavaliers defeated the Indiana Pacers in seven games in the first round , swept the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference semifinals , and defeated the Boston Celtics in seven games in the Eastern Conference Finals . Golden State Warriors ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors season This was the Golden State Warriors ' fourth consecutive trip to the NBA Finals . During the 2017 -- 18 offseason , the Warriors resigned their core players , including Stephen Curry to a five - year contract worth $201 million , and Kevin Durant to a two - year , $53 million contract . Golden State also resigned Andre Iguodala , Shaun Livingston , Zaza Pachulia , and David West . A major free agent acquired during the offseason was guard Nick Young . The Warriors finished the 2017 -- 18 regular season with a 58 -- 24 record , winning the Pacific Division and securing the 2nd seed in the Western Conference . In the playoffs , Golden State defeated the San Antonio Spurs in five games in the first round , eliminated the New Orleans Pelicans in five games in the Western Conference semifinals , and defeated the Houston Rockets in seven games in the Western Conference Finals . The Warriors entered the series as heavy favorites . Road to the Finals ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NBA Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers ( Eastern Conference champion ) Golden State Warriors ( Western Conference champion ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP c -- Toronto Raptors * 59 23 . 720 -- 82 x -- Boston Celtics 55 27 . 671 4.0 82 x -- Philadelphia 76ers 52 30 . 634 7.0 82 y -- Cleveland Cavaliers * 50 32 . 610 9.0 82 5 x -- Indiana Pacers 48 34 . 585 11.0 82 6 y -- Miami Heat * 44 38 . 537 15.0 82 7 x -- Milwaukee Bucks 44 38 . 537 15.0 82 8 x -- Washington Wizards 43 39 . 524 16.0 82 9 Detroit Pistons 39 43 . 476 20.0 82 10 Charlotte Hornets 36 46 . 439 23.0 82 11 New York Knicks 29 53 . 354 30.0 82 12 Brooklyn Nets 28 54 . 341 31.0 82 13 Chicago Bulls 27 55 . 329 32.0 82 14 Orlando Magic 25 57 . 305 34.0 82 15 Atlanta Hawks 24 58 . 293 35.0 82 4th seed in the East , 6th best league record Regular season Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP z -- Houston Rockets * 65 17 . 793 -- 82 y -- Golden State Warriors * 58 24 . 707 7.0 82 y -- Portland Trail Blazers * 49 33 . 598 16.0 82 x -- Oklahoma City Thunder 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 5 x -- Utah Jazz 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 6 x -- New Orleans Pelicans 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 7 x -- San Antonio Spurs 47 35 . 573 18.0 82 8 x -- Minnesota Timberwolves 47 35 . 573 18.0 82 9 Denver Nuggets 46 36 . 561 19.0 82 10 Los Angeles Clippers 42 40 . 512 23.0 82 11 Los Angeles Lakers 35 47 . 427 30.0 82 12 Sacramento Kings 27 55 . 329 38.0 82 13 Dallas Mavericks 24 58 . 293 41.0 82 14 Memphis Grizzlies 22 60 . 268 43.0 82 15 Phoenix Suns 21 61 . 256 44.0 82 2nd seed in the West , 3rd best league record Defeated the 5th seeded Indiana Pacers , 4 -- 3 First round Defeated the 7th seeded San Antonio Spurs , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 1st seeded Toronto Raptors , 4 -- 0 Conference Semifinals Defeated the 6th seeded New Orleans Pelicans , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 2nd seeded Boston Celtics , 4 -- 3 Conference Finals Defeated the 1st seeded Houston Rockets , 4 -- 3 Regular season series ( edit ) The Warriors won the regular season series 2 -- 0 . December 25 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 92 , Golden State Warriors 99 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 15 , 2018 Recap Golden State Warriors 118 , Cleveland Cavaliers 108 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Series summary ( edit ) Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Thursday , May 31 Golden State Warriors 124 -- 114 ( OT ) ( 1 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 2 Sunday , June 3 Golden State Warriors 122 -- 103 ( 2 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 3 Wednesday , June 6 Cleveland Cavaliers 102 -- 110 ( 0 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Game 4 Friday , June 8 Cleveland Cavaliers 85 -- 108 ( 0 -- 4 ) Golden State Warriors NBA Finals series ( edit ) All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) Game 1 ( edit ) Klay Thompson of the Warriors suffered a leg injury in the first quarter , but returned to the game in the second quarter . With the score tied at 107 in the last five seconds of regulation , J.R. Smith of the Cavaliers dribbled the ball towards half court rather than taking a final shot . Tyronn Lue , Cleveland 's coach , later said that Smith thought the Cavaliers were ahead , though Smith denied not knowing the correct score , and claimed he assumed his team would take a time - out . Cleveland was not able to score in the final seconds and the game went to overtime . In overtime , the Warriors outscored the Cavaliers 17 -- 7 to win the game . Tristan Thompson was ejected following a flagrant foul with 2.6 seconds remaining in overtime . Cleveland 's LeBron James scored 51 points in Game 1 , the sixth - highest point total for an NBA Finals game and the most in a loss . After Game 1 , James punched a whiteboard in the Cavaliers lockerroom due to frustration , suffering a bone contusion in his hand that he kept private for the remainder of the series . ( ( ( teamA ) ) ) v ( ( ( teamB ) ) ) May 31 Cleveland Cavaliers 114 -- 124 0 ( OT ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 9 : 00 pm Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 29 , 26 -- 27 , 22 -- 28 , 29 -- 23 , Overtime : 7 -- 17 ABC Pts : LeBron James 51 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 8 Boxscore Pts : Stephen Curry 29 Rebs : Draymond Green 11 Asts : Green , Curry 9 each Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Tony Brothers , Ed Malloy Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG George Hill 7 SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 6 SF 23 LeBron James 51 8 8 PF 0 Kevin Love 21 13 13 Tristan Thompson 5 0 Reserves : G 8 Jordan Clarkson 0 32 Jeff Green 7 5 22 Larry Nance Jr . 9 11 0 26 Kyle Korver Rodney Hood DNP F / C 41 Ante Žižić DNP 16 Cedi Osman DNP 81 José Calderón DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors 0 Cavaliers Statistics Warriors 44 / 99 ( 44.4 % ) Field goals 46 / 90 ( 51.1 % ) 10 / 37 ( 27 % ) 3 - pt field goals 13 / 36 ( 36.1 % ) 16 / 22 ( 72 / 7 % ) Free throws 19 / 20 ( 95 % ) 19 Offensive rebounds 34 Defensive rebounds 34 53 Total rebounds 38 18 Assists 31 11 Turnovers 7 5 Steals 10 Blocks 6 18 Fouls 18 Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG 30 Stephen Curry 29 6 9 SG 11 Klay Thompson 24 SF 35 Kevin Durant 26 9 6 PF 23 Draymond Green 13 11 9 5 Kevon Looney 8 0 Reserves : C Jordan Bell 6 Nick Young 0 G / F 34 Shaun Livingston 10 0 Patrick McCaw 0 0 David West 0 JaVale McGee 0 Quinn Cook 0 0 0 27 Zaza Pachulia DNP 15 Damian Jones DNP G / F 9 Andre Iguodala DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 2 ( edit ) The Warriors employed more double teams against James in Game 2 , limiting him to 29 points . Cleveland had a 41 % field goal percentage , including 9 - for - 27 ( 33.3 % ) on three - point field goals . Meanwhile , Golden State 's Stephen Curry set an NBA Finals record in Game 2 with nine three - point field goals . He scored 33 points , while the Warriors got 26 points , nine rebounds , and seven assists from Kevin Durant , and 20 points from Klay Thompson . Smith struggled for Cleveland , shooting 2 - for - 9 ( 22.2 % ) with both baskets coming in the first quarter . The Warriors won 122 -- 103 over the Cavaliers . ( ( ( teamA ) ) ) v ( ( ( teamB ) ) ) June 3 Cleveland Cavaliers 103 -- 122 Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 8 : 00 pm Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 32 , 18 -- 27 , 34 -- 31 , 23 -- 32 ABC Pts : LeBron James 29 Rebs : Kevin Love 10 Asts : LeBron James 13 Boxscore Pts : Stephen Curry 33 Rebs : Kevin Durant 9 Asts : Stephen Curry 8 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Mike Callahan , David Guthrie , Derrick Stafford Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG George Hill 15 SG 5 J.R. Smith 5 SF 23 LeBron James 29 9 13 PF 0 Kevin Love 22 10 13 Tristan Thompson 11 5 0 Reserves : G 8 Jordan Clarkson 32 Jeff Green 6 22 Larry Nance Jr . 9 11 0 26 Kyle Korver Rodney Hood F / C 41 Ante Žižić 0 0 16 Cedi Osman 0 81 José Calderón Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors 0 Cavaliers Statistics Warriors 37 / 90 ( 41.1 % ) Field goals 47 / 82 ( 57.3 % ) 9 / 27 ( 33.3 % ) 3 - pt field goals 15 / 36 ( 41.7 % ) 20 / 26 ( 76.9 % ) Free throws 13 / 21 ( 61 / 9 % ) 16 Offensive rebounds 7 26 Defensive rebounds 34 42 Total rebounds 41 25 Assists 28 10 Turnovers 12 9 Steals Blocks 8 15 Fouls 25 Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG 30 Stephen Curry 33 7 8 SG 11 Klay Thompson 20 SF 35 Kevin Durant 26 9 7 PF 23 Draymond Green 5 8 7 JaVale McGee 12 0 Reserves : C 5 Kevon Looney 0 Jordan Bell 5 6 Nick Young 0 0 G / F 34 Shaun Livingston 10 5 0 Patrick McCaw 0 0 0 David West Quinn Cook 0 0 27 Zaza Pachulia 6 0 15 Damian Jones DNP G / F 9 Andre Iguodala DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 3 ( edit ) Andre Iguodala of the Warriors , who missed the previous six games , including the first two games of the NBA Finals , due to a left leg injury , returned in Game 3 . He injured his right leg early in the game , not returning until after halftime . The Cavaliers started the game with a 14 -- 4 advantage and led for the entire first half , at one point leading by 13 . The Warriors trimmed Cleveland 's lead to six by halftime . The Cavaliers enjoyed strong contributions from Rodney Hood , who scored 15 points , Smith , who scored 13 points , and Kevin Love , who had 20 points and 13 rebounds . Durant scored a playoff career - high 43 points , while also contributing 13 rebounds and seven assists , in a 110 -- 102 win over the Cavaliers , helping the Warriors take a 3 -- 0 lead . Golden State withstood poor offensive performances from Curry and Klay Thompson , the Splash Brothers . Curry missed 13 out of his first 14 shot attempts in the game . The Cavaliers were 3 - for - 17 ( 17.6 % ) on three point shots in the second half , and Durant scored a three - pointer late in the game that ended Cleveland 's chances of a comeback . With the 110 -- 102 victory , the Warriors took a 3 -- 0 series lead . ( ( ( teamA ) ) ) v ( ( ( teamB ) ) ) June 6 Golden State Warriors 110 -- 102 Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 pm Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 29 , 24 -- 29 , 31 -- 23 , 27 -- 21 ABC Pts : Kevin Durant 43 Rebs : Kevin Durant 13 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 33 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 11 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Marc Davis , John Goble , Zach Zarba Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG 30 Stephen Curry 11 5 6 SG 11 Klay Thompson 10 SF 35 Kevin Durant 43 13 7 PF 23 Draymond Green 10 9 JaVale McGee 10 0 Reserves : G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 8 5 Kevon Looney 0 0 0 Jordan Bell 10 6 0 6 Nick Young 0 0 0 G / F 34 Shaun Livingston 8 0 0 Patrick McCaw 0 0 0 David West 0 0 Quinn Cook DNP 27 Zaza Pachulia DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers 0 Warriors Statistics Cavaliers 42 / 81 ( 51.9 % ) Field goals 37 / 90 ( 41.1 % ) 9 / 26 ( 34.6 % ) 3 - pt field goals 9 / 27 ( 33.3 % ) 17 / 19 ( 89.5 % ) Free throws 20 / 26 ( 76.9 % ) 6 Offensive rebounds 16 31 Defensive rebounds 26 37 Total rebounds 42 27 Assists 25 10 Turnovers 10 6 Steals 9 5 Blocks 20 Fouls 15 Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG George Hill 5 SG 5 J.R. Smith 13 0 SF 23 LeBron James 33 10 11 PF 0 Kevin Love 20 13 13 Tristan Thompson 8 7 0 Reserves : G 8 Jordan Clarkson DNP 32 Jeff Green 0 22 Larry Nance Jr . 5 26 Kyle Korver 0 0 Rodney Hood 15 6 0 F / C 41 Ante Žižić DNP 16 Cedi Osman DNP 81 José Calderón DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 4 ( edit ) The Warriors led the game nearly from start to finish . Golden State led 13 -- 3 at the start of the game . Though the Cavaliers took the lead , 39 -- 38 , in the second quarter , the Warriors led 61 -- 52 at halftime . The Warriors expanded their lead in the third quarter and entered the last period of play with a 86 -- 65 advantage . With Golden State leading 102 -- 77 with 4 : 03 remaining , James came out of the game . Curry scored 37 points and made seven three - pointers , while Durant recorded a triple - double with 20 points , 12 rebounds and 10 assists . The Warriors won 108 -- 85 to sweep the series . Durant was named Finals MVP for the second straight year . The Warriors ' victory parade took place on June 12 in Downtown Oakland . ( ( ( teamA ) ) ) v ( ( ( teamB ) ) ) June 8 Golden State Warriors 108 -- 85 ( Series : Golden State wins series , 4 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 pm Scoring by quarter : 34 -- 25 , 27 -- 27 , 25 -- 13 , 22 -- 20 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 37 Rebs : Kevin Durant 12 Asts : Kevin Durant 10 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 23 Rebs : Kevin Love 9 Asts : LeBron James 8 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Scott Foster , James Capers , Jason Phillips Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG 30 Stephen Curry 37 6 SG 11 Klay Thompson 10 6 0 SF 35 Kevin Durant 20 12 10 PF 23 Draymond Green 9 9 JaVale McGee 6 0 Reserves : C 5 Kevon Looney 0 Jordan Bell 6 Nick Young 0 G / F 34 Shaun Livingston 0 0 Patrick McCaw 0 0 David West 0 Quinn Cook DNP 27 Zaza Pachulia 0 15 Damian Jones DNP G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 11 0 Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers 0 Warriors Statistics Cavaliers 47 / 82 ( 57.3 % ) Field goals 37 / 90 ( 41.1 % ) 15 / 36 ( 41.7 % ) 3 - pt field goals 9 / 27 ( 33.3 % ) 13 / 21 ( 61.9 % ) Free throws 20 / 26 ( 76.9 % ) 7 Offensive rebounds 16 34 Defensive rebounds 26 41 Total rebounds 42 28 Assists 25 12 Turnovers 10 Steals 9 8 Blocks 25 Fouls 15 Starters : Pts Reb Ast PG George Hill SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 SF 23 LeBron James 23 7 8 PF 0 Kevin Love 13 9 13 Tristan Thompson 6 0 Reserves : G 8 Jordan Clarkson DNP 32 Jeff Green 5 0 22 Larry Nance Jr . 7 8 26 Kyle Korver Rodney Hood 10 8 F / C 41 Ante Žižić 0 16 Cedi Osman 0 0 81 José Calderón 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Rosters ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) 2017 -- 18 Cleveland Cavaliers roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 Calderón , José 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1981 -- 09 -- 28 Spain 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Clarkson , Jordan 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 194 lb ( 88 kg ) 1992 -- 06 -- 07 Missouri 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Green , Jeff 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1986 -- 08 -- 28 Georgetown 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Hill , George 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 188 lb ( 85 kg ) 1986 -- 05 -- 04 IUPUI G / F 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Holland , John ( TW ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1988 -- 11 -- 06 Boston University G / F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Hood , Rodney 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 206 lb ( 93 kg ) 1992 -- 10 -- 20 Duke G / F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 James , LeBron ( C ) 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1984 -- 12 -- 30 St. Vincent -- St. Mary HS ( OH ) G / F 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Korver , Kyle 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 212 lb ( 96 kg ) 1981 -- 03 -- 17 Creighton F / C 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Love , Kevin ( C ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 251 lb ( 114 kg ) 1988 -- 09 -- 07 UCLA 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Nance Jr. , Larry 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 01 Wyoming G / F 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Osman , Cedi 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1995 -- 04 -- 08 Turkey 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Perkins , Kendrick 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1984 -- 11 -- 10 Clifton J. Ozen HS ( TX ) 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Perrantes , London ( TW ) 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1994 -- 10 -- 03 Virginia G / F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Smith , J.R. 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 09 Saint Benedict 's Prep ( NJ ) F / C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Thompson , Tristan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 238 lb ( 108 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 13 Texas 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 White , Okaro 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1992 -- 08 -- 13 Florida State F / C 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Žižić , Ante 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1997 -- 01 -- 04 Croatia Head coach Tyronn Lue Assistant coach ( es ) Larry Drew ( Assoc . HC ) Jim Boylan Phil Handy Damon Jones Mike Longabardi James Posey Vitaly Potapenko Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : April 11 , 2018 Golden State Warriors ( edit ) 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From F / C 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Bell , Jordan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 224 lb ( 102 kg ) 1995 -- 01 -- 07 Oregon 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Boucher , Chris ( TW ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 11 Oregon 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Cook , Quinn 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 179 lb ( 81 kg ) 1993 -- 03 -- 23 Duke 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Curry , Stephen ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 -- 03 -- 14 Davidson 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Durant , Kevin 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1988 -- 09 -- 29 Texas 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Green , Draymond 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 04 Michigan State G / F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Iguodala , Andre 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1984 -- 01 -- 28 Arizona 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jones , Damian 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1995 -- 06 -- 30 Vanderbilt 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Livingston , Shaun 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 11 Peoria Central HS ( IL ) F / C 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Looney , Kevon 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 -- 02 -- 06 UCLA 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 McCaw , Patrick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1995 -- 10 -- 25 UNLV 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 McGee , JaVale 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1988 -- 01 -- 19 Nevada 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Pachulia , Zaza 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1984 -- 02 -- 10 Georgia 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Thompson , Klay 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1990 -- 02 -- 08 Washington State 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 West , David 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1980 -- 08 -- 29 Xavier G / F 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Young , Nick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1985 -- 06 -- 01 Southern California Head coach Steve Kerr Assistant coach ( es ) Mike Brown ( associate HC ) Ron Adams Jarron Collins Chris DeMarco ( player development ) Bruce Fraser ( player development ) Willie Green ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : April 10 , 2018 Player statistics ( edit ) Kevin Durant won his second consecutive NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award . Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Golden State Warriors Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Kevin Durant 41.3 . 526 . 409 . 963 10.8 7.5 0.8 2.3 28.8 Stephen Curry 40.6 . 402 . 415 1.000 6.0 6.8 1.5 0.8 27.5 Klay Thompson 37.0 . 480 . 429 . 800 3.8 1.0 0.5 0.3 16.0 Draymond Green 41.4 . 517 . 214 . 800 6.0 8.5 2.0 1.5 9.3 JaVale McGee 13.8 . 800 . 000 . 000 2.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 8.0 Shaun Livingston 0 16.2 . 867 . 000 1.000 2.8 1.5 0.3 0.0 7.5 Jordan Bell 0 13.5 . 714 . 000 . 500 3.3 1.0 0.3 0.5 5.8 Andre Iguodala 0 22.3 . 583 . 500 1.000 2.0 0.5 1.5 1.0 9.5 Kevon Looney 9.7 . 714 . 000 . 000 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.0 2.5 Zaza Pachulia 0 3.1 . 333 . 000 1.000 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 4.0 David West 0 7.0 . 600 1.000 . 000 1.3 1.0 0.0 0.8 1.8 Quinn Cook 0 1.8 . 333 . 000 . 000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Nick Young 0 9.5 . 154 . 100 . 000 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 Patrick McCaw 0 2.7 . 000 . 000 1.000 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 Cleveland Cavaliers Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG LeBron James 44.7 . 527 . 333 . 842 8.5 10.0 1.3 1.0 34.0 Kevin Love 33.2 . 406 . 321 . 938 11.3 1.8 1.0 0.3 19.0 J.R. Smith 32.5 . 317 . 360 . 600 3.3 1.3 1.3 0.0 9.5 George Hill 29.2 . 323 . 438 . 500 2.3 2.3 0.8 0.3 7.5 Tristan Thompson 23.4 . 520 . 000 . 333 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.8 6.8 Rodney Hood 0 14.1 . 444 . 200 . 667 3.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 6.8 Larry Nance Jr . 0 17.1 . 500 . 000 . 417 7.0 1.5 0.5 0.5 5.8 Jeff Green 0 24.4 . 286 . 214 1.000 1.3 2.0 0.3 0.3 5.3 Jordan Clarkson 0 12.6 . 231 . 000 . 000 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 3.0 Kyle Korver 0 16.2 . 063 . 091 . 600 1.8 0.8 0.0 0.3 1.5 Ante Žižić 0 1.7 1.000 . 000 . 000 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 José Calderón 0 2.5 . 500 . 000 . 000 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 1.3 Cedi Osman 0 2.8 . 400 . 000 . 000 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time , the NBA sold a presenting sponsorship to the Finals ; the internet television service YouTube TV became the first - ever presenting sponsor of the Finals . YouTube TV had previously been the presenting sponsor for the 2017 World Series , the first time that Major League Baseball 's championship series had a title sponsor as well . As part of a multi-year partnership deal , YouTube TV also broadcast the NBA Finals . Broadcast ( edit ) In the United States , the NBA Finals aired on ABC with Mike Breen as play - by - play commentator , and Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy serving as color commentators . ESPN Radio aired it as well and had Marc Kestecher and Hubie Brown as commentators . ESPN Deportes provided exclusive Spanish - language coverage of The Finals , with a commentary team of Álvaro Martín and Carlos Morales . Television ratings ( edit ) Game Ratings ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) Ref 10.0 17.4 10.3 18.5 10.4 17.9 11.2 16.5 Avg 12.2 17.6 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Death lineup Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors Dispatch Rockets , Setting Up Fourth Finals Against Cavs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder '' . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Finals Odds : Warriors - Cavs IV '' . Sports Illustrated . May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Purdum , David ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors open over Cavs in Vegas as largest Finals favorites in 16 seasons '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Andrea , Christian ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` The Cleveland Cavaliers are historic NBA Finals betting underdogs '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA , YouTube TV announce first - ever partnership for 2018 Finals '' . USA Today . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff . `` ' He gives you a chance ' : Do n't take LeBron James ' incredible NBA Finals streak for granted '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Ellentuck , Matt ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Kyrie Irving trade finalized with Celtics adding 2020 2nd - round pick '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Sign Dwyane Wade '' . NBA.com/cavaliers . September 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Chris ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Derrick Rose signs 1 - year , $2.1 million contract with Cavaliers '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ellentuck , Matt ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Cavaliers traded nearly half their team just before the trade deadline '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Matt ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers undergo series of reported trade makeovers '' . National Basketball Association . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bontemps , Tim ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Cavaliers won the trade deadline , and have emerged as a legit NBA finals contender again '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Win now and keep LeBron James ? NBA source says Cavaliers ' trades a ' win - win ' '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schuhmann , John ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Numbers notebook : Cleveland Cavaliers upgrade at the trade deadline '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 -- 18 Cleveland Cavaliers Schedule and Results '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals : Get set for Warriors - Cavaliers , Version 4.0 '' . The Mercury News . May 31 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Marissa . `` Warriors keep stars , lose role players '' . The Pioneer . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors sign free agent guard Nick Young '' . NBA.com/warriors . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors Schedule and Results '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James , underdog : NBA 's top star once again faces long odds in NBA Finals '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors withstand James ' 51 points to win NBA Finals Game 1 '' . CBS News . Associated Press . June 3 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Anatomy of a Blunder : Inside J.R. Smith 's Devastating Game 1 Mistake '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walker , Mollie ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` New footage shows LeBron James ' bench reaction to J.R. Smith 's blunder '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If LeBron James scored 51 points with one eye in Game 1 , what 's he need for Game 2 against the Warriors ? '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James injured hand punching whiteboard following Game 1 loss '' . USA Today . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , Colin ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals 2018 : LeBron James shows he 's human in Game 2 , and that 's just not good enough for these Cavs '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam . `` Steph Curry 's historic NBA Finals Game 2 a window to Warriors before Kevin Durant '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Curry dazzles from deep , Warriors take 2 -- 0 NBA Finals lead '' . ESPN . June 3 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavs ' J.R. Smith struggles in Game 2 after Game 1 blunder '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors clear Andre Iguodala to play in Game 3 of finals '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Finals injury updates : Warriors ' Andre Iguodala will play in Game 4 vs. Cavs '' . CBSSports.com. April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Kevin Durant Pulls Warriors Closer to Another N.B.A. Title '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cavaliers let chances slip away _ again _ in NBA Finals '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant 's Playoff Career - High 43 Points Leads Warriors to Game 3 Win , 3 -- 0 Series Lead ( Video ) '' . Yahoo !. April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Durant has 43 , Warriors take 3 -- 0 NBA Finals lead over Cavs '' . ESPN . June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant 's Game 3 masterpiece leaves Warriors one win shy of NBA title NBA '' . Sporting News . May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Owens , Jason . `` Warriors beat Cavs into submission , secure 3rd NBA championship in 4 years '' . Yahoo . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ; Hoffman , Benjamin ; Stein , Marc ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors , in Full Dynasty Mode , Sweep Cavaliers in N.B.A. Finals '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bontemps , Tim ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors sweep LeBron James , Cavaliers to claim second straight NBA championship '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Letourneau , Connor ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` Sweep ! Warriors finish off Cavs for back - to - back championships '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Dowd , Katie ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors NBA title parade set for Tuesday in Oakland '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland again celebrates NBA champion Golden State Warriors '' . NBA.com. 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA , YouTube TV Announce Partnership To Air 2018 Finals '' . Sports Illustrated . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carafdo , Ben . `` 2018 NBA Finals Exclusively on ABC : Golden State Warriors vs. Cleveland Cavaliers in Historic Fourth - Consecutive Championship Series '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen . `` Four is Enough : Finals Game 1 Behind Previous Cavs - Warriors Openers '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen . `` Interest in Cavs - Warriors Strong , But Slipping '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals Strong , But Down Again , in Game 3 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals Ends With Lowest Overnight of Warriors - Cavs Era '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paulsen . `` NBA Finals Ends With Lows , Particularly in Young Demos '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` TV Ratings : NBA Finals Take a Hit With Blowout Conclusion '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2018 NBA Finals at Basketball-Reference.com NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Golden State Warriors 2017 -- 18 NBA champions 0 McCaw 1 McGee 2 Bell 3 West 4 Cook 5 Looney 6 Young 9 Iguodala 11 Thompson 15 Jones 23 Green 25 Boucher 27 Pachulia 30 Curry 34 Livingston 35 Durant ( Finals MVP ) Head coach Kerr Assistant coaches Adams Brown Collins Fraser Green Regular season Playoffs Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 2018 Conference Championships ( 10 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 2018 Culture / lore 73 -- 9 Death Lineup Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC Splash Brothers The Block The Sleepy Floyd game Warrior Girls Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ - FM Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Cleveland Cavaliers Founded in 1970 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Franchise History 1970 Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Cleveland Arena Richfield Coliseum Quicken Loans Arena Key personnel Owner : Dan Gilbert General manager : Koby Altman Head coach : Tyronn Lue Culture and lore `` Cleveland Rocks '' Cleveland sports curse Joe Tait Ted Stepien rule The Block The Decision The Miracle of Richfield The Shot Rivalries Chicago Bulls Golden State Warriors Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1976 1977 1978 1985 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 2016 2017 2018 Central Division titles ( 7 ) 1976 2009 2015 2016 2017 2018 Eastern Conference titles ( 5 ) 2007 2015 2016 2017 2018 NBA Championships ( 1 ) 2016 Retired numbers 7 11 22 25 34 42 43 Hall of Fame inductees Wayne Embry Nate Thurmond Lenny Wilkens G League affiliate Canton Charge Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WTAM WMMS Spanish : WLFM - LP Television : Fox Sports Ohio 2017 -- 18 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions G League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. 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who won game 1 of the 2018 nba finals
[ "Klay Thompson of the Warriors suffered a leg injury in the first quarter, but returned to the game in the second quarter.[22] With the score tied at 107 in the last five seconds of regulation, J. R. Smith of the Cavaliers dribbled the ball towards half court rather than taking a final shot. Tyronn Lue, Cleveland's coach, later said that Smith thought the Cavaliers were ahead, though Smith denied not knowing the correct score, and claimed he assumed his team would take a time-out. Cleveland was not able to score in the final seconds and the game went to overtime.[23] In overtime, the Warriors outscored the Cavaliers 17–7 to win the game.[24] Tristan Thompson was ejected following a flagrant foul with 2.6 seconds remaining in overtime.[22]\n" ]
[ "Warriors" ]
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List of cities proper by population
List of cities proper by Population - wikipedia List of cities proper by Population Jump to : navigation , search Population tables of world cities World 's largest cities World 's largest cities proper World 's largest conurbations World 's largest urban areas World megacities World megalopolises This article lists the most populous cities in the world defined according to a concept of city proper . A city proper is a locality defined according to legal or political boundaries and an administratively recognised urban status that is usually characterised by some form of local government . Cities proper and their boundaries and population data may not include suburbs . World Urbanization Prospects , a UN publication , defines population of a city proper as `` the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city or controlled directly from the city by a single authority . '' The book continues to say that `` city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives . '' This definition does not give an accurate picture of the urban area or metropolitan area of cities . Using this strictly administrative definition , many cities will be included on this list that are smaller than their urban area . However , many Chinese cities included govern territories that extend well beyond the traditional `` city proper '' into suburban and rural areas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cities proper by population 2 Notes 3 References 4 See also 5 External links Cities proper by population ( edit ) Rank City Image Population Definition Total area ( km2 ) Population density ( / km2 ) Country Shanghai 7007241833000000000 ♠ 24,183,300 City 7003634050000000000 ♠ 6,340.5 3,814 China Beijing 7007207940000000000 ♠ 20,794,000 City 7004164110000000000 ♠ 16,411 1,267 China Karachi 7007149103520000000 ♠ 14,910,352 City 7003378000000000000 ♠ 3,780 3,944 Pakistan Shenzhen 7007137230000000000 ♠ 13,723,000 City 7003149332000000000 ♠ 1,493.32 9,190 China 5 Guangzhou 7007130810000000000 ♠ 13,081,000 City 7003134781000000000 ♠ 1,347.81 9,705 China 6 Mumbai 7007124423730000000 ♠ 12,442,373 City 7002465780000000000 ♠ 465.78 27,223 India 7 Istanbul 7007126610000000000 ♠ 12,661,000 City 7002620290000000000 ♠ 620.29 20,411 Turkey 8 Moscow 7007122290000000000 ♠ 12,229,000 City 7003102175000000000 ♠ 1,021.75 11,969 Russia 9 São Paulo 7007120380000000000 ♠ 12,038,000 City 7003108105000000000 ♠ 1,081.05 11,199 Brazil 10 Kinshasa 7007114620000000000 ♠ 11,462,000 City 7002473730000000000 ♠ 473.73 24,195 Democratic Republic of the Congo 11 Tianjin 7007112490000000000 ♠ 11,249,000 City 7003133183000000000 ♠ 1,331.83 8,446 China 12 Lahore 7007111260000000000 ♠ 11,126,000 City 7002502550000000000 ♠ 502.55 22,139 Pakistan 13 Delhi 7007110345550000000 ♠ 11,034,555 City 7002461830000000000 ♠ 461.83 2,457 India 14 Jakarta 7007106240000000000 ♠ 10,624,000 City 7002661500000000000 ♠ 661.50 16,060 Indonesia 15 Dongguan 7007106150000000000 ♠ 10,615,000 City 7003172134000000000 ♠ 1,721.34 6,167 China 16 Lagos 7007105520000000000 ♠ 10,552,000 City 7002433340000000000 ♠ 433.34 24,350 Nigeria 17 Seoul 7006980600000000000 ♠ 9,806,000 City 7002605250000000000 ♠ 605.25 16,202 South Korea 18 Foshan 7006927900000000000 ♠ 9,279,000 City 7003132588000000000 ♠ 1,325.88 6,998 China 19 Tokyo 7006927300000000000 ♠ 9,273,000 City 7002626990000000000 ♠ 626.99 14,790 Japan 20 Chengdu 7006901200000000000 ♠ 9,012,000 City 7002970840000000000 ♠ 970.84 9,283 China 21 Lima 7006889400000000000 ♠ 8,894,000 City 7002215740000000000 ♠ 215.74 41,226 Peru 22 Mexico City 7006887500000000000 ♠ 8,875,000 City 7002607220000000000 ♠ 607.22 14,616 Mexico 23 London 7006878789200000000 ♠ 8,787,892 City 7003157200000000000 ♠ 1,572 5,590 United Kingdom 24 Tehran 7006869400000000000 ♠ 8,694,000 City 7002574130000000000 ♠ 574.13 15,143 Iran 25 New York 7006862269800000000 ♠ 8,622,698 City 7002786300000000000 ♠ 786.30 10,966 United States 26 Bangalore 7006844367500000000 ♠ 8,443,675 City 7002709000000000000 ♠ 709 11,909 India 27 Dhaka 7006806300000000000 ♠ 8,063,000 City 7002337540000000000 ♠ 337.54 23,888 Bangladesh 28 Wuhan 7006803500000000000 ♠ 8,035,000 City 7002898860000000000 ♠ 898.86 8,939 China 29 Bogotá 7006796300000000000 ♠ 7,963,000 City 7002428260000000000 ♠ 428.26 18,594 Colombia 30 Cairo 7006774000000000000 ♠ 7,740,000 City 7002302560000000000 ♠ 302.56 25,582 Egypt 31 Hyderabad 7006749179000000000 ♠ 7,491,790 City 7002651750000000000 ♠ 651.75 11,494 India 32 Ho Chi Minh City 7006743100000000000 ♠ 7,431,000 City 7002453600000000000 ♠ 453.60 16,382 Vietnam 33 Nanjing 7006726000000000000 ♠ 7,260,000 City 7002886810000000000 ♠ 886.81 8,187 China 34 Chongqing 7006724700000000000 ♠ 7,247,000 City 7002831800000000000 ♠ 831.80 8,712 China 37 Hong Kong 7006729860000000000 ♠ 7,298,600 Special Administrative Region 7003110443000000000 ♠ 1,104.43 6,608 China 35 Hangzhou 7006703500000000000 ♠ 7,035,000 City 7002850830000000000 ♠ 850.83 8,268 China 36 Ahmedabad 7006702100000000000 ♠ 7,021,000 City 7002351210000000000 ♠ 351.21 19,991 India 37 Baghdad 7006679300000000000 ♠ 6,793,000 City 7002424539999900000 ♠ 424.53 16,001 Iraq 38 Riyadh 7006669400000000000 ♠ 6,694,000 City 7002410970000000000 ♠ 410.97 16,288 Saudi Arabia 39 Shenyang 7006651900000000000 ♠ 6,519,000 City 7002649220000000000 ♠ 649.22 10,041 China 40 Rio de Janeiro 7006652000000000000 ♠ 6,520,000 City 7002751440000000000 ♠ 751.44 8,677 Brazil 41 Xi'an 7006622000000000000 ♠ 6,220,000 City 7002765080000000000 ♠ 765.08 8,130 China 42 Suzhou 7006598300000000000 ♠ 5,983,000 City 7002995240000000000 ♠ 995.24 6,012 China 43 Surat 7006586800000000000 ♠ 5,868,000 City 7002210200000000000 ♠ 210.20 27,916 India 44 Bangkok 7006578200000000000 ♠ 5,782,000 City 7002764730000000000 ♠ 764.73 7,561 Thailand 45 Santiago 7006556100000000000 ♠ 5,561,000 City 7002595490000000000 ♠ 595.49 9,339 Chile 46 Singapore 7006560700000000000 ♠ 5,607,000 City 7002602750000000000 ♠ 602.75 9,302 Singapore 47 Harbin 7006529900000000000 ♠ 5,299,000 City 7002614309999900000 ♠ 614.31 8,626 China 48 Dar es Salaam 7006525700000000000 ♠ 5,257,000 City 7002330520000000000 ♠ 330.52 15,905 Tanzania 49 Saint Petersburg 7006513200000000000 ♠ 5,132,000 City 7002463110000000000 ♠ 463.11 11,082 Russia 50 Johannesburg 7006494900000000000 ♠ 4,949,000 City 7002432840000000000 ♠ 432.84 11,434 South Africa 51 Xiamen 7006353134700000000 ♠ 3,531,347 Sub-provincial City 7003169900000000000 ♠ 1,699 2,078 China 52 Chennai 7006672700000000000 ♠ 6,727,000 Municipal Corporation 7002426510000000000 ♠ 426.51 15,772 India 54 Yangon 7006521400000000000 ♠ 5,214,000 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7002598750000000000 ♠ 598.75 8,708 Myanmar 55 Hefei 7006335207600000000 ♠ 3,352,076 Prefecture - level City 7002838520000000000 ♠ 838.52 3,998 China 57 Abidjan 7006476500000000000 ♠ 4,765,000 Department / City District 7003211900000000000 ♠ 2,119 2,249 Ivory Coast 58 Zhengzhou 7006412208700000000 ♠ 4,122,087 Sub-provincial City 7003101566000000000 ♠ 1,015.66 4,059 China 59 Ankara 7006447080000000000 ♠ 4,470,800 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003191092000000000 ♠ 1,910.92 2,340 Turkey 60 Kolkata 7006449669400000000 ♠ 4,496,694 Municipal corporation 7002185000000000000 ♠ 185 24,306 India 63 Jeddah 7006345625900000000 ♠ 3,456,259 Municipality City 7003176500000000000 ♠ 1,765 1,958 Saudi Arabia 64 Casablanca 7006335981800000000 ♠ 3,359,818 Prefecture 7002230000000000000 ♠ 230 14,608 Morocco 65 Nairobi 7006313836900000000 ♠ 3,138,369 Capital District 7002694900000000000 ♠ 694.9 4,829 Kenya 67 Zhongshan 7006312127500000000 ♠ 3,121,275 Prefecture - level City 7003178367000000000 ♠ 1,783.67 1,750 China 68 Shantou 7006539102800000000 ♠ 5,391,028 Prefecture - level City 7003206442000000000 ♠ 2,064.42 2,611 China 69 Alexandria 7006461662500000000 ♠ 4,616,625 Governorate 7003230000000000000 ♠ 2,300 2,007 Egypt 70 Cape Town 7006374002600000000 ♠ 3,740,026 Municipality City 7003244497000099999 ♠ 2,444.97 1,530 South Africa 71 Los Angeles 7006397632200000000 ♠ 3,976,322 Municipality City 7003121385000099999 ♠ 1,213.85 3,276 United States 72 New Taipei City 7006395492900000000 ♠ 3,954,929 Special Municipality 7003205257000000000 ♠ 2,052.57 1,927 Taiwan 73 Changsha 7006704411800000000 ♠ 7,044,118 Prefecture - level City 7004118190000000000 ♠ 11,819 596 China 75 Kabul 7006341410000000000 ♠ 3,414,100 Municipality City 7002275000000000000 ♠ 275 12,415 Afghanistan 77 Yokohama 7006372616700000000 ♠ 3,726,167 Designated City 7002437490000000000 ♠ 437.49 8,517 Japan 79 Wenzhou 7006303943900000000 ♠ 3,039,439 Prefecture - level City 7003118788000000000 ♠ 1,187.88 2,559 China 80 Durban 7006344236100000000 ♠ 3,442,361 Municipality City 7003229131000000000 ♠ 2,291.31 1,502 South Africa 82 Busan 7006359000000000000 ♠ 3,590,000 Metropolitan City 7002347490000000000 ♠ 347.49 10,331 South Korea 84 Berlin 7006367100000000000 ♠ 3,671,000 City State 7002891750000000000 ♠ 891.75 4,117 Germany 85 Jaipur 7006307335000000000 ♠ 3,073,350 Municipal corporation 7002485000000000000 ♠ 485 6,337 India 87 Pune 7006311543100000000 ♠ 3,115,431 Municipal corporation 7002450690000000000 ♠ 450.69 6,913 India 90 Ekurhuleni 7006317847000000000 ♠ 3,178,470 Municipality City 7003197531000000000 ♠ 1,975.31 1,609 South Africa 91 Addis Ababa 7006310367300000000 ♠ 3,103,673 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7002526990000000000 ♠ 526.99 5,889 Ethiopia 93 Ningbo 7006760568900000000 ♠ 7,605,689 Sub-provincial city 7003981623000000000 ♠ 9,816.23 775 China 95 Pyongyang 7006325538800000000 ♠ 3,255,388 Direct - controlled Municipality 7003211300000000000 ♠ 2,113 1,541 North Korea 96 Madrid 7006320724700000000 ♠ 3,207,247 Municipality City 7002605770000000000 ♠ 605.77 5,294 Spain 97 Faisalabad 7006320384600000000 ♠ 3,203,846 City District 7002214000000000000 ♠ 214 14,971 Pakistan 102 Hanoi 7006723270000000000 ♠ 7,232,700 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003332450000000000 ♠ 3,324.5 2,176 Vietnam 103 Incheon 7006300264500000000 ♠ 3,002,645 Metropolitan City 7002328550000000000 ♠ 328.55 9,139 South Korea 104 Buenos Aires 7006305430000000000 ♠ 3,054,300 Federal District 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 15,046 Argentina 106 Giza 7006423998800000000 ♠ 4,239,988 Governorate 7002289080000000000 ♠ 289.08 14,667 Egypt Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sum of the 2014 population estimates for the `` urban - function core district '' and `` urban - function extended district '' of Chongqing , which were 3,677,600 and 4,512,200 respectively . See also the next note . Jump up ^ The nine districts of Yuzhong , Jiangbei , Shapingba , Jiulongpo , Nan'an , Dadukou , Banan , Yubei and Beibei together comprise the area commonly referred to as Central Chongqing ( 重庆 主 城区 ) . The first six districts make up the `` urban - function core district '' ( 都市 功能 核心 区 ) and the last three comprise the `` urban - function extended district '' ( 都市 功能 拓展 区 ) defined by the Chongqing municipal government . Jump up ^ Sum of the areas of the `` urban - function core district '' and `` urban - function extended district '' of Chongqing . See also the previous note . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Urbanization Prospects : The 2007 Revision Population Database '' . Esa.un.org . Archived from the original on 22 August 2010 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Statistics Division -- Demographic and Social Statistics '' . Millenniumindicators.un.org . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Demographic Yearbook 2005 , Volume 57 . United Nations . 2008 . p. 2 ; 756 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 051099 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : World Urbanization Prospects : The 2003 Revision . United Nations . 2004 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 151396 - 0 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Ruth ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` The world 's biggest cities : How do you measure them ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/html/xwdt/201801/1001501.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Land Area '' . Basic Facts . Shanghai Municipal People 's Government . Retrieved 19 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/xwgb/tjgb/ndgb/201502/t20150211_288370.htm . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in China -- Survey '' . Ministry Of Commerce -- People 's Republic Of China . Archived from the original on 5 August 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Town / District Maps '' . Urban Habitat . Jump up ^ `` Shenzhen Statistics '' . Shenzhen Government Online . Retrieved 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Shenzhen General Info '' . Shenzhen Government Online . Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : http://citypopulation.de/China-UA.html Jump up ^ http://citypopulation.de/China-UA.html Jump up ^ https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html Jump up ^ Mumbai City consists of two distinct regions : Mumbai City district ( Island City ) and Mumbai Suburban district ( Western Suburban and Eastern Suburban ) , grouped into 24 wards , under the administration of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation ( BMC ) . The remaining area belongs to Defence , Mumbai Port Trust , Atomic Energy Commission and Borivali National Park , which are out of the jurisdiction of the BMC . Jump up ^ http://citypopulation.de/ Jump up ^ http://citypopulation.de/ Jump up ^ `` RUSSIA : Moscow '' . Jump up ^ `` Территориальное устройство '' . Moscow City Government . Archived from the original on 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ The federal city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs , which are in turn subdivided into districts ( raions ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation . Federal Registration , Cadastre&Cartography Service . Russia Landuse National Report 2008 , p. 187 - 188 ( in Russian ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IBGE divulga as estimativas populacionais dos municípios em 2016 '' ( in Portuguese ) . IBGE . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Administratively , the Municipality of São Paulo is divided into 31 subprefectures , each in turn divided into 96 districts . Locally , districts may contain one or more neighborhoods ( bairros ) . The city of São Paulo recognizes ten geographical areas used to reference locations in the city . ^ Jump up to : `` Demographia World Urban Areas ( 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Demographia . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Evenements : `` Avec une population de 9 , 5 millions , Kinshasa est la troisième plus grande ville sur le continent africain , de taille égale à Johannesburg . Le Kinois ( habitants de Kinshasa ) sont connus pour leur sens de l'humour , leur musique et leur amour pour la danse . '' ( 2013 ) `` . Ville de Kinshasa . Jump up ^ The province of Kinshasa is divided into twenty - four districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Kinshasa . But the districts ( communes ) of Maluku and Nsele ( N'Sele ) are rural and not part of the city proper . The city proper ( urban area ) of Kinshasa is generally considered to be formed by twenty - two `` communes '' . Jump up ^ According to the Constitution of Democratic Republic of the Congo , the province of Kinshasa covers 9965.21 km . Maluku and N'Sele ( total area 8847.59 km ) are entirely rural , with a very very low density . Jump up ^ http://citypopulation.de/China-UA.html Jump up ^ `` CHINA : Administrative Division of Tianjin ( 天津 市 ) '' . Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/50-delhi.html Jump up ^ `` Statistik Daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2017 '' . BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta . Statistics Indonesia . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` INDONESIA : Administrative Division '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` China -- Guangdong Province ( 2010 ) '' . GeoHive . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ http://citypopulation.de/Nigeria-Cities.html Jump up ^ The surface of the Metropolitan Lagos is 1171 square kilometres , but 171 square kilometres is water ( lagoon ) . Jump up ^ 2016 년 5 월 행정 자치부 주민등록 인구 통계 Archived 3 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Seoul Statistics ( Land Area ) '' . Seoul Metropolitan Government . Retrieved 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 佛山 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 ( 1 ) '' . City of Foshan . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Districts of Changcheng , Nanhai , Shunde ; see Foshan # Administration Jump up ^ `` About Foshan '' . City of Foshan . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://citypopulation.de/Japan-Cities.html Jump up ^ http://citypopulation.de/China-UA.html Jump up ^ `` PERU : Lima population '' . La Republica . Jump up ^ The province of Lima is divided into forty three `` districts of Lima '' which are administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima . Jump up ^ `` MEXICO : Mexico City ( 2014 ) '' . CityPopulation.De . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Consejo Nacional de Población , México ; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005 Archived 2 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates for UK , England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland '' . ONS. 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ The 33 local authorities are the 32 London borough councils and the City of London Corporation . Jump up ^ `` IRAN : Tehran City ( Census 2016 - 09 - 24 ) '' . CITY POPULATION.DE . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TEHRAN : Administrative Districts '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Teheran '' . Tehran Municipality . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 - 2017 Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` United States '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ New York City is composed of five boroughs : Manhattan , The Bronx , Brooklyn , Queens , Staten Island Jump up ^ https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/448-bangalore.html Jump up ^ https://www.citypopulation.de/php/bangladesh-dhaka.php . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Brinkhoff , Thomas . `` Bangladesh : Districts and Cities '' . CityPopulation . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 武汉 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 -- 湖北 省 统计 局 ( Main Data from Wuhan 2010 Census ) '' . Hubei Provincial Statistics Bureau . 9 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ The sub-provincial city of Wuhan has direct jurisdiction over 13 districts ( eight urban / five rural ) . The city proper ( urban ) based on the districts of Jiang'an , Jianghan , Qiaokou , Hanyang , Wuchang and Qingshan considered `` core districts '' + Inner suburbs ( districts ) : Hongshan , Dongxihu . Jump up ^ Wuhan Statistical Yearbook 2010 Archived 5 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Estimaciones y proyecciones de hogares y viviendas '' . DANE ( 2014 ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Capital District of Bogotá is divided into twenty districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Bogotá . Jump up ^ `` Límites '' . Bogota Government Corporation . Jump up ^ The district of Sumapaz is completely rural ( no city services ) and is not part of the city proper . The area was an important pilgrimage arheoligic site for the Muisca indigenous peoples in pre-Columbian times and for visiting the Sumapaz National Park . The district of Sumapaz represents 0.1 % of the population ( 48 % `` area '' ) of Bogotá Municipality . Jump up ^ `` Egypt '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ In April 2011 , Prime Minister Essam Sharaf abolished the Helwan Governorate and reincorporated its territory into the Cairo Governorate . The total area of the governorate is 3085.1 square kilometers , the city area is 453 square kilometers , but the Egyptian government considered the Cairo Governorate is that a whole city and all statistics relate to the `` governorate '' . Jump up ^ `` EGYPT : Cairo '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greater Hyderabad ( Maharashtra , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greater Hyderabad Municipal corporation 2010 '' . GHMC . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2014 Archived 6 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , General Statistics Office Of Vietnam Jump up ^ `` Census ( 2014 ) '' . Nanjing Municipal Bureru Statistucs . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 年 重庆 市 国民 经济 和 社会 发展 统计 公报 ( Chongqing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . Chongqing Bureau of Statistics . 16 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Position of Five Function Districts in Chongqing '' . Chongqing Municipal Government . 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ 五大 功能 区域 : 都市 功能 核心 区 ( Five Functional Districts : Urban - function Core District ) . CQNEWS Corporation . Archived from the original on 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Te Kan ( 9 November 2007 ) . `` New city group in the making '' . China Daily . Beijing . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Statistics '' . Census and Statistics Department . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ The only legally defined city in Hong Kong is the City of Victoria but it serves almost no administrative function . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Geographic '' ( PDF ) . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 杭州 市 2010 年 国民 经济 和 社会 发展 统计 公报 ( in Chinese ) . Hangzhou Municipal Statistic Bureau . 24 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cities having population 1 lakh and above '' ( PDF ) . censusindia . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Demographic Statistics of Iraq ( 2009 ) '' . Central Statistical Government of Iraq . Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The province of Baghdad is divided into nine district , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Baghdad . The districts are distributed into 89 Neighborhood Councils . Jump up ^ There are many disputes about Baghdad city ( urban ) area . The city of Baghdad has the special status of provincial . The demographic information reported to the city proper are non-existent or are the estimates , projections inconclusive . The Metropolitan Municipality of Baghdad is a city `` federal district -- province '' . Is similar to the case of Cairo Governorate . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Population ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Arriyadh Development Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Riyadh is divided into 15 branch municipalities , in addition to the Diplomatic Quarter . Each branch municipality in turn contains several districts , amounting to over 130 in total , though some districts are divided between more than one branch municipality . The branch municipalities are Al - Shemaysi , Irqah , Al - Ma'athar , Al - Olayya , Al - Aziziyya , Al - Malaz , Al - Selayy , Nemar , Al - Neseem , Al - Shifa , Al - ' Urayja , Al - Bat'ha , Al - Ha'ir , Al - Rawdha , and Al - Shimal ( `` the North '' ) . Jump up ^ Arriyadh Development Authority ( Investment_Arriyadh_2013 ) Jump up ^ `` 2010 年 沈阳 市 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 ( Sixth National Population Census of the People 's Republic of China '' . National Bureau of Statistics of China . Jump up ^ `` IBGE divulga as estimativas populacionais dos municípios em 2016 '' ( in Portuguese ) . IBGE . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística ( 2013 ) '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 西安 市 2015 年 国民 经济 和 社会 发展 统计 公报 '' . http://www.xatj.gov.cn/ . Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ The sub-provincial city of Xi'an has direct jurisdiction over 9 districts ( 区 qu ) and 4 counties ( 县 xian ) . The city proper based on the districts of Xīnchéng , Bēilín and Liánhú considered `` core districts '' + Inner suburbs ( districts ) : Bàqiáo , Wèiyāng and Yàntǎ . Jump up ^ `` Suzhou ( Statistics 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Sztjj.gov.cn . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The city proper based on the districts of Gūsū , Wúzhōng , Sūzhōu Gōngyèyuán ( Industrial Park ) , Xiàngchéng and Sūzhōu Gāo Xīnjìshù Chǎnyè Kāifāqū ( New District ) Jump up ^ Sztjj.gov.cn Jump up ^ `` Greater Mumbai ( Maharashtra , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Demographics : Surat Municipal Corporation Archived 4 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 Population by sex , household type and household by type , average size of private household by region and area : 2010 '' . Statistic tables , NSO website . National Statistics Office . Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bangkok is subdivided into 50 districts ( khet เขต , also sometimes wrongly called amphoe อําเภอ as in the other provinces , derived from Pali khetta , cognate to Sanskrit kṣetra ) , which are further subdivided into 169 khwaeng แขวง , roughly equivalent to tambon ตําบล in the other provinces . Jump up ^ `` Chile -- Santiago ( Census 2012 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The province of Santiago is divided into thirty - two districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Santiago . But the district of Lo Barnechea is rural ( mountains ) and is not part of the city proper . The city proper ( urban area ) of Santiago is generally considered to be formed by thirty - one districts ( Province of Santiago ) , the district of Puente Alto ( Province of Cordillera ) , and the district of San Bernardo ( Province of Maipo ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Population & Land Area ( Mid-Year Estimates ) '' . Statistics Singapore . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 黑龙江 省 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 '' . National Bureau of Statistics of the People 's Republic of China . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ All city proper districts except Sōngběi ; namely Dàolǐ , Nángǎng , Dàowài , Píngfáng , Xiāngfang ; see Harbin # Administrative divisions Jump up ^ `` 中国 年鉴 信息 网 -- 中国 规模 最大 、 实力 最 强 的 研究 报告 提供 商 ! '' . Harbin Yearbook . China Yearbook . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Pinda , Mizengo Peter . `` Welcome to the 2012 Tanzania Population and Housing Census WebPage '' . Census General Report ( pdf ) ; available by clicking `` Population Distribution by Administrative Units '' . National Bureau of Statistics of Tanzania . Archived from the original on 5 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Dar es Salaam is divided into five districts , governed as municipal councils , and so all of the city 's suburbs or wards are affiliated with them . Jump up ^ `` TANZANIA : Administrative Division '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosstat . Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2017 г. ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : `` Census ( 2011 ) '' . Statistics South Africa . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Xiamen ( Sub-provincial city , Fujian ) '' . citypopulation.de. 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai : India Smart Cities Challenge '' . Official website of Smart Cities Challenge , India . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Chennai city is governed by the Chennai Corporation , dividing into three regions -- fifteen districts : North ( Tiruvottiyur , Manali , Madhavaram , Tondiarpet and Royapuram ) , South ( Valasaravakkam , Alandur , Adyar , Perungudi and Sholinganallur ) and Central ( Thiru - Vi - Ka Nagar , Ambattur , Anna Nagar , Teynampet and Kodambakkam ) , which covers 200 wards . Of the total land area , reserved forests cover 2.71 km2 and is concentrated in and around the Guindy National Park region , one of the few national parks in the world located within a city . Jump up ^ `` Expanded Chennai Corporationto be divided into 3 regions '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Yangon is administered by the Yangon City Development Committee ( YCDC ) . The city proper is divided into four districts : Western District , Eastern District , Southern District and Northern District . The districts combined have a total of 33 townships . Jump up ^ Third Regional EST Forum , Presentation of Myanmar . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 合肥 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 : 合肥 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公 报 ( 1 ) '' . Baidu . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ The prefecture - level city of Hefei administers 9 county - level divisions , including 4 districts , 1 County - city and 4 counties . The city proper based on the districts of Luyang , Yaohai , Shushan and Baohe considered `` core districts '' . Jump up ^ `` Presentation '' . District Autonome D'Abidjan . Archived from the original on 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Sub-provincial City ( Census 2010 ) Jump up ^ The city proper based on the districts of Zhōngyuán , Èrqī , Guǎnchéng Huízú , Jīnshuǐ and Huìjì Jump up ^ `` Turkey : Ankara City '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ The province of Ankara is divided into twenty five districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Ankara . The city proper ( urban area ) of Ankara is generally considered to be formed by eight districts ( Sincan , Yenimahalle , Etimesgut , Keçiören , Pursaklar , Altındağ , Mamak , Çankaya ) . Here , Gölbaşı district is excluded , because it is rural . Jump up ^ Yenimahalle district , whose area is not given by citypopulation.de , covers 274 km Jump up ^ `` Districts of Turkey '' . statoids . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata ( West Bengal , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Census - 2010 '' . Central Departament of Statistics Saudi Government . Archived from the original on 1 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Area and Population '' . Jeddah Municipality . Archived from the original on 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco : Grand Casablanca - Settat '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya ( Census 2009 ) '' . Geohive . Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 现 将 汕头 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 分区 县 常住 人口 ( 2 ) 数据 公布 如下 : '' . 汕头 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated Population by Governorate '' . CAPMAS . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved September 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Egypt : Administrative Units '' . GeoHive . Archived from the original on 16 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The city of Alexandria has an area of approximately 400 square kilometres . Egyptian officials provides information at governorate level . In the case of `` city proper '' provides information at intervals of many years . It is impossible to assess the population ( official ) reported in the city proper area . Jump up ^ Los Angeles City is divided into over 80 districts and neighborhoods . Jump up ^ `` TAIWAN : Administrative Division ( Census 2013 ) '' . CityPopulation.De . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Taipei City '' . New Taipei City Government . Archived from the original on 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunan Statistical Bureau ( 2011 - 5 - 13 ) : Hunan Major data communique of National Census 2010 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Based on the following districts : Furong , Tianxin , Yuelu , Kaifu , Yuhua ; see Administration Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan ( 2013 ) '' . GeoHive . Archived from the original on 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1103 - 浙江 省 温州 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 : 温州 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 '' . Baidu . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Based on the following districts : Lucheng , Longwan , Ouhai ; see Administration ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . , Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Berlins Einwohnerzahl wächst 2016 weiter '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Agency Berlin - Brandenburg . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population Size of Towns by Sex , Region , Zone and Wereda : July 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Central Statistical Agency -- CSA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved July 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` based on the districts of Akaki Kaliti - Sub City , Nefas Silk - Lafto - Sub City , Kolfe Keraniyo - Sub City , Gulele - Sub City , Lideta - Sub City , Kirkos - Sub City , Arada - Sub City , Addis Ketema - Sub City , Yeka - Sub City , Bole - Sub City considered `` districts '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Ningbo 2011 population report issued '' . Ningbo Municipal People 's Government . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ United Nations Statistics Division ; Preliminary results of the 2008 Census of Population of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea conducted on 1 -- 15 October 2008 ( pdf - file ) Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ PYONGYANG Archived 17 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Municipal Register : Last data published : Population at 1st January ( 2013 ) '' . Instituto Nacional de Estadística ( INE -- Spain ) . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ 연령별 인구 현황 ( Population by Age ) . egov.go.kr . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina : Provinces and Agglomerations '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EGYPT : Greater Cairo ( 2006 ) '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ All districts that are listed as being in Greater Cairo and are contiguous ; namely Ad - Duqī , Al - Ahrām ; Al - ' Ajūzah ; Al - Badrashayn ; Al - Ḥawāmidiyah ; Al - Jīzah ; Al - Jīzah ; Al - ' Umrāniyah ; Al - Warrāq ; Awsīm ; Būlāq al - Dakrūr ; Imbābah ; Kirdāsah . See also ( edit ) List of urban areas by population List of cities by population density List of metropolitan areas by population List of population concern organizations External links ( edit ) The worlds biggest cities : How do you measure them ? -- BBC article ( hide ) World 's largest cities City proper World ( Capitals ) Americas ( North Latin Central South ) Asia ( Arab world ASEAN Arabia Far East ) Europe ( European Union Nordic ) Metropolitan area World Americas ( North South West Indies ) Europe ( European Union Nordic ) Asia Africa Transborder Aggregate urban area † World Europe ( European Union Nordic ) Asia Urban agglomeration † North America Europe ( European Union ) Asia Historical World Europe Related articles Global city Megacity Megalopolis Conurbation Suburbs † Aggregate urban areas are entire continuous built - up areas , grouping together contiguous cities ( known as conurbations ) , whereas urban agglomerations are the built - up areas of individual cities . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_proper_by_population&oldid=836616872 '' Categories : Censuses Demographic lists Lists of cities by demography Lists of cities by population Lists of cities ( worldwide ) by population Populated places by type Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : dates CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Webarchive template wayback links Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 errors : external links Articles with Russian - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Буряад Català Deutsch Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Scots Shqip Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 21 : 33 . 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what's the most populated city on earth
[ "\n\nRank\nCity\nImage\nPopulation\nDefinition\nTotal\narea (km²)\nPopulation\ndensity (/km²)\nCountry\n\n\n1\nShanghai\n\n7007241833000000000♠24,183,300[6]\nCity\n7003634050000000000♠6,340.5[7]\n3,814\n China\n\n\n2\nBeijing\n\n7007207940000000000♠20,794,000[8]\nCity\n7004164110000000000♠16,411[9]\n1,267\n China\n\n\n3\nKarachi\n\n7007149103520000000♠14,910,352[10]\nCity[11]\n7003378000000000000♠3,780\n3,944\n Pakistan\n\n\n4\nShenzhen\n\n7007137230000000000♠13,723,000[12]\nCity\n7003149332000000000♠1,493.32[13]\n9,190\n China\n\n\n5\nGuangzhou\n\n7007130810000000000♠13,081,000[14]\nCity\n7003134781000000000♠1,347.81[15]\n9,705\n China\n\n\n6\nMumbai\n\n7007124423730000000♠12,442,373[16]\nCity[17]\n7002465780000000000♠465.78\n27,223\n India\n\n\n7\nIstanbul\n\n7007126610000000000♠12,661,000[18]\nCity\n7002620290000000000♠620.29[19]\n20,411\n Turkey\n\n\n8\nMoscow\n\n7007122290000000000♠12,229,000[20]\nCity[21][22]\n7003102175000000000♠1,021.75[23]\n11,969\n Russia\n\n\n9\nSão Paulo\n\n7007120380000000000♠12,038,000[24]\nCity[25]\n7003108105000000000♠1,081.05\n11,199\n Brazil\n\n\n10\nKinshasa\n\n7007114620000000000♠11,462,000[26][27]\nCity[28]\n7002473730000000000♠473.73[29]\n24,195\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n\n\n11\nTianjin\n\n7007112490000000000♠11,249,000[30]\nCity\n7003133183000000000♠1,331.83[31]\n8,446\n China\n\n\n12\nLahore\n\n7007111260000000000♠11,126,000[32]\nCity\n7002502550000000000♠502.55[26]\n22,139\n Pakistan\n\n\n13\nDelhi\n\n7007110345550000000♠11,034,555[33]\nCity\n7002461830000000000♠461.83\n2,457\n India\n\n\n14\nJakarta\n\n7007106240000000000♠10,624,000[34]\nCity[35]\n7002661500000000000♠661.50\n16,060\n Indonesia\n\n\n15\nDongguan\n\n7007106150000000000♠10,615,000[36]\nCity\n7003172134000000000♠1,721.34\n6,167\n China\n\n\n16\nLagos\n\n7007105520000000000♠10,552,000[37]\nCity\n7002433340000000000♠433.34[38]\n24,350\n Nigeria\n\n\n17\nSeoul\n\n7006980600000000000♠9,806,000[39]\nCity\n7002605250000000000♠605.25[40]\n16,202\n South Korea\n\n\n18\nFoshan\n\n7006927900000000000♠9,279,000[41][42]\nCity\n7003132588000000000♠1,325.88[43]\n6,998\n China\n\n\n19\nTokyo\n\n7006927300000000000♠9,273,000[44]\nCity\n7002626990000000000♠626.99[44]\n14,790\n Japan\n\n\n20\nChengdu\n\n7006901200000000000♠9,012,000[45]\nCity\n7002970840000000000♠970.84[14]\n9,283\n China\n\n\n21\nLima\n\n7006889400000000000♠8,894,000[46]\nCity[47]\n7002215740000000000♠215.74\n41,226\n Peru\n\n\n22\nMexico City\n\n7006887500000000000♠8,875,000[48]\nCity\n7002607220000000000♠607.22[49]\n14,616\n Mexico\n\n\n23\nLondon\n\n7006878789200000000♠8,787,892[50]\nCity[51]\n7003157200000000000♠1,572\n5,590\n United Kingdom\n\n\n24\nTehran\n\n7006869400000000000♠8,694,000[52]\nCity[53]\n7002574130000000000♠574.13[54]\n15,143\n Iran\n\n\n25\nNew York\n\n7006862269800000000♠8,622,698[55]\nCity[56]\n7002786300000000000♠786.30\n10,966\n United States\n\n\n26\nBangalore\n\n7006844367500000000♠8,443,675[57]\nCity\n7002709000000000000♠709\n11,909\n India\n\n\n27\nDhaka\n\n7006806300000000000♠8,063,000[58]\nCity\n7002337540000000000♠337.54[59]\n23,888\n Bangladesh\n\n\n28\nWuhan\n\n7006803500000000000♠8,035,000[60]\nCity[61]\n7002898860000000000♠898.86[62]\n8,939\n China\n\n\n29\nBogotá\n\n7006796300000000000♠7,963,000[63]\nCity[64]\n7002428260000000000♠428.26[65][66]\n18,594\n Colombia\n\n\n30\nCairo\n\n7006774000000000000♠7,740,000[67]\nCity[68]\n7002302560000000000♠302.56[69]\n25,582\n Egypt\n\n\n31\nHyderabad\n\n7006749179000000000♠7,491,790[70]\nCity\n7002651750000000000♠651.75[71]\n11,494\n India\n\n\n32\nHo Chi Minh City\n\n7006743100000000000♠7,431,000[72]\nCity\n7002453600000000000♠453.60[72]\n16,382\n Vietnam\n\n\n33\nNanjing\n\n7006726000000000000♠7,260,000[73]\nCity\n7002886810000000000♠886.81\n8,187\n China\n\n\n34\nChongqing\n\n7006724700000000000♠7,247,000[a]\nCity[b]\n7002831800000000000♠831.80[c]\n8,712\n China\n\n\n37\nHong Kong\n\n7006729860000000000♠7,298,600[78]\nSpecial Administrative Region[79]\n7003110443000000000♠1,104.43[80]\n6,608\n China\n\n\n35\nHangzhou\n\n7006703500000000000♠7,035,000[81]\nCity\n7002850830000000000♠850.83[81]\n8,268\n China\n\n\n36\nAhmedabad\n\n7006702100000000000♠7,021,000[82]\nCity\n7002351210000000000♠351.21\n19,991\n India\n\n\n37\nBaghdad\n\n7006679300000000000♠6,793,000[83]\nCity[84]\n7002424539999900000♠424.53[85]\n16,001\n Iraq\n\n\n38\nRiyadh\n\n7006669400000000000♠6,694,000[86]\nCity[87]\n7002410970000000000♠410.97[88]\n16,288\n Saudi Arabia\n\n\n39\nShenyang\n\n7006651900000000000♠6,519,000[89]\nCity\n7002649220000000000♠649.22\n10,041\n China\n\n\n40\nRio de Janeiro\n\n7006652000000000000♠6,520,000[90]\nCity\n7002751440000000000♠751.44[91]\n8,677\n Brazil\n\n\n41\nXi'an\n\n7006622000000000000♠6,220,000[92]\nCity[93]\n7002765080000000000♠765.08\n8,130\n China\n\n\n42\nSuzhou\n\n7006598300000000000♠5,983,000[94]\nCity[95]\n7002995240000000000♠995.24[96]\n6,012\n China\n\n\n43\nSurat\n\n7006586800000000000♠5,868,000[97]\nCity\n7002210200000000000♠210.20[98]\n27,916\n India\n\n\n44\nBangkok\n\n7006578200000000000♠5,782,000[99]\nCity[100]\n7002764730000000000♠764.73\n7,561\n Thailand\n\n\n45\nSantiago\n\n7006556100000000000♠5,561,000[101]\nCity[102]\n7002595490000000000♠595.49\n9,339\n Chile\n\n\n46\nSingapore\n\n7006560700000000000♠5,607,000[103]\nCity\n7002602750000000000♠602.75[103]\n9,302\n Singapore\n\n\n47\nHarbin\n\n7006529900000000000♠5,299,000[104][105]\nCity\n7002614309999900000♠614.31[106]\n8,626\n China\n\n\n48\nDar es Salaam\n\n7006525700000000000♠5,257,000[107]\nCity[108]\n7002330520000000000♠330.52[109]\n15,905\n Tanzania\n\n\n49\nSaint Petersburg\n\n7006513200000000000♠5,132,000[110]\nCity\n7002463110000000000♠463.11[23]\n11,082\n Russia\n\n\n50\nJohannesburg\n\n7006494900000000000♠4,949,000[111]\nCity\n7002432840000000000♠432.84\n11,434\n South Africa\n\n\n51\nXiamen\n\n7006353134700000000♠3,531,347[112]\nSub-provincial City\n7003169900000000000♠1,699\n2,078\n China\n\n\n52\nChennai\n\n7006672700000000000♠6,727,000[113]\nMunicipal Corporation[114]\n7002426510000000000♠426.51[115]\n15,772\n India\n\n\n54\nYangon\n\n7006521400000000000♠5,214,000[26]\nMetropolitan Municipality-Province[116]\n7002598750000000000♠598.75[117]\n8,708\n Myanmar\n\n\n55\nHefei\n\n7006335207600000000♠3,352,076[118]\nPrefecture-level City[119]\n7002838520000000000♠838.52\n3,998\n China\n\n\n57\nAbidjan\n\n7006476500000000000♠4,765,000[26]\nDepartment/City District\n7003211900000000000♠2,119[120]\n2,249\n Ivory Coast\n\n\n58\nZhengzhou\n\n7006412208700000000♠4,122,087[121]\nSub-provincial City[122]\n7003101566000000000♠1,015.66\n4,059\n China\n\n\n59\nAnkara\n\n7006447080000000000♠4,470,800[123]\nMetropolitan Municipality-Province[124]\n7003191092000000000♠1,910.92[125][126]\n2,340\n Turkey\n\n\n60\nKolkata\n\n7006449669400000000♠4,496,694[127]\nMunicipal corporation\n7002185000000000000♠185\n24,306\n India\n\n\n63\nJeddah\n\n7006345625900000000♠3,456,259[128]\nMunicipality City\n7003176500000000000♠1,765[129]\n1,958\n Saudi Arabia\n\n\n64\nCasablanca\n\n7006335981800000000♠3,359,818[130]\nPrefecture\n7002230000000000000♠230\n14,608\n Morocco\n\n\n65\nNairobi\n\n7006313836900000000♠3,138,369[131]\nCapital District\n7002694900000000000♠694.9\n4,829\n Kenya\n\n\n67\nZhongshan\n\n7006312127500000000♠3,121,275[132]\nPrefecture-level City\n7003178367000000000♠1,783.67\n1,750\n China\n\n\n68\nShantou\n\n7006539102800000000♠5,391,028[133]\nPrefecture-level City\n7003206442000000000♠2,064.42\n2,611\n China\n\n\n69\nAlexandria\n\n7006461662500000000♠4,616,625[134]\nGovernorate\n7003230000000000000♠2,300[135][136]\n2,007\n Egypt\n\n\n70\nCape Town\n\n7006374002600000000♠3,740,026[111]\nMunicipality City\n7003244497000099999♠2,444.97\n1,530\n South Africa\n\n\n71\nLos Angeles\n\n7006397632200000000♠3,976,322[55]\nMunicipality City[137]\n7003121385000099999♠1,213.85\n3,276\n United States\n\n\n72\nNew Taipei City\n\n7006395492900000000♠3,954,929[138]\nSpecial Municipality\n7003205257000000000♠2,052.57[139]\n1,927\n Taiwan\n\n\n73\nChangsha\n\n7006704411800000000♠7,044,118[140]\nPrefecture-level City[141]\n7004118190000000000♠11,819\n596\n China\n\n\n75\nKabul\n\n7006341410000000000♠3,414,100[142]\nMunicipality City\n7002275000000000000♠275\n12,415\n Afghanistan\n\n\n77\nYokohama\n\n7006372616700000000♠3,726,167[44]\nDesignated City\n7002437490000000000♠437.49\n8,517\n Japan\n\n\n79\nWenzhou\n\n7006303943900000000♠3,039,439[143]\nPrefecture-level City[144]\n7003118788000000000♠1,187.88\n2,559\n China\n\n\n80\nDurban\n\n7006344236100000000♠3,442,361[111]\nMunicipality City\n7003229131000000000♠2,291.31\n1,502\n South Africa\n\n\n82\nBusan\n\n7006359000000000000♠3,590,000[145]\nMetropolitan City\n7002347490000000000♠347.49[145]\n10,331\n South Korea\n\n\n84\nBerlin\n\n7006367100000000000♠3,671,000[146]\nCity State\n7002891750000000000♠891.75\n4,117\n Germany\n\n\n85\nJaipur\n\n7006307335000000000♠3,073,350[82]\nMunicipal corporation\n7002485000000000000♠485\n6,337\n India\n\n\n87\nPune\n\n7006311543100000000♠3,115,431[82]\nMunicipal corporation\n7002450690000000000♠450.69\n6,913\n India\n\n\n90\nEkurhuleni\n\n7006317847000000000♠3,178,470[111]\nMunicipality City\n7003197531000000000♠1,975.31\n1,609\n South Africa\n\n\n91\nAddis Ababa\n\n7006310367300000000♠3,103,673[147]\nMetropolitan Municipality-Province[148]\n7002526990000000000♠526.99\n5,889\n Ethiopia\n\n\n93\nNingbo\n\n7006760568900000000♠7,605,689[149]\nSub-provincial city\n7003981623000000000♠9,816.23\n775\n China\n\n\n95\nPyongyang\n\n7006325538800000000♠3,255,388[150]\nDirect-controlled Municipality\n7003211300000000000♠2,113[151]\n1,541\n North Korea\n\n\n96\nMadrid\n\n7006320724700000000♠3,207,247[152]\nMunicipality City\n7002605770000000000♠605.77\n5,294\n Spain\n\n\n97\nFaisalabad\n\n7006320384600000000♠3,203,846[153]\nCity District\n7002214000000000000♠214\n14,971\n Pakistan\n\n\n102\nHanoi\n\n7006723270000000000♠7,232,700[72]\nMetropolitan Municipality-Province\n7003332450000000000♠3,324.5[72]\n2,176\n Vietnam\n\n\n103\nIncheon\n\n7006300264500000000♠3,002,645[154]\nMetropolitan City\n7002328550000000000♠328.55\n9,139\n South Korea\n\n\n104\nBuenos Aires\n\n7006305430000000000♠3,054,300[155]\nFederal District\n7002203000000000000♠203\n15,046\n Argentina\n\n\n106\nGiza\n\n7006423998800000000♠4,239,988[156]\nGovernorate[157]\n7002289080000000000♠289.08\n14,667\n Egypt\n\n" ]
[ "Shanghai" ]
4095887855606819816
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)
The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 film ) - wikipedia The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 film ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Amazing Spider - Man ( film ) '' redirects here . For the pilot of the 1970s television series , see Spider - Man ( 1977 film ) . The Amazing Spider - Man Theatrical release poster Directed by Marc Webb Produced by Avi Arad Matt Tolmach Laura Ziskin Screenplay by James Vanderbilt Alvin Sargent Steve Kloves Story by James Vanderbilt Based on The Amazing Spider - Man by Stan Lee Steve Ditko Starring Andrew Garfield Emma Stone Rhys Ifans Denis Leary Campbell Scott Irrfan Khan Martin Sheen Sally Field Music by James Horner Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Alan Edward Bell Michael McCusker Pietro Scalia Production company Marvel Entertainment Laura Ziskin Productions Arad Productions , Inc . Matt Tolmach Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 30 ) ( Tokyo ) July 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 03 ) ( United States ) Running time 136 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 -- 230 million Box office $757.9 million The Amazing Spider - Man is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider - Man , and sharing the title of the character 's longest - running comic book . It is the fourth theatrical Spider - Man film produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Entertainment , and a reboot of Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man 2002 - 2007 trilogy preceding it . The film was directed by Marc Webb . It was written by James Vanderbilt , Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves and it stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider - Man , Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy , Rhys Ifans as Dr. Curtis Connors , Denis Leary as NYPD Captain George Stacy , along with Martin Sheen and Sally Field as the uncle and aunt of Peter Parker , Ben Parker and May Parker . The film tells the story of Peter Parker , a teenager from New York who becomes Spider - Man after being bitten by a genetically altered spider . Parker must stop Dr. Curt Connors as a mutated lizard , from spreading a mutation serum to the city 's human population . Development of the film began with the cancellation of Spider - Man 4 in 2010 , ending director Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man film series that had starred Tobey Maguire as the titular superhero . Columbia Pictures opted to reboot the franchise with the same production team along with James Vanderbilt to stay on with writing the next Spider - Man film while Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves helped with the script as well . During pre-production , the main characters were cast in 2010 . New designs were introduced from the comics , such as artificial web - shooters . Using Red Digital Cinema Camera Company 's RED Epic camera , principal photography started in December 2010 in Los Angeles before moving to New York City . The film entered post-production in April 2011 . 3ality Technica provided 3D image processing , and Sony Pictures Imageworks handled CGI . This was also the final American film to be scored by James Horner and released during his lifetime , before his death in 2015 from an aircraft accident . Sony Pictures Entertainment built a promotional website , releasing many previews and launched a viral marketing campaign , among other moves . Tie - ins included a video game by Beenox . The film premiered on June 30 in Tokyo , and was released in the United States on July 3 , ten years after release of Spider - Man ( 2002 ) , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D and released in home media in November 2012 . The reboot received generally favorable reviews , with critics praising mostly Andrew Garfield 's performance , the visual style , James Horner 's musical score , and the realistic portrayal of the title character , but the introduction of the character , the Lizard , was criticized for being too surreal for the film . The film was a box office success , grossing over $757 million worldwide , becoming the seventh - highest - grossing film of 2012 , and the highest - grossing reboot of all time . The film 's sequel , The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , was released on May 2 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.4. 1 Stunts 3.5 Effects 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.1. 1 Merchandising 4.1. 2 Previews 4.1. 3 Viral campaign 4.1. 4 Philanthropy 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Themes and analysis 6 Legacy 6.1 Other media 6.2 Sequels and reboot 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) A young Peter Parker discovers that his father Richard Parker 's study has been burgled . Peter 's parents gather hidden documents , take Peter to the home of his Aunt May and Uncle Ben , and then mysteriously depart . Years later , a teenage Peter attends Midtown Science High School , where he is bullied by Flash Thompson , and has caught the eye of Gwen Stacy . At home , Peter finds his father 's papers , and learns his father worked with fellow scientist Dr. Curt Connors at Oscorp in the field of cross-species genetics . Sneaking into Oscorp , Peter enters a lab where a `` biocable '' is under development from genetically modified spiders , one of which bites him . He later discovers he has developed spider - like abilities , such as sharp senses , reflexes and speed . After studying Richard 's papers , Peter visits the one - armed Connors , reveals he is Richard 's son and gives Connors his father 's `` decay rate algorithm '' , the missing piece in Connors ' experiments on regenerating limbs . Connors is being pressed by his superior , Dr. Ratha , to devise a cure for the dying head of Oscorp , Norman Osborn . In school , Peter is exposed after a basketball challenge with Flash , in which Peter accidentally shatters the backboard glass . His uncle changes work shifts to meet with the principal , and asks Peter to walk May home for him that night . Peter forgets to do so , distracted while at Oscorp helping Connors regenerate the limb of a laboratory mouse . At home , he and Ben argue , and Peter leaves . At a nearby deli , a cashier refuses to let Peter buy milk when Peter is two cents short ; when a thief suddenly raids the store , Peter indifferently observes . While searching for Peter , Ben attempts to stop the thief , and is killed . The thief escapes as Peter finds Ben dead on the sidewalk . Afterward , Peter uses his new abilities to track down criminals matching the killer 's description . After a fall lands him inside an abandoned gym , a luchador - wrestling poster inspires him to create a mask to hide his identity . He adds a spandex suit and builds mechanical devices to attach to his wrists to shoot a biocable `` web '' . Later , at dinner with Gwen 's family , he has a tense conversation with her father , police captain George Stacy , over the new masked vigilante 's motives . After dinner , Peter reveals his identity to Gwen , and they kiss . After seeing success with the mouse using lizard DNA , Ratha demands Connors begin human trials immediately . Connors refuses to rush the drug - testing procedure and put innocent people at risk . Ratha fires Connors and decides to test Connors ' serum at a Veterans Administration hospital under the guise of a flu shot . In an act of desperation , Connors tries the formula on himself . After passing out , he awakens to find his missing arm has regenerated . Discovering that Ratha is on his way to the VA hospital , Connors , whose skin is turning green and scaly , goes to intercept him . By the time he gets to the Williamsburg Bridge , Connors has become a violent hybrid of lizard and man , tossing cars , including Ratha 's , over the side . Peter , now calling himself Spider - Man , snatches each falling car with his web - lines . Peter suspects Connors is the Lizard and unsuccessfully confronts the creature in the sewers . The Lizard learns Spider - Man 's real identity via the name on an abandoned camera and follows Peter to school , where they fight . Police start a manhunt for both Spider - Man and the Lizard . The Police corner Spider - Man by taking off his mask and Captain Stacy discovers that Spider - Man is really Peter . The Lizard plans to make all humans lizard - like by releasing a chemical cloud from Oscorp 's tower , to eliminate the weaknesses he believes plague humanity . Spider - Man eventually disperses an antidote cloud instead , restoring Connors and earlier victims to normal , but not before the Lizard mortally wounds Captain Stacy . Before his death , Captain Stacy requests Peter avoid Gwen , in order to keep her safe . Peter initially does so , but later at school , suggests to Gwen he may see her after all . In a mid-credits scene , Connors , in a prison cell , speaks with a man in the shadows who asks if Peter knows the truth about his father . Connors does n't know , and demands Peter to be left alone before the man disappears . Cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Spider - Man films cast members and List of Spider - Man supporting characters Andrew Garfield ( top ) and Emma Stone ( bottom ) at 2013 San Diego Comic Con Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider - Man : A teenager struggling to find his place in life ever since his parents disappeared when he was a child . A spider bites him on the back of his neck , giving him spider - powers . He becomes Spider - Man . Garfield described Parker as someone he can relate to and stated that the character had been an important influence on him since he was little . Garfield drew from his life experiences as inspiration for the role , revealing , `` I was thinking of my history and thinking of the kid at school who I was n't as strong as , who behaved badly to a lot of people -- including myself -- and who I constantly tried to stand up to but never had the physical prowess to '' . Discussing his predecessor , Garfield said he respects Tobey Maguire as an actor and that when he first saw Maguire play Spider - Man he `` was blown away by his interpretation . '' Garfield said in interviews , including one in which he was interviewed by Maguire , that when he watched the film Spider - Man when he was younger , he would jokingly recite Maguire 's lines in the mirror with a friend who joked that he would never be Spider - Man . On accepting the role Garfield explained , `` I see it as a massive challenge in many ways ... To make it authentic . To make the character live and breathe in a new way . The audience already has a relationship with many different incarnations of the character . I do , as well . I 'm probably going to be the guy in the movie theater shouting abuse at myself . But I have to let that go . No turning back . And I would n't want to . '' After taking the role , Garfield studied the movements of athletes and spiders and tried to incorporate them , saying Parker is `` a boy / spider in terms of how he moves , and not just in the suit . '' He did yoga and Pilates for the role in order to be as flexible as possible . When first wearing his costume Garfield admitted to shedding tears and trying to imagine `` a better actor in the suit '' , which he described as `` uncomfortable '' and admitted to wearing nothing beneath it since it is skintight . When filming Garfield explained that he had four months of training and described his physical roles on stunts as terribly challenging and exhausting . Max Charles portrayed Young Peter Parker Rhys Ifans as Dr. Curt Connors / The Lizard : One of Oscorp 's leading scientific minds who attempts to engineer a revolutionary regeneration serum to help regrow limbs and human tissue . Something goes wrong , and he is transformed into the monster known as the Lizard . Ifans said his character spends the majority of the film as a human . While playing the 9 - foot - tall reptile , Ifans was required to wear a CGI suit . Initially , a large stunt - double was used as a stand - in for the role , but Ifans insisted on portraying the transformed character . Commenting on the technology used to bring his character to life , Ifans continued , `` I had a green suit on , and then this cardboard head , and these small claws ... Each and every time you see the Lizard , the technology is so advanced now that when the Lizard 's eyes move , they 're my eyes . If I frown or show any emotion , they 're my emotions . That 's how spectacularly advanced technology is . '' Ifans said that he voiced the man - beast as well , explaining , `` I 'm sure the voice will be toyed with in the eventual edits , but when I was shooting the CGI moments , when I was n't actually human , when I was Lizard , I looked like a crash - test dummy in a green leotard thing . There were many moments when I had to speak to Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone as the Lizard . '' Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy A high school classmate and love interest of Parker 's , a smart and charismatic girl who is the chief Intern at Oscorp . For the role , Stone kept her natural blonde hair color , rather than maintaining her usual dyed red hair . She felt that she had a responsibility to educate herself on Spider - Man , admitting she `` had n't read the comic book growing up , and my experience was with the Sam Raimi movies ... I always assumed that Mary Jane was his first love '' , and having only been familiar with her The Help co-star Bryce Dallas Howard 's portrayal in Spider - Man 3 . Stone said , `` There 's a part of me that really wants to please people ( who ) love Spider - Man or Gwen Stacy and want her to be done justice . I hope they 'll give me license to interpret her my way . '' Denis Leary as Captain Stacy : `` This is a Denis Leary you 've never seen before -- he 's not the cool cat bucking the system , he is the system . He 's got wit , he 's got an attitude , and he 's got 500 officers looking for Spider - Man -- who just happens to be dating his daughter . '' -- Matt Tolmach explaining Leary 's character . Gwen 's father and a New York City Police Department captain who hunts both Spider - Man out of distrust and the Lizard for his rampage . Leary explained that he did not know much about Spider - Man in the comics and was `` more of a Batman guy . Not the ' 60s ( TV version ) but the really dark Batman . But my wife was a Spider - Man nut , which was why I went to Tobey Maguire ones . '' He added that long before he was cast as George Stacy his friend Jeff Garlin , a Spider - Man fan , `` said to me , ' The first time I met you , I thought you were George Stacy ! ' This was like 30 years ago . I was like , ' What ? ! ' '' Director Webb said of his casting , `` ( W ) e all trust Denis Leary . He 's got this attitude , but you love him . In this movie , he puts pressure on Peter Parker . He 's on Spider - Man 's case , but you understand him . I 've said this before , but good drama comes from competing ideas of what 's good . '' Martin Sheen as Uncle Ben : Peter 's uncle . Sheen admitted he was unfamiliar with Spider - Man other than Maguire 's portrayal , and knew little of the character Ben Parker except for knowing Cliff Robertson had played the part . Sheen described his character as a surrogate father , saying , `` I 'm dealing with this adolescent who is having problems with changes , with hormones changing and his getting out of hand . I have to give him the marching orders and so forth . '' Webb said , `` You think of Martin Sheen as President Bartlet ( of TV 's The West Wing ) . He has that sense of benevolent authority , but there 's something else that 's important , in terms of the dynamic that I wanted to explore , vis - à - vis Peter 's relationship with his absent parents . '' Webb felt that unlike the scientifically inclined Peter , Uncle Ben represented the blue - collar working man , a gap that could create a dynamic between the characters . Sally Field as Aunt May : Ben Parker 's wife and Peter 's aunt . Field said the main reason she felt she had to be in the film was because of producer Laura Ziskin ( they worked together on the 1985 film Murphy 's Romance ) because she had an instinct that this was to be Ziskin 's last film . After Ziskin 's death Field expressed her gratitude at being a part of both Ziskin 's first and last films . Director Webb felt that `` when you cast someone like Sally , they come with a certain level of awareness and real genuine affection , which for Aunt May is an incredibly important thing to have . '' Webb said that while `` we all love Aunt May '' , he wanted to create a tension between May and Peter . `` He 's got bruises on his face , and what happens in that moment ? That can create some tension , but you want there to be love there . That 's what someone like Sally Field gives you . '' Irrfan Khan as Rajit Ratha : An Oscorp executive , Connors ' immediate superior . Khan said he was offered what he described as this `` pivotal role '' after appearing in the TV drama series In Treatment . Webb described himself as a fan of the actor when watching the series along with the films The Namesake and The Warrior . Khan said he was uninterested in the project at first , but that his sons were excited about it and insisted he take the role . Chris Zylka as Flash Thompson : A high school bully who is also the captain of the Midtown Science High basketball team and typically picks on Parker . On playing the role , Zylka said , `` You just try to focus . As an artist or as an actor , you just try to focus and stay in that world and block it all out . '' Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portray Peter 's parents , Richard and Mary Parker . Leif Gantvoort plays the burglar who robs the convenience store . Hannah Marks portrays Missy Kallenback , an unpopular girl who has a crush on Peter . Kelsey Asbille 's brief role is simply credited as `` Hot Girl '' during the end credits of the film , but the actress revealed to media outlets around the time of the film 's release that her character is in fact Sally Avril . Similarly , C. Thomas Howell 's character is credited as `` Jack 's Father '' at the end of the film ( Jack being a boy that Spider - Man rescues on the Williamsburg Bridge ) but he is referred to as Troy by one of his fellow construction workers in the film itself . Unlike the previous films , J. Jonah Jameson does not appear . Spider - Man co-creator Stan Lee has a cameo appearance , as he did in the previous films . At the 2011 Dallas Comic Con , Lee detailed that he plays a librarian listening to music on his headphones while stamping books , oblivious to the ongoing battle . Michael Massee plays the mysterious man in the shadows who talks with Connors in his prison cell in a teaser scene during the end credits . As to the man 's identity , director Marc Webb said , `` It 's intentionally mysterious . And I invite speculation ... '' In The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , the character was revealed to be Gustav Fiers . Michael Papajohn , who played Uncle Ben 's killer in the 2002 film , has a cameo as Alfred , Dr. Ratha 's limo driver . Kari Coleman , Charlie DePew , Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier portray the Stacy family : Helen Stacy , Philip Stacy , Howard Stacy and Simon Stacy respectively . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Further information : Spider - Man in film § Spider - Man 4 Following the release of Spider - Man 3 , Sony Pictures Entertainment had announced a May 5 , 2011 , release date for Sam Raimi 's next film in the earlier series . By this time , screenwriters James Vanderbilt , David Lindsay - Abaire and Gary Ross had all written rejected versions of a script and Ziskin 's husband Alvin Sargent , who wrote the second and third films , was working on yet another attempt . Raimi wanted John Malkovich to play his next villain . However , on January 11 , 2010 , Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that rather than continue the earlier saga , they were rebooting the series with a new cast and crew . Industry reports claimed that Raimi had admitted that he could not meet the scheduled release date and retain creative integrity . Avi Arad , Matt Tolmach and Ziskin continued as producers . Arad later explained , `` We were working on what we called Spider - Man 4 and it was the same team ( as with the first three films ) . The problem was we did n't have a story that was strong enough and warranted ... another movie . And Sam Raimi ... realized we ( did n't ) have a good reason to make another one . And between ( him ) and Tobey and obviously the studio , we all went into it not feeling good about the next story . '' Tolmach said one reason to restart the series was that the producers felt the core Spider - Man story was that of a boy becoming a man . Screenwriter Steve Kloves did a polish of Sargent 's script , saying he had originally declined the opportunity to do so but relented `` as a favor '' to the filmmakers . `` I also really wanted to write for Emma Stone , because I like to write for women and I particularly like Emma , '' he explained . `` So ... I did basically character and dialogue , and that was enjoyable for me . So that was my hand in it . And I did a little plot work , but a lot of the plot was done . '' He did `` a little bit '' of dialog for Peter Parker / Spider - Man . In April 2012 , writer - director Paul Feig said that Webb `` invited me on set , and I did a little bit of writing for that movie , for one of the high school scenes '' . `` When you walk out of the theater , I want the world you see to resemble what you saw on the screen . Part of the joy of cinema ( is that ) you make the impossible look real . I wanted it to be more grounded and more realistic and that went for the emotion of the scenes , the physical action and wardrobe . It 's less based in Steve Ditko world and probably closer visually and more influenced by `` Ultimate Spider - Man '' but it is also very much a world of our own devising . '' -- Marc Webb in an interview with the Los Angeles Times Days after announcing Raimi 's departure , the studio announced that Webb , whose previous film ( 500 ) Days of Summer was his directorial debut , would direct the reboot . Tolmach , now president of Columbia Pictures and Amy Pascal , co-chairman of Sony Pictures Entertainment , said they looked for a director who could give sharp focus to Parker 's life . Webb said he `` was a little sceptical at first -- you feel the presence of those other movies . But then I was like , ' How could I walk away from this ? What an opportunity ! ' '' Webb said in the press release announcing him that , `` Sam Raimi 's virtuoso rendering of Spider - Man is a humbling precedent to follow and build upon . The first three films are beloved for good reason . But I think the Spider - Man mythology transcends not only generations but directors as well . I am signing on not to ' take over ' from Sam . That would be impossible . Not to mention arrogant . I 'm here because there 's an opportunity for ideas , stories , and histories that will add a new dimension , canvas , and creative voice to Spider - Man . '' Webb felt Spider - Man is different from the Harry Potter franchise , which is based on a few novels and `` more like James Bond '' because `` there 's so much material in Spider - Man that there are so many stories to tell and so many characters . '' He described the film as `` not a remake '' explaining that `` we 're not making Sam 's movie again . It 's a different universe and a different story with different characters . '' Casting ( edit ) Chosen supporting cast for comic book characters roles Rhys Ifans Denis Leary Martin Sheen Sally Field In May 2010 , The Hollywood Reporter said the actors who met with Webb to be considered for the lead role included Jamie Bell , Alden Ehrenreich , Frank Dillane , Ose Hayble , Garfield and Josh Hutcherson . In June 2010 the Los Angeles Times reported that the shortlist had expanded to include Aaron Johnson and Anton Yelchin . At least Bell , Ehrenreich , Garfield , Yelchin , Logan Lerman and Michael Angarano had screen tests . On July 1 , 2010 , the choice of Garfield was confirmed . Webb stated that he felt he knew Garfield was the right guy when they were filming a cutscene where he was eating a cheeseburger while telling Gwen to calm down . Sony then held auditions for the role of the young Peter , who needed to resemble Garfield . Webb said , `` I think we saw the origin of Spider - Man before but not the origin of Peter Parker . '' Webb felt that when you try to build the film you must build the protagonist from the ground up . That 's why he wanted Parker to begin as a child . It was reported originally that the film would feature both Mary Jane Watson and Gwen Stacy as love interests , but the website The Wrap later reported that only Gwen Stacy would appear . In August 2010 , the list of candidates included Lily Collins , Ophelia Lovibond , and Imogen Poots , with Teresa Palmer , Emma Roberts , and Mary Elizabeth Winstead cited by The Hollywood Reporter as `` potentially in the mix '' . In September 2010 , Variety reported that the shortlist had expanded to include Stone and Mia Wasikowska . The shortlist was reported to then include Dianna Agron , Georgina Haig and Dominique McElligott . On October 5 , 2010 , the choice of Stone was confirmed . Webb noted that the chemistry between Stone and Garfield made her the clear choice . That chemistry inspired their off - screen romance . On October 11 , 2010 , Rhys Ifans was confirmed to be the unnamed villain , and two days later his character was revealed to be Dr. Curt Connors / The Lizard . Arad said that Lizard is his favorite Spider - Man villain , and he had long wanted to use him in a film . Well before the choice of villain , Arad had had conceptual drawings prepared for the character . In November , Martin Sheen was reported to be Uncle Ben while Sally Field was in negotiations to play Aunt May . That same month , Denis Leary was reported to accept the role of George Stacy . In December 2010 , Campbell Scott and Julianne Nicholson were in negotiations to play Peter 's parents . Khan was originally reported as playing Van Adder until the character 's name was revealed to be Dr. Ratha . Embeth Davidtz then replaced Nicholson . Annie Parisse was originally reported to play `` the villain 's wife '' , and Miles Elliot was reported to portray Billy Connors , son of Dr. Connors ; but they did not appear in the final cut of the film . Design ( edit ) Further information : Spider - Man 's powers and equipment Webb felt a responsibility to reinvent Spider - Man . One departure from the preceding trilogy was to have Spider - Man build artificial web - shooters , as the character does in the comics . In February 2011 , with the launch of the official website , the title and first official image of Garfield as Spider - Man depicting both his costume and web - shooters for the first time were revealed . Writer Geoff Boucher of the Los Angeles Times was skeptical of the change , feeling that it was too hard to believe that a financially strapped young man could conceive a wrist - worn device that can instantly produce a strand of synthetic webbing and noted `` the suit lives up to the challenge of being different from the Sam Raimi films but not too different from the classic suit that stands as one of the great comic - book costumes ever . '' Matt Goldberg of Collider admitted that he was not crazy about the costume , explaining that the bug - yellow eyes felt weird to him and the mesh - pattern felt too busy . He explained that the design of the gloves caused flashbacks to the Spider - Man 2099 costume which he did not like , although he felt that the web - shooters looked fine . Webb explained that he felt that `` the web - shooters were able to dramatize Peter 's intellect '' . Webb paid attention to the question of `` How would a kid make it ? '' and then took some license with it . About the new costume , Webb explained that he and the crew `` wanted a design that would make the body longer and more lithe , more of an acrobat , someone incredibly agile and the legs of the spider ( symbol on the chest ) were something we used to emphasize that . '' He revealed that the film used varying suits for different lighting conditions . They made the webbing on the costume a little darker . Webb stated that `` With the costume and the web - shooters we wanted to emphasize that these are things that Peter Parker made '' . Webb also looked at the Mark Bagley art in Ultimate Spider - Man for the hero 's body . While Webb introduced a few elements from Ultimate Spider - Man , he wanted to keep the mainstream version of Gwen Stacy instead of that world 's punk rocker , though he states that the `` texture '' of the romantic relationship between her and Peter is based on that of the Ultimate versions of Peter and Mary Jane . The release of Lizard merchandise designs along with unconfirmed concept art featuring a humanoid - shape with a layer of scales on top instead of a pronounced snout ( similar to a dinosaur or crocodile ) as in the most recent comics , produced a mixed reaction . Many commenters compared it to other fictional characters instead of his rendering in comics . Russ Fischer of / Film described the character as looking more `` Steve Ditko derived '' ( the character 's original artist ) . Webb felt that there are different incarnations of Lizard in the comic book . He felt that he should do it without the snout because he was interested more in human emotions and wanted to keep Rhys ' presence in the creature . Webb wanted him to have emotion , have a face and have feeling . He stated `` that in a comic book , you just put that thing up there , and you can say , oh , thought bubble , whatever . But when you try to do that and make it look real , it 's a different challenge , and I 'm creating a movie , I 'm not creating a comic book . That was part of the design . '' Webb `` wanted to do something that felt more contemporary , and was less based in representing panels from the comics '' and focus on spirit over style . Filming ( edit ) Some filming locations in New York were near East River close to the Williamsburg Bridge as shown above . However , most action scenes could not be done there . A 150 - foot replica of a piece of the bridge near a tank had to be replaced for some scenes in Los Angeles and some tighter shots and close - ups were done on a soundstage in New York City . Principal photography began on December 6 , 2010 , in Los Angeles . The working title was Fiona 's Tale . The 90 - day shoot included two weeks in New York City , while the bulk of filming occurred in and around Los Angeles , including such locations as the Henry Fonda Theater in Hollywood , St. John Bosco High School 's Gym , Immanuel Presbyterian Church in Mid-Wilshire , and various locations around South Pasadena , San Pedro and Woodland Hills . Sony Entertainment spokesman Steve Elzer explained , `` ( T ) here is a comfort level in producing a project of this size and scope on your own backlot ... Basing the film on the lot also makes it easier for producers to interact with Sony 's in - house visual effects team , and gives the studios greater control of quality and security . '' Some location shooting took place in New York City . The Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House served as the exterior for NYPD headquarters , and an apartment house at 15 West 81st Street , on Manhattan 's Upper West Side , was used as the exterior for the home of Gwen Stacy and her family . A row of houses on Fuller Place in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Windsor Terrace stood in for the Forest Hills , Queens neighborhood of Ben and May Parker . A web - swinging stunt sequence takes place along the Riverside Drive Viaduct in Harlem . The film was the first Hollywood production to be filmed with the Red Digital Cinema Camera Company 's RED Epic camera and was shot in 3 - D at 5K resolution . Cinematographer John Schwartzman had this to say about the camera : `` Today was Epic , Monday December 6 marks the first day the Red Epic camera was used to shoot a major studio motion picture . I can say for certainty the camera does exist and boy is it ready for primetime , as a matter of fact it 's a true game changer . '' Schwartzman felt that the 3D would have been impossible without it . He said , `` I can tell you without these cameras it would be impossible to move a 3D rig in the ways that THIS story demands , if Jim and the crew had n't made these cameras available to us I do n't think we could have shot this movie the way our director envisioned it in 3D . '' Webb wanted cameras small enough to fit on the rigs and swing around very fast , saying that the `` RED Epic cameras were the right cameras to do that . '' Webb continued that `` you need to shoot it with a level of velocity and 3D cameras can be very large ... and so we need those cameras to mount on rigs that could fly to the air and run to the streets in a certain pace . That allowed us to do it . '' The Amazing Spider - Man 's climax was filmed in a 1 : 78 : 1 aspect ratio for its IMAX DMR release . On April 2011 , Stone revealed that the cinematography had wrapped and that post-production began in May although some reshooting took place in New York City in November 2011 and in Los Angeles in December 2011 . Stunts ( edit ) Webb stated that he and the crew wanted to keep the stunts more grounded physically , a challenge for a superhuman character . The stunt performers included the Armstrong family , Vic and Andy , along with Richard Norton who plays a SWAT team member . Andy Armstrong was the stunt coordinator while Vic was the second unit director . To determine how Spider - Man should swing , Andy videotaped an Olympic Games gymnast swinging on a horizontal bar . Andy noted that in the computer - generated swing in the earlier Spider - Man films , `` he swings down at the same speed as he swings up , '' and this `` constant '' speed is unlike a real gymnast 's movement where `` he 's accelerating until he reaches the bottom , then as he starts to come up , he 's decelerating until he gets to the top of his swing and he actually gets negative gravity , where he 'll go weightless for a second , and then the next swing starts , and it becomes another violent swing again . '' Vic felt that Spider - Man 's moves were comparable to those of Tarzan , and he wanted to add that in the film . While filming in New York City , they swung a man through traffic down the street . Then , while the crew built a rig hundreds of feet long over Riverside Drive in Harlem , Andy built a car rig with a series of wires to help with effects which Webb said required an `` incredible wealth of acrobatics '' . These rigs were over 200 -- 300 feet long and demanded months of rehearsals and design . According to Andy , operating the rigs `` was a combination of a lot of human skills and mechanical engineering . '' The purpose of the rigs was to depict Spider - Man 's swing in a way that was n't computer - generated . Garfield was reported to be involved with some of the stunts . Leaked pictures reveal Garfield with a nosebleed that reports claimed was from swinging . Arad explained that `` Andrew is not only a brilliant actor but he is a sportsman . This gave us the opportunity to try things with him that were it not so it would have been almost impossible . '' Effects ( edit ) External video The Amazing Spider - Man : Sewer Battle Shot Build on YouTube . How Sony Imageworks brought Spider - Man 's poses and environments to life on YouTube The Amazing Spider - Man : The Lizard Shot Build on YouTube . The Amazing Spider - Man : High School Fight Shot Build on YouTube . The company 3ality Technica of Burbank , California produced some of the equipment . The film was reported to be the first to adopt 3ality Digital 's TS - 5 wireless and handheld beamsplitter mirror rig . 3ality technology helped make it possible to avoid 2D to 3D conversion . Webb wanted a new 3D experience for Spider - Man : `` Because we 're shooting in 3D , I wanted to conceive of certain things very specifically for 3D . There 's an experimental component to 3D that 's fascinating and we 're experimenting with generating that point of view -- so you feel what Peter Parker feels , you feel what Spider - Man feels when he 's jumping over buildings and over the streets . '' He felt that Spider - Man was ideal for 3D , admitting that they `` started making the movie around the time Avatar came out '' which made every studio want 3D . This was Webb 's first film using the technique , and he did not want a force - fit or clumsy conversion as he had seen in other films . Webb cited childhood films such as Creature from the Black Lagoon and House of Wax for inspirations to push the 3D in his film even further than the type of depth that James Cameron uses in his film . The Vancouver branch of Sony Pictures Imageworks was responsible for the digital touch - up . The group improved the sewer and high school battle scene with many of Spider - Man 's poses and environments that were used in the film . The comic book was cited as a basic source for Spider - Man 's poses . The visual designers helped bring the Lizard to life by first building a digital version of a production design maquette . Many of the staff were involved with the process . They also started by thinking about lizard biology and how his muscles would work . A large man referred to as `` Big John '' stood in as the character during shooting , performing much of the interaction with other characters . The computer - generated Lizard replaced him in post-production . The creators would then fuse the design of the Lizard with the actor Rhys Ifans . Ifans then used motion capture for the Lizard 's speaking parts , which Webb found challenging to incorporate into the character 's final version . Music ( edit ) Further information : The Amazing Spider - Man ( soundtrack ) `` Main Title -- Young Peter '' Critics like Filmtracks.com 's Christian Clemmensen felt that `` Horner 's mix of the electronic elements into the major ensemble cues is tastefully handled '' in this score . He also felt that the instruments such as the piano like played in this score is one of the heart of the score following Parker 's relationships in their tender and mysterious turns . Problems playing this file ? See media help . James Horner scored the film . Webb described Horner 's first musical cue as `` spectacular '' . Webb said , `` I wanted to create a score that felt massive and huge but also intimate and small . '' The film also features the Coldplay song `` ' Til Kingdom Come '' from the album X&Y . In May 2012 , Sony Classical revealed details about the soundtrack . Release ( edit ) On February 10 , 2010 , Sony announced that the film would be released in 3D and IMAX 3D on July 3 , 2012 . Release dates outside the US were moved up to June in other countries to increase first - week sales . Premieres took place in Tokyo , Japan on June 13 . The film is rated PG - 13 for sequences of action and violence . Marketing ( edit ) Merchandising ( edit ) Spider - Man 's stunt double shoots a Hardee 's / Carl 's Jr. commercial promoting the film . Spider - Man and Lizard PEZ dispensers were revealed at the November 2011 Comic - Con first depicted the film 's Lizard . In December 2011 , it was revealed that Mega Brands had the rights to produce construction sets . A Marvel Select Spider - Man action figure by Diamond Select Toys was announced on January 2012 -- the fifth Marvel Select Spider - Man figure , but the first based on a film . The first look at a Hasbro action figure of the film 's version of Spider - Man was revealed at the July 2011 Comic - Con . Hasbro made a radio control speed - climbing figure . Minimates made action figures from the film . Other companies releasing action figures for the film include Hot Toys , MediCom and Kaiyodo . OPI Products released a collection of The Amazing Spider - Man nail polish . Trading cards were also available . CKE Restaurants , parent company of Carl 's Jr. and Hardee 's , helped sponsor the film . Chief marketing officer Brad Haley said they would market a new burger as part of the promotion . The burger was dubbed `` The Amazing Grilled Cheese Bacon Burger '' . It was promoted through film - themed commercials and radio ads featuring Stan Lee . Spider - Man - themed premiums were offered as part of the Cool Kid 's Combo . Tours and PlayStation 3 game prizes were part of the promotion along with a video game . Stan Lee then helped spread the word that fans would also have been treated for a free Amazing Grilled Cheese Bacon Burger in Independence Day if dressed as Spider - Man . Big Cola was reported to enter a deal for promoting the film . The Kellogg Company and the Keebler Company built marketing campaigns around clips from the film . Sony launched a new augmented reality mobile application for the film using Qualcomm 's Vuforia platform . Sony 's Dwight Caines felt that the `` use of augmented reality technology is a fun way of embracing the 3D aspects of the movie while nurturing the playful kid inside all of us who wants to collect items from their favorite superhero character to share with their friends and family . '' Twizzlers challenged fans nationwide to help the hero build a virtual web of Twizzlers Twists to unlock prizes and exclusive content . D - Box Technologies provide motion simulation for the film in select theaters . As is common in Sony films , Sony product placements abounded , replacing the ubiquitous Apple Computer products often used by other studios . The film 's mobile phones , tablets , monitors and laptops all came from other Sony divisions . Other placements included Microsoft 's Bing search engine . Previews ( edit ) Play media The point of view shot in the teaser trailer that was compared to the 2008 first person video game , Mirror 's Edge by writers . This was the first preview audiences had of Spider - Man fully in the new costume in video . Only a few of these scenes appeared in the final cut of the film . A teaser trailer was leaked on the Internet and aired at San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2011 , attached to the superhero film Captain America : The First Avenger . Rob Keyes of Screen Rant felt that `` it takes on a noticeably different tone from that of Raimi trilogy of Spider - Man movies , and presents itself in a similar fashion to what Christopher Nolan did with Batman Begins . '' Some writers observed that the trailer very closely resembles the 2008 video game Mirror 's Edge . After the third trailer was released , Webb defended the point of view footage , saying it was an early rendering and that the CGI was still in production . A `` sneak peek screening '' of The Amazing Spider - Man was held on February 6 , 2012 in 13 cities internationally : Berlin , London , Los Angeles , Madrid , Mexico City , Moscow , New York City , Paris , Rio de Janeiro , Rome , Seoul , Sydney and Tokyo . On January 8 , 2012 , the Spider - Man logo appeared on some of the world 's most iconic buildings , such as the Sydney Opera House , the Colosseum of Rome , the Kremlin in Moscow and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris . The screening revealed a second trailer in 3D , which thereafter appeared online . Glen Levy of Time magazine felt that the trailer 's `` dialogue goes hand in hand with the action , rather than be dominated by it '' and that the action scenes from the film looked `` polished and slick '' . The special screening included an eight and a half minute extended trailer . Scott Mantz of Access Hollywood felt that the extended footage seemed is edgier and more character - driven and that `` the Lizard looks like a great villain '' . Peter Sciretta of / Film said that the trailers had left him `` impressed '' and had captured a feeling of dark naturalism alongside Spider - Man 's trademark wisecracking . With the second official trailer and the sizzle reel , Webb felt that it was important to provide a more specific idea of the film , such as showcasing Peter and Gwen 's relationship and the visual effects , just to display the attitude of the film that he and the crew were trying to create . On February 7 , 2012 it was reported that the latest official trailer revealed a link to the viral marketing internet site for the film . A third official trailer debuted on iTunes on May 3 , 2012 . The trailer was attached to the 3D première of The Avengers , the day after . The trailer contains what most reporters called a better and more fleshed Lizard . Adam Chitwood of Collider said , `` The webslinging has an edge to it and The Lizard has much more texture . I like Andrew Garfield a whole lot , and the biggest draw for me here is the character work between Garfield and Emma Stone . They look to have some great chemistry and Garfield brings out a ... side of Peter Parker that we did n't really see in Sam Raimi 's trilogy . '' Sandy Schaefer of ScreenRant felt that `` the darker color palette and 3D visuals shown here look overall quite crisp , even without the benefit of the big screen . '' Webb felt that `` there 's a small , intimate little indie movie at the heart of Spider - Man '' . In May 9 , 2012 the first television trailer was revealed which teased an `` 4 minute Super Preview '' on NBC with the season premiere of America 's Got Talent on May 14 . The super preview revealed Spider - Man saving a boy near a bridge . Fans and writers rated that scene the highest in the trailer . Angela Watercutter of Wired called the rescue scene `` pretty freaking epic . '' Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant felt that the biggest thing to note `` is the tone and composition of the film '' and that most of the footage `` manages to showcase a version of Peter Parker / Spider - Man that is both familiar and fresh . '' A six - minute 3D preview was tied in with IMAX 3D showings of Men in Black 3 . Sony 's Rory Bruer explained that the audience of Men in Black 3 should be a perfect match for this footage and that the six minutes should get everyone excited . The footage revealed an exchange between Peter and Gwen that Brad Williams from WhatCulture.com described as `` brief and cutesy '' . Brad found the CGI fairly clean and felt that the film seemed like a perfect match for 3D . Viral campaign ( edit ) Graffiti of the Spider - Man logo in Seattle , Washington , painted by operatives for the viral campaign for The Amazing Spider - Man . The main viral marketing site was revealed in the second trailer in February 2012 . The official Twitter account revealed a scavenger hunt by posting `` Property of Peter Parker ... Lost '' with the longitude and latitude coordinates of direct markets in major US cities . The missing items included a JanSport backpack . One of the clues hidden in the backpack was a link to a page on the viral site that unlocked countdown timers for the cities of Los Angeles , New York City , Atlanta , Denver , Seattle and Phoenix , Arizona . Once the countdown was up , each of the city - specific Twitter accounts for the marketing campaign sent out five locations in each city . A person at each spot waited to give the first person with the password a package and the tag - name `` operative '' . These operatives painted the Spider - Man logo as graffiti . The operatives then could view a scene related to the film . The main viral website revealed hints to other websites , such as a photo blog that expressed Peter Parker 's point of view . An unlocked puzzle there revealed the words `` evolve '' , `` through '' and `` engineering '' which when put together led to another website with design sketches on how to build a web - shooter . A Daily Bugle website revealed Denis Leary as George Stacy , lamenting the appearance of the wall - crawler and asking whoever spots Spider - Man to e-mail the police . The site hosted the best fan - made Spider - Man scenes . People who uploaded images of `` Spider - Man '' on the `` Webbed Menace '' viral site received a poster that sent them to a website for a boxing gym called `` Jerera 's Boxing Gym '' . The gym was funded by Peter Parker 's school . A viral website of that class was discovered . Entering the correct password revealed Parker 's class schedule . The Midtown High School site then revealed a Twitter user tracking down Lizard and asked people in Los Angeles , New York City , Atlanta , Chicago , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , Phoenix , Austin , Tampa , Minneapolis and New Orleans to stay tuned for details . A viral site for Oscorp Industries was available . The Twitter account that coordinated a nationwide effort to track Lizard sightings revealed locations that had packages containing Connors ' shredded lab coat , an Oscorp ID badge and scientific samples of reptilian skin . When unscrambling the letters listed on each sample , the words `` animal dynamics lab '' led players to a new Oscorp Industries site focusing on a science program about reptile genetics . The site depicts Doctor Connors search for interns who could begin applying on May 14 . Completing the application and supplying the keyword `` Mutagen '' unveiled a Lizard featurette . The Oscorp Industries website contained puzzles that revealed two in - game documents , two video updates featuring Connors and a following cipher that as of July 2012 had yet to be cracked . From there images were then unscrambled , revealing a research project with spiders , a letter from Mary Parker to Richard Parker that exposed his workaholic habits and a Daily Bugle newspaper that contained notes about Oscorp . On May 30 , 2012 , the third ( and apparently final ) set of challenges in the Animal Dynamics Lab was launched with two new video updates of Doctor Connors , an image of Richard and Mary Parker , letters from Rajit Ratha to Doctor Connors , one from Doctor Connors to Richard Parker and another note to Richard from Mary . In June 1 , 2012 , a Carl 's Jr. in Glendale , California hosted the next viral campaign by decorating webs and declaring a crime scene due to Spider - Man 's apprehension of a serial car and motorcycle thief . It was announced via The Mark of the Spider - Man Twitter feed , and with the code word `` Web of Crime '' , a hidden message was discovered , entitled a `` Spider cipher '' . The code name `` adhere '' named another sub-site of the Mark of the Spider - Man campaign that revealed crime reports . Oliver Lyttleton of indieWire felt that viral ads such as the webbed menace website seemed a little forced and cribbed heavily from the example set by The Dark Knight with viral games . Silas Lesnick of SuperheroHype ! , on the other hand , described the film 's viral as `` one of the most comprehensive film virals to date '' . Philanthropy ( edit ) T - shirts depicting the film 's Spider - Man to help the cause for Stand Up to Cancer were available . Garfield wore the shirt , explaining that `` these shirts underscore the idea that anyone has the power to be a hero . Cancer is one of our greatest villains . I 'm proud to join others in standing up to this disease . '' Ziskin 's death from cancer was used as inspiration for the cause . Sony created a website for the cause . Columbia Pictures teamed up with New York City cultural institutions to create `` Spider - Man week '' by helping out in the community . Home Media ( edit ) The Amazing Spider - Man was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and digital download on November 9 , 2012 in North America . These releases contain a ninety - minute behind - the - scenes documentary for the film along with UltraViolet download . Other special features include `` Rite of Passage : The Amazing Spider - Man reborn '' and `` The Oscorp Archives - Production Art Gallery '' . The discs also contain audio commentary from Marc Webb , Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach . The deleted scenes included relationship - building between Peter and Connors which Joey Esposito of IGN thought gives the Lizard a sense of sympathy that is lacking in the final film . The Blu - ray / DVD combo pack contains three disks and also contains a second screen app for the iPad . Sony also included a limited edition gift set on November 9 , 2012 containing four disks with the special editions along with figurines of Spider - Man and the Lizard from the film . While released , the film was reported as dominating the sales chart on its first release until the end of November 11 , 2012 while its rental chart had The Amazing Spider - Man at number two behind Prometheus . It then became number one in rental and dropped to number two in sales chart after its second week . FX has acquired the TV commercial rights to the film to air in late 2014 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Amazing Spider - Man earned $262 million in North America and $495.9 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $757.9 million . It is the 75th highest - grossing film , the seventh highest grossing film of 2012 , the 19th highest - grossing superhero film , the fourth grossing Spider - Man film , the sixth highest grossing film distributed by Sony / Columbia and the highest grossing reboot of all time worldwide . In North America , the film earned $7.5 million during its midnight run at 3,150 locations , including $1.2 million from 300 IMAX venues . On its opening day , a pre-holiday Tuesday , it set a Tuesday - gross record with $35 million ( previously held by Transformers ) . The next day , the film dropped 33.4 percent to $23.3 million -- the second highest non-opening Wednesday . Over the three - day weekend , it grossed $62.0 million . This pushed the film 's six - day gross to $137.0 million , which was smaller than those of Transformers ( $155.41 million ) and Spider - Man 2 ( $180.07 million ) among past Fourth of July releases . Although the film did not match its predecessors , Sony Pictures stated , `` In the world of re-launched franchises , this is a spectacular success by any measure '' . For example , both Batman Begins ( $79.5 million ) and X-Men : First Class ( $69.9 million ) ( both were non 3D - movies ) opened significantly below The Amazing Spider - Man . It remained at the number 1 spot for ten consecutive days , until the opening day of Ice Age : Continental Drift . Outside North America , The Amazing Spider - Man grossed $51.1 million on its five - day opening weekend ( June 27 -- July 1 , 2012 ) from 13 markets , with strong openings in many Asian countries . In India , it earned $6.0 million , a record opening for a Hollywood film . Its final box office collection in India was $20 million making it the eightth highest grossing Hollywood film in India of all time . Kercy Daruwala of Sony Pictures in India felt very confident that the presence of famed Indian actor Irrfan Khan would enhance attendance . Opening in an additional 61 markets , the film made $127.5 million over its second weekend . The movie ranked number one in over 30 countries . In Indonesia , it broke the opening - weekend record with $4.5 million while , in the UK , it opened to £ 11.1 million ( $18.1 million ) which is about equal with Spider - Man 3 ( £ 11.8 million ) . In its last market , China , The Amazing Spider - Man grossed $33.3 million over its seven - day debut , which is more than Spider - Man 3 's lifetime box office in China . China is also the movie 's highest - grossing territory with $48.8 million . Critical response ( edit ) The Amazing Spider - Man was the last Marvel Comics - based film that Roger Ebert ever reviewed before he died . He regarded it as `` probably the second best '' within the Spider - Man film franchise ( after Spider - Man 2 ) . The Amazing Spider - Man received generally favorable reviews by critics upon release with critics praising the performance of Andrew Garfield . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 72 % based on 307 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A well - chosen cast and sure - handed direction allows The Amazing Spider - Man to thrill despite revisiting many of the same plot points from 2002 's Spider - Man . '' On Metacritic , the film has an average score of 66 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . According to Rotten Tomatoes ' yearly lists ( by using a weighted formula of the critics review in the site ) , it was placed number 32 on its list of the all - time best comic book films in 2012 and had fallen to 36th in 2013 . CinemaScore 's audience graded it an `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter felt that the film was satisfying , explaining that Webb directed with emotional and comedic touches and provided a darker depiction and a stronger romance than the original . Boyd Van Hoeija of Variety described the film as a `` mostly slick , entertaining and emotionally involving recombination of fresh and familiar elements '' . A columnist of The Village Voice , Chris Pakham felt that the film was faithful to the comics and that `` Garfield 's spindly physicality evokes the Marvel illustrations of the 1960s . '' Conversely , Lou Lemenick of the New York Post wrote that the film was dull and uninspiring and felt that it did not compare to Batman Begins and was `` a pointless rehash in the mode of Superman Returns . '' New Yorker critic Anthony Lane described the film as `` running out of nimbleness and fun , and the promise contained in its title seems ever more tendentious . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called the film `` memorable in pieces but not as a whole '' and said that its best element is the relationship between Peter and Gwen , while the Lizard `` is not quite an opponent for the ages . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A - describing the film as `` a friskier , sweeter - natured variation '' when compared to Raimi 's work . She explained that the most `` amazing '' element was not the `` blockbuster wow ! '' but instead the `` intimate awww . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today explained that `` as a new chapter in the superpowered arachnid saga , it stands on its own quite nicely , focusing more on human emotions than on a panoply of special effects . '' She said `` where Tobey Maguire in the original Spider - Man trilogy was earnest , Garfield 's Spider - Man is whip - smart and likably cheeky , with an undercurrent of teenage angst . '' She also called the film `` as much a coming - of - age story as a crime - fighting action saga . '' Christy Lemire of the Associated Press described Garfield 's Spider - Man as an arrogant and misunderstood outsider , giving the film a `` restless , reckless energy and a welcome sense of danger . '' She also concluded that Webb was a different sort of director , saying that while Webb 's big set pieces lacked Raimi 's imagination , they conveyed `` emotional truth '' and `` a pervasive sense of humanity '' . However , Ty Burr of The Boston Globe felt that the film lacked the original 's pop grace and the pulpy joy , saying the film was `` dumbed down , tarted up '' and `` almost shockingly uninspired '' . Burr evaluated it as `` the worst superhero film since Green Lantern '' . Colin Covert of the Star Tribune also felt that The Amazing Spider - Man is weaker than its predecessor and described it as `` The Notebook in spandex '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times felt that the reboot provided better reasons for why Peter Parker adopts his superhero role , even if the origin story did n't need to be told once again . He also remarked that it was `` probably the second best '' of the four Spider - Man films after Spider - Man 2 , explaining that Lizard was lackluster compared to that film 's villain , Doctor Octopus , and had the dramatic range of Godzilla . Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal , pointed out that `` the truly amazing thing is that most of what happens to Peter Parker in the first half of the film has already happened in previous chapters of the Spidey saga '' , that `` what 's old is old again . '' However , Randy Myers from the San Jose Mercury News found it `` the best Spidey yet '' , describing it as `` strong , bold and well - acted . '' He felt that a viewer could n't help but feel déjà vu , but that the work shows greater `` dimension '' . Dana Stevens at Slate magazine believed that the film was an `` absolutely unnecessary '' retelling of the origin story , although it avoided `` the common comic - book adaptation trap of gloomy self - seriousness '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also opined that the `` unnecessary '' reboot pulled stellar performances from Garfield and Stone and touches the heart . Andrew Garfield received good notices for his performance . Bob Mondello of NPR said , `` Here comes another Spider - dude : This Andrew Garfield guy . So he 'd better be really something , right ? Well , as it happens , he is . '' Tom Charity of CNN found Garfield 's `` combination of fresh - faced innocence , nervous agitation and wry humor ... immediately appealing . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Movieline said she `` had no specific desire to see the series resuscitated . But watching Garfield and Stone made me think doing so was n't such a bad idea '' . Mary F. Pols of Time said that even though the story was familiar Garfield and Webb made it feel `` convincingly fresh and exciting . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Category Recipients and nominees Result Annie Awards Best Animated Effects in a Live Action Production Stephen Marshall , Joseph Pepper , Dustin Wicke Nominated Best Character Animation in a Live Action Production Mike Beaulieu , Roger Vizard , Atushi Sato , Jackie Koehler , Derek Esparza , Richard Smith , Max Tyrie Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Motion / Title Graphics `` Domestic Trailer 2 '' Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie : Action Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Rhys Ifans Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Andrew Garfield Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Emma Stone Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Action Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Franchise Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Emma Stone Nominated Favorite Movie Superhero Andrew Garfield as Spider - Man Nominated Favorite On - Screen Chemistry Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone Nominated Favorite Face of Heroism Emma Stone Nominated Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Nominated Themes and analysis ( edit ) `` I have tried to capture how Peter copes with the feelings of being an underdog , his confusions and his self - doubt . This , I hope , has brought , a certain empathy and sensitivity to his character that explains how it helps him become the hero that he eventually turns out to be . '' -- Andrew Garfield Webb described the film as `` a story about a kid who grows up looking for his father and finds himself . '' Both Webb and star Garfield described Parker as an outsider by choice , someone hard to get close to . As in the early comic books , the character `` is a science whiz . If you look back to the early Stan Lee and Steve Ditko comics , he 's a nerd with big glasses , '' said Webb . He explained `` the idea of what a nerd is has changed in 40 or 50 years . Nerds are running the world . Andrew Garfield made a movie ( called The Social Network ) about it ... What was important in those early comics was this notion that Peter Parker is an outsider and how we define that in a contemporary context . '' Garfield compared his Spider - Man façade as a metaphor for internet anonymity , saying , `` You feel the power of it , the power of not being seen , the power of the mask . Peter becomes witty when he 's got that protective layer . It 's like he 's on a message board . He 's got the anonymity of the Internet within that suit , and he can say whatever the @ # ! * % he likes , and he can get away with anything . '' Garfield tried to explore Parker as an orphan , whom he feels `` are the strongest human beings on the planet . '' He said Parker is `` a human hero ( who ) goes through all of the same struggles that we all have gone through , especially the skinny ones ( who ) want more power than they feel they have . '' He believes Parker represents `` a very inspiring , aspirational character that symbolizes goodness -- and how difficult it is to be good -- but how worth it it is . '' Rhys Ifans compared this film to William Shakespeare 's Hamlet on the grounds that Spider - Man can be redone over and over in different ways . He felt that they are similar in that they both represent meaningful archetypal young men grappling with the loss of their father . Critics like Claudia Puig of USA Today felt that Garfield 's character as the superhero `` embodies the nerdy Parker , the anguished fatherless teen and the cocky super-hero in equal doses '' . Boyd Hoij of Variety noted that Garfield 's character as Spider - Man makes an interesting hero in the film because of how it establishes early on that Peter 's growing pains along with his search for an identity are common to any teenager and that `` his struggles involve real people -- and real lives . '' Stone described her character as `` a daddy 's girl '' who is very responsible and protective of her family and loves science . She said of her character , `` she offers Parker a world of stability , of a family unit not marred with parental loss and , beyond physical allure , the two forge an intellectual connection over their shared love of science . '' Her character , she explained , `` is stuck between ( her father ) the Captain and Peter Parker and Spider - Man , who have different ways about going about finding justice in their lives '' which she felt was a fun thing to explore . Dana Stevens of Slate described her character `` as the stuff of a comic nerd 's dreams : a sweet , smart , wisecracking dame in demure sweaters , miniskirts , thigh - high stockings and boots . '' Webb felt that the Lizard was the best villain because , `` He 's the literal embodiment of the theme of the movie , which is we all have a missing piece . He has no arm . Peter has no parents , and he fills that void with Spider - Man . '' Producer Avi Arad felt likewise , explaining , `` ( Y ) ou look at Peter , he misses the parents , ( and ) Connors has one arm ... ( E ) motionally , ( it ) is a very similar problem . It is a cautionary tale . '' Webb said that the Lizard `` is not the worst villain on the planet . He 's not a mustache - twirling guy who wants to terrorize people . He believes he 's doing the right thing . '' Actor Rhys Ifans described his character as a flawed character comparable to Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . `` Curt Connors is by no means an evil villain , '' Ifans stated . `` He 's not like the Batman villains , like the Joker , who are the embodiment of evil . Curtis Connors is a great man who makes a bad decision ... ( T ) hat 's the whole magic of the Spider - Man idea . These people are the embodiment of our flaws and our desires that lead to tragedy . '' Ifans described Connors as a force for good throughout his life : `` He 's a geneticist who wants to help people , like him , who are limbless . In his eagerness to advance that science , he makes a mistake and that 's an occurrence we 've seen throughout time , sometimes to our benefit , sometimes to our detriment . '' `` ... He is a broken man who wants to fix himself . '' Ifans added , `` I 'm not portraying a villain in any sense . Connors does feel cheated by God , and he 's looking for answers in science . God seems to intervene . '' Webb said that Oscorp Tower is pivotal as a part of a new mythology of the film . He liked that Parker was connected to the building in some way and to think of it as `` a Tower of Babel in the middle of Manhattan that has something dark and seedy going on in there . '' The critic Roger Ebert described the place as a `` typical comic - book mega-corporation with a madman at the top . '' Legacy ( edit ) The comic - book website Newsarama placed The Amazing Spider - Man on its top 10 list of comic - book films . Mark Hughes of Forbes ranked the film as the seventh greatest comic book superhero film being the highest Spider - Man film in the list while Jacob Hall of ScreenCrush ranked the film as 13th greatest modern Marvel film being the lowest Spider - Man film in the list . A scientist from Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center referenced the film to news organizations in explaining how scientists from the medical center are working on a long - term project involving spider silks and potential human regeneration along with deciphering fact and fiction from the film . Other Media ( edit ) Main articles : The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 video game ) and The Amazing Spider - Man ( soundtrack ) A video game of the same name developed by Beenox was announced at the 2011 New York Comic Con . They were the development team behind the previous two Spider - Man games , Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions and Spider - Man : Edge of Time . The game was released on June 26 , 2012 , in Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , personal computer , Nintendo Wii , Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS . Dee Brown of Beenox noted , `` The fact that our game is based on the movie , and the movie is re-approaching the universe in a completely different way -- a more grounded , more realistic approach -- gives us an incredible setting to play with '' . The game takes place after the events of the film . Sony and Gameloft teamed up again to create an official mobile game for the film . Sky Betting and Gaming 's online casino website Sky Vegas created a related casino game . The comic was released in June , named Amazing Spider - Man : The Movie # 1 -- 2 , written by Tom Cohen and illustrated by Neil Edwards . A trade paperback was published collecting the two - parter a week before the film 's release , entitled Amazing Spider - Man : The Movie Prelude , which also included The Amazing Spider - Man issues # 75 -- 77 . The soundtrack album of the film was released the same day as the film , under the Sony Classical banner . Sequels and reboot ( edit ) See also : Spider - Man in film § Marc Webb series The Amazing Spider - Man was originally reported as being the first of at least three planned sequels to the original trilogy . The second sequel , The Amazing Spider - Man 2 was released on May 2 , 2014 . On June 17 , 2013 Sony announced two more sequels to follow The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , which were scheduled to release on June 10 , 2016 and May 4 , 2018 , respectively . However , in July 2014 , the third film was delayed to an unspecified date in 2018 . In November 2013 , Sony Pictures Entertainment chief Michael Lynton told analysts , `` We do very much have the ambition about creating a bigger universe around Spider - Man . There are a number of scripts in the works '' . A Venom spinoff had been in early stages of planning at the studio since 2008 . In December 2013 , Sony announced plans for spinoffs featuring the supervillains Sinister Six and Venom . In February 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that Spider - Man would appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , with the character first appearing in 2016 's Captain America : Civil War . Sony released Spider - Man : Homecoming , which was produced by Feige and Pascal , on July 7 , 2017 , and will continue to finance , distribute , own and have final creative control of the Spider - Man films . Marvel Studios will also explore opportunities to integrate other characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe into future Spider - Man films . Notes ( edit ) ^ The official cost of The Amazing Spider - Man is unknown ; however , various estimates put its cost at $200 million , $215 million , $220 million , and $230 million . one of the top forty most expensive films of all time both adjusting for inflation and not by inflation but still second last in place compared to the Spider - Man films preceding it . ^ Ifans said of the scene , `` Connors is sent to an asylum , a high - security asylum ... ( a ) nd he 's visited by , shall we say , a representative from Oscorp . How he gets into that cell and how he leaves that cell without the guards knowing ? We have yet to find out . '' The unnamed character , played by Michael Massee , is credited as `` Man in the shadows '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mintzer , Jordan ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website '' . Columbia Pictures . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` Official Website for The Amazing Spider - Man Provides New Wallpapers and Character Bios '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Cover : ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' -- plus , our annual Comic - Con preview ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . I related to Peter Parker ( Spidey 's alter ego ) so much because I felt like someone else inside . I loved the comic books and the animated TV series and I even dressed up as Spider - Man as a kid . Jump up ^ Rick , Katey ( September 11 , 2010 ) . `` Interview : Andrew Garfield Says Playing Spider - Man Is Every Skinny Boy 's Dream '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . I 'm going to approach it like I approach any other role . I 'm just going to work as much as I can , because it 's been such an important symbol to me since I was four years old . ^ Jump up to : `` This Week 's Cover : ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' heads up your Summer Must List '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rollings , Grant ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Andrew Garfield : Playing Spider - Man is a dream '' . The Sun . UK . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Andrew Garfield '' . V. March 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cina , Mark ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` BAFTA Rising Star Andrew Garfield : ' I Hope I Never Blow Up ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Jeff ( August 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' star Andrew Garfield on fame : ' It terrifies me ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andrew Garfield , Disappearing Into Spidey 's Suit '' . NPR . June 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . If you 're gon na do it and treat it real -- if my DNA is being mixed with that of an actual spider , then why not actually bring in the physicality of a spider ? The lightness , the stillness , the patience and how that changes a 17 - year - old boy . That 's a fun thing to play with , as well . Jump up ^ Villemarin , Jenalyn ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man 's Andrew Garfield Shows Off Bulging Biceps '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Garfield expounds on Spider - Man production '' . Crave Online . December 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terry ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man debuts three new clips , plus Andrew Garfield speaks out '' . IFC ( U.S. TV channel ) . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . It 's made of something that 's designed to make you irritated . I do n't know what the exact name is , but that 's the description on the ( label ) . Jump up ^ Schutte , Lauren ( January 19 , 2012 ) . - 283405 `` New ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Details Revealed : The Kiss , Stunts And What to Expect From the Reboot '' Check archiveurl = value ( help ) . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Rhys Ifans Talks Wearing A Green CGI Suit And Cardboard Head On The Amazing Spider - Man Set '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terry ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Villain Debuts His Lizard Voice '' . MTV . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Confirmed ! Emma Stone to Play Gwen Stacy in Spider - Man ! '' . CraveOnline . October 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herbst , Kendall ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Emma Stone goes blonde for Spiderman '' . InStyle . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Erik ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Star Emma Stone On Going Blonde , Science Class , And Becoming Gwen Stacy '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Spidey 's Other Woman '' . The Vancouver Sun . January 3 , 2012 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Huver , Scott ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` '' Spider - Man '' Director and Star Talk Up `` Amazing '' New Film `` . NBC Chicago . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emma Stone on the Amazing Spider - Man '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who are Peter and Gwen ? '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Skinner , Craig ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Martin Sheen Interview -- Argo , Spider - man Spoilers and Brando Impressions '' . UK : Hey u guys . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Sally Field in Talks for Spider - Man Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean ( December 27 , 2010 ) . `` Weekly Ketchup : Fresh Developments from 2010 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Butler , Karen ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Field proud to star in Ziskin 's first and last films '' . United Press International . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irrfan has a commanding presence : Spider - Man director Marc Webb '' . CNN - IBN / Press Trust of India . June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Off the Couch , Into the Multiplexes : Irrfan Khan on His New Big - Screen Roles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irrfan Khan turns baddie for ' Thank you ' '' . NDTV . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Desi '' . The Indian Express . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orange , Alan ( November 20 , 2010 ) . `` Chris Zylka Is Eugene Flash Thompson in Spider - Man '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Zylka Talks Shark Night 3D and The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Spider - Man Gets a Set of Parents and Another Villain '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amazing Spider - Man Richard and Mary Parker Photo '' . Movieweb.com . February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Angell , Sarah ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` The Meet & Greet : Hannah Marks Talks Kristen Stewart & Crushing on Spider - Man '' . Celebuzz . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Americ , Ngwije ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Pair of Kings ' Kelsey Chow Talks Fight Scenes , Spider - Man and True Blood '' . TV Equals . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Spotlight on J.K. Simmons '' . Crave Online . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick . `` Stan Lee reveals his cameo '' . MTV . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` The ' Amazing Spider - Man ' credits sequence : So ... who was that ? '' . Entertainment Weekly ( spoiler ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' End Credits Scene : Director Marc Webb Explains '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . 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Archived from the original on August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Includes separate full text of Columbia / Marvel Studios press release . Jump up ^ Collider video , 3 : 42 Jump up ^ Collider video , 5 : 48 ^ Jump up to : `` 8 Things We Learned About ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' from Our Exclusive Interview with Screenwriter Steve Kloves '' . Collider.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Bridesmaids Director Paul Feig Wrote Some of The Amazing Spider - Man '' . New York . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Spider - Man ' director Marc Webb feels a ' responsibility to reinvent ' the hero '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Untitled Columbia Pictures / Marvel Studios press release via Deadline.com ( January 19 , 2010 ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Director Marc Webb talks ' The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Total Film . September 1 , 2011 . 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Andrew Garfield to Play Spider - Man ! '' . CraveOnline . July 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Matt ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' director Marc Webb reveals how Andrew Garfield won the role '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Casting Young Actors for Spider - Man ? '' . CraveOnline . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Exclusive Interview w / The Amazing Spider - Man 's Marc Webb '' . G4. April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' female leads : they 're getting closer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Martin Sheen & Sally Field in Talks to Raise ' Spider - Man ' '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Will one of these women be Spider - Man 's love interest ? ( exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ; Stewart , Andrew ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Emma Stone tangled in Sony 's web '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee 's Dianna Agron , Georgina Haig Tangled In Spidey Love Interest Web '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rhys Ifans to Play the Spider - Man Villain ! '' . CraveOnline . October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Sony 's New ' Spider - Man ' Villain Is ... The Lizard ! '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Website Is Crawling With Plot Details '' . TheWrap.com . December 25 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Son of Dr. Curt Connors Cast in Spider - Man '' . Crave Online . December 10 , 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Beocher , Jeff ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' director : Why the web - shooters are back '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Reboot Officially Titled The Amazing Spider - Man , Full Costume Revealed '' . CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Winning , Josh ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Spidey reboot officially titled ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' '' . Total Film . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Jeff ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' : Andrew Garfield is ' glad that people like the suit ' -- but do they ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Spider - man Reboot Titled ' The amazing Spider - man ' ; New Image Released ( Updated ) '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gilchrist , Tod ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` WonderCon 2012 : Emma Stone and Marc Webb Spill ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Secrets '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielson Company . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man 's Lizard revealed in concept art '' . Total Film . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moore , Ben ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` First Look at The Lizard in The Amazing Spider - Man ... as a Pez Dispenser ! '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazing Spider - Man ' : Lizard Concept Art Revealed ? '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` See the Lizard From The Amazing Spider - Man incarnated as a Pez Dispenser '' . / Film . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sluis , Sarah ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` Spider - Man redux : Marc Webb spins new image for comics icon in Sony reboot '' . Film Journal International . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man and Men in Black III Start Dates '' . CraveOnline . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spider - Man Starts Shooting Using Epic Digital Cameras '' . CraveOnline . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Updated information for ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' filming in Manhattan this weekend ! '' . OnLocationVacations. April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Verrier , Richard ( December 21 , 2010 ) . `` Spider - Man and Cameron Crowe movies give L.A. production a jolt '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pesce , Nicole Lyn ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' brings the Big Apple to the big screen : From Broadway to Brooklyn '' . Daily News . New York City . pp. 40 -- 41 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Director Marc Webb On The Amazing Spider - Man '' . G4 ( U.S. TV channel ) G4. April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man Swings Into IMax ( blog ) , IMAX Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Spider - Man Reboot Wrapping Up Filming ... Finally '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bord , Christine . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Filming Locations in New York City for November 17 & 18 , 2011 '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ December 3 , 2011 . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Wire Work Reshoot Photos with Andrew Garfield '' . Movie Web . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodsell , Luke ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Five Favorite Films with Stuntman Vic Armstrong '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fury , Mike ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` A Warrior 's Return : An Exclusive Interview with Richard Norton '' . MikeFury.net . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Cited article introduction links to PDF of article at the Wayback Machine ( archived September 7 , 2012 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kendrick , Ben . `` Marc Webb on The Amazing Spider - Man 3D & First Person Shots '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pesce , Nicole Lyn ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' stunt coordinator reveals how the film got Andrew Garfield into the swing of things '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brunner , Rob ( July 4 , 2012 ) . `` How the ' Amazing Spider - Man ' team made Spidey 's swing look so real '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Web - Slinging Stunts Explained '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Behind - the - Scenes Photos From The Amazing Spider - Man '' . CraveOnline . May 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Mike ( November 20 , 2011 ) . `` Too many daredevil stunts Andrew ? Garfield spotted with a tissue up his nose after filming Spider - Man scenes '' . Daily Mail . UK : Daily Mail . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Video interview at `` Producers Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach Talk ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' , Rebooting the Franchise , Practical Effects and More '' . Collider.com . May 30 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Accompanying text only June 7 , 2012 . English - language video originally at `` O Espetacular Homem - Aranha KingCon Rio - parte 1 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universo Online . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` How 3ality Made Amazing Spider - Man 's 3D Not Suck '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Marc Webb on Hulu 's `` Battleground '' And Making ' Spider - Man ' In 3D `` . CraveOnline . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' to Use Pioneering 3D Technology '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Neilson Company . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chavez , Kellvin . `` Marc Webb dishes out ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' tidbits '' . LatinoReview . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man , Dracula , the Wizard of Oz and the Men in Black get digital polish in Vancouver '' . The Province . Postmedia Network . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amazing Spider - Man playlist '' . Sony Pictures Imageworks ( YouTube page ) . July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Marc Webb Briefly Chats ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Trailer & The Lizard '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clemmensen , Christian ( 14 July 2012 ) . `` Filmtracks : The Amazing Spider - Man : '' . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wondercon 2012 -- Full Schedule Announced '' . February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( March 17 , 2012 ) . `` Director Marc Webb Talks ' The amazing Spider - man ' ; Reveals Running Time , an Awesome Donald Glover Easter Egg , and More '' . Collider . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Duh : Andrew Garfield Wants To Return For ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Sequel Plus Even More Pics & Clips '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man worldwide release dates '' . Columbia Pictures . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spider - Man Swings Into Theaters in 3D '' ( Press release ) . Sony Pictures Entertainment . February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man to release in India before US '' . Hindustan Times . May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man moves up Philippine playdate to June 29 '' . GMA New Media . May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Chris ; Lies , Elaine ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Spider - Man Swings into Tokyo for `` Amazing '' Premiere `` . Yahoo ! News . Reuters . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Film ratings : Amazing Spider - Man , The '' . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricken , Rob ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Lizard and Spidey in PEZ Dispenser Form '' . Crave Online . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` New Amazing Spider - Man Toys Give Us Another Hint At What The Lizard Will Look Like '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` '' The Amazing Spider - Man '' toys spoil the film 's plot elements `` . IFC ( U.S. TV channel ) . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Select Toys offers behind - the - scenes look at `` Amazing Spider - Man '' Marvel Select Figures `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` First ' Amazing Spider - Man ' figure swings into Comic - Con '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` Superhero Bits : The Avengers , Dark Knight Rises , Amazing Spider - Man , X-Men '' . / Film . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goellner , Caleb ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Movie Minimates Line Includes Doomed Uncle and Sweet Skateboard '' . Comics Alliance . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goellner , Caleb ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Figures Coming From Hot Toys , Medicom and Kaiyodo '' . ComicsAlliance . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barber , Jessika . `` OPI The Amazing Spider - Man collection - Swatches and Review '' . Polishinsominac.net . Jump up ^ Corder , Brian ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Gets A New Promo '' . Shockya . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carl 's Jr. , Hardee 's Team up with Sony Pictures for Highly Anticipated Summer Release of The Amazing Spider - Man '' ( Press release ) . CKE Restaurants . March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Grilled Cheese Bacon Burger Swings into Carl 's Jr. and Hardee 's '' ( Press release ) . CKE Restaurants . March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man eats free at Carl 'S Jr. and Hardee 's on Fourth of July '' . CKE Restaurants . June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Cola aims for a big fizz '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Cola Launches its New Avatar , Announces its Association with The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Washington Bangla Radio on Internet . June 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amos , Joel ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Three Clips from The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Moviefanatic.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man Swings Into 3D Virtual Action As Sony Pictures Launches Augmented Reality Application '' ( Press release ) . Sony Pictures Entertainment . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twizzlers Celebrates Release of The Amazing Spider - Man With A Twisty Web of Amazing Prizes '' ( Press release ) . Hershey . May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures to Release The Amazing Spider - Man in D - Box MFX in Select Theatres '' ( Press release ) . D - Box Technologies . June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's Spider - Man Inhabits a World Without Apple '' . Business Week . July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordaun ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man trailer '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Official The Amazing Spider - Man trailer is here '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How Blatantly Does the New Spider - Man Trailer Rip Off Mirror 's Edge ? '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall , Peter ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man and Mirror 's Edge -- Just How Similar Are They ? '' . Movies.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Nathan ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Side by side video comparison between the new Amazing Spider - Man trailer and Mirror 's Edge '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sony to Sneak Peek the Untold Story of The Amazing Spider - Man ! '' . CraveOnline . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam . `` Why is the ' Amazing Spider - Man ' logo appearing on iconic buildings across the globe ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` Sony Will Sneak Peek Parts of ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' in Select Cities on February 6 '' . / Film . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levy , Glen ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Today 's Movie Trailer : The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Time . Time Inc. / Time Warner . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' : On the scene for the eye - popping nine - minute global sneak peek ( part 3 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mantz , Scott ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Trailer Review '' . MovieMantz . Access Hollywood . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter . `` Eight Minutes of ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Previewed , Trailer Coming Midnight Tonight '' . / Film . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Tod ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Marc Webb on ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Trailer Reactions , The Lizard and How His Take Differs From Sam Raimi 's '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt . `` New Trailer for ' The amazing Spider - man ' Begins the Viral Campaign '' . Collider . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : White , James ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Latest Amazing Spider - Man Trailer Online '' . Empire . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shaefer , Sandy ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Trailer # 3 Teases A Stylish , Dark , ' Untold Story ' '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` The Lizard makes an ' Amazing Spider - Man ' trailer appearance '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . 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Thomas Howell 's Son From Bridge Fall ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kill , Jill ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' extended trailer : A fangirl review '' . New Jersey : The Star - Ledger . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Watercutter , Angela ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` See Spidey Save a Bridge in New Amazing Spider - Man Preview '' . Wired . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Extended Preview Spins an Action - Packed Web '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , David ' Dave ' ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' The amazing Spider - man ' Six - Minute Preview at Midnight Showings of ' Men in black ' 3D in IMax '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Six Minutes of `` The Amazing Spider - Man '' To Run Before `` Men In Black 3 '' In IMax ® 3D and Select Theaters `` . Market Watch . May 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brad ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Exclusive 6 - Minute 3D Preview Reactions '' . What Culture . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Viral Hunt Begins ! '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Spider - Man Viral Kicks Off with Peter Parker 's Backpack Clue Pickup '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` Mark of the Spider - Man Viral Continues with Local Operative Drops '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' ARG paints the town red '' . Los Angeles Times . February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wales , George ( February 20 , 2012 ) . `` New clip from The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Total Film . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` We 've Cracked The Amazing Spider - Man 's Viral Message ! '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Outlaw , Kofi ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` New ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Viral Images & Video : How to build a Web - Shooter . '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man Viral Reveals New Images and Video '' . CraveOnline. April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Viral Reveals Webshooter Images and Video '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Launches Webbed Menace Viral Campaign ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex . `` ' Spider - Man ' Viral Arrives at WonderCon with Webbed Menace Poster '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Viral Teases Spidey 's Wrestling Outfit '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Wants You to Hunt the Lizard '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Viral Heads To Peter Parker 's High School '' . MTV . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Reveals Oscorp Industries Site '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Spider - Man Viral Brings You a Video Message From Oscorp Industries '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Featurette on The Lizard in The Amazing Spider - Man ! '' . CraveOnline . May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man promo video leads to new footage of The Lizard '' . IFC ( U.S. TV channel ) . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Rhys Ifans Featured in More Viral Spider - Man Videos '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Two More Viral Videos From The Amazing Spider - Man Revealed '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas . `` The Amazing Spider - Man Strikes Glendale '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyttleton , Oliver ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Watch : Denis Leary Talks To Daily Bugle TV In New ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Viral Video '' . indieWire . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First Look : Stand Up to Cancer 's Super ' Spider - Man ' Tees '' . People . Time Inc . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Be Amazing , Stand Up To Cancer ! '' Stand Up To Cancer And Columbia Pictures ' New Film `` The Amazing Spider - Man '' Collaborate On A Special Co-Branded T - Shirt Line '' ( Press release ) . Stand Up To Cancer . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Be Amazing , Stand Up And Volunteer : Celebrate `` The Amazing Spider - Man '' And The Hero In All of Us With A Nationwide Day of Volunteering Tuesday , June 26 '' ( Press release ) . Sony Pictures Entertainment . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man Comes Home for A Celebration With Spider - Man Week in NYC June 25 -- July 1 '' ( Press release ) . Sony Pictures Entertainment . June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Get The Amazing Spider - Man on Blu - ray & DVD Today '' . Marvel . November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Latchem , John ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Swings to Disc Nov. 9 '' . Home Media Magazine . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amazing Spider - Man Comes to DVD and Blu - ray on November 9 '' . ComingSoon.net . September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Esposito , Joey ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` THE SPIDER - MAN REBOOT GETS AN AMAZING BLU - RAY . '' . IGN . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marc Webb and the Visual Effects Team Talk THE AMAZING SPIDER - MAN on 3D Blu - ray and DVD '' . Collider . November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Dominates Home Entertainment Charts '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Brave ' debuts atop DVD sales chart ; ' Spider - Man ' is No. 1 rental '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FX Acquires Commercial TV Premiere Rights To ' Amazing Spider - Man ' , ' Savages ' '' . Deadline.com . July 9 , 2012 . 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Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garris , Daniel ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Six - Day Start of $137.0 Million for ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' '' . Box Office Magazine . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( July 8 , 2012 ) . `` # 1 ' Spider - Man ' Blazes $341.2 M July 4 Week ; Hits ' Ted ' , ' Brave ' , ' Magic Mike ' Still Hot ; New ' Savages ' Warm , ' Katy Perry ' Cold '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . ; 10th update . Jump up ^ Suber , Ray ( July 8 , 2012 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Spider - Man ' Swings High But Falls Short of Predecessors '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man ( daily box office results ) , Box office mojo Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Ice Age , ' ' Spider - Man ' Open Early Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' Tallies $50.2 Million Internationally , Sets New Record In India '' . Boxoffice . July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Nyay ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' to Release in India Ahead of US Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christopher , Rosen ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' In India : ' Amazing ' Comic Book Film Wo n't Debut In US First '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 8 , 2012 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Spidey ' Adds $127.5 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( July 8 , 2012 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' Spider - Man ' Third Best Opening of 2012 ; ' Ice Age 4 ' Melts to No. 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( September 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Dark Knight Rises ' Re-Emerges No. 1 Overseas With Strong China Push '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Country totals '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Ebert Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Comix Countdown '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Comics & Graphic Novels Vs . The Critics . '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Box office update : ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' earns a record - breaking $35 million on Tuesday '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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USA Today . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Review : Garfield a restless , reckless ' Spider - Man ' '' . The Boston Globe . Associated Press . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Spider - Man 's amazingly uninspired reboot '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Dumbed down , tarted up , and almost shockingly uninspired , it 's the worst superhero movie since ' Green Lantern . ' Jump up ^ `` ' Spider - Man ' has Petered out '' . Star Tribune . Minneapolis . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Spidey Senseless : Arachnid Retread Weaves Tangled Web '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Pols , Mary ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` The Amazing Spider - Man : An Unnecessary Yet Exhilarating Reboot '' . Time . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carolyn , Giardina ; Jordan , Zakarin ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Leads Annie Award Best Picture Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Golden Trailer Awards '' . Golden trailer . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2012 : ' Breaking Dawn , ' ' Snow White ' Lead Second Wave of Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` The People 's Choice Awards nominees are ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 39th Annual Saturn Awards '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards 2013 : The complete list of nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sethi , Atul ( January 29 , 2012 ) . `` Being Spiderman is a terrifying thing '' . The Times of India . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Garfield talks The Amazing Spider - Mans Peter Parker '' . Total Film . April 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Peter is an outsider. Because that 's what he has to do to protect himself . He was dropped once ; he does n't want to be dropped again . It 's difficult to get close to him . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man : The Look Of The Lizard '' . SFX. April 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' costar : Like ' Hamlet , ' hero ' begs us to revisit ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Star Emma Stone Was ' Floored ' By ' Amazing ' Story '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Webb explains why his Spider - Man is n't a remake '' . Moviehole.com . December 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ifans , Rhys ; Webb , Marc ( May 11 , 2012 ) . The Amazing Spider - Man : The Lizard featurette . Columbia Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Featurette Highlights The Lizard 's Southpaw Stance '' . MTV . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC : Exclusive interview with the new Lizard , Rhys Ifans ! '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spider - Man ' star : ' We 're reclaiming the poetry of the hero ' '' . Los Angeles Times . August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rhys Ifans on Playing a Sympathetic Villain in The Amazing Spider - Man '' . ReelzChannel . February 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Connel , Sean ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Director Tells Us Why it Is n't Too Soon to Reboot the Webcrawler '' . Movies.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Comic Book - Based Movies of All Time . '' . Newsarama. 26 June 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Huges , Mark ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` The New Top 20 Best Comic Book Superhero Films Of All Time - Revised Edition '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob . `` RANKING ALL THE MODERN MARVEL MOVIES # 15 -- # 6 '' . ScreenCrush . Townsquare Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Miracle , Maria ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man 's ' Lizard : Science Fiction or Science Fact ? '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giovinco , Joette ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Unraveling the secrets of spider silk '' . WTVT . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yoon , Andrew ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` Amazing Spider - Man video game coming 2012 , is open world '' . Shacknews . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Webb , Charles ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` The Rhino Crashes Into Activision 's Upcoming ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' '' . MTV . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew . `` ' The Amazing Spider - Man ' New Mechanics Detailed '' . Game Rant . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NYCC : Marvel Interactive '' . Comic Book Resources . October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lang , Derrik ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Spidey Foes to Rattle ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Game '' . San Francisco : ABC News . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Spider - Man Official Mobile Game to Release Alongside Upcoming Film '' . Gameloft . June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Win Cash Prizes with your Friendly Neighbourhood Spiderman at Sky Vegas '' ( Press release ) . Sky Vegas . June 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom Cohen ( w ) , Neil Edwards ( a ) . The Amazing Spider - Man : The Movie # 1 -- 2 ( June 2012 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man : The Movie Prelude . Marvel Comics . June 20 , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 6499 - 9 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beiramar , Emmanuel ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Les brèves Geeks du blog du 14 mai 2012 '' ( in French ) . French : Fantasy . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Talking with the Producers of The Amazing Spider - Man '' . Crave Online . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Warmer , Kara ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Sequel ' Holy Grail ' For Writing Duo '' . MTV . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sony Announces THE AMAZING SPIDER - MAN 3 and 4 for 2016 and 2018 '' . Collider . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://variety.com/2014/film/news/spider-man-spinoff-sinister-six-dated-for-nov-11-2016-amazing-spider-man-3-back-to-2018-1201267269/ Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Update : Sony Pictures Plans More Spider - Man Sequels And Spinoffs -- But Still No Marvel Reunion '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( March 2012 ) . `` ' Chronicle 's ' Josh Trank looks to spit some Venom '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pattern , Dominic ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sony Sets Spider - Man Spinoffs ' Venom , ' ' Sinister Six ' With New `` Franchise Brain Trust '' `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Entertainment Brings Marvel Studios Into The Amazing World Of Spider - Man '' . Marvel.com . February 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Release Date Pushed , ' Spider - Man ' Shifts Up '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Entertainment Brings Marvel Studios Into The Amazing World Of Spider - Man '' . Marvel . February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dodes , Rachel ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Spinning a Tangled Web -- Again '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grover , Ronald ; Richwine , Lisa ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Sony 's big summer bet starts strong with `` MIB 3 '' debut `` . Reuters . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Spider - Man campaign aims to snare femmes '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Horn , John ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Sony 's new ' Spider - Man ' poised for amazing opening '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Josh ( July 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Post-Credits Scene : What Just Happened ? '' . MTV . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Paur , Joey . Sam Raimi finally sees The Amazing Spider - Man Geek Tyrant . March 2013 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 film ) . 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Spanish–American War
Spanish -- American war - wikipedia Spanish -- American war Jump to : navigation , search Spanish -- American War Part of the Philippine Revolution and the Cuban War of Independence Explosion of the USS Maine Date April 21 , 1898 -- August 13 , 1898 ( 3 months , 3 weeks and 2 days ) Location Cuba and Puerto Rico ( Caribbean Sea ) Philippines and Guam ( Asia - Pacific ) Result American victory Treaty of Paris of 1898 Territorial changes Spain relinquishes sovereignty over Cuba , cedes Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippine Islands to the United States for $20 million Belligerents United States Cuban revolutionaries Filipino revolutionaries Spain Cuba Philippines Guam Puerto Rico Commanders and leaders William McKinley Nelson A. Miles Theodore Roosevelt William R. Shafter George Dewey William Sampson Wesley Merritt Joseph Wheeler Charles D. Sigsbee Máximo Gómez Demetrio Castillo Duany Emilio Aguinaldo Apolinario Mabini Antonio Luna Maria Christina Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Manuel Macías Ramón Blanco Antero Rubín Valeriano Weyler Basilio Augustín Fermín Jáudenes José Toral y Velázquez Diego de los Ríos Strength 72,339 troops ( total ) 53,000 rebels 40,000 rebels 206,000 troops ( Caribbean ) Unknown ( Philippines ) Casualties and losses American : 281 killed and 1,577 wounded ( Army ) 16 killed and 68 wounded ( Navy ) 2,061 dead from disease 11 prisoners 1 cargo ship sunk 1 cruiser damaged Spanish : 200 killed and 400 wounded ( Army ) 500 -- 600 killed and 300 -- 400 wounded ( Navy ) 15,000 dead from disease 40,000 + prisoners 6 small ships sunk 11 cruisers sunk 2 destroyers sunk The higher naval losses are attributed to the disastrous naval defeats inflicted on the Spanish at Manila Bay and Santiago de Cuba . Spanish -- American War Atlantic Ocean Theater Cuba Puerto Rico Pacific Ocean Theater The Philippines Guam Banana Wars Cuba First US Occupation ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Second US Occupation ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Campaign ( 1898 ) Honduras ( 1903 -- 1925 ) Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 1933 ) Granada Masaya Coyotepe Hill 1926 -- 1927 civil war La Paz Centro Ocotal San Fernando Santa Clara Telpaneca Sapotillal 1st Las Cruces 2nd Las Cruces Quilali El Bramadero La Flor Achuapa Agua Carta El Sauce Mexico ( 1914 ) Veracruz Haiti ( 1915 -- 1934 ) Fort Dipitie Fort Rivière 1st Port - au - Prince 2nd Port - au - Prince Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 1924 ) Santo Domingo Guayacanas San Francisco de Macoris Part of a series on the History of Cuba Governorate of Cuba ( 1511 -- 1519 ) Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( 1607 -- 1898 ) Cuban War of Independence Spanish -- American War Treaty of Paris US Military Government ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) Cuban Pacification ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Cuban Revolution ( 1953 -- 1959 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1959 -- ) Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Intervention in Angola Special Period Cuban Thaw Timeline Topical Military history Cuba portal The Spanish -- American War ( Spanish : Guerra hispano - americana or Guerra hispano - estadounidense ; Filipino : Digmaang Espanyol - Amerikano ) was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . American acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine -- American War . Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule . The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish -- American War . There had been war scares before , as in the Virginius Affair in 1883 , but in the late 1890s , U.S. public opinion was agitated by anti-Spanish propaganda led by newspaper publishers such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst which used yellow journalism to call for war . The business community across the United States had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains . It lobbied vigorously against going to war . The United States Navy armoured cruiser Maine had mysteriously sunk in Havana Harbor ; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid . President McKinley signed a joint Congressional resolution demanding Spanish withdrawal and authorizing the President to use military force to help Cuba gain independence on April 20 , 1898. . In response , Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21 . On the same day , the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba . On April 23 , Spain stated that it would declare war if the US forces invaded its territory . On April 25 , the U.S. Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21 , the day the blockade of Cuba had begun . The United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding that it surrender control of Cuba , but due to Spain not replying soon enough , the United States had assumed Spain had ignored the ultimatum and continued to occupy Cuba . The main issue was Cuban independence ; the ten - week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific . As the American agitators for war well knew , U.S. naval power proved decisive , allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already facing nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further wasted by yellow fever . American , Cuban , and Philippine forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and fierce fighting for positions such as San Juan Hill . Madrid sued for peace after two obsolete Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay and a third , more modern fleet was recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts . The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris , negotiated on terms favourable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippine islands . The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ( $575,760,000 today ) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain . The defeat and loss of the last remnants of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock to Spain 's national psyche and provoked a thorough philosophical and artistic revaluation of Spanish society known as the Generation of ' 98 . The United States gained several island possessions spanning the globe and a rancorous new debate over the wisdom of expansionism . It was one of only five US wars ( against a total of eleven sovereign states ) to have been formally declared by the U.S. Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 1.1 Spain 's attitude towards its colonies 1.2 American interest in the Caribbean 2 Path to war 2.1 Cuban struggle for independence 2.2 Spanish attitude 2.3 U.S. response 2.4 USS Maine . Dispatch to Havana and loss 2.5 Declaring war 2.6 Alternative historical interpretations 3 Pacific theater 3.1 Philippines 3.2 Guam 4 Caribbean Theater 4.1 Cuba 4.1. 1 Cuban sentiment 4.1. 2 Land campaign 4.1. 3 Naval operations 4.1. 4 U.S. withdrawal 4.2 Puerto Rico 5 Making peace 6 Aftermath 6.1 Postwar American investment in Puerto Rico 7 In film and television 8 Military decorations 8.1 United States 8.2 Other countries 9 See also 10 Notes 10.1 Footnotes 10.2 Source citations 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Media 13.2 Reference materials 13.3 Newspapers Historical background ( edit ) Spain 's attitude towards its colonies ( edit ) The combined problems arising from the Peninsular War ( 1807 -- 1814 ) , the loss of most of its colonies in the Americas in the early 19th - century Spanish American wars of independence , and three Carlist Wars ( 1832 -- 1876 ) effected a new interpretation of Spain 's remaining empire . Liberal Spanish elites like Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and Emilio Castelar offered new interpretations of the concept of `` empire '' to dovetail with Spain 's emerging nationalism . Cánovas made clear in an address to the University of Madrid in 1882 his view of the Spanish nation as based on shared cultural and linguistic elements -- on both sides of the Atlantic -- that tied Spain 's territories together . Cánovas saw Spanish imperialism as markedly different in its methods and purposes of colonization from those of rival empires like the British or French . Spaniards regarded the spreading of civilization and Christianity as Spain 's major objective and contribution to the New World . The concept of cultural unity bestowed special significance on Cuba , which had been Spanish for almost four hundred years , and was viewed as an integral part of the Spanish nation . The focus on preserving the empire would have negative consequences for Spain 's national pride in the aftermath of the Spanish -- American War . American interest in the Caribbean ( edit ) In 1823 , American fifth President James Monroe ( 1758 - 1831 , served 1817 - 1825 ) enunciated the Monroe Doctrine , which stated that the United States would not tolerate further efforts by European governments to retake , expand their colonial holdings in the Americas or to interfere with the newly independent states in the hemisphere ; at the same time , the doctrine stated that the U.S. would respect the status of the existing European colonies . Before the American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) , Southern interests attempted to have the United States purchase Cuba and convert it into a new slave territory . The Ostend Manifesto proposal of 1854 failed , and national attention shifted to the growing sectional conflict and threat of civil war . After the American Civil War and Cuba 's Ten Years ' War , U.S. businessmen began monopolizing the devalued sugar markets in Cuba . In 1894 , 90 % of Cuba 's total exports went to the United States , which also provided 40 % of Cuba 's imports . Cuba 's total exports to the U.S. were almost twelve times larger than the export to her mother country , Spain . U.S. business interests indicated that while Spain still held political authority over Cuba , economic authority in Cuba , acting - authority , was shifting to the U.S.A. The U.S. became interested in a trans - isthmus canal across Central America , either in Nicaragua , or in Panama , where the Panama Canal would later be built ( 1903 - 1914 ) , and realized the need for naval protection . Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was an especially influential theorist ; his ideas were much admired by future 26th President Theodore Roosevelt , as the U.S. rapidly built a powerful naval fleet of steel warships in the 1880s and 1890s . Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897 -- 1898 and was an aggressive supporter of a war with Spain over Cuba . Meanwhile , the `` Cuba Libre '' movement , led by Cuban intellectual José Martí , had established offices in Florida and New York to buy and smuggle weapons . It mounted a large propaganda campaign to generate sympathy that would lead to official pressure on Spain . Protestant churches and Democratic farmers were supportive , but business interests called on Washington to ignore them . Although Cuba attracted American attention , little note was made of the Philippines , Guam , or Puerto Rico . Historians note that there was little popular demand in the United States for an overseas colonial empire , though at this time the longtime colonial empires of the United Kingdom ( Great Britain ) with its British Empire `` on which the sun never set '' and France 's French Empire maintained theirs with some added growths and additions , now joined by the German Empire , Italian Empire and the Empire of Japan . These new and growing empires were dramatically expanding their overseas holdings during the late 19th century in unclaimed areas among native and indigenous peoples in the less developed continents of Africa , Asia and the Pacific . Path to war ( edit ) Cuban struggle for independence ( edit ) Main article : Cuban War of Independence The first serious bid for Cuban independence , the Ten Years ' War , erupted in 1868 and was subdued by the authorities a decade later . Neither the fighting nor the reforms in the Pact of Zanjón ( February 1878 ) quelled the desire of some revolutionaries for wider autonomy and ultimately independence . One such revolutionary , José Martí , continued to promote Cuban financial and political autonomy in exile . In early 1895 , after years of organizing , Martí launched a three - pronged invasion of the island . The plan called for one group from Santo Domingo led by Máximo Gómez , one group from Costa Rica led by Antonio Maceo Grajales , and another from the United States ( preemptively thwarted by U.S. officials in Florida ) to land in different places on the island and provoke an uprising . While their call for revolution , the grito de Baíre , was successful , the result was not the grand show of force Martí had expected . With a quick victory effectively lost , the revolutionaries settled in to fight a protracted guerrilla campaign . Antonio Cánovas del Castillo , the architect of Spain 's Restoration constitution and the prime minister at the time , ordered General Arsenio Martínez - Campos , a distinguished veteran of the war against the previous uprising in Cuba , to quell the revolt . Campos 's reluctance to accept his new assignment and his method of containing the revolt to the province of Oriente earned him criticism in the Spanish press . The mounting pressure forced Cánovas to replace General Campos with General Valeriano Weyler , a soldier who had experience in quelling rebellions in overseas provinces and the Spanish metropole . Weyler deprived the insurgency of weaponry , supplies , and assistance by ordering the residents of some Cuban districts to move to reconcentration areas near the military headquarters . This strategy was effective in slowing the spread of rebellion . In the United States , this fueled the fire of anti-Spanish propaganda . In a political speech President William McKinley used this to ram Spanish actions against armed rebels . He even said this `` was not civilized warfare '' but `` extermination '' . Spanish attitude ( edit ) A Spanish satirical drawing published in La Campana de Gràcia ( 1896 ) criticizing U.S. behavior regarding Cuba by Manuel Moliné . Upper text reads ( in old Catalan ) : `` Uncle Sam 's craving '' , and below : `` To keep the island so it wo n't get lost . '' An American cartoon published in Judge , Feb. 6 , 1897 : Columbia ( representing the American people ) reaches out to the oppressed Cuba ( the caption under the chained child reads `` Spain 's 16th Century methods '' ) while Uncle Sam ( representing the US government ) sits blindfolded , refusing to see the atrocities or use his guns to intervene ( cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton ) . The Spanish Government regarded Cuba as a province of Spain rather than a colony , and depended on it for prestige and trade , and as a training ground for the army . Prime minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo announced that `` the Spanish nation is disposed to sacrifice to the last peseta of its treasure and to the last drop of blood of the last Spaniard before consenting that anyone snatch from it even one piece of its territory . '' He had long dominated and stabilized Spanish politics . He was assassinated in 1897 by Italian anarchist Michele Angiolillo , leaving a Spanish political system that was not stable and could not risk a blow to its prestige . U.S. response ( edit ) Further information : Presidency of William McKinley The eruption of the Cuban revolt , Weyler 's measures , and the popular fury these events whipped up proved to be a boon to the newspaper industry in New York City , where Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World and William Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal recognized the potential for great headlines and stories that would sell copies . Both papers denounced Spain , but had little influence outside New York . American opinion generally saw Spain as a hopelessly backward power that was unable to deal fairly with Cuba . American Catholics were divided before the war began , but supported it enthusiastically once it started . The U.S. had important economic interests that were being harmed by the prolonged conflict and deepening uncertainty about the future of Cuba . Shipping firms that had relied heavily on trade with Cuba now suffered losses as the conflict continued unresolved . These firms pressed Congress and McKinley to seek an end to the revolt . Other American business concerns , specifically those who had invested in Cuban sugar , looked to the Spanish to restore order . Stability , not war , was the goal of both interests . How stability would be achieved would depend largely on the ability of Spain and the U.S. to work out their issues diplomatically . While tension increased among the Cubans and Spanish Government , popular support of intervention began to spring up in the United States , due to the emergence of the `` Cuba Libre '' movement and the fact that many Americans had drawn parallels between the American Revolution and the Cuban revolt , seeing the Spanish Government as the tyrannical colonial oppressor . Historian Louis Pérez notes that `` The proposition of war in behalf of Cuban independence took hold immediately and held on thereafter . Such was the sense of the public mood . '' At the time many poems and songs were written in the United States to express support of the `` Cuba Libre '' movement . At the same time , many African Americans , facing growing racial discrimination and increasing retardation of their civil rights , wanted to take part in the war because they saw it as a way to advance the cause of equality , service to country hopefully helping to gain political and public respect amongst the wider population . President McKinley , well aware of the political complexity surrounding the conflict , wanted to end the revolt peacefully . In accordance with this policy , McKinley began to negotiate with the Spanish government , hoping that the negotiations would be able to end the yellow journalism in the United States , and therefore , end the loudest calls to go to war with Spain . An attempt was made to negotiate a peace before McKinley took office , however , the Spanish refused to take part in the negotiations . In 1897 McKinley appointed Stewart L. Woodford as the new minister to Spain , who again offered to negotiate a peace . In October 1897 , the Spanish government still refused the United States offer to negotiate between the Spanish and the Cubans , but promised the U.S. it would give the Cubans more autonomy . However , with the election of a more liberal Spanish government in November , Spain began to change their policies in Cuba . First , the new Spanish government told the United States that it was willing to offer a change in the Reconcentration policies ( the main set of policies that was feeding yellow journalism in the United States ) if the Cuban rebels agreed to a cessation of hostilities . This time the rebels refused the terms in hopes that continued conflict would lead to U.S. intervention and the creation of an independent Cuba . The liberal Spanish government also recalled the Spanish Governor General Valeriano Weyler from Cuba . This action alarmed many Cubans loyal to Spain . The Cubans loyal to Weyler began planning large demonstrations to take place when the next Governor General , Ramon Blanco , arrived in Cuba . U.S. consul Fitzhugh Lee learned of these plans and sent a request to the U.S. State Department to send a U.S. warship to Cuba . This request lead to the U.S.S. Maine being sent to Cuba . While the Maine was docked in Havana , an explosion sank the ship . The sinking of the Maine was blamed on the Spanish and made the possibility of a negotiated peace very slim . Throughout the negotiation process , the major European powers , especially Britain , France , and Russia , generally supported the American position and urged Spain to give in . Spain repeatedly promised specific reforms that would pacify Cuba but failed to deliver ; American patience ran out . USS Maine . Dispatch to Havana and loss ( edit ) Main article : USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) The sunken USS Maine in Havana harbor McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana to ensure the safety of American citizens and interests , and to underscore the urgent need for reform . Naval forces were moved in position to attack simultaneously on several fronts if the war was not avoided . As Maine left Florida , a large part of the North Atlantic Squadron was moved to Key West and the Gulf of Mexico . Others were also moved just off the shore of Lisbon , and still others were moved to Hong Kong . At 9 : 40 on the evening of February 15 , 1898 , Maine sank in Havana Harbor after suffering a massive explosion . While McKinley urged patience and did not declare that Spain had caused the explosion , the deaths of 250 out of 355 sailors on board focused American attention . McKinley asked Congress to appropriate $50 million for defense , and Congress unanimously obliged . Most American leaders took the position that the cause of the explosion was unknown , but public attention was now riveted on the situation and Spain could not find a diplomatic solution to avoid war . Spain appealed to the European powers , most of whom advised it to accept U.S. conditions for Cuba in order to avoid war . Germany urged a united European stand against the United States but took no action . The U.S. Navy 's investigation , made public on March 28 , concluded that the ship 's powder magazines were ignited when an external explosion was set off under the ship 's hull . This report poured fuel on popular indignation in the U.S. , making the war inevitable . Spain 's investigation came to the opposite conclusion : the explosion originated within the ship . Other investigations in later years came to various contradictory conclusions , but had no bearing on the coming of the war . In 1974 , Admiral Hyman George Rickover had his staff look at the documents and decided there was an internal explosion . A study commissioned by National Geographic magazine in 1999 , using AME computer modelling , stated that the explosion could have been caused by a mine , but no definitive evidence was found . Declaring war ( edit ) Main article : Propaganda of the Spanish -- American War United States Army Colonel Charles A. Wikoff was the most senior U.S. military officer killed in the Spanish -- American War . After the Maine was destroyed , New York City newspaper publishers Hearst and Pulitzer decided that the Spanish were to blame , and they publicized this theory as fact in their papers . They both used sensationalistic and astonishing accounts of `` atrocities '' committed by the Spanish in Cuba by using headlines in their newspapers , such as `` Spanish Murderers '' and `` Remember The Maine '' . Their press exaggerated what was happening and how the Spanish were treating the Cuban prisoners . The stories were based on factual accounts , but most of the time , the articles that were published were embellished and written with incendiary language causing emotional and often heated responses among readers . A common myth falsely states that when illustrator Frederic Remington said there was no war brewing in Cuba , Hearst responded : `` You furnish the pictures and I 'll furnish the war . '' This new `` yellow journalism '' was , however , uncommon outside New York City , and historians no longer consider it the major force shaping the national mood . Public opinion nationwide did demand immediate action , overwhelming the efforts of President McKinley , Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed , and the business community to find a negotiated solution . Wall Street , big business , high finance and Main Street businesses across the country were vocally opposed to war and demanded peace . After years of severe depression , the economic outlook for the domestic economy was suddenly bright again in 1897 . However , the uncertainties of warfare posed a serious threat to full economic recovery . `` War would impede the march of prosperity and put the country back many years , '' warned the New Jersey Trade Review . The leading railroad magazine editorialized , `` From a commercial and mercenary standpoint it seems peculiarly bitter that this war should come when the country had already suffered so much and so needed rest and peace . '' McKinley paid close attention to the strong anti-war consensus of the business community , and strengthened his resolve to use diplomacy and negotiation rather than brute force to end the Spanish tyranny in Cuba . A speech delivered by Republican Senator Redfield Proctor of Vermont on March 17 , 1898 , thoroughly analyzed the situation and greatly strengthened the pro-war cause . Proctor concluded that war was the only answer . Many in the business and religious communities which had until then opposed war , switched sides , leaving McKinley and Speaker Reed almost alone in their resistance to a war . On April 11 , McKinley ended his resistance and asked Congress for authority to send American troops to Cuba to end the civil war there , knowing that Congress would force a war . The American transport ship Seneca , a chartered vessel that carried troops to Puerto Rico and Cuba On April 19 , while Congress was considering joint resolutions supporting Cuban independence , Republican Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado proposed the Teller Amendment to ensure that the U.S. would not establish permanent control over Cuba after the war . The amendment , disclaiming any intention to annex Cuba , passed the Senate 42 to 35 ; the House concurred the same day , 311 to 6 . The amended resolution demanded Spanish withdrawal and authorized the President to use as much military force as he thought necessary to help Cuba gain independence from Spain . President McKinley signed the joint resolution on April 20 , 1898 , and the ultimatum was sent to Spain . In response , Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21 . On the same day , the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba . Spain stated , it would declare war if the US forces invaded its territory , on April 23 . On April 25 , the U.S. Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21 , the day the blockade of Cuba had begun . Spanish Vessels captured up to evening of May 1 , 1898 The Navy was ready , but the Army was not well - prepared for the war and made radical changes in plans and quickly purchased supplies . In the spring of 1898 , the strength of the Regular U.S. Army was just 25,000 men . The Army wanted 50,000 new men but received over 220,000 through volunteers and the mobilization of state National Guard units , even gaining nearly 100,000 men on the first night after the explosion of the USS Maine . Alternative Historical interpretations ( edit ) The Department of State of the United States of America summarizes the aftermath of the war for the Filipino people : `` After its defeat in the Spanish - American War of 1898 , Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris . On February 4 , 1899 , just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty , fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo , who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers . The ensuing Philippine - American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants . As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence , famine , and disease . '' The last stand of the Spanish Garrison in Cuba by Murat Halstead , 1898 In 1901 , novelist Mark Twain wrote about the aftermath of the war for the Philippines : `` We have robbed a trusting friend of his land and his liberty ; we have invited clean young men to shoulder a discredited musket and do bandit 's work under a flag which bandits have been accustomed to fear , not to follow ; we have debauched America 's honor and blackened her face before the world . '' In his War and Empire , Prof. Paul Atwood of the University of Massachusetts ( Boston ) writes : `` The Spanish - American War was fomented on outright lies and trumped up accusations against the intended enemy ... War fever in the general population never reached a critical temperature until the accidental sinking of the USS Maine was deliberately , and falsely , attributed to Spanish villainy ... In a cryptic message ... Senator lodge wrote that ' There may be an explosion any day in Cuba which would settle a great many things . We have got a battleship in the harbor of Havana , and our fleet , which overmatches anything the Spanish have , is masked at the Dry Tortugas . ' '' In his autobiography , Theodore Roosevelt gave his views of the origins of the war : `` Our own direct interests were great , because of the Cuban tobacco and sugar , and especially because of Cuba 's relation to the projected Isthmian ( Panama ) Canal . But even greater were our interests from the standpoint of humanity ... It was our duty , even more from the standpoint of National honor than from the standpoint of National interest , to stop the devastation and destruction . Because of these considerations I favored war . '' Pacific theater ( edit ) Philippines ( edit ) The Pacific theatre of the Spanish -- American War In the 333 years of Spanish rule , the Philippines developed from a small overseas colony governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain to a land with modern elements in the cities . The Spanish - speaking middle classes of the 19th century were mostly educated in the liberal ideas coming from Europe . Among these Ilustrados was the Filipino national hero José Rizal , who demanded larger reforms from the Spanish authorities . This movement eventually led to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule . The revolution had been in a state of truce since the signing of the Pact of Biak - na - Bato in 1897 , with revolutionary leaders having accepted exile outside of the country . The Battle of Manila Bay The first battle between American and Spanish forces was at Manila Bay where , on May 1 , Commodore George Dewey , commanding the U.S. Navy 's Asiatic Squadron aboard USS Olympia , in a matter of hours defeated a Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo . Dewey managed this with only nine wounded . With the German seizure of Tsingtao in 1897 , Dewey 's squadron had become the only naval force in the Far East without a local base of its own , and was beset with coal and ammunition problems . Despite these problems , the Asiatic Squadron not only destroyed the Spanish fleet but also captured the harbor of Manila . Following Dewey 's victory , Manila Bay was filled with the warships of Britain , Germany , France , and Japan . The German fleet of eight ships , ostensibly in Philippine waters to protect German interests , acted provocatively -- cutting in front of American ships , refusing to salute the United States flag ( according to customs of naval courtesy ) , taking soundings of the harbor , and landing supplies for the besieged Spanish . The Germans , with interests of their own , were eager to take advantage of whatever opportunities the conflict in the islands might afford . There was a fear at the time that the islands would become a German possession . The Americans called the bluff of the Germans , threatening conflict if the aggression continued , and the Germans backed down . At the time , the Germans expected the confrontation in the Philippines to end in an American defeat , with the revolutionaries capturing Manila and leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking . Commodore Dewey transported Emilio Aguinaldo , a Filipino leader who had led rebellion against Spanish rule in the Philippines in 1896 , from exile in Hong Kong to the Philippines to rally more Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government . By June , U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands , except for the walled city of Intramuros . On June 12 , Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines . On August 13 , with American commanders unaware that a cease - fire had been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day , American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish in the Battle of Manila . This battle marked the end of Filipino -- American collaboration , as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos . This later led to the Philippine -- American War , which would prove to be more deadly and costly than the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. had sent a force of some 11,000 ground troops to the Philippines . Armed conflict broke out between U.S. forces and the Filipinos when U.S. troops began to take the place of the Spanish in control of the country after the end of the war , resulting in the Philippine -- American War . On August 14 , 1899 , the Schurman Commission recommended that the U.S. retain control of the Philippines , possibly granting independence in the future . Guam ( edit ) Main article : Capture of Guam On June 20 , a U.S. fleet commanded by Captain Henry Glass , consisting of the protected cruiser USS Charleston and three transports carrying troops to the Philippines , entered Guam 's Apra Harbor , Captain Glass having opened sealed orders instructing him to proceed to Guam and capture it . Charleston fired a few cannon rounds at Fort Santa Cruz without receiving return fire . Two local officials , not knowing that war had been declared and believing the firing had been a salute , came out to Charleston to apologize for their inability to return the salute as they were out of gunpowder . Glass informed them that the U.S. and Spain were at war . The following day , Glass sent Lt. William Braunersruehter to meet the Spanish Governor to arrange the surrender of the island and the Spanish garrison there . Some 54 Spanish infantry were captured and transported to the Philippines as prisoners of war . No U.S. forces were left on Guam , but the only U.S. citizen on the island , Frank Portusach , told Captain Glass that he would look after things until U.S. forces returned . Caribbean theater ( edit ) Cuba ( edit ) See also : San Juan Hill order of battle and El Caney order of battle The Spanish armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón , which was destroyed during the Battle of Santiago on July 3 , 1898 Detail from Charge of the 24th and 25th Colored Infantry and Rescue of Rough Riders at San Juan Hill , July 2 , 1898 depicting the Battle of San Juan Hill Theodore Roosevelt advocated intervention in Cuba , both for the Cuban people and to promote the Monroe Doctrine . While Assistant Secretary of the Navy , he placed the Navy on a war - time footing and prepared Dewey 's Asiatic Squadron for battle . He also worked with Leonard Wood in convincing the Army to raise an all - volunteer regiment , the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry . Wood was given command of the regiment that quickly became known as the `` Rough Riders '' . The Americans planned to capture the city of Santiago de Cuba to destroy Linares ' army and Cervera 's fleet . To reach Santiago they had to pass through concentrated Spanish defenses in the San Juan Hills and a small town in El Caney . The American forces were aided in Cuba by the pro-independence rebels led by General Calixto García . Cuban sentiment ( edit ) For quite some time the Cuban public believed the United States government to possibly hold the key to its independence , and even annexation was considered for a time , which historian Louis Pérez explored in his book Cuba and the United States : Ties of Singular Intimacy . The Cubans harbored a great deal of discontent towards the Spanish Government , due to years of manipulation on the part of the Spanish . The prospect of getting the United States involved in the fight was considered by many Cubans as a step in the right direction . While the Cubans were wary of the United States ' intentions , the overwhelming support from the American public provided the Cubans with some peace of mind , because they believed that the United States was committed to helping them achieve their independence . However , with the imposition of the Platt Amendment of 1903 after the war , as well as economic and military manipulation on the part of the United States , Cuban sentiment towards the United States became polarized , with many Cubans disappointed with continuing American interference . Land campaign ( edit ) From June 22 to 24 , the Fifth Army Corps under General William R. Shafter landed at Daiquirí and Siboney , east of Santiago , and established an American base of operations . A contingent of Spanish troops , having fought a skirmish with the Americans near Siboney on June 23 , had retired to their lightly entrenched positions at Las Guasimas . An advance guard of U.S. forces under former Confederate General Joseph Wheeler ignored Cuban scouting parties and orders to proceed with caution . They caught up with and engaged the Spanish rearguard of about 2,000 soldiers led by General Antero Rubín who effectively ambushed them , in the Battle of Las Guasimas on June 24 . The battle ended indecisively in favor of Spain and the Spanish left Las Guasimas on their planned retreat to Santiago . The U.S. Army employed Civil War - era skirmishers at the head of the advancing columns . Three of four of the U.S. soldiers who had volunteered to act as skirmishers walking point at the head of the American column were killed , including Hamilton Fish II ( grandson of Hamilton Fish , the Secretary of State under Ulysses S. Grant ) , and Captain Allyn K. Capron , Jr. , whom Theodore Roosevelt would describe as one of the finest natural leaders and soldiers he ever met . Only Oklahoma Territory Pawnee Indian , Tom Isbell , wounded seven times , survived . The Battle of Las Guasimas showed the U.S. that quick - thinking American soldiers would not stick to the linear tactics which did not work effectively against Spanish troops who had learned the art of cover and concealment from their own struggle with Cuban insurgents , and never made the error of revealing their positions while on the defense . Americans advanced by rushes and stayed in the weeds so that they , too , were largely invisible to the Spaniards who used un-targeted volley fire to try to mass fires against the advancing Americans . While some troops were hit , this technique was mostly a waste of bullets as the Americans learned to duck as soon as they heard the Spanish word Fire , `` Fuego '' yelled by the Spanish officers . Spanish troops were equipped with smokeless powder arms that also helped them to hide their positions while firing . Receiving the news of the surrender of Santiago Regular Spanish troops were mostly armed with modern charger - loaded 1893 7mm Spanish Mauser rifles and using smokeless powder . The high - speed 7 × 57mm Mauser round was termed the `` Spanish Hornet '' by the Americans because of the supersonic crack as it passed overhead . Other irregular troops were armed with Remington Rolling Block rifles in . 43 Spanish using smokeless powder and brass - jacketed bullets . US regular infantry were armed with the . 30 -- 40 Krag -- Jørgensen , a bolt - action rifle with a complex rotating magazine . Both the US regular cavalry and the volunteer cavalry used smokeless ammunition . In later battles , state volunteers used the . 45 -- 70 Springfield a single - shot black powder rifle . On July 1 , a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments , including all four of the army 's `` Colored '' regiments , and volunteer regiments , among them Roosevelt and his `` Rough Riders '' , the 71st New York , the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry , and 1st North Carolina , and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War - style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago . More than 200 U.S. soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting , thanks to the high rate of fire the Spanish were able to put down range at the Americans . Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault . Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later . First Lieutenant John J. Pershing , nicknamed `` Black Jack , '' oversaw the 10th Cavalry Unit during the war . Pershing and his unit fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill . Pershing was cited for his gallantry during the battle . The Spanish forces at Guantánamo were so isolated by Marines and Cuban forces that they did not know that Santiago was under siege , and their forces in the northern part of the province could not break through Cuban lines . This was not true of the Escario relief column from Manzanillo , which fought its way past determined Cuban resistance but arrived too late to participate in the siege . After the battles of San Juan Hill and El Caney , the American advance halted . Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa , allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago . The Americans and Cubans forcibly began a bloody , strangling siege of the city . During the nights , Cuban troops dug successive series of `` trenches '' ( raised parapets ) , toward the Spanish positions . Once completed , these parapets were occupied by U.S. soldiers and a new set of excavations went forward . American troops , while suffering daily losses from Spanish fire , suffered far more casualties from heat exhaustion and mosquito - borne disease . At the western approaches to the city , Cuban general Calixto Garcia began to encroach on the city , causing much panic and fear of reprisals among the Spanish forces . Naval operations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Santiago Campaign ( 1898 ) Crewmen pose under the gun turrets of Iowa in 1898 The major port of Santiago de Cuba was the main target of naval operations during the war . The U.S. fleet attacking Santiago needed shelter from the summer hurricane season ; Guantánamo Bay , with its excellent harbor , was chosen . The 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay happened between June 6 and 10 , with the first U.S. naval attack and subsequent successful landing of U.S. Marines with naval support . The Battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3 , was the largest naval engagement of the Spanish -- American War and resulted in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron ( also known as the Flota de Ultramar ) . In May , the fleet of Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete had been spotted by American forces in Santiago harbor , where they had taken shelter for protection from sea attack . A two - month stand - off between Spanish and American naval forces followed . When the Spanish squadron finally attempted to leave the harbor on July 3 , the American forces destroyed or grounded five of the six ships . Only one Spanish vessel , the new armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón , survived , but her captain hauled down her flag and scuttled her when the Americans finally caught up with her . The 1,612 Spanish sailors who were captured , including Admiral Cervera , were sent to Seavey 's Island at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery , Maine , where they were confined at Camp Long as prisoners of war from July 11 until mid-September . During the stand - off , U.S. Assistant Naval Constructor , Lieutenant Richmond Pearson Hobson had been ordered by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson to sink the collier USS Merrimac in the harbor to bottle up the Spanish fleet . The mission was a failure , and Hobson and his crew were captured . They were exchanged on July 6 , and Hobson became a national hero ; he received the Medal of Honor in 1933 , retired as a Rear Admiral and became a Congressman . U.S. withdrawal ( edit ) Yellow fever had quickly spread amongst the American occupation force , crippling it . A group of concerned officers of the American army chose Theodore Roosevelt to draft a request to Washington that it withdraw the Army , a request that paralleled a similar one from General Shafter , who described his force as an `` army of convalescents '' . By the time of his letter , 75 % of the force in Cuba was unfit for service . On August 7 , the American invasion force started to leave Cuba . The evacuation was not total . The U.S. Army kept the black Ninth US Cavalry Regiment in Cuba to support the occupation . The logic was that their race and the fact that many black volunteers came from southern states would protect them from disease ; this logic led to these soldiers being nicknamed `` Immunes '' . Still , when the Ninth left , 73 of its 984 soldiers had contracted the disease . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Puerto Rican Campaign Spanish troops prior to their departure to engage the American forces at Hormigueros , Porto Rico In May 1898 , Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission , sponsored by the Army 's Bureau of Military Intelligence . He provided maps and information on the Spanish military forces to the U.S. government prior to the invasion . The American offensive began on May 12 , 1898 , when a squadron of 12 U.S. ships commanded by Rear Adm. William T. Sampson of the United States Navy attacked the archipelago 's capital , San Juan . Though the damage inflicted on the city was minimal , the Americans were able to establish a blockade in the city 's harbor , San Juan Bay . On June 22 , the cruiser Isabel II and the destroyer Terror delivered a Spanish counterattack , but were unable to break the blockade and the Terror was damaged . The land offensive began on July 25 , when 1,300 infantry soldiers led by Nelson A. Miles disembarked off the coast of Guánica . The first organized armed opposition occurred in Yauco in what became known as the Battle of Yauco . This encounter was followed by the Battle of Fajardo . The United States was able to seize control of Fajardo on August 1 , but were forced to withdraw on August 5 after a group of 200 Puerto Rican - Spanish soldiers led by Pedro del Pino gained control of the city , while most civilian inhabitants fled to a nearby lighthouse . The Americans encountered larger opposition during the Battle of Guayama and as they advanced towards the main island 's interior . They engaged in crossfire at Guamaní River Bridge , Coamo and Silva Heights and finally at the Battle of Asomante . The battles were inconclusive as the allied soldiers retreated . A battle in San Germán concluded in a similar fashion with the Spanish retreating to Lares . On August 9 , 1898 , American troops that were pursuing units retreating from Coamo encountered heavy resistance in Aibonito in a mountain known as Cerro Gervasio del Asomante and retreated after six of their soldiers were injured . They returned three days later , reinforced with artillery units and attempted a surprise attack . In the subsequent crossfire , confused soldiers reported seeing Spanish reinforcements nearby and five American officers were gravely injured , which prompted a retreat order . All military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended on August 13 , after U.S. President William McKinley and French Ambassador Jules Cambon , acting on behalf of the Spanish Government , signed an armistice whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over Puerto Rico . Making peace ( edit ) Jules Cambon , the French Ambassador in the U.S. , signing the memorandum of ratification on behalf of Spain With defeats in Cuba and the Philippines , and both of its fleets destroyed , Spain sued for peace and negotiations were opened between the two parties . After the sickness and death of British consul Edward Henry Rawson - Walker , American admiral George Dewey requested the Belgian consul to Manila , Édouard André , to take Rawson - Walker 's place as intermediary with the Spanish Government . Hostilities were halted on August 12 , 1898 , with the signing in Washington of a Protocol of Peace between the United States and Spain . After over two months of difficult negotiations , the formal peace treaty , the Treaty of Paris , was signed in Paris on December 10 , 1898 , and was ratified by the United States Senate on February 6 , 1899 . The United States gained all of Spain 's colonies outside of Africa in the treaty , including the Philippines , Guam and Puerto Rico with the exception of Cuba , which became a U.S. protectorate . The treaty came into force in Cuba April 11 , 1899 , with Cubans participating only as observers . Having been occupied since July 17 , 1898 , and thus under the jurisdiction of the United States Military Government ( USMG ) , Cuba formed its own civil government and gained independence on May 20 , 1902 , with the announced end of USMG jurisdiction over the island . However , the U.S. imposed various restrictions on the new government , including prohibiting alliances with other countries , and reserved the right to intervene . The U.S. also established a perpetual lease of Guantánamo Bay . Aftermath ( edit ) With the end of the war , Colonel Theodore Roosevelt musters out of the U.S. Army after the required 30 - day quarantine period at Montauk , Long Island , in 1898 . The war lasted ten weeks . John Hay ( the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom ) , writing from London to his friend Theodore Roosevelt , declared that it had been `` a splendid little war '' . The press showed Northerners and Southerners , blacks and whites fighting against a common foe , helping to ease the scars left from the American Civil War . Exemplary of this was the fact that four former Confederate States Army generals had served in the war , now in the US Army and all of them again carrying similar ranks . These officers included Matthew Butler , Fitzhugh Lee , Thomas L. Rosser and Joseph Wheeler , though only the latter had seen action . Still , in an exciting moment during the Battle of Las Guasimas , Wheeler apparently forgot for a moment which war he was fighting , having supposedly called out `` Let 's go , boys ! We 've got the damn Yankees on the run again ! '' The war marked American entry into world affairs . Since then , the U.S. has had a significant hand in various conflicts around the world , and entered many treaties and agreements . The Panic of 1893 was over by this point , and the U.S. entered a long and prosperous period of economic and population growth , and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s . The war redefined national identity , served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American mind , and provided a model for all future news reporting . The idea of American imperialism changed in the public 's mind after the short and successful Spanish -- American War . Due to the United States ' powerful influence diplomatically and militarily , Cuba 's status after the war relied heavily upon American actions . Two major developments emerged from the Spanish -- American War : one , it greatly enforced the United States ' vision of itself as a `` defender of democracy '' and as a major world power , and two , it had severe implications for Cuban -- American relations in the future . As historian Louis Pérez argued in his book Cuba in the American Imagination : Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos , the Spanish -- American War of 1898 `` fixed permanently how Americans came to think of themselves : a righteous people given to the service of righteous purpose '' . The war greatly reduced the Spanish Empire . Spain had been declining as an imperial power since the early 19th century as a result of Napoleon 's invasion . The loss of Cuba caused a national trauma because of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba , which was seen as another province of Spain rather than as a colony . Spain retained only a handful of overseas holdings : Spanish West Africa ( Spanish Sahara ) , Spanish Guinea , Spanish Morocco , and the Canary Islands . The Spanish soldier Julio Cervera Baviera , who served in the Puerto Rican Campaign , published a pamphlet in which he blamed the natives of that colony for its occupation by the Americans , saying , `` I have never seen such a servile , ungrateful country ( i.e. , Puerto Rico ) ... In twenty - four hours , the people of Puerto Rico went from being fervently Spanish to enthusiastically American ... They humiliated themselves , giving in to the invader as the slave bows to the powerful lord . '' He was challenged to a duel by a group of young Puerto Ricans for writing this pamphlet . A cartoon of Uncle Sam seated in restaurant looking at the bill of fare containing `` Cuba steak '' , `` Porto Rico pig '' , the `` Philippine Islands '' and the `` Sandwich Islands '' ( Hawaii ) . Culturally , a new wave called the Generation of ' 98 originated as a response to this trauma , marking a renaissance in Spanish culture . Economically , the war benefited Spain , because after the war large sums of capital held by Spaniards in Cuba and the United States were returned to the peninsula and invested in Spain . This massive flow of capital ( equivalent to 25 % of the gross domestic product of one year ) helped to develop the large modern firms in Spain in the steel , chemical , financial , mechanical , textile , shipyard , and electrical power industries . However , the political consequences were serious . The defeat in the war began the weakening of the fragile political stability that had been established earlier by the rule of Alfonso XII . The Teller Amendment , which was enacted on April 20 , 1898 , was a promise from the United States to the Cuban people that it was not declaring war to annex Cuba , but to help it gain its independence from Spain . The Platt Amendment was a move by the United States ' government to shape Cuban affairs without violating the Teller Amendment . The cover of Puck from April 6 , 1901 . Caricatures an Easter bonnet made out of a warship that alludes to the gains of the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. Congress had passed the Teller Amendment prior to the war , promising Cuban independence . However , the Senate passed the Platt Amendment as a rider to an Army appropriations bill , forcing a peace treaty on Cuba which prohibited it from signing treaties with other nations or contracting a public debt . The Platt Amendment was pushed by imperialists who wanted to project U.S. power abroad ( in contrast to the Teller Amendment which was pushed by anti-imperialists who called for a restraint on U.S. rule ) . The amendment granted the United States the right to stabilize Cuba militarily as needed . In addition , the Platt Amendment permitted the United States to deploy Marines to Cuba if its freedom and independence was ever threatened or jeopardized by an external or internal force . The Platt Amendment also provided for a permanent American naval base in Cuba . Guantánamo Bay was established after the signing of the Cuban -- American Treaty of Relations in 1903 . Thus , despite that Cuba technically gained its independence after the war ended , the United States government ensured that it had some form of power and control over Cuban affairs . The U.S. annexed the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico , the Philippines and Guam . The notion of the United States as an imperial power , with colonies , was hotly debated domestically with President McKinley and the Pro-Imperialists winning their way over vocal opposition led by Democrat William Jennings Bryan , who had supported the war . The American public largely supported the possession of colonies , but there were many outspoken critics such as Mark Twain , who wrote The War Prayer in protest . Roosevelt returned to the United States a war hero , and he was soon elected governor of New York and then became the vice president . At the age of 42 he became the youngest man to become President after the assassination of President William McKinley . 1900 Campaign poster The war served to further repair relations between the American North and South . The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the end of the Civil War in 1865 , and many friendships were formed between soldiers of northern and southern states during their tours of duty . This was an important development , since many soldiers in this war were the children of Civil War veterans on both sides . Segregation in the U.S. military , 1898 The African - American community strongly supported the rebels in Cuba , supported entry into the war , and gained prestige from their wartime performance in the Army . Spokesmen noted that 33 African - American seamen had died in the Maine explosion . The most influential Black leader , Booker T. Washington , argued that his race was ready to fight . War offered them a chance `` to render service to our country that no other race can '' , because , unlike Whites , they were `` accustomed '' to the `` peculiar and dangerous climate '' of Cuba . One of the Black units that served in the war was the 9th Cavalry Regiment . In March 1898 , Washington promised the Secretary of the Navy that war would be answered by `` at least ten thousand loyal , brave , strong black men in the south who crave an opportunity to show their loyalty to our land , and would gladly take this method of showing their gratitude for the lives laid down , and the sacrifices made , that Blacks might have their freedom and rights . '' In 1904 , the United Spanish War Veterans was created from smaller groups of the veterans of the Spanish American War . Today , that organization is defunct , but it left an heir in the Sons of Spanish -- American War Veterans , created in 1937 at the 39th National Encampment of the United Spanish War Veterans . According to data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs , the last surviving U.S. veteran of the conflict , Nathan E. Cook , died on September 10 , 1992 , at age 106 . ( If the data is to be believed , Cook , born October 10 , 1885 , would have been only 12 years old when he served in the war . ) The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States ( VFW ) was formed in 1914 from the merger of two prior veterans organizations which both arose in 1899 : the American Veterans of Foreign Service and the National Society of the Army of the Philippines . The former was formed for veterans of the Spanish -- American War , while the latter was formed for veterans of the Philippine -- American War . Both organizations were formed in response to the general neglect veterans returning from the war experienced at the hands of the government . To pay the costs of the war , Congress passed an excise tax on long - distance phone service . At the time , it affected only wealthy Americans who owned telephones . However , the Congress neglected to repeal the tax after the war ended four months later , and the tax remained in place for over 100 years until , on August 1 , 2006 , it was announced that the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the IRS would no longer collect the tax . Postwar American Investment in Puerto Rico ( edit ) The change in sovereignty of Puerto Rico , like the occupation of Cuba , brought about major changes in both the insular and U.S. economies . Prior to 1898 the sugar industry in Puerto Rico was in decline for nearly half a century . In the second half of the nineteenth century , technological advances increased the capital requirements to remain competitive in the sugar industry . Agriculture began to shift toward coffee production , which required less capital and land accumulation . However , these trends were reversed with U.S. hegemony . Early U.S. monetary and legal policies made it both harder for local farmers to continue operations and easier for American businesses to accumulate land . This , along with the large capital reserves of American businesses , led to a resurgence in the Puerto Rican sugar industry in the form of large American owned agro-industrial complexes . At the same time , the inclusion of Puerto Rico into the U.S. tariff system as a customs area , effectively treating Puerto Rico as a state with respect to internal or external trade , increased the codependence of the insular and mainland economies and benefitted sugar exports with tariff protection . In 1897 the United States purchased 19.6 percent of Puerto Rico 's exports while supplying 18.5 percent of its imports . By 1905 these figures jumped to 84 percent and 85 percent , respectively . However , coffee was not protected , as it was not a product of the mainland . At the same time , Cuba and Spain , traditionally the largest importers of Puerto Rican coffee , now subjected Puerto Rico to previously nonexistent import tariffs . These two effects led to a decline in the coffee industry . From 1897 to 1901 coffee went from 65.8 percent of exports to 19.6 percent while sugar went from 21.6 percent to 55 percent . The tariff system also provided a protected market place for Puerto Rican tobacco exports . The tobacco industry went from nearly nonexistent in Puerto Rico to a major part of the country 's agricultural sector . In film and television ( edit ) The Spanish -- American War was the first U.S. war in which the motion picture camera played a role . The Library of Congress archives contain many films and film clips from the war . In addition , a few feature films have been made about the war . These include The Rough Riders , a 1927 silent film A Message to Garcia , 1936 Rough Riders , a 1997 television miniseries directed by John Milius , and featuring Tom Berenger ( Theodore Roosevelt ) , Gary Busey ( Joseph Wheeler ) , Sam Elliott ( Buckey O'Neill ) , Dale Dye ( Leonard Wood ) , Brian Keith ( William McKinley ) , George Hamilton ( William Randolph Hearst ) , and R. Lee Ermey ( John Hay ) The Spanish -- American War : First Intervention , a 2007 docudrama from The History Channel Baler , a 2008 film about the Siege of Baler Los últimos de Filipinas ( `` The Last Ones of the Philippines '' ) , a 1945 Spanish biographical film directed by Antonio Román Amigo , 2010 1898 , Our Last Men in the Philippines , a well - acclaimed 2016 film about the Siege of Baler Military decorations ( edit ) U.S. Army `` War with Spain '' campaign streamer United States ( edit ) The United States awards and decorations of the Spanish -- American War were as follows : Wartime service and honors Medal of Honor Specially Meritorious Service Medal Spanish Campaign Medal -- upgradeable to include the Silver Citation Star to recognize those U.S. Army members who had performed individual acts of heroism . West Indies Campaign Medal Sampson Medal , West Indies service under Admiral William T. Sampson Dewey Medal , service during the Battle of Manila Bay under Admiral George Dewey Spanish War Service Medal , U.S. Army homeland service Postwar occupation service Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal Army of Cuban Occupation Medal Other countries ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) The governments of Spain and Cuba also issued a wide variety of military awards to honor Spanish , Cuban , and Philippine soldiers who had served in the conflict . See also ( edit ) Spain portal United States portal War portal Battles of the Spanish -- American War Bolton Hall ( activist ) , opposed the war Commonwealth of the Philippines Ostend Manifesto Panama Canal Zone Spain -- United States relations Timeline of the Spanish -- American War Imperial German plans for the invasion of the United States List of weapons of the Spanish -- American War 1st Separate Brigade ( Philippine Expedition ) Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Unrecognized as participants by the primary belligerents . Jump up ^ The U.S. declared war on Spain on April 25 , 1898 , but dated the beginning of the war retroactively to April 21 Jump up ^ Number is the total for all Cuban rebels active from 1895 to 1898 . Jump up ^ 196,000 in Cuba and 10,000 in Puerto Rico . Source citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1990 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , pp. 254 - 255 . ^ Jump up to : Keenan 2001 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Wars : Factsheet . '' U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs . Office of Public Affairs . Washington DC . Published April 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Alan . `` POWs in American History : A Synoposis . '' National Park Service . 1998 . Jump up ^ See : USS Merrimac ( 1894 ) . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter describes the Americans capturing 30,000 prisoners ( plus 100 cannons , 19 machine guns , 25,114 rifles , and various other equipment ) in the Oriente province and around Santiago . He also states that the 10,000 - strong Puerto Rican garrison capitulated to the Americans after only minor fighting . Jump up ^ Some recent historians prefer a broader title to encompass the fighting in Cuba and the Philippine Islands . examples : Louis A. Pérez ( 1998 ) , The war of 1898 : the United States and Cuba in history and historiography , UNC Press Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4742 - 8 Benjamin R. Beede ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 , and U.S. interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : an encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 Thomas David Schoonover ; Walter LaFeber ( 2005 ) , Uncle Sam 's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization , University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9122 - 5 Virginia Marie Bouvier ( 2001 ) , Whose America ? : the war of 1898 and the battles to define the nation , Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96794 - 9 Jump up ^ Mark Barnes ( 2010 ) . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ W. Joseph Campbell , Yellow journalism : Puncturing the myths , defining the legacies ( 2001 ) . ^ Jump up to : Resolution 24 , 33 Stat. 738 ^ Jump up to : Trask 1996 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Paul ( 2010 ) . War and Empire . New York : Pluto Press . pp. 98 -- 102 . ISBN 978 0 7453 2764 8 . Jump up ^ Pérez 1998 , p. 89 states : `` In the larger view , the Cuban insurrection had already brought the Spanish army to the brink of defeat . During three years of relentless war , the Cubans had destroyed railroad lines , bridges , and roads and paralyzed telegraph communications , making it all but impossible for the Spanish army to move across the island and between provinces . ( The ) Cubans had , moreover , inflicted countless thousands of casualties on Spanish soldiers and effectively driven Spanish units into beleaguered defensive concentrations in the cities , there to suffer the further debilitating effects of illness and hunger . '' Jump up ^ `` Military Book Reviews '' . StrategyPage.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dyal , Carpenter & Thomas 1996 , pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Benjamin R. Beede ( 2013 ) . The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898T1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 289 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign relations since 1777 ( 2008 ) ch. 8 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Official Declarations of War by Congress '' . senate.gov . June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baycroft & Hewitson 2006 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Antonio Cánovas del Castillo ( November 1882 ) . `` Discurso sobre la nación '' ( in Spanish ) . cervantesvirtual.com . Baycroft & Hewitson 2006 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Schmidt - Nowara , Christopher ( 2008 ) . The Conquest of History : Spanish Colonialism and National Histories in the Nineteenth Century . Pitt Latin American series . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press . pp. 34 -- 42 . ISBN 9780822971092 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perez , Jose , Jr , Cuba : Between Reform and Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1995 . p149 Jump up ^ Perez , Jose , Jr , Cuba : Between Reform and Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1995 . p138 Jump up ^ Gary R. Mormino , `` Cuba Libre , Florida , and the Spanish American War , '' Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal ( 2010 ) Vol. 31 Issue 1 / 2 , pp. 43 -- 54 Jump up ^ G. Wayne King , `` Conservative Attitudes in the United States toward Cuba ( 1895 -- 1898 ) , '' Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association , ( 1973 ) pp. 94 -- 104 Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Edward P. Crapol , `` Coming to Terms with Empire : The Historiography of Late - Nineteenth - Century . American Foreign Relations , '' Diplomatic History 16 ( Fall 1992 ) : 573 -- 97 ; Hugh DeSantis , `` The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence , 1865 -- 1900 , '' in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker , eds. , American Foreign Relations : A Historiographical Review ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 -- 90 ; James A. Field , Jr. , `` American Imperialism : The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book , '' American Historical Review 83 ( June 1978 ) : 644 -- 68 ^ Jump up to : Trask 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Krohn , `` Review of Tone , John Lawrence , War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 . `` H - War , H - Net Reviews . '' May 2008 . online Jump up ^ Trask 1996 , pp. 8 -- 10 ; Carr 1982 , pp. 379 -- 388 . Jump up ^ `` William McKinley : First Annual Message '' . The American Presidency Project . December 6 , 1897 . Jump up ^ James Ford Rhodes ( 2007 ) , The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations 1897 -- 1909 , READ BOOKS , pp. 44 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 3464 - 5 , citing an annual message delivered December 6 , 1897 , from French Ensor Chadwick ( 1968 ) , The relations of the United States and Spain : diplomacy , Russell & Russell Jump up ^ Quoted in Trask 1996 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Angiolillo Died Bravely , August 22 , 1897 , The New York Times . Jump up ^ Octavio Ruiz , `` Spain on the Threshold of a New Century : Society and Politics before and after the Disaster of 1898 , '' Mediterranean Historical Review ( June 1998 ) , Vol. 13 Issue 1 / 2 , pp 7 -- 27 Jump up ^ Scott Wright , `` The Northwestern Chronicle and the Spanish -- American War : American Catholic Attitudes Regarding the ' Splendid Little War , ' '' American Catholic Studies 116 # 4 ( 2005 ) : 55 -- 68 . Jump up ^ However , three Catholic newspapers were critical of the war after it began . Benjamin Wetzel , `` A Church Divided : Roman Catholicism , Americanization , and the Spanish -- American War . '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14 # 3 ( 2015 ) : 348 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Trade with Cuba had dropped by more than two thirds from a high of US $100 million . Offner 2004 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ David M. Pletcher , The Diplomacy of Trade and Investment : American Economic Expansion in the Hemisphere , 1865 -- 1900 ( Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Louis A. Pérez Jr. ( 2000 ) . The War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Russell , Timothy Dale ( 2013 ) . African Americans and the Spanish - American War and Philliipine Insurrection . Military Participation , Recognition and Memory 1898 - 1904 ( First . Published dissertation ed . ) . California , U.S.A : University of California , Riverside . p. 8 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faulkner , Harold ( 1963 ) . Politics , reform , and expansion , 1890 -- 1900 . New York : Harper . p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Tone , John ( 2006 ) . War and Genocide in Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 239 . Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis ( 1998 ) . The war of 1898 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 54 -- 69 Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 86 -- 110 Jump up ^ Offner 2004 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 2010 ) . The War Lovers : Roosevelt , Lodge , Hearst , and the Rush to Empire , 1898 . Little , Brown and Co. p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish -- American & Philippine -- American Wars . ABC - CLIO . p. `` european + powers '' 372 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 093 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 614 . Jump up ^ Offner 2004 , p. 57 . For a minority view that downplays the role of public opinion and asserts that McKinley feared the Cubans would win their insurgency before the U.S. could intervene , see Louis A. Pérez , `` The Meaning of the Maine : Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish -- American War , '' The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 58 , No. 3 ( Aug. 1989 ) , pp. 293 -- 322 . Jump up ^ For a summary of all the studies see Louis Fisher , `` Destruction of the Maine ( 1898 ) '' ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Evan Thomas , The war lovers : Roosevelt , Lodge , Hearst , and the rush to empire , 1898 ( Little , Brown , 2010 ) pp 4 -- 5 , 209 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Vicki L. 2006 . `` Nuestra América : Latino History as United States History . '' Journal of American History P. 655 Jump up ^ Campbell , W. Joseph ( August 2000 ) . `` Not likely sent : the Remington - Hearst `` telegrams '' `` . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smythe 2003 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1934 , pp. 163 -- 201 . quotes on page 168 . Page 173 states : `` an overwhelming preponderance of the local business interests of the country strongly desired peace . '' Jump up ^ DyalCarpenter & Thomas 1996 Jump up ^ Pratt 1934 , pp. 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 131 -- 35 ; Michelle Bray Davis and Rollin W. Quimby , `` Senator Proctor 's Cuban Speech : Speculations on a Cause of the Spanish -- American War , '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 1969 55 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Paul T. McCartney , `` Religion , the Spanish -- American War , and the Idea of American Mission '' , Journal of Church and State 54 ( Spring 2012 ) , 257 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Graham A. Cosmas , An Army for Empire : The United States Army and the Spanish -- American War ( 1971 ) ch. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 2016 ) . `` Evan Thomas : War Lovers and American Power '' . Military History , September 2010 , 14 World History Collection -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Department of State , United States of America , Office of the Historian . `` The Philippine - American War , 1899 -- 1902 '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Twain , Mark ( Samuel Clemens ) ( 1901 ) . `` To the Person Sitting in Darkness '' . The World of 1898 : The Spanish - American War . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1913 ) . `` Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography '' . Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Battle of Manila Bay , May 1 , 1898 , Department of the Navy -- Naval Historical Center . Retrieved on October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ The Battle of Manila Bay by Admiral George Dewey , The War Times Journal . Retrieved on October 10 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : James A. Field , Jr . ( June 1978 ) , `` American Imperialism : the Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book '' , The American Historical Review , American Historical Association , 83 ( 3 ) : 659 , doi : 10.2307 / 1861842 , JSTOR 1861842 Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. x . Jump up ^ Dewey characterized the German interests as a single import firm ; Admiral Otto von Diederichs responded with a list of eleven . ^ Jump up to : Seekins , Donald M. ( 1991 ) , `` Historical Setting -- Outbreak of War , 1898 '' , in Dolan , Ronald E. , Philippines : A Country Study , Washington : Library of Congress , retrieved April 28 , 2013 ( LOC call Number DS655. P598 1993 ) Jump up ^ Susan K. Harris ( June 1 , 2011 ) . God 's Arbiters : Americans and the Philippines , 1898 -- 1902 . Oxford University Press , US . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 978107 - 2 . Benjamin R. Beede ; Vernon L. Williams ; Wolfgang Drechsler ( 1994 ) . The War of 1898 , and U.S. Interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 201 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 . David F. Trask ( 1981 ) . The War with Spain in 1898 . U of Nebraska Press . p. 284 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 8 . Jump up ^ Augusto V. de Viana ( September 21 , 2006 ) , What ifs in Philippine history , Manila Times , archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 , retrieved October 19 , 2007 ^ What ifs in Philippine history , Conclusion , Manila Times , September 22 , 2006 , archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 , retrieved October 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. xvi , citing Hubatsch , Walther , Auslandsflotte und Reichspolitik , Mărwissenschaftliche Rundschau ( August 1944 ) , pp. 130 -- 153 . ^ Jump up to : The World of 1898 : the Spanish -- American War , U.S. Library of Congress , retrieved October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ Guevara , Sulpicio , ed. ( 2005 ) , `` Philippine Declaration of Independence '' , The laws of the first Philippine Republic ( the laws of Malolos ) 1898 -- 1899 , Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) , retrieved January 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Philippine History '' . DLSU - Manila . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Our flag is now waving over Manila '' , San Francisco Chronicle , retrieved December 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ Lacsamana 2006 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Brune & Burns 2003 , p. 290 ^ Jump up to : Beede 1994 , pp. 208 -- 209 ; Rogers 1995 , pp. 110 -- 112 Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1899 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2014 ) . A People and a Nation , Volume II : Since 1865 . Cengage Learning . p. 582 . Jump up ^ The Spanish -- American War in Cuba : Battle of Las Guasimas . ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt , Theodore , The Rough Riders , Scribner 's Magazine , Vol. 25 ( January -- June ) , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , p. 572 Jump up ^ The Battles at El Caney and San Juan Hills at HomeOfHeroes.com . Jump up ^ The Crowded Hour : The Charge at El Caney & San Juan Hills at HomeOfHeroes.com . Jump up ^ Parker 2003 Jump up ^ History of the Gatling Gun Detachment , John Henry Parker at Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Escario 's Column , Francisco Jose Diaz Diaz . Jump up ^ Daley 2000 , pp. 161 -- 71 Jump up ^ McCook 1899 ^ Jump up to : Vincent J. Cirillo. 2004 . Bullets and Bacilli : The Spanish -- American War and Military Medicine . ( Rutgers University Press ) . ^ Jump up to : The American Army Moves on Puerto - Rico , Retrieved August 2 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Edgardo Pratts ( 2006 ) , De Coamo a la Trinchera del Asomante ( in Spanish ) ( First ed . ) , Puerto Rico : Fundación Educativa Idelfonso Pratts , ISBN 0 - 9762185 - 6 - 9 Jump up ^ Wolff 1961 , p. 175 , `` When the British consul died , intermediation was taken over by the Belgian consul , M. Edouard Andre ; and , as US troops poured in , everything began to fall into place . Jaudenes promised that he would not use his artillery if the ... '' Jump up ^ Cooling 2007 , p. 99 , `` Fearful of what the Filipinos might do , the American and Spanish authorities anxiously negotiated a way out of the thorny issue of Manila City . Aided by Belgian consul Edouard Andre , Dewey , Merritt , and Augustin '' Jump up ^ DyalCarpenter & Thomas 1996 , p. 175 , `` After Rawson - Walker 's sickness and death , Belgian consul Edouard André carried on the diplomatic exchanges between Dewey , General Wesley Merritt , * and Jaudenes . Through these diplomatic exchanges , early in August Jaudenes began to ... '' Jump up ^ Protocol of Peace Embodying the Terms of a Basis for the Establishment of Peace Between the Two Countries , Washington , D.C. , U.S.A. , August 12 , 1898 , retrieved October 17 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty of Paris , 1898 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brands Breen Williams Gross , American Stories `` A History of the United States '' , Pearson , p. 536 , ISBN 9780205243617 Jump up ^ Bethell , John ( November -- December 1998 ) , `` A Splendid Little War '' ; Harvard and the commencement of a new world order , Harvard magazine , retrieved December 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Millis 1979 , p. 340 This source provides a more complete quote : It has been a splendid little war ; begun with the highest motives , carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit , favored by the fortune which loves the brave . It is now to be concluded , I hope , with that firm good nature which is after all the distinguishing trait of our American character . Jump up ^ Montoya 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Johnson & Bongard 1992 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1961 , p. 657 Jump up ^ Kaplan , Richard L. 2003 . `` American Journalism Goes to War , 1898 -- 2001 : a manifesto on media and empire '' , p. 211 Jump up ^ Pérez 2008 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Negrón - Muntaner 2004 , p. 11 , citing Julio Cervera Baviera ( 1898 ) , La defensa militar de Puerto Rico , Puerto Rico , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte II -- Comandante Julio Cervera Baviera , 1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico , retrieved February 6 , 2008 ( an excerpt from Carreras & Tafunell 2004 ) Jump up ^ Albert Carreras & Xavier Tafunell : Historia Económica de la España contemporánea , p. 200 -- 208 , ISBN 84 - 8432 - 502 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` MILESTONES : 1899 -- 1913 : The United States , Cuba , and the Platt Amendment , 1901 '' . Milestones . Office of the Historian , U.S. Department of State . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Confederate & Federal Veterans of ' 98 : Civil War Veterans who served in the Spanish -- American War , Philippine Insurrection , and China Relief Expedition by Micah J. Jenkins . Retrieved on October 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ Gatewood 1975 , pp. 23 -- 29 ; there were some opponents , ibid . p. 30 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` VFW at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . VFW . September 2 , 2004 . Retrieved November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( June 30 , 2005 ) . `` Senators want to nix 1898 telecom tax '' . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( August 1 , 2006 ) . `` Telecom tax imposed in 1898 finally ends '' . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ The Spanish American War in Motion Picture , U.S. Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Early Motion Pictures , 1897 -- 1920 , U.S. Library of Congress References ( edit ) American Peace Society ( 1898 ) , The Advocate of Peace , American Peace Society , retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Bailey , Thomas Andrew ( 1961 ) , The American Pageant : A History of the Republic , Heath . Baycroft , Timothy ; Hewitson , Mark ( 2006 ) , What is a nation ? : Europe 1789 -- 1914 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929575 - 3 . Beede , Benjamin R. , ed. ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898 -- 1934 , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 . An encyclopedia . Bergad , Laird W. ( 1978 ) . `` Agrarian History of Puerto Rico , 1870 -- 1930 '' . Latin American Research Review . 13 ( 3 ) : 63 -- 94 ... Botero , Rodrigo ( 2001 ) , `` Ambivalent embrace : America 's troubled relations with Spain from the Revolutionary War to the Cold War '' , Contributions to the study of world history , Greenwood Publishing Group , 78 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31570 - 1 . Brune , Lester H. ; Burns , Richard Dean ( 2003 ) , `` Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1607 -- 1932 '' , Volume 1 of Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations , Richard Dean Burns , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93914 - 0 ( 2 ed . ) , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93915 - 7 . Campbell , W. Joseph ( 2001 ) , Yellow Journalism : Puncturing the Myths , Defining the Legacies , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 275 - 96686 - 0 . Carr , Raymond ( 1982 ) , Spain , 1808 -- 1975 , Clarendon Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 822128 - 2 . Carreras , Albert ; Tafunell , Xavier ( 2004 ) , Historia económica de la España Contemporánea , Crítica , ISBN 978 - 84 - 8432 - 502 - 4 . Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Cooling , Benjamin Franklin ( 2007 ) , USS Olympia : Herald of Empire , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 126 - 6 . Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ; Johnson , Curt ; Bongard , David L. ( 1992 ) , The Harper encyclopedia of military biography Dyal , Donald H ; Carpenter , Brian B. ; Thomas , Mark A. ( 1996 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War , Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 28852 - 6 . Gatewood , Willard B. ( 1975 ) , Black Americans and the White Man 's Burden , 1898 -- 1903 , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 00475 - 2 Gaudreault , André ( 2009 ) , American cinema , 1890 -- 1909 : themes and variations , Rutgers University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4443 - 4 . Hendrickson , Kenneth E. , Jr. ( 2003 ) , The Spanish -- American War , Greenwood , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31662 - 3 . short summary Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) , In Our Image , Century , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 3732 - 9 Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American & Philippine - American Wars . ABC - CLIO . Lacsamana , Leodivico Cruz ( 2006 ) , Philippine history and government , Phoenix Pub . House , ISBN 978 - 971 - 06 - 1894 - 1 . Levy , Jack S. ; Thompson , William R. ( 2010 ) , Causes of War , John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7559 - 3 Millis , Walter ( 1979 ) , The martial spirit , Ayer Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 11866 - 1 Montoya , Arthur ( 2011 ) , America 's Original Sin : Absolution & Penance , Xlibris Corporation , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4628 - 4434 - 0 Negrón - Muntaner , Frances ( 2004 ) , Boricua Pop : Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture , NYU Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5818 - 2 . Offner , John L. ( 1992 ) , An Unwanted War : the Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 . Offner , John L. ( 2004 ) , `` McKinley and the Spanish -- American War '' , Presidential Studies Quarterly , 34 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 61 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2004. 00034. x , ISSN 0360 - 4918 . Parker , John H. ( 2003 ) , The Gatlings at Santiago , Indypublish.com , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4043 - 8137 - 7 Pérez , Louis A. Cuba and the United States : Ties of Singular Intimacy . Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2003 . Print . Pérez , Louis A. ( 2008 ) , Cuba in the American Imagination : Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos , UNC Press Books . Pérez , Louis A. ( 1998 ) , The war of 1898 : the United States and Cuba in history and historiography , UNC Press Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4742 - 8 Rogers , Robert F. ( 1995 ) , Destiny 's Landfall : A History of Guam ( illustrated ed . ) , University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1678 - 0 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1899 ) , `` I. RAISING THE REGIMENT '' , The Rough Riders , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Smithsonian Institution ( 2005 ) , The Price of Freedom : Americans at War -- Spanish American War , National Museum of American History ( U.S. ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9744202 - 3 - 3 . Santamarina , Juan C. `` The Cuba Company and the Expansion of American Business in Cuba , 1898 -- 1915 '' . The Business History Review 74.01 ( Spring 2000 ) : 41 -- 83 . Print Smith , Mark . `` The Political Economy of Sugar Production and the Environment of Eastern Cuba , 1898 -- 1923 '' . Environmental History Review 19.04 ( Winter 1995 ) : 31 -- 48 . Print Smythe , Ted Curtis ( 2003 ) , The Gilded Age press , 1865 -- 1900 , Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30080 - 6 . Tone , John Lawrence . War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) online review Trask , David F. ( 1996 ) , The war with Spain in 1898 , U of Nebraska Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 5 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2009 ) , The Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American and Philippine - American Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 951 - 1 Wionzek , Karl - Heinz ( 2000 ) , Germany , the Philippines , and the Spanish -- American War : four accounts by officers of the Imperial German Navy , National Historical Institute . Wolff , Leon ( 1961 ) , Little Brown Brother : How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century 's Turn , Wolff Productions , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58288 - 209 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Spanish -- American War Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Barnes , Mar . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 : An Annotated Bibliography ( Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies ) ( 2010 ) Berner , Brad K . The Spanish - American War : A Historical Dictionary ( Scarecrow Press , 1998 ) . Berner , Brad K. , ed . The Spanish - American War : A Documentary History with Commentaries ( 2016 ) , 289pp ; includes primary sources Bradford , James C. ed. , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War and Its Aftermath ( 1993 ) , essays on diplomacy , naval and military operations , and historiography . Cirillo , Vincent J. Bullets and Bacilli : The Spanish -- American War and Military Medicine ( 2004 ) Corbitt , Duvon C. `` Cuban Revisionist Interpretations of Cuba 's Struggle for Independence , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 32 ( August 1963 ) : 395 -- 404 . in JSTOR Cosmas , Graham A. An Army for Empire : The United States Army and the Spanish -- American War ( 1971 ) , organizational issues Crapol , Edward P. `` Coming to Terms with Empire : The Historiography of Late - Nineteenth - Century American Foreign Relations , '' Diplomatic History 16 ( Fall 1992 ) : 573 -- 97 ; Cull , N.J. , Culbert , D. , Welch , D. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion : A Historical Encyclopedia , 1500 to the Present . `` Spanish -- American War '' . ( 2003 ) . 378 -- 379 . Daley , L. ( 2000 ) , `` Canosa in the Cuba of 1898 '' , in Aguirre , B.E. ; Espina , E. , Los últimos días del comienzo : Ensayos sobre la guerra , Santiago de Chile : RiL Editores , ISBN 956 - 284 - 115 - 4 DeSantis , Hugh . `` The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence , 1865 -- 1900 , '' in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker , eds. , American Foreign Relations : A Historiographical Review ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 -- 90 Dirks , Tim . `` War and Anti-War Films '' . The Greatest Films . Retrieved November 9 , 2005 . Dobson , John M. Reticent Expansionism : The Foreign Policy of William McKinley . ( 1988 ) . Feuer , A.B. The Spanish -- American War at Sea : Naval Action in the Atlantic ( 1995 ) online edition Field , Jr. , James A. `` American Imperialism : The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book , '' American Historical Review 83 ( June 1978 ) : 644 -- 68 , past of the `` AHR Forum , '' with responses in JSTOR Freidel , Frank . The Splendid Little War ( 1958 ) , well illustrated narrative by scholar ISBN 0 - 7394 - 2342 - 8 Fry , Joseph A. `` From Open Door to World Systems : Economic Interpretations of Late - Nineteenth - Century American Foreign Relations , '' Pacific Historical Review 65 ( May 1996 ) : 277 -- 303 Fry , Joseph A. `` William McKinley and the Coming of the Spanish -- American War : A Study of the Besmirching and Redemption of an Historical Image , '' Diplomatic History 3 ( Winter 1979 ) : 77 -- 97 Funston , Frederick . Memoirs of Two Wars , Cuba and Philippine Experiences . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1911 online edition Gould , Lewis . The Spanish -- American War and President McKinley ( 1980 ) excerpt and text search Foner , Philip , The Spanish -- Cuban -- American War and the Birth of American Imperialism , 1895 -- 1902 ( 1972 ) Hamilton , Richard . President McKinley , War , and Empire ( 2006 ) . Harrington , Peter , and Frederic A. Sharf . `` A Splendid Little War . '' The Spanish -- American War , 1898 . The Artists ' Perspective . London : Greenhill , 1998 . Harrington , Fred H. `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review , Vol. 22 , No. 2 ( Sep. 1935 ) , pp. 211 -- 230 in JSTOR Herring , George C. From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) , the latest survey Hoganson , Kristin . Fighting For American Manhood : How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish -- American and Philippine -- American Wars ( 1998 ) Holbo , Paul S. ( 1967 ) , `` Presidential Leadership in Foreign Affairs : William McKinley and the Turpie - Foraker Amendment '' , The American Historical Review , 72 ( 4 ) : 1321 -- 1335 , doi : 10.2307 / 1847795 , JSTOR 1847795 . Keller , Allan . The Spanish -- American War : A Compact History ( 1969 ) Killblane , Richard E. , `` Assault on San Juan Hill , '' Military History , June 1998 , Vol. 15 , Issue 2 . LaFeber , Walter , The New Empire : An Interpretation of American Expansion , 1865 -- 1898 ( 1963 ) Leeke , Jim . Manila and Santiago : The New Steel Navy in the Spanish -- American War ( 2009 ) Linderman , Gerald F. The Mirror of War : American Society and the Spanish -- American War ( 1974 ) , domestic aspects Maass , Matthias . `` When Communication Fails : Spanish -- American Crisis Diplomacy 1898 , '' Amerikastudien , 2007 , Vol. 52 Issue 4 , pp 481 -- 493 May , Ernest . Imperial Democracy : The Emergence of America as a Great Power ( 1961 ) McCartney , Paul T. American National Identity , the War of 1898 , and the Rise of American Imperialism ( 2006 ) McCook , Henry Christopher ( 1899 ) , The Martial Graves of Our Fallen Heroes in Santiago de Cuba , G.W. Jacobs & Co . Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Daville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Nelly Maldonado Mellander ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . Miles , Nelson Appleton ( 2012 ) . Harper 's Pictorial History of the War with Spain ; . HardPress . ISBN 978 - 1 - 290 - 02902 - 5 . Miller , Richard H. ed. , American Imperialism in 1898 : The Quest for National Fulfillment ( 1970 ) Millis , Walter . The Martial Spirit : A Study of Our War with Spain ( 1931 ) Morgan , H. Wayne. , America 's Road to Empire : The War with Spain and Overseas Expansion ( 1965 ) Muller y Tejeiro , Jose . Combates y Capitulacion de Santiago de Cuba . Marques , Madrid : 1898 . 208 p . English translation by U.S. Navy Dept . O'Toole , G.J.A. The Spanish War : An American Epic -- 1898 ( 1984 ) Paterson , Thomas G. `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher , Vol. 29 , No. 3 ( May 1996 ) , pp. 341 -- 361 in JSTOR Pérez , Jr . Louis A. ( 1989 ) , `` The Meaning of the Maine : Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish -- American War '' , The Pacific Historical Review , 58 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 322 , doi : 10.2307 / 3640268 , JSTOR 3640268 . Pérez Jr . Louis A . The War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography University of North Carolina Press , 1998 Smith , Ephraim K. `` William McKinley 's Enduring Legacy : The Historiographical Debate on the Taking of the Philippine Islands , '' in James C. Bradford , ed. , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War and Its Aftermath ( 1993 ) , pp. 205 -- 49 Pratt , Julius W. ( May 1934 ) . `` American Business and the Spanish - American War '' . The Hispanic American Historical Review . Duke University Press . 14 ( 2 ) : 163 . doi : 10.2307 / 2506353 . Pratt , Julius W . The Expansionists of 1898 ( 1936 ) Schoonover , Thomas . Uncle Sam 's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization. ( 2003 ) Smith , Joseph . The Spanish -- American War : Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific ( 1994 ) Stewart , Richard W. `` Emergence to World Power 1898 -- 1902 '' Ch. 15 , in `` American Military History , Volume I : The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation , 1775 -- 1917 '' , Center of Military History , United States Army . ( 2004 ) , official U.S. Army textbook Tone , John Lawrence . War and Genocide in Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) U.S. War Dept . Military Notes on Cuba . 2 vols . Washington , DC : GPO , 1898 . online edition US Army Center for Military History , Adjutant General 's Office Statistical Exhibit of Strength of Volunteer Forces Called Into Service During the War With Spain ; with Losses From All Causes . US Army Center for Military History , Washington : Government Printing Office , 1899 . Wheeler , Joseph . The Santiago Campaign , 1898 . ( 1898 ) . online edition Zakaria , Fareed , From Wealth to Power : The Unusual Origins of America 's World Role ( 1998 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spanish -- American War . The Spanish American War lesson from EDSITEment America 's Black Patriots -- Spanish American War Spanish -- American War Centennial Points of Confusion over the Cuba Question and Cuba Sovereignty Individual state 's contributions to the Spanish -- American War : Illinois , Pennsylvania Sons of Spanish American War Veterans From ' Dagoes ' to ' Nervy Spaniards , ' American Soldiers ' Views of their Opponents , 1898 by Albert Nofi Excerpts from The National Museum of American history . Reenactment of Spanish -- American War ( video ) on YouTube Spanish -- American War reenactment groups The American Peril -- An Examination of the Spanish American War and the Philippine Insurrection by Dan Carlin Media ( edit ) William Glackens prints at the Library of Congress Images of Florida and the War for Cuban Independence , 1898 at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 1 , 2010 ) from the state archives of Florida ( archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 01 ) Pictures of the Army Nurse Corps in the war Art and images from the War with Spain at the United States Army Center of Military History Spanish -- American War photographic collections , via Calisphere , California Digital Library The Spanish -- American War in Motion Pictures -- U.S. Library of Congress Wehman Collection of Spanish -- American War Photographs at the University of South Florida Ensminger Brothers Spanish -- American War Photographs at the University of South Florida Reference materials ( edit ) United States Department of State , Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States , with the annual message of the president transmitted to Congress December 5 , 1898 especially pp. 558 -- 1085 . Joint Resolution Resolution of Congress April 19 , 1898 , point 4 is the Teller amendment Operations of the U.S. Signal Corps Cutting and Diverting Undersea Telegraph Cables from Cuba Library of Congress Guide to the Spanish -- American War Emergence to World Power , 1898 -- 1902 ( an extract from Matloff 's American Military History a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History ) Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill Impact on the Spanish Army by Charles Hendricks Black Jack in Cuba -- General John J. Pershing 's service in the Spanish -- American War , by Kevin Hymel The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War -- Library of Congress Hispanic Division Centennial of the Spanish -- American War 1898 -- 1998 by Lincoln Cushing History of Negro soldiers in the Spanish -- American War , and other items of interest , by Edward Augustus Johnston , published 1899 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . The War of 98 ( The Spanish -- American War ) The Spanish -- American War from a Spanish perspective ( in English ) . Name Index to New York in the Spanish -- American War 1898 1898 : El Ocaso de un Imperio Article in Spanish about naval operations during the Spanish -- American war . Spanish -- American War Service Summary Cards from the Georgia Archives . 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what territory did us gain from spanish-american war
[ "The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favourable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine islands. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($575,760,000 today) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.[23]", "The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favourable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine islands. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($575,760,000 today) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.[23]", "The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favourable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine islands. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($575,760,000 today) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.[23]", "The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favourable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine islands. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($575,760,000 today) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.[23]" ]
[ "Cuba", "Puerto Rico", "Guam", "the Philippine islands" ]
254636784173293645
Don't Worry, Be Happy
Do n't Worry , Be Happy - wikipedia Do n't Worry , Be Happy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Bobby McFerrin . For other uses , see Do n't Worry , Be Happy ( disambiguation ) . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Single by Bobby McFerrin from the album Simple Pleasures A-side `` Do n't Worry Be Happy '' B - side `` Good Lovin ' '' `` Simple Pleasures '' ( optional ) Released September 1988 , 1989 , 2000 Format 12 '' maxi 7 '' promo 7 '' single CD single Recorded 1988 Genre Reggae jazz a cappella Length 4 : 50 ( album version ) 4 : 03 ( music video ) 3 : 50 ( radio edit ) Label EMI - Manhattan Records Songwriter ( s ) Bobby McFerrin Producer ( s ) Linda Goldstein Audio sample file help `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' is a popular worldwide hit song by musician Bobby McFerrin . Released in September 1988 , it became the first a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , a position it held for two weeks . The song 's title is taken from a famous quotation by Meher Baba . The `` instruments '' in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin , using no instruments at all ; McFerrin also sings with an affected accent . The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin , Robin Williams , and Bill Irwin , and is somewhat shorter than the album version . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance 3 Usage in popular culture 4 Awards 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 Cover versions 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Meher Baba , who often used the phrase `` Do n't worry , be happy '' The Indian mystic and sage Meher Baba ( 1894 -- 1969 ) often used the expression `` Do n't worry , be happy '' when cabling his followers in the West . In the 1960s , the expression was printed up on inspirational cards and posters of the era . In 1988 , McFerrin noticed a similar poster in the apartment of the jazz duo Tuck & Patti in San Francisco . Inspired by the expression 's charm and simplicity , McFerrin wrote the now famous song , which was included in the soundtrack of the movie Cocktail , and became a hit single the next year . In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said , `` Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba , it usually says ' Do n't worry , be happy , ' which is a pretty neat philosophy in four words , I think . '' Linda Goldstein , the song 's producer , said the song gave McFerrin `` the freedom to explore , '' adding , `` He is a man of infinite , unfathomable , boundless voices and everything he has ever heard has gone into his brain , from the Mickey Mouse Club theme to the Metropolitan Opera . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Originally released in conjunction with the film Cocktail in 1988 , the song originally peaked at No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was re-released the same year and peaked at No. 1 on September 24 , 1988 displacing `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' by Guns N ' Roses which had previously held the No. 1 spot . The song also peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Tracks chart and No. 7 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . The song was also a hit in the United Kingdom and on the UK Singles Chart , the song reached number 2 during its fifth week on the chart ( kept from the top spot by Whitney Houston 's `` One Moment in Time '' ) . The song is the first a cappella song to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart and one critic noted it is a `` formula for facing life 's trials . '' While the song reached No. 1 on the charts , its album Simple Pleasures reached No. 12 on the album charts after starting out at No. 20 when it was first released . Usage in popular culture ( edit ) Comedian George Carlin wrote in Napalm and Silly Putty that many Americans would embrace the philosophy of denial in the song . Featured in the 1988 romance film Cocktail , starring Tom Cruise and Elisabeth Shue . It was also released as part of the film 's official soundtrack . The song was used in George H.W. Bush 's 1988 U.S. presidential election as Bush 's 1988 official presidential campaign song , without Bobby McFerrin 's permission or endorsement . In reaction , Bobby McFerrin ( a Democrat ) publicly protested that particular use of his song , including stating that he was going to vote against Bush , and completely dropped the song from his own performance repertoire , to make the point even clearer . The George H.W. Bush campaign then reportedly desisted from further use of the song . In 1989 , Delacorte Press published a book titled Do n't Worry , Be Happy with the song 's lyrics , 20 new verses written by McFerrin , and illustrations by Bennett Carlson . The song became an unofficial anthem in Jamaica after Hurricane Gilbert struck the island in September 1988 ( coinciding with the song 's release ) and caused months of hardship to the population . The song is often erroneously attributed to Bob Marley . In 1997 , the song was featured in the direct - to - video film Casper : A Spirited Beginning . In 2001 , Mondo Club recorded the titular single . The performer was Trevor Taylor . In 2005 , featured in the biographical military drama Jarhead , starring Jake Gyllenhaal . In 2006 , the song was parodied in the animated film Flushed Away . In 2008 , the song was featured in the Disney / Pixar animated film WALL - E. McFerrin had previously provided vocal work for Pixar 's short film Knick Knack . In November 2014 , it was featured as a mashup with `` Winter Wonderland '' by a cappella group Pentatonix featuring Tori Kelly on the album That 's Christmas to Me . It was featured in the dance video game Just Dance 2015 . This song is used on the commercials of Mattress Firm The song was covered by Z - Kety on his album The World Will Be Happy and The Artists ' Masters With Z - Kety with composer ZipZap Burning Master . In 2017 , the song was covered by Kermit Ruffins , Irvin Mayfield , Jason Marsalis , Cyril Neville , Haley Reinhart , and Glen David Andrews for Ruffins and Mayfield 's album A Beautiful World . Awards ( edit ) The song is ranked No. 31 on VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s and also appears on Rolling Stone 's list of the 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time . At the 1989 Grammy Awards , `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' won the awards for Song of the Year , Record of the Year , and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 -- 89 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM 30 Retail Singles Canadian RPM Top Singles France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Irish Singles Chart Italy ( FIMI ) 18 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 South African Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary 7 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles 11 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 75 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Versions of `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' have been recorded by several artists . The Katsimiha Brothers made a Greek cover of the song with original lyrics , and Montenegrin musician Rambo Amadeus made a parody entitled `` Do n't Happy , Be Worry '' , as a critique to the optimism of the music scene in the former Yugoslavia in the face of war and economic depression . In addition , the lyrics of `` Fight the Power '' by hip - hop artists Public Enemy refer critically to `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . A version of this song sung by The Hit Crew is also added into the Big Mouth Billy Bass , a very popular animatronic singing toy . Hermes House Band covered the song on their Rhythm of the Nineties album in 2009 . Reggae artist Cas Haley covered the song as a hidden bonus track on his Favorites album ( together with former Jah Roots lead singer , Josh Heinrichs ) . Also in 1989 Dutch rock DJ Alfred Lagarde recorded a version in Dutch with a heavy Surinam accent under the name Johnny Camaro . Spanish Ska band The Locos covered this song in a similar style , Ska . In 2015 , Alvin and the Chipmunks and The Chipettes covered the song for the live stage tour Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Musical . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry Be Happy '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ SPIN june 1989 ( PDF ) . SPIN Media LLC. 1989 . p. 66 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Michael . `` ' Do n't Worry , Be Happy ' -- It 's Catching '' Fort Lauderdale , Florida : Sun - Sentinel : 1988 . Jump up ^ Heldenfels , Rich ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Mailbag : Mr. Noodle explained '' . Akron Beacon - Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bhau Kalchuri ( 1986 ) . ' Meher Prabhu : Lord Meher , The Biography of the Avatar of the Age , Meher Baba . Manifestation , Inc . pp. 5134 , 5770 , 5970 , 6405 , 6742 . Jump up ^ `` ' USA Weekend Magazine '' . October 21 , 1988 . In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said , `` Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba , it usually says ' Do n't worry , be happy Jump up ^ `` Bobby McFerrin Extended Interview '' ( Video Interview ) . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hot 100 : The Week of September 24 , 1988 '' . billboard.com . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Holden , Stephen ( Sep 29 , 1988 ) . `` Don ` t Worry , Be Happy : Bobby Mcferrin Has A No. 1 Hit '' . New York Times News Service . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . McFerrin ` s hit is earning the superb vocal improviser a mass audience , as his album , ` ` Simple Pleasures ` ` leaps from No. 20 to No. 12 on the album chart . Jump up ^ `` Bobby McFerrin Awards '' . All Media Network , LLC . March 11 , 1950 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Do n't Worry , Be Happy . B Happy - Benny to Beyonce , 2012 - books.google.com Jump up ^ Carlin , George ( 2001 ) . Napalm and Silly Putty . Jump up ^ `` '' Do n't Worry , Be Happy `` , Bobby McFerrin '' . VH1 's Pop - up Video . 1997 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Helen . `` Revd Helen OSullivan on Do n't Worry Be Happy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Barry ( Dec 11 , 2013 ) . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy 5.4 Project '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mondo Club -- Do n't Worry Be Happy Jump up ^ `` ( Official Video ) Winter Wonderland / Do n't Worry Be Happy - Pentatonix ( ft Tori Kelly ) '' . YouTube . November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kermit Ruffins Irvin Mayfield -- A Beautiful World '' . Basin Street Records . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Kate ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` The 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Canadian 30 Retail Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Only one result when searching `` Do n't worry be happy '' Jump up ^ `` The best - selling singles of 1989 in Italy '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . 97 . Do n't Worry , Be Happy - Bobby McFerrin ( # 18 , 1988 / 89 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bobby McFerrin search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in South African Chart '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` LISTAS DE AFYVE - Singles 1988 '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 22nd October 1988 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby McFerrin awards on Allmusic '' . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bobby McFerrin ; ' Do n't Worry , Be Happy ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bobby Mc Ferrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) 1980s portal Bobby McFerrin -- Official Website MetroLyrics ( Song Lyrics and Video ) Preceded by `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' by Guns N ' Roses Billboard Hot 100 number one single September 24 , 1988 -- October 1 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Love Bites '' by Def Leppard Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1980s ) `` What a Fool Believes '' * by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) produced by Ted Templeman ( 1980 ) `` Sailing '' * by Christopher Cross produced by Michael Omartian ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' * by Kim Carnes produced by Val Garay ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) produced by Toto ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson produced by Michael Jackson & Quincy Jones ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner produced by Terry Britten ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' * by USA for Africa produced by Quincy Jones ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood produced by Russ Titelman & Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon produced by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' * by Bobby McFerrin produced by Linda Goldstein ( 1989 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1980s ) 1980 Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald - `` What a Fool Believes '' 1981 Christopher Cross - `` Sailing '' 1982 Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon - `` Bette Davis Eyes '' Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson - `` Always on My Mind '' 1984 Sting - `` Every Breath You Take '' 1985 Graham Lyle & Terry Britten - `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' 1986 Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie - `` We Are the World '' Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager - `` That 's What Friends Are For '' 1988 James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil - `` Somewhere Out There '' Bobby McFerrin - `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Meher Baba Publications God Speaks ( 1955 ) Discourses ( 1939 ) God in a Pill ? ( 1966 ) Terms and concepts God - realization Perfect Master Involution Mast Mandali New Life Prayers Parvardigar Prayer Prayer of Repentance Beloved God Prayer Seven Names of God Prayer 101 Names of God Traditions Amartithi Silence Day Dhuni Meher Baba 's missing book Important places Meherabad ashram Pilgrim Center shrine / tomb Meherazad Meher Spiritual Center Meher Mount Avatar 's Abode Family Shireen Irani ( mother ) Sheriar Irani ( father ) Mani Irani ( sister ) Associated figures Mehera Irani Norina Matchabelli Kitty Davy Eruch Jessawala Faredoon Driver Bhau Kalchuri Francis Brabazon William Donkin Lyn Ott Charles Purdom Gabriel Pascal Quentin Tod Meredith Starr Pete Townshend Tom Hopkinson Mirza Ismail Contacted masters Hazrat Babajan Upasni Maharaj Sai Baba of Shirdi Hazrat Tajuddin Baba Narayan Maharaj Organizations Avatar Meher Baba Trust Sufism Reoriented Legacy `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Beyond Words ( 1997 documentary ) Nema aviona za Zagreb ( 2012 film ) Happy Birthday ( 1970 album ) I Am ( 1972 album ) With Love ( 1976 album ) O Parvardigar ( 1976 film ) `` Parvardigar '' ( 2001 album ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Worry,_Be_Happy&oldid=808801468 '' Categories : 1988 singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles A cappella songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs about happiness Meher Baba 1988 songs Manhattan Records singles EMI Records singles Debut singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 07 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the song don't worry be happy made
[ "\"Don't Worry, Be Happy\" is a popular worldwide hit song by musician Bobby McFerrin. Released in September 1988, it became the first a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, a position it held for two weeks. The song's title is taken from a famous quotation by Meher Baba. The \"instruments\" in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin, using no instruments at all; McFerrin also sings with an affected accent.[3] The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin, Robin Williams, and Bill Irwin,[4] and is somewhat shorter than the album version." ]
[ "September 1988" ]
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Civil Rights Act of 1957
Civil rights Act of 1957 - wikipedia Civil rights Act of 1957 The Civil Rights Act of 1957 , Pub. L. 85 -- 315 , 71 Stat. 634 , enacted September 9 , 1957 , a federal voting rights bill , was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875 . Its purpose was to show the federal government 's support for racial equality after the US Supreme Court 's 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka . Opposition to the Act , including the longest one - person filibuster in US history , limited its immediate impact . The Act , however , paved the way for a series of more effective civil rights bills in the 1960s . Contents 1 Background 2 Passage 2.1 Filibuster 3 Content 4 Aftermath 5 Subsequent legislation 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Background ( edit ) Following the Supreme Court ruling in Brown , which eventually led to the integration , also called desegregation , of public schools , Southern whites began a campaign of `` Massive Resistance . '' Violence against blacks rose ; in Little Rock , Arkansas where US President Dwight D. Eisenhower had to order in federal troops to protect nine children integrating into a public school , the first time the US federal government ordered troops in the South since the Reconstruction era . There had been continued physical assaults against suspected activists and bombings of schools and churches in the South . The Eisenhower administration proposed legislation to protect blacks ' right to vote . The goal of the 1957 Civil Rights Act was to ensure that all Americans could exercise their right to vote . By 1957 , only about 20 % of blacks were registered to vote . Despite being the majority in numerous counties and congressional districts in the South , most blacks had been effectively disfranchised by discriminatory voter registration rules and laws in those states since the late 19th and early 20th centuries that were heavily instituted and propagated by Southern Democrats . Civil rights organizations had collected evidence of discriminatory practices , such as the administration of literacy and comprehension tests and poll taxes . While the states had the right to establish rules for voter registration and elections , the federal government found an oversight role in ensuring that citizens could exercise the constitutional right to vote for federal officers : electors for president and vice president and members of the US Congress . Passage ( edit ) The Democratic Senate Majority Leader , Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas , realized that the bill and its journey through Congress could tear apart his party , as its southern members opposed civil rights , and its northern members were more favorable . Southern senators occupied chairs of numerous important committees because of their long seniority . Johnson sent the bill to the Senate Judiciary Committee , led by Senator James Eastland of Mississippi , who drastically altered the bill . Senator Richard Russell , Jr. , of Georgia had denounced the bill as an example of the federal government seeking to impose its laws on states . Johnson sought recognition from civil rights advocates for passing the bill as well as recognition from the mostly - Southern Democrats against civil rights for weakening the bill so much as to make it toothless . The bill passed 285 - 126 in the House of Representatives with a majority of both parties ' support ( Republicans 167 -- 19 , Democrats 118 -- 107 ) It then passed 72 - 18 in the Senate , again with a majority of both parties ( Republicans 43 -- 0 , Democrats 29 -- 18 ) . Eisenhower signed the bill on September 9 , 1957 . Filibuster ( edit ) Democratic Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , an ardent segregationist , sustained the longest one - person filibuster in history in an attempt to keep the bill from becoming law . His one - man filibuster lasted 24 hours and 18 minutes ; he began with readings of every US state 's election laws in alphabetical order . He later read from the Declaration of Independence , the Bill of Rights , and George Washington 's Farewell Address . To prevent a quorum call that could have relieved the filibuster by allowing the Senate to adjourn , cots were brought in from a nearby hotel for the legislators to sleep on while Thurmond discussed increasingly - irrelevant and obscure topics , including his grandmother 's biscuit recipe . Other Southern senators , who had agreed as part of a compromise not to filibuster this bill , were upset with Thurmond . They believed his defiance made them look incompetent to their constituents . Other constituents were upset with their senators because they were seen as not helping Thurmond . Thurmond pointed out that there was already a federal statute that prosecuted citizens who denied or intimidated voters at voting booths under a fine and / or imprisonment but that the bill then under consideration could legally deny trial by jury to those that continued to do so . Democratic Representative Charles A. Boyle of Illinois , a member of the powerful Appropriations Subcommittee of Defense , pushed the bill through the House of Representatives . Content ( edit ) Section 101 set up a six - member Civil Rights Commission in the executive branch to gather information on citizens ' deprivation of voting rights based on color , race , religion , or national origin as well as the legal background , the laws , and the policies of the federal government . The commission was to take testimony or written complaints from individuals on the difficulties in registering and voting . It would submit a final report to the President and the Congress within two years and then cease to exist . Part IV , Section 131 , banned intimidating , coercing or otherwise interfering with the rights of persons to vote for electors for President and members of Congress . The United States Attorney General was allowed to institute actions , including injunctions and charges of contempt of court , with fines not to exceed $1000 and six months imprisonment . Extensive safeguards for the rights of accused were provided by the statute . US federal judges were allowed to hear cases related to the Act with or without juries . Not being able to vote in most of the South , blacks were then excluded from state juries there . Federal jury selection had been tied to state jury selection rules , thus in some instances excluding both blacks and women as federal jurors . Section 161 freed federal courts from state jury rules and specified qualifications for jurors in federal courts . `` Any citizen '' 21 years or older , literate in English , who had resided in the judicial district for a year , excluding convicts and persons with mental or physical infirmities severe enough to make them unable to serve , was eligible . Since neither race nor sex was listed among the qualifications , the provision allowed both blacks and women to serve on juries in trials in federal courts . The final version of the act established both the Commission on Civil Rights and the office of Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights . Subsequently , on December 9 , 1957 , the Civil Rights Division was established within the Justice Department by order of US Attorney General William P. Rogers , giving the Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights a distinct division to command . Previously , civil rights lawyers had enforced Reconstruction - era civil rights laws from within the Department 's Criminal Division . Aftermath ( edit ) Although the Act 's passage through seemed to indicate a growing federal commitment to the cause of civil rights , the legislation was limited . Alterations to the bill made the Act difficult to enforce ; by 1960 , black voting had increased by only 3 % . Its passage showed varying degrees of willingness to support civil rights . Martin Luther King Jr. , then 28 , was a developing leader in the Civil Rights Movement and spoke out against white supremacists . Segregationists had burned black churches , which were centers of education and organizing for voter registration , and physically attacked black activists , including women . King sent a telegram to Eisenhower to make a speech to the South and asked him to use `` the weight of your great office to point out to the people of the South the moral nature of the problem . '' Eisenhower responded , `` I do n't know what another speech would do about the thing right now . '' Disappointed , King sent another telegram to Eisenhower stating that the latter 's comments were `` a profound disappointment to the millions of Americans of goodwill , north and south , who earnestly are looking to you for leadership and guidance in this period of inevitable social change . '' He tried to set up a meeting with the President but was given a two - hour meeting with Vice President Richard Nixon . It is reported that Nixon was impressed with King and told Eisenhower that he might enjoy meeting King later . Subsequent legislation ( edit ) The Civil Rights Act of 1960 addressed some of the shortcomings of the 1957 Act by expanding the authority of federal judges to protect voting rights and by requiring local authorities to maintain comprehensive voting records for review so that the government could determine if there were patterns of discrimination against certain populations . The Civil Rights Movement continued to expand , with protesters leading nonviolent demonstrations to mark their cause . Now president , John F. Kennedy , called for a new bill in his televised Civil Rights Address of June 11 , 1963 , in which he asked for legislation `` giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public -- hotels , restaurants , theaters , retail stores , and similar establishments '' as well as `` greater protection for the right to vote . '' Kennedy delivered the speech after a series of civil rights protests , most notably the Birmingham campaign , which concluded in May 1963 . In the summer of 1963 , various parts of the civil rights movement collaborated to run voter education and voter registration drives in Mississippi . During the 1964 Freedom Summer , hundreds of students from the North came to participate in voter drives and community organizing . Media coverage , especially of the violent backlash exemplified by the murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner near Philadelphia , Mississippi , contributed to national support for civil rights legislation . After the Kennedy assassination , now - President Lyndon Johnson helped secure passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which made racial discrimination and segregation illegal , and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which abolished the poll tax and other means of keeping blacks and the poor from registering to vote and from voting , established record - keeping and oversight , and provided for federal enforcement in areas with documented patterns of discrimination or low voter turnout . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNeese , Tim ( 2008 ) . The Civil Rights Movement : Striving for Justice . New York : Infobase Publishing . ^ Jump up to : James A. Miller , `` An inside look at Eisenhower 's civil rights record '' Archived 2012 - 01 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . The Boston Globe at boston.com , 21 November 2007 , accessed 28 October 2011 Jump up ^ Caro , Robert , Master of the Senate : The Years of Lyndon Johnson , Chapter 39 Jump up ^ HR 6127 . CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 . PASSED . YEA SUPPORTS PRESIDENT 'S POSITION . http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/h42 Jump up ^ HR. 6127 . CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 . PASSED . http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s75 Jump up ^ Senate.gov web site Jump up ^ Caro , Robert ( 2002 ) . Master of the Senate : The Years of Lyndon Johnson . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 52836 - 0 . Jump up ^ https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Thurmond_filibuster_1957.pdf Jump up ^ Nichols , David . A. ( 2007 ) . A Matter of Justice : Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9781416541509 . OCLC 123968070 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act of 1960 Archived 2008 - 10 - 24 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Transcript from the JFK library '' . the JFK library . 1963 - 06 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act of 1964 Sources ( edit ) Finley , Keith M. ( 2008 ) . Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938 -- 1965 . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 9780807134610 . OCLC 791398684 . External links ( edit ) Civil Rights Act of 1957 Text Senate filibuster history Documents regarding the Civil Rights Act of 1957 , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Civil Rights Act of 1957 , Civil Rights Digital Library . Civil rights movement ( 1950s and 1960s ) Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Lynching in the United States Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture Honoring In popular culture Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Other King memorials Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Chief of Staff of the Army ( 1945 -- 1948 ) Commander , Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Military career Military career 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy Louisiana Maneuvers Operation Torch European Theater of Operations Allied invasion of Sicily Normandy landings Operation Veritable Military Governor , U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany Disarmed Enemy Forces European Advisory Commission Supreme Commander of NATO , 1951 - 1952 Presidency Presidency 1953 inauguration 1957 inauguration Korean War Armistice 1953 Iranian coup d'état `` Chance for Peace '' speech `` Atoms for Peace '' speech Civil Rights Act of 1957 Cold War Domino theory Khrushchev , Eisenhower and De-Stalinization New Look policy 1955 Geneva Summit 1960 U-2 incident NASA DARPA National Defense Education Act Interstate Highway System Suez Crisis Eisenhower Doctrine Little Rock Nine intervention Operation 40 Farewell address / `` Military -- industrial complex '' Office of Food for Peace President 's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports People to People Student Ambassador Program State of the Union Address ( 1955 1956 1960 ) Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Books Crusade in Europe ( 1948 ) Elections Draft Eisenhower movement Republican Party presidential primaries , 1948 1952 1956 Republican National Convention , 1952 1956 United States Presidential election , 1952 1956 Legacy Birthplace Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum , gravesite Boyhood home Eisenhower National Historic Site Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Eisenhower Executive Office Building Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport Eisenhower Fellowships Eisenhower Institute Eisenhower Monument Eisenhower dollar commemorative U.S. Postage stamps Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center Eisenhower Medical Center Eisenhower Trophy Eisenhower Golf Club Eisenhower Theater Dwight D. Eisenhower ( Brothers ) Places named for Eisenhower Other tributes and memorials Popular culture Eisenhower jacket Eisenhower Tree Crusade in Europe ( 1949 television series ) Ike ( 1979 miniseries ) Ike : Countdown to D - Day ( 2004 film ) Pressure ( 2014 play ) Family Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower ( wife ) Doud Eisenhower ( son ) John Eisenhower ( son ) David Eisenhower ( grandson ) Anne Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Susan Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Mary Jean Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Jennie Eisenhower ( great - granddaughter ) Ida Stover Eisenhower ( mother ) Earl D. Eisenhower ( brother ) Edgar N. Eisenhower ( brother ) Milton S. Eisenhower ( brother ) Related Eisenhower baseball controversy Camp David `` And I do n't care what it is '' Atoms for Peace Award Eddie Slovik Kay Summersby ← Harry S. Truman John F. Kennedy → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957&oldid=847617698 '' Categories : 1957 in American law 85th United States Congress United States federal civil rights legislation Civil rights movement Anti-discrimination law in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 16 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who signed the civil rights act of 1957
[ "The bill passed 285-126 in the House of Representatives with a majority of both parties' support (Republicans 167–19, Democrats 118–107)[4] It then passed 72-18 in the Senate, again with a majority of both parties (Republicans 43–0, Democrats 29–18).[5][clarification needed] Eisenhower signed the bill on September 9, 1957.\n" ]
[ "Eisenhower" ]
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Rising Pune Supergiant
Rising Pune Supergiant - Wikipedia Rising Pune Supergiant This article is about the cricket team . For the type of star , see supergiant . For other uses , see supergiant ( disambiguation ) . Rising Pune Supergiant Personnel Captain Steve Smith Coach Stephen Fleming Owner RP - Sanjiv Goenka Group Team information City Pune , Maharashtra , India Colours Founded December 2015 ( December 2015 ) Dissolved May 2017 ( May 2017 ) Home ground Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , Pune ( Capacity : 37,406 ) Secondary home ground ( s ) Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium , Visakhapatnam ( Capacity : 50,000 ) Rising Pune Supergiant in 2017 The Rising Pune Supergiant ( often abbreviated as RPS ) was a franchise cricket team based in Pune , Maharashtra , that played in the Indian Premier League in 2016 and 2017 . It was the second team representing Pune after Pune Warriors India . The team along with Gujarat Lions featured as two - season replacements for Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals , who were suspended due to their involvement in illegal betting by their respective owners . The Rising Pune Supergiant franchise is owned by RP - Sanjiv Goenka Group controlled by Sanjiv Goenka . The team name was announced ( as Rising Pune Supergiants ) on 18 January 2016 by Goenka in Kolkata and Raghu Iyer was appointed CEO . The owners changed the team name to Rising Pune Supergiant on 26 March 2017 . The team lost the 2017 IPL Final to Mumbai Indians by 1 run , which was the team 's last game in the IPL . Contents 1 Home ground 2 Seasons 3 Kit and sponsors 4 IPL 2017 Squad 5 Administration and support staff 6 Results summary 6.1 By season 7 Rising Pune Supergiants in 2016 8 Rising Pune Supergiant in 2017 - League Stage 9 Rising Pune Supergiant in 2017 Play - Offs 10 Records 10.1 Most Runs 10.2 Most Wickets 11 References 12 External links Home ground ( edit ) The Rising Pune Supergiant 's home ground was the Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium in Pune . However , controversies arose over holding 2016 IPL games in Maharashtra due to water usage of the cricket stadiums during severe drought and the Bombay High Court ordered all matches in May to be shifted out of the state . On 15 April 2016 , it was reported that the Rising Pune Supergiants were considering the ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium in Vishakhapatnam as an alternate home ground . Seasons ( edit ) Year Indian Premier League IPL 2016 Group stage ( 7 / 8 ) IPL 2017 Runners - up Kit and sponsors ( edit ) The official merchandise was provided by SEVEN and the principal shirt sponsor was Jio , Kent RO Systems . Spykar , Gulf Oil , Gemini Oil , Finolex Pipes , LYF Smartphones , DBS Bank and Marriott International were the associated sponsors for 2016 season . They also signed tournament partners such as OLA , Kingfishers , Deakin University , New India Assurance , Gourmet Renaissance and Fan Garage . Year Kit Manufacturers Sponsor ( Front ) Sponsor ( Back ) Sponsor ( Chest ) 2016 SEVEN Kent RO Systems Spykar Gulf Oil 2017 none Motorola Jio IPL 2017 Squad ( edit ) Players with international caps are listed in bold No . Name Nat Birth date Batting style Bowling style Signed year Salary Notes Batsmen Ajinkya Rahane ( 1988 - 06 - 05 ) 5 June 1988 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2016 ₹ 80 million ( US $1.2 million ) 13 Faf du Plessis ( 1984 - 07 - 13 ) 13 July 1984 ( age 34 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2016 ₹ 47.5 million ( US $690,000 ) Overseas 22 Mayank Agarwal ( 1991 - 02 - 16 ) 16 February 1991 ( age 27 ) Right - handed 2017 ₹ 16 million ( US $230,000 ) 45 Manoj Tiwary ( 1985 - 11 - 14 ) 14 November 1985 ( age 32 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2017 ₹ 5 million ( US $73,000 ) 49 Steve Smith ( 1989 - 06 - 02 ) 2 June 1989 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2016 ₹ 40 million ( US $580,000 ) Captain / Overseas 52 Rahul Tripathi ( 1991 - 03 - 02 ) 2 March 1991 ( age 27 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2017 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) 100 Usman Khawaja ( 1986 - 12 - 18 ) 18 December 1986 ( age 31 ) Left - handed Right - arm medium 2016 ₹ 10 million ( US $150,000 ) Overseas All - rounders 5 Baba Aparajith ( 1994 - 07 - 08 ) 8 July 1994 ( age 24 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2016 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) 18 Ankit Sharma ( 1991 - 04 - 20 ) 20 April 1991 ( age 27 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2016 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) 25 Mitchell Marsh ( 1991 - 10 - 20 ) 20 October 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2016 ₹ 48 million ( US $700,000 ) Overseas Withdrawn Player 29 Rajat Bhatia ( 1979 - 10 - 22 ) 22 October 1979 ( age 38 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2016 ₹ 6 million ( US $87,000 ) 54 Daniel Christian ( 1983 - 05 - 04 ) 4 May 1983 ( age 35 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2017 ₹ 10 million ( US $150,000 ) Overseas 55 Ben Stokes ( 1991 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1991 ( age 27 ) Left - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2017 ₹ 145 million ( US $2.1 million ) Overseas 555 Washington Sundar ( 1999 - 10 - 05 ) 5 October 1999 ( age 18 ) Left - handed Right - arm off break 2017 Replacement signing Wicket - keepers 7 MS Dhoni ( 1981 - 07 - 07 ) 7 July 1981 ( age 37 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2016 ₹ 125 million ( US $1.8 million ) 27 Ankush Bains ( 1995 - 12 - 16 ) 16 December 1995 ( age 22 ) Right - handed 2016 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) Milind Tandon ( 1993 - 10 - 29 ) 29 October 1993 ( age 24 ) Right - handed 2017 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) Bowlers Rahul Chahar ( 1999 - 08 - 04 ) 4 August 1999 ( age 19 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2017 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) 9 Deepak Chahar ( 1992 - 08 - 07 ) 7 August 1992 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2016 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) 10 Shardul Thakur ( 1991 - 10 - 16 ) 16 October 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2017 ₹ 2 million ( US $29,000 ) 11 Ashok Dinda ( 1984 - 03 - 25 ) 25 March 1984 ( age 34 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2016 ₹ 5 million ( US $73,000 ) 63 Adam Zampa ( 1992 - 03 - 31 ) 31 March 1992 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2016 ₹ 3 million ( US $44,000 ) Overseas 69 Lockie Ferguson ( 1991 - 06 - 13 ) 13 June 1991 ( age 27 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast 2017 ₹ 5 million ( US $73,000 ) Overseas 77 Jaydev Unadkat ( 1991 - 10 - 18 ) 18 October 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Left - arm medium - fast 2017 ₹ 3 million ( US $44,000 ) 99 Ravichandran Ashwin ( 1986 - 09 - 17 ) 17 September 1986 ( age 31 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2016 ₹ 75 million ( US $1.1 million ) Withdrawn Player 999 Imran Tahir ( 1979 - 03 - 27 ) 27 March 1979 ( age 39 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2017 Replacement signing Overseas Ishwar Pandey ( 1989 - 08 - 15 ) 15 August 1989 ( age 28 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2016 ₹ 2 million ( US $29,000 ) Jaskaran Singh ( 1991 - 12 - 21 ) 21 December 1991 ( age 26 ) Left - handed Left - arm medium - fast 2016 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) Saurabh Kumar ( 1993 - 05 - 01 ) 1 May 1993 ( age 25 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2017 ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) Administration and support staff ( edit ) Owner -- Sanjiv Goenka CEO -- Raghu Iyer Head coach -- Stephen Fleming Assistant coach -- Hrishikesh Kanitkar Bowling coach -- Eric Simons Performance analyst -- Prasanna Agoram Results summary ( edit ) By season ( edit ) 2016 Season The Rising Pune Supergiant made an excellent start to the season , convincingly winning their first game against the defending champions , Mumbai Indians , by 9 wickets . However , they went on to lose their next four games - against the Gujarat Lions , Kings XI Punjab , Royal Challengers Bangalore and the Kolkata Knight Riders . The inclusion of Ashoke Dinda , in their 6th game of the season , provided a brief inspiration as the Supergiants beat the Sunrisers Hyderabad by 34 runs . They lost the next two games - against the Gujarat Lions and the Mumbai Indians - at the Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium in Pune . The Supergiants were also briefly bolstered by the arrival of Australian batsmen Usman Khawaja and George Bailey against the Delhi Daredevils at the Feroz Shah Kotla and went on to win the game by 7 wickets . Pune 's last game of the season was against Kings XI Punjab , with the loser finishing at the bottom of the points table . RPS was struggling to chase down a total of 172 despite a good start from the openers and they kept losing wickets at constant intervals . RPS needed 23 runs from the last over which was bowled by Axar Patel with captain MS Dhoni on the crease . After a wide , four , six and two dot balls , RPS were left requiring 12 runs from the last two balls . It seemed the game was over but Dhoni pulled off the incredible and hit two sixes off the last two balls . This win ensured RPS did n't finish at the bottom of the points table . At the end of the 2016 IPL , the Supergiants won only 5 games out of 14 , and won only 2 of their 7 home games - 4 at the MCA Stadium in Pune and 3 at their new home ground , the ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium i n Vishakhapatnam . They finished at seventh place in the IPL points table . 2017 Season After the auction , Pune axed MS Dhoni as captain and Steve Smith was appointed captain barely months before the start of the 2017 season . The franchise then changed their name to Rising Pune Supergiant , removing the ' s ' , on 26 March 2017 . Washington Sundar replaced Ravichandran Ashwin who was ruled out of the tournament with a sports hernia . RPS bought Ben Stokes for ₹ 14.5 Crore at the auction , making him the most expensive overseas player in the history of the IPL . Imran Tahir was roped in by RPS as a replacement for Mitchell Marsh , who was once again ruled out of the tournament due to a shoulder injury . This decision proved to be extremely decisive , as Imran Tahir went on to take 18 wickets in 12 games for RPS before leaving for his national team , along with Faf du Plessis . RPS once again got off to a great start in IPL 2017 by beating the Mumbai Indians by 7 wickets in their first game . However , losses against Kings XI Punjab , Delhi Daredevils and Gujarat Lions followed and it seemed like Pune were repeating what took place last year . However , results picked up and RPS won 7 out of their next 8 games , all of them by close margins , with the top performers being Rahul Tripathi , Jaydev Unadkat , Ben Stokes and Imran Tahir . But a 6 - day gap left them rusty and RPS lost to Delhi Daredevils by 7 runs , forcing them to win their last game vs Punjab to qualify . In their do - or - die game vs Punjab , RPS skittled them out for 73 and won comfortably by 9 wickets , thus finishing in second place with 18 points and qualifying for the play - offs . RPS faced the Mumbai Indians in Qualifier 1 at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai , with a win securing them a spot in the final . RPS batted first and posted a slightly below - par total of 162 - 4 , with 41 runs coming from the last two overs , thanks to well - paced innings from Manoj Tiwary and Ajinkya Rahane and a late surge from MS Dhoni . Washington Sundar ripped apart the middle order of the Indians and finished with career best figures of 3 - 16 in 4 overs . Shardul Thakur and Jaydev Unadkat chipped in as Pune beat the Mumbai Indians comfortably by 20 runs . RPS faced the Mumbai Indians for the fourth time in the season , in the final at Hyderabad . This was Rising Pune Supergiant 's last game in the IPL . RPS had a psychological edge over Mumbai , considering RPS had beaten them on all three meetings in the season . Rohit Sharma won the toss and decided to bat first . Jaydev Unadkat and Adam Zampa took key wickets as Mumbai crumbled to 79 - 7 but a late surge from Krunal Pandya meant that Mumbai finished with a slightly - below par score of 129 - 8 . RPS looked comfortable after the powerplay but over-cautious batting cost them dearly . Ajinkya Rahane scored runs easily but captain Steve Smith struggled and things took a turn when Rahane got out for 44 . MS Dhoni arrived but was quickly removed for 10 and Pune were left requiring 11 runs from the last over with Smith and Manoj Tiwary at the crease . Tiwary hit a four on the first ball off Mitchell Johnson 's bowling and RPS looked to have the trophy in the bag . But Smith and Tiwary got out off consecutive deliveries which left RPS requiring 7 runs from 3 balls . A single from Washington Sundar and a double from Daniel Christian meant RPS required 4 runs from the last ball . Unfortunately , RPS could only complete two runs before Sundar was run out . Thus , Mumbai Indians won by 1 run to get their 3rd IPL title . Performance summary in Indian Premier League Year Pld Won Loss NR Tied SR ( % ) Position Summary 2016 14 5 9 0 0 35.71 % 7 Group stage 2017 16 10 6 0 0 62.5 % Runners - Up Rising Pune Supergiants in 2016 ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard 9 April 2016 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 9 wickets Ajinkya Rahane 66 * ( 42 ) Scorecard 14 April 2016 Gujarat Lions Rajkot Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 17 April 2016 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard 22 April 2016 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pune Lost by 13 runs Scorecard 5 24 April 2016 Kolkata Knight Riders Pune Lost by 2 wickets 6 26 April 2016 Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad Won by 34 runs ( D / L ) Ashok Dinda 3 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 7 29 April 2016 Gujarat Lions Pune Lost by 3 wickets Scorecard 8 1 May 2016 Mumbai Indians Pune Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 9 5 May 2016 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Won by 7 wickets Ajinkya Rahane 63 * ( 48 ) Scorecard 10 7 May 2016 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 11 10 May 2016 Sunrisers Hyderabad Visakhapatnam Lost by 4 runs Adam Zampa 6 / 19 ( 4 overs ) 12 14 May 2016 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 wickets ( D / L ) 13 17 May 2016 Delhi Daredevils Visakhapatnam Won by 19 Runs ( D / L ) Ashok Dinda 3 / 20 ( 4 overs ) 14 21 May 2016 Kings XI Punjab Visakhapatnam Won by 4 Wickets MS Dhoni 64 * ( 32 ) Scorecard Overall record of 5 - 9 Seventh in the points table Did not make it to the playoffs Rising Pune Supergiant in 2017 - League Stage ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard 6 April 2017 Mumbai Indians Pune Won by 7 wickets Steve Smith 84 * ( 54 ) Scorecard 8 April 2017 Kings XI Punjab Indore Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard 11 April 2017 Delhi Daredevils Pune Lost by 97 runs Scorecard 14 April 2017 Gujarat Lions Rajkot Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 5 16 April 2017 Royal Challengers Bangalore Banaglore Won by 27 runs Ben Stokes 3 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 6 22 April 2017 Sunrisers Hyderabad Pune Won by 6 wickets MS Dhoni 61 * ( 34 ) Scorecard 7 24 April 2017 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 3 runs Ben Stokes 2 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 8 26 April 2017 Kolkata Knight Riders Pune Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 9 29 April 2017 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pune Won by 61 runs Lockie Ferguson 2 / 7 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 10 1 May 2017 Gujarat Lions Pune Won by 5 wickets Ben Stokes 103 * ( 63 ) Scorecard 11 3 May 2017 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Won by 4 wickets Rahul Tripathi 93 ( 52 ) Scorecard 12 6 May 2017 Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad Won by 12 runs Jaydev Unadkat 5 / 30 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 13 12 May 2017 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Lost by 7 runs Scorecard 14 14 May 2017 Kings XI Punjab Pune Won by 9 wickets Jaydev Unadkat 2 / 12 ( 3 overs ) Scorecard League Stage record of 9 - 5 Second in the points table Made it to the playoffs Rising Pune Supergiant in 2017 play - offs ( edit ) Play - Off Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard Qualifier 1 16 May 2017 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 20 runs Washington Sundar 3 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard Final 21 May 2017 Mumbai Indians Hyderabad Lost by 1 run Scorecard Qualifier 1 16 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rising Pune Supergiant 162 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 142 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Manoj Tiwary 58 ( 48 ) Lasith Malinga 1 / 14 ( 3 overs ) Parthiv Patel 52 ( 40 ) Washington Sundar 3 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Rising Pune Supergiant won by 20 runs Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Sundaram Ravi ( India ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( India ) Player of the match : Washington Sundar ( Rising Pune Supergiant ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . 3 / 16 ( 4 overs ) were the best figures of Washington Sundar ( Rising Pune Supergiant ) . This victory meant RPS directly qualified for the final . Final Main article : 2017 Indian Premier League Final 21 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 129 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Rising Pune Supergiant 128 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Krunal Pandya 47 ( 38 ) Jaydev Unadkat 2 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Steve Smith 51 ( 50 ) Mitchell Johnson 3 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai Indians won by 1 run Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Nigel Llong ( England ) and Sundaram Ravi ( India ) Player of the match : Krunal Pandya ( Mumbai Indians ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat . Mumbai Indians became the first team to win a third IPL title . This was Rising Pune Supergiant 's last IPL game and was the first IPL final to be decided by 1 run . Records ( edit ) Most Runs ( edit ) Player Mat Inns NO Runs Ave SR HS 100 50 4s 6s Ajinkya Rahane 30 30 862 33.15 122.79 74 0 8 89 18 Steve Smith 23 22 742 41.22 131.79 101 65 20 MS Dhoni 30 27 9 574 31.88 124.78 64 * 0 33 30 Rahul Tripathi 14 14 0 391 27.92 146.44 93 0 43 17 Manoj Tiwary 15 13 324 32.40 137.28 60 0 31 11 Source : Cricinfo Most Wickets ( edit ) Player Mat Inns Wkts BBI Avg Econ SR 4w 5w Jaydev Unadkat 12 12 24 5 / 30 13.41 7.02 11.4 30 19 Adam Zampa 11 11 19 6 / 19 14.63 7.54 11.6 03 15 Imran Tahir 12 12 18 3 / 18 20.50 7.85 15.6 100 50 Ben Stokes 12 12 12 3 / 18 26.33 7.18 22.0 98 97 Ashok Dinda 12 12 12 3 / 20 29.16 5.64 20.2 56 16 Source : Cricinfo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ C , Aprameya ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` Pune and Rajkot announced as 2 new franchises in IPL '' . One India . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ C , Aprameya ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` Pune and Rajkot announced as 2 new franchises in IPL '' . One India . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sanjiv Goenka unveils IPL Pune team name , logo '' . The Hindu . 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IPL 2017 : Changes continue ! After captain , Pune change their team name '' . indianexpress.com . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Karthik Krishnaswamy ( 21 May 2017 ) . `` Mumbai Indians clinch third IPL title in last - ball finish '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh ( 7 May 2017 ) . `` RPS , GL contracts wo n't be extended '' . Times of India . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bombay High Court questions hosting IPL matches in drought - hit state '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rising Pune Supergiants prefer Visakhapatnam as alternate home venue '' . Cricbuzz . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Nagraj Gollapudi ( 2 May 2016 ) . `` Supergiant sign Bailey , Khawaja '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` Watch Dhoni smash Punjab into last place '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` No rise for RPS '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MS Dhoni axed as Rising Pune Supergiants skipper , Steve Smith to take over '' . hindustantimes.com . February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` RPS sign teen Sundar in place of Ashwin '' . India Today . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon Minter ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` '' Most - Expensive '' Ben Stokes smashes hundred `` . Mirror UK . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` RPS replace injured Marsh with Tahir '' . CricBuzz . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rising Pune Supergiant / Records / Twenty20 Matches / Most Runs '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rising Pune Supergiant / Records / Twenty20 Matches / Most Wickets '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Rising Pune Supergiant Official page Rising Pune Supergiant Lists Players Records Home ground Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , Pune ( 2016 -- present ) Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium , Visakhapatnam ( 2016 ) Captains MS Dhoni ( 2016 ) Steve Smith ( 2017 -- present ) Coaches Head Coach -- Stephen Fleming ( 2016 -- present ) Assistant coach -- Hrishikesh Kanitkar ( 2016 -- present ) Bowling coach -- Eric Simons ( 2016 -- present ) Seasons 2016 2017 Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Awards Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Commons WikiProject Pune topics History Maratha Empire Lal Mahal Sinhagad Shaniwar Wada Battle of Khadki Pune terror attacks Personalities Historic Shivaji Balaji Vishwanath Bajirao Balaji Bajirao Madhavrao Ballal Narayanrao Raghunathrao Sawai Madhavrao Baji Rao II Nana Sahib Senapati Bapat Mahadev Govind Ranade Bal Gangadhar Tilak Chandrashekhar Agashe Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Chapekar brothers Art and literature Pu La Deshpande Babasaheb Purandare Mangesh Tendulkar Pralhad Keshav Atre Sandeep Khare Music Bhimsen Joshi Vasantrao Deshpande Rahul Deshpande Saleel Kulkarni Anand Bhate Prabha Atre Sanjeev Abhyankar Hrishikesh Ranade Civic Pune metropolitan region Mayor Pune Municipal Corporation Pune Cantonment Board Pune Police Landmarks Buildings Shaniwar Wada Vishrambaug Wada Shinde Chhatri Aga Khan Palace Balbharti Temples Pataleshwar Kasba Ganapati Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple Chaturshringi Temple Dashabhuja Ganapati Temple , Pune Museums Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum Mahatma Phule Museum National War Museum Parks and zoos Bund Garden Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park Shunyo Park Saras Baug Shahid Major Pradeep Tathawade Udyan Kamala Nehru Park Pu La Deshpande Udyan Baner - Pashan Biodiversity Park Peshwe Park Others Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir Yashwantrao Chavan Natya Gruha New Katraj Tunnel Katraj Ghat List of hospitals Economy Mandai Market Yard Tulsi Baug International Convention Centre Magarpatta City Transport Air Airports New Pune International Airport Pune Airport Gliding Hadapsar Airport NDA Glider Airport Rail Systems Pune Suburban Railway Pune Metro Pune Monorail Stations Pune Daund Junction Other stations Depot Diesel Loco Shed Road Major roads National Highway 48 ( India ) Mumbai - Pune Expressway Ring Road ( under construction ) Shivaji Road Laxmi Road Shankar Sheth Road Jangli Maharaj Road Karve Road Law College Road Bus Pune Station Bus Stand Swargate Bus Station Shivajinagar Bus Stand Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation Other Shivajinagar Station - Swargate Skywalk Culture Sawai Gandharva Music Festival Vasantotsav Education University of Pune Spicer Adventist University Symbiosis International University Bharti Vidyapeeth Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune National Defence Academy National Chemical Laboratory Armed Forces Medical College Deccan College College of Engineering Fergusson College ILS Law College Film and Television Institute of India Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Sports Events Multi-sport 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games World championships 2008 BWF World Junior Championships 2009 FIVB Men 's Junior World Championship FIBA Asia Under - 16 Championship for Women 2009 2011 Rollball World Cup 2013 Asian Athletics Championships Others Pune Marathon 2009 NECC -- ITF Women 's Tennis Championships KPIT MSLTA Challenger Royal Indian Open Teams American football Pune Marathas Badminton Pune Pistons Cricket Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Maharashtra cricket team Veer Marathi Field hockey Pune Strykers Football FC Pune City Pune FC DSK Shivajians F.C. 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Goenka Harsh Goenka Sanjeev Goenka Franchises Atlético de Kolkata ( Football ) Rising Pune Supergiant ( Cricket ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rising_Pune_Supergiant&oldid=843916545 '' Categories : Indian Premier League teams Sport in Maharashtra Sports clubs in India Cricket clubs established in 2016 Cricket in Maharashtra Cricket in Pune 2016 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch हिन्दी मराठी नेपाली தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 10 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the owner of rising pune supergiants
[ "The Rising Pune Supergiant franchise is owned by RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group controlled by Sanjiv Goenka.[2] The team name was announced (as Rising Pune Supergiants) on 18 January 2016 by Goenka in Kolkata and Raghu Iyer was appointed CEO.[3] The owners changed the team name to Rising Pune Supergiant on 26 March 2017.[4] The team lost the 2017 IPL Final to Mumbai Indians by 1 run, which was the team's last game in the IPL.[5][6]\n" ]
[ "RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group controlled by Sanjiv Goenka." ]
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Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (soundtrack)
Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Original LP cover art ( 1964 Decca ) Soundtrack album by cast Released December 13 , 1964 ( LP ) June 1 , 1995 ( CD ) Recorded 1964 Genre Soundtrack , Christmas music , Traditional pop Length 35 : 22 Label Decca Records ( LP ) MCA Records ( CD ) Singles from Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' Released : September 1 , 1949 ( 1949 - 09 - 01 ) `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' Released : November 1964 CD cover CD re-issue cover art ( 1995 MCA ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer is a soundtrack album to the 1964 Rankin / Bass television special of the same name . The original cast recordings from the TV special ( side `` A '' of the original LP release ) are supplemented with instrumental versions recorded by the Decca Concert Orchestra ( on side `` B '' ) . All songs used in the television special were written by Johnny Marks . The original LP album was first released in 1964 , and reissued as a CD in 1995 . The CD was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 30 , 2004 . As of November , the album has sold 1,411,200 copies in the United States since 1991 when SoundScan began tracking sales . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Voices and Personnel 3 Charts 4 References Track listing ( edit ) LP side A : Overture and `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' -- 2 : 23 `` Jingle Jingle Jingle '' -- 1 : 13 `` We Are Santa 's Elves '' -- 1 : 31 `` There 's Always Tomorrow '' -- 1 : 42 `` We 're a Couple of Misfits '' -- 1 : 18 `` Silver and Gold '' -- 1 : 42 `` The Most Wonderful Day of the Year '' -- 2 : 18 `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' -- 1 : 18 `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' Finale -- 1 : 19 LP side B ( instrumental versions ) : `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' -- 1 : 50 `` There 's Always Tomorrow -- 2 : 22 `` Jingle Jingle Jingle '' -- 2 : 14 `` We 're a Couple of Misfits '' -- 1 : 50 `` Silver and Gold '' -- 2 : 21 `` We Are Santa 's Elves '' - 1 : 09 `` Most Wonderful Day of the Year '' -- 2 : 22 `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' -- 1 : 32 Christmas Medley : `` The Night Before Christmas Song '' / `` A Merry Merry Christmas '' / `` When Santa Claus Gets Your Letter '' / `` Rockin ' Around The Christmas Tree '' -- 3 : 17 `` I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day '' -- 1 : 41 On the re-issue on CD , contents / track order are the same except the `` Christmas Medley '' is placed in the middle , at track 10 ( between A9 and B1 - the Burl Ives ' sung and instrumental versions of `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ) . The brand - new song `` Fame and Fortune '' , which replaced `` We 're a Couple of Misfits '' in airings of the television special from 1965 through until the special was restored in 1998 , does not appear on the soundtrack album . Voices and Personnel ( edit ) Burl Ives -- voice of Sam the Snowman ( `` A Holly Jolly Christmas , '' `` Silver and Gold , '' `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ) Stan Francis -- voice of Santa Claus ( `` Jingle , Jingle , Jingle '' ) Janis Orenstein -- voice of Clarice ( `` There 's Always Tomorrow '' ) Billie Mae Richards -- voice of Rudolph ( `` We 're A Couple Of Misfits '' ) Paul Soles -- voice of Hermey ( `` We 're A Couple Of Misfits '' ) Maury Laws -- musical director of the Videocraft TV Musical Decca Concert Orchestra ( side B instrumentals ) Herbert Rehbein -- conductor , Decca Concert Orchestra Charts ( edit ) Chart Peak position US Billboard 200 92 US Top Holiday Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dave Connolly review at allmusic.com Jump up ^ Connolly , Dave . `` Burl Ives : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Burl Ives -- Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top Country Catalog Sales Chart : November 26 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Explanation of alternate versions of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer at imdb.com and at cbspressexpress.com Jump up ^ `` Burl Ives Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Burl Ives Chart History ( Holiday Albums ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Burl Ives Chart History ( Top Catalog Albums ) '' . Billboard . Decca DL 34327 ( original LP ) at discogs.com MCA 15003 ( 1980 LP re-issue ) at discogs.com MCAD 22177 ( 1995 CD re-issue ) at amazon.com Soundtrack at internet movie database ( imdb.com ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer_(soundtrack)&oldid=815853248 '' Categories : 1964 Christmas albums 1964 soundtracks Decca Records soundtracks MCA Records soundtracks Film soundtracks Television animation soundtracks Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 16 : 33 . About Wikipedia
who sang there's always tomorrow in rudolph the red nosed reindeer
[ "Janis Orenstein – voice of Clarice (\"There's Always Tomorrow\")" ]
[ "Janis Orenstein – voice of Clarice" ]
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Filet-O-Fish
Filet - O - Fish - wikipedia Filet - O - Fish Filet - O - Fish Nutritional value per 1 sandwich ( 141 g ) Energy 380 kcal ( 1,600 kJ ) Carbohydrates 38 g ( 13 % ) Sugars 5 g Dietary fiber 2 g ( 7 % ) Fat 18 g ( 28 % ) Saturated 3.5 g ( 19 % ) Trans 0 g Protein 15 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Vitamin A 30 IU Vitamin C 0 % 0 mg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 15 % 150 mg Iron 6 % 0.8 mg Sodium 43 % 640 mg Other constituents Quantity Energy from fat 170 kcal ( 710 kJ ) Cholesterol 40 mg ( 14 % ) May vary outside US market . 360 kcal ( 1,500 kJ ) in UK . Some restaurants publish nutritional information for the sandwich with the tartar sauce removed . Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : McDonald 's The Filet - O - Fish , otherwise known as the Fish - O - Filet , is a fish sandwich sold by the international fast food restaurant chain McDonald 's . It was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen , a McDonald 's franchise owner in Cincinnati , Ohio , in response to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays . While the fish composition of the sandwich has changed through the years to satisfy taste and supply shortcomings , the framework of its ingredients have remained constant ; a fried breaded fish fillet , a steamed bun , tartar sauce and pasteurized processed American cheese . Contents 1 Product description 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Product description ( edit ) As of December 2014 , the US Filet - O - Fish contains a battered , fried fish fillet made from Alaska pollock . In the Republic of Ireland either hoki or Alaska pollock may be served . In New Zealand and the United Kingdom Filet - O - Fish contains hoki instead of Alaska pollock . McDonald 's Canada , United States , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Portugal , Czech Republic , The Netherlands and Hong Kong use a half slice of cheese in each Filet - O - Fish sandwich . History ( edit ) The sandwich was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen , a McDonald 's franchise owner in Cincinnati ; his store was in a predominantly Roman Catholic neighborhood , which led to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays . The product was named by Cye Landy of Cye Landy Advertising Agency , which was the advertising firm for that particular McDonald 's franchise . It has become popular with people with dietary restrictions concerning meat - based products . The sandwich was the first non-hamburger menu item brought in by new McDonald 's company owner Ray Kroc . Kroc made a deal with Groen : they would sell two non-meat sandwiches on a Friday , Kroc 's own Hula Burger ( grilled pineapple with cheese on a cold bun ) and the Filet - O - Fish , and whichever sold the most would be added to the permanent menu . The Filet - O - Fish `` won hands down '' and was added to menus throughout 1963 until reaching nationwide status in 1965 . The use of farmed fish in the Filet - O - Fish first came about in 1981 , when an owner of a New Zealand fisheries company was dissatisfied with the pollock Filet - O - Fish he purchased at the Courtenay Place , Wellington restaurant . Saying to the manager that he could make a better - tasting fish fillet , he was handed a box of fillets and told to come back with identical , better - tasting fillets . He substituted red cod for the pollock , and after the manager was satisfied with the better - tasting red cod fillets , ended up in agreement to supply the Courtenay Place restaurant ( and eventually several other New Zealand restaurants ) with the red cod fillets . The similar - tasting hoki was substituted several years later , due to its competitive market value and its boneless fillets , and eventually was introduced widely in the early 1990s when global pollock stocks were facing low numbers . McDonald 's removed the Filet - O - Fish from its menus in the United States on September 26 , 1996 , and replaced it with the Fish Filet Deluxe sandwich , which was part of McDonald 's ill - fated Deluxe line of sandwiches . However , the Filet - O - Fish was brought back to its menus on a gradual basis starting in the middle of 1997 , due to overwhelming letters and petitions , receiving the larger fish patty from the Fish Filet Deluxe . The Fish Filet Deluxe itself was discontinued at most restaurants early the next year , while others kept it a little longer until the Fish Filet Deluxe was finally removed in the year 2000 . In November 2007 , McDonald 's lowered the use of New Zealand hoki and increased the use of Alaskan pollock , due to declining New Zealand hoki fishery sustainability and large cutbacks in the total allowable commercial catch of hoki by the New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries - from 250,000 tonnes in 1997 to 90,000 tonnes in 2007 . McDonald 's originally used Atlantic cod , before declining cod catches forced McDonald 's to find sustainable fish elsewhere . McDonald 's is trying to maintain fish only from areas certified as sustainable by the Marine Stewardship Council , but that is becoming more difficult each year . Hoki is still a major ingredient . As of March 2009 , the Marine Stewardship Council placed the Alaskan pollock fisheries in a re-assessment program due to catch numbers declining by over 30 % between 2005 and 2008 , and by - catch problems with salmon . As of January 2013 the Marine Stewardship Council stated that the pollock comes from suppliers with sustainable fishing practices , and McDonald 's packaging and promotion will reflect that change . In February 2015 , for a limited time , McDonald 's began offering a special Filet - O - Fish with Old Bay Seasoning in 700 stores within the United States . See also ( edit ) Fish finger sandwich References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://join.catholicfinanciallife.org/blog/why-abstain-from-meat-on-fridays-but-eat-fish ^ Jump up to : Clark , Paul ( 2007 - 02 - 20 ) . `` No fish story : Sandwich saved his McDonald 's - USATODAY.com '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Eleonore Villarrubia ( 2010 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Why Do Catholics Eat Fish on Friday ? '' . Catholicism.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Filet - O - Fish '' . macdonalds.com ( section : us / en - us , United States , American English ) . McDonald 's . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Filet - O - Fish ® : : McDonalds.ie Jump up ^ `` Filet - o - Fish Ingredients '' . UK : McDonald 's . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's New Zealand '' . New Zealand : McDonald 's . October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` why is the fillet o fish served with half a slice of cheese , dont lie bcuz i have photgraphic evidence '' . Canada : McDonald 's . Jump up ^ `` Why is the cheese slice on a filet - o - fish a tiny sliver ? '' . Canada : McDonald 's . Jump up ^ `` Why do you only use half a cheese slice in your Filet - O - Fish sandwiches ? Has it always been this way ? '' . Canada : McDonald 's . Jump up ^ Pepin , Jacques ( December 7 , 1998 ) . `` Burger Meister RAY KROC '' . Time . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , Paul ( February 20 , 2007 ) . `` No fish story : Sandwich saved his McDonald 's '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Travel Through Time With Us ! '' . McDonald 's . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hepözden , Rosemary ( 2011 ) . O'Flaherty , Brian , ed . Golden Arches under Southern Skies : Celebrating 35 years of McDonald 's in New Zealand . in co-op with McDonald 's Restaurants ( NZ ) Ltd . Auckland : Renaissance Publishing . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9864521 - 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Sarasota Herald - Tribune - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte : Search Results '' . nl.newsbank.com . March 22 , 1998 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Find The Answer : : McDonalds.co.uk '' . makeupyourownmind.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Moore , Bill ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Hoki fishery rebuilt , quota to rise , says minister '' . Nelson Mail . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Finance Article '' . DailyFinance.com. 11 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Pollock - Gulf of Alaska -- MSC '' . Msc.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ J Rice ; D Bowen ; S Hanna ; P Knapman ( November 12 , 2008 ) . `` Surveillance Report -- Gulf of Alaska Pollock Fishery '' ( PDF ) . Moody Marine . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` McDonald 's fish to carry ' sustainable ' labeling '' . New York : NY Daily News . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's launches special Filet - O - Fish with Old Bay seasoning in an attempt to spice up sales in the Mid-Atlantic '' . MailOnline . External links ( edit ) Filetofish.com McDonald 's History Advertising ad programs Countries with franchises Legal cases Product list International availability People Richard and Maurice McDonald Ray Kroc Joan Kroc Ralph Alvarez Charlie Bell Al Bernardin Jim Cantalupo George Cohon Dan Coudreaut Steve Easterbrook Janice L. Fields Den Fujita Don Gorske Jack M. Greenberg Eikō Harada June Martino Herb Peterson Michael R. Quinlan Ed Rensi Willard Scott James A. Skinner Donald N. Smith Harry J. Sonneborn Don Thompson Fred L. Turner Company Hamburger University Leaps and Bounds McBarge McCafé McDonald 's # 1 Store Museum McDonald 's ( Will Rogers Turnpike ) Oldest McDonald 's restaurant Rock N Roll McDonald 's Ronald McDonald House Charities Products Beef Big Mac Big N ' Tasty Deluxe line Kiwiburger Quarter Pounder ( McRoyal ) Chicken Chicken McNuggets Buttermilk Crispy Tenders McChicken Snack Wrap Other Deli Choices Filet - O - Fish Georgie Pie Happy Meal McArabia McFlurry McGriddles McMuffin McRib Premium line Shamrock Shake Former Arch Deluxe Fruit and Walnut Salad McAfrika Advertising Campaigns Changeables Global Gladiators Golden Arches Mac Tonight McDonaldland McDonald 's Monopoly McDonald 's Treasure Land Adventure M.C. Kids McKids Ronald McDonald Teenie Beanies The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald Sponsorships Kyle Larson ( NASCAR ) Jamie McMurray ( NASCAR ) Graham Rahal ( IndyCar Series ) McDonald 's All - American Game McDonald 's Championship McDonald 's Championship ( golf ) McDonald 's Cycle Center McDonald 's Gospelfest McDonald 's Olympic Swim Stadium Related Burger wars Donald Land Fast food advertising Mac and Me ( 1988 film ) McDonald 's sign ( Pine Bluff , Arkansas ) Supersize Branches Canada Israel New Zealand Criticism Fast Food Nation ( film ) McDonaldization McDonald 's Video Game McJob McRefugee McLibel Maxime , McDuff & McDo Super Size Me Do n't Eat This Book Legal cases Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants Magee v. McDonald 's McDonald 's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald 's Corp . Related McDelivery Big Mac Index Bill Elliott McDonald 's Young Entertainers McWords San Ysidro McDonald 's massacre `` Seriously McDonalds '' Sydney River McDonald 's murders Taiwan McDonald 's bombings Urban legends Boom , Like That The Founder ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filet-O-Fish&oldid=865562462 '' Categories : McDonald 's foods Products introduced in 1963 Fish dishes American sandwiches Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano Kurdî Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi 粵語 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 17 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
when did mcdonald's start serving filet o fish
[ "The Filet-O-Fish, otherwise known as the Fish-O-Filet, is a fish sandwich sold by the international fast food restaurant chain McDonald's. It was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen, a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati, Ohio,[1][2] in response to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays.[3] While the fish composition of the sandwich has changed through the years to satisfy taste and supply shortcomings, the framework of its ingredients have remained constant; a fried breaded fish fillet, a steamed bun, tartar sauce and pasteurized processed American cheese.\n" ]
[ "1962" ]
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List of Test cricket hat-tricks
List of Test cricket hat - tricks - wikipedia List of Test cricket hat - tricks Jump to : navigation , search English cricketer Stuart Broad took hat - tricks against India at Trent Bridge in 2011 and against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014 . In the sport of cricket , a hat - trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries . As of 31 July 2017 , this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches , the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days ' duration . The first Test hat - trick was recorded on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match to take place , by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth , nicknamed `` The Demon Bowler '' , who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017 . At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat - trick . A player has taken two hat - tricks in the same Test match only once . Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester , England , leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat - trick in South Africa 's first and second innings , both taken on 28 May 1912 . He completed both hat - tricks by dismissing South Africa 's Tommy Ward . Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat - trick : Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble ( two years apart , between the same teams at the same ground ) , Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram ( just over a week apart , in consecutive matches between the same teams ) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad . Three players have taken a hat - trick on their Test debut : English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930 , New Zealand off - spinner Peter Petherick in 1976 , and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994 . Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat - trick , taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career . During the match in which he took his hat - trick , Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match . Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat - trick on his birthday , and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat - trick in the same Test match . Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat - trick where the wickets fell over three overs . He took a wicket with the final ball of an over . With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings . He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings . In the five - match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970 , a hat - trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match , at Headingley ( the last three of four wickets in five balls ) . These matches were considered to be Tests at the time , but that status was later removed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Test hat - tricks 2 By team 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific Test hat - tricks ( edit ) Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat - trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match . Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat - trick for England , four years after Spofforth achieved the feat . Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat - trick , achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904 . Courtney Walsh 's hat - trick in 1988 was spread across two innings . In Australia 's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings . Wasim Akram took two hat - tricks in the space of nine days in 1999 . When Peter Siddle took a hat - trick for Australia in 2010 , his final victim was Stuart Broad . Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat - trick . Key Symbol Meaning Bowler The name of the bowler For The team for which the bowler was playing Against The team against which the bowler was playing Inn . The innings ( first or second ) in which the hat - trick was achieved Test The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams Dismissals The three players dismissed by the bowler Venue The venue where the hat - trick was achieved Date The date on which the hat - trick was achieved Ref . Reference List of Test cricket hat - tricks No . Bowler For Against Inn . Test Dismissals Venue Date Ref . Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth Australia England 1 / 1 Vernon Royle ( b ) Francis MacKinnon ( b ) Tom Emmett ( c Tom Horan ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 2 January 1879 Bates , Billy Billy Bates England Australia 2 / 3 Percy McDonnell ( b ) George Giffen ( c and b ) George Bonnor ( c Walter Read ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 20 January 1883 Briggs , Johnny Johnny Briggs England Australia 2 / 3 Walter Giffen ( b ) Jack Blackham ( lbw ) Sydney Callaway ( c W.G. Grace ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 February 1892 Lohmann , George George Lohmann England South Africa 1 / 3 Frederick Cook ( b ) Bonnor Middleton ( b ) Joseph Willoughby ( c Tom Hayward ) St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 14 February 1896 Hearne , Jack Jack Hearne England Australia 3 / 5 Clem Hill ( b ) Syd Gregory ( c Archie MacLaren ) Monty Noble ( c Ranjitsinhji ) Headingley , Leeds 30 June 1899 6 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 2 / 5 John Gunn ( c Sammy Jones ) Arthur Jones ( c Joe Darling ) Sydney Barnes ( c and b ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 4 January 1902 7 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 5 / 5 Bernard Bosanquet ( c Algy Gehrs ) Plum Warner ( c and b ) Dick Lilley ( lbw ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 8 March 1904 8 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Rolland Beaumont ( b ) Sid Pegler ( lbw ) Tommy Ward ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 9 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Herbie Taylor ( b ) Reggie Schwarz ( c and b ) Tommy Ward ( c and b ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 10 Allom , Maurice Maurice Allom England New Zealand 1 / 4 Tom Lowry ( lbw ) Ken James ( c Tich Cornford ) Ted Badcock ( b ) Lancaster Park , Christchurch 10 January 1930 11 Goddard , Tom Tom Goddard England South Africa 1 / 5 Dudley Nourse ( c and b ) Norman Gordon ( st Leslie Ames ) Billy Wade ( b ) Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 26 December 1938 12 Loader , Peter Peter Loader England West Indies 4 / 5 John Goddard ( b ) Sonny Ramadhin ( c Fred Trueman ) Roy Gilchrist ( b ) Headingley , Leeds 25 July 1957 13 Kline , Lindsay Lindsay Kline Australia South Africa 2 / 5 Eddie Fuller ( c Richie Benaud ) Hugh Tayfield ( lbw ) Neil Adcock ( c Bob Simpson ) Newlands , Cape Town 3 January 1958 14 Hall , Wes Wes Hall West Indies Pakistan 3 / 3 Mushtaq Mohammed ( lbw ) Fazal Mahmood ( c Garfield Sobers ) Nasim - ul - Ghani ( b ) Bagh - e-Jinnah , Lahore 29 March 1959 15 Griffin , Geoff Geoff Griffin South Africa England 2 / 5 M.J.K. Smith ( c John Waite ) Peter Walker ( b ) Fred Trueman ( b ) Lord 's , London 24 June 1960 16 Gibbs , Lance Lance Gibbs West Indies Australia 4 / 5 Ken Mackay ( lbw ) Wally Grout ( c Garfield Sobers ) Frank Misson ( b ) Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 30 January 1961 17 Petherick , Peter Peter Petherick New Zealand Pakistan 1 / 3 Javed Miandad ( c Richard Hadlee ) Wasim Raja ( c and b ) Intikhab Alam ( c Geoff Howarth ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 9 October 1976 18 Walsh , Courtney Courtney Walsh West Indies Australia 1 & 2 1 / 5 Tony Dodemaide ( c Viv Richards ) Mike Veletta ( c Carl Hooper ) Graeme Wood ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 18 -- 20 November 1988 19 Hughes , Merv Merv Hughes Australia West Indies 1 & 2 2 / 5 Curtly Ambrose ( c Ian Healy ) Patrick Patterson ( c Tony Dodemaide ) Gordon Greenidge ( lbw ) WACA , Perth 3 -- 4 December 1988 20 Fleming , Damien Damien Fleming Australia Pakistan 2 / 3 Aamer Malik ( c Michael Bevan ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( lbw ) Saleem Malik ( c Ian Healy ) Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi 9 October 1994 21 Warne , Shane Shane Warne Australia England 2 / 5 Phil DeFreitas ( lbw ) Darren Gough ( c Ian Healy ) Devon Malcolm ( c David Boon ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 29 December 1994 22 Cork , Dominic Dominic Cork England West Indies 4 / 6 Richie Richardson ( b ) Junior Murray ( lbw ) Carl Hooper ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 30 July 1995 23 Gough , Darren Darren Gough England Australia 5 / 5 Ian Healy ( c Warren Hegg ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Colin Miller ( b ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 January 1999 24 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 4 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Niroshan Bandaratilleke ( b ) Pramodya Wickramasinghe ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 6 March 1999 25 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 4 / 4 Avishka Gunawardene ( c Shahid Afridi ) Chaminda Vaas ( b ) Mahela Jayawardene ( c Wajahatullah Wasti ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 14 March 1999 26 Nuwan Zoysa Sri Lanka Zimbabwe 2 / 3 Trevor Gripper ( lbw ) Murray Goodwin ( c Romesh Kaluwitharana ) Neil Johnson ( lbw ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 26 November 1999 27 Abdul Razzaq Pakistan Sri Lanka 2 / 3 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Rangana Herath ( lbw ) Ravi Pushpakumara ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 21 June 2000 28 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath Australia West Indies 2 / 5 Sherwin Campbell ( c Ricky Ponting ) Brian Lara ( c Stuart MacGill ) Jimmy Adams ( c Justin Langer ) WACA , Perth 1 December 2000 29 Harbhajan Singh India Australia 2 / 3 Ricky Ponting ( lbw ) Adam Gilchrist ( lbw ) Shane Warne ( c Sadagoppan Ramesh ) Eden Gardens , Calcutta 11 March 2001 30 Mohammad Sami Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 3 Charitha Buddhika ( lbw ) Nuwan Zoysa ( lbw ) Muttiah Muralitharan ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 8 March 2002 31 Lawson , Jermaine Jermaine Lawson West Indies Australia 1 & 2 3 / 4 Brett Lee ( b ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Justin Langer ( lbw ) Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 2 -- 5 May 2003 32 Alok Kapali Bangladesh Pakistan 2 / 3 Shabbir Ahmed ( c Mashrafe Mortaza ) Danish Kaneria ( lbw ) Umar Gul ( lbw ) Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar 29 August 2003 33 Blignaut , Andy Andy Blignaut Zimbabwe Bangladesh 1 / 2 Hannan Sarkar ( lbw ) Mohammad Ashraful ( c sub ( Travis Friend ) ) Mushfiqur Rahman ( c Tatenda Taibu ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 22 February 2004 34 Hoggard , Matthew Matthew Hoggard England West Indies 3 / 4 Ramnaresh Sarwan ( c Ashley Giles ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( lbw ) Ryan Hinds ( c Andrew Flintoff ) Kensington Oval , Barbados 3 April 2004 35 Franklin , James James Franklin New Zealand Bangladesh 1 / 2 Manjural Islam Rana ( c Brendon McCullum ) Mohammad Rafique ( c Scott Styris ) Tapash Baisya ( b ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 20 October 2004 36 Irfan Pathan India Pakistan 3 / 3 Salman Butt ( c Rahul Dravid ) Younis Khan ( lbw ) Mohammad Yousuf ( b ) National Stadium , Karachi 29 January 2006 37 Sidebottom , Ryan Ryan Sidebottom England New Zealand 1 / 3 Stephen Fleming ( c Alastair Cook ) Mathew Sinclair ( c Alastair Cook ) Jacob Oram ( lbw ) Seddon Park , Hamilton 8 March 2008 38 Siddle , Peter Peter Siddle Australia England 1 / 5 Alastair Cook ( c Shane Watson ) Matt Prior ( b ) Stuart Broad ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 25 November 2010 39 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England India 2 / 4 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( c James Anderson ) Harbhajan Singh ( lbw ) Praveen Kumar ( b ) Trent Bridge , Nottinghamshire 30 July 2011 40 Gazi , Sohag Sohag Gazi Bangladesh New Zealand 1 / 2 Corey Anderson ( lbw ) BJ Watling ( c Mushfiqur Rahim ) Doug Bracewell ( c Shakib Al Hasan ) Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong 13 October 2013 41 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England Sri Lanka 2 / 2 Kumar Sangakkara ( c Ian Bell ) Dinesh Chandimal ( c Alastair Cook ) Shaminda Eranga ( c Matt Prior ) Headingley , Leeds 20 June 2014 42 Herath , Rangana Rangana Herath Sri Lanka Australia 2 / 3 Adam Voges ( c Dimuth Karunaratne ) Peter Nevill ( lbw ) Mitchell Starc ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 5 August 2016 43 Ali , Moeen Moeen Ali England South Africa 3 / 4 Dean Elgar ( c Ben Stokes ) Kagiso Rabada ( c Ben Stokes ) Morné Morkel ( lbw ) The Oval , London 31 July 2017 By team ( edit ) England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat - tricks to date , 25 of 43 ( 58.14 % ) . Test hat - tricks by team Team Hat - tricks England 14 Australia 11 Pakistan West Indies Bangladesh India Sri Lanka New Zealand South Africa Zimbabwe See also ( edit ) List of One Day International cricket hat - tricks List of Twenty20 International cricket hat - tricks References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India in England -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McGhie , Tom ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord 's plays host to the 2,000 th when England take on India '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Triangular Tournament − 1st match : Australia v South Africa Test Series -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` No - balled out of the game '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Siddle hat - trick gives Australia control '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Islam , Mohammad ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Gazi shines as Test ends in draw '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Three - act plays '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England v Rest Of The World , 1970 -- 4th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` July 2000 -- The best of the best ? '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1878 / 79 -- Only Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( IFW Bligh 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1882 / 83 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Lord Sheffield 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1891 / 92 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1895 / 96 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of England , 1899 : The Ashes -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1901 / 02 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Marylebone Cricket Club ) tour of Australia , 1903 / 04 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triangular Tournament , 1912 : Australia v South Africa Test Series − 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 1929 / 30 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1938 / 39 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1957 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of South Africa , 1957 / 58 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Pakistan , 1958 / 59 -- 3d Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of England , 1960 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1960 / 61 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Pakistan , 1976 / 77 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Pakistan , 1994 / 95 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1994 / 95 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1995 : The Wisden Trophy -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1998 / 99 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe , 1999 / 00 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka , 2000 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 2001 / 02 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of West Indies , 2003 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Pakistan , 2003 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe , 2003 / 04 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of West Indies , 2003 / 04 : The Wisden Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 2004 / 05 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of Pakistan , 2005 / 06 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 2007 / 08 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 : The Ashes -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of England , 2011 : Pataudi Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of England , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 Jun 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Sri Lanka , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test , South Africa tour of England at London , Jul 27 -- Jul 31 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_hat-tricks&oldid=804153912 '' Categories : Cricket - related lists Test cricket hat - trick takers Test cricket records Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 03 : 11 . 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who is the bowler who has taken hat trick in both innings of a test match
[ "A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford, Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward.[4] Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart, in consecutive matches between the same teams) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad. Three players have taken a hat-trick on their Test debut: English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930, New Zealand off-spinner Peter Petherick in 1976, and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994.[3] Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat-trick, taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career.[3] During the match in which he took his hat-trick, Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match.[5] Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat-trick on his birthday,[6] and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat-trick in the same Test match.[7]" ]
[ "leg spinner Jimmy Matthews" ]
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Gwen Stacy
Gwen Stacy - wikipedia Gwen Stacy Jump to : navigation , search For the alternate - universe superhero version , see Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) . For the comic - book series starring the alternate - universe superhero version , see Spider - Gwen . For the Christian metalcore band , see Gwen Stacy ( band ) . Gwen Stacy Gwen Stacy on the cover to The Spectacular Spider - Man , Vol. 2 , # 23 ( March 2005 ) . Art by Greg Land . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) Created by Stan Lee Steve Ditko In - story information Full name Gwendolyn Maxine Stacy Supporting character of Spider - Man Ultimate Spider - Man Dead Girl Notable aliases Spider - Gwen Gwendolyne Maxine `` Gwen '' Stacy is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider - Man . A college student , she was a long - term romantic interest for Peter Parker before she was murdered by the Green Goblin ( Norman Osborn ) . Spider - Man writers and fans often debate whether Peter 's `` one true love '' is Gwen Stacy , or Mary Jane Watson ( Peter 's later girlfriend and wife ) . Stories published long after her death indicate that Gwen still holds a special place in his heart . The character has been portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2007 film Spider - Man 3 and by Emma Stone in the 2012 reboot film The Amazing Spider - Man and its sequel The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early history 2.2 Death 2.3 Clones 2.4 `` Sins Past '' 2.5 Dead No More : The Clone Conspiracy 3 Other versions 3.1 `` Age of Apocalypse '' 3.2 Gwenpool 3.3 `` House of M '' 3.4 Marvel Adventures 3.5 Marvel Zombies Return 3.6 Powerless 3.7 Spider - Gwen 3.8 Spider - Punk 3.9 Spider - Man : Fairy Tales 3.10 Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane 3.11 Spider - Man Unlimited 3.12 Ultimate Marvel 3.13 What If 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.2. 1 Sam Raimi series 4.2. 2 Marc Webb series 4.3 Video games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko , Gwen Stacy first appeared in The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) In her initial appearances , Peter Parker meets Gwen while both are studying as undergraduates at Empire State University , but with Aunt May in the hospital , Peter is troubled and ignores her advances . Furious , she dates both Flash Thompson and Harry Osborn . Gradually , however , a romance develops ; Gwen , a science major , seems to appreciate Peter 's intellectual personality . Their relationship begins almost immediately after Peter stops going out with Mary Jane , whom he starts seeing as shallow and self - absorbed . Later issues introduced Gwen 's father , ( police ) Captain George Stacy . Though her father is both fond of Peter and supportive of his alter - ego Spider - Man , he ultimately only strains his relationship with Gwen after he is killed by falling debris during a battle involving Spider - Man and Doctor Octopus . Gwen blames Spider - Man for his death , and leaves for Europe to cope with her loss . She wants Peter to ask her to marry him and convince her to stay , but his guilt stops him from proposing . Gwen 's feelings for Peter eventually prompt her to return to New York , and their relationship is rekindled . According to Lee , who scripted all of the stories featuring Gwen Stacy up to this point , the original intent was for Gwen Stacy to be Spider - Man 's central love interest , `` but no matter how we ( i.e. Lee and his artist / co-plotter collaborators ) wrote it , Mary Jane always seemed more interesting ! '' Death ( edit ) Main article : The Night Gwen Stacy Died Gerry Conway and Roy Thomas succeeded Stan Lee as writer and editor , respectively , of The Amazing Spider - Man . Together with inker John Romita , Sr. , they came to the decision to have Gwen Stacy killed off . It was Romita who first suggested the idea , during a plotting session with Conway when Romita was still penciller on The Amazing Spider - Man . Conway later said his contribution to the decision was motivated by a desire to bring Mary Jane Watson to the forefront , as he shared Lee 's feeling that she was a more interesting character than Gwen Stacy : `` ( Mary Jane ) had n't lost the edge that made her an interesting character . Gwen did n't have an edge . She was just a nice person . '' The Green Goblin kidnaps and throws Gwen Stacy off the George Washington Bridge in The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 ( June 1973 ) . Both the decision to kill Gwen and the method in which Marvel implemented it remain controversial among fans because some believe that Peter himself was the one who caused her death . The death became a pivotal point in both Spider - Man 's history and in American comic books in general . Many point to Gwen 's death as the end of the Silver Age of Comics . Before her death , except possibly as part of an origin story , superheroes did not fail so catastrophically ; nor did the hero 's loved ones die so suddenly and without warning . In his book The Physics of Superheroes , physicist James Kakalios writes that , consistent with Newton 's laws of motion , the sudden stop would have killed Gwen Stacy . The comic book Civil War : Casualties of War : Captain America / Iron Man ( 2007 ) concurred that the proximate cause of death was the sudden stop during a high - speed fall . An issue of Peter Parker / Spider - Man revisits the issue , and further confirms Gwen died of a broken neck due to the use of the webbing . On the other hand , in the 1987 edition of The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe , Gwen 's death is attributed to the fall , not to Spider - Man 's webbing . Within the Marvel Comics , Gwen Stacy 's death has enormous repercussions . Mary Jane Watson feels the loss of Gwen deeply and becomes a more mature , compassionate person . Gwen 's death also draws Peter and Mary Jane into a closer friendship , and eventually to romance . Miles Warren , one of Gwen 's professors , was secretly in love with her . Following her death , Warren goes insane and adopts the persona of the Jackal . In the fourth and final issue of the miniseries Marvels ( April 1994 ) , photographer Phil Sheldon befriends Gwen Stacy , who has absolved Spider - Man of any blame for her father 's death . Gwen 's simple faith in heroes convinces Sheldon of the purpose of the `` Marvels '' ( i.e. , superheroes ) -- to protect innocents such as Gwen . He resolves to write a book to praise the heroes and what they should mean to humanity . When the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen and holds her hostage to bait Spider - Man , Sheldon frantically follows the resulting chase in a taxi and witnesses her death . While it is reported that she died from the shock of the fall Sheldon thinks it looks like something else . Sheldon 's faith in the Marvels is shattered . Clones ( edit ) Following the publication of The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 , Stan Lee ( who had since become Marvel 's publisher ) was frequently criticized by fans during his public appearances for killing off Gwen Stacy . Lee , who had also found the character 's death objectionable , insisted that Conway write a story bringing her back . Conway strongly objected since he felt any sort of resurrection would break the plausibility of the stories , but ultimately gave in under the condition that after reviving Gwen , he could write her out of the book as soon as he wanted . He decided that cloning would be the best means to bring the character back . In the resulting story , set approximately two years after Gwen Stacy 's death , `` Gwen '' reappears , perfectly healthy but with no memory of the time since her death . This story , published in Amazing Spider - Man # 144 ( May 1975 ) , initiated the original Clone Saga . At the end of that story , Gwen 's clone , a creation of Spider - Man villain the Jackal , leaves to find a new life for herself , coming to accept that she is not really the same person who had a relationship with Peter Parker . In the 1988 crossover `` The Evolutionary War '' , the High Evolutionary , who had once been Miles Warren 's teacher , captures Gwen 's clone . He is dismayed to learn that Miles Warren has perfected the art of cloning and thus lies to the New Men that it was nothing more than a genetic construct created by a virus that he injected into his apprentice , Joyce Delaney . During the second `` Clone Saga '' , Gwen Stacy 's clone , now married to a clone of Professor Warren named Warren Miles , sees a copy of Peter Parker 's book of Spider - Man photos , Webs , and remembers ( to an extent ) her real history . She returns to New York City . During this storyline , she again disappears from Spider - Man 's life . It was revealed the Gwen Stacy clone introduced in Amazing Spider - Man # 144 was in fact the second Gwen clone Miles Warren created and has been living in London under the name Joyce Delaney . This clone is murdered by the Gwen Stacy clone known as Abby - L . Another Gwen clone appears in The Amazing Spider - Man # 399 ( March 1995 ) . This clone believes she is the real Gwen . She dies from clone degeneration in Spider - Man # 56 ( March 1995 ) , the next issue of the story arc . A further Gwen clone appears in the `` Sibling Rivalry '' crossover storyline between Superior Spider - Man Team - Up and Scarlet Spider . She joins the Jackal ( alongside Carrion and a regular Miles Warren clone ) in capturing Superior Spider - Man and Kaine . She is sympathetic towards `` Peter '' and Kaine , but at the same time utterly loyal to the Jackal . When the Spiders break free , Superior Spider - Man disarms and attempts to kill her , but is stopped by Kaine . When the Jackal 's lab is engulfed in flames , Kaine offers to save her , but she refuses , and is seemingly consumed by the fire . `` Sins Past '' ( edit ) The story arc `` Sins Past '' by J. Michael Straczynski in The Amazing Spider - Man # 509 -- 514 ( August 2004 -- January 2005 ) reveals Norman Osborn , the Green Goblin 's alter ego , fathered twins , a boy and a girl , with Gwen Stacy , to whom she gave birth while in France shortly before her death . She vowed she would raise them with Peter ( despite the fact that he was not aware of Gwen 's infidelity ) and refused to allow Norman access to them . Seeing her as a threat to his potential heirs , the Green Goblin killed Gwen . Norman Osborn then raised Gwen 's two children , a boy and a girl named Gabriel and Sarah . Straczynski later stated he originally wanted to make Peter Parker the father of Gwen 's kids but the editors vetoed the idea . They felt it would age Peter Parker too much if he had two adult children . The whole creative and editorial team then decided Norman Osborn would be the father . In an e-mail to the comic book website Newsarama , Straczynski claimed he regretted the version of `` Sins Past '' that went to press , and he had hoped to `` retcon '' it out of continuity during the events of the then - recent `` One More Day '' storyline : `` I wanted to retcon the Gwen twins out of continuity , which was something I always assumed I could do at the end of my run . I was n't allowed to do this , and yes , it pissed me off . '' In the original plans for `` One More Day '' , the story would have ended with Gwen Stacy being resurrected by Mephisto 's reality - warping spell along with Harry Osborn , but it was eventually decided to let her remain dead . Her son , Gabriel , has reappeared in subsequent stories . Dead no more : the clone Conspiracy ( edit ) In the Clone Conspiracy storyline , a flashback revealed that Gwen Stacy was conscious during Spider - Man and Green Goblin 's battle on the bridge and as she was falling to her death . She overheard Green Goblin and Spider - Man 's conversation . This caused her to discover Peter is Spider - Man and was angered by Peter keeping this secret and his involvement in her father 's death . In the present , Gwen is supposedly revived by the Jackal with his clones . The Jackal claims that this one is not a clone but the real Gwen who was harvested from her remains and still remembers everything in her life , including her death . The Jackal offers Gwen the opportunity to be his business partner as he tries to change the world with his new technology . Gwen is hesitant about this new life at first but accepts it when the Jackal shows that he has reanimated the clone of her father , who is much better than he was before he died . When Spider - Man arrives at the incorporation and discovers the Jackal 's experiments , he is surprised by Gwen 's presence and notes that unlike the other people he revived , who are with clones by the Jackal , Gwen does not trigger his spider - sense , making him wonder if she was the real one , but he is attacked by the `` reborn '' Doctor Octopus before he can question the issue further . After the Jackal breaks up the fight and shows Spider - Man around the New U , George Stacy clone recognizes something off about Gwen 's face and points his gun at her . It was revealed that the Gwen clone was actually her Earth - 65 counterpart Spider - Woman that assists Spider - Man in escaping . The real Gwen is kidnapped by Kaine and taken to Parker Industries to be studied . Kaine reveals that he and Spider - Woman came to this world to assist Spider - Man was because they saw that apparently Spider - Man allying with the Jackal 's offer on other worlds results in a global disaster . Rhino and Electro are sent to retrieve Gwen after attacking the staff , but Gwen tells them to take Kaine with him too because the condition could help with Jackal 's experiments . Anna Maria Marconi also volunteers to come with because she has studied both Kaine and the drug . When Spider - Man is taken to Haven , he catches up with Gwen in the household in the facility , where she tries to convince him to support New U Technologies . Peter still has a hard time believing she was the real Gwen given his other experiences with clones . Gwen tries justifying her existence by telling Peter her memories , including how she overheard the Green Goblin talking to Spider - Man confront before her death . Peter thinks she died hating him , but Gwen said that she did not hate him , but rather died feeling betrayed . Peter again still has doubts towards Gwen not being a clone , she tries kissing him with no avail that only pushes him to put the mask back on . Gwen witnesses Jackal order the villains clone to kill Spider - Man and wants to help . When Doctor Octopus pulls a switch which activates the Carrion Virus in all of the revived and causes them to start rapidly decaying , including Gwen and George . After her father deteriorates in Gwen 's arms , she assists Spider - Man by helping him get to the lab . When the villains clone get to the lab doors , Gwen locks Spider - Man inside the lab and sacrifices herself towards the villains to give Spider - Man more time . Following the Carrion Virus being thwarted , Spider - Man and Anna check the building and see that Gwen has been reduced to dust . Other versions ( edit ) `` Age of Apocalypse '' ( edit ) In the two - issue mini-series X-Universe , which details what happened to the rest of the Marvel Universe during the `` Age of Apocalypse '' storyline , the Green Goblin never killed Gwen Stacy . Instead she became the bodyguard of Donald Blake , who , in this reality , had never become the Mighty Thor . Sometime later in the mainstream universe in X-Man # 37 , the Age of Apocalypse version of Gwen is pulled from her reality to the mainstream Earth 's George Washington Bridge , much to Spider - Man 's shock . Gwenpool ( edit ) Main article : Gwenpool Due to the popularity of Spider - Gwen , in June 2015 Marvel published variant covers for 20 of their current series , which saw Gwen Stacy re-imagined as other Marvel characters , such as Doctor Strange , Groot and Wolverine . One of those variants , for `` Deadpool 's Secret Secret Wars # 2 '' , featured an amalgam of Gwen Stacy and Deadpool dubbed `` Gwenpool '' , which turned out to be especially popular with the fans . As the result , Marvel produced two stories featuring Gwenpool as a character , a backup story in the series `` Howard the Duck '' , and a one - shot `` Gwenpool Holiday Special # 1 '' . A retcon in the Howard the Duck # 1 backup it was revealed her name is actually `` Gwen Poole '' , not Gwen Stacy , or even an alternate version of Gwen Stacy . Following the publication of the one - shot , an ongoing series titled The Unbelievable Gwenpool by the same creative team was announced , starting in April 2016 . `` House of M '' ( edit ) In the reality seen in the `` House of M '' storyline , in which the Scarlet Witch alters reality to make mutants the ruling class over humans , Gwen was never killed . Instead , she married Peter Parker , and the couple had a young son . She had become a scientist , a savvy businesswoman , and a peace activist -- and had a decidedly hostile relationship with chemical weapon developer Norman Osborn . Mary Jane Watson , a popular actress in this reality , played Gwen Stacy in the film adaptation of Spider - Man 's life story . Gwen and her father read textual accounts of their deaths in the main universe , though they believe this simply to be the morbid imaginings of Peter Parker , who is suffering from mental health issues . Marvel Adventures ( edit ) Gwen Stacy first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 53 as a new student of Midtown High . She had transferred from her previous school after the Torino Gang , a powerful New York mob , began harassing her in an attempt to keep her father , police captain George Stacy , from arresting members of their gang . However , the Torinos continued to harass Gwen at Midtown , prompting Spider - Man to help the police take down the gang . Like her father , Gwen believes Spider - Man is a hero . She subsequently began participating in a `` Spider - Man Appreciation Society '' designed to foster better public opinion of Spider - Man . Gwen is also attracted to Spider - Man 's alter ego Peter Parker ; although she openly flirted with him , Peter began dating a different girl , Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval , which made Gwen very unhappy . Later , Gwen was brainwashed by Emma Frost into believing she was dating Peter . Gwen 's brainwashing wore off ( or was undone by Emma ) , but Gwen now believes her relationship with Peter ended when he chose Chat over her , causing her to treat Chat very coldly . She has since warmed to Chat , however . Recently , Gwen began a close friendship with Carter Torino who is the grandson of the head of the Torino Gang . Their relationship is complicated by the fact Gwen 's father is still trying to take down Carter 's criminal family . Marvel Zombies return ( edit ) In the limited series , Marvel Zombies Return , Gwen of ' Earth Z ' is still a college student out with her friends Mary Jane and Harry Osborn . The zombified Spider - Man travels to this earth and , despite his best intentions , turns the Sinister Six . They then slay and partly consume Gwen and her friends . To stop the spread of the virus , Spider - Man obliterates the bodies . Powerless ( edit ) In the Powerless mini-series , Gwen Stacy again appears as the girlfriend of Peter Parker . Norman Osborn again kidnaps and attempts to kill her as a part of a plan to intimidate Peter . In a twist , the powerless Peter ( with a limb crippled from a spider bite ) manages to save Gwen from falling to her death . Spider - Gwen ( edit ) Gwen Stacy as Spider - Woman ( nicknamed `` The White Widow '' by cosplayers ) in an alternate universe . Named `` Spider - Gwen '' by the fans and authors . Main article : Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) In the alternate reality designated Earth - 65 , Gwen Stacy is the one bitten by the radioactive spider , and becomes a superhero going by the name of Spider - Woman . She is also a member of a band fronted by Mary Jane Watson , simply called the Mary Janes . Shortly after Gwen begins fighting crime , Peter Parker attempts to exact revenge on those who bullied him , becoming this universe 's version of the Lizard . Gwen subdues him , but Peter dies towards the end of the battle due to the chemical he used . Spider - Woman is blamed for his death , causing an outcry for her arrest , led by J. Jonah Jameson . Her father , who is also a police chief in this world , begins a hunt for her . This follows Gwen into college , where she is still a member of the Mary Janes . At a gig of theirs , an assassin is sent after Gwen 's father , who is in the audience . Gwen defeats the assassin , the audience and band clearing out during the battle . While they are alone , Captain Stacy holds Spider - Woman at gun point , with Gwen taking off her mask to reveal who she is . Shocked upon learning Spider - Woman 's identity , he tells her to run before he changes his mind . In the distance , the Captain Britain from Earth - 833 , called Spider - UK , is watching , saying that Gwen will `` do quite nicely . '' Gwen is recruited by Spider - UK to team up with other Spider - Totems across the multiverse , and next appears on Earth - 616 with Old Man Spider - Man of Earth - 4 and Spider - Man of Earth - 70105 ( who in that reality is Bruce Banner ) to rescue Kaine , who was under attack by the Inheritors . Marvel - 616 Peter is hesitant to put Gwen in action and she is told by the others of how he failed to save her in his world . However he does recruit her for a mission and they both agree to look out for each other . Gwen is sent to recruit an alternate version of Peter Parker who is driven insane after he failed to save the Gwen Stacy in his dimension , killed the Green Goblin , and became the Hobgoblin . She tells him that he can become the man he once was if he joins them , but they are attacked by the Inheritors . Hobgoblin sacrifices himself to save Gwen . After the events of Spider - Verse , Gwen returns to her home of Earth - 65 where she continues her career as Spider - Woman in her own solo series , Spider - Gwen . She first saves George Stacy from mercenary Aleksei Sytsevich who was sent by Wilson Fisk and his lawyer Matt Murdock to target him . Then she begins a hunt for the Vulture who has been terrorizing the city in her absence . She appears as one of the main characters in the Secret Wars Spider - Verse event with Spider - Ham , Spider - Girl , Spider - UK , Spider - Man Noir , and Spider - Man India in a Battleworld called Archania ruled by Norman Osborn . They eventually form a team called the Web Warriors where they help other Spider - Men and Women in various dimensions . A child version of her also appears in Giant Size Little Marvel Avengers vs X-Men as a new kid that Tony Stark tries to ask out on a date . She rejects him because he 's a kid with a goatee and mustache . Another version of her is a member of Arcadia's 's A-Force . On Earth - 8 , she is married to Miles Morales and they have two children with Spider Powers . Spider - punk ( edit ) In an issue of Web Warriors , Spider - Punk mentions that the Gwen Stacy in his dimension was a musical icon . Spider - Man : fairy Tales ( edit ) Issue # 1 of Spider - Man : Fairy Tales follows the fairy tale of Little Red Riding Hood , reimagined with Mary Jane Watson as the titular character . Gwen Stacy has been previously killed by the wolf . Issue # 4 is an adaption of Cinderella with Gwen as Princess Gwendolyn . She falls in love with the masked `` Prince of Arachne , '' who is revealed to be Peter Parker , servant to Sir Osborn , but is killed during a fight between Osborn and Parker . Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane ( edit ) Gwen Stacy first appears at the end of Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane # 5 . She is the new girl at school and quickly becomes close friends with Peter Parker . In Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane # 9 , Peter and Gwen take their relationship to the next level by sharing a tender kiss , much to the dismay of Mary Jane . They date for a time , though Gwen breaks up with Peter when she learns Mary Jane is the girl he truly loves . MJ , attempting to fix this , breaks up with Peter and reunites with Harry . Peter can not commit to Gwen . She is unwilling to accept him as a friend and not a boyfriend . Spider - Man Unlimited ( edit ) In the fourth issue of the comic book based on the Spider - Man Unlimited animated series , Spidey encounters a Counter-Earth version of Gwen Stacy . She helps him escape a hidden paradise known as `` The Haven '' . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in Ultimate Spider - Man . In the Ultimate Marvel continuity , Gwen Stacy first appears in Ultimate Spider - Man # 14 ( December 2001 ) as a teenage girl at Peter 's high school . In this continuity , Gwen , whose rendition by artist Mark Bagley was inspired by an early - career Madonna , has amber eyes , wears punk - style clothing , and harbors a rebellious personality . In her first appearance she gives a rousing speech on ' super powers ' ; in the next issue she pulls a knife on Kong , a classmate who was bullying Peter . She is suspended from school temporarily . Gwen becomes friends with Peter , which leads Mary Jane Watson to believe Gwen is vying for his affections . Gwen is later taken in by Aunt May after her father , police captain John Stacy , is killed by a burglar wearing a Spider - Man costume . Her estranged mother does not want to take her in . Her living in the Parker house creates more tension between Peter and Mary Jane , and leads to their temporary break - up . Peter 's relationship with Gwen is further complicated by her hatred of Spider - Man , whom she blames for her father 's death . When Peter finds his friend Eddie Brock , Gwen confides in him about her feelings of isolation . Eddie then tries to kiss her . Gwen is shocked . When she eventually learns Peter is Spider - Man , the angry Gwen pulls her father 's gun on him . Fortunately , he manages to convince her he is not to blame for her father 's death . Gwen runs off but returns , explaining she is just really mad at everything at the moment . She would n't have really shot him , a fact Peter already knew because his spider sense did n't go off despite Gwen 's wrath . Gwen then agrees to keep his secret . Gwen Stacy dies in Ultimate Spider - Man # 62 . Before her death , she made peace with Mary Jane and assured her she never had romantic feelings for Peter . She considered him just as a friend . She is killed by Carnage , a vampiric monster made by the splicing of genetic material from Peter Parker , his father , and Dr. Curt Connors . Although Peter is not in the area when she dies , he still feels some responsibility for her death , as he allowed Dr. Connors to use his genetic material for experimentation . His guilt makes him decide to retire as Spider - Man for a while . Eventually , he takes up his hero identity when his responsibility for the innocent becomes too great to overlook . At the end of the arc , there was an issue that dealt with Gwen 's death . Flash Thompson makes an off - color remark about Gwen 's passing . It infuriates MJ to the point where she physically attacks Flash . It is revealed Flash had a crush on Gwen all along . A girl seeming to be Gwen Stacy appears in Ultimate Spider - Man # 98 . Says Ultimate artist Mark Bagley , `` Gwen 's return is integral to the Clone storyline and is basically a way to rock Peter 's world ... again . '' In this issue `` Gwen '' appears to have no memory of her `` death '' and believes she was in a hospital , from which she has escaped . In issue # 100 , after a raft of revelations , the stress of the situation enrages `` Gwen '' . She transforms into what appears to be Carnage before leaping out the window . In the next issue , `` Richard Parker '' claims `` Gwen '' should not have met Peter at all , and was merely an experiment in stem cell research . This Gwen / Carnage fights with the Fantastic Four , Nick Fury , and the Spider - Slayer drones , until she is knocked unconscious by a beam of light , and taken into custody . In issue # 113 , Norman Osborn as the Green Goblin causes a massive prison break from the Triskelion . An inmate appearing to be ' Gwen ' walks out amidst the chaos , disappearing in the shadows . It has been revealed the creature posing as Gwen Stacy is still the original Ultimate Carnage Spider - Man faced earlier in its run . After `` devouring '' Gwen , this incarnation of Carnage has gone on to mimic her `` essence '' and now believes itself to be Gwen Stacy . During the `` War of the Symbiotes '' storyline , Gwen / Carnage 's back story in the Triskelion is revealed . It is shown Gwen has been taking some form of therapy with Tony Stark . However , when the Green Goblin broke out of the Triskelion , Gwen escaped and went to Peter Parker 's house in a confused and terrified state , with Carnage 's face on her body . During an exchange between Peter and Gwen , Eddie Brock attempts to attack Aunt May and retake his symbiote . In a rage , Spider - Man engages Venom on a nearby rooftop . During the fight , Gwen is shown to be able to use her symbiote to fight off Eddie but Eddie reabsorbs his symbiote along with the Carnage symbiote rendering Gwen Stacy an average girl . After SHIELD intervenes , SHIELD Director Danvers states Gwen will remain in S.H.I.E.L.D. custody . Peter and May argue for her to come back to live with them , with Tony Stark supporting the Parkers . In Ultimate Spider - Man # 129 , the Parkers are now helping to rebuild Gwen 's life . Her ghastly experience with the Carnage symbiote also causes her to develop a death anxiety she gradually controls . Six months after the `` Ultimatum '' storyline , in Ultimate Comics Spider - Man # 1 , Gwen is living with the Parkers again and seems to be dating Peter . However , circumstances involving the Chameleon made Gwen realize she made a mistake dating Peter . She breaks up with him , but still lives with the Parkers due to Gwen and Aunt May has become close in a surrogate mother - daughter fashion . After Peter 's death , Gwen and May re-located in France , but returned to New York after hearing about the re-emergence of a new Spider - Man . Afterwards , they meet the Peter Parker of the Earth - 616 continuity after he was accidentally and briefly sent to the Ultimate universe , with Gwen being intrigued to learn about her counterpart ( although she is not informed that her other self dead , Gwen also `` neglecting '' to tell Peter that she had died and revived ) , as she also attempts to tell Mary Jane about the other Peter 's arrival in their world . When Green Goblin escapes custody after S.H.I.E.L.D. was shut down , he arrives at the front yard of Aunt May 's house and confronts the new Spider - Man . Gwen and Aunt May are inside watching the television where the battle of the new Spider - Man and Green Goblin was being broadcast . Soon , Spider - Man emerges to aid the new Spider - Man in the fight , to the surprise of Gwen and Aunt May . Green Goblin flees at his arrival and the two Spider - Men depart . Gwen is unsure of the identity of the original Spider - Man , however , Aunt May assures her that his motives show that it him . Later , Gwen and Aunt May walk over to Mary Jane 's house and overhear Peter 's unknown resurrection . Gwen sprints over and joyfully reunites with him . After the two Spider - Men defeat Green Goblin , Peter tells Gwen that he intends to go on a quest to find out the truth of his mystery resurrection . Early in the series , Ultimate Spider - Man # 25 ( October 2002 ) paid homage to Gwen Stacy 's death in the Earth - 616 continuity , although Gwen herself was not involved . The Green Goblin tossed Mary Jane off the Queensboro Bridge . Spider - Man caught her leg with his webbing , just as with Gwen . The issue ended with a cliffhanger : when Spider - Man pulled Mary Jane up , she appeared to be either unconscious or dead . The cliffhanger was resolved in the next issue when Mary Jane awoke in # 26 , uninjured . What if ( edit ) In `` What if Gwen Stacy had lived ? '' , Peter saves Gwen by jumping after her rather than catching her with a web - line . In doing this , he cushions her from the impact as they hit the water and subsequently gives her CPR . After regaining consciousness , Gwen sees him without his mask . After explaining himself to her , Peter proposes to Gwen . She accepts . Meanwhile , the Green Goblin mails to J. Jonah Jameson proof of Spider - Man 's real identity . On the day of Peter 's wedding to Gwen , Jonah has published the expose and uses it to acquire a warrant for Peter 's arrest . Peter escapes from the police moments after his wedding to Gwen , but the issue ends with Peter on the run from the law and pondering his uncertain future . As the issue ends , Gwen departs with Joe ' Robbie ' Robertson , who promises Gwen they will do whatever they can to help Peter and quits the Bugle . In `` What If Spider - Man Had Kept His Six Arms ? '' , Spider - Man ( whose six - arms mutation was permanent here ) is able to prevent Gwen Stacy 's death . At the very end of Peter David 's one - shot `` What If : The Other , '' Peter Parker ( now calling himself `` Poison '' ) uses part of the Venom symbiote attached to him in the resurrection of Gwen Stacy . She takes the appearance of Carnage . In other media ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in The Spectacular Spider - Man . Bryce Dallas Howard as Gwen Stacy in Spider - Man 3 . Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man . Television ( edit ) Gwen Stacy was deliberately excluded from the 1990s Spider - Man animated series as the creators felt they could neither allow her to live nor deliberately include a character who was going to die . An alternate version of the character did appear in the series finale , voiced by Mary Kay Bergman . The fiancée of Spider - Man 's high - tech armored counterpart in this parallel universe , the primary version of Spider - Man meets Gwen for the first time . Gwen plays a role in help defeating Spider - Carnage . Gwen Stacy appears as a central character in The Spectacular Spider - Man , voiced by Lacey Chabert . Depicted as a teenager , this version is friends with Peter Parker and Harry Osborn and is the daughter of George Stacy . She has hidden romantic feelings for Peter , being hurt several times when he expressed interest in other girls . Throughout season one , she becomes concerned when Harry become addicted to Gobulin Green . At the end of season one , she kisses Peter , leaving them in an awkward standing in season two . Despite their feeling for each other , Peter begins dating Liz Allan and she dates Harry . In the series finale , `` Final Curtain '' , she and Peter acknowledge how they feel about each other , and agree to break up with Harry and Liz . However , after Norman Osborn 's apparent death , Gwen stays in a relationship with Harry because she would be the only one to care for him . A variation of Spider - Gwen , native to Miles Morales ' dimension shows up in the final part of Return to the Spider - verse in Ultimate Spider - Man vs. the Sinister Six , voiced by Dove Cameron . This version does n't have Spider powers and instead relies on tech stolen from her father 's robot program to become Spider - Woman , with the help of her world 's Aunt May after Miles was transported to the alternate dimension early in the season . She is a big help in the final battle against Peter Parker 's villainous counterpart Wolf - Spider . Gwen also stated she was a friend of her dimension 's Peter Parker before his death . Gwen Stacy as Spider - Gwen appears in the 2017 series Spider - Man , voiced by Laura Bailey . This version is one of Peter 's classmates at Horizon High and specializes in DNA formulas . She was inspired to pursue science by her uncle , Raymond Warren , later revealed to be the villainous Jackal . Film ( edit ) Sam raimi series ( edit ) Gwen Stacy is portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider - Man 3 . She is a potential new love interest for Peter Parker , serving as an unintended rival to Mary Jane Watson . Gwen is a classmate and lab partner of Peter Parker and Spider - Man rescues her early in the film from a construction crane accident . She kisses an upside - down Spider - Man in similar fashion to how Mary Jane did in Spider - Man which causes Mary Jane to become angry and hurt . As Peter is at the top of Dr. Connors 's quantum mechanics class , he tutors her . She considers Peter a genius and is very fond of him . She is also friends with Eddie Brock as he took pictures of her so Gwen could be a model . Brock 's relationship is short - lived , as Peter , under the influence of the symbiote , steals her from Eddie . He dances with her at the same jazz club where Mary Jane works , but Gwen realizes Peter is doing this to make Mary Jane jealous . Gwen , upset about this , approaches Mary Jane , apologizes , and storms out of the club , leaving Peter behind . She is later present at Harry Osborn 's funeral . Bryce Dallas Howard said she would love to be a part of any continuation of the film franchise , while acknowledging her character 's opportunity may have passed , especially after Spider - Man 3 ended with Peter and Mary Jane once again in each other 's arms . In May 2007 , actor James Cromwell , who played Captain Stacy in the film stated he thought the natural progression for the character would be for both to die early in Spider - Man 4 , mirroring the comics . Howard said a death would not have bothered her . The film was ultimately unmade , although Stacy was in the draft . Marc webb series ( edit ) Emma Stone portrays Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man as Peter Parker 's love interest . She works as an assistant at Dr. Curt Connors 's laboratory at Oscorp , where Peter is bitten by a genetically - engineered spider . She subsequently develops a crush on him , and he soon lets her in on his secret identity as Spider - Man . Gwen plays an important role in the Lizard 's defeat , by helping Peter develop an antidote for the serum that mutates people into reptilian hybrids through cross-species genetics , using her own scientific background . Unfortunately , her father is killed by the Lizard before Peter can defeat the villain . George begs Peter to keep Gwen out of his dangerous life . Peter honors that vow without telling Gwen immediately ; this affronts Gwen until she realizes what her father did , and subsequently forgives Peter . However , when Peter later wonders if he should keep that promise , she just smiles . Emma Stone reprises her role as Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Gwen continues to work at Oscorp , which is owned by Harry Osborn , Peter 's best friend . By now , Peter and Gwen have decided to keep their relationship platonic , but Peter 's romantic feelings for her are rekindled when she tells him that she is going to England to study at Oxford University . When Oscorp employee Max Dillon suffers an industrial accident and becomes the villain Electro , Gwen starts asking questions ; Donald Menken , a high ranking and mutinous Oscorp board member , decides that she is a threat , fires her and targets her for elimination . When Electro attacks the city 's electricity supply , Gwen and Spider - Man work together to stop him . Just then , the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen and holds her hostage atop of the power plant 's clock tower , intent on drawing Spider - Man out . The Green Goblin throws Gwen through the tower 's glass rooftop , but Spider - Man saves her by shooting a web for her to grab onto . The web eventually breaks , however , and Gwen falls to the ground far below . Spider - Man catches her with another web an instant too late , as her head hits the concrete floor , killing her instantly . Gwen 's death sends Peter into a deep depression , and he decides to give up being Spider - Man . Five months later , he watches a video of Gwen 's graduation speech , in which she tells her class that hope is what makes life worth living , even in the darkest of times . Inspired , Peter decides to once again become Spider - Man . In both films , Kari Coleman , Charlie DePew , Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier portray the Stacy family : Helen Stacy ( Gwen 's mom ) , Philip Stacy , Howard Stacy , and Simon Stacy ( Gwen 's younger brothers ) respectively . Video games ( edit ) Gwen Stacy is briefly mentioned in Spider - Man : Edge of Time . When a futuristic version of Peter Parker reveals his plans to Spider - Man 2099 , he mentions he can save the lives of Uncle Ben , Gwen Stacy , George Stacy and countless others . Gwen Stacy appears in The Amazing Spider - Man voiced by Kari Wahlgren . Gwen Stacy makes her debut as a playable character in the Lego game Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced again by Kari Wahlgren . Gwen Stacy / Spider - Gwen is a playable character in Kabam 's Android / iOS mobile game , Marvel : Contest of Champions . See also ( edit ) The Night Gwen Stacy Died Spider - Man supporting characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gwen Stacy 's full first name was given in Amazing Spider - Man # 62 as `` Gwendolyn '' and in # 90 as `` Gwendolyne . '' Both issues were written by Stan Lee . ^ Jump up to : Gwen Stacy states her full name as `` Gwen Maxine Stacy '' in Ultimate Spider - Man # 127 . Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . This monumental issue saw the first appearances of Peter 's upcoming love interest Gwen Stacy , prospective best friend , Harry Osborn , and even the future super villain known as the Jackal . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ( 2007 ) . The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City . New York City : Pocket Books . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 3141 - 6 . Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 90 Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 55 : `` Captain George Stacy had always believed in Spider - Man and had given him the benefit of the doubt whenever possible . So in Spider - Man 's world , there was a good chance that he would be destined to die . '' Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 98 Jump up ^ Fisch , Sholly ( September 1987 ) . `` The Wedding of the Year '' . Marvel Age ( 54 ) . Marvel Comics . pp. 12 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 30 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 32 . ^ Jump up to : Conway , Gerry ( June 1995 ) . `` Foreword '' . Spider - Man : Clone Genesis . Marvel Comics . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 7851 - 0158 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Veronese , Keith ( October 2010 ) . `` Spider - Man : The Beginnings of the Clone Saga '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 69 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Karen ( October 2010 ) . `` Gwen , the Goblin , and the Spider - Fans '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 21 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold T. ( Fall 2003 ) . `` ' The Night Gwen Stacy Died : ' The End of Innocence and the Birth of the Bronze Age '' . Reconstruction. 3 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1970s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . Dorling Kindersley . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0756641238 . In June ( 1973 ) , Marvel embarked on a story that would have far - reaching effects . The Amazing Spider - Man artist John Romita , Sr. suggested killing off Spider - Man 's beloved Gwen Stacy in order to shake up the book 's status quo . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 68 : `` This story by writer Gerry Conway and penciler Gil Kane would go down in history as one of the most memorable events of Spider - Man 's life . '' Jump up ^ David , Peter ; Greenberger , Robert ( 2010 ) . The Spider - Man Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel 's Web . Running Press . p. 49 . ISBN 0762437723 . The idea of beloved supporting characters meeting their deaths may be standard operating procedure now but in 1973 it was unprecedented ... Gwen 's death took villainy and victimhood to an entirely new level . Jump up ^ Inventing Tomorrow ( University of Minnesota Institute of Technology magazine ) , Spring 2002 : `` Jim Kakalios enlists the aid of costumed crimefighters to teach critical thinking in an imaginative freshman seminar '' by Paul Sorenson Archived 2006 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - man # 129 Jump up ^ Marvels # 4 Jump up ^ `` SpiderFan.org - Comics : Giant - Size Spider - Man # 5 '' . www.spiderfan.org . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 149 Jump up ^ Spider - Island Deadly Foes # 1 Jump up ^ Superior Spider - Man Team - Up # 2 Jump up ^ Scarlet Spider ( Vol. 2 ) # 20 Jump up ^ SBC.com ( no date ) : All the Rage ( column ) -- `` Do n't Panic '' , by Blair Marnell & John Voulieris Archived 2005 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ J. Michael Straczynski rebuttal to OMD Archived 2010 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Clone Conspiracy # 1 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 2 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 3 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 4 # 23 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 4 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 5 Jump up ^ `` GWEN TAKES OVER '' . Marvel. 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` And Finally ... Has Marvel Noticed That Gwenpool Is A Thing Now ? R '' . Bleeding Cool . Jump up ^ `` MARVEL ANNOUNCES `` GWENPOOL HOLIDAY SPECIAL , '' `` HOWARD THE DUCK '' BACKUP STORIES `` . Comicbookresources . September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel announces new Gwenpool series '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spider - Man : House of M # 1 - 3 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 55 . Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 54 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 1 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 6 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 5 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ `` Marvel Zombies Return '' # 1 ( 2009 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Edge of Spider - Verse # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 9 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Vol. 3 # 11 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Verse Team - Up # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 1 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 2 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 18 Jump up ^ Web Warriors # 7 Jump up ^ Spider - Man Unlimited Vol. 2 # 4 Jump up ^ Brucie , Dylan ( March 2007 ) . `` Ultimate Spider - Man '' . Wizard Xtra ! . p. 110 . Jump up ^ In an interview in Wizard Magazine # 180 ( 2006 ) , Mark Bagley remarked there were some `` coloring issues '' in Gwen 's first appearances . He did not intend her eyes to be yellow . Jump up ^ `` '' . Wizard Universe . Archived January 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Spider - Man Pictures Full Size '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man # 11 Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man # 13 Jump up ^ Spider - Men # 3 Jump up ^ Spider - Men # 4 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 3 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 4 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 6 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 7 Jump up ^ What If ? # 24 Jump up ^ What If ? Volume 2 # 42 Jump up ^ What If : The Other Jump up ^ Rey , Leo ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` SPIDER - MAN 2017 CARTOON WILL FEATURE VENOM , SPIDER - GWEN , AND MILES MORALES '' . Nerdspan . Jump up ^ Entertainment , Marvel ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` The # MarvelAnimation panel is underway , and the cast of `` Marvel 's # SpiderMan '' has just been announced ! 1 / 3pic.twitter.com/3zSAuFjAMA `` . External links ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in Marvel Comics Database The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Physics of Superheroes 1 - Death of Gwen Stacy Spiderfan.org -- Gwen Stacy `` The template below ( Marvel Comics characters ( S ) ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Marvel Comics characters ( S ) Heroes Sage Sasquatch Satana Scarlet Spider Ben Reilly Kaine Parker Scarlet Witch Sentry ( Robert Reynolds ) Sersi Shaman Shuri Sif Silk Siryn Shadowcat Shang - Chi Shanna the She - Devil Shatterstar She - Hulk She - Hulk ( Lyra ) Silver Sable Silver Surfer Skaar Slapstick Songbird Snowbird Speedball Spider - Girl Spider - Ham Spider - Man Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Man ( Miles Morales ) Spider - Man Noir Spider - Woman Jessica Drew Julia Carpenter Mattie Franklin Gwen Stacy Spitfire Squirrel Girl Star Brand Starfox Starhawk Star - Lord Chase Stein Stepford Cuckoos Stingray Storm Straw Man Strong Guy Hope Summers Rachel Summers Sunfire Sunspot Surge Swordsman Kevin Sydney Villains Sabertooth Sandman Sauron Scorpion Selene Sebastian Shaw Sentinel Shadow King Shuma - Gorath Shocker Silver Samurai Silvermane Sin Songbird Spider - Slayer Alistair Smythe Spiral Zeke Stane Stilt - Man Stryfe William Stryker Super-Adaptoid Super-Skrull Surtur Supporting characters Erik Selvig Jasper Sitwell Trevor Slattery George Stacy Gwen Stacy Howard Stark Stick Spider - Man Stan Lee Steve Ditko Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Scarlet Spider Spider - Woman Steel Spider Silk By public identity Peter Parker Ben Reilly Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Supporting characters Liz Allan Black Cat Betty Brant Billy Connors Martha Connors Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Glory Grant J. Jonah Jameson John Jameson Ashley Kafka Ned Leeds Madame Web Anna Maria Marconi Max Modell Harry Osborn Ben Parker May Parker Richard and Mary Parker Prowler Puma Randy Robertson Robbie Robertson Rocket Racer Silver Sable Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval George Stacy Gwen Stacy Flash Thompson Ben Urich Mary Jane Watson Debra Whitman Will o ' the Wisp Antagonists Central rogues gallery Carnage Chameleon Doctor Octopus Electro Green Goblin Norman Osborn Hobgoblin Roderick Kingsley Jason Macendale Phil Urich Hydro - Man Jackal Kingpin Kraven the Hunter Lizard Morbius , the Living Vampire Mysterio Rhino Sandman Scorpion Shocker Sinister Six Venom Eddie Brock Vulture Recurring antagonists Beetle Abner Jenkins Janice Lincoln Big Wheel Boomerang Burglar Calypso Cyclone Demogoblin Enforcers Fancy Dan Montana Ox Grizzly Hammerhead Human Fly Jack O ' Lantern Jason Macendale Kangaroo Lady Octopus Living Brain Man - Wolf Menace Mendel Stromm Mister Negative Molten Man Morlun Moses Magnum Ringer Speed Demon Alistair Smythe Spencer Smythe Spider - Slayer list Silvermane Spot Stegron Swarm Tinkerer Tombstone Walrus Alternative versions Spider - Man Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Girl Spider - Gwen Spider - Ham Spider - Man Noir Ultimate Spider - Man Miles Morales Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson Alternative versions of the Green Goblin Alternative versions of Venom Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature ‎ novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Related topics Powers and equipment Goblin Slingers Symbiotes Category Symbiote family and hosts Alternative versions of Venom Alternative versions of Spider - Man Symbiotes Venom / She - Venom Carnage Scream Hybrid Toxin Anti-Venom Venom hosts Peter Parker Eddie Brock Mac Gargan Flash Thompson ( Agent Venom ) Carnage hosts Cletus Kasady Silver Surfer ( Carnage Cosmic ) Ben Reilly ( Spider - Carnage ) Karl Malus ( Superior Carnage ) Enemies Crime Master Jack O'Lantern The Jury Life Foundation Mercurio the 4 - D Man Pyre Savage Six Sin - Eater Spider - Man Publications Venom ( Lethal Protector Separation Anxiety All titles ) `` Maximum Carnage '' `` Planet of the Symbiotes '' True Believers Related media Spider - Man : The Venom Saga Spider - Man and Venom : Maximum Carnage ( 1994 ) Venom / Spider - Man : Separation Anxiety ( 1995 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) Ultimate Spider - Man Series Ultimate Spider - Man Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man Creators Brian Michael Bendis ( writer ) Mark Bagley ( artist ) Original characters Kenny McFarlane Miles Morales as Spider - Man Story arcs and crossovers Original Series Story Arcs Second Series Story Arcs `` Ultimate Clone Saga '' Ultimate Marvel Team - Up Ultimate Six Ultimate Power Ultimatum Ultimate Comics : Doomsday Ultimate Comics : Fallout Spider - Men Other media Video game Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions TV series episodes `` For Your Eye Only '' Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story The Spectacular Spider - Man Episodes `` Survival of the Fittest '' `` Interactions '' `` Natural Selection '' `` Market Forces '' `` Competition '' `` The Invisible Hand '' `` Catalysts '' `` Reaction '' `` The Uncertainty Principle '' Related Characters Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gwen_Stacy&oldid=804911986 '' Categories : Characters created by Stan Lee Characters created by Steve Ditko Comics characters introduced in 1965 Female characters in comics Fictional characters from New York City Fictional models Fictional victims of kidnapping Spider - Man characters Superhero film characters Teenage characters in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages using infobox comics character with unsupported parameters Character pop Converted comics character infoboxes Articles to be expanded from July 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 21 : 44 . 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who is spider-man's first true love in the comics
[ "Gwendolyne Maxine \"Gwen\" Stacy[1][2] is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider-Man. A college student, she was a long-term romantic interest for Peter Parker before she was murdered by the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). Spider-Man writers and fans often debate whether Peter's \"one true love\" is Gwen Stacy, or Mary Jane Watson (Peter's later girlfriend and wife). Stories published long after her death indicate that Gwen still holds a special place in his heart." ]
[ "Gwendolyne Maxine \"Gwen\" Stacy" ]
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Wake Me Up (Avicii song)
Wake Me up ( Avicii song ) - wikipedia Wake Me up ( Avicii song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Wake Me Up ! '' redirects here . For the song by Speed , see Rise ( Speed album ) . For other uses , see Wake Me Up . `` Wake Me Up '' Single by Avicii from the album True Released 17 June 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) Format CD single digital download Genre Folktronica progressive house Length 4 : 09 Label PRMD Lava Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Avicii Aloe Blacc Producer ( s ) Avicii Arash Pournouri Mike Shinoda Avicii singles chronology `` X You '' ( 2013 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2013 ) `` You Make Me '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` Wake Me Up '' on YouTube Audio sample 16 - second sample of Avicii 's single Wake Me Up file help `` Wake Me Up '' ( stylised as `` WAKE ME UP ! '' ) is a song by Swedish DJ and electronic music producer Avicii , released as the lead single from his debut studio album True , released on CD and cassette by PRMD Music , Lava Records and Sony Music 's Columbia Records on June 17 , 2013 . American soul singer Aloe Blacc provides vocals for the track and Mike Einziger of Incubus provides acoustic guitar . Avicii introduced `` Wake Me Up ! '' for the first time live on stage at the Ultra Music Festival in Miami . The experimental rendering ( it was accompanied by a live band with instruments and vocalists , including Blacc , Einziger and Incubus members Ben Kenney on bass and José Pasillas on drums ) reportedly confused and angered a section of the electronic dance festival community . Subsequently , Avicii achieved critical and commercial success with the release of the single worldwide . `` Wake Me Up '' peaked at number one in much of Europe and charted well in various countries . The song has been described as a `` summer anthem '' by Variance Magazine and , throughout the 2013 festival season , Avicii included it as part of the opening or closing sequence of his sets at EDC Las Vegas , EDC London , Tomorrowland , Creamfields , Electric Zoo and the iTunes Festival . Due to the success of the song , Blacc later released an acoustic version of `` Wake Me Up '' in his solo EP Wake Me Up . It was also released as a promotional stand - alone single on Interscope Records , made available online for downloads via iTunes . A separate music video was also made . The Blacc single also charted in its own right in various charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 4.1 Australia 4.2 Ireland 4.3 North America 4.4 United Kingdom 5 Usage in other media and cover versions 6 Music video 7 Track listing 8 Credits 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 Acoustic Version 12.1 Chart performance 13 Cover versions 13.1 Chart performance 13.2 Other covers 14 Children in Need 2014 version 14.1 Background and release 14.2 Promotion and live performances 14.3 Track listings and formats 14.4 Chart performance 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Background ( edit ) In an interview with the Daily Star , Avicii , who had previously labelled `` Wake Me Up ! '' as `` a fun experiment '' during an exclusive chat with MTV UK , said : `` I had a demo with Mac Davis singing , the guy who wrote some songs that were covered by Elvis Presley , but I needed another singer to do the parts . At the same time I was tipped off about doing another track with Aloe Blacc , and I started working on that track . When I was with Mike Einziger from Incubus , we came up with the chord progression and the melody for ' Wake Me Up ! ' but ( with ) no real lyrics . None of us ( could ) sing and we really needed to get that demo down and the only person I knew that lived in LA was Aloe , so I called him and he was free . Lyrics come really easy to him so the two of us wrote them in a couple of hours and we finished the track . '' Aloe Blacc , who is not credited on the track , explained to The Huffington Post : `` I started writing the lyrics at the top of 2013 , travelling back from Switzerland . I started in hip hop music back in the 90s and I never expected to be singing and have an actual career as a musician , but I 'm travelling all over the world and I thought ' Life is a dream , wake me up when it 's all over ' . I was invited to the studio with Avicii and Mike Einziger from Incubus , and when I got to the studio they had already come up with a chord progression of the song . I came in with the lyrics and I just developed the melody as I heard the chords , and we all thought it was something very strong . We finished the song that night as an acoustic version , then Avicii made the dance mix in a couple of days , and that 's what we released to the world , and that was his release . '' Blacc later released an acoustic version of the song which was included on his solo EP Wake Me Up . It was also released as a promotional stand - alone single by Interscope Records and made available online for download via iTunes . The single also charted in its right in various charts . Composition ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' is a folktronica song , blending elements of EDM , soul and country music . Musically , it is written in the key of B minor and runs at 124 beats per minute ( BPM ) . It follows a chord progression of Bm / G / D / A -- Bm / G / D / F # m . Critical reception ( edit ) Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review , stating : `` As chart - friendly EDM continues to reach the furthest corners of the globe , staying ahead of the pack can prove a tricky task -- especially when more and more acts arrive on the scene turning out mixes with identikit build - ups , tired lyrics and uninspired breakdowns that newcomers to the arena lap up with excitement . Kudos to Avicii then , who has dared to try something a little different for his latest offering . `` So wake me up when it 's all over / When I 'm wiser and I 'm older , '' featured artist Aloe Blacc sings over dialled - up , country - flecked guitar strums that sound like Mumford & Sons on speed . The jig - along chorus may conjure up images of Brits - on - tour , but to be honest , what summer anthem does n't ? '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) The single has peaked at number one in 22 countries to date , including Australia , New Zealand , Hungary , Ireland , the United Kingdom and several European countries , in addition to reaching the top 10 in six others . Australia ( edit ) The song debuted at number 42 on 24 June . On the next week , the song skyrocketed to number 2 , behind `` Blurred Lines '' . The number position became Avicii 's highest charting song , beating `` I Could Be the One '' record which peaked at number four earlier in the year . It also beat Blacc 's 2011 hit , `` I Need a Dollar '' , which peaked at number 11 . A week later , the song hit the top position , ending `` Blurred Lines '' eight - week reign . On its sixth week at the top , 12 August , the song became the longest - running number one by a Swedish act since Roxette 's 1989 hit `` The Look '' . Ireland ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' spent seven consecutive weeks at number one . North america ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up ! '' has performed well in the North American music markets , having peaked in Canada and the United States at number two and number four , respectively . In the United States , `` Wake Me Up ! '' was kept off the top three by Katy Perry 's `` Roar '' , Miley Cyrus 's `` Wrecking Ball '' , and Lorde 's `` Royals '' . It spent 21 weeks in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 , and 53 weeks overall , making it the first Dance / Electronic song to stay over a year on that chart . It also reached number one position in the 7 September 2013 issue of Billboard 's Dance / Mix Show Airplay Chart . In Canada it was the second best - selling song of 2013 with 519,000 copies sold ( 523,000 for all versions combined ) . It is the first dance / electronic song to sell over 4 million copies in the U.S. , and as of August 2015 it has sold over 4,060,000 copies . United Kingdom ( edit ) In July 2013 , `` Wake Me Up '' entered at the number one on the UK Singles Chart , selling 88,000 copies in its first day and 267,000 in its first week , becoming Britain 's fastest - selling single of 2013 . Following three weeks at number one , `` Wake Me Up '' spent a further four consecutive weeks at number two , and a total of 11 consecutive weeks in the top ten . The single spent 32 consecutive weeks in the top 40 , before exiting . By October 2013 , the single had sold over 1 million copies in the UK , becoming the 140th single to do so in UK chart history and the third single of 2013 to do so . `` Wake Me Up '' was also the fifth most streamed track of 2013 in the UK . The song also spent nine consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Dance Chart until being replaced by Avicii 's next single `` You Make Me '' . Usage in other Media and cover versions ( edit ) Swiss singer Sebalter performed a version as his cover song choice during the Swiss national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 . Glee 's character Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) sang a slower version in the series season 5 on the episode `` The Back - up Plan '' . Croatian cello duo 2Cellos released a cover version on YouTube on 6 January 2015 . As of December 2017 , the video has been viewed over 30 million times . It is included on their album Celloverse . Canadian Country Music artist Tebey recorded a country cover version of the song . Music video ( edit ) A lyric video to accompany the release of `` Wake Me Up '' was first released on YouTube 28 June 2013 , at a total length of four minutes and thirty two seconds , and teaser clips for the official video were also released . The official video for `` Wake Me Up '' was released a month after the lyric video on 29 July 2013 . It features two females : the older girl is Russian fashion model Kristina Romanova , and the younger girl is Laneya Grace . It depicts them and how they are different from the people in their village . One morning , Kristina gets up early and rides off on a horse to a nearby city . She notices a woman with the Avicii logo birthmark like the one on her lower arm . They meet others and then jump into a truck and are then shown to be attending an Avicii concert . The next morning , Kristina rides back on the horse to Laneya . The video ends with them walking down the highway and shots from the concert and the staring villagers from the beginning . The video includes cross-promotion from Denim & Supply by Ralph Lauren and Sony Xperia Z smartphone . The video was shot in the Santa Clara River orange groves and in the town of Piru , California , west of Los Angeles , as well as Downtown LA . Avicii concert footage was from Miami . As of December 2017 , this video has been viewed on Avicii 's official YouTube channel over 1.4 billion times , making it the 40th most viewed video on the site . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Wake Me Up '' -- 4 : 09 `` Wake Me Up '' ( Mr. Worldwide Remix ) -- 3 : 38 Digital download -- remixes `` Wake Me Up '' ( Avicii Speed remix ) -- 7 : 04 `` Wake Me Up '' ( reggae mix ) -- 4 : 31 Digital download -- remixes `` Wake Me Up '' ( Avicii Speed remix ) -- 7 : 04 `` Wake Me Up '' ( original extended mix ) -- 5 : 44 `` Wake Me Up '' ( reggae remix ) -- 4 : 31 Digital download -- remixes ( part 2 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( PANG ! Slow Things Down remix ) -- 6 : 12 `` Wake Me Up '' ( EDX Miami Sunset remix ) -- 6 : 32 CD single `` Wake Me Up '' ( radio edit ) -- 4 : 09 `` Wake Me Up '' ( instrumental ) -- 4 : 32 Credits ( edit ) Personnel Avicii -- songwriter , producer Aloe Blacc -- lead vocals , songwriter Arash Pournouri -- co-producer Mike Einziger -- guitar , songwriter Peter Dyer -- keyboards Adapted from CD single and BMI website . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) Brazil Hot Pop Songs Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 19 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 7 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Airplay ( IFPI ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 6 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexican Anglo Chart ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Romania ( UPFR ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 30 South Africa ( EMA ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 14 US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 5 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 9 Israel ( Media Forest ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 19 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 92 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 17 US Billboard Hot 100 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 9 × Platinum 630,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 523,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 0 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 8,647 France 200,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Diamond 1,000,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 7 × Platinum 70,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 13 × Platinum 520,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 4,060,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) 3 × Platinum 30,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 6 × Platinum 10,800,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 16,000,000 Summaries Worldwide ( IFPI ) 11,100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Germany 17 June 2013 Digital download RCA Records / Sony Music Entertainment Italy Spain United Kingdom PRMD / Lava Records / Columbia Records / Sony Music Entertainment United States 2 July 2013 PRMD / Lava Records / Columbia Records / Sony Music Entertainment 29 July 2013 Adult contemporary radio Triple A radio 30 July 2013 Alternative radio Mainstream radio / rhythmic top 40 Acoustic version ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' Single by Aloe Blacc from the album Lift Your Spirit Released 30 September 2013 Format Digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Folk , soul Length 3 : 45 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Mike Einziger , Tim Bergling , Egbert Nathaniel Dawkins III Producer ( s ) DJ Khalil Aloe Blacc singles chronology `` Green Lights '' ( 2011 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2013 ) `` The Man '' ( 2014 ) Music video `` Wake Me Up ( acoustic ) '' on YouTube On 30 September 2013 , Blacc released his own acoustic version of the song . The track appeared in the Wake Me Up EP as track number two in the 5 - track EP . Blacc 's version `` Wake Me Up '' was made available through the following formats : Promo single `` Wake Me Up ( Acoustic ) '' by Aloe Blacc was released as a promotional stand - alone single on Interscope Records and made available online for downloads via iTunes . `` Wake Me Up '' music video In October 2013 , Blacc released the music video for `` Wake Me Up '' . Blacc collaborated with the immigrant rights group National Day Laborer Organizing Network and the ABC * Foundation 's Healing Power of Music Initiative . The director is Alex Rivera . The cast were real life immigrant activists : Hareth Andrade Ayala ( a Virginia leader in the immigrant youth movement working to stop her own father 's deportation ) , Agustin Chiprez Alvarez ( a Los Angeles day laborer ) , and Margarita Reyes ( who was deported with her mother as a child despite being born in the US ) . On Aloe Blacc album The track also appears on Aloe Blacc 's full studio album Lift Your Spirit . On compilation albums The track also appears on a compilation album of 2 CDs released on German markets called Best of 2013 -- Die Hits Des Jahres . The `` Wake Me Up ( Acoustic ) '' is the initial track of the 44 - track compilation . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 71 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 30 France ( SNEP ) 20 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 42 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 79 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 11 Cover versions ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' Single by Tebey featuring Emerson Drive from the album Two Released 27 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 4 : 35 Label TebeyMusic / Road Angel ( CAN ) The Talent Associates ( US ) Producer ( s ) Tebey Danick Dupelle Tebey singles chronology `` Let It Down '' ( 2013 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2013 ) `` Now I Do '' ( 2014 ) Emerson Drive singles chronology `` She Always Gets What She Wants '' ( 2013 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2013 ) `` Who We Are '' ( 2015 ) `` Wake Me Up '' was covered in the style of country music 2013 by Canadian country singer Tebey featuring Canadian country band Emerson Drive . This version was released to digital retailers via TebeyMusic on 27 November 2013 as the third single from the former 's second studio album , Two ( 2014 ) before impacting radio in January 2014 . The song was released in the US on 28 January 2014 through The Talent Associates . It has been well received by Canadian country radio , peaking at No. 5 on the Canada Country airplay chart . The song is also included on Tebey 's 2016 EP , Old School . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' , as performed by Tebey and Emerson Drive , entered the Canadian Hot 100 at No. 63 for the week ending 1 February 2014 . It peaked at No. 56 for the week ending 29 March 2014 , which position it held for one chart week . Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 56 Canada Country ( Billboard ) 5 Other covers ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the original release date was intended to be 8 September 2013 . In the absence of the original , a group called `` Spark Productions '' took advantage and released a cover version of it ; this version made number 26 on the UK Singles Chart before Avicii conceded to public demand and decided to release it early , with the Official Charts Company announcing on 15 July 2013 that it would be released that week . A cover of the song in Irish was uploaded onto YouTube on 9 August 2013 , by an Irish Language College called ' Coláiste Lurgan ' . The video received heavy publicity and popularity within Ireland from many news websites and the public . The video was a viral hit within the country and with Irish abroad , hitting a million views in one week . British band You Me at Six made a country version for BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . James Shotwel commented that their cover `` will be pulling at your heart strings all day long . The once fun - loving track has taken a turn for the melancholy , but it plays so well you 'll hardly think twice about the change . '' In November 2013 , British singer - songwriter Pixie Lott covered `` Wake Me Up '' live at the Pool Studios in London . Also in November 2013 , Russian folk - metal band Russkaja covered `` Wake Me Up '' on their 2013 EP `` Barada '' . In December 2013 , The X Factor finalist Daniel Evans released a mellow Rhodes - based version on his YouTube channel . It was also released as part of his 2013 album , Wicked Game . In January 2014 , Scottish ensemble Red Hot Chilli Pipers performed an acoustic rendition with bagpipes on BBC Radio 1 . Irish singer Derek Ryan did a Country and Irish version of the song in his 2014 album The Entertainer -- Live accompanied with a music video of footage from his performances . Swedish band , Dirty Loops , covered the song on their album Loopified . Christian rock band Skillet began performing a shortened cover of the song at some of their live shows starting in 2015 . The Norwegian acoustic - pop supergroup Stavangerkameratene covered the song as a translated single called `` Vekk meg opp '' ( Wake Me Up ) , released 11 March 2016 . Jessica Mauboy covered the song on her 2016 album , The Secret Daughter : Songs from the Original TV Series . It reached number 34 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart . Children in Need 2014 version ( edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' Single by Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir Released 9 November 2014 Format CD single digital download Recorded 2014 Genre Pop Length 3 : 55 Label Decca Music video `` Wake Me Up '' on YouTube Performed by Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir , the song was released as the official BBC Children in Need single for 2014 . Background and release ( edit ) Choirmaster and broadcaster Gareth Malone has previously had chart success after putting together non-singers and turning them into a cohesive choir . In 2011 , he guided the Military Wives -- a group of women with partners serving overseas in the army -- to Christmas number one with the song `` Wherever You Are '' . In 2012 , in collaboration with Gary Barlow , Malone produced the song `` Sing '' , as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations , with the Commonwealth Band being joined by the Military Wives . Malone was chosen to create the official Children in Need single for 2014 , and his efforts were captured in a two - part series , Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir , which aired on 3 November and 10 November . The BBC press release said that Malone would `` bring together an array of untrained voices from the world of television sport and theatre '' for the single . The celebrities that make up the All Star Choir are Margaret Alphonsi , Jo Brand , Radzi Chinyanganya , John Craven , Mel Giedroyc , Nitin Ganatra , Larry Lamb , Alice Levine , Fabrice Muamba , Craig Revel Horwood , Linda Robson and Alison Steadman . Promotion and live performances ( edit ) Gareth Malone went on numerous television and radio shows to promote the song , including some presented by celebrities who feature on the record . This included spots on Loose Women , Blue Peter , The One Show and Alice Levine 's afternoon show on Radio 1 . Track listings and formats ( edit ) CD Single ( Decca ) `` Wake Me Up '' -- 3 : 55 Digital Download ( Decca ) `` Wake Me Up '' -- 3 : 55 Chart performance ( edit ) After its release on 9 November , the song was placed at number 1 on the midweek Official Chart Update on Radio 1 , ahead of `` Thinking Out Loud '' by Ed Sheeran and Cheryl 's `` I Do n't Care '' , which was number one the previous weekend . See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in Australia List of best - selling singles in the United States List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2013 List of number - one singles of 2013 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Austria ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Denmark ) List of top 10 singles in 2013 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2013 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Italy ) List of number - one songs of 2013 ( Mexico ) List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles of 2013 ( Poland ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Scotland ) List of number - one singles of 2013 ( Spain ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of number - one dance singles of 2013 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Avicii helped aloe blacc wake up and break out '' . ^ Jump up to : Aloe Blacc saves day for Avicii Daily Star Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ; Caulfield , Keith ( 25 November 2013 ) . `` Aloe Blacc on Having an Anonymous Hit With ' Wake Me Up ! ' : ' I Like the Discovery ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii live -- Aloe Blacc , Joakin Berg , Audra Mae -- Ultra 2013 W2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Unveils Bizarrely Twangy Mumford & Sons Reinvention During Ultra Set '' . SPIN magazine . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Incubus ' Mike Einziger On His ' Unexpected ' Avicii Collaboration '' . KROQ radio . Jump up ^ `` LISTEN : Avicii and Aloe Blacc 's Wake Me Up '' . Jump up ^ Avicii Tracklists / Playlists Overview -- 1001 Tracklists Jump up ^ `` Avicii : ' Aloe Blacc Wrote Wake Me Up Lyrics In Two Hours ' '' . MTV UK . 30 July 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Benny Luo ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` The Voice Behind Avicii 's ' Wake Me Up ' Talks Unconventional Success ( INTERVIEW ) '' . NextShark . Jump up ^ Katz , emily Tess ( 31 July 2014 ) . `` Aloe Blacc Explains Why He Did n't Receive Billing For Avicii 's Hit ' Wake Me Up ' '' . The Huffington Post . 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( catalogue # 00602537477319 ) Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 19.08. 2013 - 25.08. 2013 -- Airplay Top 5 '' ( in Bulgarian ) . Bulgarian Association of the Music Producers . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : BPP , ed . ( November -- December 2013 ) . `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( 46 ) . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . 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GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Cyta - IFPI Charts Top - 20 Airplay Chart - Εβδομάδα : 41 / 2013 '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on 25 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs -- September 14 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 27 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii -- Wake Me Up Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 '' . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs -- July 27 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 19 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Ingles : Del 7 al 13 de Octubre del 2013 '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . RadioNotas. 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Avicii search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 15 NOvember 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs -- Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 ( archives ) > Avicii on Romanian Top 100 '' . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201332 into search . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201436 into search . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2013 - 10 - 08 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . 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Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Click on næste to go to page 5 if certification from official website ^ Jump up to : `` Avicii '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamard , Jonathan ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Clip de `` Lay Me Down '' : Avicii au sommet de son art `` . Webedia . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Avicii ; ' Wake Me Up ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Certification List -- June 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Avicii '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Troféoversikt '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Avicii ; ' Wake Me Up ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Enter Wake Me Up in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ APFV ( 30 November 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming -- Semana 33 : del 11 August 2014 al 17.08. 2014 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Digital Music Report 2014 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . 18 March 2014 . p. 15 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Wake Me Up : Avicii : Amazon.it : Musica MP3 Jump up ^ Wake Me Up ( Radio Edit ) : Avicii : Amazon.es : Tienda MP3 Jump up ^ Wake Me Up : Avicii : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Wake Me Up : Avicii : MP3 Downloads Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Triple A ( AAA ) Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Le , Van . `` MUST - WATCH : `` WAKE ME UP , '' FEATURING ALOE BLACC AND DREAMER HARETH ANDRADE `` . October 23 , 2013 . America 's Voice . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aloe Blacc Teams with NDLON , abc * Foundation for Acoustic Video of No. 1 `` Wake Me Up '' `` . October 23 , 2013 . Herald Online ( Via Interscope ) . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Aloe Blacc Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Zywietz , Tobias . `` Chart Log UK '' . Zobbel.de . Tobias Zywietz . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aloe Blacc Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt . `` Audio Track : Tebey Feat . Emerson Drive -- Wake Me Up '' . Roughstock . Cheri Media . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up ( feat . Emerson Drive ) -- Single by Tebey '' . iTunes Store CAN. Apple Inc . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tinson , Kayla . `` Pick of the Week : Tebey ft . Emerson Drive `` Wake Me Up '' `` . Top Country . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up ( feat . Emerson Drive ) -- Single by Tebey '' . iTunes Store US . Apple Inc . Jump up ^ `` Old School -- EP by Tebey '' . iTunes Store ( Canada ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Singles Top 100 ( February 1 , 2014 ) '' . aCharts . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Singles Top 100 ( March 29 , 2014 ) '' . aCharts . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tebey Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Tebey Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Avicii ' Wake Me Up ! ' ( PRMD / Island Def Jam ) Release UK : 8 September R.O.W : 17 June '' . brandnite.com . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SPARK PRODUCTIONS '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This week 's new releases 15 - 07 - 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Avicii 's Wake Me Up ... as Gaeilge TheJournal.ie Jump up ^ Video : Coláiste Lurgan gives Avicii 's ' Wake Me Up ' the Gaeltacht treatment JOE.ie Jump up ^ Avicii Vs Lurgan - `` Wake Me Up '' as Gaeilge Jump up ^ BBC Radio 1 ( 14 September 2013 ) . `` DYou Me At Six -- Wake Me Up ( Avicii ) in the Live Lounge '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Shotwel , James ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` You Me At Six Turn Avicii 's `` Wake Me Up '' Into A Country Song On BBC Radio . A cover to differ from the others , is the hardrock cover of `` Wake me up '' made by the Swedish band , Reach . This was released on Youtube the 26th of august and has been spoken of in magazines just as the latest issue of `` Classic Rock AoR '' . 1 `` . Under The Gun Review . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` She 's Back : Pixie Lott Storms To Top Of Twitter Trends With Sensational Avicii Cover '' . Entertainmentwise . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barada EP '' . Jump up ^ Koerber , Brian ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Red Hot Chilli Pipers Blow Avicii 's ' Wake Me Up ' Out of the Water '' . Mashable . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chilli Pipers Cover Avicii 's ' Wake Me Up , ' Prove How Badass Bagpipes Can Be '' . The Huffington Post . 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bgQ0l-R2eM Jump up ^ Vekk Meg Opp -- Single by Stavangerkameratene on iTunes Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This week 's new releases '' . 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Malone to form All - Star Choir for official BBC Children in Need single 2014 '' . BBC Media Centre . BBC . 25 September 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 12 November 2014 ) . `` Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir storm ahead in singles race '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Avicii Discography Studio albums True `` Wake Me Up '' `` You Make Me '' `` Hey Brother '' `` Addicted to You '' `` Lay Me Down '' Stories `` Waiting for Love '' `` For a Better Day '' `` Broken Arrows '' `` Pure Grinding '' Extended plays Muja EP The Days / Nights EP `` The Days '' `` The Nights '' Pure Grinding / For a Better Day Avīci ( 01 ) Singles `` My Feelings for You '' `` Street Dancer '' `` Blessed '' `` Fade into Darkness '' `` Levels '' `` Collide '' `` Silhouettes '' `` Superlove '' `` Dancing in My Head '' `` I Could Be the One '' `` X You '' `` We Write the Story '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Taste the Feeling '' `` Without You '' `` Lonely Together '' Concert tours True Tour Stories World Tour Film Avicii : True Stories Children in Need Telethons 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Charity singles `` Almost Seems ( Too Late to Turn ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Heroes '' ( 1986 ) `` Perfect Day '' ( 1997 ) `` Especially for You '' ( 1998 ) `` Love Me '' ( 1999 ) `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' ( 2000 ) `` Have You Ever '' ( 2001 ) `` Do n't Let Me Down '' / `` You and I '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm Your Man ( 2003 ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( 2004 ) `` A Night to Remember '' ( 2005 ) `` Downtown '' ( 2006 ) `` Headlines ( Friendship Never Ends ) '' ( 2007 ) `` Do Ya / Stay with Me '' ( 2008 ) `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' ( 2009 ) `` Love You More '' ( 2010 ) `` Teardrop '' ( 2011 ) `` Something New '' ( 2012 ) `` How Long Will I Love You '' ( 2013 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2014 ) `` Take Me Home '' ( 2015 ) `` All We Needed '' ( 2016 ) Related articles Pudsey Bear Children in Need Rocks the Royal Albert Hall Children in Need Rocks Manchester Children in Need Rocks 2013 Comic Relief Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wake_Me_Up_(Avicii_song)&oldid=815185426 '' Categories : 2013 singles Avicii songs Aloe Blacc songs Song recordings produced by Avicii Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Folktronica songs Columbia Records singles Decca Records singles Interscope Records singles Lava Records singles Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Sweden Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs number - one singles Record Report Pop Rock General number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from August 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Song articles with missing songwriters Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 07 : 55 . 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who wrote wake me up when it's all over
[ "\n\n\"Wake Me Up\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Avicii\n\n\nfrom the album True\n\n\nReleased\n17 June 2013 (2013-06-17)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\nFolktronica\nprogressive house\n\n\n\n\nLength\n4:09\n\n\nLabel\n\n\nPRMD\nLava\nColumbia\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\nAvicii\nAloe Blacc\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\nAvicii\nArash Pournouri\nMike Shinoda[1]\n\n\n\n\nAvicii singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"X You\"\n(2013)\n\"Wake Me Up\"\n(2013)\n\"You Make Me\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Wake Me Up\" on YouTube\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n16-second sample of Avicii's single Wake Me Up\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Wake Me Up\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Avicii\n\n\nfrom the album True\n\n\nReleased\n17 June 2013 (2013-06-17)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\nFolktronica\nprogressive house\n\n\n\n\nLength\n4:09\n\n\nLabel\n\n\nPRMD\nLava\nColumbia\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\nAvicii\nAloe Blacc\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\nAvicii\nArash Pournouri\nMike Shinoda[1]\n\n\n\n\nAvicii singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"X You\"\n(2013)\n\"Wake Me Up\"\n(2013)\n\"You Make Me\"\n(2013)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Wake Me Up\" on YouTube\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n16-second sample of Avicii's single Wake Me Up\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Avicii", "Aloe Blacc" ]
-8328274320435629032
Mark Lester
Mark Lester - wikipedia Mark Lester Jump to : navigation , search For the film director , see Mark L. Lester . Mark Lester Lester in 1977 Mark A. Letzer ( 1958 - 07 - 11 ) 11 July 1958 ( age 59 ) Oxford , England Occupation Actor Years active 1964 -- 1977 , 2011 - present Spouse ( s ) Jane ( 1993 -- 2005 , divorced ) Lisa ( 2006 -- 2012 ) Children Mark Lester ( born Mark A. Letzer ; 11 July 1958 ) is an English former child actor known for playing the title role in the 1968 musical film version of Oliver ! and starring in a number of other British and European films of the 1960s and 1970s and in a number of television series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career as child actor 3 Adult life 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Lester was born in the city of Oxford , Oxfordshire , in southern England , to actress Rita Keene Lester and actor and producer Michael Lester ( originally Michael Boris Letzer ) . His father was Jewish and his mother Anglican . Lester was educated at three independent schools : at Corona Theatre School in Ravenscourt Park in West London , followed by Tower House School , a boys ' preparatory school near Richmond Park ( also in West London ) , and at Halliford School in Shepperton in Surrey . Career as child actor ( edit ) Lester initially had supporting roles in several British television series , including The Human Jungle and Danger Man . In 1964 , at the age of six , Lester was cast in Robert Dhéry 's film Allez France ! ( English title The Counterfeit Constable ) with Diana Dors ( who appeared in the 1948 film version of Oliver Twist ) . He played a small part as the second schoolboy in Fahrenheit 451 . In 1967 , at the age of eight , Lester was cast in the title role in the film version of Lionel Bart 's musical Oliver ! . The multiple Academy Award - winning adaptation of Charles Dickens ' novel co-starred Jack Wild , Ron Moody , Harry Secombe , Shani Wallis and Oliver Reed and was directed by Carol Reed . Since Lester could not sing , his singing was dubbed by Kathe Green , daughter of the film 's music arranger Johnny Green . Lester became good friends with Wild during production of the film and their friendship continued after production , with Lester describing Wild as a `` long lost brother '' . These two child actors later reunited for Melody ( 1971 ) , which depicted schoolchildren in love . Tracy Hyde played the role of Melody in the film , which used music from the Bee Gees and Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young . In 1969 , Lester received critical acclaim for his portrayal of a dysfunctional and withdrawn only child in Run Wild , Run Free , starring opposite John Mills , and then as a disturbed child in the first regular episode of Then Came Bronson . Lester 's acting roles peaked as he starred in Eyewitness ( 1970 ) , with Susan George , Night Hair Child with Britt Ekland , Whoever Slew Auntie Roo ? , with Shelley Winters , Melody and a film version of Black Beauty ( all 1971 ) . After this period , his acting roles in the UK would begin to wane . He extended his range with roles in a series of films in Italy including Redneck ( 1972 ) with Telly Savalas and the Western Scalawag ( 1973 ) with Kirk Douglas . The final film of his Italian - based career was in the costume drama La Prima volta sull'erba ( English title The First Time on the Grass , 1974 ) , which was nominated for the Golden Bear prize at the 25th Berlin International Film Festival . Lester wrapped up his film career with the lead role in the all - star film Crossed Swords a.k.a. The Prince and the Pauper ( 1977 ) , starring Raquel Welch , Charlton Heston , Rex Harrison , George C. Scott , and Oliver Reed , who had played Bill Sikes in Oliver ! . Adult life ( edit ) At the age of 18 Lester had access to some of his earnings from his films . He bought a Ferrari and a house in Belgravia and went to parties , nightclubs and restaurants , often paying for friends . He dabbled with drugs . After the poor reception of The Prince and the Pauper , Lester gave up acting at the age of 19 and took his A Levels . In his twenties he became a karate black belt , through this grew interested in sports injuries , and from there osteopathy . At the age of 28 became an osteopath , studying at the British School of Osteopathy and in 1993 , Lester opened the Carlton Clinic , an acupuncture clinic in Cheltenham . Lester was a close friend of Michael Jackson and is godfather to Jackson 's three children . In August 2009 , after Jackson 's death , Lester gave an interview to the British tabloid newspaper News of the World in which he claimed that he could be the biological father of Paris Katherine Jackson , the late singer 's daughter . Lester claimed to have been a sperm donor for Jackson in 1996 , and announced that he was willing to take a paternity test to determine whether he was the father . Brian Oxman , former lawyer for the Jackson family , rejected the claim in a television interview , stating , `` The thing I always heard from Michael was that Michael was the father of these children , and I believe Michael . '' Personal life ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lester has four children with his first wife , whom he married in January 1993 and divorced in 2005 . In 2006 , he married Lisa , a psychiatric nurse . He is a patron of the theatre charity The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1964 The Counterfeit Constable Gérald a.k.a. Allez France 1965 Spaceflight IC - 1 : An Adventure in Space Don Saunders 1966 Fahrenheit 451 schoolboy ( uncredited ) 1967 Our Mother 's House Jiminee 1968 Oliver ! Oliver Twist 1969 Run Wild , Run Free Philip Ransome 1970 The Boy Who Stole the Elephant Davey TV movie 1970 Eyewitness Ziggy 1971 Melody ( released as S.W.A.L.K. ) Daniel Latimer 1971 Black Beauty Joe Evans 1971 Whoever Slew Auntie Roo ? Christopher Coombs 1972 Night Hair Child Marcus 1973 Redneck Lennox Duncan 1973 Little Adventurer Mike Richard 1973 Scalawag Jamie The First Time on the Grass Franz Schmidt a.k.a. La prima volta sull'erba 1977 The Prince and the Pauper Prince Edward / Tom Canty a.k.a. Crossed Swords Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1964 The Human Jungle Small boy TV series ( 1 episode The Twenty - Four Hour Man ) 1966 Danger Man A boy TV series ( 1 episode Someone is Liable to Get Hurt ) 1966 Court Martial Paolo Stevens TV series ( 1 episode Retreat from Life ) 1969 Then Came Bronson John Beaman TV series ( 1 episode The Runner ) 1969 The Ghost & Mrs. Muir Mark Helmore TV series ( 2 episodes Puppy Love and Spirit of the Law ) 1970 Disneyland Davey ( film in two parts ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mark Lester '' . bfi.org.uk . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Ruby Simonson ( 1982 ) . `` Cain Connections '' . Spokane , Washington . ISSN 0899 - 1375 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver ! ( 1968 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver Twist 's voice dubbed by girl : report '' . ABC News . 19 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Long after the stardom , another twist : Mark Lester was the child star '' . independent.co.uk. 30 August 1993 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carlton Clinic '' . Carlton Clinic . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Report : Beatles fans swarm Abbey Road on album anniversary '' . 8 August 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson friend claims paternity '' . BBC News . 10 August 2009 . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson lawyer rejects Mark Lester claims he is Paris ' father '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 10 August 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Holmstrom , John . The Moving Picture Boy : An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995 . Norwich , Michael Russell , 1996 , pp. 323 -- 324 . Dye , David . Child and Youth Actors : Filmography of Their Entire Careers , 1914 - 1985 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , 1988 , pp. 130 -- 131 . External links ( edit ) Mark Lester on IMDb VIAF : 61435716 LCCN : nr95021020 ISNI : 0000 0000 7823 7041 SUDOC : 152704469 BNF : cb139879646 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 8fdd23a5 - c12b - 481b - a186 - 00d36f4a0646 BNE : XX1196675 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Lester&oldid=835244008 '' Categories : 1958 births English male child actors English male film actors Living people Osteopaths People from Oxford People educated at Tower House School English male television actors 20th - century English male actors Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2014 Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 13 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was the actor that played oliver twist
[ "Mark Lester (born Mark A. Letzer;[1] 11 July 1958) is an English former child actor known for playing the title role in the 1968 musical film version of Oliver! and starring in a number of other British and European films of the 1960s and 1970s and in a number of television series." ]
[ "Mark Lester" ]
1316391017246676077
Here Comes the Sun
Here Comes the Sun - wikipedia Here Comes the Sun Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by the Beatles . For other uses , see Here Comes the Sun ( disambiguation ) . `` Here Comes the Sun '' Song by the Beatles from the album Abbey Road Published Harrisongs Released 26 September 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) Recorded 7 July -- 19 August 1969 Genre Folk pop pop rock Length 3 : 06 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` Here Comes the Sun '' is a song written by George Harrison that was first released on the Beatles ' 1969 album Abbey Road . Along with `` Something '' and `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , it is one of Harrison 's best - known compositions from the Beatles era . The song was written at the country house of his friend Eric Clapton , where Harrison had chosen to play truant for the day , to avoid attending a meeting at the Beatles ' Apple Corps organisation . The lyrics reflect the composer 's relief at both the arrival of spring and the temporary respite he was experiencing from the band 's business affairs . The Beatles recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' at London 's EMI Studios in the summer of 1969 . Led by Harrison 's acoustic guitar , the recording also features Moog synthesizer , which he had introduced to the Beatles ' sound after acquiring an early model of the instrument in California . Reflecting the continued influence of Indian classical music on Harrison 's writing , the composition includes a series of unusual time changes . `` Here Comes the Sun '' has received acclaim from music critics . Combined with his other contribution to Abbey Road , `` Something '' , it gained for Harrison the level of recognition as a songwriter that had previously been reserved for his bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney . Harrison played the song during many of his relatively rare live performances as a solo artist , including at the Concert for Bangladesh in 1971 and , with Paul Simon , during his appearance on Saturday Night Live in 1976 . Richie Havens and Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel each had hit singles with `` Here Comes the Sun '' in the 1970s . Nina Simone , George Benson , Booker T. & the M.G. 's , Peter Tosh and Joe Brown are among the many other artists who have covered the song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Musical structure 3 Recording 4 Release and reception 5 Cultural references and legacy 6 Cover versions 6.1 Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 6.2 Other artists 7 Personnel 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' is one of Harrison 's best - known Beatles compositions alongside `` Something '' and `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . The early months of 1969 were a difficult period for Harrison : he had quit the band temporarily , he was arrested for marijuana possession , and he had his tonsils removed . Harrison states in his autobiography , I , Me , Mine : `` Here Comes the Sun '' was written at the time when Apple was getting like school , where we had to go and be businessmen : ' Sign this ' and ' sign that . ' Anyway , it seems as if winter in England goes on forever , by the time spring comes you really deserve it . So one day I decided I was going to sag off Apple and I went over to Eric Clapton 's house . The relief of not having to go see all those dopey accountants was wonderful , and I walked around the garden with one of Eric 's acoustic guitars and wrote `` Here Comes the Sun '' . As Clapton states in his autobiography , the house in question is known as Hurtwood Edge . When interviewed in the Martin Scorsese documentary George Harrison : Living in the Material World , Clapton said he believed the month was April . Data from two meteorological stations in the London area show that April 1969 set a record for sunlight hours for the 1960s . The Greenwich station recorded 189 hours for April , a high that was not beaten until 1984 . The Greenwich data also show that February and March were much colder than the norm for the 1960s , which would account for Harrison 's reference to a `` long , cold , lonely winter '' . Musical structure ( edit ) The song is in the key of A major . The main refrain uses a IV ( D chord ) to V - of - V ( B chord ) progression ( the reverse of that used in `` Eight Days a Week '' and `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' ) . The melody in the verse and refrain basically follows the pentatonic scale from E up to C ♯ ( scale steps 5 , 6 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) . One feature is the increasing syncopation in the vocal parts . Another feature is the guitar flat - picking that embellishes the E7 ( V7 ) chord from 2 : 03 to 2 : 11 , creating tension for resolution on the tonic A chord at `` Little darlin ' `` . The bridge involves a ♭ III - ♭ VII - IV - I - V7 triple descending 4th ( or Tri-Plagal ) progression ( with an extra V7 ) as the vocals move from `` Sun '' ( ♭ III or C chord ) to `` sun '' ( ♭ VII or G chord ) to `` sun '' ( IV or D chord ) to `` comes '' ( I or A chord ) and the additional 4th descent to a V7 ( E7 ) chord . The lyric here ( `` Sun , sun , sun , here it comes '' ) has been described as taking `` on the quality of a meditator 's mantra '' . The song also features extreme 4 / 4 ( in the verse ) and a sequence of 11 / 8 + 4 / 4 + 7 / 8 ( which can also be transcribed as 11 / 8 + 15 / 8 ) in the bridge , phrasing interludes which Harrison drew from Indian music influences . In the second verse ( 0 : 59 -- 1 : 13 ) the Moog synthesizer doubles the solo guitar line and in the third verse the Moog adds an obbligato line an octave above . The last four bars ( 2 : 54 -- 3 : 04 ) juxtapose the guitar break with a repeat of the bridge . Recording ( edit ) Harrison , Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr recorded the rhythm track in 13 takes on 7 July 1969 . John Lennon did not contribute to the song as he was recovering from a car crash . Towards the end of the session Harrison spent an hour re-recording his acoustic guitar part . He capoed his guitar on the 7th fret , resulting in the final key of A major ( in fact , slightly above A major due to the track being varispeeded by less than a semitone ) . He also used the same technique on his 1965 song `` If I Needed Someone '' , which shares a similar melodic pattern . The following day he taped his lead vocals , and he and McCartney recorded their backing vocals twice to give a fuller sound . A harmonium and handclaps were added on 16 July . Harrison added an electric guitar run through a Leslie speaker on 6 August , and the orchestral parts ( George Martin 's score for two piccolos , two flutes , two alto flutes and two clarinets ) were added on 15 August . `` Here Comes the Sun '' was completed four days later with the addition of Harrison 's Moog synthesizer part . The master tapes reveal that Harrison recorded a guitar solo that was not included in the final mix at that time . Release and reception ( edit ) Abbey Road was released on 26 September 1969 with `` Here Comes the Sun '' sequenced as the opening track on side two of the LP . Along with `` Something '' , which was issued as a single from the album , the song established Harrison as a composer to match Lennon and McCartney . According to author Alan Clayson , Harrison 's two Abbey Road compositions received `` the most widespread syndication '' of all the tracks on the album , partly through the number of cover versions they attracted . Nine years later , Harrison recorded `` Here Comes the Moon '' as a lyrical successor to the song . In Japan , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was issued on a single in 1970 , as the B - side to McCartney 's Abbey Road track `` Oh ! Darling '' . While the Beatles never released the track on a single in Britain , new rules implemented to the UK Singles Chart in 2007 allowed any song to enter the charts based on download sales . This allowed several songs recorded by the Beatles to list on the charts when the group 's back catalogue became available for download on iTunes in 2010 , including `` Here Comes the Sun '' , which peaked at number 58 on 27 November that year . Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002 , Mikal Gilmore likened `` Here Comes the Sun '' to the McCartney - written `` Let It Be '' and Lennon 's `` Imagine '' , as Harrison 's `` graceful anthem of hope amid difficult realities '' . While expressing regret at having underestimated Harrison as a songwriter , Martin described `` Here Comes the Sun '' as being `` in some ways one of the best songs ever written '' . Cultural references and legacy ( edit ) In 1977 , astronomer and science populariser Carl Sagan attempted to have `` Here Comes the Sun '' included on a disc of music accompanying the Voyager space mission . Titled the Voyager Golden Record , copies of the disc were put on board both spacecraft in the Voyager program in order to provide any entity that recovered them with a representative sample of human civilization . Writing in his book Murmurs of Earth , Sagan recalls that the Beatles favoured the idea , but `` ( they ) did not own the copyright , and the legal status of the piece seemed too murky to risk . '' When the probes were launched in 1977 , the song was not included . The track has appeared in many critics ' lists of the Beatles ' best recordings . Among these , the NME placed it at number 4 in the magazine 's 2015 list of `` the 100 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . In a similar poll compiled by Mojo in 2006 , where the song appeared at number 21 , Danny Eccleston described it as `` perhaps the best song -- outside ' Jerusalem ' -- that religion can claim credit for '' , adding : `` Those who professed surprise at Harrison 's immediate elevation to Most Successful Solo Beatle status ( in 1970 ) clearly were n't listening to this . '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' appeared at number 28 on Rolling Stone 's 2010 list , where the editors commented : `` Along with ' Something , ' it gave notice that the Beatles now had three formidable composers . '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' was played as the entrance music for Ivanka Trump at the 2016 Republican National Convention . The George Harrison estate complained about the song being used to support Donald Trump 's presidential campaign , saying it was `` offensive and against the wishes of the George Harrison estate '' . The Harrison family later tweeted : `` If it had been Beware of Darkness , then we MAY have approved it ! # TrumpYourself . '' Cover versions ( edit ) Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ( edit ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' Single by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel from the album Love 's a Prima Donna B - side `` Lay Me Down '' Released 30 July 1976 ( 1976 - 07 - 30 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Pop , rock Length 2 : 55 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) Steve Harley Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel singles chronology `` White , White Dove '' ( 1976 ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( 1976 ) `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' ( 1976 ) `` White , White Dove '' ( 1976 ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( 1976 ) `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' ( 1976 ) In 1976 , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was covered by the British rock band Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel , and released as the lead single from their fifth studio album , Love 's a Prima Donna . The lineup on their version was Steve Harley on vocals and guitar , Jim Cregan on lead guitar and backing vocals , Jo Partridge on guitar and backing vocals , George Ford on bass guitar and backing vocals , Duncan Mackay on keyboards , and Stuart Elliott on drums . Additional backing vocals were provided by Yvonne Keeley , John G. Perry and Tony Rivers , while Lindsey Elliott played percussion . `` Here Comes the Sun '' was the first cover version that Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel had chosen to record . The song peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and number 7 in Ireland . It was the band 's last top 40 single . Other artists ( edit ) In August 1971 , Harrison performed the song at the Concert for Bangladesh , accompanied by Pete Ham of the group Badfinger . He also played it during his appearance on Saturday Night Live in November 1976 , as a duet with Paul Simon . A live version from his 1991 Japanese tour with Eric Clapton appears on Harrison 's Live in Japan double album . Booker T. & the M.G. 's included the song on their 1970 Abbey Road tribute album , McLemore Avenue . That same year , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was covered by Peter Tosh and released as a single , although it was not widely available until its inclusion on Ca n't Blame the Youth in 2004 . We Five released a version on their 1970 album Catch the Wind . American folk singer Richie Havens had a US hit with his 1971 version , which peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Nina Simone recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' as the title track to her 1971 covers album . Sandy Farina covered `` Here Comes the Sun '' on the Martin - produced soundtrack to the 1978 film Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . In 1980 , on their album Flaming Schoolgirls , the Runaways recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' . Dave Edmunds , Debbie Gibson and Raffi sang a live cover version in a Japanese television special aired in 1990 . On their 1994 debut album , Who Is , This Is ? , ska - punk band Voodoo Glow Skulls recorded a version of the song . Linda Eder released a version of `` Here Comes the Sun '' in 2002 on her Gold album . On 29 November that year , Joe Brown performed the song at the Concert for George tribute , which was organised by Clapton and held at the Royal Albert Hall in London . Brown 's performance was included on the subsequent live album from the event and in David Leland 's concert film . Sheryl Crow sang `` Here Comes the Sun '' in the 2007 animated film Bee Movie . Swedish heavy metal band Ghost released a version of the song as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of their 2010 album Opus Eponymous . Marina Prior recorded the song for her 2012 album Both Sides Now . Malaysian singer Yuna recorded her version for the 2012 film Savages . It can be heard in the ending credits . Naya Rivera and Demi Lovato performed the song , as Santana Lopez and Dani respectively , in Glee 's fifth season episode `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' . Their duet version appears on the album Glee Sings the Beatles , released in September 2013 . Writing for MTV , Jocelyn Vena commented that the two singers sang `` in perfect harmony over a plucky guitar . '' Idolator also pointed out `` their beautiful harmonies '' as a highlight . Paul Simon has often performed `` Here Comes the Sun '' in concert , as a tribute to Harrison . In September 2014 , Simon played the song live on the TBS television show Conan as part of the show 's `` George Harrison Week '' initiative . Personnel ( edit ) According to Ian MacDonald , the lineup on the Beatles ' recording was as follows . The Beatles George Harrison -- lead and backing vocals , acoustic and electric guitars , harmonium , Moog synthesizer , handclaps Paul McCartney -- backing vocal , bass , handclaps Ringo Starr -- drums , handclaps Orchestra Uncredited -- four violas , four cellos , double bass , two piccolos , two flutes , two alto flutes , two clarinets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Richie Havens : Roots , Freedom , Bob Dylan & The Beatles ! '' . The Immortal Jukebox. 2016 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Harrison 2002 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Rowley , David . All Together Now , the ABC of the Beatles songs and albums . Troubador , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Alan . `` Notes on ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , pp. 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , p. 555 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 2005 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles ' Here Comes The Sun ' : Lost Solo Discovered '' . andpop.com. 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` New George Harrison guitar solo uncovered '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 297 , 300 . Jump up ^ Woffinden 1981 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , pp. 355 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 285 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2009 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Fontenot , Robert . `` The Beatles Songs : ' Here Comes the Sun ' -- The history of this classic Beatles song '' . oldies.about.com . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sagan et al. 1978 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Phil ; et al. ( July 2006 ) . `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Mojo . p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs : 28 . ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Owen , Paul ; Bixby , Scott ( 23 July 2016 ) . `` ' The greatest asset Trump has ' : Ivanka gets rave reviews for Cleveland speech '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Chris ( 22 July 2016 ) . `` George Harrison Estate Addresses RNC 's Use Of ' Here Comes The Sun ' To Introduce Ivanka Trump '' . Stereogum . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel -- Love 's A Prima Donna at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` STEVE HARLEY & COCKNEY REBEL full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Tony ( 24 April 1976 ) . `` Harley blows big chance '' . New Musical Express . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Lavezzoli 2006 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Booker T. & the MG 's McLemore Avenue '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` We Five , Catch the Wind '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richie Havens -- Chart history '' . Billboard charts . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Here Comes the Sun -- Nina Simone '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Earth ' 90 : Children and the Environment B.A.M. Majestic Theater Brooklyn , NY Jun 2 , 1990 ) : '' . concertvault.com . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Voodoo Glow Skulls , `` Who Is , This Is ? '' `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kanis , Jon ( December 2012 ) . `` I 'll See You in My Dreams : Looking Back at the Concert for George '' . San Diego Troubadour . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Various Artists A Concert for George ( Video ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` Demi Lovato , Naya Rivera Harmonize On ' Glee ' Duet '' . MTV . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gracie , Bianca ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` Demi Lovato & Naya Rivera Cover The Beatles ' ' Here Comes The Sun ' : Hear The ' Glee ' Track '' . Idolator . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker , Erin ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Paul Simon Performs ' Here Comes The Sun ' for George Harrison Week on ' Conan ' '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mehr , Bob ( January 2012 ) . `` He 's Going to Graceland '' . Mojo . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Watch Paul Simon Perform the Beatles ' ' Here Comes the Sun ' on ' Conan ' '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Sources ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Clayson , Alan ( 2003 ) . George Harrison . London : Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 489 - 3 . The Editors of Rolling Stone ( 2002 ) . Harrison . New York , NY : Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 5 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512941 - 5 . `` Here Comes the Sun '' . Fretbase.com. 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Harrison , George ( 2002 ) ( 1980 ) . I , Me , Mine . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5900 - 4 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1996 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 . Inglis , Ian ( 2010 ) . The Words and Music of George Harrison . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37532 - 3 . Lavezzoli , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Dawn of Indian Music in the West . New York , NY : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 2819 - 3 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 2005 ) ( 1988 ) . The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions : The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962 -- 1970 . London : Bounty Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7537 - 2545 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . Pedler , Dominic ( 2003 ) . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8167 - 6 . Sagan , Carl ; Drake , Frank D. ; Lomberg , Jon ; Sagan , Linda Salzman ; Druyan , Ann ; Ferris , Timothy ( 1978 ) . Murmurs of Earth : The Voyager Interstellar Record . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 41047 - 5 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Woffinden , Bob ( 1981 ) . The Beatles Apart . London : Proteus . ISBN 0 - 906071 - 89 - 5 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 3133 - 9171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Abbey Road Review from AllMusic Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles ' official website Abbey Road Songs Side one `` Come Together '' `` Something '' `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' `` Oh ! Darling '' `` Octopus 's Garden '' `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' Side two `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Because '' `` You Never Give Me Your Money '' `` Sun King '' `` Mean Mr. Mustard '' `` Polythene Pam '' `` She Came In Through the Bathroom Window '' `` Golden Slumbers '' `` Carry That Weight '' `` The End '' `` Her Majesty '' Non-album single `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' `` Old Brown Shoe '' Outtakes `` Come and Get It '' `` Ai n't She Sweet '' Related articles Abbey Road , London The Beatles discography Break - up of the Beatles Iain Macmillan McLemore Avenue The Other Side of Abbey Road Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Steve Harley / Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Steve Harley Barry Wickens Robbie Gladwell James Lascelles Kuma Harada Adam Houghton Jean - Paul Crocker Paul Jeffreys Milton Reame - James Jim Cregan George Ford Duncan Mackay Stuart Elliott Lincoln Anderson Studio albums ( Cockney Rebel ) The Human Menagerie ( 1973 ) The Psychomodo ( 1974 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1975 ) Timeless Flight ( 1976 ) Love 's a Prima Donna ( 1976 ) The Quality of Mercy ( 2005 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley ) Hobo with a Grin ( 1978 ) The Candidate ( 1979 ) Yes You Can ( 1992 ) Poetic Justice ( 1996 ) Stranger Comes to Town ( 2010 ) Live albums Face to Face : A Live Recording ( 1977 ) Stripped to the Bare Bones ( 1999 ) Acoustic and Pure : Live ( 2003 ) Anytime ! ( A Live Set ) ( as The Steve Harley Band , 2004 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Compilations A Closer Look ( 1975 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 1980 ) The Collection ( 1983 ) Greatest Hits ( 1987 ) Mr Soft ( 1988 ) Live at the BBC ( 1995 ) More Than Somewhat -- The Very Best of Steve Harley ( 1998 ) The Cream of Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ( 1999 ) Best of the ' 70s ( 2000 ) The Cockney Rebel - A Steve Harley Anthology ( 2006 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 2008 ) Cavaliers : An Anthology 1973 - 1974 ( 2012 ) Original Album Series ( 2014 ) Singles ( Cockney Rebel ) `` Sebastian '' `` Judy Teen '' `` Hideaway '' `` Psychomodo '' `` Mr. Soft '' `` Tumbling Down '' Singles ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' `` Mr. Raffles ( Man , It Was Mean ) '' `` Black or White '' `` White , White Dove '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' `` ( Love ) Compared with You '' `` The Best Years of Our Lives ( live ) '' `` I Ca n't Even Touch You '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Last Goodbye '' Singles ( Steve Harley ) `` Big Big Deal '' `` Roll the Dice '' `` Someone 's Coming '' `` Freedom 's Prisoner '' `` Ballerina ( Prima Donna ) '' `` Heartbeat Like Thunder '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( with Sarah Brightman ) `` Whatever You Believe '' ( as Anderson , Harley & Batt ) `` When I 'm with You '' `` Star for a Week ( Dino ) '' `` A Friend for Life '' `` Faith & Virtue '' `` For Sale . Baby Shoes . Never Worn '' `` Ordinary People '' Video Live from London ( 1985 ) The Come Back , All is Forgiven Tour : Live ( 1989 ) Live at the Isle of Wight Festival ( 2005 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Related articles Discography The Alan Parsons Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_Comes_the_Sun&oldid=802221014 '' Categories : 1960s ballads Pop ballads Music published by Harrisongs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by George Harrison The Beatles songs Nina Simone songs Steve Harley songs We Five songs 1969 songs 1970 singles 1971 singles 1976 singles Apple Records singles EMI Records singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Use British English from September 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 19 : 36 . 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who sings lead on here comes the sun
[ "The Beatles recorded \"Here Comes the Sun\" at London's EMI Studios in the summer of 1969. Led by Harrison's acoustic guitar, the recording also features Moog synthesizer, which he had introduced to the Beatles' sound after acquiring an early model of the instrument in California. Reflecting the continued influence of Indian classical music on Harrison's writing, the composition includes a series of unusual time changes." ]
[ "Harrison" ]
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Songs from Les Misérables
Songs from Les Misérables - wikipedia Songs from Les Misérables Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Les Misérables is a sung - through musical based on the novel Les Misérables by French poet and novelist Victor Hugo . Premiering in Paris in 1980 , it has music by Claude - Michel Schönberg , original French lyrics by Alain Boublil and Jean - Marc Natel , with an English - language libretto by Herbert Kretzmer . The London production has run continuously since October 1985 -- the longest - running musical in the West End and the second longest - running musical in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Performance 1.1 Characters 1.2 Songs 2 Prologue 2.1 Overture / Work Song 2.2 On Parole 2.3 Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven 2.4 Valjean 's Soliloquy -- What Have I Done ? 3 Act I 3.1 At the End of the Day 3.2 I Dreamed a Dream 3.3 Lovely Ladies 3.4 Fantine 's Arrest 3.5 The Runaway Cart 3.6 Who Am I ? -- The Trial 3.7 Fantine 's Death 3.8 The Confrontation 3.9 Castle On A Cloud 3.10 Master of the House 3.11 The Well Scene 3.12 The Bargain / The Waltz of Treachery 3.13 Suddenly 3.14 Look Down 3.15 The Robbery / Javert 's Intervention 3.16 Stars 3.17 Éponine 's Errand 3.18 The ABC Café -- Red and Black 3.19 Do You Hear the People Sing ? 3.20 Rue Plumet -- In My Life 3.21 A Heart Full of Love 3.22 The Attack on Rue Plumet 3.23 One Day More 4 Act II 4.1 Upon These Stones -- Building the Barricade 4.2 On My Own 4.3 Upon These Stones -- At the Barricade 4.4 Javert 's Arrival 4.5 Little People 4.6 A Little Fall of Rain 4.7 Night of Anguish 4.8 The First Attack 4.9 Drink with Me 4.10 Bring Him Home 4.11 Dawn of Anguish 4.12 The Second Attack 4.13 The Final Battle 4.14 The Sewers / Dog Eats Dog 4.15 Javert 's Suicide 4.16 Turning 4.17 Empty Chairs at Empty Tables 4.18 Every Day 4.19 Valjean 's Confession 4.20 The Wedding 4.21 Beggars at the Feast 5 Epilogue 5.1 Valjean 's Death 5.2 Finale 6 Song appearances in recordings 7 References 8 External links Performance ( edit ) There have been several recordings of this material , including ones by the original London cast and original Broadway cast . However , no recording contains the entire performance of songs , score and spoken parts as featured on stage ; The Complete Symphonic Recording comes closest , but a pair of songs that were cut from the show following the initial London run , as well as one song only present in the Original French Concept Album , are not included . Characters ( edit ) The characters who sing solos or duets are : Jean Valjean , a morally conflicted paroled convict , prisoner 24601 , and the protagonist . Failing to find work with his yellow parole note and redeemed by the Bishop of Digne 's mercy , he tears his passport up and conceals his identity ( under the alias `` Monsieur Madeleine '' and later `` Monsieur Fauchelevent '' ) in order to live his life again as an honest man . However , Javert constantly pursues him Fantine , a struggling single mother who becomes a street prostitute in order to pay for her child 's well - being Javert , a willful police inspector , originally a prison - guard , who becomes obsessed with hunting down Valjean to whom he refers as `` Prisoner 24601 '' Éponine , the young daughter of the sinister Thénardiers who was pampered and spoiled as a child but grows up to be ragged in Paris . She secretly loves Marius Cosette , Fantine 's daughter , who is abused and mistreated by the Thénardiers but whom Valjean later adopts -- she soon grows into a beautiful young woman Marius Pontmercy , a French student and revolutionary who falls in love with Cosette Monsieur and Madame Thénardier , a crooked couple who own an inn and exploit their customers . They later become a feared band of thieves in the streets of Paris Enjolras , leader of the student revolutionaries who seek to bring revolution and change to France Gavroche , a hotheaded young boy who is adored by the people and aligns himself with their revolution -- he is a true symbol of the youth and boldness of the rebellion Grantaire , a revolutionary who does n't believe in the causes of the revolution . He reveres Enjolras , and is often drunk Songs ( edit ) Act I Overture -- Instrumental ( Orchestra ) Prologue : Work Song -- Chain Gang , Javert and Valjean Prologue : On Parole -- Valjean , Farmer , Labourer , Innkeeper 's Wife and Innkeeper Prologue : Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven -- Constables and Bishop Prologue : What Have I Done ? -- Valjean At the End of the Day -- Fantine , The Poor , Foreman , Workers , Factory Girls and Valjean I Dreamed a Dream -- Fantine Lovely Ladies -- Fantine , Sailors , Whores , Old Woman , Crone and Pimp Fantine 's Arrest -- Fantine , Bamatabois , Javert and Valjean The Runaway Cart -- Onlookers , Valjean , Fauchelevent and Javert Who Am I ? -- Valjean Fantine 's Death -- Fantine and Valjean The Confrontation -- Javert and Valjean Castle on a Cloud -- Young Cosette and Madame Thénardier Master of the House -- Thénardier , Madame Thénardier and Chorus The Well Scene -- Valjean and Young Cosette The Bargain / The Thénardier Waltz of Treachery -- Thénardier , Valjean , Madame Thénardier and Young Cosette Suddenly -- Valjean ( 2012 film only ) The Convent ( 2012 film only ) Stars -- Javert Look Down -- Beggars , Gavroche , Old Woman , Prostitute , Pimp , Enjolras and Marius The Robbery / Javert 's Intervention -- Thénardier , Madame Thénardier , Éponine , Marius , Valjean and Javert Éponine 's Errand -- Marius and Éponine The ABC Café / Red and Black -- Students , Enjolras , Marius , Grantaire and Gavroche Do You Hear the People Sing ? -- Enjolras , Grantaire , Students and Beggars In My Life -- Cosette , Valjean , Marius and Éponine A Heart Full of Love -- Marius , Cosette and Éponine The Attack on Rue Plumet -- Thénardier , Thieves , Éponine , Marius , Valjean and Cosette One Day More -- Valjean , Marius , Cosette , Éponine , Enjolras , Javert , Thénardier , Madame Thénardier and Company Act II At the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) -- Enjolras , Javert , Marius , Éponine and Valjean On My Own -- Éponine Building the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) -- Enjolras , Students and Army Officer Javert 's Arrival -- Javert and Enjolras Little People -- Gavroche , Students , Enjolras and Javert A Little Fall of Rain -- Éponine and Marius Night of Anguish -- Enjolras , Valjean , and Students The First Attack -- Enjolras , Grantaire , Students , Valjean and Javert Drink with Me -- Grantaire and Marius Bring Him Home -- Valjean Dawn of Anguish -- Enjolras and Students The Second Attack ( Death of Gavroche ) -- Enjolras , Marius , Valjean , Grantaire , Gavroche and Students The Final Battle -- Army Officer , Grantaire , Enjolras and Students The Sewers -- Instrumental ( Orchestra ) Dog Eats Dog ( The Sewers ) -- Thénardier Javert 's Suicide -- Valjean and Javert Turning -- Women of Paris Empty Chairs at Empty Tables -- Marius Every Day / A Heart Full of Love ( Reprise ) -- Cosette , Marius and Valjean Valjean 's Confession -- Valjean and Marius Suddenly ( Reprise ) -- Marius and Cosette ( 2012 film only ) Wedding Chorale -- Guests , Thénardier , Marius and Madame Thénardier Beggars at the Feast -- Thénardier and Madame Thénardier Epilogue : Valjean 's Death -- Valjean , Fantine , Cosette , Marius and Éponine Finale : Do You Hear the People Sing ( Reprise ) -- Full Company Prologue ( edit ) Overture / Work song ( edit ) The `` Overture '' is the opening song and a dramatic instrumental introduction that establishes the setting as Toulon , France , 1815 . The `` Work Song '' flows from the `` Overture '' , the former opening with a choir of imprisoned men singing a melody later used in `` Look Down '' but eventually becoming a dark duet between the prisoner Jean Valjean and the guard Javert . In early versions , such as in the Original London Recording , the `` Overture '' was essentially just a minor version of the beginning of `` At the End of the Day , '' but is now almost exclusively played with part of the same melody as the `` Work Song '' and `` Look Down '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , nor did any of the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Ouverture ( Overture ) and Le bagne : pitié , pitié ( The Prison : Mercy , mercy ) . On Parole ( edit ) `` On Parole '' is the second song in the Prologue . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , nor did any of the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as En liberté conditionnelle ( On Parole ) . Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven ( edit ) The song contains two parts , the first in which Valjean is invited in by the Bishop and steals the silver , the second , where Valjean is caught by two constables . The former is often cut out of recordings . When the both parts are played , the song is usually known as `` The Bishop of Digne '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , nor did any of the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as L'évêque de Digne ( The Bishop of Digne ) . Valjean 's Soliloquy -- What have I done ? ( edit ) `` What Have I Done ? '' is the fourth and final song in the Prologue , sung by the main character , Jean Valjean . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , nor did any of the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Pourquoi ai - je permis à cet homme ? ( Why Did I Allow That Man ? ) . Act I ( edit ) At the end of the Day ( edit ) The music of `` At the End of the Day '' is fast and intricate , with different melodies coinciding as sung by various groups of poor women and men , female workers , solos by certain workers , and repetitious instrumentation . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La journée est finie ( The Day is Finished ) , in which it features as the first song . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Quand un jour est passé ( When a Day is Past ) . I Dreamed a Dream ( edit ) Main article : I Dreamed a Dream `` I Dreamed a Dream '' is a solo sung by Fantine during the first act and the play 's most famous number . Most of the music is soft and melancholic , but towards the end becomes louder and taut with frustration and anguish as she cries aloud about the wretched state of her life and her unfair mistreatment . Other uses Glee characters Rachel Berry and Shelby Corcoran ( portrayed by Lea Michele and Idina Menzel , respectively ) recorded a cover version of this song . Other covers include Neil Diamond ( from his 1987 live album Hot August Night II ) and Aretha Franklin ( from her 1991 album What You See Is What You Sweat ) . Franklin also performed this song for U.S. President Bill Clinton on the evening of the day that he was inaugurated . In the film The Commitments ( 1991 ) , one of the auditionees for the titular band sings `` I Dreamed a Dream '' as her audition song . Susan Boyle performed it in 2009 for her audition on the third season of the ITV programme Britain 's Got Talent . The song 's renewed popularity caused Patti LuPone 's 1985 recording to enter the UK Singles Chart , peaking at forty - five with 4,987 digital download sales . `` I Dreamed a Dream '' is the musical 's only chart hit . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie ( I Had Dreamed of Another Life ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as J'avais rêvé ( I Had Dreamed ) . Lovely Ladies ( edit ) `` Lovely Ladies '' is a song from the first act . It is followed by `` Fantine 's Arrest '' and sometimes the two are counted as one song . Fantine , now unemployed , wanders to the docks where she eventually turns to prostitution to survive . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear on the recording , but was a part of the stage show as a song known as La nuit ( The Night ) , which features similar events as the scene where Fantine sells her hair in Les beaux cheveux que voilà ( The Beautiful Hair That is There ) . A shortened version of this song was added at the end of J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie ( I Had Dreamed of Another Life ) , which features the same melody as the final and slower section of Lovely Ladies . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Tu viens , chéri ! ( You Come , Darling ! ) . Fantine 's Arrest ( edit ) `` Fantine 's Arrest '' is a song from the first act . It follows `` Lovely Ladies '' ( the two are sometimes counted as one song ) . Valjean 's appearance in the song is sometimes referred to as `` Valjean 's Intervention '' . This song is followed by `` The Runaway Cart '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song was separated into two songs , which were called Dites - moi ce qui se passe ( Tell Me What Happened ) and Fantine et Monsieur Madeleine ( Fantine and Monsieur Madeleine ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The Runaway Cart ( edit ) `` The Runaway Cart '' is a song from the first act , divided into two parts . The chorus , Fauchelevent , and Valjean sing the first with instrumental parts . Valjean sings the second one and Javert on a medium - paced tune often picked up by Javert or other policemen ( first sung in `` Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven '' ) . The song is cut heavily or left completely out in most recordings . It is known in the School Edition as `` The Cart Crash '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear on the recording , but was a part of the stage show in slightly longer form . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . Who Am I ? -- The Trial ( edit ) `` Who Am I ? '' is a song from the first act , a solo sung by the main character Jean Valjean . It is rather slow - paced , and shares a melody with Valjean 's solo in `` One Day More , '' as well as the ten - years - later sequence after the Prologue . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear on the recording , but was a part of the stage show as Comment faire ? ( What to Do ? ) . It includes an additional stanza , in which Valjean shortly reveals his past , since the concept version did not contain the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le procès : comment faire ? ( The Trial -- What to Do ? ) . Fantine 's Death ( edit ) `` Fantine 's Death '' , also known as `` Come to Me '' , is a song from the first act . It is followed by `` The Confrontation '' . It is slow - paced and the tune is very soft . It has the same melody as the more famous `` On My Own '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La mort de Fantine ( Fantine 's Death ) . The Confrontation ( edit ) The main opposing characters Jean Valjean and Javert sing `` The Confrontation '' . It follows `` Come to Me '' and is followed by `` Castle on a Cloud '' . The song is low and slow - paced . The instrumentation behind the vocals is the same as in the `` Work Song '' , the melody partly also picks up that song . The song 's highlight is Javert and Valjean singing in counterpoint , with the lead alternating . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . In the stage show , a doctor shortly informed Valjean of Fantine 's death and Valjean asked three days to fetch Cosette , which Javert refuses . The music was entirely different , but finished in the same instrumental climax that is still used . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La confrontation ( The Confrontation ) . Castle on a Cloud ( edit ) `` Castle on a Cloud '' is a solo for the part of young Cosette . She sings about a castle where she does not have to sweep floors and a lady all in white looks after her . It is followed by a tag that breaks away from the main melody , involving the first entrance of Mme Thénardier , which is cut from many recordings . Mme Thénardier verbally abuses Cosette , orders her to fetch some water from a well , praises her daughter young Éponine ( a silent role ) , and again refers to Cosette ( after Éponine points to her to show she did not leave ) , warning that she never asks twice . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- The main song is called Mon prince est en chemin ( My Prince is On the Way ) where it is preceded by a long instrumental section . The part where Cosette is caught by Mme Thénardier is called Mam'zelle Crapaud ( Miss Toad ) that is added onto the end of `` Castle on a Cloud '' in the English version . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Une poupée dans la vitrine ( A Doll in a Window ) . This is a reference to the book ; to a doll . Master of the House ( edit ) `` Master of the House '' is one of the better - known songs of the musical and one that provides comic relief . It introduces the Thénardiers and the crooked way that they operate their inn . The song is preceded by a lengthy introduction sung largely by regulars at the inn and Thénardier himself , which is cut from almost all recordings . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La devise du cabaretier ( The Innkeeper 's Motto ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Maître Thénardier ( Master Thénardier ) . The Well Scene ( edit ) `` The Well Scene '' is sung by Valjean and Young Cosette . Cosette is walking alone in the woods with a bucket of water . Valjean arrives and Cosette sees him . Valjean tells her to not be afraid . He asks for her name and Cosette tells him . He takes the bucket for her and walks her back to the inn . ( only in the new video production in 2013 ) The Bargain / the Waltz of Treachery ( edit ) `` The Bargain '' and `` The Waltz of Treachery '' are two intertwined songs . Much of the number is often cut from recordings . The latter part of `` The Waltz of Treachery '' is largely instrumental . It flows directly into `` Look Down '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Valjean chez les Thénardier ( Valjean at the Thénardiers ' ) and La valse de la fourberie ( The Waltz of Treachery ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La transaction ( The Dealing ) . It is only the second part . Suddenly ( edit ) Main article : Suddenly ( Les Misérables ) `` Suddenly '' is a song created for the 2012 film . The song `` explains what happens when Valjean takes Cosette from the inn and looks after her '' . The song appears only on Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack . Look Down ( edit ) `` Look Down '' , sometimes referred to as `` Paris : 1832 '' , or in the School Edition as `` The Beggars '' , involves one of the best - known themes in the musical , imitating that which is first heard in the `` Work Song '' . It is important for plot , introducing Gavroche , Enjolras , Marius , the adolescent Éponine , the adolescent Cosette , and the plight of the working poor ; it flows directly into `` The Robbery '' . The song comes after `` Stars '' in the Original London Recording and the 2012 film . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Donnez , donnez ( Give , Give ) . The song is about twice as long . It has a second solo sung by Gavroche , where he makes fun about the king Louis - Philippe and the politicians . A part of what would later become The Robbery can be found at the end . This stanza asks for some historical knowledge ; otherwise , the joke can not be understood . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Bonjour , Paris ( Hello , Paris ) . The Robbery / Javert 's Intervention ( edit ) `` The Robbery '' is a lesser - known song from the musical . The young adults Eponine , Marius , and Cosette are introduced ( though Cosette 's part in the scene is silent ) . Marius and Cosette bump into each other and fall in love at first sight . Thénardier attempts to rob Jean Valjean , whereupon realizing Valjean is the one `` who borrowed Cosette , '' a brawl breaks out . Éponine cries out as Javert arrives on the scene , ( a segment of the song commonly known as `` Javert 's Intervention '' ) but , because Javert does not immediately recognise Valjean , the latter escapes ; Thénardier then convinces Javert to let him go and pursue Valjean instead . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song appeared at the end of Donnez , donnez ( Give , Give ) on the recording , but also existed in the stage show . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . Stars ( edit ) `` Stars '' is one of the two chief songs performed as a solo by Javert . It is among the better - known songs from the musical . It comes before `` Look Down '' in the Original London Version and the 2012 film . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Sous les étoiles ( Under the Stars ) . Éponine 's Errand ( edit ) `` Éponine 's Errand '' is an important scene in the show in which Marius asks Éponine to discover where Cosette lives and then take him to her . It is clear that Éponine is reluctant to encourage the brewing romance between Marius and Cosette , but because of her love for Marius , she cooperates . The first part follows the same melody as L'un vers l'autre ( Towards One Another ) , a solo for Éponine that appeared on the original concept album but did not make it to the current version . This tune appears throughout the show . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The ABC Café -- Red and Black ( edit ) `` The ABC Café -- Red and Black '' , on most recordings referred to as simply `` Red and Black '' , introduces the group of young student revolutionaries , who have formed an organization called the Friends of the ABC . The song name is a mixture from the Café Musain , which was their favourite meeting place in the book and their name , `` La Société des Amis de l'ABC '' ( literally in English , the Society of Friends of the ABC ) . The name is a pun , as in French `` ABC '' when pronounced one letter at a time is `` abaissé '' , which is also the word for `` lower '' ( therefore , `` Friends of the Lower Class or the Poor '' ) . The song consists of many different changing parts . The song involves a tag , in which Gavroche enters and announces to the students that General Lamarque is dead ; Enjolras then sings a solo about how this is a sign for the beginning of the revolution , transitioning directly into `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' French Versions 1980 Original French Version These songs are known as Rouge et noir ( Red and Black ) , sung by Marius about his meeting with Cosette , followed by Les amis de l'ABC ( The Friends of the ABC ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- These songs are known as Le café des amis de l'ABC ( The Café of the Friends of the ABC ) and Rouge la flamme de la colère ( Red , the Flame of Anger ) . The song order is reversed to match the English versions . Do You Hear the People sing ? ( edit ) Main article : Do You Hear the People Sing ? `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' is one of the principal and most recognizable songs from the musical , sometimes ( especially in various translated versions of the play ) called `` The People 's Song '' . A stirring anthem , it is sung twice : once at the end of the first act , and once at the end of the musical 's Finale . Instrumentally , the theme is also prominent in the battle scenes . In the 2012 movie , it is performed after `` One Day More '' . At the special Les Misérables 10th Anniversary Concert in 1995 , `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' was sung as an encore by seventeen different actors who had played Jean Valjean around the world . Each actor sang a line of the song in his own language ( except for Jerzy Jeszke , who being Polish himself sung a line in German as he 'd performed the role of Valjean in Germany ) , and the languages sung including French , German , Japanese , Hungarian , Swedish , Polish , Dutch , Norwegian , Czech , Danish , Icelandic and English . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as À la volonté du peuple ( To the Will of the People ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as À la volonté du peuple ( To the Will of the People ) . Rue Plumet -- in My Life ( edit ) `` Rue Plumet -- In My Life '' , referred to on most recordings as simply `` In My Life '' , is among the better - known songs from the musical . It largely involves a duet between Cosette and Valjean , though Marius and Éponine also sing near the end . In the Original London recording alone , it plays alongside a Cosette solo , `` I Saw Him Once '' , ( Te souviens - tu du premier jour ? in the original 1980 French production ) cut out of all other recordings . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Cosette : Dans la vie ( Cosette : In Life ) and Marius : Dans la vie ( Marius : In Life ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Rue Plumet -- Dans ma vie ( Rue Plumet -- In My Life ) . A Heart Full of love ( edit ) `` A Heart Full of Love '' is sung by Cosette , Marius , and Éponine , immediately following `` In My Life '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Le cœur au bonheur ( The Heart at Happiness ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le cœur au bonheur ( The Heart at Happiness ) . The Attack on Rue Plumet ( edit ) `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' is a three - part song , the first part of which plays in only two recordings : a long version in the 1980 Original French recording and a much - shortened version only on the Complete Symphonic Recording and added into the beginning of `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' . The second is best known and is played in all recordings while the third is again more important for plot than music . On the London Original Cast recording , it is called the `` Plumet Attack '' . Éponine , bringing Marius to Valjean 's house to see Cosette , stumbles upon her father Thénardier and his gang Patron - Minette , made up of Brujon , Babet , Claquesous , and Montparnasse , preparing to rob the house ; Éponine screams , dispersing the robbers , while Valjean is led to believe that Javert or his minions have discovered his whereabouts at last , and so prepares to leave at once with Cosette . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- The first part of the song figures as Voilà le soir qui tombe ( Behold , The Night Falls ) , which lasts over a minute and a half and actually occurs between `` In My Life '' and `` A Heart Full of Love '' . It is sung solo by Éponine and warns Marius about the planned break - in . The second part did not figure on the recording , but was used as a purely instrumental piece in the stage show . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le casse de la rue Plumet ( The Break - In of Rue Plumet ) . One Day more ( edit ) Main article : One Day More `` One Day More '' is a choral piece with many solos : all of the main characters ( except for Fantine and The Bishop - both of whom have died by this point ) sing in it in a counterpoint style known as dramatic quodlibet , as well as parts by the ensemble . It is the finale to Act 1 . The song borrows themes from several songs from the first act . Each character sings his / her part to a different melody at the same time ( counterpoint ) , before joining for the final chorus : Valjean picks up the melody of `` Who Am I ? '' without any changes ( A major ) Marius , Cosette and Éponine sing to the melody of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' with Éponine 's taking the bridge ( `` But the tigers come at night '' , sung by Éponine as `` One more day all on my own '' ) ( A major , modulating to F# minor ) Enjolras repeats the bridge melody of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' but in a major key . ( E ♭ major ) Javert sings to the already often - used theme from `` Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven '' , `` Fantine 's Arrest '' and `` The Robbery / Javert 's Intervention '' , only slower and in a major key . ( A major ) The Thénardiers sing to a slightly changed melody from `` Master of the House '' ( A Major ) The revolutionaries repeat the bridge melody of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' in a major key with a counter melody that is only instrumental in Fantine 's solo . ( A major ) At the end of the song , everyone sings the melody of `` Who Am I ? '' ( C major ) Other uses The song was used by Bill Clinton in his successful 1992 campaign for the presidency of the United States . Another version was used by Barack Obama supporters during his successful 2008 election campaign . It was also used as a finale to the 25th Anniversary concert of Les Misérables at The O2 , sung by the OLC with Ramin Karimloo singing the part of Enjolras . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Demain ( Tomorrow ) . It is slightly longer , finishing with a short solo from Valjean . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le grand jour ( The Big Day ) . Act II ( edit ) Upon These Stones -- Building the Barricade ( edit ) `` Building the Barricade '' is the entr'acte of the musical and features a new music theme , which transitions into Éponine 's appearance at the barricade , and her sung dialogue with Marius and later with Valjean as she passes to him a letter from Marius intended for Cosette . It is often cut out of recordings in part or completely . On the Complete Symphonic Recording , this song is mislabeled `` At the Barricade '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear on the recording , but was present in the stage show . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La première barricade ( The First Barricade ) . The section where Éponine delivers the letter to Valjean is cut . On My own ( edit ) Main article : On My Own ( Les Misérables ) `` On My Own '' is a solo part for Éponine . The refrain of the song is the same tune as that of `` Fantine 's Death ( Come to Me ) '' , although it adds a bridge and the tune of the verses are different . Beginning in the key of D , modulating to B ♭ ( even though the song does not actually change key ) , then ending in F , this is her most important song . In the film adaptation , the song comes after A Heart Full of Love and before One Day More . Other uses `` On My Own '' has appeared in many famous events outside of Les Misérables , for example : The character of Rachel Berry in Glee , played by Lea Michele ( who played Eponine at the Hollywood Bowl production of Les Mis ) , sang this song as an audition to join the Glee Club in the pilot episode . Michele 's version has been released as a digital download single . Anne Hathaway parodied the song at the 83rd Academy Awards . ( Hathaway would later go on to play Fantine in the 2012 film version of Les Misérables . ) French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not figure , although the music was adapted from L'air de la misère ( The Air of Misery ) , which was sung by Fantine about her misery and suffering . Éponine 's solo was known as L'un vers l'autre ( The One Toward the Other ) , bearing no resemblance . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Mon histoire ( My Story ) . Upon These Stones -- at the Barricade ( edit ) `` At the Barricade '' , also called `` Back at the Barricade '' , begins with an instrumental reprise of the `` Red and Black '' and a sung reprise of the `` Upon These Stones '' musical themes . It is also the first of the two times that a National Guardsmen sings a warning to the revolutionaries . On the Complete Symphonic Recording , this song is mislabeled `` Building the Barricade '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Sur la barricade ( On the Barricade ) . Javert 's Arrival ( edit ) `` Javert 's Arrival '' or `` Javert 's Return '' involves Javert 's return to the barricade to report on the enemy 's plans ; however , he is interrupted by Gavroche 's exposing him as a spy in `` Little People '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song was a part of the stage show in similar form , but was not a part of the recording . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Je sais ce qui se trame ( I Know What is Happening ) . Little People ( edit ) `` Little People '' begins as Gavroche proudly and merrily uncovers Javert 's identity as an undercover police inspector . Versions The Original London Recording included a much longer version sung by Gavroche , sung in the first act , between `` Look Down '' and `` Red and Black . '' This original version was related to Gavroche being able to be useful even though small , rather than the uncovering of Javert . For later versions of the musical , the song was halved to its current length . Gavroche 's gleeful uncovering of Javert is sung to an entirely different melody , already used in the Original French Version and is much shorter , before leading to the musical bit that was left in . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La faute à Voltaire ( Voltaire 's Fault ) and is very long , accompanied by a background choir . The song that Victor Hugo put in the book is used as the refrain . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as C'est la faute à ... ( It Is the Fault of ... ) . A Little fall of rain ( edit ) `` A Little Fall of Rain '' is the song of Éponine 's death . It features Marius and Éponine , the eldest daughter of the Thénardiers , as she tells him that she loves him and dies in his arms . Marius 's reaction to her death in the musical is quite different from that in the novel ; in the book , Marius does not really care much about Éponine , whereas in the musical they are portrayed as best friends , and he and his fellow students mourn her death , `` fighting in her name '' , Marius being quite devastated by his best friend 's death , even crying while holding her in his arms , and refusing to let go when his fellow students try to take her body away , and refusing the comfort of Enjolras , and continuing to cry over his best friend being gone forever . The title lyric is often misinterpreted ; she thinks she is wet because of rain , Marius sees it 's blood from her wound ( s ) that 's `` everywhere '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Ce n'est rien ( It is Nothing ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Un peu de sang qui pleure ( A Little Blood that Weeps ) . Night of Anguish ( edit ) `` Night of Anguish '' is a musical interlude scene . The exact definition of this song and the following are hazy ; sometimes the few lines following Éponine 's death are named `` Night of Anguish '' , sometimes it is the scene directly after the first attack that includes the dialogue between Valjean and Javert , that receives this name . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La nuit de l'angoisse ( The Night of Anguish ) , which contains much of the same musical material , appears much earlier on the concept recording , and is about the revolutionaries ' lamentation of their predicament . It also includes material that would later be used in `` Drink with Me '' . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The first Attack ( edit ) `` The First Attack '' begins as a largely instrumental number with only some short lines of singing ; there also several lines shouted by revolutionaries during the attack . Depending on the definition of the song , it includes the scene in which Valjean sets Javert free . This scene , even though musically relatively uninteresting , is very important for the plot . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as L'aube du 6 juin ( Dawn of June 6 ) on the recording , but was revised for the stage show into musical sections still present in the English version . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La première attaque ( The First Attack ) . Drink with Me ( edit ) `` Drink with Me '' is the revolutionaries ' mellow song as night falls and they await their enemy 's retaliation . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- One stanza of it can be found in the song La nuit de l'angoisse ( The Night of Anguish ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Souviens - toi des jours passés ( Remember the Past Days ) . Bring him Home ( edit ) Valjean begs God to save and return Marius to Cosette . In a documentary on the Blu - ray of the film adaptation , Claude - Michel Schönberg revealed that the song was written specifically for Colm Wilkinson . French Versions 1979 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Comme un homme ( Like a Man ) . 1999 Spanish Cathedral Version - This song is known as Sálvalo ( Save him ) . Dawn of Anguish ( edit ) `` Dawn of Anguish '' is another minor interlude in which Enjolras and the revolutionaries come to the realisation that the people of Paris are not joining their revolution . Without the masses rising up to support them , they accept that the uprising 's failure is inevitable and so Enjolras tells all the women and fathers of children to return to their homes , since they will only die if they remain at the barricades . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . 1999 Spanish Cathedral Version - This song never appeared and was never mentioned . The second Attack ( edit ) `` The Second Attack '' or `` Death of Gavroche '' is important to the plot . Gavroche runs into the enemy line of fire to retrieve ammunition for the revolutionaries , but is killed during a reprise of his `` Little People '' solo . James Fenton had written another song for Gavroche 's death , called `` Ten Little Bullets '' , using the melody of Gavroche 's solo in `` Look Down '' . The song did not make it past recordings , probably not even there . Only the Broadway Revival version restarted using it in 2006 . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La mort de Gavroche ( The Death of Gavroche ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The final battle ( edit ) `` The Final Battle '' is a mostly instrumental number , often omitted from recordings . It repeats the first bar of the theme from `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' with some variations and key changes , before erupting into a final reprise of the `` Red and Black '' theme , ending on a discordant chord instead of the major chord of that theme . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The sewers / Dog Eats Dog ( edit ) `` The Sewers '' is mostly a lengthy completely instrumental reprise of `` Bring Him Home '' , though it also incorporates `` Dog Eats Dog '' , a solo performed by Thénardier . In it , Thénardier describes his robbing the dead bodies from the battle at the barricades and justifies his actions by saying that somebody has to `` clean them up ... as a service to the town '' . He also declares that God is dead and that the only thing looking down from the heavens is the harvest moon . It is one of the darkest songs of the musical . The song was notably absent in the 2012 film adaptation , which instead featured a shorter chase - action sequence , scored primarily to `` Look Down '' , in its place . The omission of the song allows Thénardier 's character in the film to remain somewhat comical , though he is still shown in the sewers robbing dead bodies . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Fureurs cannibales ( Cannibal Frenzy ) . Javert 's suicide ( edit ) `` Javert 's Suicide '' is the second and last chief song performed solely by Javert . It is preceded by a repeat of the beginning of `` The Confrontation '' theme ( which is sometimes cut from recordings or incorporated into `` The Sewers '' ) , in which Valjean asks Javert for one hour to bring Marius to a hospital , a request to which Javert , this time , agrees . After Valjean leaves , Javert contemplates the paradox of hunting the man who has spared him his life ; he proceeds to jump to his death in the river . The song is instrumentally an exact reprise of Valjean 's Soliloquy , though sung by Javert with changed lyrics . Part of an instrumental from Stars is heard at the end of song as he is falling . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Noir ou blanc ( Black or White ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le suicide de Javert ( Javert 's Suicide ) . Turning ( edit ) `` Turning '' features the women of Paris mourning the loss of the students and their own hopeless cycles of childbirth and misery . It is set to the melody of `` Lovely Ladies . '' It is also the only song in the musical not sung by a major character . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Tourne , tourne ( Turn , Turn ) . Empty Chairs at Empty Tables ( edit ) `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' is a solo sung by the character Marius , who is mourning the death of all of his friends who were killed at the barricade . Part of it is to the tune of `` The Bishop of Digne '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Seul devant ces tables vides ( Alone in Front of These Empty Tables ) . Every Day ( edit ) `` Every Day '' or `` Marius and Cosette '' is a two - part song sung by Cosette , Marius and Valjean . The second part is often known as `` A Heart Full of Love ( Reprise ) '' . Gillenormand sings part of the song in the 2012 film . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , but identical music sections were present in a former exchange between Marius and the Gillenormands in the stage show . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . Valjean 's Confession ( edit ) `` Valjean 's Confession '' is sung by Valjean and Marius . Though important for the plot , the music is more important as an introduction to `` Who Am I ? '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as L'aveu de Jean Valjean ( Jean Valjean 's Confession ) and was much longer . It explains Valjean 's motives more clearly . When Marius asks why Valjean confesses to him , Valjean explains that his conscience will not let him rest until he has done so . Valjean asks Marius if it would be better if he ( Valjean ) did not see Cosette again and Marius says that he thinks so . This fits much better with the description in the book . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The Wedding ( edit ) `` The Wedding '' is a very brief song , also known as the `` Wedding Chorale '' , and is sung by the guests on Cosette and Marius 's wedding . The second part is a dialogue - heavy song that is often abridged or cut , sung by Marius and the Thénardiers . This part is sometimes called `` The Waltz of Treachery ( Reprise ) '' as it is sung to a similar melody . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- The first part of this song is known as Le mariage : soyez heureux ( The Marriage : Be Happy ) . It was longer than all other versions , featuring an additional refrain . The second part is known as Marchandage et révélation ( Bargaining and Revelation ) , where it is more than only slightly longer . It included another subplot from the book . Here , Thénardier first tries to shock Marius with the revelation that Valjean is an ex-convict , which Marius already knows . When Thénardier says that Valjean is also a murderer , Marius claims to know that as well . He believes Valjean to have killed both Javert ( on the barricade ) and a certain M. Madeleine , a rich factory owner . Thénardier proves to him ( with the help of newspaper clippings ) , that Javert committed suicide and that Madeleine and Valjean are the same person -- Marius 's false source of information is unknown -- and then tells him about the sewers . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Sonnez , sonnez ( Ring , Ring ) . Beggars at the Feast ( edit ) `` Beggars at the Feast '' is the second big musical number sung by the Thénardiers , in which they proclaim how through their treacherous ways they always manage to come out on top before waving the audience goodbye with the mocking line `` When we 're rich as Croesus , Jesus , wo n't we see you all in hell '' . It is a reprise of the `` Master of the House '' theme . French Versions ' 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Mendiants à la fête ( Beggars at the Party ) . Epilogue ( edit ) Valjean 's Death ( edit ) `` Valjean 's Death '' is the penultimate ( or last , depending on the song organization ) musical number in Les Misérables . This and the `` Finale '' , into which it flows without pause , are sometimes counted as one song . The combination is often known as `` The Epilogue '' ( as the musical also has a Prologue ) . Fantine and Éponine come to welcome him into salvation . `` Valjean 's Death '' borrows the tune from `` On My Own '' , and towards the end , `` Bring Him Home '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Épilogue : la lumière ( Epilogue : The Light ) . Fantine and Eponine do not appear , as the song ends alternatively with Valjean emploring Cosette and Marius to love and cherish each other , before he peacefully passes away . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Final : c'est pour demain ( Finale : It is For Tomorrow ) . Finale ( edit ) `` The Finale '' , also known as `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? ( Reprise ) '' , is the last song in the musical ; it is often incorporated with `` Valjean 's Death '' into a single track on recordings , simply entitled `` Epilogue '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , instead ending with Valjean 's Death . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Final : c'est pour demain ( Finale : It is For Tomorrow ) . Song appearances in recordings ( edit ) Key -- All or almost all of song included -- Part of song included -- Song excluded Song Original London Recording Original Broadway Recording 10th Anniversary Recording Complete Symphonic Recording Original French Concept Album Paris Revival Recording School Edition Motion picture ( 2012 ) Overture / Work Song On Parole Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven Valjean 's Soliloquy ( What Have I Done ? ) At the End of the Day I Dreamed a Dream Lovely Ladies Fantine 's Arrest The Runaway Cart Who Am I ? Come to Me ( Fantine 's Death ) The Confrontation Castle on a Cloud Master of the House Suddenly The Bargain The Waltz of Treachery Look Down The Robbery Javert 's Intervention Little People ( original ) Stars Éponine 's Errand The ABC Café / Red and Black Do You Hear the People Sing ? I Saw Him Once In My Life A Heart Full of Love The Attack on Rue Plumet One Day More At the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) On My Own Building the Barricade Javert 's Arrival Little People A Little Fall of Rain Night of Anguish The First Attack Drink with Me Bring Him Home Dawn of Anguish The Second Attack ( Death of Gavroche ) The Final Battle The Sewers Dog Eats Dog Javert 's Suicide Turning Empty Chairs at Empty Tables Every Day Valjean 's Confession Suddenly ( Reprise ) The Wedding Chorale Beggars at the Feast Valjean 's Death Finale Notes While the cuts in the Student Edition appear significant , most are small edits that do n't remove more than a verse or a few measures . While `` The Death of Gavroche '' is included in the student production , it was cut from the 25th Anniversary . While `` The Wedding Chorale '' was cut in the Student Edition , it appeared in the 25th Anniversary Concert . Only some of the songs listed below were included on the motion picture 's soundtrack album . See the track listing at Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I Dreamed a Dream '' . discogs.com . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin -- I Dreamed A Dream -- Clinton Inauguration '' . YouTube . 30 June 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish singer ' gobsmacked ' by overnight stardom '' . CNN . 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Week Ending April 25th 2009 -- Chart Watch UK '' . New.uk.music.yahoo.com. 2009 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Patti LuPone -- I Dreamed A Dream '' . Chart Stats . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` One Song More ! Les Miz Film Will Have New Song and Live Singing ; Cameron Mackintosh Reveals All '' . Playbill. 2012 - 02 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Moral Philosophy : The Musical passes an unexpected milestone '' . The Guardian . October 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot : Featured Music '' . Fox . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Schönberg , Claude - Michel . The West End Connection ( Blu - ray Disc ) . Universal Studios . Jump up ^ Behr , Edward ( 1993 ) . The Complete Book of Les Miserables . Arcade Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 156 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Les Misérables official website Les Misérables song lyrics at SoundtrackLyrics.net ( hide ) Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Characters Jean Valjean Javert Fantine Cosette Marius Éponine Enjolras Gavroche Thénardiers Bishop Myriel Patron - Minette Friends of the ABC Film adaptations 1909 1917 1925 1934 1935 1948 1952 1958 1978 1982 1995 1998 2012 Concerts 1995 Other adaptations Musical Radio Les Misérables : Shōjo Cosette Jean Val Jean Beedala Patlu ( 1950 ) Ezhai Padum Padu ( 1950 ) Kundan ( 1955 ) Duppathuge Dukka ( 1956 ) Beedala Patlu ( 1972 ) Television adaptations 1974 telenovela 2000 miniseries 2014 telenovela Songs and soundtracks Songs from Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` On My Own '' `` One Day More '' `` Suddenly '' Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Related Fantine ( 1886 painting ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Songs_from_Les_Misérables&oldid = 822702876 '' Categories : Songs from musicals Works based on Les Misérables Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles that may contain original research from April 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with peacock terms from March 2015 All articles with peacock terms Articles needing more viewpoints from March 2015 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 00 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings master of the house in les miserables
[ "\"Master of the House\" is one of the better-known songs of the musical and one that provides comic relief. It introduces the Thénardiers and the crooked way that they operate their inn. The song is preceded by a lengthy introduction sung largely by regulars at the inn and Thénardier himself, which is cut from almost all recordings.", "\"Master of the House\" is one of the better-known songs of the musical and one that provides comic relief. It introduces the Thénardiers and the crooked way that they operate their inn. The song is preceded by a lengthy introduction sung largely by regulars at the inn and Thénardier himself, which is cut from almost all recordings." ]
[ "regulars at the inn", "Thénardier" ]
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Katherine Kelly Lang
Katherine Kelly Lang - Wikipedia Katherine Kelly Lang Katherine Kelly Lang Lang at the 2013 Monte - Carlo Television Festival Katherine Kelly Wegeman ( 1961 - 07 - 25 ) July 25 , 1961 ( age 57 ) Hollywood , California , U.S. Other names Kelly Lang Occupation Actress Years active 1979 -- present Known for The Bold and the Beautiful as Brooke Logan Spouse ( s ) Skott Snider ( m . 1989 ; div. 1995 ) Alex D'Andrea ( m . 1997 ; div. 2014 ) Children Parent ( s ) Keith R. Wegeman ( father ) Judith Lang ( mother ) Katherine Kelly Lang ( born Katherine Kelly Wegeman ; July 25 , 1961 ) is an American actress best known for playing Brooke Logan in the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful . Contents 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Personal life ( edit ) She was born in Hollywood , California and graduated from Beverly Hills High School . She is the daughter of Olympic ski jumper Keith R. Wegeman and actress Judith Lang and the granddaughter of Oscar - winning cinematographer Charles Lang . Lang was divorced twice . She is the mother of three children : Jeremy Skott Snider ( born 1990 ) , Julian Lang Snider ( born 1992 ) , Zoe Katrina D'Andrea ( born 1997 ) , and has a stepdaughter , Danyelle D'Andrea ( born 1991 ) . On November 11 , 2012 , it was announced that Lang had filed for divorce , citing irreconcilable differences after 15 years of marriage . The divorce was finalized in June 2014 . Career ( edit ) Lang 's first credit role was a movie called Skatetown , U.S.A. ( 1979 ) , with Scott Baio , Maureen McCormick and Patrick Swayze . That was followed by guest roles in various television series such as the short - lived The Powers of Matthew Star and Masquerade and the long - running Riptide , Happy Days , The Fall Guy and HBO 's 1st & Ten . Lang starred in the 1996 movie Subliminal Seduction . In 1985 , Lang appeared in three music videos : Alabama 's `` There 's No Way '' ( where she played the love interest of Alabama lead singer Randy Owen ) , and The Beach Boys ' `` Getcha Back '' and its sequel `` It 's Gettin ' Late '' . In 1987 , she was offered the role of blue - collar Brooke Logan on the soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful , and has been an integral part of the program ever since . Her love affair with Ridge Forrester ( played by Ronn Moss ) has been a key story arc for over 20 years , and a love triangle among Brooke , Ridge , and Taylor ( Hunter Tylo ) stretched across an entire decade . The show 's 5,000 th episode included only the four core characters : Brooke , Ridge , Stephanie and Eric . As of February 2015 , Lang is one of only two actors to be on The Bold and the Beautiful throughout the series . The other is John McCook , who portrays Eric Forrester . She appeared as Brooke on The Young and the Restless in 1999 , interacting with Eric Braeden ( Victor ) , Peter Bergman ( Jack ) , and Eileen Davidson ( Ashley ) . Lang previously appeared on The Young and the Restless as Gretchen in 1981 , and returned to the soap , for a brief stint , in July 2007 . Her work as Brooke has been recognized with seven Soap Opera Digest Award nominations , beginning in 1991 and most recently in 2005 . Crystal Chappell won a Daytime Emmy Award along with Lang , Hillary B. Smith and Galen Gering in the Outstanding Drama Series : New Approach category for producing Venice : The Series . In 2016 , Lang made an appearance as herself in the Australian soap opera Neighbours . Filmography ( edit ) List of acting performances in film and television Year Title Role Notes 1979 Skatetown , U.S.A. Allison Movie 1981 The Young and the Restless Gretchen Brooke Logan Guest role ; 1999 , 2007 1982 Desperate Lives Mary Movie 1986 Mr. Boogedy Widow Marion Television film The Bold and the Beautiful Brooke Logan Series regular ; 1987 -- present The Night Stalker Denise Movie 1995 Till the End of the Night Diana Davenport Movie Subliminal Seduction Deb Danver Television film 2016 Neighbours Herself Guest role 2016 Have You Been Paying Attention ? Herself Guest Quiz Master 2018 Isidingo Herself Guest role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Soap Opera Actress The Bold and the Beautiful Won 1991 Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Soap Opera Actress Won Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Heroine Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Story Line ( shared with John McCook ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Best Wedding ( shared with John McCook ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star Nominated 1995 Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Soap Opera Actress Won Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Soap Couple ( shared with Ronn Moss ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Love Story ( shared with Hunter Tylo and Ronn Moss ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Favorite Storyline ( shared with Winsor Harmon ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Heroine Nominated 2002 Daytime Emmy Award for America 's Favorite Couple Special Fan Award ( shared with Sean Kanan ) Nominated 2003 Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Daytime Drama Nominated TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Couple ( shared with Ronn Moss ) Won TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Female Won TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Storyline ( shared with Ronn Moss and Jennifer Finnigan ) Won 2006 TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Couple ( shared with Ronn Moss ) Won TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Female Actor Won 2013 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( July 25 , 2015 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( July 25 ) '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Bold and the Beautiful Cast : Katherine Kelly Lang '' . CBS . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight on Katherine Kelly Lang '' . Soap Opera Weekly . February 27 , 2007 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Stephanie ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` B&B Star Files For Divorce '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Beautiful Occasion '' . Soap Opera Weekly . February 13 , 2007 . pp. 30 -- 31 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ICYMI Katherine Kelly Lang and John McCook Interview '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Profile , community.ew.com , June 23 , 2014 ; accessed April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautfiul 's Katherine Kelly Lang has filmed a guest role in Neighbours '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Awards List '' . BoldandBeautiful.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . EmmyOnline.org . National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Katherine Kelly Lang . Katherine Kelly Lang on IMDb WorldCat Identities BNF : cb14196311p ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 0071 9155 VIAF : 10059331 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Kelly_Lang&oldid=865761964 '' Categories : 1961 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Hollywood , Los Angeles American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Use American English from October 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 00 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays brooke logan on bold and beautiful
[ "Katherine Kelly Lang (born Katherine Kelly Wegeman; July 25, 1961)[1] is an American actress best known for playing Brooke Logan in the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful.\n" ]
[ "Katherine Kelly Lang" ]
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International Holocaust Remembrance Day
International Holocaust Remembrance Day - wikipedia International Holocaust Remembrance Day Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) International Holocaust Remembrance Day A commemoration ceremony in Sweden Date 27 January Next time 27 January 2019 ( 2019 - 01 - 27 ) Frequency Annual International Holocaust Remembrance Day , is an international memorial day on 27 January commemorating the tragedy of the Holocaust that occurred during the Second World War . It commemorates the genocide that resulted in the death of an estimated 6 million Jewish people , 200,000 Romani people , 250,000 mentally and physically disabled people , and 9,000 homosexual men by the Nazi regime and its collaborators . It was designated by the United Nations General Assembly resolution 60 / 7 on 1 November 2005 during the 42nd plenary session . The resolution came after a special session was held earlier that year on 24 January 2005 during which the United Nations General Assembly marked the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps and the end of the Holocaust . On 27 January 1945 , Auschwitz - Birkenau , the largest Nazi concentration and death camp , was liberated by the Red Army . Prior to the 60 / 7 resolution , there had been national days of commemoration , such as Germany 's Tag des Gedenkens an die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus ( The Day of remembrance for the victims of National Socialism ) , established in a proclamation issued by Federal President Roman Herzog on 3 January 1996 ; and the Holocaust memorial day observed every 27 January since 2001 in the UK . The Holocaust Remembrance Day is also a national event in the United Kingdom and in Italy . Contents ( hide ) 1 The General Assembly Resolution 60 / 7 2 Commemorations at the United Nations 2.1 In 2006 2.2 In 2007 2.3 In 2008 3 Commemorations outside the United Nations 4 Commemoration by the State of Israel 5 See also 6 References 7 External links The General Assembly resolution 60 / 7 ( edit ) Part of a series on The Holocaust Jews on selection ramp at Auschwitz , May 1944 Responsibility ( show ) Nazi Germany People Major perpetrators Adolf Hitler Heinrich Himmler Reinhard Heydrich Adolf Eichmann Odilo Globocnik Theodor Eicke Richard Glücks Ernst Kaltenbrunner Rudolf Höss Christian Wirth Joseph Goebbels Organizations Nazi Party Gestapo Schutzstaffel ( SS ) Totenkopfverbände ( SS - TV ) Einsatzgruppen Sturmabteilung ( SA ) Verfügungstruppe ( SS - VT ) Wehrmacht Collaborators during World War II Nazi ideologues Early policies ( show ) Racial policy Nazi eugenics Nuremberg Laws Haavara Agreement Madagascar Plan Forced euthanasia Victims ( show ) Jews during World War II Europe Germany Romani people ( Gypsies ) Poles Soviet POWs Slavs in Eastern Europe Homosexuals People with disabilities Freemasons Jehovah 's Witnesses Ghettos ( show ) Białystok Budapest Kaunas Kraków Łódź Lublin Lwów Minsk Riga Warsaw Vilnius Jewish ghettos in German - occupied Poland List of selected ghettos Atrocities ( show ) Pogroms Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iaşi Izieu Szczuczyn Jedwabne Kaunas Lviv ( Lvov ) Marseille Tykocin Vel ' d'Hiv Wąsosz Einsatzgruppen Babi Yar Bydgoszcz Częstochowa Kamianets - Podilskyi Ninth Fort Odessa Piaśnica Ponary Rumbula Erntefest `` Final Solution '' Wannsee Conference Operation `` Reinhard '' Holocaust trains Extermination camps End of World War II Wola massacre Death marches Camps ( show ) Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz - Birkenau Bełżec Chełmno Jasenovac Majdanek Maly Trostenets Sajmište Sobibór Treblinka Nazi concentration camps Bergen - Belsen Bogdanovka Buchenwald Dachau Dora Gonars ( Italy ) Gross - Rosen Herzogenbusch Janowska Kaiserwald Mauthausen - Gusen Neuengamme Rab Ravensbrück Sachsenhausen Salaspils Stutthof Theresienstadt Uckermark Warsaw Transit and collection camps Belgium Breendonk Mechelen France Gurs Drancy Italy Bolzano Netherlands Amersfoort Westerbork Divisions SS - Totenkopfverbände Concentration Camps Inspectorate Politische Abteilung Sanitätswesen Extermination methods Gas van Gas chamber Extermination through labour Einsatzgruppen Human medical experimentation Resistance ( show ) Jewish partisans Bricha Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Białystok Łachwa Częstochowa Allied response ( show ) Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations Auschwitz bombing debate Nuremberg trials Denazification Aftermath ( show ) Bricha Displaced persons Central Committee of the Liberated Jews Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany Lists ( show ) Holocaust survivors Deportations of French Jews to death camps Survivors of Sobibór Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp Victims of Nazism Rescuers of Jews Resources ( show ) Bibliography List of books about Nazi Germany The Destruction of the European Jews Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos Functionalism versus intentionalism Auschwitz Protocols Vrba -- Wetzler report Remembrance ( show ) Days of remembrance Memorials and museums Resolution 60 / 7 establishing 27 January as International Holocaust Remembrance Day urges every member nation of the U.N. to honor the memory of Holocaust victims , and encourages the development of educational programs about Holocaust history to help prevent future acts of genocide . It rejects any denial of the Holocaust as an event and condemns all manifestations of religious intolerance , incitement , harassment or violence against persons or communities based on ethnic origin or religious belief . It also calls for actively preserving the Holocaust sites that served as Nazi death camps , concentration camps , forced labor camps and prisons , as well as for establishing a U.N. programme of outreach and mobilization of society for Holocaust remembrance and education . Resolution 60 / 7 and the International Holocaust Day was an initiative of the State of Israel . Minister of Foreign Affairs of the State of Israel , Silvan Shalom , was the head of the delegation of Israel to the United Nations . The essence of the text lies in its twofold approach : one that deals with the memory and remembrance of those who were massacred during the Holocaust , and the other with educating future generations of its horrors . The International Day in memory of the victims of the Holocaust is thus a day on which we must reassert our commitment to human rights . ( ... ) We must also go beyond remembrance , and make sure that new generations know this history . We must apply the lessons of the Holocaust to today 's world . And we must do our utmost so that all peoples may enjoy the protection and rights for which the United Nations stands . -- Message by Secretary - General Ban Ki - Moon for the second observance of the Holocaust Victims Memorial Day on 19 January 2008 Commemorations at the United Nations ( edit ) In 2006 , 2007 and 2008 , Holocaust Remembrance Weeks were organized by The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme . This programme is part of the Outreach Division of the United Nations Department of Public Information and was established under General Assembly resolution 60 / 7 . In 2006 ( edit ) On 24 January , the opening of the Holocaust Remembrance Week took place at United Nations Headquarters with the unveiling of an exhibit `` No Child 's Play -- Remembrance and Beyond '' in the Visitors ' Lobby . This travelling exhibit , produced by Yad Vashem , the Holocaust Martyrs ' and Heroes ' Remembrance Authority in Jerusalem , opened a window into the world of children during the Shoah . It focused on toys , games , artwork , diaries and poems highlighting some of the personal stories of the children and providing a glimpse into their lives during the Holocaust . The exhibition told the story of survival -- the struggle of these children to hold on to life . On 25 January the screening of the movie Fateless by Lajos Koltai took place in the Dag Hammarskjöld Auditorium . On 27 January , the United Nations Department of Public Information held the first universal observance of the International Holocaust Remembrance Day at United Nations Headquarters . In the General Assembly Hall a memorial ceremony and lecture was held under the theme `` Remembrance and Beyond . '' It featured welcoming remarks by former Under - Secretary General for Communications and Public Information Shashi Tharoor ; a videotaped message by former Secretary - General Kofi Annan ; statements by the permanent representatives of Israel and Brazil to the United Nations , and by Gerda Weissmann Klein , holocaust survivor , author and historian Gerda and Kurt Klein Foundation ; narration of photographs of Holocaust victims memorialized on `` Pages of Testimony '' in the Hall of Names at Yad Vashem , Jerusalem ; as well as a performance by The Zamir Chorale of Boston ; and a lecture by Professor Yehuda Bauer , academic advisor to Yad Vashem , and the Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education , Remembrance and Research . In 2007 ( edit ) On 29 January , the second annual observance of the International Day of Commemoration in memory of the victims of the Holocaust was held in the General Assembly Hall at United Nations Headquarters . Shasta Tharp , former Under - Secretary - General for Communications and Public Information , introduced a programme that began with a video message from Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon . Statements were then made by Sheikha Haya Rashed Al Khalifa , president of the sixty - first session of the General Assembly , and Ambassador Dan Gillerman , Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations . The keynote `` Remembrance and Beyond '' address was given by Madame Simone Veil , a Holocaust survivor , president of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah and a member of the Constitutional Council of France . The observance focused on the importance of infusing today 's youth with the lessons of the Holocaust so that future generations may work to prevent hatred , bigotry , racism and prejudice . Marie Noel , a student at the College of Saint Elizabeth , shared her experiences visiting former concentration camps in Poland . The memorial ceremony also focused on the disabled community as one of the many victim groups of the Nazi regime . Thomas Schindlmayr of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs highlighted the importance of education in promoting tolerance and ending discrimination against all minorities , particularly in light of the adoption by the General Assembly on 13 December 2006 of the landmark Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities . Additionally , a musical performance was given by HaZamir : The International Jewish High School Chamber Choir , a project of the Zamir Choral Foundation , founded and directed by Matthew Lazar . Netanel Hershtik , cantor of the New York Synagogue , recited the Kaddish . During the observance the United Nations Department of Public Information also launched a new website and resource for United Nations member states , educators and non-governmental organizations entitled `` Electronic Notes for Speakers '' developed for the Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme by Yad Vashem -- the Holocaust Martyrs ' and Heroes Remembrance Authority , Jerusalem , and the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education and the Mémorial de la Shoah in Paris . The electronic notes provide survivor testimony and information materials that will equip speakers with the tools needed to conduct briefings on the Holocaust and lessons to be learned from it . The United Nations bookstore made available ten volumes of autobiographical accounts of Holocaust survivors published jointly by The Holocaust Survivors ' Memoirs Project and Yad Vashem -- the Holocaust Martyrs ' and Heroes Remembrance Authority . An initiative of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel , the Holocaust Survivors ' Memoirs Project has collected over 900 manuscripts . Its mission is to provide both the victims and the survivors of the Holocaust with the dignity of a permanent historical presence , not as impersonal statistics but as individuals with names , voices and emotions . The United Nations bookstore also had a discussion by Daniel Mendelsohn about his book The Lost : A Search for Six of the Six Million . The Department of Public Information also marked the Holocaust Remembrance Week with two exhibits in the United Nations visitors ' lobby . The first , entitled `` The Holocaust against the Sinti and Roma and Present Day Racism in Europe , '' focused on the experience of the Roma and Sinti during the Holocaust . The second exhibit featured artwork , created by Holocaust survivors , exploring the meaning and experience of the Holocaust . On 31 January , a special screening of Volevo solo Vivere ( I Only Wanted to Live ) , directed by Mimmo Calopresti took place . The film tells the moving story of nine Italian survivors of Auschwitz . The following day Nazvy svoie im'ia ( Spell Your Name ) , directed by Serhiy Bukovsky , was also screened . The film , about the Holocaust in Ukraine , tells the story of local people who escaped brutal execution and those who rescued friends and neighbours during the Holocaust . Both films , produced by USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education , were shown in the Dag Hammarskjold Library Auditorium . On 2 February , the third discussion paper in the Holocaust and Genocide series was published , about Hitler , Pol Pot and Hutu Power . In 2008 ( edit ) Throughout the week of 28 January 2008 , the United Nations Department of Public Information organized a number of events around the world to remember the victims of the Holocaust and underscore the value of human life . The 2008 observance focused on the need to ensure the protection of human rights for all . It coincided with the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Holocaust Remembrance Day began with the joint launch of a new United Nations Holocaust Remembrance postage stamp issued simultaneously , for the first time , with a national stamp by the Israel Postal Company . The two stamps bear the same design . On 28 January 2008 , at United Nations Headquarters in New York , the daughter of United States Congressman Tom Lantos , himself a Holocaust survivor , delivered a keynote address `` Civic Responsibility and the Preservation of Democratic Values '' at the memorial ceremony and concert held in the General Assembly Hall . Other speakers included Srgjan Kerim ( Macedonia ) , president of the sixty - second session of the General Assembly , Ambassador Dan Gillerman , Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations , and Kiyo Akasaka , Under - Secretary - General for Communications and Public Information . The ceremony also featured a concert with the Tel Aviv University Buchmann - Mehta School of Music symphony orchestra in cooperation with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by maestro Zubin Mehta . On 30 January 2008 , the first permanent exhibit on the Holocaust and the United Nations was unveiled . Produced by the Holocaust and United Nations Outreach Programme , it presents an overview of the Holocaust in the context of World War II and the founding of the United Nations . It is seen by the 400,000 visitors who visit the United Nations Headquarters annually . In preparation for the exhibit opening , Elizabeth Edelstein , Director of Education for the Museum of Jewish Heritage , briefed the United Nations tour guides on the history of the Holocaust to further their understanding of this watershed event . Around the world United Nations offices organized events to mark the Day of Commemoration . In Brazil , an observance was held on 25 January with the president of the country , Jose Inacio Lula da Silva , and the Mayor of Rio de Janeiro , César Maia . In Madagascar , a permanent exhibit on the Holocaust was unveiled at the United Nations Information Centre . The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme also coordinated a video conference for students with the United Nations information centres in Antananarivo , Madagascar , and Lomé , Togo , and educators at the Mémorial de la Shoah in Paris . At the United Nations office in Ukraine a round - table discussion was organized in partnership with the Ministry of Education and the Ukrainian Holocaust Study Centre . In Tokyo on 29 January , an educational workshop targeting young students focused on the links between the Holocaust and human rights issues . Also , the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum provided information material in English and Spanish to a number of United Nations information centers for use in their reference libraries . To help carry out its educational mission , the Department of Public Information participated in a panel discussion with the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) in the afternoon of 28 January to highlight the importance of Holocaust education , organized by B'nai B'rith International . The Department of Public Information also marked Holocaust Remembrance Day with two exhibits in the United Nations Visitors ' Lobby in New York on the attempts to save Jews from death by the Nazis during the Second World War . The first , entitled `` BESA A Code of Honor : Muslim Albanians who Rescued Jews during the Holocaust '' by photographer Norman Gershman , was authored and curated by Yad Vashem , The Holocaust Martyrs ' and Heroes ' Remembrance Authority and sponsored by the Permanent Mission of Albania to the United Nations . A second exhibit , `` Carl Lutz and the Legendary Glass House in Budapest , '' was co-sponsored by the Carl Lutz Foundation and the Permanent Missions of Switzerland and Hungary . Carl Lutz , the Swiss Vice-Consul in Budapest , had issued certificates of emigration to place tens of thousands of Jews under Swiss protection . Commemorations outside the United Nations ( edit ) Commemoration at Vienna 's Heldenplatz , 2015 Photograph : Christian Michelides Commemorations are held at the USHMM ( United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ) in Washington , DC and at Yad Vashem , in Jerusalem . In Austria , commemorations of the Remembrance Day are held at the Heldenplatz in Vienna since 2012 . The broad platform Jetzt Zeichen setzen ! calls for participation of the civil society . Speakers include survivors of the Holocaust , antifascist activists and politicians hailing from parties throughout the political spectrum . Commemoration by the State of Israel ( edit ) In Israel , there is a national memorial day in remembrance of the Holocaust , also known as Yom HaShoah , which is held on the 27th of Nisan . However , the International Holocaust Remembrance Day is also held in Israel . Government officials , diplomats and ambassadors visit Yad Vashem and there are ceremonies held throughout the country . Every year , the Ministry of Diaspora Affairs presents the annual report on anti-Semitism before the Israeli government , as part of International Holocaust Remembrance Day . The report reviews the main trends and incidents of the last year , in terms of anti-Semitism and combating anti-Semitism . See also ( edit ) Besa ( Albanian culture ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( United States ) European Day of the Righteous Holocaust Memorial Day Holocaust Memorial Day ( UK ) National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust ( Romania ) Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah Yom HaShoah Yad Vashem United States Holocaust Memorial Museum United Nations Holocaust Memorial Liberation ( Holocaust memorial ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme '' . United Nations . 1 November 2005 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 28th Special Session of the General Assembly '' . United Nations . 24 January 2005 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Message by Secretary - General Ban Ki - Moon for the second observance of the International Day in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust , full text '' . United Nations . 19 January 2007 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Professor Yehuda Bauer , Remembrance and Beyond keynote address at the United Nations on 27 January 2006 Jump up ^ Sources : Calendar of events for the 2006 Holocaust Remembrance Week at United Nations Headquarters Jump up ^ `` webcast '' . United Nations . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statements and other documents related to the Holocaust Observance Day '' . United Nations . 17 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Program - Education & E-Learning - Yad Vashem '' . www.yadvashem.org . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sources : United Nations Press Releases for 2007 Holocaust Remembrance Week Jump up ^ `` The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme : Hitler , Pol Pot and Hutu Power : Distinguishing Themes of Genocidal Ideology '' . www.un.org. 2007 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Commemoration '' . United Nations . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Commemorative Stamps '' . Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme . United Nations . 28 January 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Memorial Ceremony and Concert , audio and webcast '' . United Nations . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` International Holocaust Remembrance Day '' . Ushmm.org . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ International Holocaust Remembrance Day on the Yad Vashem website Jump up ^ `` Annual report on anti-Semitism '' ( pdf ) . mda.gov.il ( in Hebrew ) . 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Holocaust Remembrance Day . International Holocaust Remembrance Day on the Yad Vashem website International Holocaust Remembrance Day on the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum website The United Nations ' International Holocaust Remembrance Day page Statement by UN Secretary - General Kofi Annan on IHRD 2015 Calendar of Events for the United Nations ' International Day of Commemoration in memory of the victims of the Holocaust Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Day&oldid=829273515 '' Categories : International observances Holocaust commemoration January observances United Nations days Observances honoring victims of war Hidden categories : CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday fixed day ( 2 ) Use dmy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 17 : 09 . 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international day in memory of the victims of the holocaust
[ "International Holocaust Remembrance Day, is an international memorial day on 27 January commemorating the tragedy of the Holocaust that occurred during the Second World War. It commemorates the genocide that resulted in the death of an estimated 6 million Jewish people, 200,000 Romani people, 250,000 mentally and physically disabled people, and 9,000 homosexual men by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. It was designated by the United Nations General Assembly resolution 60/7 on 1 November 2005 during the 42nd plenary session.[1] The resolution came after a special session was held earlier that year on 24 January 2005 during which the United Nations General Assembly marked the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps and the end of the Holocaust.[2]" ]
[ "International Holocaust Remembrance Day" ]
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Chris Hemsworth
Chris Hemsworth - Wikipedia Chris Hemsworth Jump to : navigation , search Chris Hemsworth Hemsworth in 2017 Christopher Hemsworth ( 1983 - 08 - 11 ) 11 August 1983 ( age 34 ) Melbourne , Victoria , Australia Residence Byron Bay , New South Wales Occupation Actor Years active 2002 -- present Home town Phillip Island Spouse ( s ) Elsa Pataky ( m . 2010 ) Children Relatives Luke Hemsworth ( brother ) Liam Hemsworth ( brother ) Christopher Hemsworth ( born 11 August 1983 ) is an Australian actor . He is known for playing Kim Hyde in the Australian TV series Home and Away ( 2004 -- 07 ) and Thor in the Marvel Cinematic Universe since 2011 . Hemsworth has also appeared in the science fiction action film Star Trek ( 2009 ) , the thriller adventure A Perfect Getaway ( 2009 ) , the horror comedy The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) , the dark - fantasy action film Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) , the war film Red Dawn ( 2012 ) , and the biographical sports drama film Rush ( 2013 ) . In 2015 , he starred in the action thriller film Blackhat , had a comedic role in the fifth installment of National Lampoon 's Vacation series , Vacation , and headlined the biographical thriller film In the Heart of the Sea . The following year , Hemsworth had a supporting role in Sony 's reboot of Ghostbusters . Hemsworth will reprise his role as George Kirk in the upcoming Star Trek sequel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2002 -- 10 : Beginnings 2.2 2011 -- present : Thor and success 3 In the media 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life Hemsworth was born in Melbourne , to Leonie ( née van Os ) , an English teacher , and Craig Hemsworth , a social - services counsellor . He is the middle of three boys ; his brothers Luke ( older ) and Liam ( younger ) are also actors . His maternal grandfather is a Dutch immigrant , and his other ancestry is English , Irish , Scottish , and German . He was raised both in Melbourne and in the Australian Outback in Bulman , Northern Territory . He has stated , `` My earliest memories were on the cattle stations up in the Outback , and then we moved back to Melbourne and then back out there and then back again . Certainly most of my childhood was in Melbourne but probably my most vivid memories were up there in Bulman with crocodiles and buffalo . Very different walks of life . '' He attended high school at Heathmont College before his family again returned to the Northern Territory , and then moved a few years later to Phillip Island . Career 2002 -- 10 : beginnings In 2002 , Hemsworth starred in two episodes of fantasy television series , Guinevere Jones as King Arthur . He also made an appearance in soap opera series Neighbours and one episode of Marshall Law . In 2004 , Hemsworth auditioned for the Australian soap opera Home and Away role of Robbie Hunter ( played by Jason Smith ) , but did not receive the part . He was subsequently recalled for the part of Kim Hyde and moved to Sydney to join the cast , appearing in 171 episodes of the series . He left the cast of Home and Away on 3 July 2007 . Hemsworth was a contestant on the fifth season of Dancing with the Stars Australia , partnered with professional dancer Abbey Ross . The season premiered on 26 September 2006 , and after six weeks , Hemsworth was eliminated ( 7 November 2006 ) . In 2009 , Hemsworth portrayed James T. Kirk 's father , George Kirk , in the opening scenes of J.J. Abrams ' film Star Trek . He played the character Kale in the thriller A Perfect Getaway the same year . He went on to play Sam in 2010 's Ca $ h , which was the first film he shot when he arrived in the United States . The film 's director , Stephen Milburn Anderson , said Hemsworth had only been in the United States for six weeks when he had auditioned for the role , recalling , `` Here 's a guy who is young , has the right look , is a very good actor and , let 's face it , he 's beautiful . So I say , we need to get this guy in . I was very impressed '' . In November 2010 , The Hollywood Reporter named Hemsworth as one of the young male actors who are `` pushing -- or being pushed '' onto the Hollywood `` A-List '' . Sony Pictures announced in 2011 that Hemsworth would star in the thriller Shadow Runner , which did not subsequently go into production as of 2014 . 2011 -- present : Thor and success Hemsworth ( right ) with Thor co-star Tom Hiddleston at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International He is best known for his role as the Marvel Comics superhero Thor in the 2011 Marvel Studios film Thor . He and castmate Tom Hiddleston , who ultimately played Loki , had each auditioned for the role , for which Hemsworth said he put on 20 pounds of muscle . Hemsworth reprised the role in the 2012 film The Avengers as one of the six superheroes sent to defend Earth from his adopted brother , Loki . He starred in the horror film The Cabin in the Woods , which was shot shortly after the release of Star Trek but went unreleased until 2012 . It led Hemsworth to audition for the role of Thor at Joss Whedon 's insistence . Also that year , Hemsworth starred opposite Kristen Stewart in the film Snow White and the Huntsman as the Huntsman . He also played Jed Eckert in the 2012 Red Dawn remake , a role he was cast in after MGM saw dailies footage of a scene from Cabin in the Woods . Hemsworth received the part of Thor two days after being hired for Red Dawn . In 2013 , Hemsworth starred in Ron Howard 's sports drama film Rush , alongside Daniel Brühl as 1976 Formula 1 World Champion James Hunt , and reprised his role as Thor , in the sequel Thor : The Dark World . People magazine , in an annual feature , named him its 2014 `` Sexiest Man Alive . '' In 2015 , Hemsworth starred in director Michael Mann 's action thriller Blackhat , opposite Viola Davis , and reprised his role of Thor for the fourth time in the sequel to The Avengers , Avengers : Age of Ultron . Hemsworth returned to the set of Home and Away in November 2014 to film a scene as an extra and not as his character Kim Hyde . He appeared in the episode broadcast on 19 May 2015 . Also in 2015 , he co-starred in the comedy film Vacation , along with Ed Helms , a revival of the film series that originally starred Chevy Chase . His last 2015 film was In the Heart of the Sea , based on the book of the same name by Nathaniel Philbrick , with Hemsworth playing first mate Owen Chase . In an interview with Jimmy Kimmel , he revealed that to prepare for the role of starving sailors , the cast was put on a diet of 500 -- 600 calories a day to lose weight . In 2016 , Hemsworth reprised the role of Eric the Huntsman in The Huntsman : Winter 's War and also portrayed Kevin the receptionist in Ghostbusters . Hemsworth also reprised his role as Thor in Thor : Ragnarok , released on November 3 , 2017 in the United States , and will reprise his role in the two upcoming films Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel , scheduled for release in 2018 and 2019 . He will also reprise his role as George Kirk in the fourth film of the rebooted Star Trek film series . In the media An Australian rules football fan who supports the Western Bulldogs , Hemsworth was the star of the Australian Football League 's 2014 Everything 's Possible campaign . He donated fees for his involvement to the Australian Children Foundation . Hemsworth would go onto star in the AFL 's 2017 `` I 'd Like to See That '' commercial . Personal life Hemsworth began dating Spanish actress Elsa Pataky in early 2010 after meeting through their mutual representatives , and they wed in December 2010 . They have three children : a daughter born in 2012 and twin sons born in 2014 . In 2015 , he and his family moved from Los Angeles to Byron Bay in his native Australia , as he no longer needs to be in the United States in order to secure film work . Filmography Hemsworth at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2012 Film Year Title Role Notes 2009 Star Trek George Kirk Perfect Getaway , AA Perfect Getaway Kale Ca $ h Sam Phelan 2011 Thor Thor 2012 The Cabin in the Woods Curt Vaughan The Avengers Thor Snow White and the Huntsman The Huntsman Red Dawn Jed Eckert 2013 Star Trek Into Darkness George Kirk Voice only Rush James Hunt Thor : The Dark World Thor 2015 Blackhat Nicholas Hathaway Avengers : Age of Ultron Thor Vacation Stone Crandall In the Heart of the Sea Owen Chase 2016 The Huntsman : Winter 's War The Huntsman Ghostbusters Kevin Beckman Team Thor : Civil War -- While You Were Fighting Thor Short film Doctor Strange Uncredited cameo 2017 Team Thor : Part 2 Short film Thor : Ragnarok 2018 12 Strong Captain Mitch Nelson Post-production Avengers : Infinity War Thor 2019 Untitled Avengers film Filming Chris Hemsworth in Sydney in 2013 Television Year Title Role Notes 2002 Guinevere Jones King Arthur 3 episodes 2002 Neighbours Jamie Kane Episode 4,069 2002 Marshall Law The Kid Episode : `` Domestic Bliss '' 2003 Saddle Club , The The Saddle Club The New Vet Episode : `` Tenderfoot '' Fergus McPhail Craig Episode : `` In a Jam '' 2004 -- 07 Home and Away Kim Hyde 189 episodes 2006 Dancing with the Stars Himself / Contestant 5th place 2015 Saturday Night Live Host `` Chris Hemsworth / Zac Brown Band '' `` Chris Hemsworth / Chance The Rapper '' Video games Year Title Voice role Notes 2011 Thor : God of Thunder Thor 2017 Ghostbusters VR : Now Hiring Kevin Awards and nominations Year Association Nominated work Result 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Breakout Male Thor Nominated 2012 British Academy Film Awards Rising Star Award Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Superhero Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Hero Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy The Avengers Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Male The Avengers & Snow White and the Huntsman Won 2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Superhero The Avengers Nominated Favorite On - Screen Chemistry ( shared with Kristen Stewart ) Snow White and the Huntsman Nominated Favorite Action Movie Star The Avengers & Snow White and the Huntsman Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Male Buttkicker The Avengers Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Fight Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Action Red Dawn Nominated 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Thor : The Dark World Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Drama Blackhat Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Action Movie Actor Avengers : Age of Ultron & In the Heart of the Sea Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Kiss ( shared with Leslie Mann ) Vacation Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Action In the Heart of the Sea Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy The Huntsman : Winter 's War Nominated Choice Movie : Liplock ( shared with Jessica Chastain ) Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Ghostbusters Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Comedic Movie Actor Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Won Favorite Butt - Kicker The Huntsman : Winter 's War Nominated References Jump up ^ `` Geni - A My Heritage Company '' . Jump up ^ `` Chris Confirms That His First Name Is Christopher '' . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth Bio '' . UsMagazine.com . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thor 's Chris Hemsworth Turns a Year Older '' . People.com ( video ) . 11 August 2011 ... celebrates his 28th Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr. ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth Boards Whale of a Tale ' In The Heart of the Sea ' ; Will DreamWorks Bite ? '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 17 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth is the New Ghostbusters Receptionist ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lovece , Frank ( 29 September 2011 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth : Not a Thor Loser '' . FilmFestivalTraveler.com . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bekiaris , Angela ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` 10 Fun Facts About Liam Hemsworth '' . People . Johannesburg , South Africa : Caxton Magazines . Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyrus ' saw in new year on Phillip Island ' `` . Herald Sun . Australia . 4 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Rapkin , Mickey ( March 2012 ) . `` The Hunger Games ' Liam Hemsworth Has No Idea What 's About to Hit Him '' . Details . Archived from the original on 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! Part 1 '' . Jimmy Kimmel Live ! via YouTube . 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( 18 May 2009 ) . `` More ' Thor ' : Marvel Studios Casts UK Actor Tom Hiddleston as Villain Loki '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' . `` The Movie Cash Podcast Series : Casting Chris Hemsworth '' . Youtube . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Blank , Emily ; Schutte , Lauren ( 15 November 2010 ) . `` Hollywood 's A-List Redefined '' . ( slide 4 of 10 in slideshow ) The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 29 June 2011 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth to Star in Sony 's ' Shadow Runner ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Lara . `` Chris Hemsworth 's Workout '' . Men 's Health . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Matt ( 2 May 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' star Tom Hiddleston told Chris Hemsworth to really hit him '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kirk , Jeremy ; Whedon , Joss ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` 34 Things We Learned From ' The Cabin in the Woods ' Commentary '' . FilmSchoolRejects.com . Archived from the original on 17 November 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Flemming , Mike ( 30 June 2011 ) . `` Marvel And Disney Setting ' Thor 2 ' For Winter 2013 ; Chris Hemsworth 's Back but Kenneth Branagh Wo n't Return '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 11 July 2011 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth in Talks to Play Formula 1 Driver James Hunt in Ron Howard 's ' Rush ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Tara ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Sexiest Man Alive 2014 : Chris Hemsworth : I Learned to Be Sexy from Matt Damon '' . People . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Travis Reilly ( 26 July 2014 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth First Look on Set of Michael Mann Hacker Thriller ' Blackhat ' Revealed '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` James Spader to Play Ultron in the Avengers Sequel '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay ! '' . TV Week . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moran , Jonathon ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay with Home and Away cameo '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth & Charlie Day Taking a ' Vacation ' with Ed Helms '' . FirstShowing.net . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth / Jane 's Addiction ; Episode # 11.69 '' . Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . 4 November 2013 . ABC . Jimmy : You 're on some crazy diet right now I heard because of this movie you 're shooting . Chris : ... and we have to get rather skinny , we 're on about 500 or 600 calories a day Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( 16 November 2015 ) . `` See Charlize Theron , Jessica Chastain in new The Huntsman Winter 's War character posters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Thor Brings Ragnarok to the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2017 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on 28 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth Reveals the 3 Marvel Movies Left on His Contract '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Rossen , Christopher ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth will return for fourth Star Trek film '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Riley . `` Your AFL club 's most famous supporters , from Barack Obama to Cam Newton '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Whiting , Michael ( 1 March 2014 ) . `` Stars on show for AFL 's new marketing campaign '' , Australian Football League . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Macaluso , Beth Anne ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth 's Wife Elsa Pataky Gives Birth to Daughter India ! '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on 17 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ( 28 December 2010 ) . `` Thor Star Chris Hemsworth Gets Married '' . People . Archived from the original on 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleeman , Mike ( 12 May 2012 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth and Elsa Pataky Welcome Daughter India Rose '' . People . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( 21 March 2014 ) . `` It 's twin boys for Chris Hemsworth and Elsa Pataky ! '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Still calls Australia home ! Chris Hemsworth moves his family Down Under permanently as he no longer needs to be based in Los Angeles to secure work '' . Daily Mail . 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kehagias , Melissa ( 27 September 2014 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth has bought himself a $7 million Byron Bay home '' . The Sunday Telegraph ( Australia ) . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Team Thor -- Official Marvel HD Jump up ^ While You Were Fighting -- Official Marvel HD External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chris Hemsworth . Chris Hemsworth on IMDb Chris Hemsworth at the TCM Movie Database Chris Hemsworth at AllMovie Preceded by Dakota Johnson Saturday Night Live host March 7 , 2015 Succeeded by Dwayne Johnson ( hide ) MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker -- Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney -- The Craft ( 1997 ) Will Smith vs. Cockroach -- Men in Black ( 1998 ) Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog -- There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne -- The Matrix ( 2000 ) Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar -- Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang -- Rush Hour 2 ( 2002 ) Yoda vs. Christopher Lee -- Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama -- Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2004 ) Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah -- Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt -- Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2006 ) Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet -- 300 ( 2007 ) Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet -- Never Back Down ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet -- Twilight ( 2009 ) Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter -- Obsessed ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel -- The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig -- The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston -- The Avengers ( 2013 ) Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs -- The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter -- The Maze Runner ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein - Deadpool ( 2016 ) VIAF : 162468877 LCCN : no2010059452 ISNI : 0000 0001 1499 4657 GND : 140983643 SUDOC : 155632949 BNF : cb162433717 ( data ) BIBSYS : 11069311 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Hemsworth&oldid=809289067 '' Categories : 1983 births Living people 21st - century Australian male actors Australian expatriate male actors in the United States Australian male film actors Australian male soap opera actors Australian male video game actors Australian male voice actors Dancing with the Stars ( Australian TV series ) participants Logie Award winners Male actors from Melbourne LGBT rights activists from Australia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use Australian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Use dmy dates from May 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 06 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played george kirk in the star trek movie
[ "In 2015, he starred in the action thriller film Blackhat, had a comedic role in the fifth installment of National Lampoon's Vacation series, Vacation, and headlined the biographical thriller film In the Heart of the Sea.[5] The following year, Hemsworth had a supporting role in Sony's reboot of Ghostbusters.[6] Hemsworth will reprise his role as George Kirk in the upcoming Star Trek sequel." ]
[ "Hemsworth" ]
8728115472556585680
Minister of Defence (India)
Minister of Defence ( India ) - wikipedia Minister of Defence ( India ) Minister of Defence Emblem of India Incumbent Nirmala Sitharaman Ministry of Defence Appointer President on the advice of the Prime Minister Inaugural holder Baldev Singh Formation 2 September 1946 The Minister of Defence is the head of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India . They are often assisted by a Minister of State for Defence and less - commonly , the lower - ranked Deputy Minister of Defence . The defence minister additionally serves as President of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses , and as Chancellor of the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology and of the National Defence University . The first defence minister of independent India was Baldev Singh , who served in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru 's cabinet during 1947 -- 52 . Nirmala Sitharaman , the current defence minister of India is the second woman since Indira Gandhi to hold this major post . List of Defence Ministers ( edit ) No Name Portrait Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) Prime Minister Baldev Singh ( 1902 -- 1961 ) 2 September 1946 10 May 1952 Indian National Congress Jawaharlal Nehru Kailash Nath Katju ( 1887 -- 1968 ) 1955 1957 V.K. Krishna Menon ( 1896 -- 1974 ) 1957 1962 Yashwantrao Chavan ( 1913 -- 1984 ) 1962 1966 Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Swaran Singh ( 1907 -- 1994 ) 1966 1970 Indira Gandhi 6 Jagjivan Ram ( 1908 -- 1986 ) 1970 ( 5 ) Swaran Singh ( 1907 -- 1994 ) 7 Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) 8 Bansi Lal ( 1927 -- 2006 ) 21 December 1975 24 March 1977 ( 6 ) Jagjivan Ram ( 1908 -- 1986 ) 24 March 1977 28 July 1979 Janata Party Morarji Desai 9 Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1910 -- 2000 ) 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 Janata Party ( Secular ) Charan Singh ( 7 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) 16 January 1980 15 January 1982 Indian National Congress Indira Gandhi 10 R. Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 15 January 1982 2 August 1984 11 Shankarrao Chavan ( 1920 -- 2004 ) 2 August 1984 31 December 1984 Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi 12 P.V. Narasimha Rao ( 1921 -- 2004 ) 31 December 1984 25 September 1985 Rajiv Gandhi 13 Rajiv Gandhi ( 1944 -- 1991 ) 25 September 1985 24 January 1987 14 V.P. Singh ( 1931 -- 2008 ) 24 January 1987 12 April 1987 15 K.C. Pant ( 1931 -- 2012 ) 12 April 1987 1 December 1989 ( 14 ) V.P. Singh ( 1931 -- 2008 ) 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 Janata Dal ( National Front ) Himself 16 Chandra Shekhar ( 1927 -- 2007 ) 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 Samajwadi Janata Party ( National Front ) Himself 17 Sharad Pawar ( born 1940 ) 21 June 1991 6 March 1993 Indian National Congress P.V. Narasimha Rao ( 12 ) P.V. Narasimha Rao ( 1921 -- 2004 ) 6 March 1993 16 May 1996 18 Pramod Mahajan ( 1949 -- 2006 ) 16 May 1996 1 June 1996 Bharatiya Janata Party Atal Bihari Vajpayee 19 Mulayam Singh Yadav ( born 1939 ) 1 June 1996 19 March 1998 Samajwadi Party ( United Front ) H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral 20 George Fernandes ( born 1930 ) 19 March 1998 16 March 2001 Samata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee 21 Jaswant Singh ( born 1938 ) 16 March 2001 21 October 2001 Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) ( 20 ) George Fernandes ( born 1930 ) 21 October 2001 22 May 2004 Samata Party Janata Dal ( National Democratic Alliance ) 22 Pranab Mukherjee ( born 1935 ) 22 May 2004 24 October 2006 Indian National Congress ( United Progressive Alliance ) Manmohan Singh 23 A.K. Antony ( born 1940 ) 24 October 2006 26 May 2014 24 Arun Jaitley ( born 1952 ) 26 May 2014 9 November 2014 Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Narendra Modi 25 Manohar Parrikar ( born 1955 ) 9 November 2014 13 March 2017 ( 24 ) Arun Jaitley ( born 1952 ) 13 March 2017 3 September 2017 26 Nirmala Sitharaman ( born 1959 ) 3 September 2017 Incumbent See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Defence Ministers of India . Ministry of Defence ( India ) Defence minister Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Defence External Affairs Finance Health and Family Welfare Home Affairs Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Minority Affairs North Eastern Region Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Railways Science and Technology Tribal Affairs Secretaries Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home Common types of government ministers and ministries Leadership President Vice President Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Office of the President Cabinet department / Office of the Prime Minister Defence / Foreign Affairs / Public Safety Defence minister List of current defence ministers Foreign minister List of current foreign ministers Immigration minister International development minister Ministry of Defence Ministry of Foreign Affairs Economics / Infrastructure Commerce minister Finance minister List of current finance ministers Industry minister List of ministries of communications Ministry of Finance List of public works ministries Ministry of Trade and Industry Ministry of Transport Environment / Natural resources List of ministers of climate change Energy minister Environment minister List of ministers of the environment List of agriculture ministries List of environmental ministries List of forestry ministries Ministry of Petroleum Social Culture minister Education minister Health minister Information minister Interior minister List of current interior ministers Justice minister Minister of Labour Sports minister Tourism minister List of education ministries List of health departments and ministries Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Justice Ministry of Labor Ministry of Religious Affairs Ministry of Science Ministry of Sports Minister without portfolio Government ministers by portfolio Ministries by portfolio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Defence_(India)&oldid=865009164 '' Categories : Cabinet of India Defence Ministers of India Union ministers of India Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 02 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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who was the first woman defence minister of india
[ "The first defence minister of independent India was Baldev Singh, who served in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet during 1947–52. Nirmala Sitharaman, the current defence minister of India is the second woman since Indira Gandhi to hold this major post.\n" ]
[ "Indira Gandhi" ]
-5717859280632063278
Ozark (TV series)
Ozark ( TV series ) - wikipedia Ozark ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Ozark Genre Crime drama Thriller Created by Bill Dubuque Mark Williams Starring Jason Bateman Laura Linney Sofia Hublitz Skylar Gaertner Julia Garner Jordana Spiro Jason Butler Harner Esai Morales Peter Mullan Lisa Emery Composer ( s ) Danny Bensi Saunder Jurriaans Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jason Bateman Chris Mundy Bill Dubuque Mark Williams Location ( s ) Lake Allatoona , Georgia Lake Lanier , Georgia Running time 52 -- 80 minutes Production company ( s ) Media Rights Capital Aggregate Films Zero Gravity Management Headhunter Films Man , Woman & Child Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80117552 Ozark is an American crime drama thriller web - television series created by Bill Dubuque and produced by Media Rights Capital . Jason Bateman stars in the series ; he also directed the first two and last two episodes of season 1 . The first season is composed of nine one - hour episodes and a final 80 minute episode ; it was released on Netflix on July 21 , 2017 . Bateman portrays financial planner Marty Byrde , and Laura Linney portrays his wife , a homemaker turned real estate agent Wendy Byrde . Marty suddenly relocates the family from a Chicago suburb to a summer resort community in the Missouri Ozarks after a money laundering scheme goes wrong , and he must pay off a debt to a Mexican drug lord . The series was renewed for a 10 - episode second season on August 15 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Production 2.1 Opening Credits 3 Episodes 4 Critical reception 5 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jason Bateman as Martin `` Marty '' Byrde , a self - employed financial advisor , based in Chicago . In 2007 , he and his business partner began to launder money for a Mexican drug cartel . Laura Linney as Wendy Byrde , Marty 's wife , and Charlotte and Jonah 's mother . After moving to the Ozarks , Wendy becomes a realtor and starts to identify businesses for Marty to use to launder money . Sofia Hublitz as Charlotte Byrde , Marty and Wendy 's 15 - year - old daughter , who strives to return to Chicago . Skylar Gaertner as Jonah Byrde , Marty and Wendy 's 13 - year - old son , who begins to show strange interests in dead animals and guns . Julia Garner as Ruth Langmore , a 19 - year - old woman who has the potential to become a dangerous criminal . She becomes part of Marty 's money laundering operation and is in charge of the day - to - day operations of a local strip club , known as `` Lickety Splitz '' . Jordana Spiro as Rachel Garrison , a local hotel owner and Byrde 's business partner Jason Butler Harner as Roy Petty , an FBI agent investigating Marty Esai Morales as Camino Del Rio , a ruthless crime lord for a Mexican cartel for whom Marty launders money Peter Mullan as Jacob Snell , an established local crime lord Lisa Emery as Darlene Snell , Jacob 's wife Recurring ( edit ) Josh Randall as Bruce Liddell , Marty Byrde 's Chicago business partner . Harris Yulin as Buddy Dyker , the Byrdes ' terminally ill tenant . Marc Menchaca as Russ Langmore , Wyatt and Three 's father , Ruth 's uncle , and Boyd and Cade 's brother . Christopher James Baker as Boyd Langmore , uncle of Ruth , Wyatt and Three , and Russ and Cade 's brother . Charlie Tahan as Wyatt Langmore , Russ 's elder son and Ruth 's cousin . Carson Holmes as Three Langmore , Russ 's younger son and Ruth 's cousin . Trevor Long as Cade Langmore , Ruth 's incarcerated father , brother of Russ and Boyd . McKinley Belcher III as Trevor Evans , FBI agent and Roy Petty 's former lover . Robert C. Treveliar as Sheriff John Nix . Kevin L. Johnson as Sam Dermody , a real estate agent in the Ozarks . Adam Boyer as Bobby Dean , owner of the Lickety Splitz strip club . Michael Mosley as Pastor Mason Young . Bethany Anne Lind as Grace Young , Pastor Mason Young 's pregnant wife . Evan George Vourazeris as Tuck , employee at the Blue Cat and Jonah 's first friend in the Ozarks . Sharon Blackwood as Eugenia Dermody , Sam 's controlling , overbearing mother who works for her son 's real estate business . Joseph Melendez as Garcia , an enforcer for Del and watchdog of the Byrdes . Michael Tourek as Ash , an enforcer for the Snells . Production ( edit ) The show is set at a modest waterfront resort at Lake of the Ozarks , inspired by the Alhonna Resort and Marina , where series creator Dubuque worked as a dock hand while attending school in Missouri during the 1980s . Most of the shooting locations are in the Atlanta area at Lake Allatoona and Lake Lanier , rather than at the Lake of the Ozarks , because of tax breaks offered by the state of Georgia . The film crew constructed a set in Georgia after extensively studying the Alhonna Resort property . Some scenes are filmed at Chicago locations . Only a few scenes of the pilot were shot in the city of Lake Ozark , Missouri ; these include shots of the locally famous `` Welcome To Lake Of the Ozarks '' sign and the `` Injun Joe Muffler Man '' statue . The series was renewed for a 10 - episode second season on August 15 , 2017 . Opening Credits ( edit ) At the beginning of each episode , a white letter ' O ' is featured on a black background . Within the quartered circle of the ' O ' are four symbols which foreshadow what is going to happen in that episode . Additionally , each of these symbolic images spell out the word `` Ozark '' . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Sugarwood '' Jason Bateman Story by : Bill Dubuque & Mark Williams Teleplay by : Bill Dubuque July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) After his business partner cheats a dangerous client , financial adviser Marty must devise a radical plan to save his and his family 's lives . `` Blue Cat '' Jason Bateman Story by : Bill Dubuque & Mark Williams Teleplay by : Bill Dubuque July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) In the Ozarks , Marty struggles to find a local business he can use for money laundering , while his kids make new friends but neglect a crucial duty . `` My Dripping Sleep '' Daniel Sackheim Ryan Farley July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Marty finds a way to control Ruth . Wendy worms her way into a job . FBI Agent Evans confronts Marty & Wendy . Looking for another business to invest in , Marty digs for info on the strip bar . Ruth reveals her big picture plans to her family . Marty has the song `` Still the Same '' stuck in his head . `` Tonight We Improvise '' Daniel Sackheim Paul Kolsby July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Marty hires Ruth to pull off a heist . Agent Petty forges a relationship with a member of the Langmore family . Jonah exhibits disturbing behavior . Charlotte feels she can not trust her parents . Bobby Dean visits his boss , Jacob Snell , after finding out about Marty 's latest actions . 5 `` Ruling Days '' Andrew Bernstein Martin Zimmerman July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Marty decides to invest in the religious sector , unaware he will disrupt a discreet business operation . A surprise visitor shows up at the Byrde home . 6 `` Book of Ruth '' Andrew Bernstein Whit Anderson July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Jacob educates Marty on his business . Ruth devises and sets in motion a deadly plan . Rachel learns Marty is cooking the books at the Blue Cat Lodge . 7 `` Nest Box '' Ellen Kuras Alyson Feltes July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) To stop Jacob from carrying out his threat , Marty makes an offer . Agent Petty gets what he needs to turn Russ . Charlotte grows desperate to escape . 8 `` Kaleidoscope '' Ellen Kuras Ryan Farley July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) In a flashback to 10 years prior , Wendy struggles with depression , Del asks Marty to be his financial adviser , and Agent Petty faces a family crisis . 9 `` Coffee , Black '' Jason Bateman Whit Anderson July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Russ learns Agent Petty 's true identity and makes plans to murder , steal and flee . Wendy stumbles on an ideal business to add to the Byrde portfolio . 10 `` The Toll '' Jason Bateman Chris Mundy July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) During his next sermon , Mason falters . Wendy and the kids plan to flee their home . Marty brokers a deal between Jacob and Del . Critical reception ( edit ) Ozark has received positive reviews , particularly for Bateman 's non-comedic performance . On Metacritic , the series has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 28 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 64 % approval rating with an average score of 6.81 out of 10 based on 53 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Ozark has n't yet reached the same level as the classic crime dramas to which it will inevitably be compared , but its satisfyingly complex plot -- and a gripping performance from Jason Bateman -- suggest greater potential . '' Brian Lowry of CNN wrote , `` While the fish - out - of - water concept is one of TV 's oldest , Ozark carves out its own path with clever twists -- including a late - in - the - run flashback explaining how the cartel came into his life -- and the sheer strength of the performances . '' TV critic Sonia Saraiya of Variety wrote that Ozark is `` smart , well - crafted , and says something , '' and that the series `` comes together under Bateman 's disarming and deceptively complex performance as Marty . '' Tim Dowling of The Guardian wrote `` Laura Linney is , as ever , magnificent '' . Critics compared Ozark positively to Breaking Bad , both of which involve a seemingly normal protagonist suddenly immersed in a world of crime . According to Film Daily , `` Once you get past the surface similarities , Ozark shines as something special and inventive , an intense crime opera where the scenery is as much the star as anyone in the cast . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Awards Recipient Outcome Source 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Jason Bateman Pending Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Pending Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Laura Linney Pending Writers Guild of America Awards Best New Television Series Whit Anderson , Bill Dubuque , Paul Kolsby , Mark Williams , Martin Zimmerman , Ryan Farley , Alyson Feltes and Chris Mundy Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Julie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Series ' Ozark ' Starring Jason Bateman Slated to Debut in 2017 '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Picks Up Jason Bateman 's Drama Series ' Ozark ' From MRC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Lands Jason Bateman Drama ' Ozark ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Bateman 's New Series Goes To Netflix , Will Be Dark Dangerous Drama '' . Slashfilm . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ozark trailer : Exclusive look at Netflix 's gritty , dark new drug trade drama '' . The Independent . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Laura Linney To Star In Jason Bateman 's Netflix Drama Series ' Ozark'Ozark '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roshanian , Arya ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Drama ' Ozark ' Adds Julia Garner Opposite Jason Bateman and Laura Linney '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ozark ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , Harrison ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Fame anticipated as Jason Bateman 's Netflix series explores Lake of the Ozarks '' . Springfield News - Leader . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Some Hollywood types , including Bateman , have been visiting Alhonna -- as well as area restaurants , attractions and police officials -- this spring and summer scouting locations , taking photos and measuring dimensions . Jump up ^ Watson , Nick ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Coming Netflix series to shoot scene at Flowery Branch restaurant '' . The Gainesville Times . Georgia ( U.S. state ) . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Amanda C. ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Bateman Netflix series filming in Gwinnett County '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metz , Nina ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix series ' Ozark ' to film a few days next week in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojdylo , Jesse . `` Symbols in the O at the Beginning of Each Ozark Netflix Episode '' . http://wojdylosocialmedia.com . wojdylosocialmedia.com . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cobb , Kayla . `` Here 's What The Symbols in ' Ozark 's Hypnotizing Opening Credits Mean '' . Decider.com . NYP HOLDINGS , INC . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Bateman shines in Netflix 's grim ' Ozark ' '' . CNN . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Netflix 's ' Ozark , ' Starring Jason Bateman and Laura Linney '' . Variety . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nature is the true star of Netflix 's impressive Ozark '' . Film Daily . July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark - Awards '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Ozark on Netflix Ozark on IMDb ( hide ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman All Hail King Julien Since 2015 The Adventures of Puss in Boots Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Between Daredevil Grace and Frankie Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None W / Bob & David Jessica Jones Atelier F Is for Family Making a Murderer Dawn of the Croods Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Chelsea Does Love Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Netflix Presents : The Characters Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Chelsea Lady Dynamite Hibana : Spark Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage StoryBots Super Songs Skylanders Academy The Crown Roman Empire : Reign of Blood Paranoid 3 % Captive Luna Petunia Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency The OA Travelers Trollhunters Since 2017 One Day at a Time Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane We 're Lalaloopsy A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Las chicas del cable Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Disjointed Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood Continuations Arrested Development ( season 4 , 2013 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 7 , 2015 -- 17 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 6 , 2015 -- 16 ) Black Mirror ( seasons 3 -- 4 , 2016 -- 17 ) Lovesick ( season 2 , 2016 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Ended Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Upcoming Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2018 ) The End of the F * * * ing World ( 2018 ) Devilman Crybaby ( 2018 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( 2018 ) Altered Carbon ( 2018 ) Alexa & Katie ( 2018 ) Baki ( 2018 ) Disenchantment ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ( 2018 ) Dr. Seuss ' Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) Insatiable ( 2018 ) Kingdom ( 2018 ) Kiss Me First ( 2018 ) Knights of the Zodiac : Saint Seiya ( 2018 ) La Casa de las Flores ( 2018 ) Lost in Space ( 2018 ) Lost Song ( 2018 ) Maniac ( 2018 ) O Mecanismo ( 2018 ) On My Block ( 2018 ) Queer Eye ( 2018 ) Safe ( 2018 ) Samantha ! ( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) Sword Gai : The Animation ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( 2018 ) The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Legend of Monkey ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Damnation ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) Seven Seconds ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozark_(TV_series)&oldid=815661454 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American television series 2010s American crime television series American crime drama television series English - language television programs Netflix original programming Ozarks in fiction Serial drama television series Television shows filmed in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Television shows set in Missouri Television series by Media Rights Capital Works about Mexican drug cartels Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 06 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the show the ozarks take place
[ "Bateman portrays financial planner Marty Byrde, and Laura Linney portrays his wife, a homemaker turned real estate agent Wendy Byrde.[6] Marty suddenly relocates the family from a Chicago suburb to a summer resort community in the Missouri Ozarks[7] after a money laundering scheme goes wrong, and he must pay off a debt to a Mexican drug lord.[5] The series was renewed for a 10-episode second season on August 15, 2017.[8]" ]
[ "Missouri" ]
-3275986185494788202
White matter
White matter - wikipedia White matter Jump to : navigation , search White matter Micrograph showing white matter with its characteristic fine meshwork - like appearance ( left of image - lighter shade of pink ) and grey matter , with the characteristic neuronal cell bodies ( right of image - dark shade of pink ) . HPS stain . Human brain right dissected lateral view , showing grey matter ( the darker outer parts ) , and white matter ( the inner and prominently whiter parts ) . Details Identifiers Latin substantia alba Dorlands / Elsevier White matter TA A14. 1.00. 009 FMA 83929 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) White matter structure of human brain ( taken by MRI ) . White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system ( CNS ) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons , also called tracts . Long thought to be passive tissue , white matter affects learning and brain functions , modulating the distribution of action potentials , acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions . White matter is named for its relatively light appearance resulting from the lipid content of myelin . However , the tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries . Its white color in prepared specimens is due to its usual preservation in formaldehyde . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 White matter 1.2 Grey matter 1.3 Location 1.4 Myelinated axon length 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Imaging 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) White matter ( edit ) White matter is composed of bundles of myelinated axons , which connect various gray matter areas ( the locations of nerve cell bodies ) of the brain to each other , and carry nerve impulses between neurons . Myelin acts as an insulator , which allows electrical signals to jump , rather than coursing through the axon , increasing the speed of transmission of all nerve signals . The total number of long range fibers within a cerebral hemisphere is 2 % of the total number of cortico - cortical fibers ( across cortical areas ) and is roughly the same number as those that communicate between the two hemispheres in the brain 's largest white tissue structure , the Corpus callosum . Schüz and Braitenberg note `` As a rough rule , the number of fibres of a certain range of lengths is inversely proportional to their length . '' White matter in nonelderly adults is 1.7 -- 3.6 % blood . Grey matter ( edit ) The other main component of the brain is grey matter ( actually pinkish tan due to blood capillaries ) , which is composed of neurons . The substantia nigra is a third colored component found in the brain that appears darker due to higher levels of melanin in dopaminergic neurons than its nearby areas . Note that white matter can sometimes appear darker than grey matter on a microscope slide because of the type of stain used . Cerebral - and spinal white matter do not contain dendrites , neural cell bodies , or shorter axons , which can only be found in grey matter . Location ( edit ) White matter forms the bulk of the deep parts of the brain and the superficial parts of the spinal cord . Aggregates of gray matter such as the basal ganglia ( caudate nucleus , putamen , globus pallidus , substantia nigra , subthalamic nucleus , nucleus accumbens ) and brainstem nuclei ( red nucleus , cranial nerve nuclei ) are spread within the cerebral white matter . The cerebellum is structured in a similar manner as the cerebrum , with a superficial mantle of cerebellar cortex , deep cerebellar white matter ( called the `` arbor vitae '' ) and aggregates of grey matter surrounded by deep cerebellar white matter ( dentate nucleus , globose nucleus , emboliform nucleus , and fastigial nucleus ) . The fluid - filled cerebral ventricles ( lateral ventricles , third ventricle , cerebral aqueduct , fourth ventricle ) are also located deep within the cerebral white matter . Myelinated axon length ( edit ) Men have more white matter than females both in volume and in length of myelinated axons . At the age of 20 , the total length of myelinated fibers in males is 176,000 km while that of a female is 149,000 km . There is a decline in total length with age of about 10 % each decade such that a man at 80 years of age has 97,200 km and a female 82,000 km . Most of this reduction is due to the loss of thinner fibers . Function ( edit ) White matter is the tissue through which messages pass between different areas of gray matter within the central nervous system . The white matter is white because of the fatty substance ( myelin ) that surrounds the nerve fibers ( axons ) . This myelin is found in almost all long nerve fibers , and acts as an electrical insulation . This is important because it allows the messages to pass quickly from place to place . Unlike gray matter , which peaks in development in a person 's twenties , the white matter continues to develop , and peaks in middle age . Clinical significance ( edit ) Multiple sclerosis ( MS ) is one of the most common diseases which affect white matter . In MS lesions , the myelin shield around the axons has been destroyed by inflammation . Alcohol use disorders are associated with decrease in white matter volume . Animal studies suggest that alcohol may cause loss of white matter by damaging oligodendrocytes , the glial cell responsible for maintaining myelin . Changes in white matter known as amyloid plaques are associated with Alzheimer 's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases . White matter injuries ( `` axonal shearing '' ) may be reversible , while gray matter regeneration is less likely . Other changes that commonly occur with age include the development of leukoaraiosis , which is a rarefaction of the white matter that can be caused by a variety of conditions , including loss of myelin , axonal loss , and a breakdown of the blood -- brain barrier . Imaging ( edit ) The study of white matter has been advanced with the neuroimaging technique called diffusion tensor imaging where magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) brain scanners are used . As of 2007 , more than 700 publications have been published on the subject . A 2009 paper by Jan Scholz and colleagues used diffusion tensor imaging ( DTI ) to demonstrate changes in white matter volume as a result of learning a new motor task ( e.g. juggling ) . The study is important as the first paper to correlate motor learning with white matter changes . Previously , many researchers had considered this type of learning to be exclusively mediated by dendrites , which are not present in white matter . The authors suggest that electrical activity in axons may regulate myelination in axons . Or , gross changes in the diameter or packing density of the axon might cause the change . A more recent DTI study by Sampaio - Baptista and colleagues reported changes in white matter with motor learning along with increases in myelination . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blumenfeld , Hal ( 2010 ) . Neuroanatomy through clinical cases ( 2nd ed . ) . Sunderland , Mass. : Sinauer Associates . p. 21 . ISBN 9780878936137 . Areas of the CNS made up mainly of myelinated axons are called white matter . Jump up ^ Douglas Fields , R. ( 2008 ) . `` White Matter Matters '' . Scientific American . 298 ( 3 ) : 54 -- 61 . Bibcode : 2008SciAm. 298c ... 54D . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0308 - 54 . Jump up ^ Klein , S.B. , & Thorne , B.M. Biological Psychology . Worth Publishers : New York . 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Schüz , Almut ; Braitenberg , Valentino ( 2002 ) . `` The human cortical white matter : Quantitative aspects of cortico - cortical long - range connectivity '' . In Schüz , Almut ; Braitenberg , Valentino . Cortical Areas : Unity and Diversity , Conceptual Advances in Brain Research . Taylor and Francis . pp. 377 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 27723 - 5 . Jump up ^ Leenders , K.L. ; Perani , D. ; Lammertsma , A.A. ; Heather , J.D. ; Buckingham , P. ; Jones , T. ; Healy , M.J.R. ; Gibbs , J.M. ; Wise , R.J.S. ; Hatazawa , J. ; Herold , S. ; Beaney , R.P. ; Brooks , D.J. ; Spinks , T. ; Rhodes , C. ; Frackowiak , R.S.J. ( 1990 ) . `` Cerebral Blood Flow , Blood Volume and Oxygen Utilization '' . Brain . 113 : 27 -- 47 . PMID 2302536 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / 113.1. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Marner , Lisbeth ; Nyengaard , Jens R. ; Tang , Yong ; Pakkenberg , Bente ( 2003 ) . `` Marked loss of myelinated nerve fibers in the human brain with age '' . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 462 ( 2 ) : 144 -- 52 . PMID 12794739 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 10714 . Jump up ^ Sowell , Elizabeth R. ; Peterson , Bradley S. ; Thompson , Paul M. ; Welcome , Suzanne E. ; Henkenius , Amy L. ; Toga , Arthur W. ( 2003 ) . `` Mapping cortical change across the human life span '' . Nature Neuroscience. 6 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 15 . PMID 12548289 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1008 . Jump up ^ Monnig , Mollie A. ; Tonigan , J. Scott ; Yeo , Ronald A. ; Thoma , Robert J. ; McCrady , Barbara S. ( 2013 ) . `` White matter volume in alcohol use disorders : A meta - analysis '' . Addiction Biology . 18 ( 3 ) : 581 -- 92 . PMC 3390447 . PMID 22458455 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1369 - 1600.2012. 00441. x . Jump up ^ Alfonso - Loeches , Silvia ; Pascual , Maria ; Gómez - Pinedo , Ulises ; Pascual - Lucas , Maya ; Renau - Piqueras , Jaime ; Guerri , Consuelo ( 2012 ) . `` Toll - like receptor 4 participates in the myelin disruptions associated with chronic alcohol abuse '' . Glia. 60 ( 6 ) : 948 -- 64 . PMID 22431236 . doi : 10.1002 / glia. 22327 . Jump up ^ Assaf , Yaniv ; Pasternak , Ofer ( 2007 ) . `` Diffusion Tensor Imaging ( DTI ) - based White Matter Mapping in Brain Research : A Review '' . Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 34 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 61 . PMID 18157658 . doi : 10.1007 / s12031 - 007 - 0029 - 0 . Jump up ^ Scholz , Jan ; Klein , Miriam C ; Behrens , Timothy EJ ; Johansen - Berg , Heidi ( 2009 ) . `` Training induces changes in white - matter architecture '' . Nature Neuroscience. 12 ( 11 ) : 1370 -- 1 . PMC 2770457 . PMID 19820707 . doi : 10.1038 / nn. 2412 . Jump up ^ `` White Matter Matters '' . Dolan DNA Learning Center . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sampaio - Baptista , C. ; Khrapitchev , A.A. ; Foxley , S. ; Schlagheck , T. ; Scholz , J. ; Jbabdi , S. ; Deluca , G.C. ; Miller , K.L. ; Taylor , A. ; Thomas , N. ; Kleim , J. ; Sibson , N.R. ; Bannerman , D. ; Johansen - Berg , H. ( 2013 ) . `` Motor Skill Learning Induces Changes in White Matter Microstructure and Myelination '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 33 ( 50 ) : 19499 -- 503 . PMC 3858622 . PMID 24336716 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 3048 - 13.2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to White matter . White Matter Atlas WebMD ( 2009 ) . `` white matter '' . Webster 's New World Medical Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 456 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 544 - 18897 - 6 . Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia Ib or Golgi II or Aβ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud The spinal cord General features Cervical enlargement Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Filum terminale Cauda equina Meninges Grey matter Posterior grey column Marginal nucleus Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando Nucleus proprius Spinal lamina V Spinal lamina VI Lateral grey column Intermediolateral nucleus Posterior thoracic nucleus Anterior grey column Interneuron Alpha motor neuron Onuf 's nucleus Gamma motor neuron Other Rexed laminae Central gelatinous substance Gray commissure Central canal Terminal ventricle White matter Sensory Posterior Posterior column - medial lemniscus pathway : Gracile Cuneate Lateral : Spinocerebellar dorsal ventral Spinothalamic lateral anterior Posterolateral Spinotectal Spinoreticular tract Spino - olivary tract Motor Lateral Corticospinal Lateral Extrapyramidal Rubrospinal Olivospinal Raphespinal Anterior Corticospinal Anterior Extrapyramidal Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal Both Anterior white commissure External features Ventral Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Dorsal Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Anatomy of the medulla Grey matter Cranial nuclei afferent : Solitary nucleus tract Dorsal respiratory group Gustatory nucleus Vestibular nuclei Lateral Medial Inferior efferent : Hypoglossal nucleus Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Inferior salivatory nucleus Dorsal Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus Accessory cuneate nucleus Ventral Ventral respiratory group Arcuate nucleus of medulla Rostral ventromedial medulla Botzinger complex Pre-Bötzinger complex White matter Dorsal Sensory Sensory decussation Medial lemniscus Juxtarestiform body Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Motor Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Ventral Descending tracts Olivocerebellar tract Rubro - olivary tract Surface Front Pyramid decussation Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Olive Inferior olivary nucleus Back Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Area postrema Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Medial eminence Inferior cerebellar peduncle Grey Reticular formation Gigantocellular Parvocellular Ventral Lateral Paramedian Raphe nuclei Obscurus Magnus Pallidus Perihypoglossal nuclei Anatomy of the pons Dorsal / ( tegmentum ) Surface Cerebellopontine angle Superior medullary velum Sulcus limitans Medial eminence Facial colliculus White : Sensory Trapezoid body Trigeminal lemniscus Dorsal trigeminal tract Ventral trigeminal tract Medial lemniscus Lateral lemniscus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Vestibulo - oculomotor fibers Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Central tegmental tract White : Motor Inferior cerebellar peduncle Vestibulocerebellar tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Vestibulospinal tract Medial vestibulospinal tract Lateral vestibulospinal tract Grey : Cranial nuclei afferent : GSA Trigeminal Principal Spinal Cochlear nucleus Dorsal Anterior Vestibular nuclei Superior efferent : SVE : Trigeminal motor nucleus Facial motor nucleus GSE : Abducens nucleus GVE : Superior salivary nucleus Inferior salivary nucleus Other Apneustic center Parabrachial area Pneumotaxic center Subparabrachial nucleus Medial parabrachial nucleus Lateral parabrachial nucleus Superior olivary nucleus Caerulean nucleus Ventral / ( base ) Grey Pontine nuclei White : Motor / descending Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine fibers MCP Pontocerebellar fibers Surface Basilar sulcus Other grey : Raphe / reticular Reticular formation Caudal Oral Tegmental Paramedian Raphe nuclei Median Anatomy of the midbrain Tectum ( Dorsal ) Surface Corpora quadrigemina : Inferior colliculus Brachium Superior colliculus Brachium Grey matter Pretectal area White : Sensory / ascending Spinotectal tract Central tegmental tract White : Motor / descending Tectospinal tract Peduncle ( Ventral ) Tegmentum White : Sensory / ascending Lemnisci Medial Lateral Ascending MLF Vestibulo - oculomotor fibers Spinothalamic tract Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Dentatothalamic tract White : Motor / descending Rubrospinal tract Rubro - olivary tract Descending MLF Grey : cranial nuclei GSA Mesencephalic - GSE Oculomotor nucleus , Trochlear nucleus - GVE Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Grey : other Periaqueductal gray Raphe nuclei dorsal Ventral tegmental area Rostromedial tegmental nucleus Pedunculopontine nucleus Red nucleus Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus Parabrachial area Interpeduncular nucleus Midbrain reticular formation Ventricular system Cerebral aqueduct Base White : Motor / descending Cerebral crus : Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine tract / Frontopontine fibers / Temporopontine fibers Grey : Substantia nigra Pars compacta Pars reticulata Surface Superior cerebellar peduncle Decussation Interpeduncular fossa Anatomy of the cerebellum Surface Lobes Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Flocculonodular lobe Flocculus Nodule Primary fissure Medial / lateral Vermis : anterior Central lobule Culmen Lingula posterior Folium Tuber Uvula Vallecula of cerebellum Hemisphere : anterior Alar central lobule posterior Biventer lobule Cerebellar tonsil Grey matter Deep cerebellar nuclei Dentate interposed Emboliform Globose Fastigial Cerebellar cortex Molecular layer Stellate cell Basket cell Purkinje cell layer Purkinje cell Bergmann glia cell = Golgi epithelial cell Fañanas cell Granule cell layer Golgi cell Granule cell Unipolar brush cell Fibers : Mossy fibers Climbing fiber Parallel fiber White matter Internal Arbor vitae Peduncles Inferior ( medulla ) : Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Olivocerebellar tract Cuneocerebellar tract Juxtarestiform body ( Vestibulocerebellar tract ) Trigeminocerebellar fibers Middle ( pons ) : Pontocerebellar fibers Superior ( midbrain ) : Ventral spinocerebellar tract Dentatothalamic tract ( hide ) Anatomy of the diencephalon of the human brain Epithalamus Surface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Grey matter Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ Thalamus Surface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami Grey matter / nuclei paired : AN Ventral VA / VL VP / VPM / VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline : MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion White matter Mammillothalamic fasciculus Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae Hypothalamus Surface Median eminence / Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum Grey matter Autonomic zones Anterior ( parasympathetic / heat loss ) Posterior ( sympathetic / heat conservation ) Endocrine posterior pituitary : Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin / vasopressin other : Arcuate ( dopamine / GHRH ) Preoptic ( GnRH ) Suprachiasmatic ( melatonin ) Emotion Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial White matter afferent Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic fasciculus Stria terminalis Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Pituitary Posterior is diencephalon , but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis ( Fields of Forel ) Commissural fibers in the human brain Corpus callosum Genu Splenium Tapetum Rostrum Archicortex Supracallosal gyrus Lamina terminalis Vascular organ of lamina terminalis Anterior commissure Fornix Fornix Septum pellucidum Septal nuclei Medial septal nucleus Subfornical organ Cave of septum pellucidum Other Posterior commissure Rostral basal ganglia of the human brain and associated structures Basal ganglia Grey matter Striatum Dorsal striatum Putamen Caudate nucleus Ventral striatum Nucleus accumbens Olfactory tubercle Globus pallidus GPe GPi Other Amygdala Claustrum White matter Centrum semiovale Internal capsule Anterior limb Genu Posterior limb Optic radiation Corona radiata External capsule Extreme capsule Pallidothalamic tracts : Thalamic fasciculus Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Subthalamic fasciculus Rhinencephalon Grey matter Anterior olfactory nucleus Anterior perforated substance Olfactory bulb White matter Olfactory tract Medial olfactory stria Lateral olfactory stria Olfactory trigone Other basal forebrain Grey matter Substantia innominata Nucleus basalis Nucleus of diagonal band White matter Diagonal band of Broca Stria terminalis Archicortex : Hippocampal formation / Hippocampus anatomy Grey matter Hippocampus proper CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 Dentate gyrus Fascia dentata Subiculum White matter Alveus Fimbria Perforant path Schaffer collateral Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_matter&oldid=792823546 '' Categories : Central nervous system Neuroanatomy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2015 Accuracy disputes from May 2015 Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 22 : 47 . About Wikipedia
why is white matter on the inside of the brain
[ "White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts.[1] Long thought to be passive tissue, white matter affects learning and brain functions, modulating the distribution of action potentials, acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions.[2]" ]
[ "acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions" ]
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List of Bollywood films of 2018
List of Bollywood films of 2018 - Wikipedia List of Bollywood films of 2018 Bollywood Cinema 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 This is a list of Bollywood films that have been released or are to be released in 2018 . Contents 1 Box office collection 2 January -- March 2018 3 April -- June 2018 4 July -- September 2018 5 October -- December 2018 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Box Office Collection ( edit ) The highest - grossing Bollywood films released in 2018 , by worldwide box office gross revenue , are as follows . * Denotes films still running in cinemas worldwide Highest worldwide gross of 2018 Rank Title Production company Distributor Worldwide gross Ref . Sanju * Vinod Chopra Films Rajkumar Hirani Films Fox Star Studios ₹ 586.52 crore ( US $85 million ) Padmaavat Viacom 18 Motion Pictures Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures ₹ 585.87 crore ( US $85 million ) Race 3 Salman Khan Films Tips Films Tips Films Salman Khan Films ₹ 303.57 crore ( US $44 million ) Baaghi 2 Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment Fox Star Studios ₹ 253.18 crore ( US $37 million ) 5 Raazi Dharma Productions AA Films ₹ 194.06 crore ( US $28 million ) 6 Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety T - Series Films AA Films ₹ 148.51 crore ( US $22 million ) 7 Raid T - Series Films Panorama Studios ₹ 142.81 crore ( US $21 million ) 8 Veere Di Wedding Balaji Motion Pictures Anil Kapoor Films & Communication Network - ₹ 138.80 crore ( US $20 million ) 9 Pad Man KriArj Entertainment Sony Pictures ₹ 120.56 crore ( US $18 million ) 10 Dhadak * Zee Studios Dharma Productions Zee Studios ₹ 108.18 crore ( US $16 million ) January -- March 2018 ( edit ) Opening Title Director Cast Genre Production house Ref . J 12 1921 Vikram Bhatt Zarine Khan Karan Kundra Tobby Hinston Sonia Armstrong Horror ASA Productions and Enterprises Kaalakaandi Akshat Verma Saif Ali Khan Isha Talwar Shenaz Treasury Akshay Oberoi Vijay Raaz Deepak Dobriyal Sobhita Dhulipala Kunaal Roy Kapur Nary Singh Dark comedy Cinestan Film Company Mukkabaaz Anurag Kashyap Vineet Kumar Singh Zoya Hussain Ravi Kishan Jimmy Sheirgill Drama Eros International , Colour Yellow Productions 19 My Birthday Song Samir Soni Sanjay Suri Nora Fatehi Pitobash Psychological Thriller Kahwa entertainment Vodka Diaries Kushal Srivastava Kay Kay Menon Mandira Bedi Raima Sen Sharib Hashmi Suspense Thriller K'Scope Entertainment Pvt Ltd & Vishalraj Films & Production Pvt Ltd Medal Ganesh Mehta Muzahid Khan Indrisha Basu Drama G.K Entertainment Nirdosh Pradeep Rangwani Arbaaz Khan Manjari Fadnis Ashmit Patel Mukul Dev Mahek Chahal Thriller UV Films Union Leader Sanjay Patel Rahul Bhat Tillotama Shome Drama Dim Light Pictures 25 Padmaavat Sanjay Leela Bhansali Deepika Padukone Ranveer Singh Shahid Kapoor Aditi Rao Hydari Period drama Viacom 18 Motion Pictures , Bhansali Productions Wo India Ka Shakespeare Suresh Mandal Raza Murad Raj Aryan Yogita Rajput Romantic suspense Jharkhandi Films Production & Impress Media Infotainment The Window V.K. Choudhary Amit Kumar Vashishth Priti Sharma Teena Singh Thriller , Mystery Adamant Pictures , Milestone creations , Era Films , Nirvana Motion Pictures , Dhanraj Productions Pvt . ltd 9 Pad Man R. Balki Akshay Kumar Sonam Kapoor Radhika Apte Comedy Drama Columbia Pictures KriArj Entertainment , Hope Productions , Cape Of Good Films , Mrs Funnybones Movies , SPE Films India Downup The Exit 796 Jaimin Bal Yatin Karyekar Vinayak Mishra Kirti Swaly Thriller Jaimin Bal Entertainment 14 Love Per Square Foot Anand Tiwari Vicky Kaushal Angira Dhar Alankrita Sahai Raghubir Yadav Romantic Comedy RSVP Films , Netflix 16 Aiyaary Neeraj Pandey Sidharth Malhotra Manoj Bajpayee Rakul Preet Singh Pooja Chopra Anupam Kher Naseeruddin Shah Drama Reliance Entertainment Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz Onir Zain Khan Durrani Geetanjali Thapa Romance Yoodlee Films Jaane Kyun De Yaaron Akshay Anand Raghu Raja Abhishek Sharma Kabir Bedi Chetna Pande Heena Panchal Viju Khote Drama NeelRishiFilms , Theatre King 23 Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety Luv Ranjan Kartik Aaryan Nushrat Bharucha Sunny Nijar Drama T - Series , Luv Films Welcome To New York Chakri Toleti Karan Johar Diljit Dosanjh Lara Dutta Sonakshi Sinha Riteish Deshmukh Boman Irani Comedy Wiz Films Pari Prosit Roy Anushka Sharma Parambrata Chatterjee Rajat Kapoor Ritabhari Chakraborty Mansi Multani Thriller Clean Slate Films , KriArj Entertainment Veerey Ki Wedding Ashu Trikha Pulkit Samrat Jimmy Sheirgill Kriti Kharbanda Satish Kaushik Yuvika Chaudhary Supriya Karnik Sapna Chaudhary Drama Panorama Studios Billu Ustaad Suvhhdan Angre Akhilendra Mishra Deepraj Rana Mithila Naik KK Goswami Priyanshu Chaterjee Drama Narayan Films 9 Hate Story 4 Vishal Pandya Urvashi Rautela Vivan Bhatena Karan Wahi Ihana Dhillon Gulshan Grover Erotic thriller T - Series Dil Juunglee Aleya Sen Saqib Saleem Tapsee Pannu Abhilash Thapleyal Nidhi Singh Srishti Srivastava Ayesha Khaduskar Romantic / Comedy Pooja Entertainment 3 Storeys Arjun Mukherjee Richa Chaddha Pulkit Samrat Sharman Joshi Renuka Shahane Masumeh Makhija Laksh Singh Aisha Ahmed Ankit Rathi Thriller Excel Entertainment Note Pe Chot at 8 / 11 Imran Ahmed Khan Ajay Kuundal Ranbir Kallsi Pihu Disha Sachdeva Manoj Bakshi Inderpal Singh Satire / Comedy Kreative Krishna Entertainment , Umra Ji Entertainment 16 Raid Raj Kumar Gupta Ajay Devgn Ileana D'Cruz Saurabh Shukla Action , thriller T - Series , Panorama Studios Raja Abroadiya Lakhwinder Shabla Robin Sohi Vaishnavi Patwardhan Comedy Shabla Films 23 Hichki Siddharth P Malhotra Rani Mukerji Drama Yash Raj Films Pareshaan Parinda Devesh Pratap Singh Meeraj Shah Sakshi Singh Thriller Dreamz Productions Baa Baaa Black Sheep Vishwas Paandya Anupam Kher Kay Kay Menon Maniesh Paul Annu Kapoor Comedy Soham Rockstar Entertainment Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band Gurpreet Sondh Rajpal Yadav Mushtaq Khan Rahul Bagga Rohit Kumar Dilbagh Singh Naresh Gosain Shrashti Maheshwari Afreen Alvi Radha Bhatt Comedy Rangrezaa Films 30 Baaghi 2 Ahmed Khan Tiger Shroff Disha Patani Manoj Bajpayee Randeep Hooda Jacqueline Fernandez Action / Romance Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment , Fox Star Studios April -- June 2018 ( edit ) Opening Title Director Cast Genre Production house Ref . 6 Blackmail Abhinay Deo Irrfan Khan Kirti Kulhari Arunoday Singh Divya Dutta Omi Vaidya Comedy T - Series , RDP Motion Pictures Missing Mukul Abhyankar Tabu Manoj Bajpayee Annu Kapoor Psychological Thriller Friday Filmwork , Abundantia Entertainment 13 October Shoojit Sircar Varun Dhawan Banita Sandhu Gitanjali Rao Slice of life Romantic drama Rising Sun Films Kino Works Mercury Karthik Subbaraj Prabhu Deva Sananth Reddy Remya Nambeesan Thriller Pen India Limited 20 Beyond the Clouds Majid Majidi Ishaan Khatter Malavika Mohanan Drama Zee Studios Nanu Ki Jaanu Faraz Haider Patralekhaa Abhay Deol Sapna Chaudhary Comedy Inbox Pictures 27 Daas Dev Sudhir Mishra Richa Chaddha Aditi Rao Hydari Rahul Bhat Saurabh Shukla Vipin Sharma Vineet Kumar Singh Dalip Tahil Anurag Kashyap Romantic thriller Saptrishi Cinevision , Storm Motion Pictures Ishq Tera Jojo D'Souza Hrishitaa Bhatt Mohit Madaan Mozhgan Taraneh ( Irani Star ) Shahbaz Khan Aman Verma Ganesh Yadav Manoj Pawha Salil Naik Manju Sharma Pyumori Mehta Ghosh Thriller Big Banner Entertainment Our Heroes Manish Parihar Devraj Singh Sarangdevot Shankar Lal Dangi Mahesh Gurjar Gourav Gurjar Action Jassi Production House Ltd . Y 102 Not Out Umesh Shukla Amitabh Bachchan Rishi Kapoor Comedy Sony Pictures Omerta Hansal Mehta Rajkummar Rao Crime Drama Swiss Entertainment 11 Raazi Meghna Gulzar Vicky Kaushal Alia Bhatt Period Thriller Junglee Pictures , Dharma Productions The Past Gagan Puri Vedita Pratap Singh Yuvraaj Parashar Horror Thriller Peacock Motion Filmz Hope Aur Hum Sudip Bandyopadhyay Naseeruddin Shah Sonali Kulkarni Aamir Bashir Drama PVR Pictures Falooda Dhiraj Singh Aarav Negi Goonj Chand Azhar Pihu Sharma Dhiraj Singh Comedy Vaibav laxmi Films , Shree S.J Entertainment , Dev Gayatri Entertainment 18 High Jack Akash Khurana Sumeet Vyas Sonnalli Seygall Mantra Taaruk Raina Priyanshu Painyuli Kumud Mishra Natasha Rastogi Comedy Phantom Films Khajoor Pe Atke Harsh Chhaya Vinay Pathak Manoj Pahwa Seema Pahwa Dolly Ahluwalia Sabah Kapoor Comedy Welcome Friends Production 25 Parmanu : The Story Of Pokhran Abhishek Sharma John Abraham Diana Penty Boman Irani Action / drama KAYTA Production , JA Entertainment One Night Out Ravinddra Khare Javed Haider Gulashan pandey Kabina Maharjan Neha Joshi Suspense thriller Music One Films Production & Studio Bioscopewala Deb Medhekar Danny Denzongpa Geetanjali Thapa Tisca Chopra Adil Hussain Drama Fox Star Studios , Star India J U Veere Di Wedding Shashanka Ghosh Kareena Kapoor Sonam Kapoor Swara Bhaskar Shikha Talsania Sumeet Vyas Romantic comedy Balaji Motion Pictures Bhavesh Joshi Superhero Vikramaditya Motwane Harshvardhan Kapoor Priyanshu Painyuli Nishikant Kamat Action Phantom Films , Eros International Phamous Karan Lalit Butani Jackie Shroff Jimmy Sheirgill Kay Kay Menon Shriya Saran Mahie Gill Pankaj Tripathi Drama / Action Vidisha Productions Pvt. Ltd . 7 Kaala Pa . Ranjith Rajnikanth Huma Qureshi Nana Patekar Action Wunderbar Films , Lyca Productions 15 Race 3 Remo D'Souza Anil Kapoor Salman Khan Bobby Deol Jacqueline Fernandez Saqib Saleem Daisy Shah Freddy Daruwala Thriller Tips Films , Salman Khan Films 29 Sanju Rajkumar Hirani Ranbir Kapoor Sonam Kapoor Dia Mirza Paresh Rawal Manisha Koirala Anushka Sharma Biopic Rajkumar Hirani Films , Vinod Chopra Films July -- September 2018 ( edit ) Opening Title Director Cast Genre Production house Ref . J U 13 Soorma Shaad Ali Diljit Dosanjh Taapsee Pannu Angad Bedi Biopic Sony Pictures Ekta Suman Reddy Navneet Kaur Dhillon Robin Sohi Avneet Kaur Salil Ankola Pranati Rai Prakash Rushad Rana Horror / Thriller BS Production House 20 When Obama Loved Osama Sudhish Kumar Sharma Mousam Sharma Swati Bakshi Rahul Avana Mohit Baghel Heena Panchal Hemant Pandey Vikas Giri Comedy Shape Entertainment Dhadak Shashank Khaitan Ishaan Khatter Jhanvi Kapoor Drama Dharma Productions 27 Saheb , Biwi Aur Gangster 3 Tigmanshu Dhulia Sanjay Dutt Jimmy Sheirgill Mahi Gill Chitrangada Singh Drama Wave Cinemas Nawabzaade Jayesh Pradhan Raghav Juyal Punit Pathak Dharmesh Yelande Isha Rikhi Romantic Comedy Remo D'Souza Entertainment U Fanney Khan Atul Manjrekar Anil Kapoor Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Rajkummar Rao Karan Singh Chhabra Divya Dutta Musical comedy T - Series , ROMP , AA Films Mulk Anubhav Sinha Rishi Kapoor Prateik Babbar Rajat Kapoor Taapsee Pannu Ashutosh Rana Manoj Pahwa Neena Gupta Drama Soham Rockstar Entertainment Karwaan Akarsh Khurana Irrfan Khan Dulquer Salman Mithila Palkar Kriti Kharbanda Comedy RSVP Movies 10 Vishwaroopam II Kamal Haasan Kamal Haasan Rahul Bose Pooja Kumar Shekhar Kapur Jaideep Ahlawat Spy Thriller Ascar Films PVT . Limited , Raaj Kamal Films International 15 Gold Reema Kagti Akshay Kumar Kunal Kapoor Mouni Roy Amit Sadh Sports / Drama Excel Entertainment Satyameva Jayate Milap Zaveri John Abraham Manoj Bajpayee Aisha Sharma Taimoor Nadeem Action / Thriller T Series , Emmay Entertainment 24 Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi Mudassar Aziz Sonakshi Sinha Diana Penty Ali Fazal Jimmy Shergill Jassi Gill Comedy Eros International , Colour Yellow Productions Genius Anil Sharma Utkarsh Sharma Ishita Chauhan Nawazuddin Siddiqui Ayesha Jhulka Soham Rockstar Entertainment 31 Turning Point Sudhir Durlabh Tandel Sunny Pancholi Apoorva Arora Shahbaaz Khan Shekhar Shukla Action / Musical / Drama Pruthvi Film Industries Yamla Pagla Deewana : Phir Se Navaniat Singh Dharmendra Sunny Deol Bobby Deol Kriti Kharbanda Johnny Lever Comedy Pen India Limited Stree Amar Kaushik Rajkummar Rao Shraddha Kapoor Aparshakti Khurana Pankaj Tripathi Horror Comedy Maddock Films , D2R Films Andhadhun Sriram Raghavan Tabu Ayushman Khurana Radhika Apte Thriller Matchbox Pictures , Viacom 18 Motion Pictures Rajma Chawal Leena Yadav Rishi Kapoor Anirudh Tanwar Amyra Dastur Drama Saarthi Entertainment 7 Drive Tarun Mansukhani Sushant Singh Rajput Jacqueline Fernandez Vikramjeet Virk Sapna Pabbi Action / Drama / Comedy Dharma Productions Paltan J.P. Dutta Jackie Shroff Sonu Sood Arjun Rampal Gurmeet Choudhary Siddhanth Kapoor Harshvardhan Rane Luv Sinha Esha Gupta Monica Gill Sonal Chauhan Dipika Kakar Action / War Zee Studios , JP Films Laila Majnu Sajid Ali Mir Sarwar Avinash Tiwari Tripti Dimri Ruchika Kapoor Drama / Romance Pi Films , Balaji Motion Pictures Helicopter Eela Pradeep Sarkar Kajol Riddhi Sen Neha Dhupia Tota Roy Choudhury Drama Pen India Limited , Ajay Devgn FFilms 14 Arjun Patiala Rohit Jugraj Diljit Dosanjh Kriti Sanon Varun Sharma Comedy T - Series , Maddock Films Manmarziyaan Anurag Kashyap Abhishek Bachchan Vicky Kaushal Taapsee Pannu Romantic / Drama Eros International , Colour Yellow Productions , Phantom Films 21 5 Weddings Namrata Singh Gujral Rajkummar Rao Nargis Fakhri Bo Derek Candy Clark Anneliese van der Pol Suvinder Vicky Comedy , Romance , Drama Uniglobe Entertainment Batti Gul Meter Chalu Shree Narayan Singh Shahid Kapoor Shraddha Kapoor Yami Gautam Romance , Social Drama T - Series 28 Sui Dhaaga Sharat Katariya Varun Dhawan Anushka Sharma Romance Yash Raj Films Pataakha Vishal Bhardwaj Sanya Malhotra Sunil Grover Radhika Madan Drama VB Pictures October -- December 2018 ( edit ) Opening Title Director Cast Genre Production house Ref . O 5 Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas Sunny Deol Karan Deol Saher Bamba Romantic Vijayta Films Loveratri Abhiraj Minawala Aayush Sharma Warina Hussain Romantic Salman Khan Films 12 Jalebi Pushpdeep Bhardwaj Rhea Chakraborty Digangana Suryavanshi Varun Mitra Drama Vishesh Films 19 De De Pyaar De Akiv Ali Ajay Devgn Tabu Rakul Preet Singh Romantic comedy T - Series , Luv Films Namaste England Vipul Shah Arjun Kapoor Parineeti Chopra Romantic comedy Pen India Limited , Reliance Entertainment Badhaai Ho Amit Sharma Ayushman Khurrana Sanya Malhotra Romantic comedy Junglee Pictures Bhaiaji Superhit Neerraj Pathak Sunny Deol Preity Zinta Ameesha Patel Arshad Warsi Shreyas Talpade Evelyn Sharma Action / Comedy Metro Movies 26 Marudhar Express Vishal Mishra Kunaal Roy Kapur Tara Alisha Berry Drama Nastik Shailesh Varma Arjun Rampal Harshaali Malhotra Tinu Anand Meera Chopra Ravi Kishan Divya Dutta Drama Paras Software and Entertainment O V 7 Thugs of Hindostan Vijay Krishna Acharya Amitabh Bachchan Aamir Khan Katrina Kaif Fatima Sana Shaikh Period action / adventure Yash Raj Films Haathi Mere Saathi Prabhu Solomon Kalki Koechlin Rana Daggubati Zoya Hussain Pulkit Samrat Vishnu Vishal Rajiv Kachroo Eros International 29 2.0 S. Shankar Rajinikanth Akshay Kumar Amy Jackson Sci - Fi Lyca Productions 30 Kedarnath Abhishek Kapoor Sushant Singh Rajput Sara Ali Khan RSVP Movies , Guy in the Sky Pictures 7 Total Dhamaal Indra Kumar Madhuri Dixit Ajay Devgn Anil Kapoor Riteish Deshmukh Arshad Warsi Jaaved Jaaferi Aashish Chaudhary Niharica Raizada Comedy Fox Star Studios 14 Mangal Ho Pritish Chakraborty Pritish Chakraborty Aanushka Ramesh Sanjay Mishra Annu Kapoor Vrajesh Hirjee Mukesh Bhatt Swati Kumar Oksana Rasulova Shahnawaz Pradhan Aarif Sheikh Murli Sharma Sci - fi / comedy Ascent Entertainment , MK Media 21 Zero Aanand L. Rai Shah Rukh Khan Katrina Kaif Anushka Sharma Tigmanshu Dhulia Comedy / drama Red Chillies Entertainment , Colour Yellow Productions The Accidental Prime Minister Vijay Ratnakar Gutte Anupam Kher Akshaye Khanna Biopic Bohra Bos International 28 Simmba Rohit Shetty Ranveer Singh Sara Ali Khan Sonu Sood Action Comedy Dharma Productions , Reliance Entertainment See also ( edit ) List of Bollywood films of 2017 List of Bollywood films of 2019 Lists of Bollywood films Lists of films Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sanju worldwide gross : ₹ 586.52 crore ( US $85 million ) India : ₹ 438.72 crore ( US $64 million ) Overseas : US $ 21.39 million ( ₹ 147.80 crore ) Jump up ^ Padmaavat worldwide gross : ₹ 586.87 crore ( US $85 million ) India : ₹ 387.31 crore ( US $56 million ) Overseas : ₹ 198.56 crore ( US $29 million ) References ( edit ) This article includes inline citations , but they are not properly formatted . Please improve this article by correcting them . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ^ Jump up to : Hungama , Bollywood . `` Sanju Box Office Collection till Now - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/INR/7-31-2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office : Padmaavat grosses Rs. 400 cr . at the worldwide box office . India '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 63.665 INR per USD ) '' . OFX . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Race 3 Goes Past 303.57 Crore Worldwide '' . Box Office India . 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Baaghi 2 - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 12 May 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Raazi - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 17 March 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Raid - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 5 June 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Veere Di Wedding '' . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise breakup of no Kumar 's Pad Man - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 2018 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Dhadak - Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Vikram Bhatt 's 1921 Starring Zareen & Karan Kundra Gets A Release Date '' . 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1921 '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kaalakandi '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anurag Kashyap Directorial ' Mukkabaaz ' To Release On 12 January 2018 - BollywoodCat.com '' . 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mukkabaaz '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` My Birthday Song '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vodka Diaries '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` Medal Pet Nahi Bharta - Latest News , Videos , Photos - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Medal '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Nirdosh '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Union Leader '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Padmavati is Padmavat : Release date is Jan 25 , film to clash with Padman '' . indiatoday.intoday.in. 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Padmaavat '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ BookMyShow . `` Wo India Ka Shakespeare Movie ( 2018 ) - Reviews , Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ BookMyShow . `` The Window Movie ( 2018 ) - Reviews , Cast & Release Date in Mumbai - BookMyShow '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pad Man : Akshay Kumar shares a happy new poster , reveals release date '' . 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pad Man '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` downup - the - exit - 796 - 2 - Downup The Exit 796 First Look - Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ `` Downup The Exit 796 '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Love Per Square Foot - Netflix Official Site '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love Per Square Foot '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Aiyaary averts clash with PadMan , will now release on February 16 '' . 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aiyaary '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` Watch Theatrical Trailer ( Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz ) Now - Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ `` Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Jaane Kyun De Yaaron '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome To New York '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` '' I 'm excited to take up a genre like this '' -- says Anushka Sharma about her upcoming film Pari `` . Jump up ^ `` Pari 2018 '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Veerey Ki Wedding '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Billu Ustaad teaser '' . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting for Urvashi Rautela starrer Hate Story 4 wrapped up '' . 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hate Story 4 '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Dil Juunglee '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Storeys teaser : Farhan Akhtar 's next production venture uncovers stories hidden inside a chawl '' . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Storeys '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ BookMyShow . `` Note Pe Chot At 8 / 11 Movie ( 2018 ) - Reviews , Cast & Release Date in - BookMyShow '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raid '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` Upcoming Movies - Movie Release Dates - Hindi Movie Releases - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raja Abroadiya '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Thugs of Hindostan , Tiger Zinda Hai , Hichki release dates announced by YRF : Here 's when they come to theatres '' . Jump up ^ `` Hichki '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` Pareshaan Parinda - Latest News , Videos , Photos - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pareshaan Parinda '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Maniesh Paul : Do n't think I 've been slotted in comic genre '' . 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baa Baaa Black Sheep '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ TSeries . `` Here 's the official teaser of # ShaadiTeriBajayengeHumBand '' . Jump up ^ `` Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Baaghi 2 '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Shroff ( @ i ) - Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Past Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ BookMyShow . `` Falooda Movie ( 2018 ) - Reviews , Cast & Release Date in Mumbai - BookMyShow '' . BookMyShow . Jump up ^ Checkout Details High Jack Movie http://www.bollywoodfare.com/2018/03/high-jack-movie-2018-release-date-cast.html Jump up ^ `` Khajoor Pe Atke movie review : Manoj Pahwa , Vinay Pathak 's film lacks steam '' . Hindustan Times . Jump up ^ `` Parmanu The Story of Pokhran movie review : The climax of John Abraham 's film keeps you hooked '' . Hindustan Times . Jump up ^ `` One Night Out release date Announced '' . Jump up ^ `` Bioscopewala Movie Review : Danny Denzongpa 's Performance Is First - Rate In This Well - Crafted Sparkling Little Gem '' . NDTV . Jump up ^ `` Sonam Kapoor announces ' Veere Di Wedding ' release date with new film poster - Bollywood films to look forward in 2018 The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood Raises Eyebrows With ' Sex And The City ' - Style Rom - Com '' . NPR . Jump up ^ `` ' Bhavesh Joshi Superhero ' : The release date of the film postponed to June 1 - Desi superheroes of Bollywood The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Phamous trailer : Jackie Shroff , Kay Kay Menon , Pankaj Tripathi let out their wild sides as Chambal thugs - Entertainment News , Firstpost '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Kaala time at last ! '' . deccanchronicle.com/. 2018 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan 's Race 3 is a hit even before its release . Here 's why '' . India Today . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sanju ' trailer : Ranbir Kapoor takes you on an emotional rollercoaster as he brings Sanjay Dutt 's life on celluloid - Times of India ► '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' Soorma ' review : Diljit hits a goal in film on hockey star '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Times of India '' . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ When Obama Loved Osama Movie : Showtimes , Review , Trailer , Posters , News & Videos eTimes , retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aishwarya Rai says NO to intimate scenes with Rajkummar Rao in Fanney Khan after Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ? '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fanne Khan And Karwan To Clash At The Box Office '' . deccanchronicle.com/. 2018 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan 's Vishwaroopam 2 gets a release date '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Akshay Kumar shares his first look from Reema Kagti 's ' Gold ' and it is intriguing ! - See pic '' . Zee News . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Check out Akshay Kumar 's ' Gold ' look for Reema Kagti 's next '' . DNA India . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Abraham begins shooting for Milap Zaveri 's action film SMJ '' . 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi '' . Hindustan Times . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Pruthvi Film Industries '' . www.pruthvifilm.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Tandel , Sudhir Durlabh , Turning Point , retrieved 2018 - 06 - 26 Jump up ^ `` Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se Gets A New Release Date . Details Here '' . NDTV . Jump up ^ `` Stree Teaser : Shraddha Kapoor And Rajkummar Rao , We Ca n't Wait For The Trailer After This '' . NDTV . Jump up ^ `` Andhadhun - 2018 '' . Book My Show . Jump up ^ `` Rishi Kapoor 's Rajma Chawal set to hit the screens on August 31 '' . Hindustan Times . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hindi Medium 2 , Arjun Patiala : Bhushan Kumar , Dinesh Vijan sign multiple film deal '' . 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Weddings trailer : This Nargis Fakhri and Rajkummar Rao starrer looks quite dated '' . The Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Batti Gul Meter Chalu : Even before the release of ' Padmavati ' , Shahid Kapoor announces his next film - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Varun Dhawan and Anushka Sharma announce their first film Sui Dhaaga amid riddles . Can you solve them ? '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Vishal Bhardwaj 's Chhuriyaan with Sanya Malhotra renamed Pataakha ; will release on September28 '' . Bollywood Hungama. 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sunny Deol chooses Saher Bamba as the female lead for son Karan Deol 's debut movie '' . www.pinkvilla.com . Jump up ^ `` Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas '' . Box Office India . 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Loveratri '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Loveratri Movie 2018 : Plot , Cast & Crew , News , Videos & More - FE '' . Filmyearth. 2018 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ajay Devgn 's untitled romcom to hit the screens on Dussehra 2018 '' . www.pinkvilla.com . Jump up ^ Rava , Jurmoloya ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Namastey Canada to release next year - Eastern Eye '' . Jump up ^ `` Namaste England '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` बधाई हो : इस डेट पर रिलीज़ होगी आमिर खान की ' बेटी ' की फिल्म '' . Jagaran. 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thugs of Hindostan '' . BookMyShow . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh on Twitter '' . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Kedarnath '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Total Dhamaal '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mangal Ho Cast List '' . Bollywood Hungama . Jump up ^ Red Chillies Entertainment ( 1 January 2018 ) . `` Zero - Title Announcement - Shah Rukh Khan - Aanand L Rai - Anushka Sharma - Katrina Kaif - 21 Dec18 '' . Retrieved 17 January 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Zero '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Accidental Prime Minister : Anupam Kher reveals his first look as Manmohan Singh '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Accidental Prime Minister '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simmba '' . BookMyShow. 6 March 2018 . Film portal Lists portal 2018 films American Argentine Australian Bangladeshi Brazilian British Canadian Chinese Hong Kong French Indian Assamese Bengali Bollywood Gujarati Kannada Malayalam Marathi Nigerian Punjabi Tamil Telugu Tulu Japanese Maldivian Pakistani Philippine Russian South Korean Indian films by year and decade Highest - grossing Indian films Bhojpuri Bollywood Gujarati Kannada Malayalam Marathi Punjabi Tamil ( Kollywood ) Telugu ( Tollywood ) Bengali 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Bollywood ( Hindi ) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Gujarati 2015 2016 2017 2018 Kannada 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Malayalam 1928 -- 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Marathi 1910s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Odia 1936 1949 1950 1951 1953 1954 1956 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Tamil 1930s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Telugu 1930s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other Assamese Punjabi Related Silent films of South India Lists of films by language Afrikaans Assamese Bengali Bodo Chinese Dutch Esperanto French German Hindi Japanese Kannada Korean Tulu Malayalam Mandarin Marathi Odia Polish Portuguese Punjabi Rajasthani Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu Films by country Africa Central Angola Central African Republic Chad Congo ( Democratic Republic ) Zaire Congo ( Republic ) Gabon Eastern Burundi Cameroon Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Somalia Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara Southern Botswana South Africa Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Côte d'Ivoire Guinea Guinea - Bissau Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Togo Asia Central Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern China Hong Kong Macau Japan Korea North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan Southern Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Assamese Bengali Bhojpuri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Odia Punjabi Tamil Telugu Nepal Pakistan Urdu Punjabi Pashto Sindhi Sri Lanka Sinhala Tamil Southeastern Burma Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey U.A.E. 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bollywood movies in the month of july 2018
[ "\n\n\nOpening\n\nTitle\n\nDirector\n\nCast\n\nGenre\nProduction house\nRef.\n\n\nJUL\n\n13\n\nSoorma\nShaad Ali\nDiljit DosanjhTaapsee PannuAngad Bedi\nBiopic\nSony Pictures\n[87]\n\n\nEkta\nSuman Reddy\nNavneet Kaur DhillonRobin SohiAvneet KaurSalil AnkolaPranati Rai PrakashRushad Rana\nHorror/Thriller\nBS Production House\n[88]\n\n\n20\n\nWhen Obama Loved Osama\nSudhish Kumar Sharma\nMousam SharmaSwati BakshiRahul AvanaMohit BaghelHeena PanchalHemant PandeyVikas Giri\nComedy\nShape Entertainment\n[89]\n\n\nDhadak\nShashank Khaitan\nIshaan KhatterJhanvi Kapoor\nDrama\nDharma Productions\n[90]\n\n\n27\n\nSaheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3\nTigmanshu Dhulia\nSanjay DuttJimmy SheirgillMahi GillChitrangada Singh\nDrama\nWave Cinemas\n[91]\n\n\nNawabzaade\nJayesh Pradhan\nRaghav JuyalPunit PathakDharmesh YelandeIsha Rikhi\nRomantic Comedy\nRemo D'Souza Entertainment\n[92]\n\n\nAUG\n\n3\n\nFanney Khan\nAtul Manjrekar\nAnil KapoorAishwarya Rai BachchanRajkummar RaoKaran Singh ChhabraDivya Dutta\nMusical comedy\nT-Series, ROMP, AA Films\n[93]\n\n\nMulk\nAnubhav Sinha\nRishi KapoorPrateik BabbarRajat KapoorTaapsee PannuAshutosh RanaManoj PahwaNeena Gupta\nDrama\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[94]\n\n\nKarwaan\nAkarsh Khurana\nIrrfan KhanDulquer SalmanMithila PalkarKriti Kharbanda\nComedy\nRSVP Movies\n[95]\n\n\n10\n\nVishwaroopam II\nKamal Haasan\nKamal HaasanRahul BosePooja KumarShekhar KapurJaideep Ahlawat\nSpy Thriller\nAscar Films PVT. Limited, Raaj Kamal Films International\n[96]\n\n\n15\n\nGold\nReema Kagti\nAkshay KumarKunal KapoorMouni RoyAmit Sadh\nSports/Drama\nExcel Entertainment\n[97][98]\n\n\nSatyameva Jayate\nMilap Zaveri\nJohn AbrahamManoj BajpayeeAisha SharmaTaimoor Nadeem\nAction/Thriller\nT Series, Emmay Entertainment\n[99]\n\n\n24\n\nHappy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\nMudassar Aziz\nSonakshi SinhaDiana PentyAli FazalJimmy ShergillJassi Gill\nComedy\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions\n[100]\n\n\nGenius\nAnil Sharma\nUtkarsh SharmaIshita ChauhanNawazuddin SiddiquiAyesha Jhulka\n\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[101]\n\n\n31\n\nTurning Point\n\nSudhir Durlabh Tandel\n\nSunny PancholiApoorva AroraShahbaaz KhanShekhar Shukla\n\nAction/Musical/Drama\n\nPruthvi Film Industries\n\n[102][103]\n\n\nYamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se\nNavaniat Singh\nDharmendraSunny DeolBobby DeolKriti KharbandaJohnny Lever\nComedy\nPen India Limited\n[104]\n\n\nStree\nAmar Kaushik\nRajkummar RaoShraddha KapoorAparshakti KhuranaPankaj Tripathi\nHorror Comedy\nMaddock Films, D2R Films\n[105]\n\n\nAndhadhun\nSriram Raghavan\nTabuAyushman KhuranaRadhika Apte\nThriller\nMatchbox Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures\n[106]\n\n\nRajma Chawal\nLeena Yadav\nRishi KapoorAnirudh TanwarAmyra Dastur\nDrama\nSaarthi Entertainment\n[107]\n\n\nSEP\n\n7\n\nDrive\nTarun Mansukhani\nSushant Singh RajputJacqueline FernandezVikramjeet VirkSapna Pabbi\nAction/Drama/Comedy\nDharma Productions\n[108]\n\n\nPaltan\nJ. P. Dutta\nJackie ShroffSonu SoodArjun RampalGurmeet ChoudharySiddhanth KapoorHarshvardhan RaneLuv SinhaEsha GuptaMonica GillSonal ChauhanDipika Kakar\nAction/War\nZee Studios, J P Films\n\n[109]\n\n\n\nLaila Majnu\nSajid Ali\nMir SarwarAvinash TiwariTripti DimriRuchika Kapoor\nDrama/Romance\nPi Films, Balaji Motion Pictures\n[110]\n\n\nHelicopter Eela\nPradeep Sarkar\nKajolRiddhi SenNeha DhupiaTota Roy Choudhury\nDrama\nPen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms\n[111]\n\n\n14\n\nArjun Patiala\nRohit Jugraj\nDiljit DosanjhKriti SanonVarun Sharma\nComedy\nT-Series, Maddock Films\n[112]\n\n\nManmarziyaan\n\nAnurag Kashyap\nAbhishek BachchanVicky KaushalTaapsee Pannu\nRomantic/ Drama\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions,Phantom Films\n[113]\n\n\n21\n\n5 Weddings\nNamrata Singh Gujral\nRajkummar RaoNargis FakhriBo DerekCandy ClarkAnneliese van der PolSuvinder Vicky\nComedy, Romance, Drama\nUniglobe Entertainment\n[114]\n\n\nBatti Gul Meter Chalu\nShree Narayan Singh\nShahid KapoorShraddha KapoorYami Gautam\nRomance, Social Drama\nT-Series\n[115]\n\n\n28\n\nSui Dhaaga\nSharat Katariya\nVarun DhawanAnushka Sharma\nRomance\nYash Raj Films\n[116]\n\n\nPataakha\nVishal Bhardwaj\nSanya MalhotraSunil GroverRadhika Madan\nDrama\nVB Pictures\n[117]\n", "\n\n\nOpening\n\nTitle\n\nDirector\n\nCast\n\nGenre\nProduction house\nRef.\n\n\nJUL\n\n13\n\nSoorma\nShaad Ali\nDiljit DosanjhTaapsee PannuAngad Bedi\nBiopic\nSony Pictures\n[87]\n\n\nEkta\nSuman Reddy\nNavneet Kaur DhillonRobin SohiAvneet KaurSalil AnkolaPranati Rai PrakashRushad Rana\nHorror/Thriller\nBS Production House\n[88]\n\n\n20\n\nWhen Obama Loved Osama\nSudhish Kumar Sharma\nMousam SharmaSwati BakshiRahul AvanaMohit BaghelHeena PanchalHemant PandeyVikas Giri\nComedy\nShape Entertainment\n[89]\n\n\nDhadak\nShashank Khaitan\nIshaan KhatterJhanvi Kapoor\nDrama\nDharma Productions\n[90]\n\n\n27\n\nSaheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3\nTigmanshu Dhulia\nSanjay DuttJimmy SheirgillMahi GillChitrangada Singh\nDrama\nWave Cinemas\n[91]\n\n\nNawabzaade\nJayesh Pradhan\nRaghav JuyalPunit PathakDharmesh YelandeIsha Rikhi\nRomantic Comedy\nRemo D'Souza Entertainment\n[92]\n\n\nAUG\n\n3\n\nFanney Khan\nAtul Manjrekar\nAnil KapoorAishwarya Rai BachchanRajkummar RaoKaran Singh ChhabraDivya Dutta\nMusical comedy\nT-Series, ROMP, AA Films\n[93]\n\n\nMulk\nAnubhav Sinha\nRishi KapoorPrateik BabbarRajat KapoorTaapsee PannuAshutosh RanaManoj PahwaNeena Gupta\nDrama\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[94]\n\n\nKarwaan\nAkarsh Khurana\nIrrfan KhanDulquer SalmanMithila PalkarKriti Kharbanda\nComedy\nRSVP Movies\n[95]\n\n\n10\n\nVishwaroopam II\nKamal Haasan\nKamal HaasanRahul BosePooja KumarShekhar KapurJaideep Ahlawat\nSpy Thriller\nAscar Films PVT. Limited, Raaj Kamal Films International\n[96]\n\n\n15\n\nGold\nReema Kagti\nAkshay KumarKunal KapoorMouni RoyAmit Sadh\nSports/Drama\nExcel Entertainment\n[97][98]\n\n\nSatyameva Jayate\nMilap Zaveri\nJohn AbrahamManoj BajpayeeAisha SharmaTaimoor Nadeem\nAction/Thriller\nT Series, Emmay Entertainment\n[99]\n\n\n24\n\nHappy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\nMudassar Aziz\nSonakshi SinhaDiana PentyAli FazalJimmy ShergillJassi Gill\nComedy\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions\n[100]\n\n\nGenius\nAnil Sharma\nUtkarsh SharmaIshita ChauhanNawazuddin SiddiquiAyesha Jhulka\n\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[101]\n\n\n31\n\nTurning Point\n\nSudhir Durlabh Tandel\n\nSunny PancholiApoorva AroraShahbaaz KhanShekhar Shukla\n\nAction/Musical/Drama\n\nPruthvi Film Industries\n\n[102][103]\n\n\nYamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se\nNavaniat Singh\nDharmendraSunny DeolBobby DeolKriti KharbandaJohnny Lever\nComedy\nPen India Limited\n[104]\n\n\nStree\nAmar Kaushik\nRajkummar RaoShraddha KapoorAparshakti KhuranaPankaj Tripathi\nHorror Comedy\nMaddock Films, D2R Films\n[105]\n\n\nAndhadhun\nSriram Raghavan\nTabuAyushman KhuranaRadhika Apte\nThriller\nMatchbox Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures\n[106]\n\n\nRajma Chawal\nLeena Yadav\nRishi KapoorAnirudh TanwarAmyra Dastur\nDrama\nSaarthi Entertainment\n[107]\n\n\nSEP\n\n7\n\nDrive\nTarun Mansukhani\nSushant Singh RajputJacqueline FernandezVikramjeet VirkSapna Pabbi\nAction/Drama/Comedy\nDharma Productions\n[108]\n\n\nPaltan\nJ. P. Dutta\nJackie ShroffSonu SoodArjun RampalGurmeet ChoudharySiddhanth KapoorHarshvardhan RaneLuv SinhaEsha GuptaMonica GillSonal ChauhanDipika Kakar\nAction/War\nZee Studios, J P Films\n\n[109]\n\n\n\nLaila Majnu\nSajid Ali\nMir SarwarAvinash TiwariTripti DimriRuchika Kapoor\nDrama/Romance\nPi Films, Balaji Motion Pictures\n[110]\n\n\nHelicopter Eela\nPradeep Sarkar\nKajolRiddhi SenNeha DhupiaTota Roy Choudhury\nDrama\nPen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms\n[111]\n\n\n14\n\nArjun Patiala\nRohit Jugraj\nDiljit DosanjhKriti SanonVarun Sharma\nComedy\nT-Series, Maddock Films\n[112]\n\n\nManmarziyaan\n\nAnurag Kashyap\nAbhishek BachchanVicky KaushalTaapsee Pannu\nRomantic/ Drama\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions,Phantom Films\n[113]\n\n\n21\n\n5 Weddings\nNamrata Singh Gujral\nRajkummar RaoNargis FakhriBo DerekCandy ClarkAnneliese van der PolSuvinder Vicky\nComedy, Romance, Drama\nUniglobe Entertainment\n[114]\n\n\nBatti Gul Meter Chalu\nShree Narayan Singh\nShahid KapoorShraddha KapoorYami Gautam\nRomance, Social Drama\nT-Series\n[115]\n\n\n28\n\nSui Dhaaga\nSharat Katariya\nVarun DhawanAnushka Sharma\nRomance\nYash Raj Films\n[116]\n\n\nPataakha\nVishal Bhardwaj\nSanya MalhotraSunil GroverRadhika Madan\nDrama\nVB Pictures\n[117]\n", "\n\n\nOpening\n\nTitle\n\nDirector\n\nCast\n\nGenre\nProduction house\nRef.\n\n\nJUL\n\n13\n\nSoorma\nShaad Ali\nDiljit DosanjhTaapsee PannuAngad Bedi\nBiopic\nSony Pictures\n[87]\n\n\nEkta\nSuman Reddy\nNavneet Kaur DhillonRobin SohiAvneet KaurSalil AnkolaPranati Rai PrakashRushad Rana\nHorror/Thriller\nBS Production House\n[88]\n\n\n20\n\nWhen Obama Loved Osama\nSudhish Kumar Sharma\nMousam SharmaSwati BakshiRahul AvanaMohit BaghelHeena PanchalHemant PandeyVikas Giri\nComedy\nShape Entertainment\n[89]\n\n\nDhadak\nShashank Khaitan\nIshaan KhatterJhanvi Kapoor\nDrama\nDharma Productions\n[90]\n\n\n27\n\nSaheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3\nTigmanshu Dhulia\nSanjay DuttJimmy SheirgillMahi GillChitrangada Singh\nDrama\nWave Cinemas\n[91]\n\n\nNawabzaade\nJayesh Pradhan\nRaghav JuyalPunit PathakDharmesh YelandeIsha Rikhi\nRomantic Comedy\nRemo D'Souza Entertainment\n[92]\n\n\nAUG\n\n3\n\nFanney Khan\nAtul Manjrekar\nAnil KapoorAishwarya Rai BachchanRajkummar RaoKaran Singh ChhabraDivya Dutta\nMusical comedy\nT-Series, ROMP, AA Films\n[93]\n\n\nMulk\nAnubhav Sinha\nRishi KapoorPrateik BabbarRajat KapoorTaapsee PannuAshutosh RanaManoj PahwaNeena Gupta\nDrama\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[94]\n\n\nKarwaan\nAkarsh Khurana\nIrrfan KhanDulquer SalmanMithila PalkarKriti Kharbanda\nComedy\nRSVP Movies\n[95]\n\n\n10\n\nVishwaroopam II\nKamal Haasan\nKamal HaasanRahul BosePooja KumarShekhar KapurJaideep Ahlawat\nSpy Thriller\nAscar Films PVT. Limited, Raaj Kamal Films International\n[96]\n\n\n15\n\nGold\nReema Kagti\nAkshay KumarKunal KapoorMouni RoyAmit Sadh\nSports/Drama\nExcel Entertainment\n[97][98]\n\n\nSatyameva Jayate\nMilap Zaveri\nJohn AbrahamManoj BajpayeeAisha SharmaTaimoor Nadeem\nAction/Thriller\nT Series, Emmay Entertainment\n[99]\n\n\n24\n\nHappy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\nMudassar Aziz\nSonakshi SinhaDiana PentyAli FazalJimmy ShergillJassi Gill\nComedy\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions\n[100]\n\n\nGenius\nAnil Sharma\nUtkarsh SharmaIshita ChauhanNawazuddin SiddiquiAyesha Jhulka\n\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[101]\n\n\n31\n\nTurning Point\n\nSudhir Durlabh Tandel\n\nSunny PancholiApoorva AroraShahbaaz KhanShekhar Shukla\n\nAction/Musical/Drama\n\nPruthvi Film Industries\n\n[102][103]\n\n\nYamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se\nNavaniat Singh\nDharmendraSunny DeolBobby DeolKriti KharbandaJohnny Lever\nComedy\nPen India Limited\n[104]\n\n\nStree\nAmar Kaushik\nRajkummar RaoShraddha KapoorAparshakti KhuranaPankaj Tripathi\nHorror Comedy\nMaddock Films, D2R Films\n[105]\n\n\nAndhadhun\nSriram Raghavan\nTabuAyushman KhuranaRadhika Apte\nThriller\nMatchbox Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures\n[106]\n\n\nRajma Chawal\nLeena Yadav\nRishi KapoorAnirudh TanwarAmyra Dastur\nDrama\nSaarthi Entertainment\n[107]\n\n\nSEP\n\n7\n\nDrive\nTarun Mansukhani\nSushant Singh RajputJacqueline FernandezVikramjeet VirkSapna Pabbi\nAction/Drama/Comedy\nDharma Productions\n[108]\n\n\nPaltan\nJ. P. Dutta\nJackie ShroffSonu SoodArjun RampalGurmeet ChoudharySiddhanth KapoorHarshvardhan RaneLuv SinhaEsha GuptaMonica GillSonal ChauhanDipika Kakar\nAction/War\nZee Studios, J P Films\n\n[109]\n\n\n\nLaila Majnu\nSajid Ali\nMir SarwarAvinash TiwariTripti DimriRuchika Kapoor\nDrama/Romance\nPi Films, Balaji Motion Pictures\n[110]\n\n\nHelicopter Eela\nPradeep Sarkar\nKajolRiddhi SenNeha DhupiaTota Roy Choudhury\nDrama\nPen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms\n[111]\n\n\n14\n\nArjun Patiala\nRohit Jugraj\nDiljit DosanjhKriti SanonVarun Sharma\nComedy\nT-Series, Maddock Films\n[112]\n\n\nManmarziyaan\n\nAnurag Kashyap\nAbhishek BachchanVicky KaushalTaapsee Pannu\nRomantic/ Drama\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions,Phantom Films\n[113]\n\n\n21\n\n5 Weddings\nNamrata Singh Gujral\nRajkummar RaoNargis FakhriBo DerekCandy ClarkAnneliese van der PolSuvinder Vicky\nComedy, Romance, Drama\nUniglobe Entertainment\n[114]\n\n\nBatti Gul Meter Chalu\nShree Narayan Singh\nShahid KapoorShraddha KapoorYami Gautam\nRomance, Social Drama\nT-Series\n[115]\n\n\n28\n\nSui Dhaaga\nSharat Katariya\nVarun DhawanAnushka Sharma\nRomance\nYash Raj Films\n[116]\n\n\nPataakha\nVishal Bhardwaj\nSanya MalhotraSunil GroverRadhika Madan\nDrama\nVB Pictures\n[117]\n", "\n\n\nOpening\n\nTitle\n\nDirector\n\nCast\n\nGenre\nProduction house\nRef.\n\n\nJUL\n\n13\n\nSoorma\nShaad Ali\nDiljit DosanjhTaapsee PannuAngad Bedi\nBiopic\nSony Pictures\n[87]\n\n\nEkta\nSuman Reddy\nNavneet Kaur DhillonRobin SohiAvneet KaurSalil AnkolaPranati Rai PrakashRushad Rana\nHorror/Thriller\nBS Production House\n[88]\n\n\n20\n\nWhen Obama Loved Osama\nSudhish Kumar Sharma\nMousam SharmaSwati BakshiRahul AvanaMohit BaghelHeena PanchalHemant PandeyVikas Giri\nComedy\nShape Entertainment\n[89]\n\n\nDhadak\nShashank Khaitan\nIshaan KhatterJhanvi Kapoor\nDrama\nDharma Productions\n[90]\n\n\n27\n\nSaheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3\nTigmanshu Dhulia\nSanjay DuttJimmy SheirgillMahi GillChitrangada Singh\nDrama\nWave Cinemas\n[91]\n\n\nNawabzaade\nJayesh Pradhan\nRaghav JuyalPunit PathakDharmesh YelandeIsha Rikhi\nRomantic Comedy\nRemo D'Souza Entertainment\n[92]\n\n\nAUG\n\n3\n\nFanney Khan\nAtul Manjrekar\nAnil KapoorAishwarya Rai BachchanRajkummar RaoKaran Singh ChhabraDivya Dutta\nMusical comedy\nT-Series, ROMP, AA Films\n[93]\n\n\nMulk\nAnubhav Sinha\nRishi KapoorPrateik BabbarRajat KapoorTaapsee PannuAshutosh RanaManoj PahwaNeena Gupta\nDrama\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[94]\n\n\nKarwaan\nAkarsh Khurana\nIrrfan KhanDulquer SalmanMithila PalkarKriti Kharbanda\nComedy\nRSVP Movies\n[95]\n\n\n10\n\nVishwaroopam II\nKamal Haasan\nKamal HaasanRahul BosePooja KumarShekhar KapurJaideep Ahlawat\nSpy Thriller\nAscar Films PVT. Limited, Raaj Kamal Films International\n[96]\n\n\n15\n\nGold\nReema Kagti\nAkshay KumarKunal KapoorMouni RoyAmit Sadh\nSports/Drama\nExcel Entertainment\n[97][98]\n\n\nSatyameva Jayate\nMilap Zaveri\nJohn AbrahamManoj BajpayeeAisha SharmaTaimoor Nadeem\nAction/Thriller\nT Series, Emmay Entertainment\n[99]\n\n\n24\n\nHappy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\nMudassar Aziz\nSonakshi SinhaDiana PentyAli FazalJimmy ShergillJassi Gill\nComedy\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions\n[100]\n\n\nGenius\nAnil Sharma\nUtkarsh SharmaIshita ChauhanNawazuddin SiddiquiAyesha Jhulka\n\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[101]\n\n\n31\n\nTurning Point\n\nSudhir Durlabh Tandel\n\nSunny PancholiApoorva AroraShahbaaz KhanShekhar Shukla\n\nAction/Musical/Drama\n\nPruthvi Film Industries\n\n[102][103]\n\n\nYamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se\nNavaniat Singh\nDharmendraSunny DeolBobby DeolKriti KharbandaJohnny Lever\nComedy\nPen India Limited\n[104]\n\n\nStree\nAmar Kaushik\nRajkummar RaoShraddha KapoorAparshakti KhuranaPankaj Tripathi\nHorror Comedy\nMaddock Films, D2R Films\n[105]\n\n\nAndhadhun\nSriram Raghavan\nTabuAyushman KhuranaRadhika Apte\nThriller\nMatchbox Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures\n[106]\n\n\nRajma Chawal\nLeena Yadav\nRishi KapoorAnirudh TanwarAmyra Dastur\nDrama\nSaarthi Entertainment\n[107]\n\n\nSEP\n\n7\n\nDrive\nTarun Mansukhani\nSushant Singh RajputJacqueline FernandezVikramjeet VirkSapna Pabbi\nAction/Drama/Comedy\nDharma Productions\n[108]\n\n\nPaltan\nJ. P. Dutta\nJackie ShroffSonu SoodArjun RampalGurmeet ChoudharySiddhanth KapoorHarshvardhan RaneLuv SinhaEsha GuptaMonica GillSonal ChauhanDipika Kakar\nAction/War\nZee Studios, J P Films\n\n[109]\n\n\n\nLaila Majnu\nSajid Ali\nMir SarwarAvinash TiwariTripti DimriRuchika Kapoor\nDrama/Romance\nPi Films, Balaji Motion Pictures\n[110]\n\n\nHelicopter Eela\nPradeep Sarkar\nKajolRiddhi SenNeha DhupiaTota Roy Choudhury\nDrama\nPen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms\n[111]\n\n\n14\n\nArjun Patiala\nRohit Jugraj\nDiljit DosanjhKriti SanonVarun Sharma\nComedy\nT-Series, Maddock Films\n[112]\n\n\nManmarziyaan\n\nAnurag Kashyap\nAbhishek BachchanVicky KaushalTaapsee Pannu\nRomantic/ Drama\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions,Phantom Films\n[113]\n\n\n21\n\n5 Weddings\nNamrata Singh Gujral\nRajkummar RaoNargis FakhriBo DerekCandy ClarkAnneliese van der PolSuvinder Vicky\nComedy, Romance, Drama\nUniglobe Entertainment\n[114]\n\n\nBatti Gul Meter Chalu\nShree Narayan Singh\nShahid KapoorShraddha KapoorYami Gautam\nRomance, Social Drama\nT-Series\n[115]\n\n\n28\n\nSui Dhaaga\nSharat Katariya\nVarun DhawanAnushka Sharma\nRomance\nYash Raj Films\n[116]\n\n\nPataakha\nVishal Bhardwaj\nSanya MalhotraSunil GroverRadhika Madan\nDrama\nVB Pictures\n[117]\n", "\n\n\nOpening\n\nTitle\n\nDirector\n\nCast\n\nGenre\nProduction house\nRef.\n\n\nJUL\n\n13\n\nSoorma\nShaad Ali\nDiljit DosanjhTaapsee PannuAngad Bedi\nBiopic\nSony Pictures\n[87]\n\n\nEkta\nSuman Reddy\nNavneet Kaur DhillonRobin SohiAvneet KaurSalil AnkolaPranati Rai PrakashRushad Rana\nHorror/Thriller\nBS Production House\n[88]\n\n\n20\n\nWhen Obama Loved Osama\nSudhish Kumar Sharma\nMousam SharmaSwati BakshiRahul AvanaMohit BaghelHeena PanchalHemant PandeyVikas Giri\nComedy\nShape Entertainment\n[89]\n\n\nDhadak\nShashank Khaitan\nIshaan KhatterJhanvi Kapoor\nDrama\nDharma Productions\n[90]\n\n\n27\n\nSaheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3\nTigmanshu Dhulia\nSanjay DuttJimmy SheirgillMahi GillChitrangada Singh\nDrama\nWave Cinemas\n[91]\n\n\nNawabzaade\nJayesh Pradhan\nRaghav JuyalPunit PathakDharmesh YelandeIsha Rikhi\nRomantic Comedy\nRemo D'Souza Entertainment\n[92]\n\n\nAUG\n\n3\n\nFanney Khan\nAtul Manjrekar\nAnil KapoorAishwarya Rai BachchanRajkummar RaoKaran Singh ChhabraDivya Dutta\nMusical comedy\nT-Series, ROMP, AA Films\n[93]\n\n\nMulk\nAnubhav Sinha\nRishi KapoorPrateik BabbarRajat KapoorTaapsee PannuAshutosh RanaManoj PahwaNeena Gupta\nDrama\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[94]\n\n\nKarwaan\nAkarsh Khurana\nIrrfan KhanDulquer SalmanMithila PalkarKriti Kharbanda\nComedy\nRSVP Movies\n[95]\n\n\n10\n\nVishwaroopam II\nKamal Haasan\nKamal HaasanRahul BosePooja KumarShekhar KapurJaideep Ahlawat\nSpy Thriller\nAscar Films PVT. Limited, Raaj Kamal Films International\n[96]\n\n\n15\n\nGold\nReema Kagti\nAkshay KumarKunal KapoorMouni RoyAmit Sadh\nSports/Drama\nExcel Entertainment\n[97][98]\n\n\nSatyameva Jayate\nMilap Zaveri\nJohn AbrahamManoj BajpayeeAisha SharmaTaimoor Nadeem\nAction/Thriller\nT Series, Emmay Entertainment\n[99]\n\n\n24\n\nHappy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\nMudassar Aziz\nSonakshi SinhaDiana PentyAli FazalJimmy ShergillJassi Gill\nComedy\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions\n[100]\n\n\nGenius\nAnil Sharma\nUtkarsh SharmaIshita ChauhanNawazuddin SiddiquiAyesha Jhulka\n\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[101]\n\n\n31\n\nTurning Point\n\nSudhir Durlabh Tandel\n\nSunny PancholiApoorva AroraShahbaaz KhanShekhar Shukla\n\nAction/Musical/Drama\n\nPruthvi Film Industries\n\n[102][103]\n\n\nYamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se\nNavaniat Singh\nDharmendraSunny DeolBobby DeolKriti KharbandaJohnny Lever\nComedy\nPen India Limited\n[104]\n\n\nStree\nAmar Kaushik\nRajkummar RaoShraddha KapoorAparshakti KhuranaPankaj Tripathi\nHorror Comedy\nMaddock Films, D2R Films\n[105]\n\n\nAndhadhun\nSriram Raghavan\nTabuAyushman KhuranaRadhika Apte\nThriller\nMatchbox Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures\n[106]\n\n\nRajma Chawal\nLeena Yadav\nRishi KapoorAnirudh TanwarAmyra Dastur\nDrama\nSaarthi Entertainment\n[107]\n\n\nSEP\n\n7\n\nDrive\nTarun Mansukhani\nSushant Singh RajputJacqueline FernandezVikramjeet VirkSapna Pabbi\nAction/Drama/Comedy\nDharma Productions\n[108]\n\n\nPaltan\nJ. P. Dutta\nJackie ShroffSonu SoodArjun RampalGurmeet ChoudharySiddhanth KapoorHarshvardhan RaneLuv SinhaEsha GuptaMonica GillSonal ChauhanDipika Kakar\nAction/War\nZee Studios, J P Films\n\n[109]\n\n\n\nLaila Majnu\nSajid Ali\nMir SarwarAvinash TiwariTripti DimriRuchika Kapoor\nDrama/Romance\nPi Films, Balaji Motion Pictures\n[110]\n\n\nHelicopter Eela\nPradeep Sarkar\nKajolRiddhi SenNeha DhupiaTota Roy Choudhury\nDrama\nPen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms\n[111]\n\n\n14\n\nArjun Patiala\nRohit Jugraj\nDiljit DosanjhKriti SanonVarun Sharma\nComedy\nT-Series, Maddock Films\n[112]\n\n\nManmarziyaan\n\nAnurag Kashyap\nAbhishek BachchanVicky KaushalTaapsee Pannu\nRomantic/ Drama\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions,Phantom Films\n[113]\n\n\n21\n\n5 Weddings\nNamrata Singh Gujral\nRajkummar RaoNargis FakhriBo DerekCandy ClarkAnneliese van der PolSuvinder Vicky\nComedy, Romance, Drama\nUniglobe Entertainment\n[114]\n\n\nBatti Gul Meter Chalu\nShree Narayan Singh\nShahid KapoorShraddha KapoorYami Gautam\nRomance, Social Drama\nT-Series\n[115]\n\n\n28\n\nSui Dhaaga\nSharat Katariya\nVarun DhawanAnushka Sharma\nRomance\nYash Raj Films\n[116]\n\n\nPataakha\nVishal Bhardwaj\nSanya MalhotraSunil GroverRadhika Madan\nDrama\nVB Pictures\n[117]\n", "\n\n\nOpening\n\nTitle\n\nDirector\n\nCast\n\nGenre\nProduction house\nRef.\n\n\nJUL\n\n13\n\nSoorma\nShaad Ali\nDiljit DosanjhTaapsee PannuAngad Bedi\nBiopic\nSony Pictures\n[87]\n\n\nEkta\nSuman Reddy\nNavneet Kaur DhillonRobin SohiAvneet KaurSalil AnkolaPranati Rai PrakashRushad Rana\nHorror/Thriller\nBS Production House\n[88]\n\n\n20\n\nWhen Obama Loved Osama\nSudhish Kumar Sharma\nMousam SharmaSwati BakshiRahul AvanaMohit BaghelHeena PanchalHemant PandeyVikas Giri\nComedy\nShape Entertainment\n[89]\n\n\nDhadak\nShashank Khaitan\nIshaan KhatterJhanvi Kapoor\nDrama\nDharma Productions\n[90]\n\n\n27\n\nSaheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3\nTigmanshu Dhulia\nSanjay DuttJimmy SheirgillMahi GillChitrangada Singh\nDrama\nWave Cinemas\n[91]\n\n\nNawabzaade\nJayesh Pradhan\nRaghav JuyalPunit PathakDharmesh YelandeIsha Rikhi\nRomantic Comedy\nRemo D'Souza Entertainment\n[92]\n\n\nAUG\n\n3\n\nFanney Khan\nAtul Manjrekar\nAnil KapoorAishwarya Rai BachchanRajkummar RaoKaran Singh ChhabraDivya Dutta\nMusical comedy\nT-Series, ROMP, AA Films\n[93]\n\n\nMulk\nAnubhav Sinha\nRishi KapoorPrateik BabbarRajat KapoorTaapsee PannuAshutosh RanaManoj PahwaNeena Gupta\nDrama\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[94]\n\n\nKarwaan\nAkarsh Khurana\nIrrfan KhanDulquer SalmanMithila PalkarKriti Kharbanda\nComedy\nRSVP Movies\n[95]\n\n\n10\n\nVishwaroopam II\nKamal Haasan\nKamal HaasanRahul BosePooja KumarShekhar KapurJaideep Ahlawat\nSpy Thriller\nAscar Films PVT. Limited, Raaj Kamal Films International\n[96]\n\n\n15\n\nGold\nReema Kagti\nAkshay KumarKunal KapoorMouni RoyAmit Sadh\nSports/Drama\nExcel Entertainment\n[97][98]\n\n\nSatyameva Jayate\nMilap Zaveri\nJohn AbrahamManoj BajpayeeAisha SharmaTaimoor Nadeem\nAction/Thriller\nT Series, Emmay Entertainment\n[99]\n\n\n24\n\nHappy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\nMudassar Aziz\nSonakshi SinhaDiana PentyAli FazalJimmy ShergillJassi Gill\nComedy\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions\n[100]\n\n\nGenius\nAnil Sharma\nUtkarsh SharmaIshita ChauhanNawazuddin SiddiquiAyesha Jhulka\n\nSoham Rockstar Entertainment\n[101]\n\n\n31\n\nTurning Point\n\nSudhir Durlabh Tandel\n\nSunny PancholiApoorva AroraShahbaaz KhanShekhar Shukla\n\nAction/Musical/Drama\n\nPruthvi Film Industries\n\n[102][103]\n\n\nYamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se\nNavaniat Singh\nDharmendraSunny DeolBobby DeolKriti KharbandaJohnny Lever\nComedy\nPen India Limited\n[104]\n\n\nStree\nAmar Kaushik\nRajkummar RaoShraddha KapoorAparshakti KhuranaPankaj Tripathi\nHorror Comedy\nMaddock Films, D2R Films\n[105]\n\n\nAndhadhun\nSriram Raghavan\nTabuAyushman KhuranaRadhika Apte\nThriller\nMatchbox Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures\n[106]\n\n\nRajma Chawal\nLeena Yadav\nRishi KapoorAnirudh TanwarAmyra Dastur\nDrama\nSaarthi Entertainment\n[107]\n\n\nSEP\n\n7\n\nDrive\nTarun Mansukhani\nSushant Singh RajputJacqueline FernandezVikramjeet VirkSapna Pabbi\nAction/Drama/Comedy\nDharma Productions\n[108]\n\n\nPaltan\nJ. P. Dutta\nJackie ShroffSonu SoodArjun RampalGurmeet ChoudharySiddhanth KapoorHarshvardhan RaneLuv SinhaEsha GuptaMonica GillSonal ChauhanDipika Kakar\nAction/War\nZee Studios, J P Films\n\n[109]\n\n\n\nLaila Majnu\nSajid Ali\nMir SarwarAvinash TiwariTripti DimriRuchika Kapoor\nDrama/Romance\nPi Films, Balaji Motion Pictures\n[110]\n\n\nHelicopter Eela\nPradeep Sarkar\nKajolRiddhi SenNeha DhupiaTota Roy Choudhury\nDrama\nPen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms\n[111]\n\n\n14\n\nArjun Patiala\nRohit Jugraj\nDiljit DosanjhKriti SanonVarun Sharma\nComedy\nT-Series, Maddock Films\n[112]\n\n\nManmarziyaan\n\nAnurag Kashyap\nAbhishek BachchanVicky KaushalTaapsee Pannu\nRomantic/ Drama\nEros International, Colour Yellow Productions,Phantom Films\n[113]\n\n\n21\n\n5 Weddings\nNamrata Singh Gujral\nRajkummar RaoNargis FakhriBo DerekCandy ClarkAnneliese van der PolSuvinder Vicky\nComedy, Romance, Drama\nUniglobe Entertainment\n[114]\n\n\nBatti Gul Meter Chalu\nShree Narayan Singh\nShahid KapoorShraddha KapoorYami Gautam\nRomance, Social Drama\nT-Series\n[115]\n\n\n28\n\nSui Dhaaga\nSharat Katariya\nVarun DhawanAnushka Sharma\nRomance\nYash Raj Films\n[116]\n\n\nPataakha\nVishal Bhardwaj\nSanya MalhotraSunil GroverRadhika Madan\nDrama\nVB Pictures\n[117]\n" ]
[ "Soorma", "Ekta", "When Obama Loved Osama", "Dhadak", "Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3", "Nawabzaade" ]
-8772753618378956195
Satyashodhak Samaj
Satyashodhak Samaj - Wikipedia Satyashodhak Samaj Satyashodhak Samaj ( Truth - seekers ' Society ) is a social reform society founded by Jyotirao Phule in Pune , India , on 24 September 1873 . Its purpose was to liberate the less privileged in the then prevailing society such as women , Shudra , and Dalit from exploitation and oppression . Phule established Satyashodhak Samaj with the ideals of human well - being , happiness , unity , equality , and easy religious principles and rituals . A Pune - based newspaper , Deenbandhu , provided the voice for the views of the Samaj . The membership of the samaj included Muslims , Brahmans , and government officials. However , Non-Brahman castes dominated. Phule 's own Mali caste provided the leading members and financial supporters for the organization . Samaj after Phule ( edit ) The non-Brahmin movement , that was embodied in Satyashodhak Samaj , had not made much difference to any sections of the society in the 19th century and languished after the death of Phule . However , it was revived in the early 20th century by the Maratha ruler of the princely state of Kolhapur , Shahu Maharaj . In 1902 , Shahu reserved 50 per cent civil service posts in Kolhapur state for all communities other than Brahmins , Prabhus and Parsi . He also sponsored religious ceremonies that did not need a brahmin priest to officiate . By the 1920s , the samaj had established strong roots among the rural masses in Western Maharashtra and Vidarbha and took a strong economic overtone in its message . At that time the organization styled itself the representative of the Bahujan samaj . It also defined the brahmins , merchants and moneylenders as the oppressors of the masses . The Samaj also conducted activities in Satara District , Kolhapur State and other places in this area that were designed to harass Brahmins , and to drive them from their positions as priests , government officials , money - lenders , and teachers in the rural areas . Prior to 1920s , the samaj opposed the Indian national movement because it was a movement led by the elites . Later followers of the Samaj during 20th century included educationalist Bhaurao Patil and Maratha leaders such as Keshavrao Jedhe , Nana Patil , Khanderao Bagal and Madhavrao Bagal . By the 1930s , given the mass movement nature of the Congress party under Mahatma Gandhi , the samaj leaders such as Jedhe joined the Congress , and the samaj activities withered away . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Prabhus are subdivided into CKP and Pathare Prabhu . Citations ^ Jump up to : Bhadru , G. ( 2002 ) . `` Contribution of Shatyashodhak Samaj to the Low Caste Protest Movement in 19th Century '' . Proceedings of the Indian History Congress . 63 : 845 -- 854 . JSTOR 44158153 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life & Work of Mahatma Jotirao Pule '' . University of Pune . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 11 ... Jump up ^ Charlesworth , Neil ( 2002 ) . Peasants and Imperial Rule : Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency 1850 - 1935 ( Revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 52152 - 640 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vijaya Gupchup . Bombay : Social Change 1813 - 1857 . p. 166 . The other intellectual class , the Prabhus were once again subdivided in the Chnadraseniya Kayastha Prabhu and the Pathare Prabhus Jump up ^ Charles Heimsath ( 1964 ) . Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform . Princeton University Press . p. 249 . Jump up ^ Omvedt , Gail ( 1973 ) . `` Non-Brahmans and Communists '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 8 ( 16 ) : 749 -- 759 . JSTOR 4362559 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Maureen LP ( 1954 ) . `` Caste and Political Leadership in Maharashtra A Review and Current Appraisal '' ( PDF ) . THE ECONOMI C WEEKL Y ( September 25 ) : 1065 -- 1067 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Maureen LP ( 1954 ) . `` Caste and Political Leadership in Maharashtra A Review and Current Appraisal '' ( PDF ) . THE ECONOMI C WEEKL Y ( September 25 ) : 1065 -- 1067 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Maureen LP ( 1954 ) . `` Caste and Political Leadership in Maharashtra A Review and Current Appraisal '' ( PDF ) . THE ECONOMI C WEEKL Y ( September 25 ) : 1065 -- 1067 . Further reading ( edit ) O'Hanlon , Rosalind ( 1985 ) . Caste , conflict , and ideology : Mahatma Jotirao Phule and low caste protest in nineteenth - century western India ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 220 -- 251 . ISBN 0521266157 . Rege , Sharmila ( 2000 ) . `` Understanding popular culture : The Satyashodhak and Ganesh mela in Maharashtra '' ( PDF ) . Sociological bulletin. 49 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 209 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . This Indian history - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satyashodhak_Samaj&oldid=848619037 '' Categories : Dalit politics 1873 establishments in India Satyashodhak Samaj Religious organizations established in 1873 Hindu new religious movements Religious organisations based in India Indian history stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2016 Use Indian English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 04 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who organized the non brahmin movement in maharashtra
[ "The non-Brahmin movement, that was embodied in Satyashodhak Samaj, had not made much difference to any sections of the society in the 19th century and languished after the death of Phule. However, it was revived in the early 20th century by the Maratha ruler of the princely state of Kolhapur, Shahu Maharaj. In 1902, Shahu reserved 50 per cent civil service posts in Kolhapur state for all communities other than Brahmins, Prabhus[a] and Parsi. He also sponsored religious ceremonies that did not need a brahmin priest to officiate.[5] By the 1920s, the samaj had established strong roots among the rural masses in Western Maharashtra and Vidarbha and took a strong economic overtone in its message. At that time the organization styled itself the representative of the Bahujan samaj. It also defined the brahmins,merchants and moneylenders as the oppressors of the masses.[6] The Samaj also\nconducted activities in Satara District, Kolhapur State and other places in this area that were designed\nto harass Brahmins, and to drive them from their positions as priests, government officials, money-lenders, and teachers in the rural areas.[7]\nPrior to 1920s,the samaj opposed the Indian national movement because it was a movement led by the elites.\nLater followers of the Samaj during 20th century included educationalist Bhaurao Patil and Maratha leaders such as Keshavrao Jedhe, Nana Patil, Khanderao Bagal and Madhavrao Bagal.[8] By the 1930s,given the mass movement nature of the Congress party under Mahatma Gandhi,the samaj leaders such as Jedhe joined the Congress, and the samaj activities withered away.[9]\n" ]
[ "Satyashodhak Samaj" ]
1712419216137871668
Supporting characters on Will & Grace
Supporting characters on Will & Grace - wikipedia Supporting characters on Will & Grace Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the supporting or recurring characters and guest stars on the NBC situation comedy Will & Grace , with information on each of them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Supporting characters 1.1 Family members 1.1. 1 Grace 's family 1.1. 2 Will 's family 1.1. 3 Karen 's family 1.1. 4 Rosario Inez Consuela Yolanda Salazar 1.1. 5 Jack 's family 1.2 Friends 1.3 Love interests 1.3. 1 Grace 1.3. 2 Will 1.3. 3 Karen 1.3. 4 Jack 1.4 Other supporting characters 2 Guest stars playing one - time characters 3 Guest stars playing themselves 4 References Supporting characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Leigh - Allyn Baker Ellen Tom Gallop Rob Molly Shannon Val Bassett Debbie Reynolds Bobbi Adler Steve Paymer Steve Gregory Hines Ben Doucette Marshall Manesh Mr. Zamir Laura Kightlinger Nurse Sheila Sydney Pollack George Truman Tim Bagley Larry Jerry Levine Joe Lesley Ann Warren Tina Woody Harrelson Nathan Leslie Jordan Beverley Leslie Blythe Danner Marilyn Truman Eileen Brennan Zandra Charles C. Stevenson Jr . Smitty Rip Torn Lionel Banks Harry Connick , Jr . Dr. Marvin ' Leo ' Markus Minnie Driver Lorraine Finster Jamie Kaler Gary Emily Rutherfurd Joanne Jon Fleming Russell Bobby Cannavale Vince D'Angelo Alec Baldwin Malcolm Widmark Mathew Botuchis Dave Bernadette Peters Gin Family members ( edit ) Grace 's family ( edit ) Dr. Marvin `` Leo '' Markus , portrayed by actor and singer Harry Connick , Jr. , is a Jewish doctor and Grace 's husband from the fifth season . Leo meets Grace Adler in Central Park while she is on her way to be artificially inseminated with gay best friend Will 's baby . After Will finds out that Leo and Grace are dating , they have their biggest fight of the entire series , in which Will tells Grace to move out . Thanks to Jack and Karen 's meddling , they forgive each other and Will accepts Grace 's relationship . In November , 2002 , Grace and Leo are married at a spontaneous group ceremony in Central Park , which was supposed to be broadcast on The Today Show . It was later revealed in the storyline that the ceremony was not legal , but the two officially marry at a ceremony soon after . Leo and Grace 's relationship was a constant source of tension between Will and Grace , although they eventually achieved a certain accord with each other - Leo even commenting to Will at one point that he considered himself essentially married to both of them due to his ability to accept their close relationship . Leo 's true first name is Marvin , as revealed by his mother at their wedding reception . According to The Nation Magazine , this was the first time in television history that a Jewish protagonist character had married inside the faith . Grace immediately realizes she does not know as much about Leo as she expected . Their marriage fails after less than two years , when Leo reveals that he had a one - night stand while working in Cambodia for Doctors Without Borders . Leo admits his affair to Will first . Will then refuses to help Leo break the news to Grace . After Leo comes clean about his affair , Grace briefly considers continuing their marriage , but quickly decides she wants a divorce . Leo reappears during season eight , a little over a year after the divorce in the storyline , in the episode `` Love Is in the Airplane . '' In the episode , he and Grace have a sexual encounter on an airplane after coincidentally ending up on the same flight to London , though Leo was to continue to Thailand . The result is Grace 's pregnancy , as discovered in the season eight episode `` The Definition of Marriage '' . A couple of months later Grace meets Leo , with the intention of telling him that she is pregnant with his baby , but he informs her that he is engaged to another woman , Kate . Consequently , Grace decides not to tell Leo about the pregnancy . In the series finale ( May 2006 ) Leo tells a heavily pregnant Grace that he loves her . Leo has a job as a hospital researcher in Rome , Italy , and this is where Grace gives birth . After one year in Rome , Leo and Grace move back to Brooklyn , New York , where they raise their daughter , Laila , together . Bobbi Adler , Grace 's mother , is played by Debbie Reynolds . Bobbi is an actress and singer , although her performances are generally with the Schenectady Players and involve gender changing roles , in plays such as `` Death of a Salesperson '' , `` The Music Person '' and `` Queen Lear '' . She has a constant desire to meddle in the love lives of her daughters , is the creator of the Adler family `` Told you so '' dance , and can always be relied upon to have a song for every occasion . She has , in the past , shown a perfect willingness for Will and Grace to get married . it is mentioned in Season 9 episode `` Rosario 's Quinceañera '' that she passed away . Martin Adler , Grace 's father , is played by Alan Arkin . Portrayed by his family as the stereotypical Jewish patriarch , Martin shows genuine affection for Grace , although remarks he has made suggest Joyce is his favorite . He has been known to pinpoint Grace 's flaws without looking up from his Kojak and Baretta reruns . Janet Adler , Grace 's older sister , is played by Geena Davis . Janet lives in a van and designs jewelry . Her nickname for Grace is `` Smudge '' . It is once implied that she has difficulties with her mother . In the episode `` Lows in the Mid-Eighties '' , Will asks if Grace has another sister named Janet , to which Bobbi , Joyce , and Grace quickly answer `` No ! '' Joyce Adler , Grace 's younger sister , is played by Sara Rue . It is suggested that Grace and Joyce had a not too friendly relationship growing up , and that Joyce was formerly a binge eater . She is often hostile to Grace , but one word from Will and she tends to giggle and act girlishly ; it appears that she , like Grace before her , has a crush on Will . Laila Markus , Grace and Leo 's daughter , is played by Maria Thayer . Laila was conceived by Leo and Grace on an aircraft , during a period where her parents were divorced . She was going to be raised by Will and Grace , but her parents remarried shortly before her birth . She appears on screen only during the series finale . Warren , played by Jesse Fremont Allis , is the imaginary son of Grace and Leo in a dream that Grace has during the last episode of season 8 . Grace and Will raise ' their ' son together . Will 's family ( edit ) Vince D'Angelo , played by Bobby Cannavale . An Italian - American police officer , Vince first met Will after giving Karen a ticket for speeding and they started dating after the subsequent hearing . Vince was friends with Joe and Larry and began Will 's first long - term relationship in the series ' run . Vince broke up with Will , requesting time alone after repeatedly losing his job . He re-encountered Will in season 8 and , during the funeral of Will 's father , they acknowledged their mutual feelings , thus rekindling their romance . In the finale , Will and Vince are shown to raise a son , Ben , together . Marilyn Truman , Will 's mother , is played by Blythe Danner . A typical WASP , Marilyn regularly drinks , collects Lladró statues and treats them as if they were her children , and put up with her husband 's regular affairs until their ultimate separation . She is not a fan of musical theater -- once claiming that Les Misérables was unrealistic because `` poor people do n't sing that much '' -- but was impressed with Mamma Mia ! . She does not like the jokes Grace and Karen make about Will 's sexuality , saying , `` Is that a gay joke ? I do n't like that . '' George Truman , Will 's father , is played by Sydney Pollack . While he and Will have a close loving relationship , of which both Jack and Grace are envious , it is eventually revealed that he had trouble dealing with telling others of his son 's sexuality , initially telling his friends Will was married to Grace . He dies in season 8 , only days after having a fight with Will in which he admitted he would rather that Will was not gay . Sam Truman , Will 's brother , is played by John Slattery in season one and Steven Weber in season 8 . He had a falling - out with Will over comments Will made about his wife , but reconciled after he had a one - night stand with Grace . He eventually divorced his wife and gained full custody of their two children . Paul Truman , Will 's brother , is played by Jon Tenney . Paul never really came to terms with his brother 's sexuality and often behaved like a childish bully , belittling and insulting Will . Peggy Truman , Paul 's wife and Will 's sister - in - law , is played by Helen Slater . She was only shown in one episode and came off as waspish and suspicious of Grace 's friendly behavior towards her own husband . Tina , George 's mistress , is played by Lesley Ann Warren . She began a relationship with George while he was still married to Marilyn , but was dismayed to learn that George was then seeing his ex-wife behind her back . Ultimately she and Marilyn come to an understanding , that they will share George between them without him knowing what is going on . This arrangement apparently ended not long before George 's death . Jordy Truman , Sam 's son and Will 's nephew , is played by Reed Alexander . Flamboyant Jordan incenses Will , since Marilyn is incredibly accepting of him even though she was not at first accepting of Will . His nickname is Jordy . He is perceived to be gay by the other characters , although he is still a child , because of his flamboyant nature , love of show tunes and musicals , along with his general disposition . Casey Truman , Sam 's daughter and Will 's niece , is played by Kyla Dang . Casey was adopted by Sam and his ex-wife . Ben Truman , Will and Vince 's son , is played by Ben Newmark . Appearing only during the series finale , Ben was apparently born from a surrogate mother using Will 's sperm . Upon going to college , he meets and later marries Grace 's daughter , Laila . Karen 's family ( edit ) Stanley `` Stan '' Walker , Karen 's third husband ( little is known about her first two ) , is a mostly unseen character . He is an obese man , and has worn a toupee since his teens . Stan has two children from a previous marriage to a woman named Kathy . Karen fell in love with him in the 1980s but they did n't marry until 1995 . Stan was jailed for tax evasion in season four , and began an affair with a cafeteria worker named Lorraine ( played by Minnie Driver ) , and -- after his release in season five -- continued the affair , ultimately separating from Karen because of it . He is reported to have died at the end of season five but , at the end of season seven , he reveals to Will that he had faked his own death and is hiding out with the aid of the government . He and Karen reconcile in season 8 , but subsequently faced marital difficulties and divorce . Stan 's popularity with fast food establishments leads to Pizza Hut taking out a full - page ad in the New York Times to congratulate him on his release from prison ; Taco Bell also organize a flyover at his funeral . It is revealed in the series finale that Stan 's riches were actually borrowed and that he had no real money of his own . Mason Walker , Stan 's son , is another unseen character . He is known to Karen as `` the fat one '' . During one episode , Karen visits Mason during a swim try - out . She cheers and applauds and has a conversation with him until , at the end , she realizes she has been conversing with the wrong boy and not Mason after all . Olivia Walker , Stan 's daughter , is played by Hallee Hirsh . Although she has had fun times with Karen , such as sticking food to the floor to see how long Mason will spend trying to eat it , she also has problems with her stepmother . Lois Whitley , Karen 's mother , played by Suzanne Pleshette . A con artist who used Karen in her early schemes . They had been estranged for several years when they reconciled in season 4 , with the help of Jack . Virginia `` Ginny '' Delaney , Karen 's sister , played by Bernadette Peters . In 1963 , as a child , she was injured in a brutal game of Twister played with Karen . Barry , Karen 's cousin , is played by Dan Futterman . Originally a gay bookish homebody , Karen had Will and Jack bring him out of his shell to become an attractive person whom both Will and Jack fall for . Sylvia Walker , Karen 's mother - in - law , is played by Ellen Albertini Dow . She is a woman that ' strikes fear in her heart - facsimile ' . A seemingly kind , but homophobic old woman , Sylvia appears in one episode to accompany Will and Jack to a club . In the beginning neither Will nor Jack wanted to babysit Sylvia , known as `` Syl '' . She had been dumped on them by Karen , who then ditched her . Karen and Syl have a caustic relationship . Sumner , Karen 's nephew , is played by Paul Satterfield . Karen tries to keep him from dating Grace in season 3 . Rosario inez consuela yolanda salazar ( edit ) Karen Walker 's put - upon but faithful maid portrayed by actress Shelley Morrison . In 1985 , Rosario met Karen Walker at a club , while working as a cigarette lady , and went to work for her as a maid , which was where she was working when the series began in 1998 . Rosario and Karen are very close , but their relationship is love - hate . They are notorious for swapping insults . Rosario is just as feisty as Karen , and is one of the few people who manage to go head - to - head with her . A native of El Salvador , Rosario was a school teacher who received a bachelor 's degree in clinical psychology from the University of Texas and who almost got a master 's degree . She also attended business school . At some point , she moved to the Bronx , presumably while studying business ; however , Karen makes a comment that she bought Rosario from Rosario 's parents . While there , she also performed with a then - unknown Jennifer Lopez , including a production of `` Tea for Two '' at the Shalom Retirement Center . At one point , she was also paid to tape pornographic videos for Tommy Lee . Although she had been mentioned by Karen since the pilot episode , Rosario 's first appearance was in the season 1 finale . Due to Karen 's patronizing tone , we 're made to think that Rosario does n't speak English well . Rosario actually speaks English fluently , albeit with a thick accent , but is an illegal alien . To keep her in the country , Karen has her marry Jack McFarland , her gay friend , to get a green card . The marriage was later terminated at the end of season 2 when Rosario asked for a divorce in order to pursue other romantic interests . However , she maintained a close relationship with Jack ( often echoing hers with Karen ) and claimed to still think of him as family . In the series finale , Rosario was shown to have lived with Karen and Jack in the years after the show ended , growing older with them and possibly still working for them despite being in a wheelchair ( though she states that she is only in the wheelchair due to a sprained ankle ) . Jack 's family ( edit ) Judith McFarland , Jack 's mother , is played by Veronica Cartwright . Despite the obvious clues , Judith did not learn about Jack 's sexuality until he was 30 . She was impregnated with Jack while at a swinger 's costume and pool party . Daniel McFarland , Jack 's stepfather , is played by Beau Bridges . Daniel always had trouble relating to Jack , due to his own athleticism and Jack 's lack thereof . Despite Jack 's statements to the contrary , Daniel is shown to be a caring man who is at least recently trying to reconnect with Jack . Joe Black , Jack 's biological father . Never portrayed on screen , Joe was revealed to have attended a swingers costumed pool party during the 60s , where he was dressed as Richard Nixon . During the party he impregnated Judith , who was dressed as the rear end of a horse . He dies several years before Jack discovers that Daniel McFarland is not his biological father . Elliott , Jack 's son , is played by Michael Angarano . Shortly after learning of his biological father 's death , Jack meets Elliott -- his biological son created from sperm Jack donated at the age of 17 . He is described by Will as , `` Polite , sweet , and kind '' which , he says , is the reason Karen initially dislikes him . His relationship with Jack is shown to be very close - Jack noting in one episode that he wants to avoid being the kind of father he had as he always regretted the fact that they never really connected . However , they have a brief rift when Elliott prepares to leave for college during the last season . Bonnie , Elliott 's mother , is played by Rosie O'Donnell . Initially , Bonnie did not want Jack to be included in Elliott 's life . Bonnie was a lesbian , but was not open about her sexuality to Elliott . She felt jealous that Jack found it easy to be open with Elliott about his sexuality when she did not feel she could be . Friends ( edit ) Rob and Ellen , Will and Grace 's close friends , are played by Tom Gallop and Leigh - Allyn Baker . Ellen and Grace were best friends since college , as were Rob and Will , and the two couples regularly played charades and other games during dinner parties . Grace also sleeps with Rob in season one when they were both going through break - ups and felt emotionally vulnerable , a fact that did n't come up until Rob and Ellen 's wedding some years later . The couple did get married , however , and have since had three children , the youngest named Roman ( which is the name of Debra Messing 's real - life son , born in 2004 ) . Rob and Ellen want to separate , so that they could begin dating other people , and they announce their separation at a dinner date with Will and Grace . Grace makes them realize that they had worked at their marriage and they should remain together ; and also keenly reminded them that no one else would have them . Rob and Ellen decided to give their marriage another chance . Joe and Larry are Will , Jack and Grace 's close friends , and are played by Jerry Levine and Tim Bagley . A gay couple , once party animals , Joe and Larry adopted a baby girl called Hannah in season three . Karen occasionally refers to them as `` Mo and Mary '' , with `` Mo '' being a play on the word `` Homo '' . Val Bassett , a neighbor of Will and Grace , is played by Molly Shannon . Slightly unstable , and alcoholic , Val originally befriends only Will , until Grace eventually discovers some common interests with her . Both of them still consider her unstable , as does Jack , who found her as an uninvited guest in his bedroom . When Grace accidentally attends an AA meeting , she is seen there by Val , who coerces her to stay . Grace pretends to be an alcoholic for the `` free food and therapy '' . Beverley Leslie , played by Leslie Jordan , is an effeminate and very short `` frenemy '' of Karen 's . Having a wealthy spouse , as Karen does , Karen and Beverley routinely find themselves traveling in the same society circle of the wealthy and elite . Their relationship is that of friends and enemies . Beverley 's wife 's name is Crystal and is considerably older than he is . His marriage seems to be held together purely out of his love of Crystal 's money . Karen , Will , Grace , and Jack see Beverley as a closeted gay man . He is often seen with a younger attractive man named Benji who appears to be his lover , but Beverley tries to pass him off as a `` business associate '' . When Beverley appears on screen he often catches the other characters by surprise . Sometimes his appearance comes after a character says something that could be comically associated with him . For instance , whilst discussing a dessert , Jack says , `` I want something small and fruity , with ladyfingers , '' and Beverley enters . Beverley and Karen often trade insults , as Karen enjoys ridiculing him for his height . Whenever he appears on screen he can usually be heard saying ' Well , Well , Well ' in an effeminate way . Crystal later dies and Beverley inherits the fortune . Some years later Karen 's husband Stan loses his fortune , putting Karen 's extravagant lifestyle in jeopardy . Beverley presumably spends several more years with Benji after Crystal 's death , and then begins seeing a reluctant Jack , who only dated Beverley to support Karen 's excessive spending habits , as she had done for him for so many years . During the series finale Beverley is swept off a balcony by a strong gust of wind and dies , leaving his estate in his will to Jack . Rory , Toby , and Josh are friends of Jack who are never seen , but mentioned in various episodes . Early in Season 3 Rory is mentioned as being into Asian men . In Season 4 Josh , Toby and Jack watch a video of Will freezing up on camera talking about Stanley Walker , but Josh and Toby leave before Will gets home . Love interests ( edit ) Grace ( edit ) Nathan , played by Woody Harrelson . Nathan is Grace 's neighbor in season 3 , who becomes her boyfriend . They appear to be a good match , but early in Season 4 he abruptly proposes to her during sex and she becomes distraught at the unromantic nature of his proposal , forcing him to take it back and ask again in a more romantic way . For several days they are awkward around each other and , fearing that their relationship is over , Grace proposes to Nathan who reluctantly refuses and breaks up with her . Ben Doucette , played by Gregory Hines , is introduced in mid-season 2 . Grace sues him after he violates her contract of employment , firing her without reimbursement for expenses she incurred while decorating his house . Although at first he played Grace and Will , who was representing her , he eventually gave her the money voluntarily and hired Will to work at his renowned law firm . Grace and he disliked each other for the rest of the season , until the season finale when Ben showed her his more humane face , when Will invited him to dine with them . They then started a happy , semi-monogamous relationship that lasted for roughly six months , until they broke up early in Season 3 when they realized that they were not in love . Josh , played by Corey Parker . A sweet , romantic New Age - y man whom Grace dates in season 2 . Grace often has issues with him being far too affectionate and nice , to the point of being obnoxious . The two broke up because Jack confessed that he had slept with him . Nick , played by Edward Burns . A greetings - card writer who falls for Grace when he meets her one Valentine 's Day in season 7 , after her divorce from Leo . Nick is the first guy Grace starts dating after her divorce with Leo . They decide to break up when he has to go out of the country to work on a screenplay he wrote . Tom Cassidy , played by Eric Stoltz . An old friend of Grace 's , now married , with whom she reunited briefly at the end of season 7 . He asks her to help design his and his wife 's hotel , yet she still feels chemistry with him and kisses him . She nearly takes it further , but feels guilty and breaks it off with him at the beginning of season 8 . Danny , played by Tom Verica , Grace 's long - term boyfriend from roughly 1995 -- 1998 , whom she nearly marries in the pilot episode . She realizes , after Will advised her against the marriage , that Danny was too immature for her , and practically leaves him at the altar . They reunite at the end of season 1 , much to Will 's dismay . Yet again Grace decides that she does not love him and , after roughly a week ( one episode ) , Grace breaks up with him off - screen . Mark , played by Ken Marino , is another of Grace 's partners in Season 3 , `` Three 's a Crowd , Six is a Freakshow '' . She dumps him because he has 6 toes , although the actual 6th toe was not seen in the episode . Will ( edit ) Barry , played by Dan Futterman . Karen sets up her hopeless cousin Barry with Will , shortly after he comes out . Will and Jack soon undertake a Pygmalion-esque attempt at turning Barry into a more confident gay man , ending when Will falls for Barry though Barry wants to play around before settling down . James Hanson , played by Taye Diggs . Will meets James at a Manhattan theater and the two have an immediate connection . He later runs into James while on a trip to Los Angeles . James has recently discovered he is going to be deported back to Canada . Grace agreed to marry James so that he can acquire a green card in order to remain in the United States , thus giving James and Will 's relationship a chance . However , Will soon discovers James was not who he thought he was , as James began showing himself to be self - centered . Will requests that Grace annul their marriage . Matthew , played by Patrick Dempsey , is a sports reporter Will meets at a Banana Republic store while trying to help Jack woo him . Jack and Matt have little in common and Will instead finds himself in a relationship with him . They date for a while but Matt 's refusal to come out leads to their break - up . Scott , played by Branden Williams , is Will 's 23 - year - old date in two episodes in season 3 , and works at a local video rental shop . Although they get along well together , Will feels self - conscious about dating Scott , who is quite a bit younger than he is . Will agrees to break it off with Scott if Grace agrees to dump Nathan . Grace agrees and Will breaks up with Scott , though Grace keeps on seeing Nathan . Diane , played by Mira Sorvino & Lisa Borgnes , is a woman with whom Will has a drunken one - night stand in order to convince himself he was a 100 % gay after leaving Grace . She is also one of Leo 's exes . Both of these facts make Grace very jealous . Diane states that Will is much better in bed than Leo . Diane was shown briefly ( though she had no lines ) in the season 3 episode titled `` Lows In the Mid-Eighties '' , but was played by a writer 's assistant , Lisa Borgnes . Claire , played by Megyn Price , is Will 's high school friend and girlfriend , the first of the only two women Will has ever dated , the second being Grace . She lives in Paris and asks Will to donate sperm so that she can have a baby , but Will realizes that if he was going to donate sperm he wanted to donate it to Grace . Michael , played by Chris Potter , is a mostly unseen character and is Will 's lover of seven years . When the sitcom first appeared , he and Michael had recently broken up . Michael appears in the episode `` Hey La , Hey La , My Ex-Boyfriend's Back '' , which aired on March 14 , 2000 . He is mentioned occasionally by Will and Grace , and more than once Will refers to him as the love of his life . In the early seasons of the show Will has a hard time letting him go . Karen ( edit ) Lyle Finster , played by John Cleese . Lyle is the father of Stan 's mistress , Lorraine . He becomes Karen 's fourth husband for about 20 minutes until the couple realize how little they had in common outside of the bedroom . Scott Woolley , played by Jeff Goldblum . Wooley is the man who lost to Karen for Student Body President and has spent his life hatching schemes to ruin her . Sadly , his schemes are often poorly thought out and eventually Grace realises that he does n't hate Karen , he loves her . However , his attempts to woo her are as misguided as his previous ones . Woolley also has a dreadful sense of word - play ( i.e. `` The Scotty Mammoth '' , `` Beam me up , Woolley '' ) . He also changes his first name when using an alias , whereas most people change their last names . Lionel Banks , played by Rip Torn . Banks is a bachelor who falls for Karen , under her alias Anastasia Beaverhausen , while Stan is in jail and tempts her into having an affair . Malcolm Widmark , played by Alec Baldwin . Widmark is a government agent who helps Stan fake his death . He has a brief relationship with Karen before she reconciles with Stan , and Widmark goes on a government mission to Sri Lanka . Jack ( edit ) Stuart Lamarack , played by Dave Foley , is a client of Will 's who becomes Jack 's longest relationship , until Jack cheats on him . Jack has countless short - term lovers over the course of the series ( and presumably long before and after ) , although most are never mentioned by name , or mentioned at all ; it is constantly assumed , and not always stated , that he has multiple boyfriends in every episode . Due to Jack 's promiscuity , and his habit of forgetting his boyfriends ' names , it would be literally impossible to list all of his love interests over the course of the show . Will jokes that if he was to avoid every man that Jack has ever slept with , `` That would leave me with ... women ! '' , Grace jokes that if everyone stopped working for every man that broke his heart `` The city would shut down '' . Jack also comments that he goes on thousands of dates a year . Other supporting characters ( edit ) Lorraine Finster , played by Minnie Driver , is Stan 's mistress . She is a slutty prison cafeteria worker ( and , it is implied , prostitute ) who instantly forms a hatred of Karen . She was Karen 's stepdaughter very briefly ( for about 20 minutes ) when Lyle , her father , marries Karen . Lorraine was unable to attend the wedding due to an aggressive strain of herpes that kept her from flying . According to the episode `` The Accidental Tsuris '' she was raised as a girl , despite being genetically male or perhaps a hermaphrodite . It is implied she was estranged from her father for several years and may have been born out of wedlock . Harlin Polk , played by Gary Grubbs , is a major client of Will 's in season one who ultimately fires him . Mrs. Freeman , played by Jo Marie Payton , is an executive assistant at Doucette & Stein , her most commonly uttered phrase is `` Mm - hmm '' which is often said with sass . Zandra Zoggin , played by Eileen Brennan , is Jack 's crusty acting coach and a chain - smoking former Hollywood star . After Jack takes over her class , Zandra loses her interest in life and ends up in an actor 's retirement village . Dr. Jay Markus , played by Tom Skerritt , is Leo 's father and Grace 's eventual father - in - law . She meets him during brunch , thinking he is one of Leo 's `` old friends '' . Eleanor Markus , played by Judith Ivey , is Leo 's mother and a noted author of three books on theatre ; she meets Grace during brunch alongside her husband . She also is the first to tell her new daughter - in - law her son 's actual name , Marvin . Mr. Stein , played by Gene Wilder , is the senior partner at Will 's firm , an eccentric man who takes a liking to Will . He refers to Will as `` Gay Will , '' but without at first realising that Will is actually gay . He and Karen are attracted to each other , but nothing comes of it . He is away from the office for some time prior to season 5 due to a mental breakdown and subsequent incarceration in a mental facility ; having been referred to in the company letter - head as running `` The London Office '' in his absence . Margot , played by Lily Tomlin , is a senior partner at Will 's firm , who apparently takes over after Mr. Stein . She is also quite eccentric and sarcastic . She promotes Will to partner . Dorleen , played by Parker Posey , is Jack 's bitchy , chain - smoking boss during his brief tenure at Barneys New York . Mr. Zamir , played by Marshall Manesh , is an obnoxious tenant in Will and Grace 's building , with a tendency to take off his shirt and to steal Will and Grace 's newspapers . Benji , played by Brian A. Setzer , is Beverley Leslie 's `` business associate '' and boytoy . Joanne , played by Emily Rutherfurd , is a student of Zandra 's acting class who becomes a devoted follower of Jack and his `` McFarland method '' . Russell , played by Jon Fleming , is a handsome , muscular student of Zandra 's acting class who is often asked by Jack to take his shirt off when Jack is teaching the `` McFarland method '' . Julius , played by Neil Vipond , is Bobbi Adler 's close friend and a pianist . Gary , played by Jamie Kaler , is Will 's coworker at Doucette and Stein . Nurse Sheila , played by Laura Kightlinger , is a rather creepy nurse who works at the sperm bank ( where Will visits , intending to donate sperm to his high - school friend Claire ) . She openly admits she is a whore in season 4 ( when Will and Grace are planning to have a baby together ) , and thereafter seems to appear whenever Will goes into a hospital . She is pregnant in season 8 and attends birth - classes alongside Grace . Her brother , a doctor played by guest - star Jack Black ( Kightlinger 's real - life former boyfriend ) , claims he would be `` tappin ' that big time '' if they were n't related . Dave , played by Mathew Botuchis , is the only openly straight worker at OutTV , the gay network where Jack works in the last seasons . Jack is unimpressed with his heterosexuality and instead refers to him as Elizabeth . Jamie , played by John Ducey , is the station manager at OutTV . Tim , played by Mark Harelik , is a member of Senior Management at OutTV . Jimmy , played by Sam Pancake , is a colleague of Jack 's at OutTV . Smitty , played by Charles C. Stevenson Jr , is a bartender who regularly serves Karen at different establishments . She has been known to call other bartenders `` Smitty '' , even when they tell her it is n't their name . If Karen is depressed Smitty will tell her a tragic story about his own life , which she will laugh at thinking it is a joke . Guest stars playing one - time characters ( edit ) Shohreh Aghdashloo , as Pam , an incompetent Iranian hired by Grace who she then fires upon realizing Pam is Jewish and thus she ' does n't owe ( her ) anything ' . Rosanna Arquette , as Julie , a masseuse who lives in the same building as Leo and Grace . Orson Bean , as Professor Joseph Dudley , a gay former literature professor of Will and Grace . Jason Biggs , as Baby Glenn , a former local celebrity and a guest at Will 's auction . Roscoe Lee Browne , as Linus , owner of a landmark gay bookstore about to be turned into a gym . Jack Black ( uncredited ) , as Dr. Isaac Hershberg . He examines Karen and is also the brother of the occasionally seen nurse Sheila , played by show writer and Black 's girlfriend at the time , Laura Kightlinger . Richard Chamberlain , as Clyde , an elderly man who Will brings to game night , much to Grace 's chagrin Glenn Close , as Fannie Lieber ( a play on celebrity photographer Annie Leibovitz ) , a noted photographer who takes Will and Grace 's picture . Joan Collins , as Helena Barnes , a designer with whom Grace competes for a job , and a nemesis of Karen 's . Macaulay Culkin , as Jason Towne , a lawyer representing Karen in her divorce from Stan . Tim Curry , as Marion Finster , Lyle Finster 's brother . Matt Damon , as Owen , Jack 's heterosexual rival , pretending to be gay to vie for a spot in the Manhattan Gay Men 's Chorus . Kristin Davis , as Nadine , Vince 's straight female friend -- the same as Grace is to Will . Ellen DeGeneres , as Sister Louise , a nun to whom Will sells Grace 's uncle 's old car . Michael Douglas , as Gavin Hatch , a somewhat closeted gay police detective who becomes attracted to Will and has issues with seeing food stuck in people 's teeth . Christine Ebersole , as Candy Pruitt , another of Karen 's rivals . Edie Falco , as Deirdre , one of a pair of lesbian real - estate `` flippers '' . Victor Garber , as Peter Bovington , a former actor now working as a doorman . Andy García , as Milo , a restaurateur , and lover of Karen 's , who fails to phone Karen after their date and is confronted by Grace . Sara Gilbert , as Cheryl who , like Will , is a Barry Manilow fanatic , a.k.a. `` fanilow '' . Seth Green , as Randall Finn , a former child star . Clark Gregg , as Cameron , Jack 's wealthy boyfriend who becomes Grace 's client . Neil Patrick Harris , as Bill , the leader of a group of so - called `` former '' lesbians and gays . Alex Kapp Horner , as Alice Robinson , one of Grace 's former classmates . Peter Jacobson , as Paul Budnik , an overbearing guy who Will dates but is more fond of his dog . Kathryn Joosten , as the owner to a cabin Grace finds money in . Stacy Keach , as Wendell Schacter , a former colleague of Jack 's who usurps his acting class . Piper Laurie , as Sharon Timmers , the best friend of Professor Joseph Dudley . Michele Lee , as Lucille , one of the lesbians who ended up dancing with both Will & Jack . Hal Linden , as Alan Mills , an elderly gay man who befriends Will and bestows expensive gifts upon him . Natasha Lyonne , as Gillian , Grace 's intern who decides to turn into the spitting image of Karen . Madonna , as Liz , Karen 's roommate . Lee Majors , as Burt Wolfe , a friend of Grace 's father . Camryn Manheim , as Psychic Sue . Jason Marsden , as Kim , a friend of Leo 's . Dylan McDermott , as Tom , a boyfriend of Will 's who is very closely attached to his elderly mother . Michael McDonald , as a Don , a student in a cooking class Will takes and dates his brother . Julian McMahon , guy in an elevator who Grace flirts with . Demi Moore , as Sissy , Jack 's former babysitter . Nick Offerman , as a plumber that Karen has sex with on Thanksgiving when Stan asks her to be sexually active while he is still in jail . Sharon Osbourne , as a bartender in No Sex N ' in the City . Peter Paige , as a gay Immigration and Naturalization Service officer whom Jack tries to convince his marriage with Rosario is real . Scott Patterson , as Grace 's former high school crush in `` Das Boob '' . Sara Paxton , as Melanie , the head cheerleader at Elliot 's school . Luke Perry , as Aaron , a `` hot gay nerd '' bird - watcher on whom Jack develops a crush . Jeremy Piven , as Nicholas , Grace 's ex. who asks Grace if she wants to join him in a threesome with his current lover . Chita Rivera , as Lenore , one of the lesbians who ended up dancing with Will & Jack . Brandon Routh , as Sebastian , a stud whom Alan Mills replaces Will with , after the two have a falling out over Will 's misinterpretation of their relationship . Chloë Sevigny , as Monet , a wealthy bisexual real - estate agent who falls for Will . Nicollette Sheridan , as Dr. Danielle Morty , a fellow doctor who wanted Leo sexually . Jamie - Lynn Sigler , as Ro , Vince 's lesbian sister . Britney Spears , as Amber Louise , a conservative Christian and a `` hardcore lesbian '' as she describes herself , and a co-host to Jack on his talk show . Wendie Jo Sperber , as April , Grace 's short - lived housekeeper . Sharon Stone , as Georgia Keller , Will and Grace 's therapist . Larry Sullivan , as Robert , Will 's ballet dancing boyfriend on the holiday episode `` Jingle Balls '' . Wanda Sykes , as Cricket , a woman Karen offers to pay to deliver a child for her . Tamlyn Tomita , as Naomi , half of the couple that takes Will and Grace out all night . Rip Torn , as Lionel Banks , a man with whom Karen almost cheats on Stan with during his incarceration . Stuart Townsend , as Edward , Karen 's pansexual pastry chef , who ends up `` sexing '' Will , Karen , and Rosario . Tracey Ullman , as Anne , the instructor of a couples cooking class that Will , Jack , and Jack 's boyfriend Stuart attend . Steve Valentine , as Kai , half of the couple that takes Will and Grace out all night . Steven Weber , as Will 's brother Sam . Guest stars playing themselves ( edit ) Kevin Bacon Candice Bergen Sandra Bernhard Cher Katie Couric John Edward Jennifer Lopez Rudy Galindo Hall & Oates Deborah Harry Janet Jackson Elton John James Earl Jones Matt Lauer Stone Phillips Josh Lucas Patti LuPone Barry Manilow Martina Navratilova Bebe Neuwirth Al Roker George Takei Rip Taylor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grace Expectations , Entertainment Weekly , November 3 , 2003 Jump up ^ Vince says `` He 's ( Ben ) looking more like you ( Will ) everyday '' during the Finale . ( hide ) Will & Grace Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Characters Will Truman Grace Adler Jack McFarland Karen Walker Rosario Salazar Supporting characters Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Grace , Replaced '' `` Gypsies , Tramps and Weed '' `` A Chorus Lie '' `` Fagel Attraction '' `` Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More '' `` Dolls and Dolls '' `` Back Up , Dancer '' `` Alive and Schticking '' `` Buy , Buy Baby '' `` The Finale '' `` 11 Years Later '' Related Awards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supporting_characters_on_Will_%26_Grace&oldid=814271975 '' Categories : Will & Grace characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of minor fictional characters Lists of American television series characters Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 20 : 29 . 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who played grace husband on will and grace
[ "Dr. Marvin \"Leo\" Markus, portrayed by actor and singer Harry Connick, Jr., is a Jewish doctor and Grace's husband from the fifth season. Leo meets Grace Adler in Central Park while she is on her way to be artificially inseminated with gay best friend Will's baby. After Will finds out that Leo and Grace are dating, they have their biggest fight of the entire series, in which Will tells Grace to move out. Thanks to Jack and Karen's meddling, they forgive each other and Will accepts Grace's relationship. In November, 2002, Grace and Leo are married at a spontaneous group ceremony in Central Park, which was supposed to be broadcast on The Today Show. It was later revealed in the storyline that the ceremony was not legal, but the two officially marry at a ceremony soon after. Leo and Grace's relationship was a constant source of tension between Will and Grace, although they eventually achieved a certain accord with each other - Leo even commenting to Will at one point that he considered himself essentially married to both of them due to his ability to accept their close relationship. Leo's true first name is Marvin, as revealed by his mother at their wedding reception. According to The Nation Magazine, this was the first time in television history that a Jewish protagonist character had married inside the faith.[1] Grace immediately realizes she does not know as much about Leo as she expected. Their marriage fails after less than two years, when Leo reveals that he had a one-night stand while working in Cambodia for Doctors Without Borders. Leo admits his affair to Will first. Will then refuses to help Leo break the news to Grace. After Leo comes clean about his affair, Grace briefly considers continuing their marriage, but quickly decides she wants a divorce. Leo reappears during season eight, a little over a year after the divorce in the storyline, in the episode \"Love Is in the Airplane.\" In the episode, he and Grace have a sexual encounter on an airplane after coincidentally ending up on the same flight to London, though Leo was to continue to Thailand. The result is Grace's pregnancy, as discovered in the season eight episode \"The Definition of Marriage\". A couple of months later Grace meets Leo, with the intention of telling him that she is pregnant with his baby, but he informs her that he is engaged to another woman, Kate. Consequently, Grace decides not to tell Leo about the pregnancy. In the series finale (May 2006) Leo tells a heavily pregnant Grace that he loves her. Leo has a job as a hospital researcher in Rome, Italy, and this is where Grace gives birth. After one year in Rome, Leo and Grace move back to Brooklyn, New York, where they raise their daughter, Laila, together." ]
[ "Harry Connick, Jr." ]
6793018751323102996
Washington, D.C.
Washington , D.C. - Wikipedia Washington , D.C. This article is about the capital of the United States . For the state on the U.S. West Coast , see Washington ( state ) . For other uses , see United States capital ( disambiguation ) , Washington ( disambiguation ) , and Columbia District . Capital of the United States Federal District in United States Washington , D.C. Federal District District of Columbia Clockwise from top right : United States Capitol , Washington Monument , the White House , Smithsonian Institution Building , Lincoln Memorial and Washington National Cathedral Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Nicknames of Washington , D.C. Motto ( s ) : Justitia Omnibus ( English : Justice for All ) Location of Washington , D.C. , in the contiguous United States and in relation to Maryland and Virginia Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 59 '' W  /  38.90472 ° N 77.01639 ° W  / 38.90472 ; - 77.01639 Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 59 '' W  /  38.90472 ° N 77.01639 ° W  / 38.90472 ; - 77.01639 Country United States Residence Act 1790 Organized 1801 Consolidated 1871 Home Rule Act 1973 Named for George Washington Government Mayor Muriel Bowser ( D ) D.C. Council List ( show ) Phil Mendelson ( D ) , Chairman Anita Bonds ( D ) , At ‐ large David Grosso ( I ) , At ‐ large Robert White ( D ) , At ‐ large Elissa Silverman ( I ) , At ‐ large Brianne Nadeau ( D ) , Ward 1 Jack Evans ( D ) , Ward 2 Mary Cheh ( D ) , Ward 3 Brandon Todd ( D ) , Ward 4 Kenyan McDuffie ( D ) , Ward 5 Charles Allen ( D ) , Ward 6 Vincent C. Gray ( D ) , Ward 7 Trayon White ( D ) , Ward 8 U.S. House Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D ) , Delegate ( At - large ) Area Federal District 68.34 sq mi ( 177.0 km ) Land 61.05 sq mi ( 158.1 km ) Water 7.29 sq mi ( 18.9 km ) Highest elevation 409 ft ( 125 m ) Lowest elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) Population ( 2017 estimate ) Federal District 693,972 Rank 20th , U.S. as of 2017 incorporated places estimate Density 11,367 / sq mi ( 4,389 / km ) Metro 6,131,977 ( 6th , U.S. ) CSA 9,665,892 ( 4th , U.S. ) Demonym Washingtonian Time zone EST ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP Codes 20001 -- 20098 , 20201 -- 20599 Area code ( s ) 202 Website dc.gov Washington , D.C. , formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C. , is the capital of the United States of America . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , first President of the United States and Founding Father . Washington is the principal city of the Washington metropolitan area , which has a population of 6,131,977 . Washington is described as the political Capital of the World , owing to its status as the seat of the United States federal government and numerous international institutions , such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund . Washington is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million annual tourists . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . Named in honor of President George Washington , the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 693,972 as of July 2017 . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's population to more than one million during the workweek . The Washington metropolitan area , of which the District is the principal city , has a population of over 6 million , the sixth - largest metropolitan statistical area in the country . All three branches of the U.S. federal government are centered in the District : U.S. Congress ( legislative ) , President ( executive ) , and the U.S. Supreme Court ( judicial ) . Washington is home to many national monuments and museums , which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall . The city hosts 177 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations , trade unions , non-profit , lobbying groups , and professional associations , including the Organization of American States , AARP , the National Geographic Society , the Human Rights Campaign , the International Finance Corporation , and the American Red Cross . A locally elected mayor and a 13 ‐ member council have governed the District since 1973 . However , Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws . D.C. residents elect a non-voting , at - large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives , but the District has no representation in the Senate . The District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1961 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Foundation 1.2 Retrocession and the Civil War 1.3 Growth and redevelopment 1.4 Civil rights and home rule era 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 4 Demographics 4.1 Crime 5 Economy 6 Culture 6.1 Landmarks 6.2 Museums 6.3 Arts 6.4 Sports 7 Media 8 Government and politics 8.1 Politics 8.2 Budgetary issues 8.3 Voting rights debate 8.4 Sister cities 9 Education 9.1 Higher education 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Transportation 10.2 Utilities 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History Further information : History of Washington , D.C. and Timeline of Washington , D.C. Various tribes of the Algonquian - speaking Piscataway people ( also known as the Conoy ) inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century . One group known as the Nacotchtank ( also called the Nacostines by Catholic missionaries ) maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present - day District of Columbia . Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people , some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks , Maryland . In his Federalist No. 43 , published January 23 , 1788 , James Madison argued that the new federal government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance and safety . Five years earlier , a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia . Known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security . Article One , Section Eight , of the Constitution permits the establishment of a `` District ( not exceeding ten miles square ) as may , by cession of particular states , and the acceptance of Congress , become the seat of the government of the United States '' . However , the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital . In what is now known as the Compromise of 1790 , Madison , Alexander Hamilton , and Thomas Jefferson came to an agreement that the federal government would pay each state 's remaining Revolutionary War debts in exchange for establishing the new national capital in the southern United States . Foundation On July 9 , 1790 , Congress passed the Residence Act , which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River . The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington , who signed the bill into law on July 16 . Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia , the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles ( 16 km ) on each side , totaling 100 square miles ( 259 km ) . Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory : the port of Georgetown , Maryland , founded in 1751 , and the city of Alexandria , Virginia , founded in 1749 . During 1791 -- 92 , Andrew Ellicott and several assistants , including a free African American astronomer named Benjamin Banneker , surveyed the borders of the federal district and placed boundary stones at every mile point . Many of the stones are still standing . A new federal city was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac , to the east of Georgetown . On September 9 , 1791 , the three commissioners overseeing the capital 's construction named the city in honor of President Washington . The federal district was named Columbia , which was a poetic name for the United States commonly in use at that time . Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17 , 1800 . Congress passed the Organic Act of 1801 , which officially organized the District and placed the entire territory under the exclusive control of the federal government . Further , the unincorporated area within the District was organized into two counties : the County of Washington to the east of the Potomac and the County of Alexandria to the west . After the passage of this Act , citizens living in the District were no longer considered residents of Maryland or Virginia , which therefore ended their representation in Congress . On August 24 -- 25 , 1814 , in a raid known as the Burning of Washington , British forces invaded the capital during the War of 1812 . The Capitol , Treasury , and White House were burned and gutted during the attack . Most government buildings were repaired quickly ; however , the Capitol was largely under construction at the time and was not completed in its current form until 1868 . Retrocession and the Civil War President Abraham Lincoln insisted that construction on the United States Capitol dome continue during the American Civil War ; 1861 . See also : District of Columbia retrocession and Washington , D.C. , in the American Civil War In the 1830s , the District 's southern territory of Alexandria went into economic decline partly due to neglect by Congress . The city of Alexandria was a major market in the American slave trade , and pro-slavery residents feared that abolitionists in Congress would end slavery in the District , further depressing the economy . Alexandria 's citizens petitioned Virginia to take back the land it had donated to form the District , through a process known as retrocession . The Virginia General Assembly voted in February 1846 to accept the return of Alexandria and on July 9 , 1846 , Congress agreed to return all the territory that had been ceded by Virginia . Therefore , the District 's current area consists only of the portion originally donated by Maryland . Confirming the fears of pro-slavery Alexandrians , the Compromise of 1850 outlawed the slave trade in the District , although not slavery itself . The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 led to expansion of the federal government and notable growth in the District 's population , including a large influx of freed slaves . President Abraham Lincoln signed the Compensated Emancipation Act in 1862 , which ended slavery in the District of Columbia and freed about 3,100 enslaved persons , nine months prior to the Emancipation Proclamation . In 1868 , Congress granted the District 's African American male residents the right to vote in municipal elections . Growth and redevelopment Crowds surrounding the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool during the Great March on Washington ; 1963 . By 1870 , the District 's population had grown 75 % from the previous census to nearly 132,000 residents . Despite the city 's growth , Washington still had dirt roads and lacked basic sanitation . Some members of Congress suggested moving the capital further west , but President Ulysses S. Grant refused to consider such a proposal . Congress passed the Organic Act of 1871 , which repealed the individual charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown , and created a new territorial government for the whole District of Columbia . President Grant appointed Alexander Robey Shepherd to the position of governor in 1873 . Shepherd authorized large - scale projects that greatly modernized Washington , but ultimately bankrupted the District government . In 1874 , Congress replaced the territorial government with an appointed three - member Board of Commissioners . The city 's first motorized streetcars began service in 1888 and generated growth in areas of the District beyond the City of Washington 's original boundaries . Washington 's urban plan was expanded throughout the District in the following decades . Georgetown was formally annexed by the City of Washington in 1895 . However , the city had poor housing conditions and strained public works . Washington was the first city in the nation to undergo urban renewal projects as part of the `` City Beautiful movement '' in the early 1900s . Increased federal spending as a result of the New Deal in the 1930s led to the construction of new government buildings , memorials , and museums in Washington . World War II further increased government activity , adding to the number of federal employees in the capital ; by 1950 , the District 's population reached its peak of 802,178 residents . Civil Rights and home Rule era The Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1961 , granting the District three votes in the Electoral College for the election of president and vice president , but still no voting representation in Congress . After the assassination of civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , on April 4 , 1968 , riots broke out in the District , primarily in the U Street , 14th Street , 7th Street , and H Street corridors , centers of black residential and commercial areas . The riots raged for three days until more than 13,600 federal troops stopped the violence . Many stores and other buildings were burned ; rebuilding was not completed until the late 1990s . In 1973 , Congress enacted the District of Columbia Home Rule Act , providing for an elected mayor and 13 - member council for the District . In 1975 , Walter Washington became the first elected and first black mayor of the District . Geography Main article : Geography of Washington , D.C. Calvert Charles Frederick Montgomery Prince George 's Alexandria Arlington Clarke Fairfax Fairfax County Falls Church Fauquier Loudoun Manassas Manassas Park Prince William Spotsylvania Stafford Fredericksburg Warren Washington Jefferson The Washington Metropolitan Area has a population of 6,131,977 , as of 2014 . Washington , D.C. , is located in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. East Coast . Due to the District of Columbia retrocession , the city has a total area of 68.34 square miles ( 177.0 km ) , of which 61.05 square miles ( 158.1 km ) is land and 7.29 square miles ( 18.9 km ) ( 10.67 % ) is water . The District is bordered by Montgomery County , Maryland , to the northwest ; Prince George 's County , Maryland , to the east ; and Arlington and Alexandria , Virginia , to the south and west . The south bank of the Potomac River forms the District 's border with Virginia and has two major tributaries : the Anacostia River and Rock Creek . Tiber Creek , a natural watercourse that once passed through the National Mall , was fully enclosed underground during the 1870s . The creek also formed a portion of the now - filled Washington City Canal , which allowed passage through the city to the Anacostia River from 1815 until the 1850s . The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal starts in Georgetown and was used during the 19th century to bypass the Little Falls of the Potomac River , located at the northwest edge of Washington at the Atlantic Seaboard fall line . The highest natural elevation in the District is 409 feet ( 125 m ) above sea level at Fort Reno Park in upper northwest Washington . The lowest point is sea level at the Potomac River . The geographic center of Washington is near the intersection of 4th and L Streets NW . The District has 7,464 acres ( 30.21 km ) of parkland , about 19 % of the city 's total area and the second - highest percentage among high - density U.S. cities . This factor contributed to Washington , D.C. being ranked as third in the nation for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the park systems of the 100 most populous cities in the United States , according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land . The National Park Service manages most of the 9,122 acres ( 36.92 km ) of city land owned by the U.S. government . Rock Creek Park is a 1,754 - acre ( 7.10 km ) urban forest in Northwest Washington , which extends 9.3 miles ( 15.0 km ) through a stream valley that bisects the city . Established in 1890 , it is the country 's fourth - oldest national park and is home to a variety of plant and animal species including raccoon , deer , owls , and coyotes . Other National Park Service properties include the C&O Canal National Historical Park , the National Mall and Memorial Parks , Theodore Roosevelt Island , Columbia Island , Fort Dupont Park , Meridian Hill Park , Kenilworth Park and Aquatic Gardens , and Anacostia Park . The D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation maintains the city 's 900 acres ( 3.6 km ) of athletic fields and playgrounds , 40 swimming pools , and 68 recreation centers . The U.S. Department of Agriculture operates the 446 - acre ( 1.80 km ) U.S. National Arboretum in Northeast Washington . Climate See also : List of Maryland hurricanes ( 1950 -- present ) and List of tornadoes of Washington , D.C. The Washington Monument seen across the Tidal Basin during the National Cherry Blossom Festival . Meridian Hill Park in Columbia Heights , Northwest , Washington , D.C. Washington is in the northern part of the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen : Cfa ) However , under the Trewartha climate classification , the city has a temperate maritime climate ( Do ) . Winters are usually chilly with light snow , and summers are hot and humid . The District is in plant hardiness zone 8a near downtown , and zone 7b elsewhere in the city , indicating a humid subtropical climate . Spring and fall are mild to warm , while winter is chilly with annual snowfall averaging 15.5 inches ( 39 cm ) . Winter temperatures average around 38 ° F ( 3 ° C ) from mid-December to mid-February . Summers are hot and humid with a July daily average of 79.8 ° F ( 26.6 ° C ) and average daily relative humidity around 66 % , which can cause moderate personal discomfort . The combination of heat and humidity in the summer brings very frequent thunderstorms , some of which occasionally produce tornadoes in the area . Blizzards affect Washington on average once every four to six years . The most violent storms are called `` nor'easters '' , which often affect large sections of the East Coast . From January 27 to January 28 , 1922 , the city officially received 28 inches ( 71 cm ) of snowfall , the largest snowstorm since official measurements began in 1885 . According to notes kept at the time , the city received between 30 and 36 inches ( 76 and 91 cm ) from a snowstorm in January 1772 . Hurricanes ( or their remnants ) occasionally track through the area in late summer and early fall , but are often weak by the time they reach Washington , partly due to the city 's inland location . Flooding of the Potomac River , however , caused by a combination of high tide , storm surge , and runoff , has been known to cause extensive property damage in the neighborhood of Georgetown . Precipitation occurs throughout the year . The highest recorded temperature was 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on August 6 , 1918 , and on July 20 , 1930 . while the lowest recorded temperature was − 15 ° F ( − 26 ° C ) on February 11 , 1899 , right before the Great Blizzard of 1899 . During a typical year , the city averages about 37 days at or above 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and 64 nights at or below 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) . On average , the first day at or below 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) is November 18 and the last day is March 27 . Climate data for Washington , D.C. ( Reagan National Airport ) , 1981 − 2010 normals , extremes 1871 − present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 79 ( 26 ) 84 ( 29 ) 93 ( 34 ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 106 ( 41 ) 106 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 96 ( 36 ) 86 ( 30 ) 79 ( 26 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 65.5 ( 18.6 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 90.3 ( 32.4 ) 95.2 ( 35.1 ) 97.5 ( 36.4 ) 96.5 ( 35.8 ) 91.6 ( 33.1 ) 83.7 ( 28.7 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 66.4 ( 19.1 ) 98.8 ( 37.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 43.4 ( 6.3 ) 47.1 ( 8.4 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) 84.2 ( 29 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 79.5 ( 26.4 ) 68.4 ( 20.2 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 36.0 ( 2.2 ) 39.0 ( 3.9 ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 56.8 ( 13.8 ) 66.0 ( 18.9 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 79.8 ( 26.6 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 71.0 ( 21.7 ) 59.5 ( 15.3 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) 39.7 ( 4.3 ) 58.1 ( 14.5 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) 30.9 ( − 0.6 ) 37.6 ( 3.1 ) 47.0 ( 8.3 ) 56.5 ( 13.6 ) 66.3 ( 19.1 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 50.6 ( 10.3 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 12.9 ( − 10.6 ) 16.6 ( − 8.6 ) 22.9 ( − 5.1 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 44.6 ( 7 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 62.1 ( 16.7 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 28.7 ( − 1.8 ) 18.2 ( − 7.7 ) 9.9 ( − 12.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) ( − 16 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 33 ( 1 ) 43 ( 6 ) 52 ( 11 ) 49 ( 9 ) 36 ( 2 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 11 ( − 12 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.81 ( 71.4 ) 2.62 ( 66.5 ) 3.48 ( 88.4 ) 3.06 ( 77.7 ) 3.99 ( 101.3 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 3.73 ( 94.7 ) 2.93 ( 74.4 ) 3.72 ( 94.5 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 3.05 ( 77.5 ) 39.74 ( 1,009.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 5.6 ( 14.2 ) 5.7 ( 14.5 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) trace 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 2.3 ( 5.8 ) 15.4 ( 39.1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.6 9.0 10.5 10.4 11.1 10.7 10.3 8.2 8.3 7.7 8.6 9.7 114.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 3.0 2.4 0.9 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.5 8.1 Average relative humidity ( % ) 62.1 60.5 58.6 58.0 64.5 65.8 66.9 69.3 69.7 67.4 64.7 64.1 64.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 144.6 151.8 204.0 228.2 260.5 283.2 280.5 263.1 225.0 203.6 150.2 133.0 2,527.7 Percent possible sunshine 48 50 55 57 59 64 62 62 60 59 50 45 57 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 − 1990 ) Cityscape See also : Streets and highways of Washington , D.C. ; Neighborhoods in Washington , D.C. ; and List of tallest buildings in Washington , D.C. The L'Enfant Plan for Washington , D.C. , as revised by Andrew Ellicott in 1792 . Washington , D.C. , is a planned city . In 1791 , President Washington commissioned Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant , a French - born architect and city planner , to design the new capital . He enlisted Scottish surveyor Alexander Ralston to help layout the city plan . The L'Enfant Plan featured broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles , providing room for open space and landscaping . He based his design on plans of cities such as Paris , Amsterdam , Karlsruhe , and Milan that Thomas Jefferson had sent to him . L'Enfant's design also envisioned a garden - lined `` grand avenue '' approximately 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) in length and 400 feet ( 120 m ) wide in the area that is now the National Mall . President Washington dismissed L'Enfant in March 1792 due to conflicts with the three commissioners appointed to supervise the capital 's construction . Andrew Ellicott , who had worked with L'Enfant surveying the city , was then tasked with completing the design . Though Ellicott made revisions to the original plans , including changes to some street patterns , L'Enfant is still credited with the overall design of the city . Construction of the 12 - story Cairo Apartment Building in 1894 spurred D.C. 's building height restrictions . By the early 1900s , L'Enfant's vision of a grand national capital had become marred by slums and randomly placed buildings , including a railroad station on the National Mall . Congress formed a special committee charged with beautifying Washington 's ceremonial core . What became known as the McMillan Plan was finalized in 1901 and included re-landscaping the Capitol grounds and the National Mall , clearing slums , and establishing a new citywide park system . The plan is thought to have largely preserved L'Enfant's intended design . By law , Washington 's skyline is low and sprawling . The federal Height of Buildings Act of 1910 allows buildings that are no taller than the width of the adjacent street , plus 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) . Despite popular belief , no law has ever limited buildings to the height of the United States Capitol or the 555 - foot ( 169 m ) Washington Monument , which remains the District 's tallest structure . City leaders have criticized the height restriction as a primary reason why the District has limited affordable housing and traffic problems caused by urban sprawl . The District is divided into four quadrants of unequal area : Northwest ( NW ) , Northeast ( NE ) , Southeast ( SE ) , and Southwest ( SW ) . The axes bounding the quadrants radiate from the U.S. Capitol building . All road names include the quadrant abbreviation to indicate their location and house numbers generally correspond with the number of blocks away from the Capitol . Most streets are set out in a grid pattern with east -- west streets named with letters ( e.g. , C Street SW ) , north -- south streets with numbers ( e.g. , 4th Street NW ) , and diagonal avenues , many of which are named after states . The City of Washington was bordered by Boundary Street to the north ( renamed Florida Avenue in 1890 ) , Rock Creek to the west , and the Anacostia River to the east . Washington 's street grid was extended , where possible , throughout the District starting in 1888 . Georgetown 's streets were renamed in 1895 . Some streets are particularly noteworthy , such as Pennsylvania Avenue , which connects the White House to the Capitol and K Street , which houses the offices of many lobbying groups . Washington hosts 177 foreign embassies , constituting approximately 297 buildings beyond the more than 1,600 residential properties owned by foreign countries , many of which are on a section of Massachusetts Avenue informally known as Embassy Row . Architecture The White House ranked second on the AIA 's `` List of America 's Favorite Architecture '' . The architecture of Washington varies greatly . Six of the top 10 buildings in the American Institute of Architects ' 2007 ranking of `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' are in the District of Columbia : the White House , the Washington National Cathedral , the Thomas Jefferson Memorial , the United States Capitol , the Lincoln Memorial , and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . The neoclassical , Georgian , gothic , and modern architectural styles are all reflected among those six structures and many other prominent edifices in Washington . Notable exceptions include buildings constructed in the French Second Empire style such as the Eisenhower Executive Office Building . Outside downtown Washington , architectural styles are even more varied . Historic buildings are designed primarily in the Queen Anne , Châteauesque , Richardsonian Romanesque , Georgian revival , Beaux - Arts , and a variety of Victorian styles . Rowhouses are especially prominent in areas developed after the Civil War and typically follow Federalist and late Victorian designs . Georgetown 's Old Stone House was built in 1765 , making it the oldest - standing original building in the city . Founded in 1789 , Georgetown University features a mix of Romanesque and Gothic Revival architecture . The Ronald Reagan Building is the largest building in the District with a total area of approximately 3.1 million square feet ( 288,000 m ) . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Washington , D.C. Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1800 8,144 -- 1810 15,471 90.0 % 1820 23,336 50.8 % 1830 30,261 29.7 % 1840 33,745 11.5 % 1850 51,687 53.2 % 1860 75,080 45.3 % 1870 131,700 75.4 % 1880 177,624 34.9 % 1890 230,392 29.7 % 1900 278,718 21.0 % 1910 331,069 18.8 % 1920 437,571 32.2 % 1930 486,869 11.3 % 1940 663,091 36.2 % 1950 802,178 21.0 % 1960 763,956 − 4.8 % 1970 756,510 − 1.0 % 1980 638,333 − 15.6 % 1990 606,900 − 4.9 % 2000 572,059 − 5.7 % 601,723 5.2 % Est. 2017 693,972 15.3 % Source : Note : The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the District 's population was 693,972 on July 1 , 2017 , a 15.3 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The increase continues a growth trend since 2000 , following a half - century of population decline . The city was the 24th most populous place in the United States as of 2010 . According to data from 2010 , commuters from the suburbs increase the District 's daytime population to over one million people . If the District were a state it would rank 49th in population , ahead of Vermont and Wyoming . The Washington Metropolitan Area , which includes the District and surrounding suburbs , is the sixth - largest metropolitan area in the United States with an estimated 6 million residents in 2014 . When the Washington area is included with Baltimore and its suburbs , the Baltimore -- Washington Metropolitan Area had a population exceeding 9.6 million residents in 2016 , the fourth - largest combined statistical area in the country . According to 2016 Census Bureau data , the population of Washington , D.C. , was 47.7 % Black or African American , 44.6 % White ( 36.4 % non-Hispanic White ) , 4.1 % Asian , 0.6 % American Indian or Alaska Native , and 0.2 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander . Individuals from two or more races made up 2.7 % of the population . Hispanics of any race made up 10.9 % of the District 's population . Map of racial distribution in Washington , D.C. , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) Washington has had a significant African American population since the city 's foundation . African American residents composed about 30 % of the District 's total population between 1800 and 1940 . The black population reached a peak of 70 % by 1970 , but has since steadily declined due to many African Americans moving to the surrounding suburbs . Partly as a result of gentrification , there was a 31.4 % increase in the non-Hispanic white population and an 11.5 % decrease in the black population between 2000 and 2010 . About 17 % of D.C. residents were age 18 or younger in 2010 ; lower than the U.S. average of 24 % . However , at 34 years old , the District had the lowest median age compared to the 50 states . As of 2010 , there were an estimated 81,734 immigrants living in Washington , D.C. Major sources of immigration include El Salvador , Vietnam , and Ethiopia , with a concentration of Salvadorans in the Mount Pleasant neighborhood . Researchers found that there were 4,822 same - sex couples in the District of Columbia in 2010 ; about 2 % of total households . Legislation authorizing same - sex marriage passed in 2009 and the District began issuing marriage licenses to same - sex couples in March 2010 . A 2007 report found that about one - third of District residents were functionally illiterate , compared to a national rate of about one in five . This is attributed in part to immigrants who are not proficient in English . As of 2011 , 85 % of D.C. residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language . Half of residents had at least a four - year college degree in 2006 . D.C. residents had a personal income per capita of $55,755 ; higher than any of the 50 states . However , 19 % of residents were below the poverty level in 2005 , higher than any state except Mississippi . Of the District 's population , 17 % is Baptist , 13 % is Catholic , 6 % is evangelical Protestant , 4 % is Methodist , 3 % is Episcopalian / Anglican , 3 % is Jewish , 2 % is Eastern Orthodox , 1 % is Pentecostal , 1 % is Buddhist , 1 % is Adventist , 1 % is Lutheran , 1 % is Muslim , 1 % is Presbyterian , 1 % is Mormon , and 1 % is Hindu . Over 90 % of D.C. residents have health insurance coverage , the second - highest rate in the nation . This is due in part to city programs that help provide insurance to low - income individuals who do not qualify for other types of coverage . A 2009 report found that at least 3 % of District residents have HIV or AIDS , which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) characterizes as a `` generalized and severe '' epidemic . Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Study on religion in the Washington , D.C. show Affiliation % of Washington , D.C. adult population Total 100 100 Christian 65 65 Protestant 41 41 Historically Black Protestant 23 23 Catholic 20 20 Mormon Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Other Mormon Orthodox Christian Greek Orthodox Other Christian Unaffiliated 25 25 Nontheist 10 10 Atheist Agnostic 6 6 Nothing in particular 6 6 Nothing in particular ( religion not important ) 9 9 Nothing in particular ( religion important ) 6 6 Do n't know Non-Christian faiths 9 9 Jewish 5 5 Muslim Hindu Other non-Christian faiths Crime Main articles : Crime in Washington , D.C. and List of law enforcement agencies in the District of Columbia Crime in Washington , D.C. is concentrated in areas associated with poverty , drug abuse , and gangs . A 2010 study found that 5 % of city blocks accounted for over one - quarter of the District 's total crime . The more affluent neighborhoods of Northwest Washington are typically safe , especially in areas with concentrations of government operations , such as Downtown Washington , D.C. , Foggy Bottom , Embassy Row , and Penn Quarter , but reports of violent crime increase in poorer neighborhoods generally concentrated in the eastern portion of the city . Approximately 60,000 residents are ex-convicts . In 2012 , Washington 's annual murder count had dropped to 88 , the lowest total since 1961 . The murder rate has since risen from that historic low , though it remains close to half the rate of the early 2000s . Washington was once described as the `` murder capital '' of the United States during the early 1990s . The number of murders peaked in 1991 at 479 , but the level of violence then began to decline significantly . In 2016 , the District 's Metropolitan Police Department tallied 135 homicides , a 53 % increase from 2012 but a 17 % decrease from 2015 . Many neighborhoods such as Columbia Heights and Logan Circle are becoming safer and vibrant . However , incidents of robberies and thefts have remained higher in these areas because of increased nightlife activity and greater numbers of affluent residents . Even still , citywide reports of both property and violent crimes have declined by nearly half since their most recent highs in the mid-1990s . On June 26 , 2008 , the Supreme Court of the United States held in District of Columbia v. Heller that the city 's 1976 handgun ban violated the right to keep and bear arms as protected under the Second Amendment . However , the ruling does not prohibit all forms of gun control ; laws requiring firearm registration remain in place , as does the city 's assault weapon ban . In addition to the District 's own Metropolitan Police Department , many federal law enforcement agencies have jurisdiction in the city as well -- most visibly the U.S. Park Police , founded in 1791 . Economy Federal Triangle on Pennsylvania Avenue ; the U.S. federal government accounts for about 29 % of D.C. jobs . See also : Category : Companies based in Washington , D.C. and Category : Non-profit organizations based in Washington , D.C. Washington has a growing , diversified economy with an increasing percentage of professional and business service jobs . The gross state product of the District in 2010 was $103.3 billion , which would rank it No. 34 compared to the 50 states . The gross product of the Washington Metropolitan Area was $435 billion in 2014 , making it the sixth - largest metropolitan economy in the United States . Between 2009 and 2016 , GDP per capita in Washington , D.C has consistently ranked on the very top among U.S. states . In 2016 , at $160,472 , its GDP per capita is almost three times as high as that of Massachusetts , which ranked second place in the country . As of June 2011 , the Washington Metropolitan Area had an unemployment rate of 6.2 % ; the second - lowest rate among the 49 largest metro areas in the nation . The District of Columbia itself had an unemployment rate of 9.8 % during the same time period . In December 2017 , 25 % of the employees in Washington , D.C. , were employed by a federal governmental agency . This is thought to immunize Washington , D.C. , to national economic downturns because the federal government continues operations even during recessions . Many organizations such as law firms , defense contractors , civilian contractors , nonprofit organizations , lobbying firms , trade unions , industry trade groups , and professional associations have their headquarters in or near Washington , D.C. , in order to be close to the federal government . Tourism is Washington 's second - largest industry . Approximately 18.9 million visitors contributed an estimated $4.8 billion to the local economy in 2012 . The District also hosts nearly 200 foreign embassies and international organizations such as the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the Organization of American States , the Inter-American Development Bank , and the Pan American Health Organization . In 2008 , the foreign diplomatic corps in Washington employed about 10,000 people and contributed an estimated $400 million annually to the local economy . The District has growing industries not directly related to government , especially in the areas of education , finance , public policy , and scientific research . Georgetown University , George Washington University , Washington Hospital Center , Children 's National Medical Center and Howard University are the top five non-government - related employers in the city as of 2009 . According to statistics compiled in 2011 , four of the largest 500 companies in the country were headquartered in the District . In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index , Washington was ranked as having the 12th most competitive financial center in the world , and fifth most competitive in the United States ( after New York City , San Francisco , Chicago , and Boston ) . Culture Main article : Culture of Washington , D.C. Landmarks The Lincoln Memorial receives approximately 6 million visits annually . See also : List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. ; National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington , D.C. ; and List of museums in Washington , D.C. The National Mall is a large , open park in downtown Washington between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol . Given its prominence , the mall is often the location of political protests , concerts , festivals , and presidential inaugurations . The Washington Monument and the Jefferson Pier are near the center of the mall , south of the White House . Also on the mall are the National World War II Memorial at the east end of the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool , the Korean War Veterans Memorial , and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Directly south of the mall , the Tidal Basin features rows of Japanese cherry blossom trees that originated as gifts from the nation of Japan . The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial , George Mason Memorial , Jefferson Memorial , Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , and the District of Columbia War Memorial are around the Tidal Basin . The National Archives houses thousands of documents important to American history including the Declaration of Independence , the United States Constitution , and the Bill of Rights . Located in three buildings on Capitol Hill , the Library of Congress is the largest library complex in the world with a collection of over 147 million books , manuscripts , and other materials . The United States Supreme Court Building was completed in 1935 ; before then , the court held sessions in the Old Senate Chamber of the Capitol . Museums The Smithsonian Institution is the world 's largest research and museum complex , operating 19 museums & galleries and the National Zoo . The Smithsonian Institution is an educational foundation chartered by Congress in 1846 that maintains most of the nation 's official museums and galleries in Washington , D.C. The U.S. government partially funds the Smithsonian and its collections are open to the public free of charge . The Smithsonian 's locations had a combined total of 30 million visits in 2013 . The most visited museum is the National Museum of Natural History on the National Mall . Other Smithsonian Institution museums and galleries on the mall are : the National Air and Space Museum ; the National Museum of African Art ; the National Museum of American History ; the National Museum of the American Indian ; the Sackler and Freer galleries , which both focus on Asian art and culture ; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden ; the Arts and Industries Building ; the S. Dillon Ripley Center ; and the Smithsonian Institution Building ( also known as `` The Castle '' ) , which serves as the institution 's headquarters . The Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery are housed in the Old Patent Office Building , near Washington 's Chinatown . The Renwick Gallery is officially part of the Smithsonian American Art Museum but is in a separate building near the White House . Other Smithsonian museums and galleries include : the Anacostia Community Museum in Southeast Washington ; the National Postal Museum near Union Station ; and the National Zoo in Woodley Park . The National Gallery of Art is one of the largest art museums in the world . The National Gallery of Art is on the National Mall near the Capitol and features works of American and European art . The gallery and its collections are owned by the U.S. government but are not a part of the Smithsonian Institution . The National Building Museum , which occupies the former Pension Building near Judiciary Square , was chartered by Congress and hosts exhibits on architecture , urban planning , and design . There are many private art museums in the District of Columbia , which house major collections and exhibits open to the public such as the National Museum of Women in the Arts ; the Corcoran Gallery of Art , the largest private museum in Washington ; and The Phillips Collection in Dupont Circle , the first museum of modern art in the United States . Other private museums in Washington include the Newseum , the O Street Museum Foundation , the International Spy Museum , the National Geographic Society Museum , the Marian Koshland Science Museum and the Museum of the Bible . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum near the National Mall maintains exhibits , documentation , and artifacts related to the Holocaust . Arts The Kennedy Center for Performing Arts is home to the Washington National Opera and National Symphony Orchestra . Main articles : Theater in Washington , D.C. and Music of Washington , D.C. Washington , D.C. , is a national center for the arts . The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is home to the National Symphony Orchestra , the Washington National Opera , and the Washington Ballet . The Kennedy Center Honors are awarded each year to those in the performing arts who have contributed greatly to the cultural life of the United States . The historic Ford 's Theatre , site of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln , continues to operate as a functioning performance space as well as museum . The Marine Barracks near Capitol Hill houses the United States Marine Band ; founded in 1798 , it is the country 's oldest professional musical organization . American march composer and Washington - native John Philip Sousa led the Marine Band from 1880 until 1892 . Founded in 1925 , the United States Navy Band has its headquarters at the Washington Navy Yard and performs at official events and public concerts around the city . Washington has a strong local theater tradition . Founded in 1950 , Arena Stage achieved national attention and spurred growth in the city 's independent theater movement that now includes organizations such as the Shakespeare Theatre Company , Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company , and the Studio Theatre . Arena Stage opened its newly renovated home in the city 's emerging Southwest waterfront area in 2010 . The GALA Hispanic Theatre , now housed in the historic Tivoli Theatre in Columbia Heights , was founded in 1976 and is a National Center for the Latino Performing Arts . The U Street Corridor in Northwest D.C. , known as `` Washington 's Black Broadway '' , is home to institutions like the Howard Theatre , Bohemian Caverns , and the Lincoln Theatre , which hosted music legends such as Washington - native Duke Ellington , John Coltrane , and Miles Davis . Washington has its own native music genre called go - go ; a post-funk , percussion - driven flavor of rhythm and blues that was popularized in the late 1970s by D.C. band leader Chuck Brown . The District is an important center for indie culture and music in the United States . The label Dischord Records , formed by Ian MacKaye , was one of the most crucial independent labels in the genesis of 1980s punk and eventually indie rock in the 1990s . Modern alternative and indie music venues like The Black Cat and the 9 : 30 Club bring popular acts to the U Street area . Sports Main article : Sports in Washington , D.C. Washington is one of 13 cities in the United States with teams from all four major professional men 's sports and is home to one major professional women 's team . The Washington Wizards ( National Basketball Association ) , the Washington Capitals ( National Hockey League ) , and the Washington Mystics ( Women 's National Basketball Association ) , play at the Capital One Arena in Chinatown . Nationals Park , which opened in Southeast D.C. in 2008 , is home to the Washington Nationals ( Major League Baseball ) . D.C. United ( Major League Soccer ) plays at RFK Stadium . The Washington Redskins ( National Football League ) play at FedExField in nearby Landover , Maryland . Current D.C. teams have won a combined eleven professional league championships : the Washington Redskins have won five ; D.C. United has won four ; and the Washington Wizards ( then the Washington Bullets ) and Washington Capitals have each won a single championship . Other professional and semi-professional teams in Washington include : the Washington Kastles ( World TeamTennis ) ; the Washington D.C. Slayers ( USA Rugby League ) ; the Baltimore Washington Eagles ( U.S. Australian Football League ) ; the D.C. Divas ( Independent Women 's Football League ) ; and the Potomac Athletic Club RFC ( Rugby Super League ) . The William H.G. FitzGerald Tennis Center in Rock Creek Park hosts the Citi Open . Washington is also home to two major annual marathon races : the Marine Corps Marathon , which is held every autumn , and the Rock ' n ' Roll USA Marathon held in the spring . The Marine Corps Marathon began in 1976 and is sometimes called `` The People 's Marathon '' because it is the largest marathon that does not offer prize money to participants . The District 's four NCAA Division I teams , American Eagles , George Washington Colonials , Georgetown Hoyas and Howard Bison and Lady Bison , have a broad following . The Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball team is the most notable and also plays at the Capital One Arena . From 2008 to 2012 , the District hosted an annual college football bowl game at RFK Stadium , called the Military Bowl . The D.C. area is home to one regional sports television network , Comcast SportsNet ( CSN ) , based in Bethesda , Maryland . Media Main article : Media in Washington , D.C. See also : List of newspapers in Washington , D.C. and List of television shows set in Washington , D.C. The Washington Post Building on Franklin Square . Washington , D.C. , is a prominent center for national and international media . The Washington Post , founded in 1877 , is the oldest and most - read local daily newspaper in Washington . `` The Post '' , as it is popularly called , is well known as the newspaper that exposed the Watergate scandal . It had the sixth - highest readership of all news dailies in the country in 2011 . The Washington Post Company also publishes a daily free commuter newspaper called the Express , which summarizes events , sports and entertainment , as well as the Spanish - language paper El Tiempo Latino . Another popular local daily is The Washington Times , the city 's second general interest broadsheet and also an influential paper in political circles . The alternative weekly Washington City Paper also have substantial readership in the Washington area . The Watergate Complex was the site of the Watergate Scandal , which led to President Nixon 's resignation . Some community and specialty papers focus on neighborhood and cultural issues , including the weekly Washington Blade and Metro Weekly , which focus on LGBT issues ; the Washington Informer and The Washington Afro American , which highlight topics of interest to the black community ; and neighborhood newspapers published by The Current Newspapers . Congressional Quarterly , The Hill , Politico and Roll Call newspapers focus exclusively on issues related to Congress and the federal government . Other publications based in Washington include the National Geographic magazine and political publications such as The Washington Examiner , The New Republic and Washington Monthly . The Washington Metropolitan Area is the ninth - largest television media market in the nation , with two million homes , approximately 2 % of the country 's population . Several media companies and cable television channels have their headquarters in the area , including C - SPAN ; Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) ; Radio One ; the National Geographic Channel ; Smithsonian Networks ; National Public Radio ( NPR ) ; Travel Channel ( in Chevy Chase , Maryland ) ; Discovery Communications ( in Silver Spring , Maryland ) ; and the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) ( in Arlington , Virginia ) . The headquarters of Voice of America , the U.S. government 's international news service , is near the Capitol in Southwest Washington . Government and politics Main article : Government of the District of Columbia Politics See also : District of Columbia home rule ; List of mayors of Washington , D.C. ; and List of District of Columbia symbols Article One , Section Eight of the United States Constitution grants the United States Congress `` exclusive jurisdiction '' over the city . The District did not have an elected local government until the passage of the 1973 Home Rule Act . The Act devolved certain Congressional powers to an elected mayor , currently Muriel Bowser , and the thirteen - member Council of the District of Columbia . However , Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council and intervene in local affairs . Each of the city 's eight wards elects a single member of the council and residents elect four at - large members to represent the District as a whole . The council chair is also elected at - large . There are 37 Advisory Neighborhood Commissions ( ANCs ) elected by small neighborhood districts . ANCs can issue recommendations on all issues that affect residents ; government agencies take their advice under careful consideration . The Attorney General of the District of Columbia , currently Karl Racine , is elected to a four - year term . Washington , D.C. , observes all federal holidays and also celebrates Emancipation Day on April 16 , which commemorates the end of slavery in the District . The flag of Washington , D.C. , was adopted in 1938 and is a variation on George Washington 's family coat of arms . Budgetary issues The Wilson Building houses the offices of the Mayor of Washington and the Council of the District of Columbia . The mayor and council set local taxes and a budget , which must be approved by Congress . The Government Accountability Office and other analysts have estimated that the city 's high percentage of tax - exempt property and the Congressional prohibition of commuter taxes create a structural deficit in the District 's local budget of anywhere between $470 million and over $1 billion per year . Congress typically provides additional grants for federal programs such as Medicaid and the operation of the local justice system ; however , analysts claim that the payments do not fully resolve the imbalance . The city 's local government , particularly during the mayoralty of Marion Barry , was criticized for mismanagement and waste . During his administration in 1989 , The Washington Monthly magazine claimed that the District had `` the worst city government in America . '' In 1995 , at the start of Barry 's fourth term , Congress created the District of Columbia Financial Control Board to oversee all municipal spending . Mayor Anthony Williams won election in 1998 and oversaw a period of urban renewal and budget surpluses . The District regained control over its finances in 2001 and the oversight board 's operations were suspended . Voting Rights debate Presidential election results Year Democratic Republican 1964 85.5 % 169,796 14.5 % 28,801 1968 81.8 % 139,566 18.2 % 31,012 1972 78.1 % 127,627 21.6 % 35,226 1976 81.6 % 137,818 16.5 % 27,873 1980 74.9 % 130,231 13.4 % 26,218 1984 85.4 % 180,408 13.7 % 29,009 82.6 % 159,407 14.3 % 27,590 84.6 % 192,619 9.1 % 20,698 85.2 % 158,220 9.3 % 17,339 2000 85.2 % 171,923 9.0 % 18,073 89.0 % 202,970 9.3 % 21,256 2008 92.5 % 245,800 6.5 % 17,367 2012 90.9 % 267,070 7.3 % 21,381 2016 90.9 % 282,830 4.1 % 12,723 Mayoral election results Year Democratic Republican 82.5 % 79,065 3.7 % 3,501 1978 70.2 % 68,354 28.1 % 27,366 1982 81.0 % 95,007 14.1 % 16,502 1986 61.4 % 79,142 32.8 % 42,354 1990 86.2 % 140,011 11.5 % 18,653 56.0 % 102,884 41.9 % 76,902 1998 66.2 % 92,504 30.2 % 42,280 2002 60.6 % 79,841 34.5 % 45,407 2006 89.7 % 98,740 6.1 % 6,744 74.2 % 97,978 2014 54.5 % 96,666 See also : District of Columbia voting rights and Political party strength in Washington , D.C. The District is not a state and therefore has no voting representation in Congress . D.C. residents elect a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives , currently Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D - D.C. At - Large ) , who may sit on committees , participate in debate , and introduce legislation , but can not vote on the House floor . The District has no official representation in the United States Senate . Neither chamber seats the District 's elected `` shadow '' representative or senators . Unlike residents of U.S. territories such as Puerto Rico or Guam , which also have non-voting delegates , D.C. , residents are subject to all federal taxes . In the financial year 2012 , D.C. , residents and businesses paid $20.7 billion in federal taxes ; more than the taxes collected from 19 states and the highest federal taxes per capita . A 2005 poll found that 78 % of Americans did not know that residents of the District of Columbia have less representation in Congress than residents of the 50 states . Efforts to raise awareness about the issue have included campaigns by grassroots organizations and featuring the city 's unofficial motto , `` Taxation Without Representation '' , on D.C. vehicle license plates . There is evidence of nationwide approval for D.C. voting rights ; various polls indicate that 61 to 82 % of Americans believe that D.C. should have voting representation in Congress . Despite public support , attempts to grant the District voting representation , including the D.C. statehood movement and the proposed District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment , have been unsuccessful . The Eisenhower Executive Office Building , once the world 's largest office building , houses the Executive Office of the President of the United States . Opponents of D.C. voting rights propose that the Founding Fathers never intended for District residents to have a vote in Congress since the Constitution makes clear that representation must come from the states . Those opposed to making D.C. a state claim that such a move would destroy the notion of a separate national capital and that statehood would unfairly grant Senate representation to a single city , particularly one certain to elect Democratic representatives . Sister cities Washington , D.C. , has fourteen official sister city agreements . Listed in the order each agreement was first established , they are Bangkok , Thailand ( 1962 , renewed 2002 ) ; Dakar , Senegal ( 1980 , renewed 2006 ) ; Beijing , China ( 1984 , renewed 2004 ) ; Brussels , Belgium ( 1985 , renewed 2002 ) ; Athens , Greece ( 2000 ) ; Paris , France ( 2000 as a friendship and cooperation agreement , renewed 2005 ) ; Pretoria , South Africa ( 2002 , renewed 2008 ) ; Seoul , South Korea ( 2006 ) ; Accra , Ghana ( 2006 ) ; Sunderland , United Kingdom ( 2006 ) ; Rome , Italy ( 2011 ) ; Ankara , Turkey ( 2011 ) ; Brasília , Brazil ( 2013 ) ; and Addis Ababa , Ethiopia ( 2013 ) . Each of the listed cities is a national capital except for Sunderland , which includes the town of Washington , the ancestral home of George Washington 's family . Paris and Rome are each formally recognized as a partner city due to their special one sister city policy . Education See also : List of colleges and universities in Washington , D.C. and List of parochial and private schools in Washington , D.C. The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world , with more than 164 million cataloged items . District of Columbia Public Schools ( DCPS ) operates the city 's 123 public schools . The number of students in DCPS steadily decreased for 39 years until 2009 . In the 2010 -- 11 school year , 46,191 students were enrolled in the public school system . DCPS has one of the highest - cost yet lowest - performing school systems in the country , both in terms of infrastructure and student achievement . Mayor Adrian Fenty 's administration made sweeping changes to the system by closing schools , replacing teachers , firing principals , and using private education firms to aid curriculum development . The District of Columbia Public Charter School Board monitors the 52 public charter schools in the city . Due to the perceived problems with the traditional public school system , enrollment in public charter schools has steadily increased . As of fall 2010 , D.C. , charter schools had a total enrollment of about 32,000 , a 9 % increase from the prior year . The District is also home to 92 private schools , which enrolled approximately 18,000 students in 2008 . The District of Columbia Public Library operates 25 neighborhood locations including the landmark Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Library . Higher education Private universities include American University ( AU ) , the Catholic University of America ( CUA ) , Gallaudet University , George Washington University ( GW ) , Georgetown University ( GU ) , Howard University , the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) , and Trinity Washington University . The Corcoran College of Art and Design , the oldest arts school in the capital , was absorbed into the George Washington University in 2014 , now serving as its college of arts . The University of the District of Columbia ( UDC ) is a public land - grant university providing undergraduate and graduate education . D.C. residents may also be eligible for a grant of up to $10,000 per year to offset the cost of tuition at any public university in the country . The District is known for its medical research institutions such as Washington Hospital Center and the Children 's National Medical Center , as well as the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda , Maryland . In addition , the city is home to three medical schools and associated teaching hospitals at George Washington , Georgetown , and Howard universities . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in Washington , D.C. Washington Union Station is one of the busiest rail stations in the United States . There are 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of streets , parkways , and avenues in the District . Due to the freeway revolts of the 1960s , much of the proposed interstate highway system through the middle of Washington was never built . Interstate 95 ( I - 95 ) , the nation 's major east coast highway , therefore bends around the District to form the eastern portion of the Capital Beltway . A portion of the proposed highway funding was directed to the region 's public transportation infrastructure instead . The interstate highways that continue into Washington , including I - 66 and I - 395 , both terminate shortly after entering the city . The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( WMATA ) operates the Washington Metro , the city 's rapid transit system , as well as Metrobus . Both systems serve the District and its suburbs . Metro opened on March 27 , 1976 and , as of July 2014 , consists of 91 stations and 117 miles ( 188 km ) of track . With an average of about one million trips each weekday , Metro is the second - busiest rapid transit system in the country . Metrobus serves over 400,000 riders each weekday and is the nation 's fifth - largest bus system . The city also operates its own DC Circulator bus system , which connects commercial areas within central Washington . Union Station is the city 's main train station and services approximately 70,000 people each day . It is Amtrak 's second - busiest station with 4.6 million passengers annually and is the southern terminus for the Northeast Corridor and Acela Express routes . Maryland 's MARC and Virginia 's VRE commuter trains and the Metrorail Red Line also provide service into Union Station . Following renovations in 2011 , Union Station became Washington 's primary intercity bus transit center . Three major airports serve the District . Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is across the Potomac River from downtown Washington in Arlington , Virginia and primarily handles domestic flights . Major international flights arrive and depart from Washington Dulles International Airport , 26.3 miles ( 42.3 km ) west of the District in Fairfax and Loudoun counties in Virginia . Baltimore - Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport is 31.7 miles ( 51.0 km ) northeast of the District in Anne Arundel County , Maryland . According to a 2010 study , Washington - area commuters spent 70 hours a year in traffic delays , which tied with Chicago for having the nation 's worst road congestion . However , 37 % of Washington - area commuters take public transportation to work , the second - highest rate in the country . An additional 12 % of D.C. commuters walked to work , 6 % carpooled , and 3 % traveled by bicycle in 2010 . A 2011 study by Walk Score found that Washington was the seventh-most walkable city in the country with 80 % of residents living in neighborhoods that are not car dependent . In 2013 , the Washington - Arlington - Alexandria metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had the eighth lowest percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile ( 75.7 percent ) , with 8 percent of area workers traveling via rail transit . An expected 32 % increase in transit usage within the District by 2030 has spurred construction of a new DC Streetcar system to interconnect the city 's neighborhoods . Construction has also started on an additional Metro line that will connect Washington to Dulles airport . The District is part of the regional Capital Bikeshare program . Started in 2010 , it is currently one of the largest bicycle sharing systems in the country with over 4,351 bicycles and more than 395 stations all provided by PBSC Urban Solutions . By 2012 , the city 's network of marked bicycle lanes covered 56 miles ( 90 km ) of streets . Utilities The Capitol Power Plant , built to supply energy for the U.S. Capitol Complex , is under the jurisdiction of the Architect of the Capitol . The District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority ( i.e. WASA or D.C. Water ) is an independent authority of the D.C. government that provides drinking water and wastewater collection in Washington . WASA purchases water from the historic Washington Aqueduct , which is operated by the Army Corps of Engineers . The water , sourced from the Potomac River , is treated and stored in the city 's Dalecarlia , Georgetown , and McMillan reservoirs . The aqueduct provides drinking water for a total of 1.1 million people in the District and Virginia , including Arlington , Falls Church , and a portion of Fairfax County . The authority also provides sewage treatment services for an additional 1.6 million people in four surrounding Maryland and Virginia counties . Pepco is the city 's electric utility and services 793,000 customers in the District and suburban Maryland . An 1889 law prohibits overhead wires within much of the historic City of Washington . As a result , all power lines and telecommunication cables are located underground in downtown Washington , and traffic signals are placed at the edge of the street . A plan announced in 2013 would bury an additional 60 miles ( 97 km ) of primary power lines throughout the District . Washington Gas is the city 's natural gas utility and serves over one million customers in the District and its suburbs . Incorporated by Congress in 1848 , the company installed the city 's first gas lights in the Capitol , the White House , and along Pennsylvania Avenue . See also Washington , D.C. portal Book : Washington , D.C. Index of Washington , D.C. - related articles Outline of Washington , D.C. Notes Jump up ^ By 1790 , the Southern states had largely repaid their overseas debts from the Revolutionary War . The Northern states had not , and wanted the federal government to take over their outstanding liabilities . Southern Congressmen agreed to the plan in return for establishing the new national capital at their preferred site on the Potomac River . Jump up ^ The Residence Act allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as the Anacostia River . However , Washington shifted the federal territory 's borders to the southeast in order to include the city of Alexandria at the District 's southern tip . In 1791 , Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site , including territory ceded by Virginia . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Washington , D.C. were kept at 24th and M Streets NW from January 1871 to June 1945 , and at Reagan National since July 1945 . Jump up ^ Until 1890 , the Census Bureau counted the City of Washington , Georgetown , and unincorporated portions of Washington County as three separate areas . The data provided in this article from before 1890 are calculated as if the District of Columbia were a single municipality as it is today . Population data for each city prior to 1890 are available . Jump up ^ These figures count adherents , meaning all full members , their children , and others who regularly attend services . In all of the District , 55 % of the population is adherent to any particular religion . Jump up ^ Independents David Catania and Carol Schwartz , both former Republicans , garnered 61,388 and 12,327 votes or 34.6 % and 7.0 % , respectively . References Jump up ^ `` Demonyms for people from the USA '' . www.geography-site.co.uk . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Demonym `` '' . addis.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` QuickFacts : District of Columbia '' . U.S. Census Bureau . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction : Where Oh Where Should the Capital Be ? '' . WHHA . Jump up ^ `` Washington , D.C. History F.A.Q. '' The Historical Society of Washington , D.C . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Washington - Arlington - Alexandria , DC - VA - MD - WV '' . U.S. Census Bureau . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broder , David S. ( February 18 , 1990 ) . `` Nation 's Capital in Eclipse as Pride and Power Slip Away '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . In the days of the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan and the creation of NATO , ( Clark Clifford ) said , we saved the world , and Washington became the capital of the world . Jump up ^ `` The 10 most - visited cities in the US this year '' . Insider . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Rebecca ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` D.C. breaks another domestic tourism record '' . www.bizjournals.com . Washington Business Journal . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Robert Lee ; Chambers , Mary Elizabeth ( 1977 ) . Ancient Washington : American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley . George Washington University . ISBN 9781888028041 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Madison , James . `` The Federalist No. 43 '' . The Independent Journal . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Washington Becomes The Capital '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . pp. 89 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Georgetown Historic District '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandria 's History '' . Alexandria Historical Society . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2008 ) . Washington : the making of the American capital . HarperCollins . pp. 76 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084238 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia '' . BoundaryStones.org . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Permanent Capital Site Selected '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 101 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Know D.C. '' Historical Society of Washington , D.C. Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Moves to Washington '' . United States Senate . February 14 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Permanent Capital Site Selected '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 103 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on the subject of The District of Columbia Fair and Equal Voting Rights Act '' ( PDF ) . American Bar Association . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saving History : Dolley Madison , the White House , and the War of 1812 '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Construction History of the Capitol '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Mark David ( Spring -- Summer 2004 ) . `` The Debates over the Retrocession of the District of Columbia , 1801 -- 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Washington History . Historical Society of Washington , D.C. : 54 -- 82 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace ( 1864 ) . The American Conflict : A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States . Chicago : G. & C.W. Sherwood . pp. 142 -- 144 . Jump up ^ `` Compromise of 1850 '' . Library of Congress . September 21 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Walter Fairleigh ( 1909 ) . The government of the District of Columbia . Washington , D.C. : John Byrne & Co. pp. 40 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ending Slavery in the District of Columbia '' . D.C. Office of the Secretary . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 13 , 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2008 ) . Washington : the making of the American capital . HarperCollins . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084238 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to provide a Government for the District of Columbia '' . Statutes at Large , 41st Congress , 3rd Session . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , Delos Franklin ( 1910 ) . Great cities in America : their problems and their government . The Macmillan Company . pp. 27 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Schneider Smith , ed. ( 2010 ) . Washington at Home : An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in the Nation 's Capital ( 2 ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 1 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9353 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Tindall , William ( 1907 ) . Origin and government of the District of Columbia . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. 26 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ramroth , William ( 2007 ) . `` The City Beautiful Movement '' . Planning for Disaster . Kaplan . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4195 - 9373 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gelernter , Mark ( 2001 ) . History of American Architecture . Manchester University Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4727 - 5 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paul Kelsey ( 2004 ) . Washington , D.C. : the World War II years . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 1636 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - Third Amendment '' . CRS Annotated Constitution . Legal Information Institute ( Cornell University Law School ) . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartzman , Paul ; Robert E. Pierre ( April 6 , 2008 ) . `` From Ruins To Rebirth '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Home Rule Act '' . Government of the District of Columbia . February 1999 . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jay ( October 11 , 1999 ) . `` City 's 1st Mayoral Race , as Innocent as Young Love '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Washington - Arlington - Alexandria , DC - VA - MD - WV '' . U.S. Census Bureau . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . June 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facts & FAQs '' . Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grant III , Ulysses Simpson ( 1950 ) . `` Planning the Nation 's Capital '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 50 : 43 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Heine , Cornelius W. ( 1953 ) . `` The Washington City Canal '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 53 : 1 -- 27 . JSTOR 40067664 . Jump up ^ `` C&O Canal National Historic Park : History & Culture '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dvorak , Petula ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` D.C. 's Puny Peak Enough to Pump Up ' Highpointers ' '' . Washington Post . pp. B01 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winegar , Deane ( 2003 ) . Highroad Guide to the Chesapeake Bay . John F. Blair . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89587 - 279 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Science In Your State : District of Columbia '' . United States Geological Survey . July 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Mollie ( May 12 , 2012 ) . `` Washington 's Myths , Legends , and Tall Tales -- Some of Which Are True '' . Washingtonian . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , John ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Washington Built on a Swamp ? Think Again '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` 2011 City Park Facts '' ( PDF ) . The Trust for Public Land . 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ParkScore '' . www.parkscore.tpl.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison of Federally Owned Land with Total Acreage of States '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 1999 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Creek Park '' . Geology Fieldnotes . National Park Service . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY12 Performance Plan '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Arboretum History and Mission '' . United States National Arboretum . October 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Map of the Köppen - Geiger climate classification updated '' . University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna . November 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trewartha , Glenn Thomas ; Horn , Lyle Henry ( 1980 ) . An introduction to climate ( 5th ed ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 9780070651524 . OCLC 4883118 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hardiness Zones '' . Arbor Day Foundation . 2006 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Average Conditions : Washington DC , USA '' . BBC Weather . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Iovino , Jim . `` Severe Storm Warnings , Tornado Watches Expire '' . NBCWashington.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Barbara McNaught ( November 17 , 1999 ) . `` Washington Area Winters '' . National Weather Service . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Kevin ; Junker , Wes ( January 23 , 2016 ) . `` Where Snowzilla fits into D.C. 's top 10 snowstorms '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Heidorn , Keith C. ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Washington and Jefferson Snowstorm of 1772 '' . The Weather Doctor . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Rick ( 2007 ) . Hurricanes and the Middle Atlantic States . Blue Diamond Books . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9786280 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Steve ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Bulk of Flooding Expected in Old Town , Washington Harbour '' . The Washington Post . p . B02 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` WMO Climate Normals for WASHINGTON DC / NATIONAL ARPT VA 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Samenow , Jason ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Washington , D.C. shatters all - time June record high , sizzles to 104 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Grieser , Justin ; Livingston , Ian ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The first freeze is coming Saturday and , for most of the D.C. area , it 's historically late '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Livingston , Ian ; Grieser , Justin ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` When will the last freeze happen around the D.C. region , and when is it safe to plant ? '' The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Threaded Station Extremes '' . threadex.rcc-acis.org . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : VA WASHINGTON REAGAN AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Matt ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` April outlook : Winter be gone ! First half of month looks warmer than average '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Christopher Bush ( 1920 ) . Indiana Magazine of History . Indiana Historical Society . p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Minta , Anna ( 2009 ) . Klaus Benesch ; Jeffrey L. Meilke ; David E. Nye ; Miles Orvell , eds . Planning a National Pantheon : Monuments in Washington , D.C. and the Creation of Symbolic Space . Public Space and the Ideology of Place in American Culture . Amsterdam -- New York , NY : Rodopi B.V. p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2574 - 5 . OCLC 644525117 . Jump up ^ `` Map 1 : The L'Enfant Plan for Washington '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . pp. 101 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartzman , Paul ( May 2 , 2007 ) . `` High - Level Debate On Future of D.C. '' The Washington Post . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Layout of Washington DC '' . United States Senate . September 30 , 2005 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Laws relating to the permanent system of highways outside of the cities of Washington and Georgetown . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . 1908 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Jeffrey H. ( June 22 , 2005 ) . `` The Road to Riches Is Called K Street '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Van Dyne , Larry ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Foreign Affairs : DC 's Best Embassies '' . Washingtonian Magazine . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' . American Institute of Architects and Harris Interactive . 2007 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington , D.C. , List of Sites '' . National Park Service . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Pamela ( 2005 ) . `` Residential Architecture of Washington , D.C. , and Its Suburbs '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Old Stone House '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our Building '' . Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data '' . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ( June 1998 ) . `` Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morello , Carol ; Keating , Dan ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` D.C. population soars past 600,000 for first time in years '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population Change for Places With Populations of 50,000 or More in the United States and Puerto Rico : 2000 to 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Austermuhle , Martin ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` D.C. 's Population Grows 79 Percent Every Workday , Outpacing Other Cities '' . WAMU . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 -- United States -- Combined Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kolchin , Peter ( 1994 ) . American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 . New York : Hill and Wang . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Morello , Carol ; Keating , Dan ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Number of black D.C. residents plummets as majority status slips away '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Age and Sex Composition : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . May 2011 . p. 7 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selected Social Characteristics in the United States '' . American Community Survey 2010 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Singer , Audrey ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The World in a Zip Code : Greater Washington , D.C. as a New Region of Immigration '' . The Brookings Institution . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. ; Abigail M. Cooke ( September 2011 ) . `` District of Columbia Census Snapshot : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . The Williams Institute . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Keith L. ; Anne E. Marimow ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` D.C. begins licensing same - sex marriages '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Study Finds One - Third in D.C. Illiterate '' . Associated Press . March 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Camille ( August 2013 ) . `` Language Use in the United States : 2011 '' ( PDF ) . American Community Survey . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Income Per Capita in Current and Constant ( 2000 ) Dollars by State : 2000 to 2006 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Individuals and Families Below Poverty Level -- Number and Rate by State : 2000 and 2005 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` County Membership Report : District of Columbia : Religious Traditions , 2010 '' . Association of Religion Data Archives . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jenny ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` National Health Care Reform is a Win for DC '' . DC Fiscal Policy Institute . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vargas , Jose Antonio ; Darryl Fears ( March 15 , 2009 ) . `` HIV / AIDS Rate in D.C. Hits 3 % '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Religious composition of adults in the District of Columbia '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill , Meagan ; John K. Roman ( November 2010 ) . `` Small Number of Blocks Account for Lots of Crime in D.C. '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Crime Policy Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pierre , Robert ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` Ex-Offenders Protest Dearth of Jobs , Services '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mollenbeck , Andrew ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` District celebrates historically low homicide rate '' . WTOP . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crime rate in Washington , District of Columbia ( DC ) '' . City-data.com . Jump up ^ Urbina , Ian ( July 13 , 2006 ) . `` Washington Officials Try to Ease Crime Fear '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Klein , Allison ; Matt Zapotosky ( December 31 , 2011 ) . `` As homicides fall in D.C. , rise in Prince George 's , numbers meet in the middle '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` District Crime Data '' . Mpdc.dc.gov . Jump up ^ Klein , Allison ; Dan Keating ( October 13 , 2006 ) . `` Liveliest D.C. Neighborhoods Also Jumping With Robberies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Crime Rates 1960 -- 2010 '' . Disaster Center . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Ban on Handguns '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , David ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` D.C. Attorney General : All Guns Must Be Registered '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Park Police Authority and Jurisdiction '' . National Park Service . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Florida , Richard ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` What Housing Crisis ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product by State '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . June 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Analysis , US Department of Commerce , BEA , Bureau of Economic . `` Bureau of Economic Analysis '' . www.bea.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Economic Analysis . `` Per capita real GDP by state ( chained 2009 dollars ) '' . www.bea.gov . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Area Employment and Unemployment ( Monthly ) News Release '' . United States Bureau of Labor Statistics . July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Regional and State Employment and Unemployment ( Monthly ) News Release '' . United States Bureau of Labor Statistics . June 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Wage and Salary Employment by Industry and Place of Work 2017 '' . District of Columbia Department of Employment Services , Office of Labor Market Research and Information . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wage and Salary Employment by Industry and Place of Work '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Department of Employment Services . 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Prashant ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Some Cities Will Be Safer in a Recession '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Matt ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` D.C. sets tourism record with 19m visitors in 2012 '' . The Washington Examiner . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Chief Executive Officers of the Major Employers in the District of Columbia 2009 '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Department of Employment Services . 2010 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 2011 : States : District Of Columbia Companies '' . Fortune Magazine . CNNMoney.com . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Financial Centres Index 21 '' ( PDF ) . Long Finance . March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Mall & Memorial Parks : History & Culture '' . National Park Service . September 28 , 2006 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Cherry Trees '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The National Archives . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . Library of Congress . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Court Building '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Museums and Galleries '' . National Geographic . September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Smithsonian '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Visitor Statistics '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Museum and Program Fact Sheets '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodheart , Adam ( 2006 ) . `` Back To The Future '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the National Gallery of Art '' . National Gallery of Art . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the National Building Museum '' . National Building Museum . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jacqueline ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Corcoran hires consultant to help re-imagine museum , art school '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About The Phillips Collection '' . The Phillips Collection . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum . January 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About the Kennedy Center Honors '' . The Kennedy Center . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Edward ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Where a Comedy Turned to Tragedy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . United States Marine Band . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davison , Marjorie Risk ( 1969 ) . `` History of Music in the District of Columbia '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 66 -- 68 : 183 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . United States Navy Band . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilmeth , Don B. ; C.W.E. Bigsby ( 2000 ) . The Cambridge history of American theatre . Cambridge University Press . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66959 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kravitz , Derek ( September 26 , 2010 ) . `` The emerging Southwest : Transformation underway '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Gala Theatre History '' . GALA Hispanic Theatre . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved April 2 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Levin , Dan ( September 10 , 2006 ) . `` Lights Return to ' Black Broadway ' in Northwest Washington , D.C. '' The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wartofsky , Alona ( June 3 , 2001 ) . `` What Go - Goes Around ... '' . The Washington Post . p . G01 . Jump up ^ Constantinou , Costas M. ( 2008 ) . Cultures and politics of global communication . Cambridge University Press . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 72711 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Black Cat : A changing club with a changing scene in a changing city '' . The Georgetown Voice . September 9 , 2001 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History by Decades '' . Washington Redskins . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. United History & Tradition '' . D.C. United . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals : All - Time Champions '' . National Basketball Association . 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Khurshudyan , Isabelle ; Stubbs , Roman ; Dougherty , Jesse ; Allen , Scott ; Greenberg , Neil ; Steinberg , Dan ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Capitals win Stanley Cup , Washington 's first major sports championship since 1992 '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` MCM History '' . Marine Corps Marathon . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emergence of the Bowl '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Bowl Committee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Post '' . 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Watergate Story Timeline '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edmonds , Rick ; Emily Guskin ; Tom Rosenstiel ; Amy Mitchell . `` Newspapers : By the Numbers '' . The State of the News Media 2012 . Pew Research Center . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bush Sr. To Celebrate Rev. Sun Myung Moon -- Again '' . Jump up ^ `` Times circulation climbs to buck trend '' . The Washington Times . May 18 , 2005 . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Washington City Paper '' . Association of Alternative Newsweeklies . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia , 2010 -- 2011 '' . Chronicling America : Historic American Newspapers . Library of Congress . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US TV Households Up 1.5 % -- Asian , Hispanic Households Triple That '' . Nielsen Media Research . September 27 , 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About VOA '' . Voice of America . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DC Home Rule '' . Council of the District of Columbia . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Elected Officials in DC '' . D.C. Board of Elections and Ethics . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About ANC '' . Government of the District of Columbia . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` § 1 -- 204.35 . Election of the Attorney General '' . Code of the District of Columbia ( Unofficial ) . Open Law DC . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glaser , Jason ( 2003 ) . Washington , D.C. Capstone . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7368 - 2204 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Buildling the Best Capital City in the World '' ( PDF ) . DC Appleseed . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Structural Imbalance and Management Issues '' ( PDF ) . Government Accountability Office . May 2003 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Poor Management , Federal Rule , Undermine Services '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeParle , Jason ( January 1 , 1989 ) . `` The worst city government in America '' . The Washington Monthly . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Janofsky , Michael ( April 8 , 1995 ) . `` Congress creates board to oversee Washington , D.C. '' The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` After 10 years , D.C. control board is gone but not forgotten '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David . `` General Election Results -- Dictrict of Columbia '' . United States Election Atlas . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Has the District of Columbia Never Elected a Republican Mayor ? '' . InsideSources. April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Individuals Living or Working in U.S. Possessions '' . Internal Revenue Service . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Gross Collections , by Type of Tax and State , Fiscal Year 2012 '' ( XLS ) . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poll Shows Nationwide Support for DC Voting Rights '' ( PDF ) . DC Vote Voice. 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Taxation without Representation ' Tags '' . District of Columbia Department of Motor Vehicles . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Post Poll : D.C. Voting Rights '' . The Washington Post . April 23 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fortier , John ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` The D.C. colony '' . The Hill . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friendship and cooperation agreements '' . Paris : Marie de Paris . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DC & Addis to Become Sister Cities '' . Tadias Magazine . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DC Sister Cities '' . D.C. Office of the Secretary . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twinning with Rome '' . Ville de Paris . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 2011 School Opening Report '' . District of Columbia Public Schools . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` DC Public School Enrollment Up for Third Straight Year '' . Office of the State Superintendent of Education . November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Best And Worst School Districts For The Buck '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Haynes , V. Dion ; Bill Turque ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` Rhee Offers Plan To Improve D.C. 's Troubled Schools '' . The Washington Post . p . B01 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SY2010 - 2011 Charter School Profile '' . D.C. Public Charter School Board . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haynes , V. Dion ; Theola Labbe ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` A Boom for D.C. Charter Schools '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Table 15 . Number of private schools , students , full - time equivalent ( FTE ) teachers , and 2006 -- 07 high school graduates , by state : United States , 2007 -- 08 '' . National Center for Education Statistics . 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In Your Neighborhood '' . D.C. Public Library . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DC Tuition Assistance Grant '' . Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Inci A. `` Historic Medical Sites in the Washington , DC Area '' . U.S. National Library of Medicine . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Public Road Length '' . Highway Statistics 2006 . Federal Highway Administration . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schrag , Zachary ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The Bridge '' . The Great Society Subway . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8906 - 6 . Jump up ^ I - 66 : Kozel , Scott M. ( May 31 , 2000 ) . `` Interstate 66 in Virginia '' . Roads to the Future . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . I - 395 : BMI ( February 1999 ) . I - 95 / i - 395 Hov Restriction Study ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Transportation . p. 70 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metro launches Silver Line , largest expansion of region 's rail system in more than two decades '' ( Press release ) . Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority . July 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Christie R. ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Estimated Unliked Transit Passenger Trips '' ( PDF ) . American Public Transport Association . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About DC Circulator '' . DC Circulator . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Amtrak Fact Sheet FY 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . November 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Station gets new bus depot '' . WJLA - TV . November 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Halsey III , Ashley ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Washington area tied with Chicago for traffic congestion , study finds '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christie , Les ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` New Yorkers are top transit users '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Commuting Characteristics by Sex '' . 2010 American Community Survey . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. among top 10 most walkable cities '' . WTOP . August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Brian ( August 2015 ) . `` Who Drives to Work ? Commuting by Automobile in the United States : 2013 '' ( PDF ) . American Survey Reports . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History -- DC Streetcar '' . District Department of Transportation . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dulles Metrorail Project Overview '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Bike - Share Washington DC / Arlington PBSC '' . PBSC Solutions Urbanes . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bicycle Program '' . District Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Aqueduct System '' . National Park Service . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . District of Columbia Washington and Sewer Authority . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Pepco '' . January 5 , 2014 . Pepco . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rein , Lisa ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` D.C. streetcar project may get hung up on overhead wires '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Plan to bury D.C. 's outage - prone power lines backed by task force '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Company Profile / History '' . Washington Gas Light Co . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . 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Virginia 's incorporated cities are listed under their surrounding county . The incorporated cities bordering more than one county ( Alexandria , Falls Church and Fredericksburg ) are listed under the county they were part of before incorporation as a city . 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Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category Capitals of North America Dependent territories are in italics Basse - Terre , Guadeloupe ( France ) Basseterre , St. Kitts and Nevis Belmopan , Belize Bridgetown , Barbados Castries , St. Lucia Charlotte Amalie , U.S. Virgin Islands ( US ) Cockburn Town , Turks and Caicos ( UK ) Fort - de-France , Martinique ( France ) George Town , Cayman Islands ( UK ) Guatemala City , Guatemala Gustavia , St. Barthélemy ( France ) Hamilton , Bermuda ( UK ) Havana , Cuba Kingston , Jamaica Kingstown , St. Vincent and the Grenadines Kralendijk , Bonaire ( Netherlands ) Managua , Nicaragua Marigot , St. Martin ( France ) Mexico City , Mexico Nassau , The Bahamas Nuuk , Greenland ( Denmark ) Oranjestad , Aruba ( Netherlands ) Oranjestad , Sint Eustatius ( Netherlands ) Ottawa , Canada Panama City , Panama Philipsburg , Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) Plymouth ( de jure ) Brades ( de facto ) , Montserrat ( UK ) Port - au - Prince , Haiti Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago Road Town , British Virgin Islands ( UK ) Roseau , Dominica Saint - Pierre , St. Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) San José , Costa Rica San Juan , Puerto Rico ( US ) San Salvador , El Salvador Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic St. George 's , Grenada St. John 's , Antigua and Barbuda Tegucigalpa , Honduras The Bottom , Saba ( Netherlands ) The Valley , Anguilla ( UK ) Washington , D.C. , United States Willemstad , Curaçao ( Netherlands ) Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors 1774 First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1775 -- 81 Second Continental Congress Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia 1781 -- 89 Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City 1789 -- present Federal government of the United States New York City → Philadelphia → Washington , D.C. 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where does the term district of columbia come from
[ "A new federal city was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac, to the east of Georgetown. On September 9, 1791, the three commissioners overseeing the capital's construction named the city in honor of President Washington. The federal district was named Columbia, which was a poetic name for the United States commonly in use at that time.[20][21] Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17, 1800.[22]" ]
[ "a poetic name for the United States" ]
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Social class in ancient Rome
Social class in ancient Rome - wikipedia Social class in ancient Rome Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Status in Roman legal system . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The toga , shown here on a statue restored with the head of Nerva , was the distinctive garb of Roman male citizens . Social class in ancient Rome was hierarchical , but there were multiple and overlapping social hierarchies , and an individual 's relative position in one might be higher or lower than in another . The status of freeborn Romans during the Republic was established by : ancestry ( patrician or plebeian ) ; census rank ( ordo ) based on wealth and political privilege , with the senatorial and equestrian ranks elevated above the ordinary citizen ; attainment of honors ( the novus homo or self - made man established his family as nobilis ( `` noble '' ) and thus there were noble plebeians ) ; and citizenship , of which there were grades with varying rights and privileges . For example , men who lived in towns outside Rome ( such as municipia or colonies ) might hold citizenship , but lack the right to vote ( see ius Latinum ) ; free - born Roman women were citizens , but could not vote or hold political office . There were also classes of non-citizens with different legal rights , such as peregrini . Under Roman law , slaves were considered property and had no rights as such . However , some laws regulated slavery and offered slaves protections not extended to other forms of property such as animals . Slaves who had been manumitted were freedmen ( liberti ) , and for the most part enjoyed the same legal rights and protections as free - born citizens . Roman society was patriarchal in the purest sense ; the male head of household ( paterfamilias ) held special legal powers and privileges that gave him jurisdiction ( patria potestas ) over all the members of his familia -- a more encompassing term than its modern derivative `` family '' that included adult sons , his wife ( but only in Rome 's earlier history , when marriage cum manu was practiced ) , married daughters ( in the Classical period of Roman history ) , various dependent relatives , and slaves . The patron - client relationship ( clientela ) , with the word patronus deriving from pater ( `` father '' ) , was another way in which Roman society was organized into hierarchical groups , though clientela also functioned as a system of overlapping social networks . A patron could be the client of a socially superior or more powerful patron ; a client could have multiple patrons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Patricians and plebeians 2 Property - based classes 3 Citizenship 3.1 Women 3.2 Latin Right 3.3 Peregrini 3.4 Slaves 3.5 Freed men 4 References Patricians and plebeians ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Patrician ( ancient Rome ) and Plebs The Patrician Torlonia bust believed to be of Cato the Elder . 1st century BCE Roman portraiture frescos from Pompeii , 1st century CE , depicting two different men wearing laurel wreaths , one holding the rotulus ( blondish figure , left ) , the other a volumen ( brunet figure , right ) , both made of papyrus Roman portraiture fresco of a young man with a papyrus scroll , from Herculaneum , 1st century CE In the Roman Kingdom and the early Roman Republic the most important division in Roman society was between the patricians and the plebeians . The patricians were a small elite whose ancestry was traced to the first Senate established by Romulus , who monopolised political power . The plebeians comprised the majority of Roman citizens ( see below ) . Adult males who were not Roman citizens , whether free or slave , fall outside this division . Women and children were also not citizens , but took the social status of their father or husband , which granted them various rights and protections not available to the women and children of men of lower rank . The common assumptions that the patricians and the Roman elite were one and the same throughout the history of ancient Rome , and that all plebeians were of non-elite status throughout the history of ancient Rome , are entirely incorrect . From the Late Republic era onward many members of the elite , including an increasing proportion of senators , came from plebeian families . The first Roman Emperor , Augustus , was of plebeian origin , as were many of his successors . By the Late Empire , few members of the Senate were from the original patrician families , most of which had died out . Rome continued to have a hierarchical class system , but it was no longer dominated by the distinction between patricians and plebeians . Originally , all public offices were open only to patricians , and the classes could not intermarry . Plebeians and Patricians were always at odds due to the fact that Plebeians wanted to increase their power . A series of social struggles ( see Conflict of the Orders ) saw the plebs secede from the city on three occasions , the last in 297 BCE , until their demands were met . They won the right to stand for office , the abolition of the intermarriage law , and the creation of office of tribune of the plebs . This office , founded in 494 BCE as a result of a plebeian secession , was the main legal bulwark against the powers of the patrician class , and only plebeians were eligible . The tribunes originally had the power to protect any plebeian from a patrician magistrate . Later revolts forced the Senate to grant the tribunes additional powers , such as the right to veto legislation . A tribune 's person was sacrosanct , and he was obliged to keep an open house at all times while in office . Some patricians , notably Clodius Pulcher in the late 60s BCE , petitioned to be assigned plebeian status , in order to accumulate the political influence among the people that the office of tribune afforded . The conflict between the classes came to a climax in 287 BCE when patricians and plebeians were declared equal under the law . Following these changes the distinction between patrician and plebeian status became less important , and by the Late Republic the only patrician prerogatives were certain priesthoods . Over time , some patrician families declined , some plebeian families rose in status , and the composition of the ruling class changed . A plebeian who was the first of his line to become consul was known as a novus homo ( `` new man '' ) , and he and his descendants became `` noble '' ( nobiles ) . Notable examples of novi homines are the seven - time consul Marius , and Cicero , whose rise was unusual in that it was driven by his oratorical and intellectual abilities rather than , as with Marius , military success . During the Empire , patricius became a title of nobility bestowed by emperors . A young woman sits while a servant fixes her hair with the help of a cupid , who holds up a mirror to offer a reflection , detail of a fresco from the Villa of the Mysteries , Pompeii , c. 50 BCE Property - based classes ( edit ) Further information : Roman Senate and Equestrian order The census divided citizens into six complex classes based on property . The richest were the senatorial class , who during the Late Republic had to be worth at least 400,000 sestertii , the same as the equites ; when Augustus reformed the senate during the first years of the Principate , he raised the property requirement to 1,000 , 0000 sestertii . The wealth of the senatorial class was based on ownership of large agricultural estates , and by custom members did not engage in commercial activity . Below the senatores in rank , but above others were the equites ( `` equestrians '' or `` knights '' ) , with 400,000 sestertii , who could engage in commerce and formed an influential business class . Certain political and quasi-political positions were filled by equites , including tax farming and , under the Principate , leadership of the Praetorian Guard . Below the equites were three more classes of property - owning citizens ; and lastly the proletarii , whose property was valued below 11,000 asses . Analysis of Roman Centuriate Organisation 509 - 241 BCE * Class Census property rating money ( property ) Electoral assembly votes per person Military Equipment ( self - supplied ) Patricians ( historical aristocracy ) Senatores 400 , 0000 sestertii ( 1,000 , 0000 sestertii ) Equites * * 400,000 sestertii Horse , ... Plebians ( commoners ) First 100,000 As ( 100 iugera ) Helm , round shield , cuirass , greaves , sword , and spear . Second 75,000 As ( 75 iugera ) Helm , round shield , greaves , sword and spear . Third 50,000 As ( 50 iugera ) Helm , oblong shield , sword and spear . Fourth 25,000 As ( 25 iugera ) Oblong shield , Spear or Sword , Javelin Fifth 11,000 As ( 11 iugera ) 12,500 As ( 12 iugera ) Slings or Javelins ( velites ) Proles ( landless poor ) Proletarii below 11,000 asses Fleets ( oarsmen ) * This was the system of the Centuriate Assembly and was the practice of the Servian constitution . Information arranged by Tim Cornell based on the works of Livy , Polybius , and Dionysius of Hallicarnasus . For a contrasting version of the same or similar data , see the table in the Equites article . * * The equites class was available for both plebians and patricians , and favored by ambitious young men in both groups . At the period this was valid 1 Denarius was worth about 10 As ; Luuk de Ligt puts the value of an iugerium at 1,000 As or 100 denarii as a recommended baseline because values fluctuate a lot and because of many factors . Citizenship ( edit ) Main article : Roman citizenship The Orator , c. 100 BCE , an Etrusco - Roman bronze sculpture depicting Aule Metele ( Latin : Aulus Metellus ) , an Etruscan man wearing a Roman toga while engaged in rhetoric ; the statue features an inscription in the Etruscan alphabet Women ( edit ) Free - born women in ancient Rome were citizens ( cives ) , but could not vote or hold political office . The form of Roman marriage called conubium , for instance , requires that both spouses be citizens ; like men from towns granted civitas sine suffragio , women eligible for legal marriage were citizens without suffrage . The legal status of a mother as a citizen affected her son 's citizenship . The phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos ( `` children born of two Roman citizens '' ) indicates that a Roman woman was regarded as having citizen status , in specific contrast to a peregrina . Latin right ( edit ) The Latin Right was a form of citizenship with limited rights . It was conferred originally on the allied towns of Latium in the Republican era , and gradually extended to communities throughout the Empire . Latin citizens had rights , but not the vote , although their leading magistrates could become full citizens . Peregrini ( edit ) Free - born foreign subjects were known as peregrini , and special laws existed to govern their conduct and disputes . These distinctions continued until 212 CE , when Caracalla extended full Roman citizenship to all free - born men in the empire . Slaves ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in ancient Rome Slaves ( servi ) were not citizens , and lacked even the legal standing accorded free - born foreigners . For the most part , slaves descended from debtors and from prisoners of war , especially women and children captured during sieges and other military campaigns in Greece , Italy , Spain , and Carthage . In the later years of the Republic and into the Empire , more slaves came from newly conquered areas of Gaul , Britain , North Africa , and Asia Minor . Many slaves were created as the result of Rome 's conquest of Greece , but Greek culture was considered in some respects superior to that of Rome : hence Horace 's famous remark Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ( `` Captured Greece took her savage conqueror captive '' ) . The Roman playwright Terence is thought to have been brought to Rome as a slave . Thus slavery was regarded as a circumstance of birth , misfortune , or war ; it was defined in terms of legal status , or rather the lack thereof , and was neither limited to or defined by ethnicity or race , nor regarded as an inescapably permanent condition . Slaves who lacked skills or education performed agricultural or other forms of manual labor . Those who were violent or disobedient , or who for whatever reason were considered a danger to society , might be sentenced to labor in the mines , where they suffered under inhumane conditions . Slaves subjected to harsh labor conditions also had few if any opportunities to obtain their freedom . Since slaves were legally property , they could be disposed of by their owners at any time . All children born to female slaves were slaves . Some slave owners , as for instance Tacitus , freed slaves whom they believed to be their natural children . Slaves who had the education or skills to earn a living were often manumitted upon the death of their owner as a condition of his will . Slaves who conducted business for their masters were also permitted to earn and save money for themselves , and some might be able to buy their own freedom . Over time , legislation was passed to protect the lives and health of slaves . Although many prostitutes were slaves , for instance , the bill of sale for some slaves stipulated that they could not be used for commercial prostitution . Freed men ( edit ) Freed men ( libertieu ) were freed slaves , whose free - born children were full citizens . The status of liberti developed throughout the Republic as their number increased . Livy states that freedmen in the Early Republic mainly joined the lower classes of the plebeians . Juvenal , writing during the Empire when financial Freedmen were often highly educated and made up the bulk of the civil service during the early Empire . The Augustan poet Horace was himself the child of a freedman from Venusia in southern Italy . Many became enormously wealthy as the result of bribes , fraud , or other forms of corruption , or were given large estates by the Emperor they served . Other freedmen engaged in commerce , amassing vast fortunes often only rivalled by those of the wealthiest nobiles . Many of the Satires of Juvenal contain angry denouncements of the pretensions of wealthy freedmen , some ' with the chalk of the slave market still on their heel ' . Juvenal saw these successful men as nouveaux riches who were far too ready to show off their ( often ill - gotten ) wealth . Another famous caricature is seen in the absurdly extravagant character of Trimalchio in Satyricon . The majority of freedmen , however , joined the plebeian classes , and often worked as farmers or tradesmen . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koenraad Verboven. ( 2007 ) . The Associative Empire . Athenaeum 95 , p. 861 . Jump up ^ Carlin A. Barton . ( 1993 ) . The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans : The Gladiator and the Monster , pp. 176 -- 177 . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Livy , Ab Urbe Condita 1 : 8 Jump up ^ McKay , John P. ( 2013 ) . Study guide for a History of World Societies , Volume A : To 1500 , 51 . Content Technologies . Jump up ^ `` patricians . '' World History : Ancient and Medieval Eras . ABC - CLIO , 2011 . Web . 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` plebeians . '' World History : Ancient and Medieval Eras . ABC - CLIO , 2011 . Web . 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Garnsey & Richard Saller. ( 1987 ) The Roman Empire : Economy , Society and Culture , pp. 112f . Berkeley : University of California . Jump up ^ Joseph Wells , A Short History of Rome to the Death of Augustus ( Plymouth : William Brendan and Sons , 1896 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Based on Livy 1.43 ; Dionysius of Halicarnassus IV , 16 - 18 . First referenced by Cornell , T.J. ( 1995 ) . The Beginnings of Rome : Italy and Rome from Bronze Age to the Punic Wars 1000 - 264 BCE , 179 . Jump up ^ Ligt , Luuk / de ; Northwood , S.J. ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . People , Land , and Politics : Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC - AD 14 . BRILL . ISBN 9004171185 . Jump up ^ Bruce W. Frier & Thomas A.J. McGinn. ( 2004 ) . A Casebook on Roman Family Law , pp. 31 -- 32 , 457 , et passim . Oxford University Press : American Philological Association . Jump up ^ See Frier and McGinn , passim , and A.N. Sherwin - White . ( 1979 ) . Roman Citizenship , pp. 211 & 268 . Oxford University Press. online ( on male citizenship as it relates to marrying citizen women ) et passim . Jump up ^ McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1998 ) . Prostitution , Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome , p. 293 . Oxford University Press . 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who belonged to the class of plebians in ancient rome
[ "\nAnalysis of Roman Centuriate Organisation 509-241 BCE *[9]\n\nClass\nCensus property rating\nmoney (property)\n\nElectoral\nassembly\nvotes per\nperson\nMilitary Equipment\n(self-supplied)\n\n\n\nPatricians (historical aristocracy)\n\n\nSenatores\n400,0000 sestertii (1,000,0000 sestertii)\n\n\n\n\nEquites**\n400,000 sestertii\n\nHorse, ...\n\n\nPlebians (commoners)\n\n\nFirst\n100,000 As (100 iugera)\n2\nHelm, round shield, cuirass, greaves, sword, and spear.\n\n\nSecond\n75,000 As (75 iugera)\n1\nHelm, round shield, greaves, sword and spear.\n\n\nThird\n50,000 As (50 iugera)\n1\nHelm, oblong shield, sword and spear.\n\n\nFourth\n25,000 As (25 iugera)\n1\nOblong shield, Spear or Sword, Javelin\n\n\nFifth\n11,000 As (11 iugera)\n12,500 As (12 iugera)\n1\nSlings or Javelins (velites)\n\n\nProles (landless poor)\n\n\nProletarii\nbelow 11,000 asses\n\nFleets (oarsmen)\n\n\n* This was the system of the Centuriate Assembly and was the practice of the Servian constitution. Information arranged by Tim Cornell based on the works of Livy, Polybius, and Dionysius of Hallicarnasus.\nFor a contrasting version of the same or similar data, see the table in the Equites article.\n\n\n** The equites class was available for both plebians and patricians, and favored by ambitious young men in both groups.\n\n\nAt the period this was valid 1 Denarius was worth about 10 As; Luuk de Ligt puts the value of an iugerium at 1,000 As or 100 denarii as a recommended baseline because values fluctuate a lot and because of many factors.[10]\n\n" ]
[ "commoners" ]
-876378965057242152
Arches National Park
Arches National Park - Wikipedia Arches National Park Jump to : navigation , search Arches National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) The Organ is an impressive sandstone tower . Location Grand County , Utah , United States Nearest city Moab , Utah Coordinates 38 ° 41 ′ 00 '' N 109 ° 34 ′ 00 '' W  /  38.68333 ° N 109.56667 ° W  / 38.68333 ; - 109.56667 Coordinates : 38 ° 41 ′ 00 '' N 109 ° 34 ′ 00 '' W  /  38.68333 ° N 109.56667 ° W  / 38.68333 ; - 109.56667 Area 76,679 acres ( 119.811 sq mi ; 31,031 ha ; 310.31 km ) Established April 12 , 1929 ( 1929 - 04 - 12 ) , as a National Monument Visitors 1,585,718 ( in 2016 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Arches National Park Arches National Park is a US National Park in eastern Utah . The park is adjacent to the Colorado River , 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of Moab , Utah . It is home to over 2,000 natural sandstone arches , including the world - famous Delicate Arch , in addition to a variety of unique geological resources and formations . It contains the highest density of natural arches in the world . The park consists of 76,679 acres ( 119.811 sq mi ; 31,031 ha ; 310.31 km ) of high desert located in the Colorado Plateau . Its highest elevation is 5,653 feet ( 1,723 m ) at Elephant Butte , and its lowest elevation is 4,085 feet ( 1,245 m ) at the visitor center . Forty - three arches are known to have collapsed since 1977 . The park receives on average 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of rain a year . Administered by the National Park Service , the area was originally named a National Monument on April 12 , 1929 . It was redesignated as a National Park on November 12 , 1971 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Climate 3 History 3.1 National Monument and Park 4 Recreational activities 5 Publicity 6 Plants and animals 7 Features 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Geology ( edit ) Map of Arches National Park The national park lies atop an underground evaporite layer or salt bed , which is the main cause of the formation of the arches , spires , balanced rocks , sandstone fins , and eroded monoliths in the area . This salt bed is thousands of feet thick in places , and was deposited in the Paradox Basin of the Colorado Plateau some 300 million years ago when a sea flowed into the region and eventually evaporated . Over millions of years , the salt bed was covered with debris eroded from the Uncompahgre Uplift to the northeast . During the Early Jurassic ( about 210 Ma ) desert conditions prevailed in the region and the vast Navajo Sandstone was deposited . An additional sequence of stream laid and windblown sediments , the Entrada Sandstone ( about 140 Ma ) , was deposited on top of the Navajo . Over 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of younger sediments were deposited and have been mostly eroded away . Remnants of the cover exist in the area including exposures of the Cretaceous Mancos Shale . The arches of the area are developed mostly within the Entrada formation . The weight of this cover caused the salt bed below it to liquefy and thrust up layers of rock into salt domes . The evaporites of the area formed more unusual salt anticlines or linear regions of uplift . Faulting occurred and whole sections of rock subsided into the areas between the domes . In some places , they turned almost on edge . The result of one such 2,500 - foot ( 760 m ) displacement , the Moab Fault , is seen from the visitor center . Delicate Arch with background of La Sal Mountains As this subsurface movement of salt shaped the landscape , erosion removed the younger rock layers from the surface . Except for isolated remnants , the major formations visible in the park today are the salmon - colored Entrada Sandstone , in which most of the arches form , and the buff - colored Navajo Sandstone . These are visible in layer cake fashion throughout most of the park . Over time , water seeped into the surface cracks , joints , and folds of these layers . Ice formed in the fissures , expanding and putting pressure on surrounding rock , breaking off bits and pieces . Winds later cleaned out the loose particles . A series of free - standing fins remained . Wind and water attacked these fins until , in some , the cementing material gave way and chunks of rock tumbled out . Many damaged fins collapsed . Others , with the right degree of hardness and balance , survived despite their missing sections . These became the famous arches . Although the park 's terrain may appear rugged and durable , it is extremely fragile . More than 1 million visitors each year threaten the fragile high desert ecosystem . The problem lies within the soil 's crust which is composed of cyanobacteria , algae , fungi , and lichens that grow in the dusty parts of the park . Factors that make Arches National Park sensitive to visitor damage include : semiarid region , and the scarce , unpredictable rainfall , lack of deep freezing , and lack of plant litter which results in soils that have both a low resistance to , and slow recovery from , compressional forces such as foot traffic . Methods of indicating effects on the soil are cytophobic soil crust index , measuring of water infiltration , and t - tests that are used to compare the values from the undisturbed and disturbed areas . Climate ( edit ) ( show ) Climate data for Arches National Park Headquarters ( 1981 -- 2015 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 44 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 64 ( 18 ) 71 ( 22 ) 82 ( 28 ) 93 ( 34 ) 100 ( 38 ) 97 ( 36 ) 88 ( 31 ) 74 ( 23 ) 56 ( 13 ) 45 ( 7 ) 71.4 ( 21.9 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 22 ( − 6 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 35 ( 2 ) 42 ( 6 ) 51 ( 11 ) 60 ( 16 ) 67 ( 19 ) 66 ( 19 ) 55 ( 13 ) 42 ( 6 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.58 ( 14.7 ) 0.50 ( 12.7 ) 0.78 ( 19.8 ) 0.74 ( 18.8 ) 0.68 ( 17.3 ) 0.44 ( 11.2 ) 0.83 ( 21.1 ) 0.96 ( 24.4 ) 0.84 ( 21.3 ) 1.24 ( 31.5 ) 0.60 ( 15.2 ) 0.55 ( 14 ) 8.74 ( 222 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.9 ( 4.8 ) . 9 ( 2.3 ) . 7 ( 1.8 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) . 6 ( 1.5 ) 2.5 ( 6.4 ) 6.6 ( 16.8 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 4.0 4.4 6.1 5.3 4.6 3.1 5.2 6.6 5.2 5.5 4.5 3.9 58.4 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.3 . 8 . 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 4 1.4 4.3 Source : NOAA ( extremes 1893 -- present ) ( show ) Climate data for Moab , Utah ( 1981 -- 2010 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 67 ( 19 ) 78 ( 26 ) 88 ( 31 ) 96 ( 36 ) 109 ( 43 ) 113 ( 45 ) 114 ( 46 ) 110 ( 43 ) 108 ( 42 ) 97 ( 36 ) 82 ( 28 ) 67 ( 19 ) 114 ( 46 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 43.3 ( 6.3 ) 51.2 ( 10.7 ) 63.2 ( 17.3 ) 72.4 ( 22.4 ) 82.9 ( 28.3 ) 93.1 ( 33.9 ) 98.9 ( 37.2 ) 96.0 ( 35.6 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 73.2 ( 22.9 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 44.2 ( 6.8 ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 19.8 ( − 6.8 ) 26.1 ( − 3.3 ) 34.5 ( 1.4 ) 41.9 ( 5.5 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 57.8 ( 14.3 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 53.1 ( 11.7 ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 29.6 ( − 1.3 ) 21.3 ( − 5.9 ) 41.8 ( 5.4 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 24 ( − 31 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) 8 ( − 13 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 36 ( 2 ) 43 ( 6 ) 40 ( 4 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 15 ( − 9 ) ( − 17 ) − 19 ( − 28 ) − 24 ( − 31 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.61 ( 15.5 ) 0.59 ( 15 ) 0.79 ( 20.1 ) 0.83 ( 21.1 ) 0.73 ( 18.5 ) 0.43 ( 10.9 ) 0.99 ( 25.1 ) 0.97 ( 24.6 ) 0.87 ( 22.1 ) 1.17 ( 29.7 ) 0.74 ( 18.8 ) 0.69 ( 17.5 ) 9.41 ( 238.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) ( 5.3 ) 1.0 ( 2.5 ) . 4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) . 1 ( 0.3 ) . 6 ( 1.5 ) 2.8 ( 7.1 ) 6.9 ( 17.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 5.0 5.6 6.0 5.8 4.8 2.9 4.8 6.4 5.7 5.6 4.7 5.1 62.3 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) . 7 . 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 3 1.5 3.9 Source : NOAA ( extremes 1893 -- present ) History ( edit ) Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park Humans have occupied the region since the last ice age 10,000 years ago . Fremont people and Ancient Pueblo People lived in the area up until about 700 years ago . Spanish missionaries encountered Ute and Paiute tribes in the area when they first came through in 1775 , but the first European - Americans to attempt settlement in the area were the Mormon Elk Mountain Mission in 1855 , who soon abandoned the area . Ranchers , farmers , and prospectors later settled Moab in the neighboring Riverine Valley in the 1880s . Word of the beauty of the surrounding rock formations spread beyond the settlement as a possible tourist destination . National monument and Park ( edit ) The Arches area was first brought to the attention of the National Park Service by Frank A. Wadleigh , passenger traffic manager of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad . Wadleigh , accompanied by railroad photographer George L. Beam , visited the area in September 1923 at the invitation of Alexander Ringhoffer , a Hungarian - born prospector living in Salt Valley . Ringhoffer had written to the railroad in an effort to interest them in the tourist potential of a scenic area he had discovered the previous year with his two sons and a son - in - law , which he called the `` Devil 's Garden '' ( known today as the `` Klondike Bluffs '' ) . Wadleigh was impressed by what Ringhoffer showed him , and suggested to Park Service director Stephen T. Mather that the area be made a national monument . A panoramic view of sandstone fins of the Fiery Furnace A panoramic view of Tower of Babel The following year , additional support for the monument idea came from Laurence Gould , a University of Michigan graduate student ( and future polar explorer ) studying the geology of the nearby La Sal Mountains , who was shown the scenic area by local physician Dr. J.W. `` Doc '' Williams . A succession of government investigators examined the area , in part due to confusion as to the precise location . In the process , the name `` Devil 's Garden '' was transposed to an area on the opposite side of Salt Valley , and Ringhoffer 's original discovery was omitted , while another area nearby , known locally as `` The Windows '' , was included . Designation of the area as a national monument was supported by the Park Service from 1926 , but was resisted by President Calvin Coolidge 's Interior Secretary , Hubert Work . Finally in April 1929 , shortly after his inauguration , President Herbert Hoover signed a presidential proclamation creating Arches National Monument , consisting of two comparatively small , disconnected sections . The purpose of the reservation under the 1906 Antiquities Act was to protect the arches , spires , balanced rocks , and other sandstone formations for their scientific and educational value . The name `` Arches '' was suggested by Frank Pinkely , superintendent of the Park Service 's southwestern national monuments , following a visit to the Windows section in 1925 . In late 1938 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a proclamation which enlarged Arches to protect additional scenic features and permit development of facilities to promote tourism . A small adjustment was made by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1960 to accommodate a new road alignment . In early 1969 , just before leaving office , President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a proclamation substantially enlarging Arches . Two years later , President Richard Nixon signed legislation enacted by Congress which significantly reduced the total area enclosed , but changed its status to a National Park . Recreational activities ( edit ) The Three Gossips Exit rappel on the popular Elephant Butte , a rock formation in the park Climbing on named arches within the park has long been banned by park regulations . Following Dean Potter 's successful free climb on the Delicate Arch in May 2006 , however , the wording of the regulations was deemed unenforceable by the park attorney . The park revised its regulations as follows in response : All rock climbing or similar activities on any arch or natural bridge named on the United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographical maps covering Arches National Park are prohibited . Climbing on other features in the park is allowed , but regulated . The revised regulations also prohibit slacklining parkwide . Approved recreational activities include auto touring , backpacking , biking , camping , and hiking , some of which require permits . Guided commercial tours and ranger programs are also available . Astronomy is also popular in the park due to its dark skies despite the increasing light pollution from towns like Moab . Publicity ( edit ) American writer Edward Abbey was a park ranger at Arches National Monument where he kept journals that became his book Desert Solitaire . The success of this book , as well as the rise in adventure - based recreation , has drawn many hikers , mountain - bikers , and off - road enthusiasts to the area , but activities are limited within park boundaries : camping , foot hiking ( along designated trails ) , and driving only along marked roads . The Hayduke Trail , an 825 - mile ( 1,328 km ) backpacking route named after one of Edward Abbey 's characters , begins in the park . Arches National Park was used as one of the filming locations for the 1965 biblical epic film , The Greatest Story Ever Told . Portions of The Windows section of Arches National Park were used as locations in the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . Arches National Park is the subject of the third 2014 quarter scheduled as part of the U.S. Mint 's America the Beautiful quarters coin program commemorating national parks and historic sites . Plants and Animals ( edit ) There is an abundance of wildlife in Arches . The list includes : spadefoot toad , antelope squirrel , scrub jay , peregrine falcon , many kinds of sparrows , red fox , desert bighorn sheep , kangaroo rat , mule deer , cougar , midget faded rattlesnake , yucca moth , many types of cyanobacteria , Western rattlesnake , and the Western collared lizard . Plants also dominate the landscape in the park . The list of plants includes : prickly pear cactus , Indian ricegrass , bunch grasses , cheatgrass , lichen , moss , liverworts , Utah juniper , Mormon tea , blackbrush , cliffrose , four - winged saltbrush , pinyon pine , stemless woollybase , evening primrose , sand verbena , yucca , and sacred datura . Features ( edit ) Among the notable features of the park are : Balanced Rock -- a large balancing rock , the size of three school buses Courthouse Towers -- a collection of tall stone columns Dark Angel -- a free - standing 150 - foot - tall ( 46 m ) sandstone pillar at the end of the Devils Garden Trail Delicate Arch -- a lone - standing arch which has become a symbol of Utah and the most recognized arch in the park Devils Garden or The Klondike Bluffs -- with many arches and columns scattered along a ridge Double Arch -- two arches that share a common end Fiery Furnace -- an area of maze - like narrow passages and tall rock columns ( see biblical reference Fiery Furnace ) Landscape Arch -- a very thin and long arch with a span of 290 feet ( 88 m ) ( This is the longest arch in the park ) Petrified Dunes -- petrified remnants of sand dunes blown from the ancient lakes that covered the area Wall Arch -- located along the popular Devils Garden Trail ; collapsed sometime on August 4 / 5 , 2008 Gallery ( edit ) View at the entrance of the Park Balanced Rock Balanced Rock During Winter Dark Angel Delicate Arch , one of the most famous arches in the world The Delicate Arch through Frame Arch The Double Arch Double O Arch Superior arch of Double O Arch Landscape Arch Skyline Arch North Window as viewed from Windows Trails Pine Tree Arch Tunnel Arch Parade Of Elephants Panorama Panorama of Delicate Arch area See also ( edit ) Utah portal Natural Bridges National Monument featuring water - eroded bridges instead of wind - eroded arches Rainbow Bridge National Monument National Register of Historic Places listings in Arches National Park References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rowan , James . `` Arches National Park '' . YC.edu . Yavasai College . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nature '' . NPS.gov . National Park Service . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arches National Park '' . nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arches National Park '' . The National Parks : Index 2009 -- 2011 . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Kiver , Eugene P. and David V. Harris , Geology of U.S. Parklands , Wiley , 5th ed. , 1999 p. 503 - 515 ISBN 0 - 471 - 33218 - 6 Jump up ^ Guide to the National Parks of the United States. 5th ed . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . 152 -- 157 . Print . Jump up ^ Belnap , J. `` Choosing Indicators of Natural Resource Condition : a Case Study in Arches National Park , Utah , Usa . '' Environmental Management New York . 22.4 ( 1998 ) : 635 -- 642. Print . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Arches announces climbing closures '' . May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Arches National Park -- Lightscape / Night Sky '' . Archived from the original on 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Arches National Park -- Dark Sky , USA '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Animals - Arches National Park ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . Nps.gov. 2013 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Plants - Arches National Park ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . Nps.gov. 2013 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Collapses '' . Arches National Park : National Park Service . August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stark , Mike ( August 10 , 2008 ) . `` Iconic Stone Arch Collapses in Southern Utah Park '' . Washington Post . Further reading ( edit ) Geologic road and trail guides to Arches National Park , 2000 , Utah Geological Association External links ( edit ) Find more aboutArches National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website Utah Office of Tourism page on Arches National Park Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . UT - 70 , `` Arches National Park Main Entrance Road , Beginning at U.S. Highway 191 , approximately 6 miles north of Moab , Moab , Grand County , UT '' , 7 photos , 3 color transparencies , 23 data pages , 2 photo caption pages HAER No . UT - 70 - A , `` Arches National Park Main Entrance Road , Moab Canyon Wash Culvert , Spanning Moab Canyon wash at Main Entrance Road , Moab , Grand County , UT '' , 3 photos , 6 data pages , 1 photo caption page National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) Protected areas of Utah Federal National Parks Arches Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Zion NPS National Monuments Cedar Breaks Dinosaur Hovenweep Natural Bridges Rainbow Bridge Timpanogos Cave National Historic Site Golden Spike National Recreation Area Glen Canyon National Historic Trail Mormon Pioneer National Forests Ashley Caribou - 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California Colorado River Board of California Colorado River Compact Floyd Dominy Lee 's Ferry International Boundary and Water Commission Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Rapids and features U.S. Bureau of Reclamation William Mulholland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arches_National_Park&oldid=792988785 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Arches National Park 1929 establishments in Utah Colorado Plateau National parks in Utah Natural arches of Utah Protected areas established in 1971 Protected areas of Grand County , Utah Protected areas on the Colorado River Natural arches of Grand County , Utah Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2017 , at 00 : 03 . 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where is arches national park located in utah
[ "Arches National Park is a US National Park in eastern Utah. The park is adjacent to the Colorado River, 4 miles (6 km) north of Moab, Utah. It is home to over 2,000 natural sandstone arches, including the world-famous Delicate Arch, in addition to a variety of unique geological resources and formations. It contains the highest density of natural arches in the world.[3][4]" ]
[ "adjacent to the Colorado River, 4 miles (6 km) north of Moab" ]
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I Say a Little Prayer
I Say a Little Prayer - wikipedia I Say a Little Prayer This article is about the song by Burt Bacharach and Hal David . For the Australian film directed by Richard Lowenstein , see Say a Little Prayer . `` I Say a Little Prayer '' Single by Dionne Warwick from the album The Windows of the World B - side `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' Released October 1967 Format 7 '' single Recorded 9 April 1966 A & R Studios , NYC ; Engineered by Phil Ramone Genre Soul pop Brill Building Length 3 : 09 Label Scepter Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Dionne Warwick singles chronology `` The Windows of the World '' ( 1967 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' ( 1967 ) `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' ( 1968 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David for Dionne Warwick , originally peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in December 1967 . On the R&B Singles chart it peaked at number eight . Contents 1 Dionne Warwick original 2 Aretha Franklin version 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Other recordings 5 Diana King version 5.1 Charts 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Dionne Warwick original ( edit ) Intended by lyricist Hal David to convey a woman 's concern for her man who 's serving in the Vietnam War , `` I Say a Little Prayer '' was recorded by Dionne Warwick in a 9 April 1966 session . Although Bacharach 's recordings with Warwick typically took no more than three takes ( often only taking one ) , Bacharach did ten takes on `` I Say a Little Prayer '' and still disliked the completed track , feeling it rushed . The track went unreleased until September 1967 when it was introduced on the album The Windows of the World and it was Scepter Records owner Florence Greenberg rather than Bacharach who wanted `` I Say a Little Prayer '' added to that album . When disc jockeys from the United States began playing the album track in October 1967 , significant air play led Scepter Records to release the track as a single backed with newly recorded track `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' . The brisk sound of `` I Say a Little Prayer '' which Bacharach disliked proved to be a million - selling hit for Warwick as `` I Say a Little Prayer '' reached # 4 that December on the Billboard Hot 100 and also # 8 on the Billboard R & B Chart and # 4 on the Canadian Charts . `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' , the B - side would become another hit for Warwick reaching # 2 in February 1968 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 1 on the Record World Chart : Warwick 's `` I Say a Little Prayer '' single would receive gold certification from the RIAA for sales of a million units in January 1968 . `` I Say a Little Prayer '' b / w `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' , became one of the most successful double - sided hits of the Rock era . Like several Bacharach compositions , both sides contain passages written in unusual time signatures . The verses of `` Prayer '' are constructed of 2 successive measures of 4 / 4 , a measure of 10 / 4 ( using 4 / 4 + 2 / 4 + 4 / 4 ) , and 2 final measures of 4 / 4 . The chorus is in 11 / 4 ( using 4 / 4 + 3 / 4 + 4 / 4 ) , played by session drummer Gary Chester . Aretha Franklin version ( edit ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' Single by Aretha Franklin from the album Aretha Now A-side `` The House That Jack Built '' Released July 1968 Format 7 '' Genre Soul R&B gospel Length 3 : 30 Label Atlantic 2546 Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach Hal David Producer ( s ) Jerry Wexler Aretha Franklin singles chronology `` Think '' ( 1968 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' ( 1968 ) `` See Saw '' ( 1968 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' also returned to the Pop & R&B Top Ten in the fall of 1968 via a recording by Aretha Franklin taken from her 1968 album Aretha Now . Franklin and background vocalists The Sweet Inspirations were singing the song for fun while rehearsing the songs intended for the album when the viability of their recording `` I Say a Little Prayer '' became apparent , significantly re-invented from the format of the Dionne Warwick original via the prominence of Clayton Ivey 's piano work . Similar to the history of Warwick 's double - sided hit , the Aretha Franklin version was intended for the B - side of the July 1968 single release `` The House That Jack Built '' but began to accrue its own airplay that August . In October 1968 `` I Say a Little Prayer '' reached number ten on the Hot 100 and number three on the R&B singles chart . The same month the single was certified Gold by the RIAA . `` Prayer '' became Franklin 's ninth and last consecutive Hot 100 top 10 hit on the Atlantic label . Franklin 's `` Prayer '' has a special significance in her UK career , as with its September 1968 No. 4 peak it became Franklin 's biggest UK hit ; subsequently Franklin has surpassed that track 's UK peak only with her No. 1 collaboration with George Michael , `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' . In February 1987 , UK music weekly New Musical Express published its critics ' top 150 singles of all time , with Franklin 's `` I Say a Little Prayer '' ranked at No. 1 , followed by Al Green 's `` Tired of Being Alone '' and Warwick 's `` Walk On By '' . ( Franklin 's `` I Say a Little Prayer '' did not appear in the magazine 's in - house critics ' top 100 singles poll conducted in November 2002 . ) In Australia , `` I Say a Little Prayer '' and `` The House That Jack Built '' were assigned a joint chart ranking which saw the double - A-side hit reach No. 10 in November 1968 . `` I Say a Little Prayer '' also gave Franklin a European hit with chartings in France ( # 12 ) , Germany ( # 29 ) and the Netherlands ( # 4 ) . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Dionne Warwick Chart ( 1967 -- 68 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 77 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Top R&B Songs 8 US Cash Box Top 100 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 46 US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 48 Aretha Franklin Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set ) 8 Belgium ( Wallonia ) 7 Germany 29 Ireland ( IRMA ) 12 Netherlands South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 11 UK US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Billboard R&B US Cash Box Top 100 18 Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 74 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 85 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 50 Chart ( 1968 ) Rank UK 41 US Billboard Hot 100 93 Other recordings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Warwick 's `` I Say a Little Prayer '' did not appear on the Billboard Easy Listening chart although two instrumental versions of the song were Easy Listening chart items in 1968 : the first by Sérgio Mendes at No. 21 in the spring of 1968 while that fall Julius Wechter and the Baja Marimba Band took `` I Say a Little Prayer '' to No. 10 Easy Listening . The 1971 album Anne Murray / Glen Campbell features a medley of `` I Say a Little Prayer '' and `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' ; the songs are sung in counterpoint to each other , with Murray vocalizing on `` I Say a Little Prayer '' while Campbell reprises his `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' hit . The track was a minor C&W hit at No. 40 and reached No. 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The concept had previously been used on a 1968 single release by Big Dee Irwin and Mamie Galore and was subsequently reworked when Dionne Warwick herself sang `` I Say a Little Prayer '' while Isaac Hayes sang `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' on their joint live album A Man and a Woman ( 1977 ) . The song is also a popular soundtrack item : in the 1969 comedy The April Fools , for which Warwick sang the title song , `` I Say a Little Prayer '' is performed at a swanky house party in a live performance by singer Susan Barrett . The song was reused in the 2010 revival of Promises , Promises . In 2011 , the song was also included in the Broadway Musical `` The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of The Desert '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' is one of several Bacharach / David songs featured prominently in the comedy My Best Friend 's Wedding in 1997 , which featured both a reggae - style cover by Diana King and a version sung by the film 's cast . King 's version was released as a single and brought the song back to the Top 40 almost thirty years after Dionne Warwick 's original , albeit with a No. 38 peak ; King 's single also reached No. 1 in Hungary , No. 34 in France , and No. 6 in Australia , where the film 's soundtrack was a No. 1 album . Cassie Henderson , 14 , sung this song for Soul Week on The X-Factor NZ Season 1 Episode 16 . A parody of the song with altered lyrics was featured in the 2006 comedy film Date Movie making fun of its use in My Best Friend 's Wedding . Martha and the Vandellas on their 1968 album Ridin ' High . Woody Herman on his 1969 album Light My Fire . Anita Kerr Singers on their 1969 Dot label album , Reflect on the Hits of Burt Bacharach and Hal David . Rahsaan Roland Kirk on his 1969 album Volunteered Slavery . Al Green on his 1978 album Truth n ' Time ( reissued on The Right Stuff Records label ) , as well as on The Very Best of Al Green ( Music Club label ) in 2001 . In Mexico , the song was covered in 1978 by Enrique Guzmán . The version is called `` Una pequeña oración '' . In 1978 , Spanish singer Paloma San Basilio performed this song for her live album Paloma San Basilio en directo . UK dance act Bomb the Bass ( featuring Maureen ) in 1988 which peaked at # 10 in the UK Singles Chart . Mary Black on her 1989 album No Frontiers . British Britpop band Gene recorded a live cover at Glastonbury , which was released on their compilation album To See the Lights . Jackie Leven on his 1994 album The Mystery of Love Is Greater Than the Mystery of Death . Japanese band Ground Zero covered the Rahsaan Roland Kirk cover version of this song on their 1997 album Plays Standards . Jane McDonald on her 2001 album Love at the Movies . Karine Costa in 2002 : a No. 16 hit in France which also charted on the Swiss charts at # 82 ; this version was used in a television advertising campaign for the Crédit mutuel . The BossHoss in 2006 : a minor German hit ( # 79 ) . In 2012 , the group re-recorded this song as a collaboration with Ivy Quainoo , the first winner of The Voice of Germany . Trijntje Oosterhuis on her 2006 album The Look of Love . This song was covered and used in the television show Glee . It was sung by Dianna Agron , Naya Rivera and Heather Morris as their characters Quinn Fabray , Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce as their audition song to join the school 's glee club . `` I Say a Little Prayer '' charted in the UK Singles Chart at 125 . Canadian electronic music duo Zeds Dead sampled this song for their track titled `` Coffee Break '' in 2011 . Calypso Rose released a version of the song on her 2012 album The Queen of Trinidad . Dami Im released a version on her 2018 album , I Hear a Song . Australian band Human Nature covered the song on their 2018 album Romance of the Jukebox . This version also featured Dami Im . Paul Poulton released a version on his 2018 album , Heaven . Diana King version ( edit ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' Single by Diana King from the album Think Like a Girl B - side `` Remix '' Released Format CD single Genre Reggae pop Length 3 : 34 Label Sony Records Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach Hal David Diana King singles chronology `` Ai n't Nobody '' ( 1995 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' ( 1997 ) `` L-L - Lies '' ( 1997 ) Music video `` I Say a Little Prayer '' on YouTube In 1997 Diana King released a reggae - style cover of `` I Say a Little Prayer '' . It was also featured prominently in the comedy My Best Friend 's Wedding and the Love to Infinity dance remix popularized the song on radio . King 's single reached No. 1 in Hungary , No. 6 in Australia , No. 12 in Norway and No. 17 in the UK . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA Charts ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 73 Hungary ( Mahasz ) Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 16 Ireland ( IRMA ) 27 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Norway ( VG - lista ) 12 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 26 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 17 US Billboard Hot 100 38 US Billboard Hip Hop Songs 68 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs 8 See also ( edit ) `` I Sign a Little Player or Two '' , a parody of both the song and José Mourinho , at the time manager of Chelsea F.C. `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' , the A side to `` I Say a Little Prayer '' . The k.d. lang cover of `` ( Theme from ) The Valley of the Dolls '' by Dionne Warwick ( from the 1967 motion picture Valley of the Dolls ) was used in several scenes from the Showtime original series Nurse Jackie ( 2009 - 2015 ) . `` I Say a Little Prayer '' was the title of the series finale episode , which also included k.d. lang 's `` ( Theme from ) The Valley of the Dolls '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Company . 79 ( 49 ) : 95 . 1967 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 610 . ^ Jump up to : Dominic , Serene ( 2003 ) . Burt Bacharach , song by song : the ultimate Burt Bacharach reference for fans . New York City : Schirmer Trade Books . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 8256 - 7280 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Gary Chester Website - Discography '' . Angelfire.com . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 215 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1967 - 12 - 17 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ RPM Top 100 Singles of 1967 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Say a Little Prayer '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 -- March 1989 '' . Retrieved 5 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 215 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aretha Franklin -- I Say a Little Prayer '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Aretha Franklin -- I Say a Little Prayer '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aretha Franklin -- I Say a Little Prayer '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ http://www.uk-charts.top-source.info/top-100-1968.shtml Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Hungary '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart for the week ending 27 February 2010 '' . ChartsPlus . Liverpool : UKChartsPlus ( 444 ) : 1 -- 4 . February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Hungary '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Diana King -- I Say A Little Prayer '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Diana King Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Hungary '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( NR. 241 Vikuna 2.10. ' 97 - 9.10. ' 97 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Diana King -- I Say A Little Prayer '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Diana King -- I Say A Little Prayer '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dionne Warwick Discography Studio albums Presenting Dionne Warwick ( 1963 ) Anyone Who Had a Heart ( 1964 ) Make Way for Dionne Warwick ( 1964 ) The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick ( 1965 ) Here I Am ( 1965 ) Here Where There Is Love ( 1966 ) On Stage and in the Movies ( 1967 ) The Windows of the World ( 1967 ) Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls ( 1968 ) Promises , Promises ( 1968 ) Soulful ( 1969 ) I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ( 1970 ) Very Dionne ( 1970 ) Dionne ( 1979 ) No Night So Long ( 1980 ) Friends in Love ( 1982 ) Heartbreaker ( 1982 ) How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye ( 1983 ) Finder of Lost Loves ( 1985 ) Friends ( 1985 ) Reservations for Two ( 1987 ) Friends Can Be Lovers ( 1993 ) My Friends & Me ( 2006 ) Live albums Dionne Warwick in Paris ( 1966 ) Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) Christmas in Vienna II ( 1993 ) Compilation albums The Love Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Walk On By '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Message to Michael '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` Alfie '' `` The Windows of the World '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` The Good Life '' `` Then Came You '' `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` After You '' `` No Night So Long '' `` Easy Love '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` All the Love in the World '' `` Run to Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Love Power '' `` It 's All Over '' `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' Book Aretha Franklin Studio albums Columbia Aretha ( 1961 ) The Electrifying Aretha Franklin ( 1962 ) The Tender , the Moving , the Swinging Aretha Franklin ( 1962 ) Laughing on the Outside ( 1963 ) Unforgettable : A Tribute to Dinah Washington ( 1964 ) Runnin ' Out of Fools ( 1964 ) Yeah ! ! ! ( 1965 ) Soul Sister ( 1966 ) Take It Like You Give It ( 1967 ) Take a Look ( 1967 ) Soft and Beautiful ( 1969 ) Atlantic I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You ( 1967 ) Aretha Arrives ( 1967 ) Lady Soul ( 1968 ) Aretha Now ( 1968 ) Soul ' 69 ( 1969 ) This Girl 's in Love with You ( 1970 ) Spirit in the Dark ( 1970 ) Young , Gifted and Black ( 1972 ) Hey Now Hey ( The Other Side of the Sky ) ( 1973 ) Let Me in Your Life ( 1974 ) With Everything I Feel in Me ( 1974 ) You ( 1975 ) Sparkle ( 1976 ) Sweet Passion ( 1977 ) Almighty Fire ( 1978 ) La Diva ( 1979 ) A Brand New Me ( 2017 ) Arista Aretha ( 1980 ) Love All the Hurt Away ( 1981 ) Jump to It ( 1982 ) Get It Right ( 1983 ) Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? ( 1985 ) Aretha ( 1986 ) Through the Storm ( 1989 ) What You See Is What You Sweat ( 1991 ) A Rose Is Still a Rose ( 1998 ) So Damn Happy ( 2003 ) Other Songs of Faith ( 1965 ) This Christmas , Aretha ( 2008 ) A Woman Falling Out of Love ( 2011 ) Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics ( 2014 ) Live albums Aretha in Paris ( 1968 ) Aretha Live at Fillmore West ( 1971 ) Amazing Grace ( 1972 ) One Lord , One Faith , One Baptism ( 1987 ) Oh Me Oh My : Aretha Live in Philly , 1972 ( 2007 ) Compilation albums Aretha 's Gold ( 1969 ) Aretha 's Greatest Hits ( 1971 ) The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 1973 ) Aretha Sings the Blues ( 1980 ) 30 Greatest Hits ( 1985 ) Greatest Hits : 1980 -- 1994 ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Aretha Franklin , Vol. 1 ( 1994 ) The Early Years ( 1997 ) Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Aretha 's Best ( 2001 ) Respect : The Very Best of Aretha Franklin ( 2002 ) Rare & Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul ( 2007 ) Jewels in the Crown : All - Star Duets with the Queen ( 2007 ) A Deeper Love : The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 2009 ) The Great American Songbook ( 2011 ) Knew You Were Waiting : The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 1980 - 1998 ) ( 2012 ) Box sets Queen of Soul : The Atlantic Recordings ( 1992 / 2014 ) Take A Look : Aretha Franklin Complete on Columbia ( 2011 ) Singles `` Precious Lord ( Part 1 ) '' ( 1959 ) `` Today I Sing the Blues '' ( 1960 ) `` Wo n't Be Long '' ( 1960 ) `` Rock - a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody '' ( 1961 ) `` Operation Heartbreak '' ( 1961 ) `` I Surrender , Dear '' ( 1962 ) `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ( 1962 ) `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 1963 ) `` Skylark '' ( 1963 ) `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' ( 1964 ) `` One Step Ahead '' ( 1965 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1965 ) `` Mockingbird '' ( 1967 ) `` I Never Loved a Man ( The Way I Love You ) '' ( 1967 ) `` Respect '' ( 1967 ) `` Baby I Love You '' ( 1967 ) `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' ( 1967 ) `` Do Right Woman , Do Right Man '' `` Chain of Fools '' ( 1967 ) `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' ( 1968 ) `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' ( 1968 ) `` Think '' ( 1968 ) `` You Send Me '' ( 1968 ) `` The House That Jack Built '' ( 1968 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' ( 1968 ) `` See Saw '' ( 1968 ) `` My Song '' ( 1968 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) `` Tracks of My Tears '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't See Myself Leaving You '' ( 1969 ) `` Gentle on My Mind '' ( 1969 ) `` Share Your Love with Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Eleanor Rigby '' ( 1969 ) `` Call Me '' ( 1970 ) `` Son of a Preacher Man '' ( 1970 ) `` Spirit in the Dark '' ( 1970 ) `` The Thrill Is Gone '' ( 1970 ) `` Do n't Play That Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Border Song ( Holy Moses ) '' ( 1970 ) `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' ( 1971 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' ( 1971 ) `` Spanish Harlem '' ( 1971 ) `` Rock Steady '' ( 1971 ) `` Day Dreaming '' ( 1972 ) `` Wholy Holy '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1973 ) `` Until You Come Back to Me ( That 's What I 'm Gonna Do ) '' ( 1973 ) `` I 'm in Love '' ( 1974 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1974 ) `` Something He Can Feel '' ( 1976 ) `` Break It to Me Gently '' ( 1977 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' ( 1981 ) `` It 's My Turn '' ( 1981 ) `` Jump to It '' ( 1982 ) `` Get It Right '' ( 1983 ) `` Freeway of Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Who 's Zoomin ' Who '' ( 1985 ) `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' ( 1985 ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( 1986 ) `` Jimmy Lee '' ( 1986 ) `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' ( 1987 ) `` Oh Happy Day '' ( 1988 ) `` Gimme Your Love '' ( 1989 ) `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' ( 1989 ) `` Everyday People '' ( 1991 ) `` Someday We 'll All Be Free '' ( 1992 ) `` Ever Changing Times '' ( 1992 ) `` A Deeper Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Willing to Forgive '' ( 1994 ) `` A Rose Is Still a Rose '' ( 1998 ) `` Here We Go Again '' ( 1998 ) `` Put You Up on Game '' ( 2007 ) `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' ( 2009 ) `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( 2014 ) Related topics Awards and nominations Discography `` Wood Beez ( Pray Like Aretha Franklin ) '' ( by Scritti Politti ) Book Category Portal Glen Campbell Studio albums Big Bluegrass Special Too Late to Worry -- Too Blue to Cry The Astounding 12 - String Guitar of Glen Campbell The Big Bad Rock Guitar of Glen Campbell Burning Bridges Gentle on My Mind By the Time I Get to Phoenix Hey Little One A New Place in the Sun Bobbie Gentry and Glen Campbell That Christmas Feeling Wichita Lineman Galveston True Grit Try a Little Kindness Oh Happy Day Norwood The Glen Campbell Goodtime Album The Last Time I Saw Her Anne Murray / Glen Campbell The Artistry of Glen Campbell Glen Travis Campbell I Knew Jesus ( Before He Was a Star ) I Remember Hank Williams Houston ( I 'm Comin ' to See You ) Reunion : The Songs of Jimmy Webb Ernie Sings & Glen Picks Rhinestone Cowboy Bloodline Southern Nights Basic Highwayman Somethin ' ' Bout You Baby I Like It 's the World Gone Crazy Old Home Town Letter to Home No More Night It 's Just a Matter of Time Still Within the Sound of My Voice Light Years Favorite Hymns Walkin ' in the Sun Unconditional Love Show Me Your Way Rock - A-Doodle Wings of Victory Somebody Like That Home for the Holidays The Boy in Me Christmas with Glen Campbell A Glen Campbell Christmas My Hits and Love Songs Love Is the Answer : 24 Songs of Faith , Hope and Love Meet Glen Campbell Ghost on the Canvas See You There I 'll Be Me soundtrack Adiós Live albums Glen Campbell Live Live in Japan Live at the Royal Festival Hall Glen Campbell Live Glen Campbell Live ! His Greatest Hits Glen Campbell in Concert with the South Dakota Symphony Through the Years Live - Ultimate Collection Glen Campbell and Jimmy Webb : In Session Compilations Country Shindig The 12 String Guitar of Glen Campbell Glen Campbell Plays 12 String Guitar Portrait Country Soul Country Music Star No. 1 The Glen Campbell Album Limited Collector 's Edition A Satisfied Mind Glen Campbell 's Greatest Hits Gentle on My Mind The Good Time Songs of Glen Campbell I 'll Paint You a Song Arkansas The Best of Glen Campbell Glen Campbell 's Twenty Golden Greats The Great Hits of Glen Campbell The Glen Campbell Collection All I Have to Do Is Dream The Very Best of Glen Campbell Presents His Hits in Concert Classics Collection Greatest Country Hits Best of the Early Years Merry Christmas All - Time Greatest Hits The Essential Glen Campbell Volume One The Essential Glen Campbell Volume Two The Essential Glen Campbell Volume Three Jesus and Me : The Collection Home at Last The Glen Campbell Collection ( 1962 -- 1989 ) Gentle on My Mind The Capitol Years 65 / 77 Reunited with Jimmy Webb 1974 -- 1988 Love Songs Glen Campbell Christmas Super Hits 20 Greatest Hits Rhinestone Cowboy / Bloodline The Lambert & Potter Sessions 1975 -- 1976 Southern Nights / Basic All the Best The Legacy ( 1961 -- 2002 ) Rhinestone Cowboy ( New Studio Recordings ) Glen Campbell Collection Rhinestone Cowboy Live , on the Air & in the Studio Sings the Best of Jimmy Webb 1967 -- 1992 The Platinum Collection Classic Campbell Words and Music Greatest Hits Singles `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` Too Late to Worry - Too Blue to Cry '' `` Long Black Limousine '' `` Guess I 'm Dumb '' `` Universal Soldier '' `` Gentle on My Mind '' `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` Hey Little One '' `` I Wanna Live '' `` Dreams of the Everyday Housewife '' `` Wichita Lineman '' `` Let It Be Me '' ( with Bobbie Gentry ) `` Galveston '' `` Where 's the Playground Susie '' `` True Grit '' `` Try a Little Kindness '' `` Honey Come Back '' `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' ( with Bobbie Gentry ) `` Oh Happy Day '' `` Everything a Man Could Ever Need '' `` It 's Only Make Believe '' `` Dream Baby ( How Long Must I Dream ) '' `` The Last Time I Saw Her '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` Oklahoma Sunday Morning '' `` Manhattan , Kansas '' `` Bonaparte 's Retreat '' `` Rhinestone Cowboy '' `` Country Boy ( You Got Your Feet in L.A. ) '' `` Do n't Pull Your Love / Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye '' `` Southern Nights '' `` Sunflower '' `` I Love How You Love Me '' `` Faithless Love '' `` A Lady Like You '' `` It 's Just a Matter of Time '' `` The Hand That Rocks the Cradle '' ( with Steve Wariner ) `` Still Within the Sound of My Voice '' `` I Remember You '' `` I Have You '' `` She 's Gone , Gone , Gone '' `` I 'm Not Gonna Miss You '' Related articles Discography Collaborative discography Videos The Wrecking Crew The Beach Boys Glen Campbell : I 'll Be Me The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour Ashley Campbell Anne Murray Studio albums What About Me This Way Is My Way Honey , Wheat and Laughter Straight , Clean and Simple Talk It Over in the Morning Anne Murray / Glen Campbell Annie Danny 's Song Love Song Highly Prized Possession Keeping In Touch Together There 's a Hippo in My Tub Let 's Keep It That Way New Kind of Feeling I 'll Always Love You Somebody 's Waiting Where Do You Go When You Dream The Hottest Night of the Year A Little Good News Heart over Mind Something to Talk About Harmony As I Am You Will Yes I Do Croonin ' Anne Murray What a Wonderful World Country Croonin ' I 'll Be Seeing You Anne Murray Duets : Friends & Legends Christmas albums Christmas Wishes Anne Murray Christmas The Season Will Never Grow Old Best of the Season My Christmas Favorites What a Wonderful Christmas Anne Murray 's Christmas Album Icon : Christmas Compilations Snowbird Country A Country Collection Anne Murray 's Greatest Hits Country Hits Songs of the Heart Love Songs Greatest Hits Volume II From Springhill to the World The Very Best of Anne Murray 15 of the Best Her Greatest Hits and Finest Performances Now & Forever The Best ... So Far An Intimate Evening with Anne Murray Ultimate Collection All of Me 10 Great Songs : Inspirational Classics Icon No. 1 singles `` Snowbird '' `` Sing High , Sing Low '' `` A Stranger in My Place '' `` It Takes Time '' `` Talk It Over in the Morning '' `` I Say a Little Prayer / By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` Cotton Jenny '' `` Danny 's Song '' `` What About Me '' `` A Love Song '' `` He Thinks I Still Care '' `` Son of a Rotten Gambler '' `` You Wo n't See Me '' `` You Needed Me '' `` I Just Fall in Love Again '' `` Shadows in the Moonlight '' `` Broken Hearted Me '' `` Daydream Believer '' `` Lucky Me '' `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` Could I Have This Dance '' `` Blessed Are the Believers '' `` We Do n't Have to Hold Out '' `` It 's All I Can Do '' `` Another Sleepless Night '' `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Somebody 's Always Saying Goodbye '' `` A Little Good News '' `` Just Another Woman in Love '' `` Nobody Loves Me Like You Do '' ( with Dave Loggins ) `` Time Do n't Run Out on Me '' `` Now and Forever ( You and Me ) '' Other songs `` Thirsty Boots '' `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' `` Night Owl '' `` Robbie 's Song for Jesus '' `` Everything 's Been Changed '' `` Send a Little Love My Way '' `` Just One Look '' `` Day Tripper '' `` Uproar '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` The Call '' `` Golden Oldie '' `` Things '' `` Walk Right Back '' `` That 's Not the Way ( It 's S'posed to Be ) '' `` I Do n't Think I 'm Ready for You '' `` Who 's Leaving Who '' `` Are You Still in Love with Me '' `` Anyone Can Do the Heartbreak '' `` Perfect Strangers '' `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Kenny Rogers ) `` Feed This Fire '' `` Bluebird '' `` I Can See Arkansas '' `` Make Love to Me '' `` The Wayward Wind '' `` Born to Be with You '' `` Over You '' `` That 's What My Love Is For '' `` That 's the Way It Goes '' `` What a Wonderful World '' Related articles Discography Capitol Records `` Tears Are Not Enough '' Book Category Portal Diana King Studio album Tougher Than Love ( 1995 ) Think Like a Girl ( 1997 ) Respect ( 2002 ) Singles `` Stir It Up '' `` Shy Guy '' `` Ai n't Nobody '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Say_a_Little_Prayer&oldid=862048305 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1971 singles 1997 singles Songs with lyrics by Hal David Songs with music by Burt Bacharach Dionne Warwick songs Aretha Franklin songs Anne Murray songs Glen Campbell songs Diana King songs Adriano Celentano songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Hungary 1967 songs Scepter Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for French Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for France Singlechart used with missing parameters Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Svenska ไทย 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 20 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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who wrote i say a little prayer for you
[ "\"I Say a Little Prayer\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David for Dionne Warwick, originally peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in December 1967.[1] On the R&B Singles chart it peaked at number eight.[2]\n", "\"I Say a Little Prayer\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David for Dionne Warwick, originally peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in December 1967.[1] On the R&B Singles chart it peaked at number eight.[2]\n" ]
[ "Burt Bacharach", "Hal David" ]
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Blow (film)
Blow ( film ) - Wikipedia Blow ( film ) Blow Theatrical release poster Directed by Ted Demme Produced by Ted Demme Joel Stillerman Denis Leary Written by David McKenna Nick Cassavetes Starring Johnny Depp Jordi Mollà Penélope Cruz Ray Liotta Paul Reubens Franka Potente Rachel Griffiths Music by Graeme Revell Cinematography Ellen Kuras Edited by Kevin Tent Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date April 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 06 ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $53 million Box office $83.3 million Blow is a 2001 American biographical crime film about the American cocaine smuggler George Jung , directed by Ted Demme . David McKenna and Nick Cassavetes adapted Bruce Porter 's 1993 book Blow : How a Small Town Boy Made $100 Million with the Medellín Cocaine Cartel and Lost It All for the screenplay . It is based on the real - life stories of George Jung , Pablo Escobar , Carlos Lehder Rivas ( portrayed in the film as Diego Delgado ) , and the Medellín Cartel . The film 's title comes from a slang term for cocaine . Blow was the final theatrical film directed by Demme to be released in his lifetime . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 3.1 Track listing 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) A young George Jung and his parents Fred and Ermine live in Weymouth , Massachusetts . When George is ten years old , Fred files for bankruptcy , but tries to make George realize that money is not important . As an adult , George moves to Los Angeles with his friend `` Tuna '' ; they meet Barbara , an airline stewardess , who introduces them to Derek Foreal , a marijuana dealer . With Derek 's help , George and Tuna make a lot of money . Kevin Dulli , a college student back in Boston , visits them and tells them of the demand for marijuana in Boston . They start selling marijuana in Boston , buying marijuana directly from Mexico with the help of Santiago Sanchez , a Mexican drug lord . Two years later , George is caught in Chicago trying to import 660 pounds ( 300 kg ) of marijuana and is sentenced to two years . After unsuccessfully trying to plead his innocence , George skips bail to take care of Barbara , who dies from cancer . Her death marks the disbanding of the group of friends ; even his friend , Tuna , flees their vacation home in Mexico and is never seen again . While hiding from the authorities , George visits his parents . George 's mother calls the police , who arrest him . George is sentenced to 26 months in a federal prison in Danbury , Connecticut . His cellmate Diego Delgado has contacts in the Medellín cocaine cartel and convinces George to help him go into business . Upon his release from prison , George violates his parole conditions and heads down to Cartagena , Colombia , to meet with Diego . They meet with cartel officer Cesar Rosa to negotiate the terms for smuggling 15 kilograms ( 33 lb ) to establish `` good faith '' . As the smuggling operation grows , Diego gets arrested , leaving George to find a way to sell 50 kg ( 110 lb ) . George reconnects with Derek in California , and the two sell all the cocaine . George then goes to Medellín , Colombia , where he meets Pablo Escobar , who agrees to go into business with them . With the help of Derek , the pair becomes Escobar 's top U.S. importer . At Diego 's wedding , George meets Cesar 's fiancée Mirtha and later marries her . However , Diego resents George for keeping Derek 's identity secret and pressures George to reveal his connection . George eventually discovers that Diego has betrayed him by cutting him out of the connection with Derek . Inspired by the birth of his daughter and a drug - related heart attack , George severs his relationship with the cartel . All goes well with George 's newfound civilian life for five years , until Mirtha organizes a 38th birthday party for him . Many of his former drug associates attend , including Derek , who reveals that Diego eventually cut him out as well . The FBI and DEA raid the party and arrest George . George becomes a fugitive , and his bank account -- heretofore under Manuel Noriega 's protection in Panama -- is seized by Noriega . One night , he and Mirtha get into a fight while driving . They are pulled over by police and Mirtha tells them Jung is a fugitive and has stashed a kilogram of cocaine in his trunk . He is sent to jail for three years , Mirtha divorces him , and takes custody of their nine - year - old daughter , Kristina `` Sunshine '' Jung . Upon his release , George struggles to maintain his relationship with his daughter . George promises Kristina a vacation in California and seeks one last deal to garner enough money for the trip . George completes a deal with former accomplices but learns too late that the deal had been set up by the FBI and DEA , with Dulli and Derek having leaked the nature and location of the action in exchange for pardons for their involvement in his prior action . George is sentenced to 60 years at Otisville Correctional Facility in upstate New York . He explains in the end that neither the sentence nor the betrayal bothered him , but that he can never forgive himself for having to break a promise to his daughter . While in prison , George requests a furlough to see his dying father , Fred . His mother denies the request . George records a final message to his father , recounting his memories of working with his father , his run - ins with the law , and finally , too late , his understanding of what Fred meant when he said that money is not `` real '' . An old man in prison , George imagines that his daughter finally comes to visit him . She slowly fades away as a guard calls for George . The film concludes with notes indicating that Jung 's sentence will not expire until 2015 , and that his daughter has yet to visit him . Cast ( edit ) Johnny Depp as George Jung Jesse James as Young George Penélope Cruz as Mirtha Jung Franka Potente as Barbara `` Barbie '' Buckley Rachel Griffiths as Ermine Jung Paul Reubens as Derek Foreal ( Richard Barile ) Jordi Molla as Diego Delgado ( Carlos Lehder ) Cliff Curtis as Pablo Escobar Max Perlich as Kevin Dulli Miguel Sandoval as Augusto Oliveras Ethan Suplee as `` Tuna '' Alan James Morgan as Young `` Tuna '' Ray Liotta as Frederick `` Fred '' Jung Kevin Gage as Leon Minghella Tony Amendola as Santiago Sanchez Bobcat Goldthwait as Mr. T Michael Tucci as Dr. Bay Monet Mazur as Maria Lola Glaudini as Rada Jennifer Gimenez as Inez Emma Roberts as Kristina Sunshine Jung Jaime King as Older Kristina Soundtrack ( edit ) Blow 's soundtrack is a compilation of songs and artists from the 1970s . Graeme Revell also composed the original score for the film . However , his work was not released in the soundtrack CD . For example , the music in the scene where George and Mirtha have sex , a track titled `` Little Ditty '' , written and performed by Paul Wagner , is missing in the soundtrack album . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Ca n't You Hear Me Knocking '' The Rolling Stones 7 : 17 2 . `` Rumble '' Link Wray 2 : 26 3 . `` Glad and Sorry '' Faces 3 : 07 4 . `` Strange Brew '' Cream 2 : 48 5 . `` Black Betty '' Ram Jam 2 : 31 6 . `` Blinded by the Light '' Manfred Mann 's Earth Band 7 : 08 7 . `` Let 's Boogaloo '' '' Willie Rosario 3 : 32 8 . `` Keep It Comin ' Love '' KC and the Sunshine Band 3 : 54 9 . `` Yellow World '' J. Girls 2 : 57 10 . `` That Smell '' Lynyrd Skynyrd 5 : 49 11 . `` All the Tired Horses '' Bob Dylan 3 : 11 12 . `` Ca n't You See '' Marshall Tucker Band 6 : 04 13 . `` Push & Pull '' Nikka Costa 4 : 48 Reception ( edit ) Blow was a minor box office success . With a budget of roughly $53 million , it managed to rake in just under $53 million domestically , but raised just over $30 million internationally for a worldwide total of $83,282,296 . Reviews for Blow were decidedly mixed . The film holds an approval rating of 55 % at Rotten Tomatoes based on 136 reviews with a weighted average score of 5.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus is : `` With elements that seem borrowed from movies like Goodfellas and Boogie Nights , Blow is pretty much been - there - done - that despite another excellent performance from Johnny Depp . It also becomes too sentimental at the end . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 , based on 34 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Penélope Cruz was nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for her performances in Blow as well as Captain Corelli 's Mandolin and Vanilla Sky . Rob Gonsalves from eFilmCritic.com gave the film 4 out of 5 stars stating : `` Blow is n't really a classic , but it 's a sobering story well - told . '' Roger Ebert gave the film 21⁄2 out of 4 stars , but questioned the value about making Jung the subject of this film , stating : `` That 's the thing about George ( Jung ) . He thinks it 's all about him . His life , his story , his success , his fortune , his lost fortune , his good luck , his bad luck . Actually , all he did was operate a toll gate between suppliers and addicts . You wonder , but you never find out , if the reality of those destroyed lives ever occurred to him . '' David Nusair of Reel Films also questioned making a film about Jung , stating `` The biggest problem with Blow is that Jung is such a complete moron . '' Nusair concludes that while it `` is not a bad film ... the central character of George Jung just does n't seem worthy to be the center of attention . '' Christopher Smith from Bangor Daily News gave the film a `` D + '' , stating `` Blow is ultimately more about charisma than it is about truth , more about Depp 's smooth strut and tousled hair than it is about George Jung 's fatal flaws -- his stupidity , desperation , ego and small - town greed . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Blow '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porter , Bruce ( 2014 ) . Blow . How a Small - Town Boy Made $100 Million With the Medellin Cocaine Cartel and Lost It All . New York City : St. Martin 's Griffin . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 466 - 87624 - 8 . ISBN 1 - 46687624 - 7 . 1th ed. : 1993 . New York City : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 060 - 17930 - 4 . ISBN 0 - 06017930 - 9 . Jump up ^ Blow at Discogs ( list of releases ) . Jump up ^ `` Blow ( 2001 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blow ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blow Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzalves , Rob . `` Blow '' . eFilmCritic.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( April 6 , 2001 ) . `` Blow ( R ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nusair , David ( April 24 , 2001 ) . `` Blow ( 2001 ) '' . Reelfilm.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Christopher ( 2001 ) . `` Blow : Movie Review , DVD Review ( 2001 ) '' . Weekinrewind.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Blow ( film ) Official website ( 2008 archive ) Blow on IMDb Blow at Box Office Mojo Blow at Rotten Tomatoes Blow at Metacritic Blow at AllMovie Films directed by Ted Demme The Bet ( 1992 ) Who 's the Man ? ( 1993 ) The Ref ( 1994 ) Beautiful Girls ( 1996 ) Monument Ave. ( 1998 ) Life ( 1999 ) Blow ( 2001 ) A Decade Under the Influence ( 2003 ) GND : 7605268 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blow_(film)&oldid=856449912 '' Categories : English - language films 2000s biographical films 2000s crime drama films 2001 films American biographical films American crime drama films American films Biographical films about drug traffickers Biographical films about Pablo Escobar Cultural depictions of Pablo Escobar Drama films based on actual events American films about cannabis Films about cocaine Films about organized crime in the United States Films set in Massachusetts Films set in 1955 Films set in 1968 Films set in 1969 Films set in 1976 Films set in 1980 Films set in 1987 Films set in 1990 Films set in 1994 Films directed by Ted Demme Films based on biographies Films about Colombian drug cartels Films about Mexican drug cartels Films based on non-fiction books about organized crime Films scored by Graeme Revell Films about the illegal drug trade Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 08 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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what did the girl in blow die from
[ "As an adult, George moves to Los Angeles with his friend \"Tuna\"; they meet Barbara, an airline stewardess, who introduces them to Derek Foreal, a marijuana dealer. With Derek's help, George and Tuna make a lot of money. Kevin Dulli, a college student back in Boston, visits them and tells them of the demand for marijuana in Boston. They start selling marijuana in Boston, buying marijuana directly from Mexico with the help of Santiago Sanchez, a Mexican drug lord. Two years later, George is caught in Chicago trying to import 660 pounds (300 kg) of marijuana and is sentenced to two years. After unsuccessfully trying to plead his innocence, George skips bail to take care of Barbara, who dies from cancer. Her death marks the disbanding of the group of friends; even his friend, Tuna, flees their vacation home in Mexico and is never seen again.\n" ]
[ "cancer" ]
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Australian two-dollar coin
Australian two - dollar coin - Wikipedia Australian two - dollar coin Jump to : navigation , search Two Dollars Australia Value 2.00 AUD Mass 6.60 g Diameter 20.50 mm Thickness 2.80 mm Edge interrupted milled 20 notches Composition 92 % Copper , 6 % Aluminium , 2 % Nickel Years of minting 1988 -- present Obverse Design Queen Elizabeth II Designer Ian Rank - Broadley Design date 1999 Reverse Design Male Aboriginal Elder Designer Horst Hahne Design date The Australian 2 dollar coin is the highest - denomination coin of the Australian dollar . It was first issued on 20 June 1988 , having been in planning since the mid-1970s . It replaced the Australian two - dollar note due to having a longer circulatory life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Minting figures 2.1 Commemorative coins 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Design ( edit ) In accordance with all other Australian coins , the obverse features the portrait of the reigning monarch , who during the lifetime of the coin has only been Queen Elizabeth II . From 1988 to 1998 the portrait of her was by Raphael Maklouf before being replaced in the following year by one sculpted by Ian Rank - Broadley . Designed by Horst Hahne , the reverse depicts an Aboriginal Elder , inspired by an Ainslie Roberts drawing of Gwoya Jungarai , known as One Pound Jimmy . However , the design is not intended to depict any person in particular . The design also incorporates the Southern Cross and native grasstrees . The initials of its designer , Horst Hahne , were removed from the design from 1990 onwards . All two - dollar coins have been struck at the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra . 160.9 million coins were minted in the first year of issue . It has been issued in all years since except 1991 , with an average mintage of 22 million coins per annum from 1989 to 2008 . The 2012 Remembrance reverse $2 coin . In 2012 , the Australian mint released the first ever different designed 2 dollar coin . It features a poppy flower , with the words Lest we Forget and Remembrance Day in the background of the coin . There had been no commemorative designs for this issue , until the 2012 Remembrance coin was minted . Along with the 2012 Remembrance coin was a coin with the same text and image but the centre poppy was red with a black centre . It was therefore the first coloured circulating coin in Australia . On 21 June 2013 , a third commemorative 2 dollar coin was launched by the Royal Australian Mint . This coin , commemorating the 60th anniversary of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II , featured a purple circle bordering St Edward 's Crown . As a part of the 100 years of Anzac Day a coin programme launched by the Royal Australian Mint , two separate coloured coins were released . The first was released in 2014 , it featured two green circles in the middle of the coin and a dove in the centre . The word Remembrance was stretched across the top of the coin . In 2015 , the fourth circulating coloured coin in Australia was released . It includes red stripes much like the 2013 Queen Coronation coin . It also features five crosses amongst poppies and the words Lest we Forget in the centre . A fifth coin was also released in 2015 . It is sunset orange and it features a sun in the centre with birds and the Flanders Field poem in the background . In 2016 a commemorative coin was issued for the Rio Olympic Games . Five Coins were issued for circulation via Woolworths and were made available in packs of the 5 coins on the 27 July 2016 . A Paralympic Games coin was issued on the 22 August 2016 . When the coin was introduced there were complaints that the coin was too small for its value and was easily lost , or counterfeited by placing two 5 cent pieces together and colouring them gold . However , with an uninterrupted milling on the 5 cent and the 2 dollars having 5 grooves in 4 lots separated by 7mm length of the side , identification is easy . It has the same size and milling as the 10 Swedish kronor . Its smaller size in comparison to the $1 coin can lead to confusion for visitors from outside Australia . Elizabeth the second was featured on one of the sides and on the other was an unidentified aboriginal man . Minting figures ( edit ) The coin has only been struck at the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra , the nation 's capital . The only year without production was 1991 ( due to the large amount issued for the coin 's introduction in 1988 ) . Year Mintage 1988 * 160,900,000 1989 * 31,600,000 10,300,000 1991 - 15,500,000 4,900,000 22,100,000 1995 15,500,000 13,900,000 19,000,000 1998 8,700,000 1999 27,300,000 2000 5,700,000 35,600,000 2002 29,700,000 2003 13,700,000 20,000,000 2005 45,500,000 2006 40,500,000 2007 26,000,000 2008 47,000,000 2009 74,500,000 36,500,000 2011 1,800,000 2012 5,900,000 2013 35,100,000 2014 39,900,000 2015 22,000,000 2016 12,900,000 `` * '' denotes that coins were minted with the designer 's initials References : Commemorative coins ( edit ) Year Subject Colours / Features Mintage 2012 Poppy N / A 5,800,000 Red 500,000 2013 60th Anniversary of Queen 's Coronation Purple 1,000,000 2014 Remembrance Day Green 1,900,000 2015 100 Years of ANZACs Red 1,500,000 In Flanders Field Orange 2,200,000 2016 50 Years of Decimal Currency Pre-decimal Crown on obverse 2,700,000 * 2016 Rio Olympics * * Blue 2,000,000 Black Red Yellow Green 2016 Rio Paralympics Green / Yellow / Red / Blue 2017 Lest We Forget Blue / Green / Yellow N / A Possum Magic * * Pink / Purple / Orange / Blue Red / Orange / Purple / Yellow / Blue Blue / Navy / Pink / Orange / Green `` * '' denotes partial numbers for 2016 - total production to be confirmed `` * * '' denotes release through Woolworths Supermarkets References : See also ( edit ) Coins of the Australian dollar References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.ramint.gov.au/designs/ram-designs/2dollars.cfm Jump up ^ http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/display.php?image=img11/10-2d03&desc=Australia km406 2 Dollars ( 2001 -- ) &query = Australia Jump up ^ Pitt 2000 p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Royal Australian Mint - Designs & Products - Two Dollars Jump up ^ Royal Australian Mint - Frequently Asked Questions - About Australian Coins Jump up ^ `` Governor - General launches Australia 's first purple striped coin '' . Jump up ^ https://www.ramint.gov.au/publications/woolworths-shoppers-win-gold-exclusive-olympic-coin-launch ^ Jump up to : `` Two Dollars '' . Royal Australian Mint . Australian Government . 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Woolworths shoppers win gold with exclusive Olympic coin launch '' ( Media release ) . Royal Australian Mint . Australian Government . 19 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Ian W. Pitt , ed. ( 2000 ) . Renniks Australian Coin and Banknote Values ( 19th ed . ) . Chippendale , NSW : Renniks Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9585574 - 4 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Australian Decimal Currency Preceded by Two Dollar Note ( Australian ) Two Dollars ( Australian ) 1988 -- present Succeeded by Present ( hide ) Australian currency Decimal coins 1c 2c 5c 10c 20c 50c ( round ) $1 $2 Coins of the $ Commemorative coins Decimal notes $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 Banknotes of the $ Pre-decimal coins ​ ⁄ d 1d 3d 6d 1s 2s 5s Pre - £ coins Coins of the £ Pre-decimal notes 5s 10s £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 £ 1000 Mints Sydney Mint ( 1855 -- 1926 ) Melbourne Mint ( 1872 -- 1967 ) Perth Mint ( 1899 -- ) Royal Australian Mint ( 1965 -- ) Topics Australian dollar Australian pound ( obsolete ) Banknotes of the Australian pound ( obsolete ) Note Printing Australia Pound sterling ( obsolete ) Reserve Bank of Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_two-dollar_coin&oldid=817369574 '' Categories : Currency introduced in 1988 Decimal coins of Australia Two - base - unit coins Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Use Australian English from December 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Coin article with no obverse image All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 23 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the $2 coin come out in australia
[ "The Australian 2 dollar coin is the highest-denomination coin of the Australian dollar. It was first issued on 20 June 1988, having been in planning since the mid-1970s. It replaced the Australian two-dollar note due to having a longer circulatory life.[1]" ]
[ "20 June 1988" ]
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Bobby Anderson (actor)
Bobby Anderson ( actor ) - wikipedia Bobby Anderson ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search Bobby Anderson Bobby Anderson ( left ) with young Mary and Violet in It 's a Wonderful life ( 1946 ) Robert James Anderson ( 1933 - 03 - 06 ) March 6 , 1933 Hollywood , California , U.S. June 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 06 ) ( aged 75 ) Palm Springs , California , U.S. Cause of death Cancer Other names Bobbie Anderson Bob Anderson Robert J. Anderson Occupation Actor / Television producer Years active 1940 -- 1996 Spouse ( s ) Victoria Anderson ( ? - June 6 , 2008 ; his death ) Children 6 Robert James Anderson ( March 6 , 1933 -- June 6 , 2008 ) was an American actor and television producer , most famous for his role as the young George Bailey in It 's a Wonderful Life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Partial filmography 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Bobby Anderson was born in Hollywood , to a showbiz family . He was the son of Eugene Randolph Anderson , an assistant director and production manager , and Marie Augusta Fleischer , and his brothers and cousins were editors and production managers in their own right . He was also the nephew , by marriage , of directors William Beaudine and James Flood , both of whom were married to Anderson 's mother 's sisters . Anderson 's film career as an actor was brief . He appeared in the TV show Spin and Marty , and he made his last film in 1956 . Anderson enlisted in the Navy during the Korean War , serving as a photographer on aircraft carriers . After his time in the Navy , he went on to work behind the scenes in assistant directing , then later production with Disney , Warner Bros. , Universal , HBO , United Artists , Columbia , and 20th Century Fox on such films and TV shows as The Apartment , Hawaii , The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter , Code Red , Police Story , and Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! . He also worked as a line producer and production consultant for films such as Passenger 57 , Demolition Man and Heat . He died of cancer at age 75 at his home in Palm Springs , California . He is survived by his wife Victoria ; sons John , Robert , and Joseph ; daughters Kathleen , Debora , and Heidi ; and 11 grandchildren . Partial filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1940 The Grapes of Wrath Hungary Boy Film debut 1940 Maryland Lee Danfield - Age 7 1940 Young People Jerry Dakin 1943 Tender Comrade Boy 1945 A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Augie 1946 Gentleman Joe Palooka Young Boy 1946 It 's a Wonderful Life Little George 1947 The Fabulous Texan Boy 1947 The Bishop 's Wife Defense Captain 1948 Ruthless Horace Vendig as Child 1948 Silver River Boy 1949 Samson and Delilah Boy 1951 A Place in the Sun Eagle Scout 1953 Born to the Saddle Ricky Summers Final film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Schaden , Chuck ( Spring 2009 ) . `` Necrology for 2008 '' . Nostalgia Digest . 35 ( 2 ) : 55 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! News Archived June 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bob Anderson , 75 , Child Actor , Is Dead '' . New York Times . June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Robert Anderson on IMDb United States Navy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Anderson_(actor)&oldid=800499333 '' Categories : 1933 births 2008 deaths 20th - century American male actors American male child actors American military personnel of the Korean War Deaths from cancer in California Male actors from Los Angeles United States Navy sailors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played young george in it's a wonderful life
[ "Robert James Anderson (March 6, 1933 – June 6, 2008) was an American actor and television producer, most famous for his role as the young George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life." ]
[ "Robert James Anderson" ]
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Federer–Nadal rivalry
Federer -- Nadal rivalry - wikipedia Federer -- Nadal rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal , on their respective favorite surfaces , grass and clay . The Federer -- Nadal rivalry , often referred to as Fedal , is between professional tennis players , Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal , who currently occupy the two top spots in the ATP Rankings and are widely regarded as the two greatest players of all time . They are engaged in a storied rivalry , which many consider to be the greatest in tennis history . They have played 38 times , most recently in the final of the 2017 Shanghai Masters , with Nadal leading their rivalry with an overall record of 23 -- 15 . Of their 38 matches , 20 have been on hard court , 15 have been on clay , and three have been on grass . The results of their matches are somewhat polarized by playing surface , with Nadal leading on clay ( 13 -- 2 ) and Federer having the edge on both hard courts ( 11 -- 9 ) and grass ( 2 -- 1 ) . Of their 12 meetings in majors , 9 have been in finals . Nadal has won 6 of these 9 matches ; he leads 4 -- 0 at the French Open , while Federer leads 2 -- 1 at Wimbledon and they remain tied 1 -- 1 at the Australian Open . The two have yet to meet at any stage of the US Open . Federer with 20 total major titles , and Nadal with 16 , are first and second on the all - time list for the most majors titles , and hold numerous other records between them . Together they have won 11 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments from the 2005 French Open to the 2007 US Open and another 5 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments from the 2017 Australian Open to the 2018 Australian Open . They are the only pair of men to have finished six consecutive calendar years as the top two ranked players on the ATP Tour , which they did from 2005 to 2010 and seven times overall including 2017 . This included a record 211 consecutive weeks sharing the top two rankings from July 2005 to August 2009 . As tournament seedings are based on rankings , with the top two seeds placed on opposite sides of the draw , 24 of Nadal and Federer 's 38 matches have been in tournament finals , including an all - time record nine Grand Slam finals and 12 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 finals . Another nine have been semifinals , two have been quarterfinals , with only three taking place before the last - 8 stage . In 31 out of 38 matches between Nadal and Federer , the winner of the first set won the match . The 2007 Wimbledon final , 2008 Wimbledon final , 2009 Australian Open final and 2017 Australian Open final are classified as the greatest and most notable matches in their rivalry , with each match going to five sets . From 2006 to 2008 , they played in every French Open and Wimbledon final . Their 2008 Wimbledon final was lauded as the greatest match ever by many long - time tennis analysts . Their 2017 Australian Open final was widely regarded as among the most highly anticipated Grand Slam finals of all time due to the tennis history that would be made from either player 's victory , the subsequent implications on both players ' respective legacies , and the relevance within popular and critical discussions on who between them can claim to be ' the greatest tennis player of all time ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2004 : Miami 1.2 2005 : Miami , French Open 1.3 2006 : Dubai , Monte Carlo , Rome , French Open , Wimbledon , Masters Cup 1.4 2007 : Monte Carlo , Hamburg , French Open , Wimbledon , Masters Cup 1.5 2008 : Monte Carlo , Hamburg , French Open , Wimbledon 1.6 2009 : Australian Open , Madrid 1.7 2010 : Madrid , World Tour Finals 1.8 2011 : Miami , Madrid , French Open , World Tour Finals 1.9 2012 : Australian Open , Indian Wells 1.10 2013 : Indian Wells , Rome , Cincinnati , World Tour Finals 1.11 2014 : Australian Open 1.12 2015 : Basel 1.13 2017 : Australian Open , Indian Wells , Miami , Shanghai 2 List of all head - to - head matches 2.1 Singles 2.2 Doubles 2.3 Exhibitions 3 Analysis 3.1 Significant aspects 3.2 Comparison of Grand Slam tournament titles 3.3 Comparison of Masters 1000 titles 3.4 Comparison of Year - End Championships 3.5 Head - to - head tallies 3.5. 1 Set tallies 3.5. 2 Hard / Grass Timeline 3.5. 3 Clay Timeline 3.5. 4 Hard 3.5. 5 Clay 3.5. 6 Grass 3.6 Skill comparisons 3.7 Media and player commentary 4 Relationship and competitive dynamic 4.1 Cultural impact 5 Pairing Federer and Nadal 5.1 Significant achievements 6 Records 7 Miscellaneous 8 Performance timeline comparison 8.1 Grand Slam tournaments 8.1. 1 1999 -- 2004 8.1. 2 2005 -- 2010 8.1. 3 2011 -- 2016 8.1. 4 2017 -- present 8.2 By age ( end of season ) 8.2. 1 18 -- 22 8.2. 2 23 -- 27 8.2. 3 28 -- 32 8.2. 4 33 -- 37 8.3 ATP Rankings 8.3. 1 Year - End ranking timeline 8.3. 2 ATP Year - End ranking timeline by age 9 Career evolution 9.1 Titles by tournaments played comparison 9.2 Federer -- Nadal Grand Slam era ( 2003 -- present ) 9.3 Combined singles performance timeline ( best result ) 9.4 Federer -- Nadal ATP world No. 1 era 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) 2004 : Miami ( edit ) Federer and Nadal played their first match in March 2004 at the third round of the Miami Masters . Nadal , only 17 years old and ranked No. 34 at the time , surprised many by beating the then No. 1 in straight sets . 2005 : Miami , French Open ( edit ) Their second meeting was one year later , again in Miami , but this time in a best - of - five - set final . Federer recovered from a two - set deficit to win in five sets . They played again two months later in the semifinals of the French Open , which was their first match on clay . Nadal defeated Federer in four sets en route to his first Grand Slam title . 2006 : Dubai , Monte Carlo , Rome , French Open , Wimbledon , Masters Cup ( edit ) Nadal serves to Federer during the 2006 Wimbledon final . Federer celebrates his eighth Grand Slam title after a win over Nadal . In 2006 , Nadal and Federer faced each other in six matches . Nadal won the first four , beginning with the Dubai final in February played on hard court . This was Federer 's first loss of the year and ended his Open era record of 56 consecutive wins on hard courts . The clay season ensued , and Nadal continued his dominance on clay , defeating Federer in the finals of the Monte Carlo Masters , the Rome Masters , and the French Open , in what was their first Grand Slam final . Federer won the first set quickly , but Nadal fought back and took the next three sets to capture his second French Open title . In the Rome final , Federer held two championship points on Nadal 's serve at 5 -- 6 in the fifth set , but failed to convert . Federer then led 5 -- 3 in the fifth - set tiebreaker , but Nadal won the next four points to claim the title . At five hours and five minutes , this is the longest match Federer and Nadal have ever contested . They faced off again a month later in the final of Wimbledon , which was their first meeting on grass . Federer won in four sets to capture his fourth consecutive Wimbledon title with two sets going to tiebreakers . They did not meet again until the semifinals of the year - end Masters Cup . Federer won in straight sets , en route to his third Masters Cup title in four years . At year 's end , Nadal 's career head - to - head advantage had risen to 6 -- 3 . 2007 : Monte Carlo , Hamburg , French Open , Wimbledon , Masters Cup ( edit ) Federer in the finals of Monte Carlo 2007 Nadal and Federer faced each other five times in 2007 , and Federer won three of their matches . For the second straight year , Federer and Nadal played in three finals on clay . Nadal won the first meeting in straight sets , winning his third consecutive Monte Carlo title . A few weeks later they met at the Hamburg Masters , where Federer defeated Nadal for the first time on clay , ending Nadal 's 81 - match winning streak on clay . Nadal in the finals of Monte Carlo 2007 . Their next encounter was the French Open final , and Nadal won their much - anticipated rematch in four sets , capturing his third consecutive French Open title . Their last two meetings in 2007 were also a repeat of 2006 : the finals of Wimbledon and the semifinals of the Masters Cup . Once again , Federer won both matches , though their Wimbledon final lasted five sets , instead of the previous year 's four sets. . Also , their Masters Cup match was the shortest match of their rivalry , lasting less than an hour . By the end of the year Federer narrowed the head - to - head record to 6 -- 8 . 2008 : Monte Carlo , Hamburg , French Open , Wimbledon ( edit ) Federer and Nadal played four times in 2008 , and Nadal won all four times , extending his career advantage to 12 -- 6 . For the third straight year , Federer and Nadal played in three clay - court finals . Nadal beat Federer in the Monte Carlo Masters for the third straight year , capturing his Open - Era - record fourth consecutive title there . A few weeks later Nadal avenged his only clay - court loss to Federer by defeating him in three sets for his first Hamburg Masters title . Federer had double - break leads in the first sets of both Monte Carlo and Hamburg , but could not close out the sets . Federer and Nadal during the 2008 Wimbledon final Also for the third straight year , they played in the final of the French Open . Nadal won his fourth consecutive French Open title , by a score of 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 . The scoreline puts the match among the most one - sided in Grand Slam finals history . Nadal and Federer also met in the final of Wimbledon for the third straight year , in the most anticipated match of their rivalry . Amidst rain delays , they played the longest final in Wimbledon history ( 4 hours and 48 minutes ) , and Nadal captured the title , winning a fifth set that finished in near darkness . This match broke Federer 's Open - Era - record 65 - match winning streak on grass , which spanned more than five years . 2009 : Australian Open , Madrid ( edit ) Federer in the finals of Australian Open 2009 . Federer and Nadal played each other only twice in 2009 , splitting their matches . Both players began the year strong , reaching the final of the Australian Open . This was the first hard - court Grand Slam final for Nadal , but Federer was undefeated in eight hard - court finals ( five US Open , three Australian ) . The final was long ( 4 hours and 23 minutes ) and competitive in the first four sets , with Nadal pulling away decisively in the fifth set to secure his first hard - court championship . Nadal in the finals of Australian Open 2009 Federer rebounded against Nadal at the Madrid Masters ( their first match on Spanish soil ) , defeating him in the final in straight sets . This was a pivotal match because it broke Nadal 's five - match winning streak against Federer . The victory by Federer also ended Nadal 's 33 - match winning streak on clay and foreshadowed the Swiss ' historic victory at the French Open , which completed his Career Grand Slam . 2010 : Madrid , World Tour finals ( edit ) In 2010 , Federer and Nadal played twice , with Nadal winning the first and Federer winning the second match . The two met in the final of the Madrid Open , one year after their last match , and Nadal defeated Federer in straight sets . Federer and Nadal met in the 2010 ATP World Tour Finals ' final , marking their third meeting at the year - end championships and their first ever meeting in the finals . Federer continued his indoor dominance against Nadal , winning in three sets . This victory gave Federer a record - tying fifth title at the year - end tournament . Federer and Nadal met in the finals of the Year - End Championships for the first time in 2010 . 2011 : Miami , Madrid , French Open , World Tour finals ( edit ) Federer and Nadal played four singles matches , with Nadal winning the first three matches and Federer winning the last match . Their lone doubles match was at the BNP Paribas Open . Federer , partnering with Stanislas Wawrinka , defeated Nadal and Marc López in the semifinals . In their first singles match of 2011 , the two met in the semifinals of the Miami Masters , where Nadal won in straight sets . They met in the semifinals at the Mutua Madrid Open , and Nadal won in three sets . They then met in the final of the 2011 French Open , their first Grand Slam tournament meeting since the 2009 Australian Open final . Although it was a competitive match , Nadal again defeated Federer in four sets to win his tenth Grand Slam title and sixth French Open crown . This denied Federer an opportunity to become the first man in the open era to have won all four Grand Slam tournaments twice . This would be their last meeting at a Grand Slam final until the 2017 Australian Open final . Their final meeting of the year came in the round - robin stage of the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals . Their match , a rematch of the previous year 's final , saw Federer win a lopsided match in straight sets . 2012 : Australian Open , Indian Wells ( edit ) Federer defeated Nadal in a memorable first meeting at Indian Wells that included a rain delay on match point . Federer and Nadal first met during 2012 in the semifinals of the 2012 Australian Open . Federer was leading by a set and a break before a 20 - minute fireworks delay due to the celebrations of Australia Day . After the delay , Nadal came back to win in four sets , improving his hard - court record over Federer . They next met in the semifinals of the Indian Wells Masters , where Federer won the match in straight sets en route to claiming his fourth Indian Wells Masters title . 2013 : Indian Wells , Rome , Cincinnati , World Tour finals ( edit ) Federer and Nadal met four times in 2013 with Nadal prevailing on every occasion . Federer and Nadal met for the first time during the quarterfinals of the Indian Wells Masters . It was the earliest the pair had met in a tournament since 2004 , with Nadal winning in straight sets . On 1 April , by winning the Miami Masters , Andy Murray passed Federer in the ATP Rankings for second place . This marked the first time since 10 November 2003 that neither Federer nor Nadal was ranked in the ATP top 2 , a span of an unprecedented 490 weeks . Nadal then defeated Federer in the 2013 Rome Masters final in two sets . They finally played in the quarterfinals at the 2013 Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati , where Nadal unseated the five - time champion in the quarterfinals in three sets . Federer had just switched back to his old racquet after experimenting with a larger frame in his previous two tournaments . Nadal and Federer met in semifinals of the indoor event , 2013 ATP World Tour Finals in the O2 arena . Nadal beat Federer in straight sets . This was Nadal 's first win over Federer on indoor hard courts . This would also be Federer 's last career match played with his 90 - inch racquet before upgrading to a larger frame . 2014 : Australian Open ( edit ) Federer and Nadal had their only meeting of the 2014 season in the semifinals of the Australian Open . Nadal won in straight sets and improved his record to 3 -- 0 against Federer at the Australian Open ( 9 -- 2 overall in majors ) . This was the first Grand Slam tournament that Federer played after switching to a new larger racquet . 2015 : Basel ( edit ) In November 2015 , Federer defeated Nadal in three sets in the final of the Swiss Indoors . This was their first encounter on Swiss soil , as Federer captured a seventh title in his hometown of Basel . It was Federer 's first victory over Nadal in over 3 and a half years , having lost the previous five meetings . 2017 : Australian Open , Indian Wells , Miami , Shanghai ( edit ) Federer defeated Nadal to capture a record 18th Grand Slam title . Federer and Nadal played four times in 2017 , with Federer prevailing on all four occasions . This marked the first time in their rivalry that Federer confronted and went undefeated against Nadal multiple times in a single tennis season . The rivalry was renewed in the 2017 Australian Open final , their first meeting in a Grand Slam final since 2011 . Federer , returning from a six - month layoff from knee injury that saw him miss out most of the 2016 season , came into the tournament seeded 17th , and Nadal seeded 9th . Prior to the match , Nadal had won every match between the two in a Grand Slam tournament since the Wimbledon final in 2007 , three of which were in the Australian Open . Federer came back from a break down in the fifth set to take the match , becoming the first man in history to win 18 Grand Slam singles titles and the first man to win at least five titles in three different Grand Slam tournaments each , and denying Nadal 's third effort to win the Australian Open title again and also his second opportunity to become the first man in the Open Era to win each Grand Slam tournament in men 's singles at least twice . Federer 's victory over Nadal in the Australian Open 2017 final also marked his first win over Nadal in a Grand Slam singles match outside the grass courts of Wimbledon . They met again at Indian Wells in the round of 16 , only their second - ever meeting before the quarterfinal stage in any tournament . Federer prevailed in straight sets ; it was the first time he had won three matches in a row against Nadal . Their 37th meeting came in the Miami final . This was their first meeting in a final on American soil since the 2005 Miami final , and Federer won in straight sets , his 4th consecutive win over Nadal . In the 2017 Laver Cup Nadal and Federer played doubles together for the first time , against Sam Querrey / Jack Sock , and won in a match tiebreak . Federer and Nadal met at the Shanghai Masters for the first time , contesting the final . Federer won in straight sets , claiming a fifth consecutive win over Nadal . This was the first time they had contested a match as the top two ranked players in the world since the 2010 ATP Finals . Federer 's newfound success against Nadal has been ascribed to the improvement in the backhand , which he has been hitting harder and more easily returning Nadal 's high bouncing forehand with the larger racquet . List of all head - to - head matches ( edit ) ATP , Davis Cup , and Grand Slam main draw results included . Legend ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Legend ( 2009 -- present ) Federer Nadal Grand Slam Grand Slam 9 Tennis Masters Cup ATP Finals ATP Masters Series ATP World Tour Masters 1000 7 12 ATP International Series Gold ATP World Tour 500 Series Total 15 23 Singles ( edit ) Federer -- Nadal ( 15 -- 23 ) No . Year Tournament Series Surface Round Winner Score Length Sets Federer Nadal 1 . Miami Open Masters Hard Round of 32 Nadal 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1 : 10 2 / 3 0 2 . 2005 Miami Open Masters Hard Final Federer 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 3 : 43 5 / 5 3 . 2005 French Open Major Clay Semifinals Nadal 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 2 : 47 4 / 5 4 . 2006 Dubai Championships 500 Hard Final Nadal 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1 : 53 3 / 3 5 . 2006 Monte - Carlo Masters Masters Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 3 : 50 4 / 5 6 . 2006 Italian Open Masters Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 5 : 05 5 / 5 5 7 . 2006 French Open Major Clay Final Nadal 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 3 : 02 4 / 5 6 8 . 2006 Wimbledon Major Grass Final Federer 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 2 : 58 4 / 5 6 9 . 2006 ATP Finals Tour Finals Hard ( i ) Semifinals Federer 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1 : 53 2 / 3 6 10 . 2007 Monte - Carlo Masters Masters Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1 : 35 2 / 3 7 11 . 2007 Hamburg Masters Masters Clay Final Federer 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1 : 55 3 / 3 7 12 . 2007 French Open Major Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 3 : 10 4 / 5 8 13 . 2007 Wimbledon Major Grass Final Federer 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 3 : 45 5 / 5 5 8 14 . 2007 ATP Finals Tour Finals Hard ( i ) Semifinals Federer 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 0 : 59 2 / 3 6 8 15 . 2008 Monte - Carlo Masters Masters Clay Final Nadal 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 5 1 : 43 2 / 3 6 9 16 . 2008 Hamburg Masters Masters Clay Final Nadal 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 2 : 52 3 / 3 6 10 17 . 2008 French Open Major Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1 : 48 3 / 5 6 11 18 . 2008 Wimbledon Major Grass Final Nadal 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 7 , 9 -- 7 4 : 48 5 / 5 6 12 19 . 2009 Australian Open Major Hard Final Nadal 7 -- 5 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 4 : 23 5 / 5 6 13 20 . 2009 Madrid Open Masters Clay Final Federer 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1 : 26 2 / 3 7 13 21 . Madrid Open Masters Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 2 : 10 2 / 3 7 14 22 . ATP Finals Tour Finals Hard ( i ) Final Federer 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1 : 37 3 / 3 8 14 23 . 2011 Miami Open Masters Hard Semifinals Nadal 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1 : 18 2 / 3 8 15 24 . 2011 Madrid Open Masters Clay Semifinals Nadal 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 2 : 36 3 / 3 8 16 25 . 2011 French Open Major Clay Final Nadal 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 3 : 40 4 / 5 8 17 26 . 2011 ATP Finals Tour Finals Hard ( i ) Round Robin Federer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1 : 00 2 / 3 9 17 27 . 2012 Australian Open Major Hard Semifinals Nadal 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 3 : 42 4 / 5 9 18 28 . 2012 Indian Wells Masters Masters Hard Semifinals Federer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1 : 31 2 / 3 10 18 29 . 2013 Indian Wells Masters Masters Hard Quarterfinals Nadal 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1 : 24 2 / 3 10 19 30 . 2013 Italian Open Masters Clay Final Nadal 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1 : 08 2 / 3 10 20 31 . 2013 Cincinnati Masters Masters Hard Quarterfinals Nadal 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 2 : 14 3 / 3 10 21 32 . 2013 ATP Finals Tour Finals Hard ( i ) Semifinals Nadal 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1 : 19 2 / 3 10 22 33 . 2014 Australian Open Major Hard Semifinals Nadal 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 2 : 24 3 / 5 10 23 34 . 2015 Swiss Indoors 500 Hard ( i ) Final Federer 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 2 : 03 3 / 3 11 23 35 . 2017 Australian Open Major Hard Final Federer 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 3 : 37 5 / 5 12 23 36 . 2017 Indian Wells Masters Masters Hard Round of 16 Federer 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1 : 08 2 / 3 13 23 37 . 2017 Miami Open Masters Hard Final Federer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1 : 34 2 / 3 14 23 38 . 2017 Shanghai Masters Masters Hard Final Federer 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1 : 12 2 / 3 15 23 Doubles ( edit ) Federer -- Nadal ( 1 -- 2 ) No . Year Tournament Surface Round Winner Score Opponents Federer Nadal 1 . Indian Wells Masters Hard Round of 32 Nadal / Robredo 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Federer / Allegro 0 2 . 2007 Italian Open Clay Round of 32 Nadal / Moyá 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 Federer / Wawrinka 0 3 . 2011 Indian Wells Masters Hard Semifinals Federer / Wawrinka 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 Nadal / M. López As a pair ( 1 -- 0 ) No . Year Tournament Surface Round Winner Score Opponents Wins Losses 1 . 2017 Laver Cup Hard ( i ) Day 2 Federer / Nadal 6 -- 4 , 1 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 5 ) Querrey / Sock 0 Exhibitions ( edit ) Federer -- Nadal ( 2 -- 7 ) On 21 November 2006 they played an exhibition match on a hard court in Seoul , South Korea . Federer won 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 . On 2 May 2007 they played in the `` Battle of Surfaces '' on a hybrid court that was half clay and half grass . This match was held at the Palma Arena in Palma , the capital city of Nadal 's native Mallorca . Nadal won 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 . On 21 December 2010 they played in Zürich , Switzerland on a hard court a charity tennis match for the Roger Federer Foundation . Federer won 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 . They played another exhibition match on 22 December 2010 in Madrid , Spain . Nadal won 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 . This was a charity tennis match for the Fundación Rafa Nadal ( Rafael Nadal Foundation ) . On 1 January 2011 they played in the final of the knockout exhibition tournament ; the Mubadala World Tennis Championship on a hard court . Federer had beaten Söderling in the previous round and Nadal had beaten Berdych in the previous round . Nadal won the encounter by a score of 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 . On 8 March 2011 the two played a set at Matthew Knight Arena in Eugene , Oregon , United States . Nadal won the charity exhibition 7 -- 5 . On 31 December 2011 they played again at Mubadala 2011 Mubadala World Tennis Championship ( December ) on a hard court , this time for third place . Nadal won again 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 . On 12 December 2015 they played two matches in New Delhi , India at 2015 International Premier Tennis League season on a hard court . Nadal won both a set of singles against Federer 6 -- 5 and , paired with Rohan Bopanna , a doubles set against Roger Federer and Marin Cilic 6 -- 4 to lead the Indian Aces to a 30 -- 19 victory over the UAE Royals . Analysis ( edit ) Significant aspects ( edit ) The rivalry between Federer and Nadal has been a huge part of both men 's careers . Their Grand Slam tournament histories are of particular interest , especially their all - time record of nine finals encounters . This includes playing French Open and Wimbledon finals for three consecutive years ( 2006 -- 08 ) , culminating in what many consider the greatest match in tennis history at Wimbledon 2008 . Nadal , who had to defeat Federer during each of his first six Grand Slam title runs , possesses a 6 -- 3 advantage in their finals encounters plus three victories in semifinals . Nadal denied Federer a Career Grand Slam plus two potential Calendar Year Grand Slams ( 2006 -- 07 ) by defeating him at the French Open every year from 2005 -- 08 . Federer would complete a Career Grand Slam by winning the French title in 2009 after Nadal was upset in the fourth round . Meanwhile , Federer twice denied Nadal from becoming the first man since Björn Borg in 1980 to win the `` Channel Slam '' ( both the French Open and Wimbledon in the same year ) by defeating him in their first two Wimbledon finals , but Nadal succeeded the following year . This was the first of three combined Channel Slams with Federer accomplishing it in 2009 followed by Nadal 's second in 2010 . Federer has also prevented Nadal from winning the Year - End Championships by defeating him in the 2010 finals and eliminating Nadal from the tournament in the 2006 and 2007 semifinals preventing Nadal from becoming only the second man after Andre Agassi to win a Career Grand Slam , a gold singles Olympic medal , and the Year End Championships , a distinction dubbed as a `` Career Super Slam '' by Sports Illustrated . In their latest match in the 2017 Australian Open final , Federer won a record - breaking 18th singles major while denying Nadal 's second opportunity ( the 2014 Australian Open final was the first ) to become the first man in the Open Era to have won each of the Grand Slam tournaments twice in men 's singles . Their record six consecutive calendar years atop the rankings from 2005 -- 10 was due to their unprecedented combined performance in the Grand Slam and Masters Series tournaments . During this span , they captured a combined record 21 of the 24 Grand Slam tournament titles ( 12 for Federer , 9 for Nadal ) , including a record 11 consecutive titles from 2005 -- 07 . They also dominated the Masters Series , combining for 31 of the 54 titles ( 18 for Nadal , 13 for Federer ) , including 8 of 9 in 2005 ( 4 each ) . Additionally , Federer won 4 of 6 year - end tournaments . Finally , both men not only possess Open - Era records for consecutive wins on a single surface -- Federer on both grass ( 65 ) and hard courts ( 56 ) , Nadal on clay courts ( 81 ) -- but each of these streaks was broken by the other player . Their respective dominance on grass and clay was the impetus for the `` Battle of Surfaces '' , an exhibition match on a half - grass , half - clay court , which Nadal won with a 12 -- 10 in the deciding tiebreak in May 2007 when both the grass and clay streaks were still active . Of their 38 matches , 20 have been on hard court , 15 have been on clay , and 3 have been on grass . Federer has a winning record on his best surface , grass ( 2 -- 1 ) , and on hard court ( 11 -- 9 ) while Nadal leads on his best surface , clay ( 13 -- 2 ) . Nadal leads in Grand Slam tournament matches ( 9 -- 3 ) , with five of these wins coming on the clay courts at the French Open . Analysts , commentators and pundits increasingly recognize that Nadal is a bad matchup for Federer , as the heavy topspin created by Nadal 's groundstrokes combined with his strategy of directing the majority of his serves and groundstrokes to Federer 's single - handed backhand keeps Federer on the defensive and makes it harder for Federer to use his aggressive groundstrokes to dominate baseline rallies as he typically does against other opponents . Federer says he is a `` different player due to Nadal 's presence '' citing Nadal 's game as a major reason for improvements in areas of his own game . There are several factors to consider in analyzing the head - to - head tally between Nadal and Federer . Nadal 's head - to - head advantage is built on his ability to dominate on clay whilst remaining competitive on the other two surfaces . Nadal leads by a 13 -- 2 margin on clay , which is statistically his strongest surface and Federer 's weakest , while the record on the other two surfaces combined currently stands at 13 -- 10 in Federer 's favour . From 2004 to 2007 , the rivalry stood at 8 -- 6 in Nadal 's favour , though Federer lead on both grass ( 2 -- 0 ) and hardcourt ( 3 -- 2 ) , as most of their matches were played on clay , where Nadal led 6 - 1 . However , from 2008 to 2014 , with Federer seeing a considerable decline in form in 2008 having past his most dominant years , Nadal compiled a lopsided 15 -- 4 record , leading on each surface , grass ( 1 -- 0 ) , hard ( 7 -- 3 ) and clay ( 7 -- 1 ) . Since then , after they played only one match in three years , Federer has dominated the rivalry with a 5 -- 0 record . Federer has stated that early defeats to Nadal on clay courts had a long lasting mental effect on him in his matches against Nadal on other surfaces , and that the lopsided loss at 2008 French open affected him in his first two sets at 2008 Wimbledon final . After his win over Nadal at 2017 Shanghai masters final , Federer credited his 2017 success on Nadal to bigger racquet frame and avoiding claycourt meetings against him since 2013 . There is debate as to how much of a role sickness and injury have played in the rivalry . Federer contracted mononucleosis in late December 2007 which lasted , according to his doctors , for at least six weeks . Some believe that the after - effects of the illness were with him throughout the year though there is some evidence that he was over the illness by March , a month before the first of their matches . Nevertheless , as Chris Bowers wrote in his biography of Federer , Federer `` may well have had a very mild dose , but , looking back on Federer 's 2008 , the fact that he played through it means it is medically quite plausible that it robbed him of strength for the first half of the year '' . Federer also suffered from a back injury in 2013 . During these years when Federer had mononucleosis ( 2008 ) and the significant year - long back injury ( 2013 ) , he went 0 -- 8 against Nadal which significantly skewed their head to head record . Another aspect that has shaped their rivalry has been that of racquet equipment . Nadal has always used a large 100 square inch racquet , however , Federer used a significantly smaller 90 inch racquet in their matches from 2004 -- 2013 . This was the size Federer had always played with since a youth , but in an age of increasing power tennis this substantially smaller racquet put him at a disadvantage . During the period in which Nadal enjoyed this advantage in racquet equipment he compiled a 22 -- 10 record . In early 2014 Federer began experimenting with a larger frame and played Nadal in just his second tournament using this larger prototype . Nadal won this match and took his advantage to 23 -- 10 . However , since Federer committed to his new 97.5 inch Wilson Prostaff he has flipped their rivalry upside down going an undefeated 5 -- 0 in their matches with equally modern racquet equipment . Many analysts have claimed that Federer 's switch to a modern sized racquet and his subsequent dominance , in addition to the vast improvements it has made to his single handed backhand , have proven that he was playing with a handicap for most of their rivalry . Comparison of Grand Slam tournament titles ( edit ) As of January 2018 Roger Federer holds the all - time record for the most Grand Slam tournament titles with 20 . Federer 's Grand Slam tournament titles include 11 on hard courts , 8 on grass , and 1 on clay . Nadal is second on the all - time list for the most Grand Slam titles with 16 in total : 10 on clay , 4 on hard courts , and 2 on grass . Both players have won the Career Grand Slam ( winning all four majors at least once ) . Tournament Federer Nadal Australian Open 6 French Open 10 Wimbledon 8 US Open 5 Total Count 20 16 Bold indicates outright record holder Comparison of Masters 1000 titles ( edit ) Rafael Nadal holds a record 30 Masters 1000 titles ( tied with Novak Djokovic ) , with 22 of his titles on clay and 8 on hard courts . Roger Federer has 27 , with 21 coming on hardcourts and 6 on clay . Federer is missing two Masters 1000 titles , both of which are played on clay ( Monte Carlo and Rome ) while Nadal is missing two Masters 1000 titles ( Miami and Paris ) , both of which are played on hard courts , having won the German Open Hamburg before it was downgraded to ATP 500 in 2009 and replaced by the Madrid Masters ( clay ) . Nadal also won the Madrid Masters event in 2005 when it was played on indoor hardcourts in October , the same slot that Shanghai Masters has today . Nadal prevented Federer from winning Monte Carlo three times from 2006 to 2008 . He also beat Federer twice in the Rome finals , in 2006 and 2013 . The 2006 Rome final , which was won by Nadal in a fifth - set tiebreak , lasted for over five hours and is considered by some to be one of the greatest and most memorable matches ever contested on clay . In 2005 , Federer prevented Nadal from winning Miami in a five - set final . Nadal won the first and second sets , was up a break in the third set , and was two points away from victory before Federer came back from two - sets - down to win . Nadal made it back to the Miami final in 2008 , 2011 , 2014 and 2017 but lost each time . In 2017 , Federer again beat Nadal in the Miami final . He also prevented Nadal from winning in Shanghai , defeating the Spaniard in the final . Hardcourt Clay Tournament Federer Nadal Indian Wells Masters 5 Miami Open 0 Monte - Carlo Masters 0 10 Madrid Open / German Open 6 5 Italian Open 0 7 Canadian Open Cincinnati Masters 7 Shanghai Masters / Madrid Open Paris Masters 0 Total Count 27 30 Bold indicates outright record holder Comparison of year - end Championships ( edit ) As of 2016 , Roger Federer holds the record for Year - End Championship titles with six . While Nadal has not won a Year - End Championship , he has made the finals twice , in 2010 and 2013 . Federer defeated Nadal in the 2010 finals and leads their head - to - head for the event 4 -- 1 . Tournament Federer Nadal Tennis Masters Cup 0 ATP World Tour Finals 0 Total Count 6 0 Head - to - head tallies ( edit ) The following is a breakdown of their head - to - head results : All matches : Nadal , 23 -- 15 Clay courts : Nadal , 13 -- 2 Grass courts : Federer , 2 -- 1 Hard courts : Federer , 11 -- 9 Outdoor : Nadal , 8 -- 6 * Indoor : Federer , 5 -- 1 * The Shanghai Masters 2017 final between Federer and Nadal was played with the roof closed due to rain , but the ATP officially counts it as an outdoor match . All finals : Nadal , 14 -- 10 Clay courts : Nadal , 11 -- 2 Grass courts : Federer , 2 -- 1 Hard courts : Federer , 6 -- 2 Outdoor : Federer , 4 -- 2 Indoor : Federer , 2 -- 0 Grand Slam matches : Nadal , 9 -- 3 Australian Open : Nadal , 3 -- 1 French Open : Nadal , 5 -- 0 Wimbledon : Federer , 2 -- 1 Grand Slam finals : Nadal , 6 -- 3 Australian Open : Tied , 1 -- 1 French Open : Nadal , 4 -- 0 Wimbledon : Federer , 2 -- 1 Tennis Masters Cup / ATP World Tour Finals matches : Federer , 4 -- 1 Tennis Masters Cup / ATP World Tour Finals finals : Federer , 1 -- 0 ATP Masters Series / ATP World Tour Masters 1000 matches : Nadal , 12 -- 7 ATP Masters Series / ATP World Tour Masters 1000 finals : Nadal , 7 -- 5 Clay courts : Nadal , 7 -- 2 Hard courts : Federer , 3 -- 0 Best of five set matches : Nadal , 11 -- 4 Five - set matches : Tied , 3 -- 3 Best of three set matches : Nadal , 12 -- 11 Set tallies ( edit ) Federer Set score Nadal 0 9 -- 7 10 7 -- 6 11 7 -- 5 7 10 6 -- 4 15 13 6 -- 3 19 5 6 -- 2 8 5 6 -- 1 5 6 -- 0 50 Total sets 67 560 Total games 597 3596 Total points 3670 Hard Court ( o ) Clay Grass Hard Court ( i ) Total Nadal Federer Nadal Federer Nadal Federer Nadal Federer Nadal Federer Australian Open French Open 5 0 5 0 Wimbledon Indian Wells Masters Miami Open Monte - Carlo Masters 0 0 Italian Open 0 0 Hamburg Masters / Madrid Open Cincinnati Masters 0 0 Shanghai Masters 0 0 Dubai Championships 0 0 Swiss Indoors 0 0 ATP Finals / ATP World Tour Finals Total 8 6 13 5 23 15 Hard / Grass Timeline ( edit ) Tournament 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Australian Open Dubai Indian Wells Miami Wimbledon Cincinnati Shanghai Basel ATP Finals Clay timeline ( edit ) Tournament 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Monte - Carlo Rome Hamburg / Madrid French Open Notes In bold : Matches that happened in the finals . Hard ( edit ) Nadal and Federer have played 20 of their 38 matches on hard courts , with the head - to - head on this surface at 11 -- 9 in Federer 's favour . An important distinction is the relative success of the two players on indoor and outdoor hard courts . In the former , Federer leads Nadal with a 5 -- 1 record , while on outdoor hard courts , Nadal leads 8 -- 6 . The quicker conditions and low bounce of the indoor hard courts fit Federer 's style , while the slower and high bouncing conditions of most outdoor ones favor Nadal . Federer has defeated Nadal in four out of five encounters they have had at the Year End Championships , including the 2010 final , which are played on indoor hardcourts . This is the only surface on which they have exchanged the lead in their head - to - head , which has happened several times . Despite Nadal 's success on hard courts , some analysts have criticized his lack of consistency in reaching hard court tournament finals ( especially US Open finals ) for potentially skewing the overall head - to - head results . In reference to their match at the 2012 Australian Open , Nadal has said that Federer is typically the `` favourite '' on `` these kinds of surfaces '' . Clay ( edit ) Nadal and Federer have played 15 of their 38 matches on clay , with Nadal holding a 13 -- 2 advantage over Federer . The matches comprise 13 tournament finals and 2 semifinals . The Spaniard has won all of their seven meetings in best of five set matches on clay at Roland Garros . Their last match on clay was played at the 2013 Italian Open . From 2005 to 2008 , Nadal won every French Open , defeating Federer in each of those tournaments ( in the 2005 semifinal and the 2006 , 2007 , 2008 finals ) , as well as in the 2011 final . From 2005 -- 2010 , Nadal won at least 2 of the 3 clay Masters events each year , defeating Federer in 6 of those . Statistically , Nadal has the highest win percentage on clay of any player in ATP history , and is third best all - time . As a result , some analysts and players , such as Pat Cash and Conchita Martínez , consider Nadal the greatest clay - court player ever . Grass ( edit ) Federer and Nadal have met three times on grass , more specifically the Wimbledon finals from 2006 to 2008 . Federer won the first two finals , while Nadal won the last one . Federer has won the Wimbledon Championships eight times , and Nadal has won the championships twice . Five of Federer 's titles were consecutive titles ( from 2003 to 2007 ) , and the sixth , seventh and eighth titles were won in 2009 , 2012 and 2017 . The 2008 Wimbledon final has been lauded as the greatest match ever by many long - time tennis analysts . Skill comparisons ( edit ) Federer is considered by many to be the greatest tennis player of all time while Nadal 's performance on clay has prompted many experts to regard him as the greatest clay court player and one of the best tennis players of all time . Federer has been more successful than Nadal on fast courts because he hits a flatter forehand and has a faster serve . Grass and indoor hard courts are faster surfaces , so Federer 's flatter shots there result in a lower bouncing , faster moving trajectory . Thus , Nadal 's topspin is less effective on such faster courts , but is most effective on slower courts such as clay . Nadal has improved his serving speed and placement over the years , but Federer still serves faster on average and earns more aces and service winners , while Nadal has an overall stronger ground stroke game . While Nadal is statistically weaker than Federer on both hard and grass courts , he has nonetheless achieved considerable success on both surfaces , including notable wins at the 2008 Summer Olympics , Wimbledon ( 2008 and 2010 ) , the Australian Open ( 2009 ) , the US Open ( 2010 , 2013 and 2017 ) , and at various hard court Masters series tournaments . Similarly , Federer too has achieved considerable success on clay , winning the French Open ( 2009 ) and reaching the finals on four other occasions ( 2006 , 2007 , 2008 and 2011 ) , winning the Madrid / Hamburg open six times ( 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 and 2012 ) , and winning various other clay court tournaments . Media and player commentary ( edit ) During interviews , many fellow and former players have regarded both Federer and Nadal as among the best tennis players of all time . In November 2010 , former player Björn Borg stated that he believed Federer to be the greatest player of all time , but `` Rafa has the chance to be the greatest player '' if he stays healthy . Former player and commentator John McEnroe was of a similar opinion , noting in 2010 that `` there is an argument to be made that Rafael Nadal may be the greatest player eventually , even possibly now . '' He has subsequently adjusted his opinion on several occasions , in 2013 noting that he thought Nadal was `` the greatest player that ever lived '' but later in 2014 bunched Federer , Nadal , Laver and Sampras together as the greatest ever . In July 2015 , he reversed his opinion and again backed Roger Federer for the title . In January 2017 , after Federer , then 35 years of age and returning to competitive play after a 6 - month layoff due to injury , triumphed over Nadal in 5 sets to win the record - breaking 18th major at the 2017 Australian Open , McEnroe remarked that Federer had cemented his status as being the best tennis player of all time , but also left open the possibility that Nadal can be in the running again should he win additional men 's singles majors to narrow the gap . In October 2013 , Rod Laver , the only tennis player to achieve the Grand Slam twice , said `` When I look at Federer , with what he 's accomplished , against the competition that he 's accomplished it with , I 'd have to say I would think that Roger is the greatest player , ' ' At the press conference following his 9th record French Open win in 2014 and a total of 14 Slams , three shy of Federer 's 17 , Nadal said that he really does not care much about records , `` I 'll follow my own path . Then , when my career is over , then we 'll count . '' In May 2014 , eight - time Grand Slam tournament champion Andre Agassi told Singapore 's Straits Times newspaper , via aljazeera.com : `` I 'd put Nadal number one and Federer number two . Federer separated himself from the field for four years . He separated himself from Andy Roddick and Lleyton Hewitt . Nadal had to deal with Federer , Novak Djokovic , Andy Murray in the golden age of tennis . '' In November 2014 , former world number 1 player Andy Roddick , in noting his support for Federer , explained why he believes that head - to - head results are not a valid factor in determining the greatest of all time , `` For me Roger Federer is still ahead in the greatest - ever debate , with Rafael Nadal second . People talk about their head - to - head being the determining factor , but I ca n't comprehend a single match - up being the deciding factor . It 's about total wins at major tournaments , not an individual match - up , in my mind . '' In December 2014 , Rafael Nadal 's uncle and coach , Toni Nadal , indicated to Spanish radio station Cadena COPE that he believed Federer to be the greatest of all time based on overall statistics and achievements , noting `` I think he is ( the best of all - time ) , the numbers say so . '' A day before the 2017 Australian Open men 's singles finals , Toni Nadal further reemphasized his regard on Federer , saying that `` When ( Federer ) will call it a career , the greatest player in the tennis history wo n't be there anymore . Looking at titles , he is the greatest at the moment . '' In March 2015 , former player Pete Sampras made similar arguments about Federer , `` You look at the numbers of what he 's been able to do , you have to say he 's the greatest we 've seen '' These comments were echoed by Boris Becker in July 2015 , `` Great respect for Roger Federer ! He is our greatest of all time '' Relationship and competitive dynamic ( edit ) Both Federer and Nadal 's personal and professional relationship is good - natured and gracious . Though they are both highly competitive , they maintain a healthy regard for each other and have had virtually no source of personal animosity . The two have made slight criticisms of one another in the past , nevertheless . For example , Federer complained of Nadal 's slow , deliberate style of play on the eve of the 2008 Wimbledon final . Nadal criticized Federer before the 2012 Australian Open for his failure to be more vocal about players ' grievances on issues such as scheduling and prize money . He subsequently apologized for making his views public , however , and both players maintained that they still enjoyed a good relationship and had high respect for each other , which can often be seen in interviews . Nadal was also once seen watching Federer play a match in his box , and their family members would congratulate each other on match wins . Despite their cordial relationship , both men have a somewhat different attitude towards their rivalry . When Federer was securely atop the tennis world he was ambivalent towards the notion of a rivalry with an opponent five years younger than himself . But after their memorable 2008 Wimbledon final he had no choice but to acknowledge its significance , even admitting `` it definitely becomes more and more special the more times we play against each other . '' A few weeks later , after Nadal had officially surpassed him in the rankings , Federer offered this compliment : `` Look at what he had to achieve to get it . That 's what I like to see . '' Nadal has always cherished the rivalry because he looks up to Federer as both a role model and a measuring stick for success . When interest in their rivalry increased , both Federer and Nadal collaborated to arrange occasional charity exhibition matches to benefit their charities ' philanthropic interests . The most recent was the Match for Africa , played on 21 December 2010 in Zurich , Switzerland , which Federer won , and a follow - up match played in Madrid on the following day , titled `` Joining Forces for the Benefit of Children '' , which Nadal won . Cultural impact ( edit ) The rivalry has also increased overall interest in tennis . The highly anticipated 2008 Wimbledon final drew strong television ratings for tennis in both the U.S. and across Europe . The match was also featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated , which was the first time in years that tennis had made its cover . Pairing Federer and Nadal ( edit ) Significant achievements ( edit ) From the 2003 Wimbledon Championships to the 2011 French Open , Federer and Nadal have won an unprecedented 26 out of 32 Major titles . In this time , both men have also completed the Career Grand Slam ( Nadal has also completed the Career Golden Slam by winning the 2008 Beijing Olympics ) . From Nadal 's first Grand Slam tournament victory at the 2005 French Open until the 2011 French Open , Federer and Nadal had won 22 of 25 Major titles ( 12 for Federer , 10 for Nadal ) . The exceptions were the 2008 and 2011 Australian Open , won by Novak Djokovic , and the 2009 US Open , won by Juan Martín del Potro . Federer and Nadal are the only No. 1 and No. 2 pair in the open era to contest the French Open and Wimbledon men 's finals back to back in a calendar year . They are also the only pair in the history of tennis to contest both of these finals back to back for three consecutive years ( 2006 -- 08 ) . In the history of tennis , Federer and Nadal are the only pair to face each other in nine Grand Slam singles finals ( 2006 -- 08 , 2011 French Open , 2006 -- 08 Wimbledon , 2009 , 2017 Australian Open ) . This broke the previous record of seven finals set by Bill Tilden and William Johnston ( 1919 -- 25 U.S. Championships ) . Their match at the 2012 Australian Open also marked a 10th time two players had faced each other in Grand Slam men 's singles matches , tying the record set by John McEnroe and Ivan Lendl . This record has now been surpassed by Federer - Djokovic when they met for the 13th time in a Major at the 2012 Wimbledon semifinals . Federer and Nadal are the only No. 1 and No. 2 pair to win 11 consecutive Grand Slam singles tournaments between them ( from the 2005 French Open to the 2007 US Open ) . In this period , Federer won 3 consecutive titles at both Wimbledon and the US Open and 2 consecutive titles at the Australian Open , while Nadal won 3 consecutive French Open titles . While both were in their thirties , they won 5 consecutive titles from the Australian Open 2017 to the Australian Open 2018 . During the Open Era , only two pairs of players have played each other in the final of the same Grand Slam singles tournament three consecutive years : Becker -- Edberg ( 1988 -- 90 Wimbledon ) and Federer - Nadal ( 2006 -- 08 French Open and 2006 -- 08 Wimbledon ) . Federer and Nadal are the only pair to win at least four consecutive finals at three different Majors during the same period ( 2005 -- 08 and 2010 -- 14 French Open for Nadal , 2003 -- 07 Wimbledon and 2004 -- 08 US Open for Federer ) . From the 2004 Wimbledon Championships to the 2011 French Open , at least one of them appeared in 25 of 28 Major finals , winning all of them except the 2005 Australian Open , the 2008 Australian Open , the 2011 Australian Open , and the 2009 US Open . Federer and Nadal have combined to win 8 consecutive Wimbledon ( 2003 -- 10 ) and 10 consecutive French Open ( 2005 -- 14 ) . Federer and Nadal won the French Open , Wimbledon and US Open triple for 4 consecutive years ( 2005 -- 08 ) . One of only two pairs to have faced each other in a Major , having both already completed the career Grand Slam . They did this four times . The other pair Roy Emerson and Rod Laver met on two occasions after both completing the career Grand Slam . Federer and Nadal have played four five - set Grand Slam finals ( Wimbledon 2007 and 2008 , Australian Open 2009 and 2017 ) . This is the largest number of five - set Grand Slam finals contested by any pair of players in the Open Era . Records ( edit ) Grand Slam tournaments ( since 1877 ) Only two players in tennis history to win more than 14 Grand Slam titles each ( Federer -- 20 ; Nadal -- 16 ) Only two players in tennis history to reach more than 21 Grand Slam finals each ( Federer -- 30 ; Nadal -- 23 ) Only two players in tennis history to win more than 59 matches at French Open each ( Nadal -- 79 ; Federer -- 65 ) Only two players in tennis history to win all 4 Grand Slam titles combined in one season 4 times ( 2006 -- 2007 , 2010 , 2017 ) Most Grand Slam finals played against each other in tennis history -- 9 ( 2009 & 2017 Australian Open , 2006 -- 2008 & 2011 French Open & 2006 -- 2008 Wimbledon ) Most French Open finals played against each other in tennis history -- 4 ( 2006 -- 2008 & 2011 ) Only two players in tennis history to have met in both French Open & Wimbledon finals in the same season for 3 consecutive years ( 2006 - 2008 ) Only two players in tennis history to win both French Open & Wimbledon in the same calendar year for 6 consecutive seasons ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Only two players in tennis history to win both French Open & Wimbledon in the same calendar year in 8 seasons ( 2005 -- 2010 , 2012 & 2017 ) Only two players in tennis history to win more than 7 titles at a single Grand Slam tournament ( Nadal 10 at French Open ; Federer 8 at Wimbledon ) Rafael Nadal holds record for most titles at French Open ( 10 ) , while Roger Federer holds record at Wimbledon ( 8 ) and Australian Grand Slam ( 6 -- tied with Novak Djokovic and Roy Emerson ) in tennis history They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Roy Emerson ) in tennis history to win more than 8 Grand Slam titles on particular surface ( Federer -- 11 on hard ; Nadal -- 10 on clay ) . Emerson won 10 majors on grass Rafael Nadal holds record for most finals reached at French Open ( 10 ) while Roger Federer holds records at both Wimbledon ( 11 ) and Australian Grand Slam tournaments ( 7 -- tied with Emerson ) in tennis history Federer won the highest number of matches at both Australian Open ( 94 ) and Wimbledon ( 91 ) , while Nadal at French Open ( 79 ) in tennis history Federer won the highest number of matches in Grand Slam tournaments on hard ( 176 ) , while Nadal on clay ( 79 ) -- both all time records Nadal has the highest winning percentage in Grand Slam tournaments on clay with 97 , 5 % ( 79 -- 2 ) , while Federer on hard with 87 , 6 % ( 176 -- 25 ) -- both all time records Only two players in tennis history to reach more than 4 Grand Slam finals without losing a single set in tournament -- 6 times each ( Nadal -- French Open 2007 -- 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2017 & US Open 2010 ; Federer -- Wimbledon 2006 , 2008 , 2017 , Australian Open 2007 , 2018 & US Open 2015 ) Nadal is the only player in tennis history to win at least 1 Grand Slam title a season for 10 consecutive years ( 2005 -- 2014 ) , while Federer is the only player in tennis history to win 3 Grand Slam titles a season for 2 consecutive years ( 2006 -- 2007 ) and the only to win 2 Grand Slam titles a season for 4 consecutive years ( 2004 -- 2007 ) . Two of them also reached at least 1 Grand Slam final for 10 consecutive years , 2nd best only to Ivan Lendl and Pete Sampras - 11 consecutive seasons each They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Björn Borg ) to win more than 86 % matches in major tournaments ( Grand Slam & Pro Slam ) -- Nadal has won 87.12 % ( 230 -- 34 ) matches , while Federer has won 86.46 % ( 332 -- 52 ) matches They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Björn Borg ) to win more than 3 consecutive titles at single major tournament ( Federer won Wimbledon 5 times from 2003 to 2007 & US Open 5 times from 2004 to 2008 ; Nadal won French Open 5 times from 2010 to 2014 & 4 times from 2005 to 2008 ) Second pair in tennis history ( after Novak Djokovic & Rafael Nadal ) to win the 2 first major tournaments of the season 5 times ( 2006 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2010 & 2017 ) Second pair in tennis history ( after Roy Emerson & John Newcombe in 1967 ) to win 2 Grand Slam titles each in a single calendar year ( Federer won Australian Open and Wimbledon & Nadal won the French Open and US Open in 2017 ) Open Era tournaments ( since 1968 ) Only two players in men 's Open Era history to win 2 Grand Slam titles each in a single calendar year ( Federer won Australian Open & Wimbledon , while Nadal won French Open & US Open in 2017 ) They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Björn Borg ) to win more than one Grand Slam tournament in men 's Open Era without losing a single set ( Nadal -- French Open 2008 , 2010 & 2017 ; Federer -- Australian Open 2007 & Wimbledon 2017 ) They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Björn Borg ) to win more than 30 consecutive matches at a Grand Slam event ( Nadal -- 31 & 39 at French Open ; Federer -- 40 at both Wimbledon and US Open ) in men 's Open Era Rafael Nadal holds record for most finals reached at French Open ( 10 ) while Roger Federer holds records at Wimbledon ( 11 ) and Australian Open ( 7 ) in tennis history in men 's Open Era Nadal holds record for most Grand Slam titles on clay ( 10 ) while Federer holds records for most titles on both grass ( 8 ) and hard ( 11 ) in men 's Open Era history Only two players in men 's Open Era with more than 8 titles on a particular surface in Grand Slam tournaments ( Federer 11 on hard , Nadal 10 on clay ) Rafael Nadal holds record for most titles at French Open ( 10 ) while Roger Federer holds records at Wimbledon ( 8 ) , Australian Open ( 6 -- tied with Djokovic ) and US Open ( 5 -- tied with Sampras and Connors ) in men 's Open Era history Only two players in men 's Open Era history to each win a Grand Slam title without losing a single set in the same calendar year ( 2017 ) Only two players in men 's Open Era history to win more than 57 outdoor tennis tournaments -- each has 73 titles Nadal won the most clay tournaments in men 's Open Era history on clay with 53 titles , while Federer won the most tournaments on grass ( 17 ) and on hard ( 66 ) Nadal has the longest streak on clay in men 's Open Era history with 81 consecutive matches won from 2005 to 2007 , while Federer won the most consecutive matches on grass , 65 , from 2003 to 2008 and on hard , 56 , from 2005 to 2006 . Each player broke the other player 's streak Only two players in men 's Open Era history to reach more than 10 finals at a single tournament -- Federer reached 13 finals in Basel ( 2000 -- 2001 , 2006 -- 15 & 2017 ) and 11 at both Wimbledon ( 2003 -- 2009 , 2012 , 2014 -- 2015 & 2017 ) and Halle ( 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2015 & 2017 ) , while Nadal reached 11 finals in Monte - Carlo ( 2005 -- 2013 & 2016 -- 2017 ) Only two players in men 's Open Era history to win one tournament more than 8 times ( Nadal -- Monte Carlo , French Open , and Barcelona -- 10 titles each , Federer -- Halle -- 9 titles ) Nadal has the highest record on clay in men 's Open Era history with 91 , 75 % ( 389 -- 35 ) , while Federer has the best record on grass 87 , 23 % ( 164 -- 24 ) Two tennis players to win more than 309 matches in Masters 1000 tournaments ( Federer -- 350 ; Nadal -- 343 ) Most finals played against each other on clay in Masters 1000 tournaments ( 9 ) Only players to reach more than 44 Masters 1000 finals ( both reached 46 ) and only players to reach more than 59 semifinals in Masters 1000 ( Nadal -- 64 ; Federer -- 60 ) Nadal won 13 consecutive clay tournaments and reached 18 consecutive clay tournaments finals , while Federer won 9 consecutive grass tournaments and reached 13 consecutive grass tournaments finals -- all men 's Open Era records Only players in men 's Open Era to win more than 13 titles at ATP 500 tournaments -- each won 19 titles Only players in men 's Open Era to reach more than 20 finals at ATP 500 tournaments -- each reached 25 finals Only pair in men 's Open Era to have at least one player to be present in Hamburg Masters Series / Madrid Masters 1000 final for 9 consecutive years ( 2007 -- 2015 ) One of two pairs to have played in 12 finals against each other in Masters 1000 tournaments ( along with Djokovic -- Nadal ) They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Guillermo Vilas ) to win more than 788 outdoor matches each ( Federer won 867 ; Nadal won 800 ) Only two players to reach more than 166 quarterfinals at outdoor tournaments -- each reached 171 Only two players to reach final of the same ATP 500 tournament 8 times in a row -- Federer in Basel from 2009 to 2017 ( did not play in 2016 ) ; Nadal in Barcelona from 2005 to 2013 ( did not play in 2010 ) Most rivalries won ( a rivalry is more than 3 matches ) vs Top 10 players -- Federer is 1st with 61 rivalries won , while Nadal is 2nd with 52 won ( tied with Andre Agassi and Jimmy Connors ) Federer has the highest number of titles won at Cincinnati Masters ( 7 - 2005 , 2007 , 2009 - 2010 , 2012 & 2014 - 2015 ) , Indian Wells Masters ( 5 - 2004 - 2006 , 2012 & 2017 , tied with Novak Djokovic ) and Hamburg Masters ( 4 - 2002 , 2004 - 2005 & 2007 ) , while Nadal won the most titles at Monte Carlo Masters ( 10 - 2005 - 2012 , 2016 - 2017 ) and Rome Masters ( 7 - 2005 - 2007 , 2009 - 2010 & 2012 - 2013 ) They are only two players in 21st century to win titles on 3 surfaces across consecutive events played ( Federer won Wimbledon on grass , Gstaad on clay and Canada Masters on hard in 2004 , while Nadal won Roland Garros on clay , both Queen 's Club & Wimbledon on grass and Canada Masters on hard in 2008 ) ATP Ranking ( since 1973 ) Only two players in men 's Open Era history for 7 consecutive seasons ( 2004 -- 2010 ) ranked as ATP # 1 player in the world Federer has spent a record 237 consecutive weeks as an ATP # 1 player in the world , while Nadal holds the record of most consecutive weeks as an ATP # 2 player in the world with 160 weeks As of Monday 19 February 2018 Federer has spent a record 303 weeks as an ATP # 1 player in the world , while Nadal holds the record of most weeks as an ATP # 2 player in the world with 273 weeks For 6 consecutive seasons ( 2005 -- 2010 ) one of them ended calendar season as a # 1 player in the world , while the other was the # 2 player in the world , a men 's Open Era record As of Monday 19 February 2018 they are only players in men 's Open Era to spend more than 409 weeks in ATP Top 2 ( Federer -- 495 ; Nadal -- 440 ) They are just 2 of 3 players ( the other being Novak Djokovic ) to clinch ATP year - end world No. 1 in september ( Federer in 2004 & 2006 ; Nadal in 2010 ) Only two players to finish season in Top 2 more than 8 times each ( Federer -- 11 ; Nadal -- 9 ) Only two players to finish season as No. 2 more than 4 times each ( Federer -- 6 ; Nadal -- 5 ) Only two players to finish season in Top 2 more than 6 consecutive times each ( Federer -- 8 times from 2003 to 2010 ; Nadal -- 7 times from 2005 to 2011 ) Only two players to pass 9 years gap between their first and last week as world number 1 ( Federer - 14 years & 17 days ; Nadal - 9 years & 184 days ) Miscellaneous ( edit ) Their 2008 Wimbledon men 's singles final match is widely regarded as one of the greatest matches in tennis history From 2004 to 2007 , Federer won 320 of the 344 matches he played ( 320 -- 24 record , 93 , 02 % matches won ) . Nadal was the only player to have a positive record against Federer ( with more than 2 matches played ) in that time span ( 8 -- 6 ) In his 2006 season , Federer won 92 of 97 matches he played ( 92 -- 5 record , 94 , 85 % matches won ) . Nadal was the only player to hold a positive record against him ( with more than 2 matches played ) , winning 4 matches and losing 2 . Federer 's only other loss of the year came from Andy Murray at the Cincinnati Masters As of January 29 , 2018 , Federer and Nadal are respectively the two active players with the highest number of titles ( 96 and 75 ) , finals ( 145 and 111 ) , and matches won ( 1139 and 877 ) on the ATP tour Roger Federer is considered to be the best player to never win Olympic Games tourney , while Nadal is considered to be the best player to never win Tour Finals tournament Nadal is the only player to accomplished a `` Clay Slam '' ( winning Monte Carlo Masters , Rome Masters , Madrid Masters & French Open in the same calendar year - 2010 ) , while Federer is the only player to win a Masters 1000 event without having serve broken or losing a set ( 2012 & 2015 at Cincinnati Masters ) Nadal is just 1 of 2 players ( the other being Mats Wilander ) to win French Open title on first attempt ( 1982 & 2005 respectively ) , while Federer is just 1 of 2 players ( the other being Björn Borg ) to defeat 6 different existing Major champions in Grand Slam finals ( the Swede beat Guillermo Vilas at 1978 French Open , Ilie Năstase at 1976 Wimbledon , Jimmy Connors at 1977 & 1978 Wimbledon , Roscoe Tanner at 1979 Wimbledon , Vitas Gerulaitis at 1980 French Open and John McEnroe at 1980 Wimbledon , while the Swiss defeated Marat Safin at 2004 Australian Open , Andy Roddick at 2004 , 2005 & 2009 Wimbledon and 2006 US Open , Lleyton Hewitt at 2004 US Open , Andre Agassi at 2005 US Open , Rafael Nadal at 2006 & 2007 Wimbledon and 2017 Australian Open and Marin Čilić at 2017 Wimbledon and 2018 Australian Open ) Federer won the most matches trailing 0 - 2 in sets ( 10 - tied with Aaron Krickstein and Boris Becker ) , while Nadal won the most matches vs. No. 1 player ( 10 - tied with Boris Becker ) Nadal won the highest number of titles as a teenager ( 16 - tied with Björn Borg ) , while Federer won the highest number of tie - breaks ( 420 ) and has the best winning percentage ( 65.11 % , 225 loses ) Performance timeline comparison ( edit ) Main article : Tennis performance timeline comparison ( men ) Grand Slam tournaments ( edit ) Key SF QF # R RR Q # Z # PO F-S SF - B NMS NH ( W ) Won ; ( F ) finalist ; ( SF ) semifinalist ; ( QF ) quarterfinalist ; ( # R ) rounds 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ; ( RR ) round - robin stage ; ( Q # ) qualification round ; ( A ) absent ; ( Z # ) Davis / Fed Cup Zonal Group ( with number indication ) or ( PO ) play - off ; ( G ) gold , ( F-S ) silver or ( SF - B ) bronze Olympic medal ; a ( NMS ) downgraded Masters Series / 1000 tournament ; ( NH ) not held . To avoid confusion and double counting , these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player 's participation has ended . Bold = players met during this tournament 1999 -- 2004 ( edit ) Player 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer Q1 1R 1R Q2 3R 4R 1R 3R 3R QF QF 4R 4R 1R 1R 4R 4R 1R 4R 3R Rafael Nadal 3R 2R 3R 3R 2005 -- 2010 ( edit ) Player 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer SF SF SF QF QF SF Rafael Nadal 4R 2R 3R QF QF 4R SF SF 4R SF QF 2011 -- 2016 ( edit ) Player 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer SF QF SF SF SF QF SF QF 2R 4R SF 4R SF 3R QF SF SF Rafael Nadal QF 2R 1R 4R QF QF 2R 3R 1R 3R 4R 2017 -- present ( edit ) Player 2017 2018 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer QF Rafael Nadal 4R QF By age ( end of season ) ( edit ) 18 -- 22 ( edit ) Player 18 19 20 21 22 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer Q1 1R 1R Q2 3R 4R 1R 3R 3R QF QF 4R 4R 1R 1R 4R 4R 1R 4R Rafael Nadal 3R 2R 4R 2R 3R QF QF 4R SF SF 23 -- 27 ( edit ) Player 23 24 25 26 27 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer 3R SF SF SF Rafael Nadal 4R SF QF QF 2R 1R 28 -- 32 ( edit ) Player 28 29 30 31 32 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer QF QF SF SF QF SF SF SF QF SF QF 2R 4R Rafael Nadal 4R QF QF 2R 3R 1R 3R 4R 4R QF 33 -- 37 ( edit ) Player 33 34 35 36 37 AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA AUS FRA WIM USA Roger Federer SF 4R SF 3R QF SF SF QF Rafael Nadal ATP Rankings ( edit ) Year - End ranking timeline ( edit ) Player 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Roger Federer 301 64 29 13 6 6 16 Rafael Nadal 811 200 49 51 5 9 ATP Year - End ranking timeline by age ( edit ) Year End Ranking 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Roger Federer 301 64 29 13 6 6 16 Rafael Nadal 811 200 49 51 5 9 Career evolution ( edit ) Federer and Nadal were born just under four years and 10 months apart . Federer 's birthday is 8 August 1981 , while Nadal 's is 3 June 1986 . A different viewpoint of their career evolution is offered by taking the season they ended with an age of 18 as starting point , and comparing their accomplishments at the same age . For instance in 2007 , Federer finished the season being 26 years old having accumulated a career record of twelve Major titles , and ranked No. 1 . By comparison , Nadal finished the 2012 season also aged 26 , having accumulated eleven Major titles in total , and being ranked No. 4 . ( ) = active record ( updated Monday 9 April 2018 ) Age at end of season 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Federer 's season 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Nadal 's season 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Grand Slam titles Federer 0 0 0 0 6 9 12 13 15 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 19 ( 20 ) Nadal 0 5 6 9 10 11 13 14 14 14 16 ( 16 ) Grand Slam match wins Federer 0 7 20 26 39 61 85 112 138 162 188 208 228 247 260 279 297 307 325 ( 332 ) Nadal 6 19 36 56 80 95 120 143 157 171 187 198 203 226 ( 230 ) Year - End Championships Federer 0 0 0 0 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ( 6 ) Nadal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 ) Masters 1000 titles Federer 0 0 0 8 12 14 14 16 17 18 21 21 23 24 24 27 ( 27 ) Nadal 0 6 9 12 15 18 19 21 26 27 27 28 30 ( 30 ) Total titles Federer 0 0 11 22 33 45 53 57 61 66 70 76 77 82 88 88 95 ( 97 ) Nadal 12 17 23 31 36 43 46 50 60 64 67 69 75 ( 75 ) Total match wins Federer 15 51 100 158 236 310 391 483 551 617 678 743 807 878 923 996 1059 1080 1132 ( 1149 ) Nadal 45 124 183 253 335 401 472 541 583 658 706 767 806 873 ( 879 ) Ranking Federer 64 29 13 6 6 16 ( 2 ) Nadal 51 5 9 ( 1 ) Weeks at number 1 Federer 0 0 0 0 0 48 100 152 204 237 262 285 285 302 302 302 302 302 302 ( 308 ) Nadal 0 0 0 0 19 46 76 102 102 115 141 141 141 160 ( 169 ) Titles by tournaments played comparison ( edit ) Another way to view their respective careers and evolution is to look at the progression of titles won by the number of tournaments played to win each of their titles at each level of competition including Grand Slam tournaments , ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ( formerly ATP Masters Series ) , ATP World Tour Finals ( formerly Tennis Masters Cup ) , Olympic Games , ATP World Tour 500 Series ( formerly ATP International Series Gold ) , and ATP World Tour 250 Series ( formerly ATP International Series ) . For example , Federer won his 14th Grand Slam title at his 40th Grand Slam tournament , while Nadal won his 14th at his 38th Grand Slam tournament . Singles title # 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Federer won at Grand Slam # 17 19 21 22 25 26 27 29 30 31 33 34 38 40 41 43 53 69 70 72 Nadal 6 9 13 17 18 20 24 25 26 28 32 34 36 38 48 50 Federer won at ATP Masters 1000 # 22 35 38 39 41 42 44 45 46 47 50 52 57 59 75 77 84 94 95 97 99 112 113 119 124 125 127 Nadal 10 11 12 14 17 18 22 24 25 33 35 36 40 42 43 51 52 53 59 67 69 70 72 73 74 75 81 95 102 103 Federer won at ATP Tour Finals # 5 6 9 10 Nadal Federer won at Olympic Games # Nadal Federer won at ATP 500 event # 12 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 25 27 28 29 35 36 37 38 39 42 43 44 Nadal 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 15 17 19 20 22 23 24 26 33 37 40 41 Federer won at ATP 250 event # 23 30 40 41 42 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 62 63 66 69 70 71 Nadal 11 18 21 22 30 40 41 44 45 Federer -- Nadal Grand Slam era ( 2003 -- present ) ( edit ) Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open 2003 Andre Agassi Juan Carlos Ferrero Roger Federer Andy Roddick Roger Federer Gastón Gaudio Roger Federer Roger Federer 2005 Marat Safin Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Roger Federer 2006 Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Roger Federer 2007 Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Roger Federer 2008 Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal Roger Federer 2009 Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Roger Federer Juan Martín del Potro Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal 2011 Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic 2012 Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Andy Murray 2013 Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal Andy Murray Rafael Nadal 2014 Stan Wawrinka Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic Marin Čilić 2015 Novak Djokovic Stan Wawrinka Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic 2016 Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic Andy Murray Stan Wawrinka 2017 Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Rafael Nadal 2018 Roger Federer Combined singles performance timeline ( best result ) ( edit ) Tournament 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 SR Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open Q1 3R 3R 4R 4R SF SF SF SF QF SF 7 / 19 French Open 1R 4R QF 1R 1R 3R QF 3R 11 / 19 Wimbledon 1R 1R QF 1R 2R SF 10 / 19 US Open Q2 3R 4R 4R 4R QF SF 4R 8 / 18 Tournament 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 SR ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and ATP World Tour Finals Indian Wells Q1 1R 3R 2R SF SF SF 8 / 18 Miami 1R 2R QF QF 4R QF SF SF SF 3R 2R 2R 3 / 19 Monte Carlo 1R 1R QF 2R 3R SF 10 / 18 Madrid 1R 1R 3R SF 11 / 17 Rome 1R 3R 1R 2R QF QF QF 7 / 18 Canada 1R 1R SF QF 3R QF 5 / 15 Cincinnati 1R 1R 2R 1R QF SF QF 3R QF 8 / 17 Shanghai 2R 2R QF SF 2R SF 3R SF SF SF 2R 4 / 18 Paris 1R 2R QF QF QF SF SF SF QF QF QF 1 / 13 ATP Finals Did Not Qualify SF RR SF SF 6 / 15 Federer -- Nadal ATP world No. 1 era ( edit ) Updated Monday April 9 , 2018 . Player Start date End date Weeks Total Federer , Roger Roger Federer 000000002004 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2004 000000002008 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2008 237 237 Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal 000000002008 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2008 000000002009 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 2009 46 46 Roger Federer ( 2 ) 000000002009 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2009 000000002010 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2010 48 285 Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) 000000002010 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2010 000000002011 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 2011 56 102 Novak Djokovic 000000002011 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 2011 000000002012 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2012 53 53 Roger Federer ( 3 ) 000000002012 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2012 17 302 Novak Djokovic ( 2 ) 000000002012 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2012 000000002013 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2013 48 101 Rafael Nadal ( 3 ) 000000002013 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2013 000000002014 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2014 39 141 Novak Djokovic ( 3 ) 000000002014 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2014 000000002016 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2016 122 223 Andy Murray 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 000000002017 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2017 41 41 Rafael Nadal ( 4 ) 000000002017 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2017 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2018 26 167 Roger Federer ( 4 ) 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2018 000000002018 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2018 6 308 Rafael Nadal ( 5 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2018 Present 169 See also ( edit ) Big Four List of tennis rivalries Djokovic -- Federer rivalry Djokovic -- Nadal rivalry Federer -- Murray rivalry Roger Federer career statistics List of career achievements by Roger Federer Rafael Nadal career statistics List of career achievements by Rafael Nadal List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eccleshare , Charlie ( 2017 ) . The Telegraph . `` Roger Federer vs Rafael Nadal : The five ages of tennis 's greatest rivalry '' Jump up ^ Martin , Alex ( 2017 ) . Daily Mail . `` Roger Federer vs Rafael Nadal : Tennis ' greatest rivalry will be renewed in the Australian Open final ... so how do the greats match up on and off the court ? '' Jump up ^ Hawkins , Dan ( 2017 ) . International Business Times . `` Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal : The greatest tennis rivalry of all time '' Jump up ^ Pradhani , sourajeet ( 2017 ) . Sportskeeda . `` Why no other rivalry in tennis can match ' Fedal ' '' Jump up ^ Asano , Naoko ( 2017 ) . Sportsnet. `` By the numbers : Federer vs. Nadal , the greatest rivalry in tennis '' Jump up ^ Borkowski , Pete ( 2015 ) . Vavel . `` Roger Federer - Rafael Nadal Rivalry Is Still The Greatest '' Jump up ^ Ayaz , Memon ( 2017 ) . Deccan Chronicle . `` Roger Federer - Rafael Nadal rivalry is greatest ever in tennis '' Jump up ^ Cabeza , Gonzalo ( 2017 ) . 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ATP 's official site . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nadal proves to be the real deal '' . BBC Sport. 5 April 2005 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nadal Ends Federer 's Winning Streak '' . The New York Times . 5 March 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic finish in Rome : Nadal edges Federer in five - hour thriller '' . USA Today . 15 May 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon Profile : Rafael Nadal '' . 20 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2009 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Bruce ( 8 July 2007 ) . `` Only Nadal in way of Federer 's record run '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Cheese , Caroline ( 8 July 2007 ) . `` Federer wins historic fifth title '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Lopsided Grand Slam Finals in Men 's Tennis '' . Bleacher Report . 24 Apr 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Rothenberg , Ben ( 15 March 2013 ) . `` Nadal Makes Quick Work of Ailing Federer '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ < http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2013/03/13/Shark-Bites-Miami-Final-Murray.aspx > Jump up ^ `` Nadal dominates Federer to win in Rome '' . USA Today . 19 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Courtney . `` Roger Federer switching back to old racket through the U.S. Open '' . SI.com . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FEDAL REIGN SUPREME ON THE DOUBLES COURT '' . www.lavercup.com. 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ J.S. ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Roger Federer has turned his weakest shot into a weapon '' . The Economist . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federer downs Nadal in Seoul exhibition '' . Rediff India Abroad. 21 November 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nadal wins Battle of Surfaces exhibition '' . swissinfo.ch. 2 May 2007 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey ( 1 May 2007 ) . `` Tennis : Nadal to meet Federer in an exhibition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Newsweek : We should mourn the decline of grass court tennis '' . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rethinking Federer - Nadal : Roger 's Backhand Puts Him at a Major Disadvantage -- Tennis Now '' . TennisNow.com . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer : _́ Rivalry with Rafa has been the most intense of my life . He made me change my game _́ '' . TennisWorldUSA.org . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/88817154/roger-federer-says-crushing-claycourt-losses-to-rafael-nadal-shaped-lopsided-rivalry Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/10/15/roger-federer-reveals-exactly-how-hes-turned-rafael-nadal-rivalry-on-its-head-after-shanghai-win-7001380/ Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/roger-federer-if-the-doctors-had-found-out-they-would-have-told-me-not-to-play-819603.html ^ Jump up to : https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/08/sports/tennis/08tennis.html Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/more-sports/2009/05/14/federer-nadal# ^ Jump up to : https://books.google.com/books?id=y1FlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT200&lpg=PT200&dq=pierre+paganini+federer+mononucleosis&source=bl&ots=L2OxkbXCBP&sig=5ofQAqsY0fU3D9a8gUAMr68Rq2c&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmqIDRydbTAhXGnRoKHejGBR0Q6AEIYDAM#v=onepage&q=pierre%20paganini%20federer%20mononucleosis&f=false Jump up ^ Paul Newman . `` Roger Federer : If the doctors had found out , they would have told me not to play '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ nytimes.com Jump up ^ Stauffer , Rene ( 27 October 2009 ) . `` Der Mensch Federer hat den Spieler Federer im Griff '' ( The Man Federer has the Player Federer under control ) . Tages Anzeiger ( in German ) . Jump up ^ `` How Nadal humbled Federer '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Federer reflects on mistakes of playing injured '' . Tennis.com . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federer recounts `` lingering '' back problem , adjustments in training `` . Tennis.com . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Greg Bishop ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` Seeking Bigger Sweet Spot , Roger Federer Hopes His Racket Will Grow on Him '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamakshi Tandon ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Bigger Racquet , Better Backhand : Federer `` Not So Scarred '' Facing Nadal `` . Tennis.com . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ J.S. ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Roger Federer has turned his weakest shot into a weapon '' . The Economist . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter de Jonge ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` How Roger Federer Upgraded His Game '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamakshi Tandon ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Roger Federer Credits Switch to Bigger Racquet for Improved Backhand '' . Tennis.com . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal beats Roger Federer in Italian Open final '' . BBC Sport. 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inspired Nadal equals record run '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ATP Heritage : A Great Rome Final , A Great Rivalry '' . ATP News . 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federer fights back to beat Nadal '' . BBC Sport. 3 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Davydenko hammers Nadal in Miami '' . BBC Sport. 6 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Unbeaten Novak Djokovic beats Rafa Nadal in Miami final '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Novak Djokovic beats Rafael Nadal to win Sony Open in Miami '' . BBC Sport. 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site of Men 's Professional Tennis -- ATP World Tour -- Tennis '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nadal & Federer : 89 Hours And Counting ... '' Association of Tennis Professionals. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal Roger Federer -- Shanghai 2017 '' . Association of Tennis Professionals . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Xeno - philous F. `` Face the Facts : There 's More to Nadal and Federer Than Head - To - Head Meetings '' . bleacherreport . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Bruce ( 24 January 2012 ) . `` Australian Open semifinal to speak volumes on Federer - Nadal rivalry '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx ATP Reliability Index '' . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandra Harwitt ( 8 July 2008 ) . `` Is Rafael Nadal the best clay - court player ever ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Men 's Tennis Players of All Time '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 23 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The List : : Tennis Channel '' . tennischannel.com . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com.au/tennis/roger-federer-is-greatest-player-of-all-time-says-australian-tennis-legend-rod-laver/story-e6frf4mu-1226418545853 Jump up ^ Harwitt , Sandra ( 1 August 2008 ) . `` Is Rafael Nadal the best clay - court player ever ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal retakes king of clay title with French Open win '' . foxsports.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Tandon , Kamakshi . `` Weighing Rafa 's dominance on dirt '' . ESPN . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Garber , Greg ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Nadal has improved virtually every aspect of his game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ricoh ATP Matchfacts -- Career 2nd Serve Points Won '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ricoh ATP Matchfacts -- Career 2nd Serve Return Points Won '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Spot in History Without Looking '' New York Times , 29 August 2010 ^ Jump up to : Richard Jago . `` ' Roger Federer is the greatest ' says Pete Sampras after record broken '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` McEnroe says Nadal can surpass Federer '' . Fox Sports . Associated Press . 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John McEnroe : Rafael Nadal is the Best Ever '' . yahoo. 25 Jun 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic Could Win French Open '' . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John McEnroe says Roger Federer , not Rafa Nadal , is now the best player ever '' . For The Win . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record - collector Nadal closes in on Federer 's hoard '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Andre Agassi says Rafael Nadal is the greatest tennis player ever '' . 8 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Frank Dalleres . `` Roddick on why Murray should fear Federer , still the greatest of all time '' . cityam.com . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse ( 3 December 2014 ) . `` Roger Federer Greatest of All - Time , Says Nadal 's Uncle '' . NDTVSports.com . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gatto Luigi . `` Toni Nadal reveals who is the greatest player ever ! '' . Tennis World Magazine . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rachelle Corpuz ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Pete Sampras Reiterates That Roger Federer Is The ' Greatest ' Player That Tennis Has Ever Seen '' . International Business Times AU . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Roger Federer is greatest of all time ' , says former no 1 and Djokovic 's coach Boris Becker '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gomes , Alaric ( 26 February 2007 ) . `` ' Off court , we are good friends ' '' . Gulf News . Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Flip ( 5 July 2008 ) . `` Roger Federer annoyed with Rafael Nadal 's slow play on court '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open : Roger Federer ' cool ' with Rafael Nadal criticism '' . BBC Sport. 17 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Mahesh , S. Ram ( 26 August 2006 ) . `` Fierce Rivals '' . Sportstar Weekly . The Hindu . 29 ( 34 ) . Archived from the original on 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Beverley ( 20 July 2008 ) . `` Matches with Nadal are special for Federer '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Tignor , Steve ( January -- February 2009 ) . `` Player of the Year 2008 '' . Tennis Magazine . 45 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Bodo , Peter ( 6 July 2008 ) . `` The Death of Wanting '' . Peter Bodo 's Tennisworld . Tennis.com . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Bodo , Peter ( 3 February 2009 ) . `` Mentor Mine '' . Peter Bodo 's Tennisworld . Tennis.com . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Compare it Versus ( 10 January 2015 ) . `` Compare Roger Federer vs Rafael Nadal '' . Compareitversus.com . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kamakshi Tandon ( 5 January 2009 ) . `` Match of a Generation : 2008 Wimbledon Final '' . Tennis.com . Archived from the original on 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hawkins , Keith ( 25 January 2012 ) . `` Federer - Nadal continue historic rivalry '' . ESPN . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard Alleyne ( July 7 , 2008 ) . `` Wimbledon 2008 : John McEnroe hails Rafael Nadal victory as greatest final ever '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave Martin ( August 30 , 2015 ) . `` Reliving Wimbledon 2008 Final : The Greatest Match Ever '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roger Federer . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rafael Nadal . Article on the Federer - Nadal rivalry at the ATP 's official site Head to Head player details at the ATP 's official site Federer / Nadal : The Head - to - Head Anomaly Article on the Statistical Anomaly of the Federer - Nadal Head - to - Head Super Match 2006 Part one of the Seoul match , there are 9 parts which can be found on the side of the video Hidden numbers on the Federer - Nadal H2H Big Four Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray Rivalries Federer -- Nadal Djokovic -- Federer Djokovic -- Nadal Federer -- Murray Djokovic -- Murray Seasons Roger Federer 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Rafael Nadal 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Novak Djokovic 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Andy Murray 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Roger Federer ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2006 2007 2009 2017 2018 French Open 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 Wimbledon 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2012 2014 2015 2017 US Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 Tour Finals 2003 2005 2006 2007 2011 2012 2014 2015 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 5 ) Miami ( 3 ) Madrid / Hamburg ( 6 ) Canada ( 2 ) Cincinnati ( 7 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 3 ) Paris ( 1 ) Rafael Nadal ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2009 2012 2014 2017 French Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2017 Wimbledon 2006 2007 2008 2011 US Open 2011 2013 2017 Tour Finals 2013 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 3 ) Monte Carlo ( 10 ) Madrid / Hamburg ( 5 ) Rome ( 7 ) Canada ( 3 ) Cincinnati ( 1 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 1 ) Novak Djokovic ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2008 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 French Open 2012 2014 2015 2016 Wimbledon 2011 2013 2014 2015 US Open 2007 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 Tour Finals 2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 5 ) Miami ( 6 ) Monte Carlo ( 2 ) Madrid ( 2 ) Rome ( 4 ) Canada ( 4 ) Shanghai ( 3 ) Paris ( 4 ) Andy Murray ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2011 2013 2015 2016 French Open 2016 Wimbledon 2012 2013 2016 US Open 2008 2012 Tour Finals 2016 Masters titles Miami ( 2 ) Madrid ( 1 ) Rome ( 1 ) Canada ( 3 ) Cincinnati ( 2 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 4 ) Paris ( 1 ) Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2012 Australian Open final 2012 French Open final 2012 Wimbledon final 2012 US Open final 2013 Wimbledon final 2014 Wimbledon final 2015 Wimbledon final 2016 French Open final 2017 Australian Open final Roger Federer Team Mirka Federer ( wife ) Severin Lüthi ( coach , 2007 -- current ) Ivan Ljubičić ( coach , 2015 -- current ) Stefan Edberg ( coach , 2014 -- 2015 ) Paul Annacone ( coach , 2010 -- 2013 ) José Higueras ( coach , 2008 ) Tony Roche ( coach , 2005 -- 2007 ) Peter Lundgren ( coach , 2000 -- 2003 ) Peter Carter ( coach , 1991 -- 1995 , 1997 -- 1998 ) Career Achievements Statistics Big Four Rivalry with Rafael Nadal Rivalry with Novak Djokovic Rivalry with Andy Roddick Rivalry with Andy Murray Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2009 French Open final 2009 Wimbledon final 2012 Wimbledon final 2014 Wimbledon final 2015 Wimbledon final 2017 Australian Open final Seasons Juniors Early career 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Australian Open 2006 2007 2017 2018 French Open 2009 Wimbledon Juniors : 1998 ( Singles & Doubles ) 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2012 2017 US Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 World Tour Final 2003 2006 2007 2011 Indian Wells 2005 2006 2012 2017 Miami 2005 2006 2017 Monte Carlo Finals : 2006 2007 2008 2014 Roma Finals : 2003 2006 2013 2015 Hamburg / Madrid 2002 ( H ) 2004 ( H ) 2005 ( H ) 2007 ( H ) 2009 2012 Montreal / Toronto 2004 ( T ) 2006 ( T ) Cincinnati 2005 2007 2009 2012 2014 2015 Madrid / Shanghai 2006 ( M ) 2014 2017 Paris 2011 Olympics 2008 ( Doubles ) 2012 ( Singles ) Davis Cup 2014 Hopman Cup 2001 2018 Laver Cup 2017 Official website Rafael Nadal Entourage Miguel Ángel Nadal ( uncle ) Toni Nadal ( uncle and coach ) Carlos Moyá ( coach , 2017 -- current ) Career Achievements Statistics Big Four Rivalry with Roger Federer Rivalry with Novak Djokovic Milestones 46 - match winning streak at the Monte - Carlo Masters Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2012 Australian Open final 2012 French Open final 2017 Australian Open final Exhibition matches Battle of Surfaces Match for Africa and Joining Forces for the Benefit of Children Seasons 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Australian Open 2009 French Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2017 Wimbledon 2008 US Open 2013 2017 World Tour Finals Finals : 2010 2013 Indian Wells 2007 2009 2013 Miami Finals : 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 Monte Carlo 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2016 2017 Rome 2005 2006 2007 2009 2012 2013 Hamburg / Madrid 2008 ( H ) 2013 2014 2017 Montreal / Toronto 2005 ( M ) 2008 ( T ) 2013 ( M ) Cincinnati 2013 Madrid / Shanghai 2005 ( M ) Paris Finals : 2007 Olympics 2008 2016 ( Doubles ) Davis Cup 2008 2009 2011 Laver Cup 2017 Rafael Nadal Official Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federer -- Nadal_rivalry&oldid = 835442547 '' Categories : Tennis rivalries Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from September 2014 Articles with hCards Commons category without a link on Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 18 : 55 . 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who has won more titles federer or nadal
[ "Federer with 20 total major titles, and Nadal with 16, are first and second on the all-time list for the most majors titles, and hold numerous other records between them. Together they have won 11 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments from the 2005 French Open to the 2007 US Open and another 5 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments from the 2017 Australian Open to the 2018 Australian Open. They are the only pair of men to have finished six consecutive calendar years as the top two ranked players on the ATP Tour, which they did from 2005 to 2010 and seven times overall including 2017. This included a record 211 consecutive weeks sharing the top two rankings from July 2005 to August 2009." ]
[ "Federer" ]
8205643698624426214
Never was so much owed by so many to so few
Never was so much owed by so many to so few - wikipedia Never was so much owed by so many to so few Jump to : navigation , search World War II poster containing the famous lines by Winston Churchill `` Never was so much owed by so many to so few '' was a wartime speech made by the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on 20 August 1940 . The name stems from the specific line in the speech , Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few , referring to the ongoing efforts of the Royal Air Force crews who were at the time fighting the Battle of Britain , the pivotal air battle with the German Luftwaffe with Britain expecting an invasion . Pilots who fought in the battle have been known as The Few ever since ; at times being specially commemorated on 15 September , `` Battle of Britain Day '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Legacy 3 Excerpts 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Churchill apparently first used his famous words upon his exit from the Battle of Britain Bunker at RAF Uxbridge on 16 August when visiting the No. 11 Group RAF Operations Room during a day of battle . Afterwards , Churchill told Major General Hastings Ismay , ' Do n't speak to me , I have never been so moved ' . After several minutes of silence he said , ' Never in the history of mankind has so much been owed by so many to so few ' . The sentence would form the basis of his speech to the House of Commons on 20 August . However , in 1954 `` Pug '' Ismay related an anecdote to publisher Rupert Hart - Davis ; when Churchill and Ismay were travelling together in a car , in which Winston rehearsed the speech he was to give in the House of Commons on 20 August 1940 after the Battle of Britain . When he came to the famous sentence , ' Never in the history of mankind have so many owed so much to so few ' , Ismay said ' What about Jesus and his disciples ? ' ' Good old Pug , ' said Winston ' who immediately changed the wording to ' Never in the field of human conflict ... ' . The speech was given as the United Kingdom prepared for the expected German invasion . In it , Churchill tried to inspire his countrymen by pointing out that although the last several months had been a series of monumental defeats for the Allies , their situation was now much better than before . Churchill 's argument was in fact correct ; shortly thereafter the British won the battle , the first significant defeat for the hitherto unstoppable Wehrmacht . This speech was a great inspiration to the embattled United Kingdom during what was probably its most dangerous phase of the entire war . Together with the three famous speeches that he gave during the period of the Battle of France ( the `` Blood , toil , tears , and sweat '' speech of 13 May , the `` We shall fight on the beaches '' speech of 4 June and the `` This was their finest hour '' speech of 18 June ) , they form his most stirring rhetoric . At the end of the speech , he introduced the first phase of the growing strategic alliance with the United States and referred to the coming agreement for establishing U.S. bases on various British territories . US proceeded to helping Britain fight Germany in WW2 Legacy ( edit ) The speech is also well remembered for his use of the phrase `` the few '' to describe the Allied aircrews of RAF Fighter Command , whose desperate struggle gained the victory ; `` The Few '' has come to be their nickname . It is clear that Churchill took his inspiration from various sources , including Hall and Shakespeare . Duff Cooper had also given a speech immediately before Churchill 's which captured the essence of ' the few and the many ' , though not as eloquently . Some historians take the view that Churchill was not referring to just the fighter pilots but that his remarks were intended to refer to all allied aircrew , specifically including Bomber Command . A version of the title of the speech appears in Benjamin Clementine 's Winston Churchill ` s Boy song . Excerpts ( edit ) Rather more than a quarter of a year has passed since the new Government came into power in this country . What a cataract of disaster has poured out upon us since then ! ... Meanwhile , we have not only fortified our hearts but our Island . We have rearmed and rebuilt our armies in a degree which would have been deemed impossible a few months ago. ... The whole Island bristles against invaders , from the sea or from the air . ... the stronger our Army at home , the larger must the invading expedition be , and the larger the invading expedition , the less difficult will be the task of the Navy in detecting its assembly and in intercepting and destroying it in passage ; and the greater also would be the difficulty of feeding and supplying the invaders if ever they landed ... Our Navy is far stronger than it was at the beginning of the war . The great flow of new construction set on foot at the outbreak is now beginning to come in . Why do I say all this ? Not , assuredly , to boast ; not , assuredly , to give the slightest countenance to complacency . The dangers we face are still enormous , but so are our advantages and resources . I recount them because the people have a right to know that there are solid grounds for the confidence which we feel , and that we have good reason to believe ourselves capable , as I said in a very dark hour two months ago , of continuing the war `` if necessary alone , if necessary for years . The great air battle which has been in progress over this Island for the last few weeks has recently attained a high intensity . It is too soon to attempt to assign limits either to its scale or to its duration . We must certainly expect that greater efforts will be made by the enemy than any he has so far put forth. ... It is quite plain that Herr Hitler could not admit defeat in his air attack on Great Britain without sustaining most serious injury . If after all his boastings and bloodcurdling threats and lurid accounts trumpeted round the world of the damage he has inflicted , of the vast numbers of our Air Force he has shot down , so he says , with so little loss to himself ... if after all this his whole air onslaught were forced after a while tamely to peter out , the Fuhrer 's reputation for veracity of statement might be seriously impugned . We may be sure , therefore , that he will continue as long as he has the strength to do so ... ... It must also be remembered that all the enemy machines and pilots which are shot down over our Island , or over the seas which surround it , are either destroyed or captured ; whereas a considerable proportion of our machines , and also of our pilots , are saved , and soon again in many cases come into action. ... We believe that we shall be able to continue the air struggle indefinitely and as long as the enemy pleases , and the longer it continues the more rapid will be our approach , first towards that parity , and then into that superiority , in the air upon which in a large measure the decision of the war depends . The gratitude of every home in our Island , in our Empire , and indeed throughout the world , except in the abodes of the guilty , goes out to the British airmen who , undaunted by odds , unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger , are turning the tide of the World War by their prowess and by their devotion . Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few . All hearts go out to the fighter pilots , whose brilliant actions we see with our own eyes day after day , but we must never forget that all the time , night after night , month after month , our bomber squadrons travel far into Germany , find their targets in the darkness by the highest navigational skill , aim their attacks , often under the heaviest fire , often with serious loss , with deliberate , careful discrimination , and inflict shattering blows upon the whole of the technical and war - making structure of the Nazi power . On no part of the Royal Air Force does the weight of the war fall more heavily than on the daylight bombers who will play an invaluable part in the case of invasion and whose unflinching zeal it has been necessary in the meanwhile on numerous occasions to restrain ... A good many people have written to me to ask me to make on this occasion a fuller statement of our war aims , and of the kind of peace we wish to make after the war , than is contained in the very considerable declaration which was made early in the autumn. ... I do not think it would be wise at this moment , while the battle rages and the war is still perhaps only in its earlier stage , to embark upon elaborate speculations about the future shape which should be given to Europe ... But before we can undertake the task of rebuilding we have not only to be convinced ourselves , but we have to convince all other countries that the Nazi tyranny is going to be finally broken . The right to guide the course of world history is the noblest prize of victory . We are still toiling up the hill ; we have not yet reached the crest - line of it ; we can not survey the landscape or even imagine what its condition will be when that longed - for morning comes . The task which lies before us immediately is at once more practical , more simple and more stern. ... For the rest , we have to gain the victory . That is our task . ... Some months ago we came to the conclusion that the interests of the United States and of the British Empire both required that the United States should have facilities for the naval and air defence of the Western Hemisphere against the attack of a Nazi power ... We had therefore decided spontaneously , and without being asked or offered any inducement , to inform the Government of the United States that we would be glad to place such defence facilities at their disposal by leasing suitable sites in our Transatlantic possessions for their greater security against the unmeasured dangers of the future. ... His Majesty 's Government are entirely willing to accord defence facilities to the United States on a 99 years ' leasehold basis ... Undoubtedly this process means that these two great organisations of the English - speaking democracies , the British Empire and the United States , will have to be somewhat mixed up together in some of their affairs for mutual and general advantage . For my own part , looking out upon the future , I do not view the process with any misgivings . I could not stop it if I wished ; no one can stop it . Like the Mississippi , it just keeps rolling along . Let it roll . Let it roll on full flood , inexorable , irresistible , benignant , to broader lands and better days . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , p. 223 Jump up ^ The World at Arms . Wright M. Readers Digest 1989 Jump up ^ Hart - Davis , Rupert ( 1998 ) ( First ed. published ) . Halfway to Heaven : Concluding memoirs of a literary life . Stroud Gloucestershire : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 1837 - 3 . Jump up ^ Campion 2010 , pp. 74 -- 83 Jump up ^ Brett Holman ( 31 August 2011 ) . `` On ' the Few ' '' . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Winston Churchill ( 20 August 1940 ) . `` The Few '' . The Churchill Centre and Museum . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Bibliography Bungay , Stephen . ( 2000 ) The Most Dangerous Enemy : A History of the Battle of Britain . London : Aurum Press ISBN 1 - 85410 - 801 - 8 Campion , G. 2010 . ' The Good Fight ; Battle of Britain Propaganda and the Few ' . Palgrave Macmillan : Basingstoke . Sources ( edit ) Document in the custody of The National Archives , Kew , Richmond , Surrey , United Kingdom , document reference ZHC 2 / 873 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Few The Churchill Centre : ' The Few ' Transcription and MP3 recording of the speech ( hide ) Winston Churchill Life Winston Churchill as historian Winston Churchill as painter Winston Churchill as writer Winston Churchill in politics , 1900 -- 1939 Timeline War Rooms conferences Percentages agreement Quebec Agreement Statement on Atrocities European Advisory Commission Honours of Winston Churchill Later life of Winston Churchill funeral gravesite The Other Club Blenheim Palace Chartwell Writings The Story of the Malakand Field Force ( 1898 ) Savrola ( 1899 novel ) The River War ( 1899 ) London to Ladysmith via Pretoria ( 1900 ) Ian Hamilton 's March ( 1900 ) Lord Randolph Churchill ( 1906 ) The World Crisis ( 1923 -- 1931 , five volumes ) My Early Life ( 1930 ) Marlborough : His Life and Times ( 1933 -- 1938 , four volumes ) Great Contemporaries ( 1937 ) Arms and the Covenant ( 1938 ) The Second World War ( 1948 -- 1963 , six volumes ) A History of the English - Speaking Peoples ( 1956 -- 1958 , four volumes ) Speeches `` Blood , toil , tears , and sweat '' `` Be ye men of valour '' `` We shall fight on the beaches '' `` This was their finest hour '' `` Never was so much owed by so many to so few '' `` Iron Curtain '' Legacy and depictions Palace of Westminster statue Parliament Square statue Washington , DC , statue Epstein bust Memorial Trusts Churchill College , Cambridge Churchill Archives Centre The Churchill Centre US Churchill Museum Cultural depictions Churchillian Drift Related Norway Debate Terminological inexactitude Siege of Sidney Street Tonypandy riots May 1940 War Cabinet Crisis Sword of Stalingrad Operation Unthinkable Family Lord Randolph Churchill ( father ) Jennie Jerome , Lady Randolph Churchill ( mother ) Jack Churchill ( brother ) Clementine Churchill , Baroness Spencer - Churchill ( wife ) Diana Churchill ( daughter ) Randolph Churchill ( son ) Sarah Churchill ( daughter ) Marigold Churchill ( daughter ) Mary Soames , Baroness Soames ( daughter ) Descendants John Spencer - Churchill ( grandfather ) Frances Anne Spencer - Churchill ( grandmother ) Leonard Jerome ( grandfather ) Clarissa Eden ( niece ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Never_was_so_much_owed_by_so_many_to_so_few&oldid=841886923 '' Categories : 1940 in the United Kingdom World War II speeches Battle of Britain English phrases British political phrases Speeches by Winston Churchill August 1940 events 1940 speeches Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Français Italiano ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 18 : 27 . About Wikipedia
who said never has so much been owed by so many to so few
[ "\"Never was so much owed by so many to so few\" was a wartime speech made by the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on 20 August 1940. The name stems from the specific line in the speech, Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few, referring to the ongoing efforts of the Royal Air Force crews who were at the time fighting the Battle of Britain, the pivotal air battle with the German Luftwaffe with Britain expecting an invasion. Pilots who fought in the battle have been known as The Few ever since; at times being specially commemorated on 15 September, \"Battle of Britain Day\"." ]
[ "British Prime Minister Winston Churchill" ]
-7683210134632850383
This Is the End
This Is the End - wikipedia This Is the End Jump to : navigation , search This Is the End Theatrical release poster Directed by Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Produced by Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg James Weaver Written by Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Story by Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Based on Jay and Seth versus the Apocalypse by Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Jason Stone Starring James Franco Jonah Hill Seth Rogen Jay Baruchel Danny McBride Craig Robinson Michael Cera Emma Watson Music by Henry Jackman Cinematography Brandon Trost Edited by Zene Baker Production company Mandate Pictures Point Grey Pictures Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) ( Fox Village Theater ) June 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $32 million Box office $126.5 million This Is the End is a 2013 American disaster comedy film written and directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg ( in their directorial debuts ) and stars Rogen , James Franco , Jonah Hill , Jay Baruchel , Danny McBride , Craig Robinson , Michael Cera , and Emma Watson . The story features real life actors playing fictionalized versions of themselves in the aftermath of a global biblical apocalypse . The film premiered at the Fox Village Theater on June 3 , 2013 and was released in the United States on June 14 , 2013 by Columbia Pictures , before being re-released on September 6 , 2013 . The film grossed $126 million on a $32 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.2 Score 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Home media 7 Possible sequel 8 Attraction 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Jay Baruchel arrives in Los Angeles to visit old friend and fellow Canadian actor Seth Rogen , who invites him to attend a housewarming party hosted by James Franco . Jay is uncomfortable at the crowded party , so Seth accompanies him to a convenience store for cigarettes , but beams of blue light come down and suck numerous people into the sky . Seth and Jay flee back to Franco 's house , only to find the party unharmed . An earthquake strikes and the partygoers rush outside , but Michael Cera , one of them who was high on cocaine , gets impaled by a lamppost and a large hole opens in James ' yard , swallowing himself and most of the other partygoers . Seth , Jay , James , Jonah Hill , and Craig Robinson survive , run back inside the house , learn that the biggest earthquake has struck Los Angeles on the news , take inventory of their supplies , set up a ration system , board up the house and await help . The next morning , Danny McBride , also in the house and unaware of the crisis , wastes most of the food and water in the house . The others tell him of the previous night 's events , which he initially does not believe until a man outside is decapitated as they watch . Tensions rise due to various conflicts , including Jay and Seth 's growing estrangement , and the others ' skepticism of Jay 's belief that the disaster might be the Apocalypse predicted in the Book of Revelation . Later , Emma Watson , another survivor of the party , returns . However , due to a misunderstanding , she believes the group is planning to rape her and leaves , taking the group 's remaining drinks with her . Craig is chosen to travel outside to the basement for water , but finds the door is locked and returns after an encounter with an unknown being . Jay and Seth reach the basement by digging through the floor and find the water , but Danny ends up wasting most of it out of spite , prompting him to be kicked out of the house . Before he leaves , Danny reveals that Jay was in town two months ago , but he stayed at the Four Seasons and told Danny not to tell Seth , due to their strained friendship . After he leaves , Jonah gently chastises Jay , causing him to punch Hill , giving him a nasty nosebleed . Later that night , Jonah prays to God to kill Jay due to his immense hatred of him , but he gets raped and possessed by a demon . The next day , Jay and Craig go to a neighboring home for supplies and escape a demonic bull . Meanwhile , Seth and James are attacked by the possessed Jonah , but Jay and Craig arrive in time to knock him out . The group subdues Jonah and tie him up , but during an exorcism attempt , Jay and Seth get into a fight and knock a candle over . A fire starts , engulfing Jonah and the house in flames and forcing the others to flee outside . James suggests taking his car to his home in Malibu , but finds the car guarded by a demon . Craig volunteers to sacrifice himself and is raptured into Heaven . They are then captured by a group of cannibals led by Danny and his gimp , Channing Tatum . James volunteers to sacrifice himself to save the others , but taunts and flips Danny off as he ascends to Heaven , causing the beam to vanish . Danny warns James that he was being petty for not going to Heaven and joins the cannibals to eat him alive . Seth and Jay escape and encounter Satan . Jay apologizes to Seth for his actions and as Satan attempts to eat them , a beam strikes Jay and he begins to ascend while Seth does not . Jay grabs Seth 's hand , but his presence prevents him from ascending into Heaven . Seth lets go as a result , and another beam strikes him and slices off Satan 's crotch and he and Jay both finally ascend to Heaven where they meet Craig , who tells them that it is a place where any desire comes true . Jay wishes for the Backstreet Boys and the band performs `` Everybody ( Backstreet 's Back ) '' as everyone dances . Cast ( edit ) Most of the film 's cast portray fictional , exaggerated versions of themselves : Jay Baruchel Seth Rogen Craig Robinson Danny McBride James Franco Jonah Hill Emma Watson Kevin Hart Paul Rudd Rihanna Christopher Mintz - Plasse Mindy Kaling David Krumholtz Michael Cera Martin Starr Aziz Ansari Channing Tatum Backstreet Boys Jason Segel ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Rogen and Goldberg told interviewers , `` We always wanted to do a movie where people played themselves and something extraordinary happened ; the initial version of the film was Seth Rogen and Busta Rhymes were filming a music video and a film respectively , on the Sony lot , and Antmen attacked from the center of the earth . '' The film is also based on Jay and Seth versus the Apocalypse , a short film created by Goldberg and Jason Stone in 2007 . In an interview with The Guardian , Goldberg commented on influences contributing to the film , `` If you drilled down to the core of what I do , it 's just ripping off little bits of Charlie Kaufman . Seth and I always loved The Larry Sanders Show too . And the popularity of reality television now also feeds into that idea of whether what we 're watching is actually real . We thought working with our friends in that situation would be awesome because they 're all comedians willing to take stabs at themselves . '' The actors play exaggerated versions of themselves , with only James Franco having no objections to doing what the script wanted him to do . While set in Los Angeles , principal photography was in New Orleans due to financial incentives from that city . Filming rolled from February to early July 2012 . Modus FX made 240 visual effects for the film , including natural disasters , set extensions for the house , computer - generated demons , and the Rapture beams . After filming wrapped , Rogen and Goldberg were displeased with their ending ; they considered putting Morgan Freeman in Heaven , but he declined . Since `` Everybody ( Backstreet 's Back ) '' already played in a scene and the directors wanted to close on an over-the - top note , the directors decided to feature the Backstreet Boys in the scene instead . During production , the film was titled The Apocalypse , later changed to The End of the World . The name changed to This Is the End on December 20 , 2012 , upon the release of its first trailer and poster . This was done at the request of Rogen 's Paul co-star Simon Pegg , who wrote to Rogen in concern that The End of the World was similar to his comedy film The World 's End , also released in the summer of 2013 and centered around an apocalypse with an ensemble cast . As The World 's End was the name of a key location in that film , Pegg worried that he could not change the name of his film . On April 1 , 2013 , Sony released an April Fools ' Day trailer for Pineapple Express 2 , which was in fact a teaser trailer for This Is the End . According to Rogen and Goldberg , however , the homemade Pineapple Express 2 film in This Is the End depicts what they envision for the actual sequel . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) This Is the End : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released June 11 , 2013 Recorded 2013 Genre Film soundtrack Length 48 : 43 Label RCA This Is the End : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack of the film . It was released on June 11 , 2013 by RCA Records . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Take Yo Panties Off '' Snoop Dogg & Craig Robinson 5 : 06 2 . `` Step Into a World ( Rapture 's Delight ) '' KRS - One 4 : 50 3 . `` Tipsy ( Club Mix ) '' J - Kwon 4 : 05 4 . `` A Joyful Process '' Funkadelic 6 : 17 5 . `` Love in the Old Days '' Daddy 4 : 18 6 . `` When the Shit Goes Down '' Cypress Hill 3 : 11 7 . `` Watchu Want '' Belief & Karniege 2 : 57 8 . `` Easy Fix '' K. Flay 3 : 36 9 . `` Spirit in the Sky '' Norman Greenbaum 3 : 58 10 . `` Everybody ( Backstreet 's Back ) '' Backstreet Boys 3 : 45 11 . `` Please Save My Soul '' Church Friends Choir featuring Pamela Landrum 2 : 07 12 . `` I Will Always Love You '' Whitney Houston 4 : 33 Total length : 48 : 43 Songs featured in the film , but not in the soundtrack `` Gangnam Style '' by Psy `` Hole in the Earth '' by Deftones `` Disco 2000 '' by Pulp `` Spiteful Intervention '' by Of Montreal `` Paper Planes '' by M.I.A. `` End of the Beginning '' and `` War Pigs '' by Black Sabbath `` The Next Episode '' by Dr. Dre . Score ( edit ) The score by Henry Jackman , with additional material by Dominic Lewis and Matthew Margeson and conducted by Nick Glennie - Smith , was not officially released on its own , not even as bonus tracks on the CD or digital releases on RCA 's album . Despite that , a promotional album for the score does exist , according to Soundtrack.net . No . Title Length 1 . `` Rapture on Melrose '' 1 : 47 2 . `` Hills on Fire / The Sinkhole '' 3 : 36 3 . `` Foreboding News Report '' 0 : 22 4 . `` Ca n't Sleep '' 0 : 43 5 . `` Head Guy '' 0 : 30 6 . `` The Sinkhole Remains '' 0 : 35 7 . `` This Shit is Biblical '' 0 : 58 8 . `` Boredom Montage '' 0 : 36 9 . `` Emma Returns '' 0 : 15 10 . `` Drawing Matches Part 1 '' 0 : 42 11 . `` Craig Gets the Water '' 1 : 37 12 . `` Creepy Basement Memorabilia '' 0 : 25 13 . `` The Devil Rapes Jonah '' 1 : 17 14 . `` Drawing Matches Part 2 '' 1 : 05 15 . `` Jay & Craig Go Outside '' 1 : 22 16 . `` Something 's Wrong with Jonah '' 0 : 37 17 . `` Jonah is Possessed '' 0 : 35 18 . `` Demonic Chase Sequence '' 4 : 01 19 . `` Lights Out , Jay 's Got a Plan '' 0 : 22 20 . `` The Exorcism of Jonah Hill '' 0 : 37 21 . `` Fire Chase '' 1 : 12 22 . `` Craig 's Last Stand '' 2 : 15 23 . `` Franco 's Demise '' 1 : 31 24 . `` The Rapture of Seth & Jay '' 2 : 25 Total length : 29 : 30 Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) This Is the End grossed $101.5 million in the United States and Canada and $25.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $126.5 million , against a production budget of $32 million . It made a net profit of $50 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . The film was released in North America on June 14 , 2013 , alongside Man of Steel , and was projected to open to around $12 million from 3,055 theaters . The film made $7.8 million on its first day and went on to debut to $20.7 million in its opening weekend ( a five - day total of $33 million ) , finishing second at the box office behind Man of Steel ( $116.6 million ) . In its second weekend it grossed $13.3 million , dropping to 4th . Critical response ( edit ) Seth Rogen , Jay Baruchel , and Jonah Hill at a screening for the film in June 2013 On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 82 % based on 214 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Energetic , self - deprecating performances and enough guffaw - inducing humor make up for the flaws in This Is the End 's loosely written script . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100 , based on 41 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a letter grade of `` A '' , saying , `` You could sit through a year 's worth of Hollywood comedies and still not see anything that 's genuinely knock - your - socks - off audacious . But This Is the End ... truly is . It 's the wildest screen comedy in a long time and also the smartest , the most fearlessly inspired and the snort - out - loud funniest . '' Brian D. Johnson of Maclean 's wrote , `` There could be worse ways to experience the apocalypse than with a party of stoned celebrities at James Franco 's house . For one thing , his epic art collection can be used to board up the cracking walls against demons and zombies . That 's the screwball scenario of This Is the End ... The film unfolds as a profanely funny showbiz parody . But with perfect timing , it also sends up a genre that has recently gone viral at the multiplex : the apoca - blockbuster . '' At the other end of the spectrum , Canada 's The Globe and Mail compared the film to the interminable wait for a cancelled bus , giving it one and a half stars out of five . The critic referred to the actors in the film as `` the lazy , the privileged and the mirthless '' . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 1 , 2013 . It was the last movie to be officially rented by Blockbuster Video before they went out of business at 11 p.m. on November 9 , 2013 . Possible sequel ( edit ) When Evan Goldberg was asked whether a sequel to the film was probable , he said , `` If you ask me , I 'd say there 's a pretty good chance of a sequel . If you ask Seth Rogen , he 'd say no . '' In June 2013 , Goldberg announced ideas for a sequel in which the apocalypse occurs at the premiere of This Is the End . `` Seth 's a cokehead in this version , Michael Cera is a calm dude with a boyfriend , Rihanna and The Backstreet Boys are back , '' Goldberg said in an interview . `` We have a lot of ideas : a heaven and hell , for example , and a garden of Eden version where Danny ( McBride ) is Adam . '' Despite this , Goldberg has stated that it would be difficult to recreate the casting conditions from the first film due to different schedules , believing them to be a stroke of luck , saying , `` I honestly do n't know if we could get the guys together ( again ) . '' In May 2014 , Seth Rogen posted a status on Twitter saying , `` I do n't think we 'll make a sequel to This Is the End , but if we did , it would be called No , THIS Is the End . Attraction ( edit ) This Is The End was adapted into a 3D maze entitled This Is The End : 3D at Halloween Horror Nights at Universal Studios Hollywood in 2015 . The maze served as the event 's first comedy - horror based attraction . See also ( edit ) It 's a Disaster -- a 2012 black comedy in which couples at a brunch realize that the world is ending The World 's End -- another 2013 apocalyptic comedy film Rapture - Palooza -- another 2013 apocalypse - themed comedy which also featured Craig Robinson References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THIS IS THE END ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` This is the End ( 2013 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rogen And Evan Goldberg 's `` This Is The End '' Is Returning To Theaters `` . CinemaBlend.com . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` First Red - Band Clip and Poster for Seth Rogen 's THIS IS THE END Starring Jay Baruchel , James Franco , Danny McBride , Jonah Hill , and Many More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogen , Seth ; Goldberg , Evan ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` We are Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg - Ask Us Anything '' . Reddit . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Aziz Ansari Joins Seth Rogen in THE APOCALYPSE '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilbey , Ryan ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` This is the End : why actors love to play themselves '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Good friends made ' This Is the End ' into a real party , USA Today Jump up ^ Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg 's New Orleans : ' This Is the End ' co-directors dive stomach - first into city , Times - Picayune Jump up ^ `` Modus FX Creates Monsters and Mayhem for ' This Is The End ' '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ How This Is the End Was Originally Going to End , The Vulture Jump up ^ Seth Rogen This Is The End Interview , Entertainment Weekly Jump up ^ `` Aziz Ansari Joins ' The Apocalypse ' '' . Spill.com. April 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' This Is The End ' Red - Band Teaser Clip and Poster : Seth Rogen 's End Of The World Comedy Debuts , Before Possible End Of The World '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' This Is The End ' Emma Stone Movies : Best Netflix Movie , End Of The World Comedy Debuts Before , Action New Movies On Netflix , End Of The World '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Simon Pegg Did n't Love Man of Steel 's Ending '' . Vulture . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PINEAPPLE EXPRESS 2 - Official Trailer '' . YouTube . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogen , Seth ; Goldberg , Evan ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` We are Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg - Ask Us Anything '' . Reddit . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Is The End : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( Explicit ) : Various : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Music -- This Is the End ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by Various Artists '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Jackman to Score ' The End of the World ' '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . Jump up ^ `` '' This Is the End '' Original Score ( Promotional Album ) 2013 `` . Soundtrack.net . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Hack Reveals Top - Secret Profitability of 2013 Movies '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' This Is the End ' Laughing its Way to $30 Million - Plus Start '' . Variety . June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 14 - 16 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . July 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 21 - 23 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . June 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This Is the End at Rotten Tomatoes Flixster . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ This Is the End at Metacritic CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : This Is the End '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Brian D. ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Was Armageddon always this complicated ? '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Groen , Rick D . `` This Is the End leaves viewers asking : When will it be over ? '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Is the End Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This Is The End ( The Guardian ) Jump up ^ `` Evan Goldberg Thinks ' This is The End ' Sequel is Entirely Possible '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rogen on Twitter '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Horror Nights Event in Los Angeles '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : This Is the End Official website This Is the End on IMDb This Is the End at Box Office Mojo This Is the End at Rotten Tomatoes This Is the End at Metacritic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_the_End&oldid=834278941 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2013 horror films 2010s buddy films 2010s black comedy films 2010s comedy horror films 2010s disaster films 2010s fantasy films 2010s sex comedy films Films about the afterlife American films American black comedy films American buddy films American comedy horror films American disaster films American fantasy - comedy films American satirical films American screwball comedy films American sex comedy films Apocalyptic films Columbia Pictures films Cultural depictions of people Demons in film The Devil in fiction Directorial debut films Features based on short films Films scored by Henry Jackman Films about actors American films about cannabis Films about religion Films directed by Evan Goldberg Films directed by Seth Rogen Films produced by Seth Rogen Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in New Orleans Mandate Pictures films Point Grey Pictures films Religious comedy films Religious horror films Religious satire films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from July 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 21 : 12 . 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who wrote and directed this is the end
[ "This Is the End is a 2013 American disaster comedy film written and directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg (in their directorial debuts) and stars Rogen, James Franco, Jonah Hill, Jay Baruchel, Danny McBride, Craig Robinson, Michael Cera, and Emma Watson. The story features real life actors playing fictionalized versions of themselves in the aftermath of a global biblical apocalypse. The film premiered at the Fox Village Theater on June 3, 2013 and was released in the United States on June 14, 2013 by Columbia Pictures, before being re-released on September 6, 2013.[3] The film grossed $126 million on a $32 million budget.[2]" ]
[ "Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg" ]
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Hagar
Hagar - wikipedia Hagar Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the biblical person . For other uses , see Hagar ( disambiguation ) . Hagar Expulsion of Ishmael and His Mother , by Gustave Doré unknown Egypt unknown Other names Hājar Occupation servant Spouse ( s ) Abraham Children Ishmael ( son of Abraham ) Relatives Nebaioth , Mibsam , Dumah , Jetur , Naphish , Mishma , Basemath , Hadad , Tema , Massa , Adbeel , Kedemah , Kedar ( all grandchildren ) Hagar ( / heɪˈɡɑːr / hay - GAR ; Hebrew : הָגָר , Modern Hagar , Tiberian Hāgār , of uncertain origin Arabic : هاجر ‎ ‎ Hājar ; Latin : Agar ) is a biblical person in the Book of Genesis . She was an Egyptian handmaid of Sarai ( Sarah ) , who gave her to Abraham to bear a child . The product of the union was Abraham 's firstborn , Ishmael , the progenitor of the Ishmaelites . Various commentators have connected her to the Hagrites , perhaps as their eponymous ancestor . The name Hagar originates from the Book of Genesis , and is only alluded to in the Quran . She is considered Abraham 's second wife in the Islamic faith and acknowledged in all Abrahamic religions . In mainstream Christianity , she is considered a concubine to Abraham . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hagar in Genesis 1.1 Hagar and Abraham 1.2 Hagar cast out 2 Religious views 2.1 Baha'i traditions 2.2 Christianity 2.3 Islam 2.4 Rabbinical commentary 3 Arts and literature 4 Contemporary influence 4.1 Israel 4.2 African - Americans 4.3 Assisted reproduction 4.4 Family tree 5 See also 6 References Hagar in Genesis ( edit ) This is a summary of the account of Hagar from Genesis 16 and 21 . Hagar and Abraham ( edit ) Hagar was the Egyptian slave of Sarah , Abraham 's wife . Sarah had been barren for a long time and sought a way to fulfill Yahweh 's promise to Abraham that Abraham would be father of many nations , especially since they were getting older , so she offered Hagar to Abraham as a second wife . Hagar became pregnant , and tension arose between the two women . Sarah complained to Abraham , and treated Hagar harshly , and Hagar ran away . Hagar fled into the desert on her way to Shur . At a spring en route , an angel appeared to Hagar , who instructed her to return to Sarah , so that she may bear a child who `` shall be a wild ass of a man : his hand shall be against every man , and every man 's hand against him ; and he shall dwell in the face of all his brethren ''. Genesis 16 : 12 Then she was told to call her son Ishmael . Afterward , Hagar referred to God as `` El Roi '' . She then returned to Abraham and soon gave birth to Ishmael . Hagar cast out ( edit ) Hagar and the Angel in the Wilderness , by Francesco Cozza Later , Sarah gave birth to Isaac , and the tension between the women returned . At a celebration after Isaac was weaned , Sarah found the teenage Ishmael mocking her son . She was so upset by it that she demanded that Abraham send Hagar and her son away . She declared that Ishmael would not share in Isaac 's inheritance . Abraham was greatly distressed but God told Abraham to do as his wife commanded because God 's promise would be carried out through both Isaac and Ishmael . Early the next morning , Abraham brought Hagar and Ishmael out together . Abraham gave Hagar bread and water then sent them into the wilderness of Beersheba . She and her son wandered aimlessly until their water was completely consumed . In a moment of despair , she burst into tears . God heard her and her son crying and came to rescue them . The angel opened Hagar 's eyes and she saw a well of water . He also told Hagar that God `` will make a great nation '' of Ishmael . Hagar found her son a wife from Egypt and they settled in the Desert of Paran . Religious views ( edit ) Baha'i Traditions ( edit ) According to the Baha'i Faith , the Báb was a descendant of Abraham and Hagar , and God made a promise to spread Abraham 's seed . The Baha'i Publishing House released a text on the wives and concubines of Abraham and traces their lineage to five different religions . Christianity ( edit ) Hagar in the Wilderness by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo . In the New Testament , Paul the Apostle made Hagar 's experience an allegory of the difference between law and grace in his Epistle to the Galatians ( Galatians 4 : 21 -- 31 ) . Paul links the laws of the Torah , given on Mount Sinai , to the bondage of the Israelite people , implying that it was signified by Hagar 's condition as a bondswoman , while the `` free '' heavenly Jerusalem is signified by Sarah and her child . Mount Sinai has been referred to as `` Agar '' , possibly named after Hagar . In Catholicism , Saint Augustine referred to Hagar as symbolizing an `` earthly city '' , or sinful condition of humanity : `` In the earthly city ( symbolised by Hagar ) ... we find two things , its own obvious presence and the symbolic presence of the heavenly city . New citizens are begotten to the earthly city by nature vitiated by sin but to the heavenly city by grace freeing nature from sin . '' ( City of God 15 : 2 ) This view was expounded on by medieval theologians such as Thomas Aquinas and John Wycliffe . The latter compared the children of Sarah to the redeemed , and those of Hagar to the unredeemed , who are `` carnal by nature and mere exiles '' . The story of Hagar demonstrates that survival is possible even under harshest conditions . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Hagar in Islam Hājar or Haajar ( Arabic : هاجر ) , is the Arabic name used to identify the wife of Ibrāhīm ( Abraham ) and the mother of Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) . Although not mentioned by name in the Qur'an , she is referenced and alluded to via the story of her husband . She is a revered woman in the Islamic faith . According to Muslim belief , she was the Egyptian handmaiden of Ibrāhīm 's first wife Sara ( Sarah ) . She eventually settled in the Desert of Paran with her son Ismā'īl . Hājar is honoured as an especially important matriarch of monotheism , as it was through Ismā'īl that Muhammad would come . Neither Sara nor Hājar are mentioned by name in the Qur'an , but the story is traditionally understood to be referred to in a line from Ibrāhīm 's prayer in Sura Ibrahim ( 14 : 37 ) : `` I have settled some of my family in a barren valley near your Sacred House . '' While Hājar is not named , the reader lives Hājar 's predicament indirectly through the eyes of Ibrāhīm . She is also frequently mentioned in the books of hadiths . According to the Qisas Al - Anbiya , a collection of tales about the prophets , Hājar was the daughter of the King of Maghreb , a descendant of Salih . Her father was killed by Pharaoh Dhu l - ' arsh and she was captured and taken as slave . Later , because of her royal blood , she was made mistress of the female slaves and given access to all of Pharaoh 's wealth . Upon conversion to Ibrāhīm 's faith , the Pharaoh gave Hājar to Sara who gave her to Ibrāhīm . In this account , the name `` Hājar '' ( called Hajar in Arabic ) comes from Ha ajruka , Arabic for `` here is your recompense '' . According to another tradition , Hājar was the daughter of the Egyptian king , who gave her to Ibrāhīm as a wife , thinking Sara was his sister . According to Ibn Abbas , Ismā'īl 's birth to Hājar caused strife between her and Sara , who was still barren . Ibrāhīm brought Hājar and their son to a land called Paran - aram or ( Faran in Arabic , in latter days held to be the land surrounding Mecca ) . The objective of this journey was to `` resettle '' rather than `` expel '' Hājar . Ibrāhīm left Hājar and Ismā'īl under a tree and provided them with water . Hājar , learning that God had ordered Ibrāhīm to leave her in the desert of Paran , respected his decision . The Muslim belief is that God tested Ibrāhīm by ordering this task . Hājar soon ran out of water , and Ismā'īl , an infant by that time , began to cry from hunger / thirst . Hājar panicked and ran between two nearby hills , Al - Safa and Al - Marwah , repeatedly in search for water . After her seventh run , an angel appeared over the location of the Zamzam and then hit the ground with his heel ( or his wing ) and caused a miraculous well to spring out of the ground . This is called the Zamzam Well and is located a few metres from the Kaaba in Mecca . The incident of her running between the Al - Safa and Al - Marwah hills is remembered by Muslims when they perform their pilgrimage ( Hajj ) at Mecca . Part of the pilgrimage is to run seven times between the hills , in commemoration of Hājar 's courage and faith in God as she searched for water in the desert ( which is believed to have then miraculously appeared from the Zamzam Well ) , and to symbolize the celebration of motherhood in Islam as well as the leadership of women . To complete the task , some Muslims also drink from the Zamzam Well and take some of the water back home from pilgrimage in memory of Hājar . Many Muslims believe Hagar and her son , Ishmael , are buried beside the Kaaba , in a semi-enclosed area which Muslims circumambulate around as they circle the Kaaba during Hajj . Rabbinical commentary ( edit ) Rabbinical commentators asserted that Hagar was Pharaoh 's daughter . The midrash Genesis Rabbah states it was when Sarah was in Pharaoh 's harem that he gave her his daughter Hagar as slave , saying : `` It is better that my daughter should be a slave in the house of such a woman than mistress in another house '' . Sarah treated Hagar well , and induced women who came to visit her to visit Hagar also . However Hagar , when pregnant by Abraham , began to act superciliously toward Sarah , provoking the latter to treat her harshly , to impose heavy work upon her , and even to strike her ( ib. 16 : 9 ) . Some Jewish commentators identify Hagar with Keturah , the woman Abraham married after the death of Sarah , stating that Abraham sought her out after Sarah 's death . It is suggested that Keturah was Hagar 's personal name , and that `` Hagar '' was a descriptive label meaning `` stranger '' . This interpretation is discussed in the Midrash and is supported by Rashi , Gur Aryeh , Keli Yakar , and Obadiah of Bertinoro . Rashi argues that `` Keturah '' was a name given to Hagar because her deeds were as beautiful as incense ( hence : ketores ) , and / or that she remained chaste from the time she was separated from Abraham -- keturah ( קְטוּרָה Q'turah ) derives from Aramaic word for restrained . The contrary view ( that Keturah was someone other than Hagar ) is advocated by Rashbam , Abraham ibn Ezra , Radak , and Ramban . They were listed as two different people in the genealogies in 1 Chronicles 1 : 29 -- 33 . Arts and literature ( edit ) The Banishment of Hagar by Jan Mostaert , c. 1620 -- 25 , Thyssen - Bornemisza Museum . Many artists have painted scenes from the story of Hagar and Ismael in the desert , including Pieter Lastman , Gustave Doré , Frederick Goodall and James Eckford Lauder . William Shakespeare refers to Hagar in The Merchant of Venice Act II Scene 5 line 40 when Shylock says `` What says that fool of Hagar 's offspring , ha ? '' . This line refers to the character Launcelot , whom Shylock is insulting by comparing him to the outcast Ishmael . It also reverses the conventional Christian interpretation by portraying the Christian character as the outcast . Hagar 's destitution and desperation are used as an excuse for criminality by characters in the work of Daniel Defoe , such as Moll Flanders , and the conventional view of Hagar as the mother of outcasts is repeated in Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's play Zapolya , whose heroine is assured that she is `` no Hagar 's offspring ; thou art the rightful heir to an appointed king . '' Hagar and the Angel , by Cecco Bravo In the nineteenth century a more sympathetic portrayal became prominent , especially in America . Edmonia Lewis , the early African American and Native American sculptor , made Hagar the subject of one of her most well - known works . She said it was inspired by `` strong sympathy for all women who have struggled and suffered '' . In novels and poems Hagar herself , or characters named Hagar , were depicted as unjustly suffering exiles . These include the long dramatic poem Hagar by Eliza Jane Poitevent Nicholson ( pen name Pearl Rivers ) , president of the National Woman 's Press Association ; Hagar in the Wilderness by Nathaniel Parker Willis , the highest - paid magazine writer of his day ; and Hagar 's Farewell by Augusta Moore . In 1913 this was joined by the overtly feminist novel Hagar , by the American Southern socialist and suffragist Mary Johnston 's . Hall Caine gave the name A Son of Hagar to 1885 book set in contemporary England and dealing with the theme of illegitimacy . A similarly sympathetic view prevails in more recent literature . The novel The Stone Angel by Margaret Laurence has a protagonist named Hagar married to a man named Bram , whose life story loosely imitates that of the biblical Hagar . A character named Hagar is prominently featured in Toni Morrison 's novel Song of Solomon , which features numerous Biblical themes and allusions . Hagar is mentioned briefly in Salman Rushdie 's controversial novel The Satanic Verses , where Mecca is replaced with ' Jahilia ' , a desert village built on sand and served by Hagar 's spring . Hagar is mentioned , along with Bilhah and Zilpah , in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale , a controversial dystopian novel which centres around the women whose duty it is to produce children for their masters , assuming the place of their wives . In the recent book of nonfiction , The Woman Who Named God : Abraham 's Dilemma and the Birth of Three Faiths , by Charlotte Gordon provides an account of Hagar 's life from the perspectives of the three monotheistic religions , Islam , Judaism , and Christianity . Contemporary influence ( edit ) Israel ( edit ) Since the 1970s , the custom has arisen of giving the name `` Hagar '' to newborn female babies . The giving of this name is often taken as a controversial political act , marking the parents as being supporters of reconciliation with the Palestinians and Arab World , and is frowned upon by many , including nationalists and the religious . The connotations of the name were represented by the founding of the Israeli journal Hagar : Studies in Culture , Polity and Identities in 2000 . African - americans ( edit ) Several black American feminists have written about Hagar , comparing her story to those of slaves in American history . Wilma Bailey , in an article entitled `` Hagar : A Model for an Anabaptist Feminist '' , refers to her as a `` maidservant '' and `` slave '' . She sees Hagar as a model of `` power , skills , strength and drive '' . In the article `` A Mistress , A Maid , and No Mercy '' , Renita Weems argues that the relationship between Sarah and Hagar exhibits `` ethnic prejudice exacerbated by economic and social exploitation '' . Assisted reproduction ( edit ) Hagar bearing a child for an infertile woman is an example of what is now called surrogacy or contractual gestation . Critics of this and other assisted reproductive technologies have used Hagar in their analysis . As early as 1988 , Anna Goldman - Amirav in Reproductive and Genetic Engineering wrote of Hagar within `` the Biblical ' battle of the wombs ' ( which ) lay the foundation for the view of women , fertility , and sexuality in the patriarchal society '' . Family tree ( edit ) Terah Sarah Abraham Hagar Haran Nahor Ishmael Milcah Lot Iscah Ishmaelites 7 sons Bethuel 1st daughter 2nd daughter Isaac Rebecca Laban Moabites Ammonites Esau Jacob Rachel Bilhah Edomites Zilpah Leah 1 . Reuben 2 . Simeon 3 . Levi 4 . Judah 9 . Issachar 10 . Zebulun Dinah ( daughter ) 7 . Gad 8 . Asher 5 . Dan 6 . Naphtali 11 . Joseph 12 . Benjamin See also ( edit ) Abraham and Hagar Abraham and Ishmael Parashat Lekh Lekha Parashat Vayera References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hagar . Jump up ^ John L. Mckenzie ( October 1995 ) . The Dictionary Of The Bible . Simon and Schuster . p. 330 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81913 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , J.D. ; Merrill C. Tenney ( eds . ) . Zondervan illustrated Bible dictionary . Moisés Silva revisions ( Rev. ed . ) . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Zondervan . p. 560 . ISBN 0310229839 . Jump up ^ Theodor Nöldeke ( 1899 ) . `` Hagar '' . In T.K. Cheyne ; J. Shutherland Black . Encyclopaedia Biblica : A Critical Dictionary of the Literary , Political , and Religious History , the Archaeology , Geography , and Natural History of the Bible . 2 , E -- K. New York : The Macmillan Company . Jump up ^ Paul K. Hooker ( 2001 ) . First and Second Chronicles . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25591 - 6 . Jump up ^ Keith Bodner ( 29 August 2013 ) . The Artistic Dimension : Literary Explorations of the Hebrew Bible . A&C Black . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 44262 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bruce K. Waltke ( 22 November 2016 ) . Genesis : A Commentary . Zondervan . p. 344 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 53102 - 9 . Jump up ^ Genesis 16 : 1 - 3 Jump up ^ Genesis 16 : 4 - 6 Jump up ^ 13 And she called the name of the LORD that spoke unto her , Thou art a God of seeing ; for she said : ' Have I even here seen Him that seeth Me ? ' Genesis 16 : 13 Jump up ^ Genesis 16 : 7 -- 16 Jump up ^ Genesis 21 : 9 -- 13 ^ Jump up to : `` Genesis 21 : 17 '' . biblehub.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Genesis 21 : 14 -- 21 Jump up ^ Apocalypse Secrets : Baha'i Interpretation of the Book of Revelation , p. 219 , John Able MD ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Spirit of Faith : The Oneness of Humanity , p. 142 , Baha'i Publishing ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary , 2011 , p. 561 Jump up ^ Charles Forster , The Historical Geography of Arabia , Duncan and Malcolm , 1844 , p. 182 ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey , David L. , A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 1992 , p. 326 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3634 - 8 Jump up ^ Susanne Scholz , `` Gender , Class , and Androcentric Compliance in the Rapes of Enslaved Women in the Hebrew Bible '' , Lectio Difficilior ( European Electronic Journal for Feminist Exegisis ) , 1 / 2004 ( see especially section `` The Story of Hagar ( Genesis 16 : 1 -- 16 ; 21 : 9 -- 21 ) '' . Jump up ^ Barbara Freyer Stowasser , Women in the Qur'an , Traditions , and Interpretation , New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Fatani , Afnan H. ( 2006 ) . `` Hajar '' . In Leaman , Oliver . The Qur'an : an encyclopedia . London : Routeledge . pp. 234 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : ' Aishah ' Abd al - Rahman , Anthony Calderbank ( 1999 ) . `` Islam and the New Woman / الإسلام والمرأة الجديدة '' . Alif : Journal of Comparative Poetics ( 19 ) : 200 . ^ Jump up to : Firestone , Reuven ( 1992 ) . `` Ibrāhīm 's Journey to Mecca in Islamic Exegesis : A Form - Critical Study of a Tradition '' . Studia Islamica ( 76 ) : 15 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Schussman , Aviva ( 1998 ) . `` The Legitimacy and Nature of Mawid al - Nabī : ( Analysis of a Fatwā ) '' . Islamic Law and Society . 5 ( 2 ) : 218 . doi : 10.1163 / 1568519982599535 . Jump up ^ Muhammad , Martin Lings , Chapter 1 . The House of God , Suhail Academy Publishing Jump up ^ Delaney , Carol ( August 1990 ) . `` The `` hajj '' : Sacred and Secular `` . American Ethnologist. 17 ( 3 ) : 515 . doi : 10.1525 / ae. 1990.17. 3.02 a00060 . Jump up ^ Ali Shariati . `` The Ka'aba -- Hajj ( The Pilgrimage ) '' . al-islam.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Encyclopedia , Hagar '' . Jewishencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Return of Hagar '' , commentary on Parshat Chayei Sarah , Chabad Lubavitch . Jump up ^ `` Who Was Ketura ? '' , Bar - Ilan University 's Parashat Hashavua Study Center , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Parshat Chayei Sarah '' Archived 2008 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Torah Insights , Orthodox Union , 2002 . Jump up ^ Bereshit Rabbah 61 : 4 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Hilary ( 2001 - 10 - 08 ) . Feminism - art - theory : an anthology , 1968 -- 2000 . Books.google.co.uk . p. 230 . ISBN 9780631208501 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ HAGAR . By Mary Johnston . Houghton Mifflin Company . ( 1913 - 11 - 02 ) . `` NYT review of Hagar by Johnston '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mary Johnston , Suffragist Marjorie Spruill Wheeler The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 100 , No. 1 , `` Working out Her Destiny '' : Virginia Women 's History ( Jan. , 1992 ) , pp. 99 -- 118 ( article consists of 20 pages ) , published by Virginia Historical Society Jump up ^ Oren Yiftachel , Launching Hagar : Marginality , Beer - Sheva , Critique Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ Bailey , Wilma Ann Black and Jewish women consider Hagar , Encounter , Winter 2002 Jump up ^ Goldman - Amirav , Anna ( 1988 ) . `` Behold , the Lord Hath Restrained Me from Bearing '' , Reproductive and Genetic Engineering : Journal of International Feminist Analysis Volume 1 Number 3 . Jump up ^ Genesis 20 : 12 : Sarah was the half -- sister of Abraham . Jump up ^ Genesis 22 : 21 - 22 : Uz , Buz , Kemuel , Chesed , Hazo , Pildash , and Jidlaph Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hagar&oldid=802472541 '' Categories : Abraham Angelic visionaries Arab culture Arab history Book of Genesis Concubines Islam and women Biblical people in Islam Slaves Torah people Women in the Old Testament Lech - Lecha Vayeira Women in the Hebrew Bible Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using ethnicity Articles with hCards Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Wolof Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 10 : 50 . 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who was hagar's son in the bible
[ "Hagar (/heɪˈɡɑːr/ hay-GAR; Hebrew: הָגָר, Modern Hagar, Tiberian Hāgār, of uncertain origin[1] Arabic: هاجر‎‎ Hājar; Latin: Agar) is a biblical person in the Book of Genesis. She was an Egyptian handmaid of Sarai (Sarah),[2] who gave her to Abraham to bear a child. The product of the union was Abraham's firstborn, Ishmael, the progenitor of the Ishmaelites. Various commentators have connected her to the Hagrites, perhaps as their eponymous ancestor.[3][4][5][6]" ]
[ "Ishmael" ]
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Charlie Hunnam
Charlie Hunnam - wikipedia Charlie Hunnam Charlie Hunnam Hunnam at the Berlinale 2017 Charles Matthew Hunnam ( 1980 - 04 - 10 ) 10 April 1980 ( age 38 ) Newcastle , Tyne and Wear , England Nationality English Education Heaton Manor School Queen Elizabeth Grammar School Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- present Spouse ( s ) Katharine Towne ( m . 1999 -- 2002 ) Partner ( s ) Morgana McNelis ( 2005 -- present ) Charles Matthew Hunnam ( born 10 April 1980 ) is an English actor . He is known for his roles as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy ( 2008 -- 14 ) , Pete Dunham in Green Street ( 2005 ) , Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared ( 2001 -- 02 ) , the title role in Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) , Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) , and in the title role of Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work 2.2 2008 -- 2012 2.3 2013 -- present 2.4 Screenplays 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hunnam was born in Newcastle upon Tyne , England , the son of William `` Billy '' Hunnam ( 1952 -- 2013 ) , scrap metal merchant , and Jane ( née Bell ) Hunnam , a business owner . His maternal grandmother was a portrait artist in Newcastle . Hunnam was the second child , born after brother William `` Billy '' . He has two younger half - brothers , Oliver and Christian , on his mother 's side . His parents divorced when he was 2 years old , and he moved to the village of Melmerby , Cumbria when he was 12 , as his mother remarried . He went to Heaton Manor School in Newcastle . After moving , he went to Ullswater Community College then Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Penrith , Cumbria . He attended Cumbria College of Art and Design , now faculty of University of Cumbria , where he graduated with a degree in the theory and history of film with a side in performing arts . Career ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) Hunnam was discovered at the age of 17 in a shoe shop on Christmas Eve while clowning around buying shoes for his brother . A production manager for the Newcastle - based children 's show Byker Grove approached Hunnam and he was later cast in his first role as Jason in three episodes of the show . He also had a brief modeling career where he did a photo shoot for Kangols Caps and then decided modeling was not for him . Hunnam 's first major role came at age 18 when he was cast by Russell T Davies as 15 - year - old schoolboy Nathan Maloney in Davies ' Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk . He followed this up with his role as Daz in the film Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? ( 1999 ) and then moved to the United States . His career expanded to include a recurring role as Gregor Ryder in the WB series Young Americans . He then appeared in the short - lived Fox series Undeclared as an English drama student called Lloyd Haythe . Despite critical acclaim , the series was cancelled after one season . Hunnam then appeared on the large screen in Abandon ( 2002 ) , Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , and Cold Mountain ( 2003 ) . Hunnam has stated that he does not wish to simply take any role that is offered , saying , `` I have 60 years to make the money , but the choices I make in the next five years are really going to define my career . '' This decision resulted in his return to the UK to take the lead role of Pete Dunham in the film Green Street ( 2005 ) ; however , his attempt at delivering a Cockney accent resulted in his inclusion in many critics ' `` worst accents in movie history '' lists . Hunnam said his role as Patric , a member of `` The Fishes '' in Children of Men ( 2006 ) , was the final part in his `` trilogy of mad men '' . `` I played the psycho in Cold Mountain , my character in Green Street hooligan is fairly psychotic and now I 've got this role . '' 2008 -- 2012 ( edit ) Hunnam at the San Diego Comic Con , 25 July 2010 From 2008 to 2014 , Hunnam starred as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in Sons of Anarchy , a show about a prominent motorcycle club in a small fictional California town . Hunnam was cast after Kurt Sutter , the creator of the show , saw him in Green Street . His portrayal as Jax Teller has led Hunnam to receive a Critics ' Choice Television Award nomination , three EWwy Award nominations for Best Lead Actor in a Drama series , and a PAAFTJ Award nomination for Best Cast in a Drama Series . In 2011 , Hunnam played the role of Gavin Nichols in the philosophical drama / thriller The Ledge by Matthew Chapman . In 2012 , he starred as the title character in the indie comedy 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom alongside his Sons of Anarchy co-star Ron Perlman . Hunnam said he considered the day he filmed scenes with Perlman the best and funniest day of filming he 's had in his career . He also appeared as Jay , an ex-boxer , in Stefan Ruzowitzky 's crime drama Deadfall ( 2012 ) . 2013 -- present ( edit ) Hunnam at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International Hunnam starred as Raleigh Becket in Guillermo del Toro 's sci - fi film Pacific Rim , which opened in July 2013 and grossed $411 million worldwide . It was announced on 2 September 2013 that Hunnam would play the lead role of Christian Grey in the film adaptation of E.L. James ' novel Fifty Shades of Grey . However , on 12 October 2013 , Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had withdrawn from the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his series Sons of Anarchy . On 2 June 2014 , Hunnam was awarded a Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor , for his role as Raleigh in Pacific Rim due to the film performing well in Asian markets . Hunnam reunited with del Toro in the horror film Crimson Peak , alongside Mia Wasikowska , Tom Hiddleston , and Jessica Chastain . The film began shooting in February 2014 and was released on 16 October 2015 . Hunnam starred as geographer Percy Fawcett in James Gray 's adventure drama The Lost City of Z , filmed from August -- October 2015 , premiered at the New York Film Festival in 2016 , and was released in April 2017 . Hunnam also starred in Guy Ritchie 's action - adventure film King Arthur : Legend of the Sword , which was filmed between March and July 2015 and was released in May 2017 . Screenplays ( edit ) Immediately prior to getting cast on Sons of Anarchy , Hunnam sold his screenplay Vlad to Summit Entertainment with Brad Pitt 's Plan B Studios co-producing . The film is being directed by music video director and photographer Anthony Mandler , and will focus on the real - life story of Vlad the Impaler . Hunnam learned the story from locals in Romania while shooting Cold Mountain . He stated that he had not acted in 18 months and was so broke that if he had not managed to sell the script he would have had to sell his house and move back to England to live with his mother . Hunnam is also developing a screenplay based on a 2011 Rolling Stone article that he optioned about Edgar Valdez Villareal , an American drug lord who ran one of the biggest cartels in Mexico . Another project he has in development is a film about gypsy culture in Britain , which he hopes to direct . He stated that it is `` a part of English society that 's really seldom been explored , but is one of the most colourful and interesting parts of British society . '' Personal life ( edit ) Hunnam met actress Katharine Towne in 1999 when they both auditioned for roles on Dawson 's Creek . After dating for three weeks , they married in Las Vegas and divorced in 2002 . Hunnam has been dating artist Morgana McNelis since 2005 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? Daz 2002 Abandon Embry Larkin Nicholas Nickleby Nicholas Nickleby 2003 Cold Mountain Bosie 2005 Green Street Pete Dunham 2006 Children of Men Patric 2011 The Ledge Gavin Nichols 2012 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom Frankie Deadfall Jay 2013 Pacific Rim Raleigh Becket 2015 Crimson Peak Alan McMichael 2016 The Lost City of Z Percy Fawcett 2017 King Arthur : Legend of the Sword King Arthur Papillon Henri Charrière 2018 A Million Little Pieces Bob Frey Jr . Completed 2019 Triple Frontier Post-production True History of the Kelly Gang Post-production Jungleland Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Byker Grove Jason Chuckle 3 episodes 1999 My Wonderful Life Wes Episode : `` Moving On '' 1999 -- 2000 Queer as Folk Nathan Maloney 10 episodes 1999 Microsoap Brad Episode : `` 2.6 '' 2000 Young Americans Gregor Ryder 3 episodes 2001 -- 02 Undeclared Lloyd Haythe 18 episodes 2008 -- 14 Sons of Anarchy Jackson `` Jax '' Teller 92 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2002 National Board of Review Best Acting by an Ensemble Nicholas Nickleby Won 2013 Huading Awards Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor Pacific Rim Won 2017 International Online Cinema Awards Best Actor The Lost City of Z Nominated CinemaCon Award Male Star of the Year King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Won Television ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2011 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Sons of Anarchy Nominated 2012 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2013 Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists Best Cast in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actor Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Biography '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Rivkin , Annabell ( 2 September 2005 ) . `` Hollywood Blonde '' . The Evening Standard . Jump up ^ `` High Street card shop one of the best in UK '' . Kent and Sussex Courier. 24 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Dawkins , Walter ( 24 November 2011 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam 's biker is riding a tightrope in ' Sons of Anarchy ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nerdist Podcast : Charlie Hunnam '' . Nerdist. 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Person Details for Charles Matthew Hunnam , `` England and Wales Birth Registration Index , 1837 - 2008 '' -- FamilySearch.org `` . familysearch.org . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Hunnam on Sons of Anarchy , Pacific Rim , and Henry David Thoreau '' . Showbizjunkies.com. 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Facebook fansite '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Charlie Hunnam Talks 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom , Internet Piracy , More '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Charlie Hunnam ? '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CHARLIE HUNNAM , WHO GREW UP IN NORTH CUMBRIA , LANDS LEAD ROLE IN FIFTY SHADES OF GREY MOVIE '' . News & Star . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam coming home for new movie role '' . ChronicleLive . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Alumni '' . University of Cumbria ( UK ) . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appearance '' . The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . NBC . 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roth , Jon ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam on His Calvin Klein Campaign , Leaving Sons of Anarchy , and His Next Not - So - Big Role '' . GQ . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Q&A '' . Female First . 11 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Barry J ( 25 April 2010 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam : The Queer as Folk star has grown into a burly biker with a top - rated cable show '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cockney Accent Film Set '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Homesick in Hollywood '' . IC Newcastle. 25 June 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Gerard ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy -- Wheels on fire '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` June - 2013 - Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists '' . wordpress.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` '' The Ledge , '' Featuring Charlie Hunnam , Liv Tyler , Patrick Wilson , Terrence Howard , Due in July `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` ' Frankie Go Boom ' Poster Features a Transgender Ron Perlman ( Photo ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` Interviews : 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom '' . Comingsoon . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` ' Deadfall ' preems at Arclight '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Nelson , Rob ( 25 April 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Deadfall ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call : Charlie Hunnam to Star in Guillermo del Toro 's PACIFIC RIM ; Amber Heard and Shiloh Fernandez Like SYRUP '' . Collider . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam to Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam gets special honor at China 's Huading Film Awards - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Charlie Hunnam Talks Sons of Anarchy Final Season & Starring In New Movie : Crimson Peak ! . YouTube . 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 18 January 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam in Early Talks to Join Guillermo Del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Legendary , Universal Date Guillermo del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' for October 2015 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Perry ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Robert Pattinson Spotted with Brad Pitt , while FKA Twigs tries on Wedding Dresses '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam on ' Sons , ' ' Fifty Shades ' fallout , and what 's next '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` ' Sons Of Anarchy 's Charlie Hunnam Is Guy Ritchie 's Choice For King Arthur - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford . `` Charlie Hunnam , Margot Robbie Eyed for ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Film Gallops To 2017 , ' Lights Out ' On July 22 , 2016 : WB Release Date Changes '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Star Talks About His Vlad Script '' . DreadCentral . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Story of ' Vlad ' the Impaler Wo n't Touch on Vampirism '' . BloodyDisgusting . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam confirmed as Christian Grey in ' 50 Shades of Grey ' movie '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GQ&A : Charlie Hunnam '' . British GQ . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam ready for battle in Pacific Rim '' . St Albert Leader . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Recalls ' Terrible , Painful , Expensive ' Three - Year Marriage To Actress Katharine Towne '' . Us Weekly . 17 April 2017 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam Credits Failed Marriage For Helping Him Find Fame '' . Contact Music . 7 November 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` Who Is Morgana McNelis ? Five Things to Know About Charlie Hunnam 's Girlfriend '' . People . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Has A Message For Fangirls Bullying Longtime Girlfriend '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam asks fans to stop attacking his girlfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Asks Fans to Stop Attacking His Girlfriend : ' She Is an Intelligent , Beautiful , Kind Person ' '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ Max Winkler Helms ' Jungleland : ' Charlie Hunnam , Jack O'Connell , Jessica Barden Star Jump up ^ WSJ Staff . `` Who Was Nominated for the 2015 People 's Choice Awards ( Full List ) '' . WSJ . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charlie Hunnam . Charlie Hunnam on IMDb BNE : XX1792542 BNF : cb150244846 ( data ) GND : 1019452625 ISNI : 0000 0001 1468 5619 LCCN : no2003057702 SUDOC : 161680224 VIAF : 19368443 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Hunnam&oldid=856947364 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors British expatriate male actors in the United States English expatriates in the United States English male film actors English male television actors People from Newcastle upon Tyne Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2013 EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 15 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays jackson teller in sons of anarchy
[ "Charles Matthew Hunnam (born 10 April 1980)[1] is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Jackson \"Jax\" Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy (2008–14), Pete Dunham in Green Street (2005), Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk (1999–2000), Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared (2001–02), the title role in Nicholas Nickleby (2002), Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim (2013), Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z (2017), and in the title role of Guy Ritchie's King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017).\n" ]
[ "Charles Matthew Hunnam" ]
-4284983208988782362
Victoria Smurfit
Victoria Smurfit - wikipedia Victoria Smurfit Jump to : navigation , search Victoria Smurfit Smurfit in 2016 ( 1974 - 03 - 31 ) 31 March 1974 ( age 43 ) Dublin , Ireland Residence Santa Monica , California , United States Occupation Actress Years active 1995 -- present Spouse ( s ) Douglas Baxter ( 2000 -- 2015 ) Children Victoria Smurfit ( born 31 March 1974 ) is an Irish actress . She is known for her role as Cruella De Vil in Once Upon a Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Selected credits 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Victoria Smurfit is part of the Smurfit family , one of the richest in Ireland , through the Smurfit Kappa Group . The family , headed by Victoria 's uncle Michael Smurfit , sponsors a number of sporting events including the Smurfit European Open and the Champion Hurdle . The family is also associated with Smurfit Business School in University College Dublin ( UCD ) . She was educated at two Anglican schools , Saint Columba 's College , Dublin and St. George 's School , Ascot , England . She did an A level in theatre studies and then went to the Bristol Old Vic theatre school . Career ( edit ) Smurfit gained fame for her role as Orla O'Connell in the BBC television series Ballykissangel from 1998 -- 99 . She was in the 2003 movie Bulletproof Monk . From 2003 -- 09 , she played the lead role of DCI Roisin Connor in Trial & Retribution . She also guest starred in the BBC Radio 4 series Baldi . In 2011 , Smurfit appeared in the Agatha Christie 's Marple television episode `` The Mirror Cracked From Side to Side '' . In 2013 , Smurfit costarred as Lady Jane Wetherby in the NBC television period drama Dracula . In 2014 , Smurfit began playing the recurring guest role of villainess Cruella de Vil on ABC 's Once Upon a Time . She is currently shooting for her role in Homecoming , a film she has described as a `` mean girls for grownups . '' She plays Nikki , the `` head mean girl . '' Personal life ( edit ) Smurfit married advertising executive Douglas Baxter on 29 July 2000 in Surrey , England . She gave birth to their first child , daughter Evie Dorothy Baxter in Dublin , Ireland on 2 November 2004 . A second daughter , Ridley Belle Baxter was born in May 2007 . Their third child , a boy , was born in November 2008 and named Flynn Alexander Baxter . In 2012 , the family relocated to Santa Monica , California . In February 2015 it was announced that Smurfit and her husband had filed for divorce . She writes an opinion blog for The Dubliner , which often features anecdotes from her personal life and is a patron of the children 's charity World Vision Ireland . Selected credits ( edit ) Year Title Role Other notes Ivanhoe Rowena TV series 1998 Berkeley Square Hannah Randall TV series 1998 Ballykissangel Orla O'Connell TV series , 1998 -- 1999 2000 The Wedding Tackle Clodagh Feature film 2000 The Beach Weather girl Feature film 2000 North Square Dr. Helen Ferryhough TV series , 10 episodes 2000 Cold Feet Jane Fitzpatrick TV series , recurring role , 2000 -- 2001 2002 About a Boy Suzie Feature film 2003 Bulletproof Monk Nina Feature film 2003 Trial & Retribution DCI Roisin Connor TV series , 2003 -- 2009 2006 The Shell Seekers Olivia Keeling Mini-series 2009 The Clinic Dr. Edel Swift TV Series 2011 Agatha Christie 's Marple Ella Blunt TV series , 1 episode ( `` The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side '' ) 2013 Dracula Lady Jayne Wetherby TV series 2014 The Mentalist Monica Giraldi TV series 2014 -- 2016 Once Upon a Time Cruella De Vil Recurring role ( Season 4 & 5 ) : 14 episodes 2015 Homecoming Nikki Feature film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sunday Independent 4 May 2008 Jump up ^ Irish Times Magazine , page 10 , 10 January 2009 Jump up ^ `` 14 years on , but Ballykissangel fans still stop Victoria Smurfit in the street '' . evoke.ie. 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Eva ( 4 February 2013 ) . `` Victoria Smurfit To Sink Teeth Into Jonathan Rhys Meyers ' Dracula '' . IFTN . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Victoria Smurfit Talks Cruella de Ville , and Season 4 '' . collider.com. 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : Victoria Smurfit set to return as Cruella '' . ew.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Laura . `` Putting divorce aside , actress Victoria Smurfit lines up role after role '' . Evoke.ie . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/property/2005/0901/3342536493RPINDOUG.html Jump up ^ `` ' Cannes - do ' Irish go networking - Independent.ie '' . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Victoria Smurfit interview : ' It 's me , three kids , two dogs and a cup of tea now ' - Independent.ie '' . Jump up ^ `` Victoria Smurfit & husband Doug Baxter split after 15 years of marriage '' . evoke.ie. 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Dubliner Magazine : Victoria Smurfit '' . Archived from the original on 5 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Vision Ireland '' . External links ( edit ) Victoria Smurfit on IMDb VIAF : 75954227 LCCN : no99061609 ( hide ) Hosts of the Irish Film & Television Awards ceremonies James Nesbitt ( 2003 -- 05 ) Ryan Tubridy ( 2007 -- 09 ) Victoria Smurfit ( 2010 ) Simon Delaney ( 2011 -- 14 ) Laura Whitmore ( 2014 ) Caroline Morahan ( 2015 ) Deirdre O'Kane ( 2016 -- 17 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Smurfit&oldid=801549694 '' Categories : 1974 births Living people Irish film actresses Irish television actresses People educated at St Columba 's College , Dublin People from County Dublin People educated at St. George 's School , Ascot Irish expatriates in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2013 Use dmy dates from June 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 10 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played cruella deville in once upon a time
[ "Victoria Smurfit (born 31 March 1974) is an Irish actress. She is known for her role as Cruella De Vil in Once Upon a Time." ]
[ "Victoria Smurfit" ]
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The Carrie Diaries (TV series)
The Carrie Diaries ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Carrie Diaries ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Carrie Diaries Genre Teen drama Comedy - drama Period drama Based on The Carrie Diaries by Candace Bushnell Developed by Amy B. Harris Starring AnnaSophia Robb Austin Butler Ellen Wong Katie Findlay Stefania Owen Brendan Dooling Chloe Bridges Freema Agyeman Matt Letscher Lindsey Gort Narrated by AnnaSophia Robb Composer ( s ) Mark Mothersbaugh Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Miguel Arteta Candace Bushnell Len Goldstein Amy B. Harris Stephanie Savage Josh Schwartz Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Fake Empire Productions A.B. Baby Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release January 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) -- January 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) Chronology Preceded by Sex and the City ( 1998 -- 2004 ) The Carrie Diaries is an American teen comedy - drama television series that aired for two seasons on The CW from January 14 , 2013 , to January 31 , 2014 . It is a prequel to the HBO television series Sex and the City and based on the book of the same name by Candace Bushnell . The first season focuses on Carrie Bradshaw ( AnnaSophia Robb ) during her junior year of high school in 1984 as she explores life in New York City while interning at a fashion magazine , while the second season focuses more on her expanding life in the city as well as the lives of her friends . The pilot was picked up by The CW to a series order of 13 episodes in May 2012 . Four months into the first season , the network renewed The Carrie Diaries for a second season , which premiered in October 2013 . In May 2014 , The CW canceled the series after two seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Awards and accolades 5 Broadcasts 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) AnnaSophia Robb as Carrie Bradshaw ; The protagonist and voice - over narrator of the series . She is a 16 - year - old high school student living in the fictional town of Castlebury , Connecticut , who dreams of being a famous writer . Carrie 's mother recently died from cancer and as a result , Carrie 's younger sister , Dorrit , is more rebellious than ever , and their father , Tom , is overwhelmed with the responsibility of suddenly having to care for two teenage girls on his own . Instead of attending school on one day during the week , she takes an internship at a law firm in New York City which she relishes as a stepping stone in her quest to leave her small town behind her . She left this position to work for Larissa Loughlin at Interview Magazine . Towards the end of high school , Larissa offers Carrie a full - time job at Interview Magazine , which she accepts over going to NYU . Unfortunately , when Larissa is fired , so is Carrie . She decides to stay in New York , rather than going to Malibu with Sebastian . In the Season 2 finale , she moves into Larissa 's apartment with Samantha . Austin Butler as Sebastian Kydd ; The new kid at Castlebury High School and Carrie 's love interest . Sebastian moves to Castlebury after getting kicked out of his old high school for having sex with his art history teacher . He lives with his divorced mother who is never around . He and Carrie date during the second half of the first season , before breaking up ( after a fight resulting in Sebastian kissing Maggie ) . They are constantly going back and forth from a couple to singles and back , but it is clear that they both have feelings for each other . At the end of Season 2 , Sebastian moves to Malibu to run his company , and it seems that he and Carrie may have broken up . Ellen Wong as Jill `` Mouse '' Chen ; Jill is Carrie 's nerdy and sweet best friend from high school and the ex-girlfriend of a college guy she still loves . They broke up because both of their grades were getting low . In school , she is an academic overachiever who is said to be under pressure and driven to be the best at everything by her stern parents . Mouse accepts an offer to go to Harvard towards the end of Season 2 . Katie Findlay as Maggie Landers ; Carrie 's best friend , and Walt 's sexually active ex-girlfriend . She is a sarcastic and self - assured underachieving student who barely passes her classes and is said to have an unhappy home life where her parents neglect and ignore her . She cares about Carrie , and will sacrifice her own happiness for Carrie 's . Maggie is proposed to by Pete in the last episode of Season 2 , and she accepts . Stefania LaVie Owen as Dorrit Bradshaw ; Carrie 's troubled , 14 - year - old , rebellious younger sister . She openly resents Carrie for being close with their mother , and for not having more time with her . She is rebelling by dyeing her hair and wearing too much eye make - up as well as seeing a guy older than Carrie called Miller . Brendan Dooling as Walter `` Walt '' Reynolds ; Carrie 's other best friend . He is Maggie 's ex-boyfriend . He does n't know that she is cheating on him with a cop . In the ending of the first episode , it 's implied that Walt is secretly gay . In later episodes it is clear he is confused about his sexuality , he even sparks an interest in a man named Bennet Wilcox ( an employee at Interview Magazine ) . At the end of the first season he and Maggie break up , and she ( as well as the rest of the group ) finds out about his homosexuality . In season 2 he begins dating Bennett and his mom sees a picture of them in a local newspaper and kicks him out . He lives at Carrie 's for 3 episodes before being scared off by the potential to get AIDS , breaking up with Bennett and moving back in with his parents , denying his sexuality again . By the end of Season 2 , his parents finally accept Walt 's homosexuality . Chloe Bridges as Donna LaDonna ; The school 's most popular girl , and she is the leader of a cliques called ' The Jens ' which is made up of all of the school 's shallow and narcissistic ' mean girls ' . She was Carrie 's chief rival in the first season and also had a crush on Walt . When she found out that Walt was gay , she protected his secret by telling the whole school that they had sex . She is currently frenemies with Carrie . Freema Agyeman as Larissa Loughlin ; A hip , British , cutting - edge style editor at Interview magazine and party girl who acts as Carrie 's mentor in New York City . It is later revealed that Larissa is an African princess who ran away from her family and found financial support from a British lord before moving to America . Carrie introduces Larissa to Harlan , her father Tom 's friend , and Larissa and Harlan get married in the Season 2 finale . Matt Letscher as Tom Bradshaw ; Carrie 's overprotective father . He loosens up a bit as the series progresses . When Carrie chooses a job at Interview over going to NYU , Tom disapproves and cuts her off financially . In the Season 2 finale , Tom and Carrie mend their relationship when she tells him that she will stay in New York and support herself . Lindsey Gort as Samantha Jones ; Donna 's brash and outgoing older cousin whom Carrie befriends . She is part of Manhattan 's music scene . Samantha and Carrie move in together at the end of Season 2 . Recurring cast ( edit ) Josh Salatin as Simon Byrnes , a former local policeman and Maggie 's former casual sexual partner . Maggie ended up pregnant with Simon 's child but lost it when she experienced complications . He is fired by Maggie 's father when he finds out . Jake Robinson as Bennet Wilcox , Larissa 's co-worker and Walt 's former boyfriend . Walt broke up with him when he realised that he wants all the things that gay people ca n't have , after a health scare with AIDS . Towards the end of second season Walt decides that he can not live a lie and reconciles with Bennet , realising that he missed him . Scott Cohen as Harlan Silver , Tom 's friend who encourages him to begin dating and Larissa 's fiance . Nadia Dajani as Deb , Tom 's ex-girlfriend . R.J. Brown as Thomas West , Mouse 's academic rival and former boyfriend . The two broke up after West explained that he was tired of competing with Mouse after she got accepted in Harvard . Whitney Vance and Alexandra Miller as the Jens , Donna LaDonna 's two minions . They follow her around in explosions of neon doing whatever their leader tells them to . Evan Crooks as Miller , Dorrit 's former boyfriend who works at the Record store . Chris Wood as Adam Weaver ( 4 episodes ) , a guy who Carrie meets while trying to get an interview for the magazine , took her virginity , and is currently her ex . Giullian Yao Gioiello as Scott , Dorrit 's friend who later becomes her boyfriend . They meet at the Bradshaw house party . He eventually becomes her boyfriend near the end of Season 2 upon being tricked to go to prom with him . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In September 2011 , it was officially announced that The CW was moving forward with a television series as a prequel to the original series , based on The Carrie Diaries . The project is produced by Gossip Girl producers Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage . Former Sex and the City writer Amy B. Harris penned the adaptation . On January 18 , 2012 , The CW ordered a pilot of The Carrie Diaries . The project will continue to be helmed by executive producers Josh Schwartz , Stephanie Savage , Len Goldstein and Candace Bushnell . On May 11 , 2012 , the pilot was picked up to series . On May 9 , 2013 , The CW renewed The Carrie Diaries for a second season . It received an order for 13 episodes . Casting ( edit ) On February 15 , 2012 , the series ' first role was cast . Stefania Owen has landed the part of Carrie Bradshaw 's 14 - year - old sister Dorrit . She 's described as rebelling in the most obvious of ways : dyeing her hair , getting arrested , acting out . Dorrit is desperate for attention and willing to get it any way she can . On February 27 , 2012 , it was announced that AnnaSophia Robb had won the role of the young Carrie Bradshaw . On February 28 , Katie Findlay and Ellen Wong joined her . Wong will play Carrie 's best friend in high school , Jill Chen . Also known as ' The Mouse ' , Jill is said to be intelligent and loyal . Findlay will star in the project as Carrie 's oldest friend Maggie Landers , the police chief 's daughter . Whereas Carrie is beginning to explore Manhattan , Maggie has no desire to leave her town . On March 2 , 2012 , Deadline reported that Austin Butler has been cast as the male lead . Butler will play Sebastian Kydd , a brooding heartthrob and ultimate insider who always plays the outsider . His presence at Carrie 's school will shake things up in a big way . On March 4 , 2012 , Deadline announced that Freema Agyeman has been cast in the pilot as Larissa , a hip , cutting - edge editor and party girl who works at Interview magazine and is Carrie 's mentor . On the same day , Brendan Dooling , who originally auditioned for the role of Sebastian , joined the cast as Walt , Carrie 's gay friend . On March 9 , 2012 , Deadline reported that Matt Letscher had been cast as Carrie 's father . On March 14 , 2012 , it was announced that Chloe Bridges had been cast as Carrie 's nemesis Donna LaDonna . On July 20 , 2013 , E ! News reported that actress Lindsey Gort was cast as Samantha Jones for the second season . English model Poppy Delevingne also auditioned for the role . After the show 's cancellation , showrunner Amy B. Harris revealed that had the show been renewed for a third season , Miranda Hobbes would have been introduced as Mouse 's roommate at Harvard . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Carrie Diaries episodes Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes Premiered Ended Rank Average viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Season 1 Mondays 8 : 00 pm 13 January 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) 1.61 April 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) 1.00 # 143 1.14 Season 2 Fridays 8 : 00 pm 13 October 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) 0.78 January 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) 0.86 # 172 0.82 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Carrie Diaries has received mixed reviews . Metacritic gave the first season a score of 57 % based on 23 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews , '' based on 23 critics . Rotten Tomatoes gave season 1 a score of 63 % based on reviews from 30 critics . Gail Pennington of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch said `` The CW 's attempt to capture the magic of Sex and the City in a prequel , set in 1984 , could have gone very wrong . But The Carrie Diaries is surprisingly right . '' Marisa LaScala of PopMatters says `` The rest of the show goes on to prize sweetness over superficiality . '' Alan Sepinwall of Hitfix describes `` The new series succeeds on its own nostalgic terms . '' The second season opened with generally more favorable reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gave it score 100 % , based on 5 reviews , and praised the introduction of Lindsey Gort as the iconic Sex and the City character , Samantha Jones . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Awards and accolades for The Carrie Diaries Year Result Award Category Recipients 2013 Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Breakout Show 2013 Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout AnnaSophia Robb 2014 Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series - Recurring Young Actor 17 - 21 Evan Crooks 2014 Nominated Dorian Award Unsung TV Show of the Year 2015 Won Teen Film / TV Series International Awards Outstanding Comedy Series , Drama or Musical 2015 Nominated Teen Film / TV Series International Awards Best TV Actress : Comedy , Drama or Musical AnnaSophia Robb Broadcasts ( edit ) In the United States , on its first season , The Carrie Diaries aired on The CW on Mondays at 8 : 00 pm as a lead - in for 90210 and then streamed on The CW 's website . The show moved to Fridays for its second season and it premiered on October 25 , having been paired with America 's Next Top Model . In Canada , the series airs on Citytv , and premiered January 14 , 2013 . In Latin America , the series premiered on Boomerang on May 20 , 2013 . In Asia - Pacific , The Carrie Diaries started airing in Australia on January 15 , 2013 , on FOX8 . In Malaysia , the series premiered on March 5 , 2013 on 8TV , in New Zealand , the show aired on TV2 and in the Philippines , the series premiered on ETC on January 21 , 2013 . In Bulgaria the series aired for the first time from July 1 to August 5 , 2015 on bTV Lady . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Carrie Diaries ' gets CW premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Nikita ' Renewed For A Short ( Final ? ) 4th Season & ' The Carrie Diaries ' Renewed For 2nd Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mittovich , Matt ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Fall TV Premiere Dates : The CW Once Again Opens Its Season in October '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Carrie Diaries ' , ' Tomorrow People ' & ' Star - Crossed ' Canceled by The CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Carrie Diaries ' Season 2 scoop : How will Carrie Bradshaw meet Samantha Jones ? '' . Zap2It . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Carrie Diaries Casts Samantha Jones For Season 2 '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Carrie Diaries Scoop : Meet Young Samantha ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Carrie Diarires ' Now Officially At CW With ' Gossip Girl ' Producers On Board '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` CW orders ' Sex and the City ' prequel pilot , more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ; Rose , Lacey ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` CW 's ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Arrow , ' ' Cult , ' ' First Cut , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ordered to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Confirms `` Carrie Diaries , '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' Episode Orders ; Other Post-Upfront Notes `` . Thefutoncritic.com . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Carrie Diaries ' casting scoop : Bradshaw 's sister is ... -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` AnnaSophia Robb lands role as young Carrie Bradshaw '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Sex and the City ' prequel casts Katie Findlay , Ellen Wong '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Sarah Wright & Amy Huberman Get Leads In NBC Pilots , Austin Butler In ' Carrie Diaries ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` Billy Burke In ' Revolution ' , David Harbour In ' Midnight Sun ' Among Pilot Cast Additions '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Etkin , Jaimie ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Carrie Diaries ' Finale : Brendan Dooling Previews What 's To Come For Walt '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Carrie Bradshaw Gets A Father , Cuba Gooding Gets A Wife In Pilot Castings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Pilots ' Revolution ' , ' Baby Big Shot ' & ' Carrie Diaries ' Add Regulars '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Delevingne Samantha Jones audition '' . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ; Santos , Kristin ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Carrie Diaries Canceled : Boss Reveals How Carrie Would 've Met Miranda and More '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down + Basketball Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 - 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Carrie Diaries ' review : Forget about ' Sex and the City ' and enjoy The CW 's new series '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the-carrie-diaries/s01 Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` TV review : CW 's ' Carrie Diaries ' is a charmer '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ LaScala , Marisa ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Carrie Diaries ' : High School Origin Story '' . PopMatters . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spinwall , Alan ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Review : CW 's ' The Carrie Diaries ' takes ' Sex and the City ' back to the ' 80s '' . Hitfix . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Carrie Diaries : Season 02 '' . 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` CW 2013 - 14 Primetime Schedule : ' Hart of Dixie ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Pair Monday , ' Supernatural ' to Tuesday , ' The Carrie Diaries ' Friday + ' Nikita ' TBD '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Citytv Announces 2013 Mid-Season Premiere Dates '' . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Furquim , Fernanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Carrie Diaries ' apresentará o primeiro encontro de Carrie e Samantha '' . Veja ( in Portuguese ) . Editora Abril . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Five of the best programs on TV this summer '' . December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE CARRIE DIARIES < 10.30 PM @ 8TV / Start 5 MARCH 2013 '' . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Carrie Diaries '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Очаквайте премиерния сериал `` Дневниците на Кари '' по bTV Lady от 1 юли `` . bTV. 17 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) The Carrie Diaries on IMDb The Carrie Diaries at TV.com Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell Episodes Season 1 5 6 ( `` To Market , to Market '' ) Characters Carrie Bradshaw Samantha Jones Charlotte York Goldenblatt Miranda Hobbes John James `` Mr. Big '' Preston Steve Brady Films Sex and the City soundtrack Sex and the City 2 Miscellaneous Book Sex and the City : Music from the HBO Series The Carrie Diaries episodes Accolades The CW programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life A Wicked Offer Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society MADtv Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The L.A. Complex Lifechangers Life Unexpected The Messengers The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People WWE Saturday Morning Slam Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Black Lightning ( since 2018 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) Dynasty ( since 2017 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Life Sentence ( since 2018 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Originals ( since 2013 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) The Robert Irvine Show ( since 2016 , daytime ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Valor ( since 2017 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Carrie_Diaries_(TV_series)&oldid=833639654 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American LGBT comedy television series 2010s American teen television series 2010s LGBT drama television series 2010s teen drama television series 2013 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings American high school television series American teen drama television series The CW shows English - language television programs Fashion - themed television series Gay - related television programs Prequel television series Sex and the City Television programs based on American novels Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series set in 1984 Television series set in fictional populated places Television shows about writers Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in Connecticut Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 18 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays carrie bradshaw in the carrie diaries
[ "The Carrie Diaries is an American teen comedy-drama television series that aired for two seasons on The CW from January 14, 2013, to January 31, 2014. It is a prequel to the HBO television series Sex and the City and based on the book of the same name by Candace Bushnell. The first season focuses on Carrie Bradshaw (AnnaSophia Robb) during her junior year of high school in 1984 as she explores life in New York City while interning at a fashion magazine, while the second season focuses more on her expanding life in the city as well as the lives of her friends." ]
[ "AnnaSophia Robb" ]
-1173711414688744041
KJ Apa
KJ Apa - Wikipedia KJ Apa Jump to : navigation , search KJ Apa Apa at WonderCon in 2017 Keneti James Fitzgerald Apa ( 1997 - 06 - 17 ) 17 June 1997 ( age 20 ) Auckland , New Zealand Occupation Actor Years active 2013 -- present Keneti James Fitzgerald `` KJ '' Apa ( born 17 June 1997 ) is a New Zealand actor . He is known for starring as Archie Andrews in the CW drama series Riverdale . Apa also starred as Kane Jenkins in the primetime soap opera Shortland Street and as teenage Ethan Montgomery in the comedy - drama film A Dog 's Purpose . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Apa was born in Auckland , the son of Keneti and Tessa Apa ( née Callander ) . His father is half Samoan and is a Matai ( chief ) of his village in Samoa . He has two older sisters . He attended high school at King 's College , Auckland before embarking on his acting career . Career ( edit ) From 2013 to 2015 , Apa starred as Kane Jenkins in the New Zealand prime - time soap opera Shortland Street . In 2015 , he was cast as teenage Ethan Montgomery in the comedy - drama film A Dog 's Purpose , which was released in 2017 . In 2016 , Apa was cast as Archie Andrews in the CW drama series Riverdale after a four - month worldwide talent search . Personal life ( edit ) Apa was involved in a minor car accident in Vancouver in September 2017 , but was uninjured when the passenger side of his car hit a light pole . The event was reportedly the result of Apa falling asleep at the wheel after a long shoot the previous night . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2017 A Dog 's Purpose Teenage Ethan Montgomery TBA Altar Rock Post-production 2019 The Hate U Give Chris Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 -- 2015 Shortland Street Kane Jenkins Series Regular 2016 The Cul De Sac Jack 6 episodes 2017 -- present Riverdale Archie Andrews Main role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Riverdale Nominated Breakthrough Performance Riverdale Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Star Riverdale Nominated 2018 Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Riverdale Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kiwi - Samoan actor KJ Apa scores lead US role '' . Suga Magazine . 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jung , E. Alex . `` Riverdale 's K.J. Apa on His Dye Job , Becoming a Sex Object , and Why He Ships Archie and Betty '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 24 February 2016 ) . `` Riverdale Finds Its Archie & Josie : KJ Apa To Topline CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Britt Robertson , Dennis Quaid join DreamWorks ' A Dog 's Purpose ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Get to know KJ Apa '' . tmnz.co.nz . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KJ Apa 's News '' . Youtube . Jump up ^ Jones , Bridget ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` Our little brother the Shortie star '' . New Idea . Yahoo ! New Zealand . Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/riverdale-star-late-night-car-crash-working-16-hour-day-1041899 Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's K.J. Apa Set For ' The Hate U Give ' As Fox 2000 Reshoots Kian Lawley Scenes '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl , Luke Cage , Doctor Strange Win at Annual Saturn Awards '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) KJ Apa on IMDb KJ Apa on Twitter KJ Apa on Instagram VIAF : 56149912359906210716 This article about a New Zealand actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KJ_Apa&oldid=837271550 '' Categories : New Zealand actor stubs 1997 births 21st - century New Zealand male actors Actors of Samoan descent Living people New Zealand male film actors New Zealand male soap opera actors New Zealand male television actors New Zealand people of Samoan descent People educated at King 's College , Auckland People from Auckland Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 19 : 46 . About Wikipedia
who is the actor who plays archie in riverdale
[ "Keneti James Fitzgerald \"KJ\" Apa[1][2] (born 17 June 1997) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for starring as Archie Andrews in the CW drama series Riverdale.[3] Apa also starred as Kane Jenkins in the primetime soap opera Shortland Street and as teenage Ethan Montgomery in the comedy-drama film A Dog's Purpose.[4]" ]
[ "Keneti James Fitzgerald \"KJ\" Apa" ]
1770267751585060910
Red John
Red John - wikipedia Red John Jump to : navigation , search `` Red John ( The Mentalist ) '' redirects here . For the Mentalist episode , see Red John ( The Mentalist episode ) . Red John ( Thomas McAllister ) The Mentalist character Xander Berkeley as Red John First appearance `` Red Hair and Silver Tape '' Last appearance `` Red John '' Portrayed by Xander Berkeley Simon Baker ( Voice , in `` Red Sky In The Morning '' , `` The Crimson Hat '' and `` The Desert Rose '' ) Information Aliases Roy Tagliaferro ; Dr. Joe N.H. ; McAllister ; Jay Roth Gender Male Occupation Sheriff of Napa County , California Nationality American Red John is a fictional character and the primary antagonist of the CBS crime drama The Mentalist for the first five seasons and half of the sixth . As a serial killer , he is believed to have begun his killing spree in 1988 , and has , with his operatives and acolytes , killed more than 70 people in California , Nevada , and Mexico , throughout his murder spree . Five years prior to the action of the first episode , he murdered the wife and the daughter of Patrick Jane ( Simon Baker ) , making Jane his dedicated nemesis . In the season 3 finale , `` Strawberries and Cream ( Part 2 ) '' , Jane encounters a man ( played by Bradley Whitford ) in a shopping mall who convinces him he is Red John and whom he subsequently kills . However , after this `` cliffhanger '' episode , over the course of the first several episodes of season 4 , Jane determines that the man he killed , Timothy Carter , although a psychopathic killer himself , was not Red John but one of the killer 's many operatives . In season 5 's `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' , Lorelei Martins ( Emmanuelle Chriqui ) , a Red John operative , who goes astray after Jane convinces her that Red John murdered her sister , Miranda , accidentally reveals to Jane that he has already met Red John and shaken his hand . Jane compiles a list of men whose hands he has shaken and eventually narrows the list to seven names . Lorelei , however , is captured by Red John , whom she refused to name to Jane , breaking a promise she had made , and reads a pre-mortem message from Red John threatening to go back to killing `` a lot '' until Jane captures Red John or vice versa . In Lorelei 's message from Red John , she names the seven men Jane had narrowed down his list to include , indicating that somehow Red John has gotten inside Jane 's mind , although Red John does n't deny being one of the seven men . In the season 6 episode `` Red John '' , the eponymous serial killer 's identity is revealed to be Thomas McAllister , the sheriff of Napa County , portrayed by Xander Berkeley . After unmasking himself to Patrick Jane , McAllister discloses that he is the founder and overall leader of the secret organization known as the Blake Association . TV Guide included Red John in its 2013 list of `` The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character profile 2 The Face and other signatures 3 Tyger Tyger Conspiracy : The Blake Association 4 Victims 4.1 Known victims 4.2 Likely killed by Red John 4.3 Indirect victims / killed by Red John associates 5 Appearances , accomplices , and copycats 5.1 Face - to - face 5.2 Todd Johnson and Red John impersonator 5.3 Red John still at large 5.4 James Panzer and Susan Darcy 's investigation 5.5 Ninth anniversary of Jane 's wife and daughter 's death 5.6 Jane 's breakdown and Red John 's proposal 5.7 Lorelei Martins 5.8 Visualize 5.9 Bob Kirkland and Homeland Security 5.10 The seven suspects 5.11 The final hunt 5.12 Kirkland 's ambition and the final clue 5.13 The Blake Association 5.14 The reveal and death of Red John 6 References Character profile ( edit ) Patrick Jane relentlessly pursues Red John , and ultimately in season 5 narrows his list of suspects to seven . The number of people in series who claim to have met `` Red John '' is limited . Although Patrick Jane learns that he has met Red John and shaken his hand at some point , he only discovers Red John 's true identity midway through season 6 . The face and other signatures ( edit ) `` The Face '' As part of his criminal signature , Red John draws a smiley face on the wall with the blood of the victim -- always clockwise ( except when it was portrayed in skywriting in `` Red John 's Footsteps '' ) , using the three fingers of his rubber - gloved right hand . Jane says in the pilot episode , `` Red John thinks of himself as a showman ; an artist . He has a strong sense of theater ... the first thing that anyone sees is the face on the wall . You see the face first and you know . You know what 's happened and you feel dread . Then , and only then do you see the body of the victim . Always in that order . '' Jane uses this information to work out that an apparent Red John murder was a copycat crime . Red John has twice painted his victim 's toenails with their own blood . Both were female . The first was Patrick Jane 's wife , Angela ; Red John wanted to punish Jane for saying derogatory things about him during a TV interview . Years later , knowing the case would be intercepted by the California Bureau of Investigation team and that the reminder of his wife 's death would make Jane furious , Red John painted the toenails of a young girl , to lead Jane into a trap . Red John 's victims have been mostly female , with some exceptions , such as Jared Renfrew ( Todd Stashwick ) in the season 1 episode `` Red John 's Friends '' , a man Jane helped to be released from prison on the condition he would give Jane information on the whereabouts of Red John . Fearing Red John , the man escaped Jane 's custody before giving any relevant information . Later that day , the man contacted Jane to explain that he would be of no further assistance , although this does n't save Renfrew 's life . Jane used background noises from the conversation as a starting point to find this man , but Red John got to him first , killing both Renfrew and the prostitute Renfrew had been with . In the season 2 episode `` His Red Right Hand '' , it is revealed another man was killed when he interrupted his wife 's murder at the hand of Red John . Jane believes this occurred early in Red John 's career and that Red John made a `` mistake '' due to his inexperience . Jane believes Red John removed the body from the crime scene ( something he had otherwise not done ) to bury the mistake . In the season 2 finale `` Red Sky in the Morning '' , Red John and Jane meet when Red John rescues Jane from kidnappers ; however Red John wears a mask that obscures his face . Red John also kills the two kidnappers , one of whom was male , but leaves alive a boy who the kidnappers blackmailed into looking like a criminal . In the season 4 episode `` Blinking Red Light '' , Red John kills James Panzer , a blogger and serial killer known as the San Joaquin killer , after Panzer has been goaded by Jane into insulting Red John on television . Jane did this because he could think of no other way to protect society from Panzer . In the season 4 premiere `` Scarlet Ribbons '' , Patrick Jane says that Red John 's victims are `` nearly all women , late at night , in their homes . He wakes them first , because he likes to see the fear in their eyes . He likes to hear them beg for mercy as he cuts them open . '' In the season 2 episode `` The Scarlet Letter '' , Jane tells Senior Special Agent Sam Bosco ( Terry Kinney ) that `` Red John does n't make mistakes . He does n't leave clues . If you have new evidence , it 's because he wants you to have it . The question is n't ' What does it mean ? ' ; it 's ' Why did he give it to you ? ' '' . Bruno Heller , show 's creator , has said that Red John is n't a `` pathetic loser who is hiding out in a basement somewhere '' , and that Jane is `` not fighting the Green River Killer . He 's fighting Moriarty . '' In addition , `` Jane and the audience are coming to the gradual realization that this is a much larger task than it seemed at first . It 's like those Amazon tribesmen who throw spears at passing airplanes , then come to realize those planes are the seeds of a much larger civilization that is coming down on them . '' Like Moriarty , Red John has a network of agents , willing to kill or to die for him . In a radio interview Heller has also stated : `` Red John is really just a personification of death , I mean it 's that simple . Patrick Jane is very much alive and is very much about being alive in the face of death . And Red John is the fate that awaits us all in the end . '' Tyger Tyger conspiracy : the Blake Association ( edit ) Further information : William Blake in popular culture In season 2 's finale episode `` Red Sky in the Morning '' , a William Blake theme is introduced , when a person , whom we believe at the time to be Red John , saves Patrick Jane from being killed under the direction of deranged slasher movie makers Ruth and Dylan . Jane is tied with saran wrap to a chair and , while he is immobilized , Red John recites the first verse of the William Blake poem `` Tyger Tyger '' : Tyger ! Tyger ! burning bright In the forests of the night What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry ? In subsequent episodes ( season 3 ) , Jane wonders about this but does n't tell anyone that Red John recited it to him . In episode 9 of season 3 ( `` Red Moon '' ) , serial cop killer Todd Johnson is burned alive . While in the ICU , with Jane the only person present , Johnson whispers in his dying breath `` Tyger ! Tyger ! '' . This makes Jane conclude that there is a connection between Johnson and Red John , but he does n't tell anyone about this either . During subsequent episodes , it becomes clear that Red John either has an inside man in the CBI or is himself working within the CBI . In season 3 's `` Red Queen '' , the new director of the CBI , Gale Bertram ( Michael Gaston ) , also recites William Blake . This time it 's from another poem , called `` A Cradle Song '' . The two lines he recites are : And when thy little heart doth wake , Then the dreadful night shall break Jane is not present at the time of the reciting , but it is quite out of character for Bertram to recite poetry , and the fact that it is a poem by the same author is probably more than a simple coincidence . Bertram is later revealed to be among Jane 's final list of Red John suspects . In the season 3 finale , Jane tells the entire team all that he knows and recites the first verse of `` Tyger Tyger '' . Kimball Cho knows the poem very well and recites the first two lines of the second verse : In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes ? When discussing what the poem means , Cho says , `` Well , God made the lamb , but he also made the tiger . You ca n't have light without darkness . Life without death . '' This is also the mindset Red John 's accomplices follow to act on his orders . In Cho 's interpretation , he refers to a third , and earlier poem by William Blake , called `` The Lamb '' to which `` Tyger Tyger '' is a response or a further musing on the different parts of creation and the reasons for them , as started in `` The Lamb '' . Actually , Blake himself refers to `` The Lamb '' in `` Tyger ! Tyger ! '' , in the last line of the fifth verse : Did he who made the Lamb make thee ? In the season 6 episode `` Red Listed '' , there is a revelation by Bob Kirkland ( Kevin Corrigan ) as to what `` Tyger Tyger '' means . Kirkland reveals to FBI agent Reede Smith ( Drew Powell ) that corrupt officials use the term `` Tyger , Tyger '' to cover up dirty work done under law enforcement . Smith pretends to know nothing about `` Tyger Tyger '' until he shoots Kirkland in the back six times when pretending to free him from a prison transfer , after which he tells the driver , who belongs to the same organization , `` Tyger Tyger '' . The driver replies with the same phrase . In the season 6 episode `` The Red Tattoo '' , a woman named Kira Tinsley ( Beth Riesgraf ) is murdered by a man with a tattoo containing three dots - she reveals this to Jane in her final moments . Jane , believing that the man who killed Tinsley was Red John , gathers his five remaining Red John suspects into one location ( in `` Fire and Brimstone '' ) , only to find that three of his suspects have the identical tattoo of three dots , revealing that they are all part of the `` Tyger Tyger '' group of corrupt officials . In the season 6 episode `` The Great Red Dragon '' , Smith decides to hand himself in after the same organization he is part of attempts to kill him , in the same way he killed Bob Kirkland . Once he is alone with Lisbon and Jane , he reveals that he is a member of The Blake Association ( whose name is simultaneously first revealed ) , that they use the phrase `` Tyger , Tyger '' to identify fellow members , and that Red John is also a member of the Association . He explains how he came to join the Association after accidentally shooting a 12 - year - old girl . The Association promised to clear his name and protect him if he agreed to join them and follow any instructions given to him , including murder . Victims ( edit ) As of season 5 , Red John had killed a number of people , mostly women . In the series pilot , a copycat killer ( played by Željko Ivanek ) claims in a letter that he has killed 12 women ( he claims to have `` 12 wives '' in the letter ) . This means that only 11 women had been killed by the real Red John at the time of episode one . In the episode `` Red Dawn '' , when Jane first joins the CBI , he states at that time Red John was known to have killed 10 people . After Jane kills Timothy Carter , he tells the jury in season 4 's `` Scarlet Ribbons '' that Red John killed `` at least 28 people '' . Known victims ( edit ) Unnamed Victim - Red John 's first known murder is done with the assistance of Orville Tanner , himself eventually arrested and sent to prison , where he dies . Janet and Carter Peak - Red John 's third and fourth victims according to Cho in the episode `` His Red Right Hand '' . When Red John kills Janet Peak he is surprised by her husband , whom he is then forced to kill . In the same episode , Red John is discovered to have then buried Carter Peak 's body , which is subsequently found , one of Red John 's few `` mistakes '' . The DNA evidence on Carter Peak 's body is sought out by Sam Bosco and his team , and eventually Patrick Jane , but is never located as `` Agent Rojo '' removes the evidence before the CBI can examine it . `` Agent Rojo '' turns out to be Rebecca Anderson , Bosco 's secretary and one of Red John 's associates . Subsequent unnamed victims - Red John and / or his operatives kill others , who have not been named . Angela Ruskin Jane and Charlotte Anne Jane - Patrick Jane 's wife and daughter , killed by Red John in retaliation for Jane 's insulting remarks toward and about him on national television . Angela 's toenails are found painted in her own blood , something Red John has never done ( and repeats only once , some years later ) . A year or so after their deaths , Jane joins the CBI . Red John paints his signature smiley face on the wall of Jane 's bedroom in his Malibu house , where it remains . Miranda Martins - In the episode `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' it is revealed that sometime in the past , Miranda , the sister of Red John operative Lorelei Martins , was found raped and tortured , chained alone in a warehouse , where she died of heat suffocation . Etched in the floor was the word `` ROY '' , which Jane takes as a sign that , before her death , she was identifying her murderer as `` Roy Tagliaferro '' , an alias of Red John . It was confirmed in the episode `` There Will Be Blood '' by Jason Lennon , a Red John operative , that Red John was responsible for her death . Jared Renfrew and Juana Porfiria Braga - Renfrew , who knows Red John presumably through his own association with the late Orville Tanner , is murdered with Braga , a prostitute , in Tijuana in the episode `` Red John 's Friends '' . Although Jane is aware that Red John wishes Renfrew out of prison to `` get him out in the open '' and therefore vulnerable , Jane assists Renfrew 's escape and manages to secure new evidence proving Renfrew 's innocence . Renfrew abandons Jane , and is murdered shortly thereafter without providing any useful information . The painted smiley face is left above the bodies , along with the words `` He is mar '' , which could have been scrawled by one of the victims as a possible clue . Emma Plaskett - Plaskett is killed in the episode `` Red John 's Footsteps '' . Her corpse appears with Red John 's signature cutting style , and her toenails are painted red in her own blood , just as Jane 's wife 's had been . This , along with a skywritten signature smiley face , alerts Jane that Red John wishes him on the case . Her twin sister is allowed to live , however . Although Plaskett was stabbed and cut in Red John style , her body is found outdoors . Dr. Towlen Morning - Killed in the episode `` His Red Right Hand '' , Morning was Janet and Carter Peak 's doctor . He is murdered in an unconventional way for Red John ( frozen and his body displayed in public ) . He is presumably killed due to his possession of DNA records concerning the death of Carter Peak , a rare mistake in the early days of Red John 's killing spree . Marlon Hicks - A member of Sam Bosco 's team . Hicks is killed in typical Red John style and his corpse is left under Red John 's signature smiley face . He is presumably killed for examining the files of Dr. Morning that could implicate Red John . Rebecca Anderson - Bosco 's secretary who kills two of Sam Bosco 's team members and mortally wounds Bosco in `` His Red Right Hand '' , is killed by Red John , after she is captured by the CBI , by an extremely potent toxic substance sprinkled on her skin . Jacqueline Sandoval - Sandoval is killed in the season 2 episode `` Red Sky in the Morning '' , shortly after a television broadcast in which she interviews purported psychic Kristina Frye ( Leslie Hope ) about Red John . Sandoval 's comments on Red John ( `` that horrible Red John '' ) lead to her being killed in typical Red John style , with the smiley face signature painted on her wall . Frye disappears , presumably kidnapped , and left in a near comatose state . Dylan and Ruth - Amateur film students and budding serial killers who , after the death of Sandoval in the above episode , are killed by Red John since they imitated his style of murder to make a snuff film . After Red John is seen physically for the first time and shoots and stabs the two to death , he quotes the first line from William Blake 's `` The Tyger '' for the first time to Jane . James Panzer - In the season 4 episode `` Blinking Red Light '' , Panzer is secretly a serial murderer himself , the `` San Joaquin Killer '' , and is murdered by Red John after a televised interview in which Jane goads Panzer into insulting Red John - Jane realized that Panzer is going to keep on killing and that there is no other way to protect society from him . At the time of the interview , both Panzer and the public assumed that Red John had been killed by Jane ( in the finale episode of season 3 ) . It is not clear if Red John is aware of Jane 's stratagem or the underlying reason , but Panzer nonetheless dies in typical Red John slash / stab style , and the smiley face is painted above his corpse . Lorelei Martins - Lorelei is first introduced in the fourth season finale as a cocktail waitress , and is later revealed as one of Red John 's friends . In season 5 's `` There Will Be Blood '' , she is found dead under Red John 's smiley face after Jane turned her against Red John by convincing her that Red John murdered her sister , Miranda ( see above ) . In the same episode , Lorelei shows her capacity for violence , killing a woman named Julia Howard , who played a role in Miranda 's death , after brutally interrogating Howard and extracting information . Lorelei fatefully reneges on her promise to reveal Red John 's identity , telling Jane she has `` done a lot worse ( things than breaking a promise ) '' . She later shoots Red John operative Jason Lennon , who previously confirmed to Lorelei that Miranda was indeed killed by Red John . Red John tortures and kills the rebellious Lorelei after forcing her to make a pre-mortem recording to Jane , telling Jane that he is going to go back to killing `` a lot '' until Jane finds him or vice versa . Eileen Turner - Eileen Turner ( née Barlow ) was a fellow `` carny '' and childhood companion of Jane from his carnival days . A younger Eileen being lifted in the air by her father on the Fourth of July was one of the few memories that made Jane happy . Her murder in season 5 's finale `` Red John 's Rules '' marks Red John 's return . Turner was betrayed by a social worker , Miriam Gottlieb ( played by Laura San Giacomo ) , who wanted Turner 's baby and happened to be an `` old friend '' of Red John . Gottlieb commits suicide in the back of a police car by swallowing what appears to be a cyanide pill . A video in which Lorelei Martins , shortly before she herself is to be killed by Red John for treachery , reads Red John 's words ; his reference to killing a happy memory of Jane 's was borne out by Eileen Turner 's murder . Brett Partridge - Partridge was a CBI forensics agent who was introduced in the series pilot . At the end of season 5 , he , along with six other men , are revealed to be Red John suspects . At the end of the sixth season premiere `` The Desert Rose '' , he is found severely and mortally wounded by Red John . Before dying , he says `` Tyger Tyger '' to Lisbon , hinting that he was somehow connected to Red John . Partridge is later revealed to have worked for the Blake Association . Sophie Miller - Miller was Jane 's psychiatrist after his nervous breakdown . She was a suspect in her husband 's murder , but was exonerated by Jane . In season 6 's `` Black Winged Redbird '' , Jane attempts to contact her after assuming that Red John learned about the connection between him and Eileen Turner . After not receiving an answer to his two calls , Jane goes to her house to find her severed head in her oven . Jane learns that Red John visited her as a patient under the alias `` Jay Roth '' . He is described as being middle - aged , in good health , victim to certain phobias , an excellent whistler , and slightly narcissistic . Charlie - Charlie was a guest at a wedding in Napa County . At the wedding chapel , he tried to steal a very expensive Bible , but was caught in the act . He therefore killed the only witness , Uncle Larry . When Jane and Lisbon discover that he is the killer , he takes Jane hostage . While on the roof of the chapel , Red John / McAllister climbs up a ladder reserved for tree trimming and shoots Charlie in the torso , disproving his previously noticeable apparent fear of heights . During this episode McAllister is one of Jane 's 7 Red John suspects . This is the second time that Red John has saved Jane 's life . Kira Tinsley - Tinsley was hired by an unknown client to play a love interest to Cho . As a private investigator , she planted a listening device in the CBI offices . When Jane discovers that it was not the `` Visualize '' church who employed Tinsley , he concludes that Tinsley was either hired by Red John or is one of his many operatives . He hurries to rescue her , but is too late and arrives just as Tinsley is about to die . She reveals to Jane that her attacker has a tattoo on his left arm of three horizontal dots , which she draws on her arm using her own blood . Bret Stiles - The ambitious leader of the independent church known as `` Visualize '' . During the meeting with the five remaining Red John suspects , a concussion bomb goes off . This knocks out everyone in the room except Red John , who knew of the bomb in advance . Since Red John knew that he was no longer safe because he possessed the `` Blake Association '' tattoo , he faked his own death . By doing this he knew that the one of the two other members present in the room , Gale Bertram or Reede Smith , would be pinned as Red John . Red John dragged Jane , Bertram , and Smith out of the room where the second , lethal explosion would go off , one which killed Bret Stiles . Ray Haffner - Along with mentor Bret Stiles , he perished in the second explosion at Jane 's house during the Red John suspects meeting . Since he and Stiles were n't members of the `` Blake Association '' , Red John figured he and Stiles had to die , in order to protect himself . Likely killed by Red John ( edit ) Ron Deutsch - A security guard and Red John operative who is a first responder after Jane kills Timothy Carter in the season 3 finale . In season 4 , it is revealed that Deutsch had removed evidence from the scene that would have confirmed Jane 's account , including Carter 's cell phone and gun . Deutsch is electrocuted in his bathtub by Red John or another Red John operative . Baris Acar - A morgue attendant who lets Jane look at Timothy Carter 's corpse and whose face Jane has the blind Rosalind Harker feel to examine the features , which Harker confirms are not those of `` Roy '' ( the alias by which she knows Red John ) . Acar is interviewed by Susan Darcy in the episode `` Red is the New Black '' . Acar 's body is later found dead in Harker 's closet . It is not clear why he was killed , as he had no new information to provide , but his death directly resulted from Darcy 's interference in Jane 's activities . Martin Talbot and Alan Charney - Two members of a fictitious cult - like group , `` Visualize '' , who lived and worked at Elliston Farm , a farm owned by the cult , in 1988 , a decade before `` Red John '' became known as a serial killer . The decomposed bodies of the men are discovered in the season 5 episode `` The Red Barn '' and subsequently identified as possible early victims of Red John , as the barn in which their bodies are found bears the characteristic bloody `` smiley face '' design , albeit on its outside wall . Michael Kirkland - In the season 6 episode `` Red Listed '' , Bob Kirkland explains that his brother joined Red John 's following after their mother had committed suicide to escape from their abusive father ( who later drank himself to death ) . Kirkland states that , after his brother had joined Red John , he never saw or heard from him again and believes him to be one of the countless victims . Indirect victims / killed by Red John associates ( edit ) Red John 's disciples or operatives are willing and ready to assist him , including in acts of murder to either sabotage investigations or influence events . Almost all die after serving their purpose ( s ) . These include : Unnamed police officer - The officer is shot in the chest by Dumar Tanner , the son of Red John 's first accomplice , Orville Tanner . Dumar is shot moments later by Jane . Sam Bosco , Nick Martinez , and Mark Dyson - The new team replacing Jane 's to take charge of the Red John investigation . They are all killed by Bosco 's secretary Rebecca Anderson , who tells Jane : `` Red John thought you 'd understand . I got rid of Bosco and his team so that you could have the case back . Red John misses you . And it 's what you wanted too . Is n't it ? '' Todd Johnson - Red John associate who has killed several police officers , including his own uncle . When Johnson is captured by the CBI and suggests he has information for Jane , Red John has him burned alive by FBI Agent Craig O'Laughlin , one of Red John 's highest - ranking disciples . Madeline Hightower is later framed for the Johnson killing . Manuel Montero - A successful archaeologist and friend of Todd Johnson - they were on the same football team . Montero was found dead in a museum . It is unknown if he was killed by Red John or one of his operatives , such as O'Laughlin . Alan Dinkler - In the episode `` Strawberries and Cream - Part 1 '' , he is killed as a pawn to get information , via a bomb vest that explodes while he is wearing it . Anthony Gupta , who detonates the vest , is another Red John associate . Gupta himself is fatally shot by Agent J.J. LaRoche ( Pruitt Taylor Vince ) in an escape attempt . Max James - In the episode `` Strawberries and Cream '' , it is revealed that Anthony Gupta tortured James , Madeline Hightower 's cousin , to death while trying to get Hightower 's location for Red John . Unnamed assassin ( committed suicide ) - Hired by O'Laughlin to kill Hightower in the episode `` Strawberries and Cream - Part 2 '' . The young woman leaps to her death from a hotel window rather than allow herself to be taken into custody by the CBI . Two unnamed deputies - In the above episode , FBI Agent Craig O'Laughlin ( Eric Winter ) murders two police officers guarding Supervisory Agent Madeleine Hightower ( Aunjanue Ellis ) , who was being guarded by Jane 's team . Luther Wainwright - The young CBI supervisor is found gagged and bound in the backseat of the limousine driven by Red John 's operatives : an unnamed bodyguard and Lorelei Martins . Wainwright was shot to death in the back seat unknowingly by FBI Agent Susan Darcy ( Catherine Dent ) during the firefight , in the fourth season finale . Julia Howard - Howard worked at the women 's shelter where Lorelei Martins ' sister stayed temporarily . When Lorelei discovered that she was involved with her sister 's death , she tortures her , then kills her . Gale Bertram - The CBI director is killed by Blake Association member Oscar Cordero in the episode `` Red John '' , right before the real Red John reveals himself to Jane . Appearances , accomplices , and copycats ( edit ) Face - to - face ( edit ) At the start of the series , Red John was initially known as simply a serial killer who tortured and murdered mostly women , with at least eleven confirmed victims by the series ' premiere . However , Red John 's persona would become much more mysterious as any individual who would come close to disclosing any crucial information regarding the killer to Jane would wind up dead themselves , implying that Red John is far more than just an average serial killer and has deep connections throughout the state . It would later be revealed that Red John has a multitude of followers that see him as a savior who gave their life a purpose and willingly aid him in his various plans and murders in gratitude for what he gives them , which can range from a new life , an occupation , or some form of compensation . His followers do not simply aid him , but worship him and willingly give their lives for his cause , refusing to ever reveal any information about their leader or how they met him . Jane soon realizes that Red John is more powerful than he could ever imagine , having connections in law enforcement and an entire cult of brainwashed followers under his complete control and at his beck and call . The character of Red John himself remained largely unseen from the beginning . His face was confined in the shadows when he escaped from the abandoned house in the first - season finale . He may have appeared as a slim , dark - haired CHP motorcycle officer ( blue turtleneck , rather than blue tie ) to poison Rebecca using his left hand in `` His Red Right Hand '' ; in the same episode , he is also seen in flashback . In the second - season finale , `` Red Sky in the Morning '' , a man claiming to be Red John appears in the flesh , wearing a black sweatshirt , apron and pants , black rubber gloves , a pair of charcoal boots , and a grotesque rubber mask that covers his face , making him look slightly similar to what many believe the real life serial killer Jack the Ripper donned during his murder hunts . In the episode , Red John saves Jane from two student filmmakers who had copycatted Red John murders . During the encounter , Red John keeps his face hidden behind a mask , preventing Jane from identifying him . Before leaving Jane , Red John recites the first stanza of `` The Tyger '' by William Blake ( see above ) . This poem is alluded to numerous times throughout the series , before and after its reveal to Jane , with its contents making up the backbone of Red John 's philosophy ( implying the reason for why it is his favorite poem ) of there being no such thing as life without death or light without darkness , something he tells his followers to get them into the correct mindset for their murders and exploits . There have been further developments in season 5 . In `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' , Lorelei Martins reveals , in a moment of pique , that Red John is someone Jane knows by telling him that he and Red John are very much alike and she is surprised that they did n't become best friends `` as soon as they shook hands '' . This prompts Jane to compile a list of men he has shaken hands with , which would eventually be narrowed down to seven names . Todd Johnson and Red John impersonator ( edit ) In the episode `` Red Moon '' , Jane exposes an EMT worker , Todd Johnson ( Josh Braaten ) , as a serial cop killer . After being locked in a holding cell in the CBI headquarters , Johnson says he will only talk to Jane , as he claims only Jane will understand what he has to say . When the guard returns with Jane , Johnson has been set aflame and is writhing on fire . On his deathbed , Johnson says `` Tyger Tyger '' to Jane , indicating he is in some way connected to Red John . The reason behind Todd Johnson 's cop killings is left unclear , but later seasons along with Johnson 's knowledge of the phrase `` Tyger , Tyger '' would imply that their deaths were in some way connected to the `` Blake Association '' . Red John most likely ordered Johnson to murder various police officers who were close to discovering his society or were members themselves ( perhaps indicating why one of Johnson 's victims was burned alive , probably in order to hide the organization 's tattoo , which is marked on all members to better ensure loyalty ) who failed to complete their orders or were planning on turning themselves , and the association by extension , over to the authorities . When Johnson realized that Red John would never let him live while he was in custody and surrounded by potentially corrupt officials , he was prepared to reveal everything he knew to Jane , before he himself is killed by another Red John operative , but still managed to utter the society 's main form of communication to Jane . Jane then begins a secret investigation of his own to track the killer . Red John , in the meantime , decides to exploit the opportunity to use Johnson 's murder as a means to target another individual close to Jane and additionally cover up the identity of Johnson 's true killer , who also served as his secret informant on the CBI . Meanwhile , Special Agent J.J. LaRoche ( Pruitt Taylor Vince ) begins rigorously working to find Johnson 's killer . He ultimately suspects Supervising Agent Madeleine Hightower ( Aunjanue Ellis ) , due to DNA evidence that Jane believes has been planted by Red John or one of his accomplices . With Jane 's help , Hightower stages a hostile escape and is advised by Jane to remain in hiding , not only to evade the police but due to the danger imposed by Red John . Hightower goes to stay with her sister . In the season 3 finale , `` Strawberries and Cream - Part 2 '' , the mole is identified as Grace Van Pelt 's fiancé , FBI Agent Craig O'Laughlin ( played by Eric Winter ) ; O'Laughlin attempts to assassinate Hightower and instead shoots Lisbon , and is then himself shot dead by Hightower and Van Pelt in tandem . In a mall , after Gale Bertram ( Michael Gaston ) leaves in a huff over Jane 's wasting of his time . Jane , on a call with Lisbon during the shootout , tells her to use O'Laughlin's cell phone to redial the last number and tell the one who answered that O'Laughlin is dead . When Lisbon does so , a phone rings near Jane and is answered by a man ( Timothy Carter , played by Bradley Whitford ) reading a newspaper and speaking in an odd , high - pitched voice . After ending the call , Jane approaches the man and questions him . At first , the man appears upset and threatens to call security , but then smiles and says he was joking and claims he is Red John . The two talk ; the man reveals to Jane that he has a gun concealed in a folded newspaper and states that he is tired of killing and wants to start a new life , and encourages Jane to do the same . Jane says he will not be able to move on until Red John is dead . The man begins to leave , but at Jane 's insistence answers a question , revealing details about Jane 's wife and daughter that Jane mistakenly presumes only Red John could know . Jane vengefully shoots Carter with a gun he has hidden in his pocket . In season 4 , Carter is shown to have been a Red John operative imposter . Red John still at large ( edit ) In reference to the season 3 finale , the series creator , Bruno Heller , has stated : `` What you get from that scene is what you should get . The viewer is supposed to be convinced . Patrick Jane is certain it 's Red John ... The thing is , Red John is a master of the mind game . If Red John wanted to die , maybe this is how he wanted to die . Or maybe he just wants Jane to think he 's dead . '' In the season 4 premiere it is revealed that Ron Deutsch , the bald security officer at the mall , was a Red John operative who removed crucial evidence from the scene . Jane comes to believe the man he shot was not Red John , but Timothy Carter , a sadistic businessman who , with his equally twisted wife , Sally , had kidnapped a young woman Debbie Lupin , in whose search the couple cynically pretended to join . Jane tricks Sally into revealing the girl 's location . Sally is arrested by Lisbon and taken into custody , not to be heard from again , as she commits suicide in jail . Jane convinces a jury that Carter was Red John and is acquitted , although Jane is already beginning to have doubts about that . In `` Little Red Book '' , Lisbon arranges a meeting with Agent J.J. LaRoche , who is apparently leaving Major Crimes , to see Sally Carter , who committed suicide by slitting her wrists with a sharpened spoon , leaving a note about how lost she was now that her `` God '' ( by which she presumably means Timothy Carter ) is dead . But Jane , still not satisfied Carter was Red John , brings Rosalind Harker , the blind woman who had a relationship with Red John , to identify Carter 's body . She feels his face and told him that she had never met the man before , confirming Jane 's suspicion that Red John is `` still out there somewhere '' . James Panzer and Susan Darcy 's investigation ( edit ) By the episode `` Blinking Red Light '' , it is now widely believed that Red John is dead , with Jane and Lisbon the only ones aware he is still alive . One of the people believing Red John to be dead is James Panzer , a blogger pretending to devote his life to find a serial killer known as `` the San Joaquin Killer '' ( abbreviated SJK , who has killed at least five young women ) . In reality , Panzer is the killer . Jane suspects Panzer but initially lacks the proof to expose him . When he and Panzer both appear on Karen Cross 's television talk show discussing the SJK case , Jane recognizes Panzer has to be stopped and goads Panzer into comparing Red John unfavorably to SJK . Panzer rises to the bait , making bold statements that the SJK killings were the work of a genius and Red John by comparison is a `` common sociopath , lazy , sloppy , delusional '' and already forgotten since Jane killed him . Panzer then makes the same mistake made by Jane and Kristina Frye : belittling Red John in a public forum . A couple of hours after the television appearance , Panzer is found murdered , with Red John 's smiley face painted in blood on one of the walls near his body . Panzer 's murder proves Jane 's theory that Red John is still alive . This makes Panzer Red John 's ninth male victim . By the episode `` Always Bet on Red '' , the FBI had investigated Panzer 's murder and believed that a copycat of Red John was now active . The agent in charge , Susan Darcy ( Catherine Dent ) , begins pressing Jane for confirmation that he did kill Red John . At this time , Red John is shown to be stalking Darcy via an uploaded video called `` I Dare You '' on the Major Crime server , which shows her in her apartment , unaware that she is being filmed . The cameraman uploads an infobox saying , `` She 's cute , this is going to be fun '' . Jane reluctantly frames the late Thomas Maier , father of Panzer 's first victim , for killing Panzer as revenge for SJK 's victims - Maier had recently committed suicide . The FBI closes the case , presumably leaving Darcy safe , as she will presumably drop her inquiry . In the episode `` Red is the New Black '' , Jane 's efforts are later exposed and undone when Darcy refuses to let the case go after finding too many discrepancies . Darcy interviews Rosalind Harker , Red John 's blind ex-girlfriend and also the attendant of the morgue that Timothy Carter 's body was taken to following his death . Darcy subsequently realizes that Red John was still alive even though Jane has kept up the deception . Later , Harker contacts Jane and happily reveals Red John , once again under the alias `` Roy Tagliaferro '' , has come to visit her for tea , promising to `` sort things out '' with Jane and Darcy . As Harker speaks on the phone , a slim man , holding a tea cup in his left hand , and dressed in a smart , dark - coloured suit , is sitting nearby ; Harker , when asked , confirms that `` Roy '' is present and listening . Jane , fearing Red John will kill Harker , alerts Lisbon and Darcy , and they proceed to her house with an FBI SWAT team . Upon arrival , they find Harker alive and unhurt , playing her piano alone , seemingly sad that Red John `` could n't stay '' . Darcy notices a blood trail leading to a nearby closet , which , when opened , reveals the murdered body of the morgue attendant , confirming that Red John is still alive , either following Darcy or with access to the information in her files and / or her comings and goings . All of the Red John files were delivered to Darcy by CBI Director Wainwright , himself killed shortly thereafter by either Red John or a Red John operative . Ninth Anniversary of Jane 's wife and daughter 's death ( edit ) In the season 4 's penultimate episode `` Red Rover , Red Rover '' , Jane receives a message from Red John : an envelope with the words `` Happy Anniversary '' under the wiper of his car . In the cemetery where Jane 's wife and daughter are buried , a little girl named Hailey ( Emma Rayne Lyle ) approaches him and says , `` Hello , Patrick . '' When Patrick asks how she knows his name , she says , `` Your friend told me , '' and reveals the red smiley - face painted on her hand . She says , `` He told me to ask you a question ... ' Do you give up yet ? ' '' Hailey tells Patrick the man is white , was wearing a baseball cap , and had an odd voice . Lisbon says to Patrick that Red John wants to play with his mind . Later in the episode , Patrick burns all the CBI files of Red John , presumably out of despair , and the next morning says , `` He 's right ... it 's time to give up ... nothing 's working . Nothing . It 's just a game , and he keeps winning . The only way for me to stop him is if I stop playing . '' Jane 's breakdown and Red John 's proposal ( edit ) In the season 4 's finale `` The Crimson Hat '' , after being fired from the CBI , Jane finds himself in a Las Vegas bar , where he meets an attractive woman named Lorelei ( Emmanuelle Chriqui ) . He gets arrested . Lorelei bails him out , and the two make love in Jane 's apartment . The next day , Lorelei reveals herself as an associate of Red John and says her presence in Jane 's life is `` a gift '' . She brings forward Red John 's proposal for friendship and a ' change ' in Jane 's lifestyle to help him overcome his depression . Jane is shocked and tells Lorelei to get out . However , he later confides to Lisbon that his breakdown had been tailored to get Red John to believe Patrick was really giving up . Red John communicates through Lorelei that he will only meet Jane in person if he kills Lisbon and brings him her head as a `` present '' . The CBI team executes a plot where they fake the murders of Lisbon and Rigsby at the hands of Jane , and the team goes into hiding . On hearing this over the news , Red John sends a message to Jane to meet him in Nevada . Darcy is investigating the apparent deaths of Lisbon and Rigsby . She discovers that the body found does not belong to Rigsby and gets arrest warrants issued against the entire team involved in the deception . Meanwhile , a limousine pulls over in the middle of a deserted street where Jane is waiting . Lorelei and a huge , armed man emerge from the car , and she claims Red John is inside . Lorelei looks at the box Jane is bearing and asks if it contains a football or a cabbage . He tells her it is a melon , specifically a honeydew . She does not react angrily , apparently since Red John ( and thus she ) became aware of Jane 's deception . Lorelei does have her assistant beat Jane up `` a little '' . Jane sits in the front seat of the limo while a dark , shadowy figure sitting in the back whose voice is distorted with a radio transmitter , and whose face is not visible , greets Jane . He tells Jane that he was fooled for a while by Jane 's plot but was apprised of the truth by a `` good friend '' inside the FBI . At this moment , Lisbon and her team , who were to move in and arrest Red John , are arrested by Darcy and her squad . Lisbon , cuffed on the side of the road , tells Darcy about the plan and the imminent danger to Jane 's life . Just as Lorelei is about to reluctantly punish Jane by cutting off two of his fingers , the CBI and FBI teams arrive . Jane emerges unharmed . The FBI fire bullets at the fleeing limousine , which stops . Lorelei is arrested unhurt , although the driver / bodyguard is killed . Darcy opens the back door , which reveals CBI Director Luther Wainwright , bound and dead , with a cell phone attached to his body . Lorelei is interrogated at the CBI by Jane and Lisbon . She refuses to speak about Red John but tells Lisbon that she and Jane have been lovers , calling Jane `` lover '' frequently . Jane tells Lorelei that she will eventually reveal what she knows and walks out of the room , ending season 4 . Lorelei Martins ( edit ) In the season 5 episode `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' , Lorelei Martins reappears in a women 's prison , having been removed from CBI custody by the FBI . She remains loyal to Red John , and when Jane ( with the aid of Bret Stiles ( Malcolm McDowell ) has her broken out of prison , she expresses shock and disappointment that her liberator is Jane , not Red John . Jane discovers Lorelei previously had a sister , who was murdered some years prior . Lisbon faxes him a photo of the crime scene where the word `` ROY '' can be seen scrawled on the floor next to the sister 's body -- information that had been withheld from the public at the time of the murder . This suggests to Jane that Red John ( who has used the alias Roy Tagliaferro ) was the killer , a fact that Jane reveals to Lorelei , who , angry at an earlier deception by Jane , tells him that `` you 're just like him , you know that ? Relentless manipulation ... I only wonder why the two of you did n't become lifelong friends from the moment you shook hands . '' This slip of Lorelei suggests that Jane has met Red John in the past . However , Lorelei refuses to believe Jane about the murderer . Alerted to Jane 's whereabouts , the CBI begins to close in on the pair , but Jane allows Lorelei to escape , telling her to `` find the truth '' for herself and come back to him when she realizes Red John used her . Lorelei reappears in episode 16 of season 5 , `` There Will Be Blood '' . This episode reveals two new accomplices of Red John : Julia Howard and Jason Lennon , well - regarded citizens , a worker and a trustee of a women 's shelter , respectively . Lorelei tortures Julia to get information about her sister 's death . She kills Howard after brutally beating her . After Lorelei comes after Lennon , Jane appears to try to rescue Lennon ( for Jane 's own ends ) and to acknowledge Lennon 's and Red John 's involvement in Miranda Martins ' murder . Lorelei shoots Lennon , critically wounding him . After kissing Jane , she departs on a mission to kill Red John , breaking her pact to reveal Red John 's identity . She tells Jane she has done `` much worse ( than breaking a promise ) '' , and that she and Jane are both going to hell `` on two different roads '' . Two weeks later , Lennon is revealed to have survived the shooting , although in a coma , while Lorelei is found dead under Red John 's smiley face with Homeland Security and police at the scene . Jane apologizes to her corpse but , still peeved over Lorelei 's breaking her promise to identify Red John , tells Lisbon ( of Lorelei ) , `` She had it coming . '' Visualize ( edit ) In the fifth season episode `` The Red Barn '' , it is hinted that Red John may currently be or was a member of the `` Visualize Self - Realization Center '' church , a notorious cult with a reputation for brainwashing its members , as two bodies which fit his MO were found on a farm previously controlled by Visualize , complete with his signature smiley face on the outside of the barn where the bodies were found . The murders are revealed to have been committed over two decades ago , when various Visualize members worked on the farm until its eventual shutdown due to a lack of farming expertise , and ten years before Red John was an active serial killer who targeted predominantly women . This implies that Red John used the cult and its techniques to recruit individuals who would make suitable followers ( as many of Visualize 's members come from broken families and traumatic childhoods , a trait that nearly every single Red John operative also shares ) , then brainwashes or seduces them to effectively control them . This finally explains how Red John recruited so many followers over the years who worshipped him and who were willing to give their lives for his plans . Rebecca Anderson , a loyal Red John operative who murdered Sam Bosco and his team under his orders before she herself is killed by Red John , reveals that Red John `` opened her eyes to the truth '' and enabled her to see the world for what it really was . This is similar to Visualize 's motto of opening up potential members ' eyes to the truth in order to effectively recruit them , implying that Red John uses the same philosophy to recruit his followers . Visualize is also known for teaching its members various and diverse skills , such as bomb manufacturing and advanced technology and computer uses , skills that Red John himself and many of his followers also display throughout the series . In a later episode , a private investigator named Kira Tinsley , who was hired by Red John to spy on the CBI , mentions that it was a Visualize member that hired her , confirming that Red John is indeed still a functioning member of the organization . The leader of the cult , Bret Stiles , has shown in previous seasons that he has a very thorough grasp on Red John 's inner workings , hinting at a connection between the two , which seems to finally be revealed as Visualize . Whether Bret Stiles actually knows the identity of Red John appears to be debatable throughout the series , but subsequent episodes imply that , although Stiles may know Red John is connected to his organization , he does not know which member he currently is and simply uses his own resources to keep tabs on the killer 's activities . Bob Kirkland and Homeland Security ( edit ) Robert `` Bob '' Kirkland , introduced in the retcon episode `` Red Dawn '' , has engaged in numerous suspicious activities relating to Jane and Jane 's search for Red John . In flashback just after Jane has joined the CBI , a man is seen thanking FBI Director Alexa Shultz for asking Virgil Minelli to keep the FBI updated on the Red John investigation . A couple of episodes later , the man reappears . He identifies himself as Homeland Security Agent Bob Kirkland , telling Lisbon that the Tommy Volker matter is being handled and that she should `` take a step back '' . After he leaves her office , he comes upon Jane . The two shake hands , and Kirkland tells Jane that he knows him , although Jane did n't know Kirkland . In the next episode , Lorelei Martins tells Jane that he had already met and shaken hands with Red John . In the episodes `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' and `` There Will Be Blood '' , Kirkland and Homeland Security are shown taking deep interest in finding Red John 's accomplice , Lorelei Martins , when she goes on a killing spree . Neither the CBI nor Homeland Security locate Lorelei before she is found murdered under Red John 's trademark smiley face . When Jason Lennon ( who admitted to being an accomplice of Red John ) awakes from an induced coma , he is interviewed by Kirkland . He tells Kirkland that he remembers who shot him but says he does not recognize Kirkland . Kirkland then kills Lennon with an injection , making it appear Lennon has died of his injuries . Kirkland tells Jane that Lennon `` never said a word '' before dying . In the episode `` Red Letter Day '' , Kirkland has two Homeland Security agents break into the attic where Jane works ( and occasionally lives ) at CBI . They take pictures of the information on Red John that Jane has on display . Kirkland is able to reproduce a near exact version of Jane 's bulletin board on Red John , presumably including the references to Kirkland himself as a suspect . Jane had had suspicions that he was being watched and realizes that his room has been broken into because he sees the toothpick he had been leaving of late between the door and the frame lying on the floor where it fell after Kirkland 's men entered the premises , never noticing it . Kirkland reappears in episode 4 of season 6 . He is revealed to be responsible for killing names on a list of fake Red John suspects his men stole from Jane . Once he learns that the list was fake from Jane , he kidnaps him . At the barn where he is being held captive , it is also shown that Richard Haibach is there , one of the men suspected of being the `` San Joaquin Killer . '' Jane is saved by Hightower and Lisbon , and Kirkland is arrested . On his way to prison , his vehicle is pulled over by FBI Agent Reede Smith . Smith informs him that the `` Tyger , Tyger '' quote is used by dirty officers of California Law Enforcement . Smith is one of them . When he gives Kirkland the address to a safe house , he then shoots him to death while running to his freedom . He and the driver cover it up and before departing say , `` Tyger , Tyger . '' While Kirkland originally monitored Jane through his connections in the FBI and researched Red John on his own accord , Kirkland 's findings into the existence of this criminal organization enabled him to authorize Homeland Security to openly investigate Red John , as he is a suspected member of the organization , which could pose a threat to national security and commit acts of terrorism . The seven suspects ( edit ) In the fifth season finale , Jane reveals to Lisbon that he has narrowed the Red John suspect list to seven names . Although those names are n't revealed until the end of the episode , Jane and the CBI investigate a Red John murder . Although it was initially believed that Red John was n't involved in the murder , and that it was either the victim 's husband or uncle , it is revealed that Red John committed the murder with the help of Miriam Gottlieb , a social worker who wanted Eileen Turner 's child . Gottlieb tricked Turner into separating herself from her volatile husband and moving into a motel , where Red John struck . In transit after her arrest , Gottlieb commits suicide by swallowing a cyanide pill , refusing , like almost all Red John 's operatives , to be taken alive . Before her arrest , she gave Jane a DVD from Red John , which featured the now dead Lorelei Martins , who recorded a video shortly before her own murder by Red John . Martins reveals that Red John is very angry with her for revealing that Patrick and Red John had shaken hands , and that , in exchange for her making the recording , Red John will not `` make her suffer so much '' . The video reveals that Red John somehow knows the names of Patrick Jane 's seven suspects : No . Suspect First appearance Description Outcome 1 . Gale Bertram s3 , ep. 1 `` Red Sky at Night '' CBI Director & member of the Blake Association Final suspect Killed by Oscar Cordero in `` Red John '' 2 . Bret Stiles s2 , ep. 20 `` Red All Over '' Leader of Visualize Self - Realization Center Eliminated = 3rd Killed by Red John in `` The Great Red Dragon '' 3 . Raymond Haffner s4 , ep. 2 `` Little Red Book '' Private detective , former CBI and FBI agent & member of Visualize Eliminated = 3rd Killed by Red John in `` The Great Red Dragon '' 4 . Reede Smith s5 , ep. 1 `` The Crimson Ticket '' FBI agent & member of the Blake Association Eliminated 6th Apprehended in `` The Great Red Dragon '' 5 . Robert Kirkland s5 , ep. 5 `` Red Dawn '' Homeland Security agent Eliminated 2nd Killed by Reede Smith in `` Red Listed '' 6 . Thomas McAllister s1 , ep. 2 `` Red Hair and Silver Tape '' Sheriff of Napa County , leader of the Blake Association & Red John Eliminated = 3rd First believed killed via bomb in `` The Great Red Dragon '' ; Killed by Patrick Jane in `` Red John '' 7 . Brett Partridge s1 , ep. 1 `` Pilot '' Bureau of Forensic Science Lead agent & member of the Blake Association Eliminated 1st Killed by Red John in `` The Desert Rose '' Red John does n't deny being one of these men . The killing of Eileen Turner marks the beginning of a new killing spree as Lorelei tells Jane that Red John will `` start killing again ... often '' until either Jane catches him , or he catches Jane . Out of frustration , Jane breaks the DVD with his own fingers , and sighs while looking out his window of his room at CBI . To be a final suspect , each character had to have ' red ' or ' reed ' ( a name that means ' red ' ) in the name of the character or the actor ( such as Reed Diamond , Reede Smith , Xan ( der ) Berkeley ) , or the name Bret or Bert ( ( Bret ) Stiles , Brett Partridge , Ro ( bert ) Kirkland , and Gale ( Bert ) ram ) , just as Red John 's right - arm woman and man must have ' red ' backwards in their names ( Rebecca An ( der ) son and Oscar Cor ( der ) o ) . The final hunt ( edit ) In the premiere of season 6 , Jane is highly disturbed at how Red John could deduce who he would have on his final list two months before finishing it , as well as have so much intimate knowledge of his memories and thought process . At a loss as to what to do , Jane remains extremely cautious around the seven suspects while Lisbon goes behind his back and has all the suspects ' cell phones installed with GPS trackers . Infuriated that Lisbon went behind his back and played into Red John 's hands , Jane and Lisbon have a falling out , with Lisbon eventually going to an abandoned house after receiving an anonymous tip at 5570 West Huron Street . She calls SAC - PD ; however , when she arrives at the address , a lady on the line informs her that they are temporarily unavailable . She then hears a faint scream inside and enters . Inside , she finds the mutilated body of Brett Partridge , chanting `` Tyger , Tyger '' , before dying , effectively revealing that he is not Red John . It is revealed that Red John called in the anonymous tip , abducted and placed Partridge within the house to torture and murder him , knowing that Lisbon was tracking the suspects ' phones and would arrive after learning that Partridge was in the house . He abducts her and then uses her phone to call Jane , who has previously been attempting to call Lisbon to apologize for their earlier argument , and taunts him as he paints his signature smiley - face on her face with Partridge 's blood . However , Jane and the authorities locate Lisbon , who seems to have been left unscathed by Red John , confusing her and Jane . As Jane ponders how Red John could have such intimate knowledge into his past and memories , he concludes that Red John must have had access to someone with such knowledge : Sophie Miller , Jane 's old psychiatrist , who helped him regain his mental health after he suffered a breakdown in the wake of his family 's murder . After repeated attempts to communicate with Sophie fail , Jane visits her house , only to find her severed head in the kitchen oven , revealing her to be one of Red John 's victims . As it is revealed that Red John stole Sophie 's personal files on her patients , Jane concludes that Red John most likely came to her in the guise of a patient in order to ply her for knowledge . However , Red John did n't know that Sophie used an audio device to record her thoughts about her patients , using her unique ability to read people even if they attempt to hide their true emotions and personality . Locating an entry dedicated to a man with the last name `` Roth '' ( a word meaning ' red ' ) , Red John 's alias when visiting Sophie , Jane listens to a detailed description of Red John 's inner workings ; he seems to have a case of acrophobia * , and / or other phobias , is middle aged , is in good health , has no family but many friends , is a great speaker , has good posture , is an excellent whistler , possesses hints of narcissism , and seems to be harboring something dark within himself . With this knowledge , Jane is one step ahead of Red John with an additional description to narrow down his list of six suspects . Kirkland 's ambition and the final clue ( edit ) As Jane keeps tabs over the six remaining suspects , Robert Kirkland begins using the information he stole from Jane 's room in the CBI from the previous season to make his own list of Red John suspects and begins abducting , torturing , and murdering them . Little does Kirkland know that Jane intentionally put false evidence in his room in the event that someone stole his information that pointed to seven men , all of whom were bad men , but not Red John . Jane learns from Hightower , who faked the death of herself and her family to continue hiding from Red John , that Kirkland has been keeping surveillance on Jane through his connections with the FBI for nearly a decade as he believed he might be Red John . Jane visits Kirkland at Homeland and informs him of his ruse , which entices Kirkland to take him hostage and bring him to his brother 's barn , where he has been torturing the false Red John suspects . Kirkland reveals to Jane that he also wants revenge on Red John because he murdered his twin brother ( explaining why he asks all Red John associates if he recognizes his face to confirm if they knew his brother ) , Michael , who was persuaded to join his ranks after their mother committed suicide to escape from their abusive father , who later drank himself to death . Kirkland never heard from his brother again , and since then has dedicated himself to using his position and resources to locate Red John and kill him . However , Lisbon and Hightower locate both of them and arrest Kirkland before he can obtain any of the names from Jane . With only five suspects left on his list , Jane tells Kirkland that he will see this through to the end and will visit him to learn everything else he knows about Red John with Kirkland agreeing to do so . En route to the prison , the transfer van is forced to pull over by Reede Smith , who approaches Kirkland and confirms a theory that Kirkland previously mentioned to him earlier that day : there is a massive secret organization ( later revealed as `` The Blake Association '' ) spread across various government agencies , in which its members cover up for one another if they commit illegal operations or unethical practices . Smith reveals that he is a member and proposes to Kirkland that he should join , as he and his superiors have had their eyes on him for a while to join . The reality , however , is that Smith was ordered by his superiors in the organization to kill Kirkland as he knows far too much to be left alive . Regardless , Kirkland refuses , believing Red John to be amongst their ranks , and prefers to be killed instead ; Reede complies and shoots him with the gun belonging to the guard driving the transfer van as Kirkland begins to run to make it look like an escape attempt gone wrong . Reede and the guard then chant `` Tyger , Tyger '' to each other , the password used amongst the members of the conspiracy organization . This implies that Red John may be a member of the government organization or , at the very least , has intimate knowledge of its inner workings . Kirkland is killed before any of this information can be communicated to Jane . After Kirkland 's death , Red John resorts to drastic measures to find out what Jane knows about him by hiring a private investigator named Kira Tinsley to bug the CBI . When Jane discovers the bug and deduces that it was left by Kira , who falsely pretends to have an interest in Agent Kimball Cho , he realizes that Red John is now on the hunt to kill her . Having used his skills to plant the chip used to bug CBI inside Tinsley 's purse , the CBI realize Red John has visited her and can hear her being murdered via the transmitter . Jane and Lisbon rush to save her and arrive just as Tinsley is about to die . However , before Tinsley dies , she whispers to Jane that Red John has a tattoo on his left shoulder ( implying that the significance of a past clue ' he is mar ' to mean ' he is marked ' ) and draws it in her own blood , indicating three dots , which Jane then smears to avoid anyone knowing what Tinsley has told him . The Blake Association ( edit ) Knowing about the tattoo and using it as his leverage , Jane plans to gather the remaining five suspects at his old house where he has ammunition . He plans to attract each suspect individually , telling them he has critical information about Red John . Jane promises Lisbon that she can accompany him during this process , but breaks his promise as he is worried about her safety . Once the five suspects are together , Jane tells them that one of them is Red John . He pulls out his shotgun and asks that they all put their guns on the floor . He then reveals what Tinsley told him about the tattoo and asks the men to reveal their left shoulders . First to reveal is Raymond Haffner and Bret Stiles , who do not have tattoos . Sheriff Thomas McAllister reveals his arm and his tattoo , three dots , just as Tinsley described . Jane moves in to take a closer look at whom he now believes is the real Red John before Bret Stiles indicates for him to look at Gale Bertram and Reede Smith , who both have the same tattoo as the sheriff . Now that three men have identical tattoos , a new window is opened to identify who Red John is ; and whether Red John also has the tattoo . It is believed that the men who have these tattoos are all corrupt government officials who use the `` Tyger , Tyger '' phrase to cover up their unlawful work . As Jane gathers them in his home , the house explodes with all five Red John suspects and Jane still inside . Police arrive , and Lisbon enters the house to discover Reede Smith . She identifies the tattoo and shoots Smith , wounding him , but he escapes . Lisbon then sees Bertram and tells him Smith is Red John . Bertram slips away as only Jane at this point knows he has the tattoo . An unconscious Jane is asleep at the hospital and Bertram attempts to kill him before being interrupted by Lisbon . As Jane begins to regain consciousness , Bertram flees and Lisbon and Jane deduce that either Bertram or Smith is Red John . It is also revealed through DNA testing that the other Red John suspects were killed in the blast , although no bodies were seen . Jane and Lisbon then realize that Brett Partridge was chanting the phrase `` Tyger , Tyger '' to Lisbon just prior to his death , in the hope that she was a member and could help him . When Agent Cho checks Partridge 's body at the morgue to verify the tattoo confirming that he was a Blake member , he learns that Red John peeled away the section of skin on his shoulder where the tattoo would have been located , implying that Partridge was a member and Red John had attempted to cover up his affiliation to the group . While Smith attempts to recover from his wound , the corrupt law enforcement organization he is a part of attempts to kill him before the CBI finds him , fearful that he will reveal their secrets . After two attempts are made on his life , Smith decides to hand himself in to the CBI in exchange for protection , where he reveals that he joined the Blake Association after accidentally killing a twelve - year - old girl as a result of paranoia induced by pain medication he was addicted to at the time , eventually being cleared of the crime due to his ties with the Blake Association . Since then , Smith has been a member of the group , helping fellow associates cover their own illegal acts , while developing more and more guilt over his own actions . The name of the group and its code are derived from William Blake and his famous poem `` The Tyger '' , implying that whoever controls the organization is an admirer of Blake 's work . Smith further reveals that Red John is part of the association , which was how he managed to poison Rebecca , one of his followers when she killed Bosco and his entire unit , as well as how he managed to have so many connections throughout law enforcement . Jane then looks Smith in the eye and asks him if he killed his wife and daughter , at which point Smith states that he did not . This prompts Jane to reveal at a press conference that Red John is Gale Bertram , who has since gone on the run with the aid of a fellow Blake associate named Oscar . While hiding from the authorities , Bertram brutally murders a bartender who comes close to recognizing him on the news reports and evades capture by posing as a SWAT officer as other units , many of which he called in himself , arrive , allowing him to escape unseen in Oscar 's vehicle . With so much corruption being revealed to have infiltrated California 's law enforcement agencies , along with Bertram seemingly revealed as Red John , an out of state FBI team led by Special Agent Dennis Abbot from Austin , Texas , is sent to disband the CBI , at which point Jane decides to `` let go '' but tells Lisbon he has n't quit in his hunt for Red John . The reveal and death of Red John ( edit ) The next day , as the FBI cleans out the CBI headquarters , Jane receives a phone call from Bertram , who is still on the run with the aid of Oscar , but cuts their conversation short when a police officer at the gas station he is calling from recognizes Bertram . Before the officer can arrest him , Oscar shoots the officer dead and escapes with Bertram . Jane bides his time until Bertram calls him again , wishing to meet him to gain a sense of closure and believing that their rivalry has ended in an honorable tie . Jane gets Bertram to meet him in the chapel at the cemetery where his wife and daughter are buried . Taking Lisbon 's gun and escaping from the FBI as they attempt to arrest him , Jane meets Bertram at the chapel after being disarmed by Oscar and learns that Bertram is not Red John . Bertram reveals that he is not even a high - ranking member of the Blake Association and it is Red John who is one of the high members . He does not know who Red John is but was ordered to lure Jane to a meeting so that he can be killed . He then orders Oscar to kill Jane . However , Oscar , also under orders from Red John , shoots Bertram dead as the real Red John enters the chapel : Sheriff Thomas McAllister . McAllister thanks Oscar and then instructs him to leave to give him and Jane time to talk . As Jane asks why Bertram had to die , McAllister reveals that , as the world now believes Bertram to be Red John , it would be a fitting end for Jane to end up dying with his supposed nemesis . The killer reveals that he has been the secret power controlling the Blake Association , having started it many years ago , and has been manipulating its thousands of members with their secrets and illegal acts , using his favorite poet , William Blake , and his poem `` The Tyger '' as inspiration for the name of the society and its inner communications . With this secret organization at his disposal , in conjunction with the dozens of loyal followers he recruited , seduced , and brainwashed through Visualize , McAllister formed connections all over the state to spy for him , tamper with evidence , commit murders , and aid in his plans of building up his society and cult , as well as targeting Jane and people close to him . While Red John gloats over his victories , Jane reveals that he knows how McAllister survived the explosion back at his home : he brought two bombs . One was a concussion bomb that knocked out everyone in the room , at which point McAllister dragged Jane , Bertram , and Smith away from the more deadly bomb . McAllister then brought in a dead body from the trunk of his car , which had its DNA records swapped with those of McAllister 's courtesy of Brett Partridge , a member of the Blake Association whose job gave him access to the DNA primary data base and was later murdered by McAllister for knowing too much . This body was placed next to Stiles and Haffner , both of whom perished in the explosion , leaving only Jane , Smith , and Bertram alive , while McAllister escaped before the authorities arrived . McAllister knew that either Smith or Bertram would be accused of being Red John as they would be the only remaining suspects with ties to the Blake Association . McAllister had then ordered for Smith to be killed before CBI could arrest him and had Bertram ( anonymously through the Blake Association ) lure Jane to a final meeting before Bertram was to escape the country , while also secretly ordering Oscar to aid the former CBI director and ensure his safety until Jane arrived , at which point he was to kill Bertram . Before McAllister can kill Jane , Jane hands him a handful of bread crumbs and releases a pigeon from his jacket , startling McAllister , who had displayed a phobia of the creatures in a previous episode . This revealed that Jane knew McAllister was Red John before meeting Bertram and deduced his phobia , which Sophia Miller previously speculated on ( also implying why he was unable to kill Lisbon previously as the house they were in during the season premiere contained pigeons ) . Jane then snatches a gun he taped underneath one of the pews the previous day and shoots McAllister in the torso and Oscar dead when he enters to stop Jane ; McAllister begs Jane not to kill him . As Jane revels in finally knowing who his nemesis is and having him at his mercy , a startled woman enters the chapel and asks Jane to stop . As Jane tries to calm the woman and get her to leave , she reveals herself to be another of Red John 's agents and attempts to slit Jane 's throat with a knife . Jane knocks out the woman with a candle stand and , realizing that McAllister escaped during the commotion , leaves the chapel to chase the killer . After being pursued through the cemetery , a neighborhood , and a playground , McAllister loses his stamina near a small pond and dials 911 . Jane kicks his nemesis , knocking the phone away from him , and grasps the man 's throat . As McAllister claims that he knew who would be on Jane 's final list of suspects because he is a real psychic , Jane asks him two final questions to determine his honesty by looking at his eyes . Asking McAllister to blink once for no and two for yes , Jane asks if he is sorry for murdering his wife and daughter and if he is afraid to die ; McAllister blinks twice to both questions . Satisfied with his answers , Jane then strangles McAllister to death . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Baddies to the Bone : The 60 nastiest villains of all time '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` The Mentalist 's Bruno Heller Delivers the Scoop : Will Jane Get Busted By the FBI ? '' . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with The Mentalist Creator Bruno Heller '' . TV Time Machine . 2012 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blake , William . `` Cradle Song '' . Poetry Archive . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 2011 - 05 - 26 ) . `` ' The Mentalist ' creator breaks his silence on last week 's Red John finale shocker '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Red Letter Day '' episode of season 5 . Jump up ^ Daniel , David ( 2013 ) . The Mentalist Code and the Search for Red John . ( 1st ed . ) . Rajanata . ISBN 978 - 1495942228 ( hide ) The Mentalist Seasons `` Strawberries and Cream '' 5 6 `` Red John '' 7 Characters Patrick Jane Teresa Lisbon Kimball Cho Wayne Rigsby Grace Van Pelt Red John Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_John&oldid=823792887 '' Categories : The Mentalist characters Fictional serial killers Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional characters from San Francisco Bay Area Fictional sheriffs Napa County , California Narcissism in fiction Psychopathy in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 12 : 54 . About Wikipedia
who was red john in the tv series the mentalist
[ "In the season 6 episode \"Red John\", the eponymous serial killer's identity is revealed to be Thomas McAllister, the sheriff of Napa County, portrayed by Xander Berkeley. After unmasking himself to Patrick Jane, McAllister discloses that he is the founder and overall leader of the secret organization known as the Blake Association." ]
[ "Thomas McAllister" ]
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Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You!
Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! - Wikipedia Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Jump to : navigation , search Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Japanese release poster , designed and illustrated by Yoshitoshi Shinomiya Japanese 劇場 版 げきじょう ばん ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! Hepburn Gekijō - ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta ! Literally Pocket Monsters the Movie : I Choose You ! Directed by Kunihiko Yuyama Produced by Satoshi Shimohira Susumu Matsuyama Atsushi Chiku Hidenaga Katakami Screenplay by Shoji Yonemura Based on Pokémon : Indigo League by Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Takeshi Shudo Narrated by Unsho Ishizuka Music by Shinji Miyazaki Cinematography Aya Aoshima Edited by Toshio Henmi Production company OLM Distributed by Toho Release date July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) ( Japan Expo ) July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) ( Japan ) Running time 98 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Box office ¥ 3.31 billion ( JP ) US $36,508,515 ( World ) Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! is a 2017 Japanese anime adventure film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama , written by Shoji Yonemura , and produced by OLM . Released as the twentieth Pokémon movie and the first reboot film in the anime film series . It sets up an alternate continuity to the main series and acts as a loose retelling of the original Kanto League saga of the show , released to commemorate the anime 's twentieth anniversary . It premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6 , 2017 and was released in Japan on July 15 , 2017 . The Pokémon Company International and Fathom Events released the film on a limited theatrical run in the rest of the world on November 5 , 2017 and this was followed by airings on Disney XD in the United States on November 25 , 2017 , on CITV in the UK on December 8 , 2017 , 9Go ! in Australia on December 10 , 2017 and on Gulli in France on December 25 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Returning cast 2.2 New characters 3 Development 4 Music 5 Release and promotion 6 Reception 7 Sequel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Ash Ketchum wakes up late one morning after having broken his alarm clock in his sleep . He eventually makes it to Professor Oak 's lab , but is told that the three starter Pokémon ( Bulbasaur , Squirtle and Charmander ) have already been taken by Trainers who were on time . However , Oak reveals that he has one more Pokémon , an Electric - type named Pikachu . Despite its volatile and feisty personality , as well as its refusal to get inside a Poké Ball , Ash happily takes Pikachu for his journey . Outside of Pallet Town , Ash encounters a Pidgey . When Pikachu refuses to fight it , Ash tosses a rock at it , but it hits a Spearow that mistakes Pikachu as the culprit . Soon , more Spearow show up forcing Ash and Pikachu to run . Injured and tired , Ash tells Pikachu to get inside its Ball , but it once again refuses . Instead , Pikachu defends Ash from the Spearow by summoning a large Thunderbolt that scares them away . As the storm ceases , a Ho - Oh flies above and drops a feather called a Rainbow Wing . Ash and Pikachu decide to go and find the Legendary Pokémon . During their travels , Ash catches a Caterpie and the group eventually settle at a Pokémon Center . A Trainer bursts in claiming that they encountered an Entei , a Legendary Fire - type Pokémon , causing Ash , as well as several other Trainers , to rush into the woods to look for it . Ash finds the Entei , but ends up fighting over it with a Trainer with a Piplup named Verity . They are also joined by an aspiring young Pokémon Professor named Sorrel who uses a Lucario in battle . When Entei escapes , Ash and Verity get into an argument and Sorrel leaves , telling them that they need to find shelter soon . As Ash and Verity fight , they accidentally disturb an Onix that starts chasing them . They manage to get it to leave just as it begins to rain . As they look to find shelter , they find a Charmander that has been left out . They quickly learn that it belongs to a ruthless trainer named Cross who , along with his Midnight form Lycanroc , left it out in the rain . He carelessly refuses to take it back , calling it weak , and Ash and Verity are forced to find it shelter . They come across a cave where Sorrel and Lucario happen to be and help Charmander back to health . Entei and several other Pokémon arrive to sleep for the night and Ash reveals the Rainbow Wing . Sorrel reveals that Ho - Oh only gives the Wing to the `` rainbow hero '' who is destined to fight it , as a shadow Pokémon named Marshadow watches . The next morning , Ash convinces Charmander to join them . The group venture on with Caterpie evolving into a Metapod , and Charmander evolving into Charmeleon . Sorrel studies more about Ho - Oh and the Legendary Pokémon while Verity spots a Suicune . Eventually , while battling other Trainers in town , Cross returns and challenges Ash 's Charmeleon with his Incineroar . Charmeleon is savagely defeated , causing Ash much grief . Upset over his loss , Ash openly admits that he could have won with Pikachu and later states that he wished he had gotten Bulbasaur or Squirtle . Alone in the woods , Marshadow puts Ash in a sleep - like state as the Rainbow Wing turns dark . Ash has a dream where no Pokémon exist and he attends regular school with Verity and Sorrel . Realizing something is missing , he remembers Pikachu and wakes up to his friends , and the Wing regains its color . After escaping some angry Primeape , Metapod evolves into Butterfree . They rescue a pink Butterfree from a Fearow and realize that Ash 's Butterfree needs to mate . Saddened but happy , Ash lets his Butterfree go . The group soon spot a Raikou and realize they are getting close when the Wing begins to glow in the direction of Mount Tensei . The group make it there and meet Bonji , an old researcher who has been studying Ho - Oh . They make it to a crystal - like structure , but are interrupted by Cross who wants to fight Ho - Oh himself ( he too saw Ho - oh , but it did not give him the Wing ) . Cross ' Incineroar fights Ash 's Charmeleon which quickly evolves into Charizard and defeats Incineroar . Cross , refusing to accept his loss , grabs the Wing and places it on the crystal , but it turns dark , causing Marshadow , as Ho - Oh 's agent , to turn the local Pokémon ( including Cross 's midnight form Lycanroc ) evil and attack Ash and his friends . The Trainers fight back , but are overwhelmed by the severity of the situation . Ash finally forces Pikachu to get in his Poké Ball as the Pokémon destroy Ash , turning him into pure energy as Marshadow notices the Wing has disintegrated . Ash finds himself in a grey world , but is brought back , presumably through Ho - Oh 's power when Ash protected Pikachu . Ash takes the newly formed Rainbow Wing and places it on the crystal structure . Ho - Oh arrives and Ash challenges it with Pikachu to battle , but the outcome is never shown . The gang return to the Pokémon Center as Bonji states that Ho - Oh will find a new trainer to leave its Wing to . Cross leaves on good terms with the group and eventually Verity and Sorrel leave to achieve their own dreams . Ash and Pikachu decide to continue their journey in the world of Pokémon . During the credits , Ash 's recurring friends from the main series ( Brock , Misty , Tracey , May , Max , Dawn , Iris , Cilan , Clemont , Bonnie and Serena ) are shown . Verity is seen returning home , presumably to amend her relationship with her mother , and Sorrel is seen traveling and spotting an Articuno that he wanted to study . Ash and Pikachu are seen traveling together while being tailed by Team Rocket who appeared throughout the film , unnoticed by the protagonists for comic relief . Cast ( edit ) Returning cast ( edit ) Character Voice Actor ( Japanese ) Voice Actor ( English ) Ash Ketchum ( Satoshi ) Rica Matsumoto Sarah Natochenny Pikachu Ikue Ōtani Ikue Ōtani Kate Bristol Professor Samuel Oak ( Professor Yukinari Okido ) Unshō Ishizuka Carter Cathcart Narrator Unshō Ishizuka Rodger Parsons Delia Ketchum ( Hanako ) Masami Toyoshima Sarah Natochenny Jessie ( Musashi ) Megumi Hayashibara Michele Knotz James ( Kojiro ) Shin - ichiro Miki Carter Cathcart Meowth ( Nyarth ) Inuko Inuyama Carter Cathcart Nurse Joy Shoko Nakagawa Michele Knotz New characters ( edit ) Kōichi Yamadera as Marshadow , the Gloomdweller Pokémon who is not known to show itself to people and thus a few only knew its existence . It mysteriously travels with Ash and his friends . Kanata Hongō in the Japanese version and David Oliver Nelson in the English dub as Sorrel ( Souji ) , a young Trainer from Veilstone City who aims to become a Pokémon Professor . He is seen with a Lucario . Shiori Sato in the Japanese version and Suzy Myers in the English dub as Verity ( Makoto ) , an energetic Trainer from Twinleaf Town who travels alongside Ash and Sorrel . She has a Piplup as her starter Pokémon . She is later confirmed to be the daughter of Cynthia , the Sinnoh League Champion . Arata Furuta in the Japanese version and Mike Pollock in the English dub as Bonji , a mysterious old man who knows about the Legendary Pokémon Ho - Oh and is determined to chase it at any costs . Ryōta Ōsaka in the Japanese version and Billy Bob Thompson in the English dub as Cross , an arrogant trainer who believes strength is everything and aims to become the ultimate Trainer . He is seen with an Incineroar and Midnight Form Lycanroc . Development ( edit ) The film was officially revealed during the December 15 broadcast of TV Tokyo 's Oha Suta program , revealing a teaser trailer and poster of the film . This early content revealed Ash and Pikachu alongside the Legendary Pokémon Ho - Oh , showing that the film would act as a retelling of the first season , exploring some of the important plot points of the series . Ho - Oh 's appearance in the film was also detailed to be important to the film 's storyline . A second trailer for the film was revealed at the March 1 broadcast of Oha Suta , revealing remade scenes from the first episode and its official English title . It was then posted on the official YouTube page the next day . Later on , the film 's second official trailer , which also featured a new version of the original Japanese opening theme , `` Mesaze Pokémon Master '' , was previewed on April 7 , 2017 . The next day , the producers announced that the current last Pokémon in the Pokédex , Marshadow , would debut in the film alongside several other brand - new characters . As the film is not a direct remake , it diverts itself from the original season that it is based on , and features an original story . Two days before the film 's release , Yoshitoshi Shinomiya , who draw background art for Kara no Kyoukai : Mirai Fukuin and Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works released a new poster for the film . With the film confirmed to be initially released at the French Japan Expo 2017 , Western fans requested for the film to be released in theaters in the United States . This was eventually confirmed to be released by Fathom Events as a limited release across November 4 and 5 , 2017 . In Australia , the film was also confirmed to be released by Event Cinemas across November 11 and 12 , 2017 . Some fans also requested that voice actress Veronica Taylor should reprise her role as the English voice of Ash Ketchum for the film , but it was later confirmed that the current set of voice actors would stay on . The title of the film is also a reference to the first episode of the anime , `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' . Music ( edit ) Regular series composer Shinji Miyazaki wrote the film 's score for its original release . The film 's opening song is titled Aim to Be a Pokémon Master - 20th Anniversary - ( めざせ ポケモン マスター - 20th Anniversary - , Mezase Pokemon Master - 20th Anniversary - ) by Rica Matsumoto while the ending is titled Oración 's Theme ~ Let 's Walk Together ~ ( オラシオン の テーマ ~ 共 とも に 歩 ある こう ~ , Orashion no Tēma ~ Tomoni Arukou ~ ) by Asuca Hayashi . Ed Goldfarb , the composer for the North American adaptations of the anime beginning with Pokémon : XY , along with frequent collaborators Akhil Gopal and Kc Daugirdas , composed a new background score for the film 's North American release . Release and promotion ( edit ) The movie premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6 , 2017 , and officially released in Japanese theaters on July 15 , 2017 . Advanced pre-orders the movie tickets across limited time periods ( from September 19 to October 30 , 2017 ) allowed moviegoers to receive a serial code to obtain one of the six special Pikachu in Pokémon Sun and Moon , each wearing one of Ash 's signature hats from each anime season . These Pikachu were holding an exclusive Pikashunium Z - Crystal . Also , both Marshadow and Ho - Oh were distributed during the film 's release in Japan . Merchandise coinciding with the film was also released . Bandai will release official Poké Ball Breath Mint Cases in both regular and Premium - Bandai versions to coincide with the film 's release . The first set is released in August 2017 , and the second is released in September 2017 , with pre-orders started on April 23 , 2017 . Bandai also released S.H. Figuarts figures of Ash and the Team Rocket trio on July 2017 , while Good Smile Company also announced they will release a Nendoroid of Ash in December 2017 . For the film 's worldwide release , The Pokémon Company announced special commemorative Pikachu Plush and Pokémon Trading Card Game Cards obtainable in US and Canadian Retail sites . Reception ( edit ) Some older fans of the anime expressed negative criticism over the film on social media due to the exclusion of Misty and Brock in favor of two new companions , with one saying `` It 's almost like Brock and Misty never existed '' . Also , criticism was made at the point where Pikachu actually speaks the human language . As shown at the film 's first screening at the 2017 Japan Expo , most of the main characters from the first six series were relegated to cameos , which also caused some harsh criticism from older fans . Despite this , reviews of the movie were mostly positive . Callum May of Anime News Network called the film a `` Pokémon movie for classic Pokémon fans '' and `` While it features new Pokémon from Sun and Moon like Lycanroc and Incineroar , many of the stories and references are from the series 20 years ago , repurposed into far more emotionally moving encounters . '' It was also praised for having a stronger narrative than the other movies in the franchise , but often criticized on Sorrel and Verity 's personalities , calling them `` more like bystanders of someone else 's story , and the attempts at creating backstories for them are n't built up at all . '' The film also topped Japanese box office records , earning first place and grossing more than 516 million yen ( US $4.61 million ) in the first two days , beating Gintama on its premiere . The movie earned ¥ 2.14 billion ( $19.6 million ) in its fourth week and remained at the sixth position . In its fifth week it grossed US $22 million and climbed up to the fourth position before being dethroned by Transformers : The Last Knight . Sequel ( edit ) A second film in the alternate continuity will be animated by OLM and Wit Studio and it will be released in theaters in Japan on July 13 , 2018 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Known in Japan as Pocket Monsters the Movie : I Choose You ! ( 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! , Gekijō - ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta ! ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 「 ポケモン 映画 20 周年 記念 ビジュアル 」 が 解禁 ! アニメイト タイムズ '' . Animate Times ( in Japanese ) . animateLAB . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Film Opens at # 1 , Live - Action Gintama at # 2 '' . Anime News Network . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie 20 : I Choose You ! '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` World Premiere : The 20th Pokémon Movie '' . Japan Expo . SEFA Event. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 作 目 は 何 か が 違う ... ... ! ? 『 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! 』 2017 年 7 月 15 日 公開 決定 、 トレーラー が 公開 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Gzbrain. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! '' . Fathom Events . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://animemojo.com/shonen/pokemon/pokemon-the-movie-i-choose-you-to-air-on-disney-xd-on-november-25-a3524 Jump up ^ `` New Pokémon I Choose You ! Film Announced ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 劇場 版 ポケモン 新作 タイトル は 「 キミ に きめ た ! 」 、 ポスター に ホウオウ の 姿 '' . Natalie ( in Japanese ) . Natasha , Inc. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Pokémon 's next movie takes Ash back to the beginning '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ Baseel , Casey ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` Here 's the first trailer for the Pokémon reboot / remake anime movie ( Video ) '' . SoraNews24 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon I Choose You ! Anime Film 's 2nd Trailer Reveals Guest Cast , New Mythical Pokémon '' . Anime News Network . 8 April 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Pokémon 's next movie revisits the show 's first season before shaking everything up '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ Yoshitoshi , Shinomiya ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` 映画 『 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! 』 ( 7 月 15 日 公開 ) 「 ポケモン 映画 20 周年 記念 ビジュアル 」 の 情報 が 解禁 され まし た . '' . Shinomiya Yoshitoshi ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffer , Christian ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` Fans Clamor for Veronica Taylor to Return as Ash Ketchum for New Pokemon Movie '' . WWG . Pop Culture Media . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Paul ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Pokémon Reprises `` The Rise of Darkrai '' Song for 20th Summer Movie `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Ed ( @ edgoldfarbmusic ) ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` For 20 years of Pokémon , Ash and Pikachu 's origin story is in theaters 11 / 5 & 11 / 6 . Excited to be part of it '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Casey ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` A Special Hat - Wearing Ash Pikachu Is Headed To Japan For Pokémon Sun & Moon '' . Siliconera . Curse . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Baseel , Casey ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` Poké Ball breath mint holder series will keep you from being a smelly Pokémon otaku '' . SoraNews24 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Become a Pokémon Master with Bandai 's Poké Ball Collection ! '' . Tokyo Otaku Mode. 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara ( 23 April 2017 ) . `` Premium Bandai Now Offering Real * Pokéballs '' . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` S.H. Figuarts Brings Ash and Team Rocket Together Again ! '' . Tokyo Otaku Mode. 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahotan ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Nendoroid Ash & Pikachu ( Pokémon ) '' . Kahotan 's Blog . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sounders , Mike ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Still not a Pokemon champion Ash Ketchum is now available in Nendoroid form , with a catch '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2017-11-06/pokemon-the-movie-i-choose-you-gets-commemorative-tcg-cards-plush/.123673 Jump up ^ Hoffer , Christian ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` New Pokemon Movie Just Erased Two Key Characters from Ash 's Past '' . WWG . Pop Culture Media . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` New Pokémon Movie Rewrites History , Ditches Brock And Misty '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` Pikachu is talking now and it 's very upsetting '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Plagge , Kallie ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` Pokemon The Movie : I Choose You Ruins Pikachu '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hemmings , Hannah Mylrea ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Brock and Misty are being written out of Pokémon , and these people 's childhoods are ruined '' . NME . Time Inc . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ May , Callum ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 国内 映画 ランキング : 2017 年 7 月 18 日 発表 ( 毎週 火曜 更新 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Eiga.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 国内 映画 ランキング : 2017 年 8 月 7 日 発表 ( 毎週 火曜 更新 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Eiga.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-12-10/attack-on-titan-wit-studio-animates-2018-pokemon-film-with-olm/.125106 Jump up ^ http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/12/11/ash-gets-a-new-look-at-wit-studio-and-olm-team-up-on-2018s-pokmon-anime-movie Jump up ^ https://www.animatetimes.com/news/details.php?id=1512957140 External links ( edit ) Japanese movie website Pokemon.co.jp movie website Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! on IMDb Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Pokémon Nintendo Game Freak Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Junichi Masuda Creatures Inc . The Pokémon Company Video games ( Video games list ) Main series Red & Blue Yellow Gold & Silver ( Crystal ) Ruby & Sapphire Emerald Diamond & Pearl Platinum Black & White Black 2 & White 2 X & Y Sun & Moon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon Remakes FireRed & LeafGreen HeartGold & SoulSilver Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire Console games Snap Stadium Stadium 2 Colosseum XD : Gale of Darkness Battle Revolution Pokkén Tournament Other Go Mystery Dungeon TCG Online Shuffle Duel Television series ( seasons 1 -- 13 , 14 -- current ) Original Indigo League `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' Adventures on the Orange Islands The Johto Journeys Johto League Champions Master Quest Advanced Generation Advanced Advanced Challenge Advanced Battle Battle Frontier Diamond and Pearl Diamond and Pearl DP : Battle Dimension DP : Galactic Battles DP : Sinnoh League Victors Best Wishes Black & White BW : Rival Destinies BW : Adventures in Unova BW : Adventures in Unova and Beyond XY XY Kalos Quest XY & Z Sun and Moon Sun and Moon Specials Mewtwo Returns Chronicles The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon Origins Generations Films Original The First Movie 2000 4Ever Heroes Advanced Generation Jirachi Wish Maker Destiny Deoxys Lucario and the Mystery of Mew Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea Diamond and Pearl The Rise of Darkrai Giratina and the Sky Warrior Arceus and the Jewel of Life Zoroark : Master of Illusions Best Wishes Black -- Victini and Reshiram & White -- Victini and Zekrom Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Genesect and the Legend Awakened XY Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction Hoopa and the Clash of Ages Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel Sun and Moon / Reboot series I Choose You ! Manga series ( volume list ) Pocket Monsters Pokémon Adventures Magical Pokémon Journey The Electric Tale of Pikachu Battle Frontier Ginji 's Rescue Team Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure ! Pocket Monsters RéBURST Pokémon Black and White Characters TV series Ash Ketchum Pikachu Brock Misty Team Rocket Meowth Others Pokémon Adventures Pokémon species Controversies Burger King recall Black and Blue Controversial episodes `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' Fandom Pokémon Apokélypse Pokémon Sage Pokémon Uranium Twitch Plays Pokémon Other Gameplay of Pokémon Pikachu ( sculpture ) Pokémon Live ! Trading Card Game Trading Figure Game Universe Theme songs `` Pokémon Theme '' Lavender Town Play ! Pokémon Poképark Pokémon : Tenth Anniversary Pokémon Junior Super Smash Bros . Pokémon : Symphonic Evolutions `` Gotta Catch ' Em All '' World Championships 2014 2015 2016 Book Category Portal Works by Oriental Light and Magic Television series Wedding Peach ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Mojacko ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Pokémon ( 1997 -- present ) Berserk ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Adventures of Mini-Goddess ( 1998 -- 1999 ) To Heart ( 1999 ) Steel Angel Kurumi ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Pokémon : Mewtwo Returns ( 2000 ) Comic Party ( 2001 ) Steel Angel Kurumi 2 ( 2001 ) Figure 17 ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Kasumin ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Piano : The Melody of a Young Girl 's Heart ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Croket ! ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Godannar ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Full - Blast Science Adventure -- So That 's How It Is ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Monkey Turn ( 2004 ) Monkey Turn V ( 2004 ) Agatha Christie 's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple ( 2004 -- 2005 ) To Heart : Remember My Memories ( 2004 ) Guyver : The Bioboosted Armor ( 2005 -- 2006 ) To Heart 2 ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Utawarerumono ( 2006 ) Makai Senki Disgaea ( 2006 ) Ray the Animation ( 2006 ) Pokémon : The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon ( 2006 ) Pokémon Chronicles ( 2006 ) Super Robot Wars Original Generation : Divine Wars ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Gift : Eternal Rainbow ( 2006 ) Deltora Quest ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Let 's Go ! Tamagotchi ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Inazuma Eleven ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Usaru - san ( 2009 ) Tamagotchi ! ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Hana Kappa ( 2010 -- present ) Little Battlers Experience ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Inazuma Eleven GO ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Little Battlers Experience W ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Inazuma Eleven GO : Chrono Stone ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Tamagotchi ! Yume Kira Dream ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Little Battlers Experience Wars ( 2013 ) Inazuma Eleven GO : Galaxy ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Tamagotchi ! Miracle Friends ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Pokémon Origins ( 2013 ) Future Card Buddyfight ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Yo - kai Watch ( 2014 -- present ) GO - GO Tamagotchi ! ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Dragon Collection ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Monster Retsuden Oreca Battle ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Omakase ! Miracle Cat - dan ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Tamagotchi ! Tama Tomo Daishū GO ! ( 2015 ) Future Card Buddyfight 100 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Pikaia ! ( 2015 ) Kamisama Minarai : Himitsu no Cocotama ( 2015 -- present ) Future Card Buddyfight Triple D ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Age 12 : A Little Heart - Pounding ( 2016 ) Beyblade Burst ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cardfight ! ! Vanguard G : NEXT ( 2016 -- 2017 ) BanG Dream ! ( 2017 ) Pikaia ! ! ( 2017 ) Future Card Buddyfight X ( 2017 -- present ) Idol x Warrior Miracle Tunes ! 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when does the pokemon movie 2017 come out
[ "Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You![a] is a 2017 Japanese anime adventure film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama, written by Shoji Yonemura, and produced by OLM. Released as the twentieth Pokémon movie and the first reboot film in the anime film series. It sets up an alternate continuity to the main series and acts as a loose retelling of the original Kanto League saga of the show, released to commemorate the anime's twentieth anniversary. It premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6, 2017[4] and was released in Japan on July 15, 2017.[5] The Pokémon Company International and Fathom Events released the film on a limited theatrical run in the rest of the world on November 5, 2017 and this was followed by airings on Disney XD in the United States on November 25, 2017,[6][7] on CITV in the UK on December 8, 2017, 9Go! in Australia on December 10, 2017 and on Gulli in France on December 25, 2017." ]
[ "November 25, 2017" ]
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Jeri Ryan
Jeri Ryan - wikipedia Jeri Ryan Jump to : navigation , search Jeri Ryan Ryan at Star Trek Seattle 2014 Jeri Lynn Zimmermann ( 1968 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1968 ( age 50 ) Munich , West Germany Occupation Actress Years active 1991 -- present Spouse ( s ) Jack Ryan ( m . 1991 ; div. 1999 ) Christophe Émé ( m . 2007 ) Children Jeri Lynn Ryan ( born Jeri Lynn Zimmermann ; February 22 , 1968 ) is an American actress best known for her role as the Borg Seven of Nine on Star Trek : Voyager , for which she was nominated four times for a Saturn Award and won in 2001 . Ryan is also known for her role as Veronica `` Ronnie '' Cooke on Boston Public ( 2001 -- 2004 ) . She was a regular on the science fiction series Dark Skies ( 1997 ) and the legal drama series Shark ( 2006 -- 2008 ) . In 2009 she guest starred on the series Leverage as Tara Cole . From 2011 to 2013 , she starred as Dr. Kate Murphy in the ABC drama series Body of Proof . In 2016 , she began appearing as Veronica Allen on the Amazon Prime series Bosch . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Notable awards and nominations 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Web 6 Video games 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Ryan was born in Munich , Germany , the daughter of Gerhard Florian `` Jerry '' Zimmermann , a master sergeant in the United States Army , and his wife Sharon , a social worker . She has one older brother , Mark . As a `` military brat '' , Ryan grew up on Army posts in Kansas , Maryland , Hawaii , Georgia and Texas . When she was 11 , her father retired from the Army and the family settled in Paducah , Kentucky . She graduated from Lone Oak High School in 1986 ( as a National Merit Scholar ) , and then attended Northwestern University , where she was a member of the Alpha Phi sorority . In 1989 Ryan was chosen as Miss Illinois . She competed in the Miss America 1990 pageant , where she finished as 3rd runner - up , also winning a preliminary swimsuit competition . She graduated from Northwestern in 1990 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Theatre . Career ( edit ) Ryan at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International . After college , she pursued acting full - time in Los Angeles . She made her acting debut in Who 's the Boss ? , and followed that with guest - starring roles in television series such as Melrose Place , Matlock , and The Sentinel , as well as such television films as Co-Ed Call Girl . Her big break came when she won a regular role as the extraterrestrial investigator Juliet Stuart on the television series Dark Skies . The series was cancelled after one season , but the role had drawn the attention of the science - fiction community . In 1997 Ryan was chosen for a role on the science fiction series Star Trek : Voyager as Seven of Nine , a Borg drone who had been `` liberated '' , or freed , from the Borg 's collective consciousness . When she joined the cast in season four , ratings increased 60 % . She appeared in Wes Craven 's Dracula 2000 . After Voyager ended in 2001 , Ryan joined the cast of Boston Public in the role of Veronica `` Ronnie '' Cooke , a frustrated lawyer who becomes a high school teacher . The series ' producer , David E. Kelley , wrote the role specifically for her . The series ended in 2004 . Ryan appeared in the romantic comedy film Down with Love and as Lydia in the independent film Men Cry Bullets . Ryan 's first film lead was in the indie comedy The Last Man , as the last woman left on Earth . In 2005 she had a role in a pilot called Commuters , a suburban version of Desperate Housewives . She also had a recurring role as Charlotte Morgan on The O.C. in 2005 ; and she guest - starred as Courtney Reece on David E. Kelley 's Boston Legal in 2006 . Ryan then co-starred in the CBS legal drama Shark as Los Angeles County District Attorney Jessica Devlin alongside series lead James Woods , but she did not return for episodes aired after the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , although she was credited in all four episodes . The series did not air between January 27 and April 29 , 2008 . CBS cancelled the broadcast of the series after its season - two finale , May 20 , 2008 . She guest - starred as defense attorney Patrice La Rue on the April 7 , 2009 , episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , her first role since giving birth to her daughter Gisele . Ryan next won a seven - episode role on the TNT drama Leverage in season 2 as a grifter named Tara Cole , to fill in while series regular Gina Bellman ( Sophie ) was on maternity leave . She was in the Kevin Tancharoen - directed short film Mortal Kombat : Rebirth as Sonya Blade . Although originally a film , it marketed as a web series , with previews scheduled to appear online in June 2010 . The web series , Mortal Kombat : Legacy , officially launched in March 2011 . Ryan was a regular in the medical drama series Body of Proof , which premiered on March 29 , 2011 . Ryan has also continued to appear in guest roles on genre television series , including the science - fiction series Warehouse 13 as US Marine Major Amanda Lattimer , ex-wife of the series ' male lead character Pete Lattimer , in the episode `` Queen for a Day '' . Ryan made a return guest appearance on the TNT drama Leverage in season 4 , episode 13 as the grifter Tara Cole , in the episode entitled `` The Girls ' Night Out Job '' , which aired December 11 , 2011 . She also appeared for a multi-episode arc in Season 1 of the sci - fi series Helix , which first aired in 2014 . Personal Life ( edit ) Ryan at the 2010 Las Vegas Star Trek convention in Nevada . In 1990 , while dealing blackjack at a charity event , the actress met investment banker and future Republican political candidate Jack Ryan . The couple married on June 15 , 1991 , and had a son , Alex , on August 15 , 1994 . Throughout the marriage , they took turns commuting between Los Angeles and Chicago for their careers , but divorced on August 27 , 1999 . Although Ryan mentioned in an interview for Star Trek that the frequent separations had been difficult for the marriage , the reasons for the divorce were kept sealed at their mutual request . A few years after she joined the Voyager cast , Ryan began dating Star Trek : Voyager producer Brannon Braga . Between February and November 2000 , they were stalked by Marlon Estacio Pagtakhan , who was convicted for harassment and threats in May 2001 . When Jack Ryan 's campaign for an open United States Senate seat in Illinois began in 2003 , the Chicago Tribune newspaper and WLS - TV , the local ABC affiliate , sought to have his records released . Both Jeri and Jack agreed to make their divorce , but not custody , records public , saying their release could be harmful to their son . On June 18 , 2004 , Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Robert Schnider agreed to release the custody files . The decision generated much controversy , because it went against both parents ' direct request and reversed the decision to seal the papers in the best interest of the child . It was revealed that six years earlier , Jeri had accused Jack Ryan of asking her to perform sexual acts with him in public , and in sex clubs in New York , New Orleans , and Paris . Jeri described one as `` a bizarre club with cages , whips , and other apparatus hanging from the ceiling . '' Jack denied these allegations . Although Jeri only made a brief statement , and she refused to comment on the matter during the campaign , the document disclosure led Jack to withdraw his candidacy ; his main opponent , Barack Obama , then won the 2004 United States Senate election in Illinois . According to statements she has made in interviews , Ryan 's avocation is gourmet cooking . While starring in Boston Public , she moonlighted on weekends in the kitchen of the Los Angeles restaurant The House . In 2003 , Ryan met French chef Christophe Émé at a chef 's charity event . The two eventually began a relationship , and Émé moved in with Ryan and her son Alex in their San Fernando Valley home . In February 2005 , Ryan , a `` lifelong Francophile '' , opened -- in partnership with Émé -- the restaurant Ortolan . Located on Third Street in Los Angeles , California , the restaurant served French food with a modern interpretation . The two have appeared on Iron Chef America , where Émé and one sous - chef challenged Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto and his two sous - chefs . The restaurant is seen in season 2 , episode 26 of Boston Legal as Denny Crane ( William Shatner ) and Alan Shore ( James Spader ) are discussing the arrival of Courtney Reece ( Jeri Ryan ) at `` her favorite restaurant '' . Despite its success , the restaurant closed in December 2010 . Ryan and Émé married in the Loire Valley , France , on June 16 , 2007 . On March 2 , 2008 , Ryan gave birth to daughter Gisele Émé in Los Angeles , California . Notable awards and nominations ( edit ) 1998 Nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Genre TV Actress for her role in Star Trek : Voyager 1999 Nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Genre TV Actress for her role in Star Trek : Voyager 1999 Won Golden Satellite Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series -- Drama for her role in Star Trek : Voyager 2000 Nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Genre TV Supporting Actress for her role in Star Trek : Voyager 2001 Won Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television for her role in Star Trek : Voyager Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1991 Nightmare in Columbia County Dawn Elizabeth Smith Television film Alternate title : Victim of Beauty 1992 Flash III : Deadly Nightshade Felicia Kane Two episodes of the 1990 Flash TV series combined into a two hour movie . 1992 Just Deserts Nicole Television film 1993 In the Line of Duty : Ambush in Waco Rebecca Television film Pier 66 Beth Saunders Television film 1999 Men Cry Bullets Lydia 2000 Last Man , The The Last Man Sarah 2000 Disney 's The Kid Larry King guest 2000 Dracula 2000 Valerie Sharpe Alternate title : Wes Craven Presents : Dracula 2000 2003 Down with Love Gwendolyn 2005 Commuters , The The Commuters Anne Television film Mortal Kombat : Rebirth Sonya Blade Short Film Dead Lines Sophie Fyne Television film Secrets in the Walls Rachel Easton Television film 2016 Against the Wild : Survive the Serengeti Jennifer Croft Television film 2018 The Relic Filming Television ( edit ) Year Show Role Notes 1991 Who 's the Boss ? Pam Episode : `` The Unsinkable Tony Micelli '' 1991 Flash , The The Flash Felicia Kane Episode : `` The Deadly Nightshade '' 1991 Top of the Heap Tyler Episode : `` The Marrying Guy '' 1991 Nurses Lisa Episode : `` Mother , Jugs , and Zach '' 1991 Reasonable Doubts Rachel Beckwith Episode : `` Graduation Day '' 1993 Jackie Thomas Show , The The Jackie Thomas Show Pauline Yardley Episode : `` Jackie and the Model '' 1993 Matlock : The Fatal Seduction Carrie Locke 2 episodes Time Trax Lauren Sanders Episode : `` Out for Blood '' 1995 Murder , She Wrote Maura Episode : `` Death n ' Denial '' 1995 Charlie Grace Claire Episode : `` Designer Knock - Off '' Client , The The Client Jennifer Episode : `` The Morning After '' Melrose Place Valerie Madison 2 episodes Diagnosis : Murder Melissa Farnes Episode : `` Murder by the Book '' Dark Skies Juliet Stewart 8 episodes 1997 -- 2001 Star Trek : Voyager Seven of Nine 102 episodes Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television 1999 Sentinel , The The Sentinel Alexis Barnes 2 episodes 1999 Dilbert Seven of Nine alarm clock Episode : `` The Gift '' 2001 -- 2004 Boston Public Ronnie Cooke 59 episodes 2004 -- 2011 Two and a Half Men Sherri 3 episodes 2005 O.C. , The The O.C. Charlotte Morgan 7 episodes 2006 Boston Legal Courtney Reese 2 episodes 2006 -- 2009 Iron Chef America Herself 2 episodes 2006 -- 2008 Shark Jessica Devlin 34 episodes 2009 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Patrice Larue 3 episodes 2009 -- 2011 Leverage Tara 8 episodes Psych Dr. Kim Phoenix Episode : `` The Head , the Tail , and the Whole Damn Episode '' 2011 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Naomi Halloran Episode : `` Boots on the Ground '' 2011 -- 2012 Warehouse 13 Major Amanda Lattimer 2 episodes 2011 -- 2013 Body of Proof Kate Murphy 42 episodes 2014 - 2017 Major Crimes Linda Rothman 2 Episodes : `` Return to Sender , Part 2 '' ; `` Quid Pro Quo '' 2014 Helix Constance Sutton 2 episodes 2015 NCIS Rebecca Chase Episode : `` Check '' 2015 Arrow Jessica Danforth Episode : `` The Candidate '' 2016 - 17 Bosch Veronica Allen 8 episodes Web ( edit ) Year Show Role Notes 2011 Mortal Kombat : Legacy Sonya Blade 2 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 Star Trek : Voyager Elite Force Seven of Nine Voice role 2014 Star Trek Online Seven of Nine Voice role References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jeri Ryan -- Yahoo ! TV '' . Yahoo !. February 22 , 1968 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jeri Ryan News , Jeri Ryan Bio and Photos '' . TV Guide Jump up ^ `` Jeri Ryan Biography ( 1968 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Star Trek Communicator magazine ^ Jump up to : Hanania , Joseph ( February 7 , 1999 ) . `` Signoff Intergalactic Generation Gap '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( December 23 , 2000 ) . `` Film Review ; Those Wacky , Drooling , Foaming , Biting Undead '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( May 14 , 2003 ) . `` ' Love ' fizzles with fake pillow talk '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( October 22 , 1999 ) . `` Film Review ; He Puts On His Dress One Leg At a Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( February 15 , 2002 ) . `` Film Review ; ' The Last Man ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aurthur , Kate ( April 10 , 2005 ) . `` Desperate Hours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Chicago as a ' Grey ' area ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( September 21 , 2006 ) . `` What 's On Tonight '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( September 21 , 2006 ) . `` Shark : When a Legal Superstar Changes Sides '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Maria Elena ( May 13 , 2008 ) . `` Upfronts : James Woods says goodbye to TV '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Ryan 's Law '' . TV Guide . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Jeri Ryan gains `` Leverage '' at TNT `` . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` New Mortal Kombat Promotional Featurette Delivers the Goods '' . Dreadcentral.com . June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Mortal Kombat ' Reloaded : A Director 's Quest to Remake a Game - to - Movie Franchise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Christian ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` First Look at Baraka in New Mortal Kombat Series ( with video ) '' . Device . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patta , Gig ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Twitter News : Girl Fight Image from ' Mortal Kombat ' Web Series '' . Latino Review . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Stephen ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Jeri Ryan As Sonya Blade In Mortal Kombat Web Series -- First Video ! '' . The Feed . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Carl ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Jeri Ryan Talks ' Mortal Kombat : Rebirth ' '' . Fear.net . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` Among the Dead , a Character Finds Life '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jeri Ryan joins Syfy 's Helix '' . October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fornek , Scott ; Herrmann , Andrew . Senate rivals urge Ryan to unseal divorce records , Chicago Sun - Times ( 2004 - 03 - 04 ) . Jump up ^ Tyler , Aisha ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Girl on Guy 100 : Jeri Ryan '' . Aisha Tyler . 45 : 47 mark . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Manekin , Michael ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' stalker may not be fit to stand trial '' . Oakland Tribune . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cyberstalking garnering more serious response '' . USA Today . Associated Press . June 29 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Trek Beauty Terrified '' . Fox News Channel . January 19 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Chase , John and Liam Ford ( June 22 , 2004 ) . `` Ryan file a bombshell : Ex-wife alleges GOP candidate took her to sex clubs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael and Rick Pearson ( June 18 , 2004 ) . `` Court sets release of Ryan 's divorce file : Judge admits son will be harmed '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zernike , Kate ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` What Some Politicians Fear Most : The Ex-Wife '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kinzer , Stephen ( June 23 , 2004 ) . `` Illinois Senate Campaign Thrown Into Prurient Turmoil '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Race Sex Scandal '' . The Smoking Gun . June 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Jeri Ryan '' . Los Angeles Times . June 22 , 2004 . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Napolitano , Jo ( July 30 , 2004 ) . `` National Briefing Midwest : Illinois : Candidate Officially Drops Out '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kinzer , Stephen ( June 26 , 2004 ) . `` Candidate , Under Pressure , Quits Senate Race in Illinois '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Dean ( December 28 , 2007 ) . `` A Refresher on Obama 's Senate Race '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Horchow , Sally ( March 23 , 2003 ) . `` Good Company ; When ' Doing Lunch ' Lasts 2 Days '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bardin , Brantley ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` Jeri Ryan Trades Power Suits for Maternity Wear '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Virbila , S. Irene ( June 4 , 2008 ) . `` Restaurant Review : Beso -- ready for its close - up ? Beso in Hollywood has the sexy allure of its owner , Eva Longoria Parker . Diners watch and wait for a star sighting '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ortolan Closes '' . L.A. Weekly . January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Jeri Ryan Marries French Chef '' . People . June 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wihlborg , Ulrica ( March 3 , 2008 ) . `` Jeri Ryan Welcomes a Girl '' . People . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Casting Exclusive : Jeri Ryan To Guest Star On CW Drama '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeri Ryan . Jeri Ryan on IMDb Jeri Ryan at the TCM Movie Database Jeri Ryan at AllMovie Jeri Ryan on Google+ Montgomery , David ( June 26 , 2004 ) . `` The Sex Scandal From Outer Space '' . The Washington Post . p . C01 . BBC Online interview Jeri Ryan Biography , Startrek.com Ortolan Restaurant Preceded by Dawn Spicuzza Miss Illinois Succeeded by Marjorie Vincent Illinois pageant winners Miss Illinois Lois Delander ( 1927 ) Judith Ford ( 1968 ) Karen Moncrieff ( 1985 ) Jeri Zimmermann ( 1989 ) Marjorie Vincent ( 1990 ) Chuti Tiu ( 1994 ) Katherine Shindle ( 1997 ) Jade Smalls ( 1999 ) Jenny Powers ( 2000 ) Erika Harold ( 2002 ) Miss Illinois USA Myrna Hansen ( 1953 ) Marianne Gaba ( 1957 ) Patricia Thompson ( 1960 ) Marite Ozers ( 1963 ) Amanda Jones ( 1973 ) Karen Morrison ( 1974 ) Lisa Morgan ( 1991 ) Miss Illinois Teen USA Charlotte Martin ( 1994 ) Nicole Manske ( 1998 ) Awards for Jeri Ryan Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Christine Lahti ( 1996 ) Kate Mulgrew ( 1997 ) Jeri Ryan ( 1998 ) Camryn Manheim ( 1999 ) Allison Janney ( 2000 ) Edie Falco ( 2001 ) CCH Pounder ( 2002 , 2003 ) Laurel Holloman ( 2004 ) Kyra Sedgwick ( 2005 , 2006 ) Ellen Pompeo ( 2007 ) Anna Paquin ( 2008 ) Glenn Close ( 2009 ) Connie Britton ( 2010 ) Claire Danes ( 2011 , 2012 ) Robin Wright ( 2013 ) Keri Russell ( 2014 ) Claire Danes ( 2015 ) Evan Rachel Wood ( 2016 ) Elisabeth Moss ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Justina Vail ( 1999 ) Jeri Ryan ( 2000 ) Jolene Blalock ( 2001 ) Alyson Hannigan ( 2002 ) Amy Acker ( 2003 ) Amanda Tapping ( 2004 ) Katee Sackhoff ( 2005 ) Hayden Panettiere ( 2006 ) Summer Glau / Elizabeth Mitchell ( 2007 ) Jennifer Carpenter ( 2008 ) Julie Benz ( 2009 ) Lucy Lawless ( 2010 ) Michelle Forbes ( 2011 ) Laurie Holden ( 2012 ) Melissa McBride ( 2013 ) Melissa McBride ( 2014 ) Danai Gurira ( 2015 ) Candice Patton ( 2016 ) VIAF : 66408486 LCCN : nr2002043430 ISNI : 0000 0001 1474 0665 BNF : cb159478840 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 78706548 - cb9f - 4942 - a65f - a74d8a45dedc Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeri_Ryan&oldid=831701228 '' Categories : 1968 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Kentucky Actresses from Munich American film actresses American people of German descent American restaurateurs American Roman Catholics American television actresses Lone Oak High School ( Kentucky ) alumni Military brats Miss America 1990 delegates Miss America Preliminary Swimsuit winners Northwestern University School of Communication alumni People from Paducah , Kentucky Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Use mdy dates from January 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 20 : 58 . 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who played 7 of 9 on star trek voyager
[ "Jeri Lynn Ryan (born Jeri Lynn Zimmermann; February 22, 1968)[1][2] is an American actress best known for her role as the Borg Seven of Nine on Star Trek: Voyager, for which she was nominated four times for a Saturn Award and won in 2001." ]
[ "Jeri Lynn Ryan" ]
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Unification of Germany
Unification of Germany - wikipedia Unification of Germany This article is about the unification of 1871 . For the unification of East and West Germany in 1990 , see German reunification . It has been suggested that Founding of the German Empire be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017 . The German Empire of 1871 -- 1918 . Because the German - speaking part of the multinational Austrian Empire was excluded , this geographic construction represented a lesser Germany ( Kleindeutsch ) solution . The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 , in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France . Princes of the German states , excluding Austria , gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor after the French capitulation in the Franco - Prussian War . Unofficially , the de facto transition of most of the German - speaking populations into a federated organization of states had been developing for some time through alliances formal and informal between princely rulers , but in fits and starts . The self - interests of the various parties hampered the process over nearly a century of autocratic experimentation , beginning in the era of the Napoleonic Wars , which prompted the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in 1806 , and the subsequent rise of German nationalism . Unification exposed tensions due to religious , linguistic , social , and cultural differences among the inhabitants of the new nation , suggesting that 1871 only represented one moment in a continuum of the larger unification processes . The Holy Roman Emperor had been often called `` Emperor of all the Germanies '' ; contemporary news accounts frequently referred to `` The Germanies '' . In the empire , higher nobility were referred to as `` Princes of Germany '' or `` Princes of the Germanies '' -- for the lands once called East Francia had been organized and governed as pocket kingdoms since before the rise of Charlemagne ( 800 AD ) . In the mountainous terrain of much of the territory , isolated peoples developed cultural , educational , linguistic , and religious differences over such a lengthy time period . By the nineteenth century , transportation and communications improvements brought these regions closer together . The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation , which had included more than 500 independent states , was effectively dissolved when Emperor Francis II abdicated ( 6 August 1806 ) during the War of the Third Coalition . Despite the legal , administrative , and political disruption associated with the end of the Empire , the people of the German - speaking areas of the old Empire had a common linguistic , cultural , and legal tradition further enhanced by their shared experience in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars . European liberalism offered an intellectual basis for unification by challenging dynastic and absolutist models of social and political organization ; its German manifestation emphasized the importance of tradition , education , and linguistic unity of peoples in a geographic region . Economically , the creation of the Prussian Zollverein ( customs union ) in 1818 , and its subsequent expansion to include other states of the German Confederation , reduced competition between and within states . Emerging modes of transportation facilitated business and recreational travel , leading to contact and sometimes conflict among German speakers from throughout Central Europe . The model of diplomatic spheres of influence resulting from the Congress of Vienna in 1814 -- 15 after the Napoleonic Wars endorsed Austrian dominance in Central Europe . The negotiators at Vienna took no account of Prussia 's growing strength within and among the German states and so failed to foresee that Prussia would rise to challenge Austria for leadership of the German peoples . This German dualism presented two solutions to the problem of unification : Kleindeutsche Lösung , the small Germany solution ( Germany without Austria ) , or Großdeutsche Lösung , the greater Germany solution ( Germany with Austria ) . Historians debate whether Otto von Bismarck -- Minister President of Prussia -- had a master plan to expand the North German Confederation of 1866 to include the remaining independent German states into a single entity or simply to expand the power of the Kingdom of Prussia . They conclude that factors in addition to the strength of Bismarck 's Realpolitik led a collection of early modern polities to reorganize political , economic , military , and diplomatic relationships in the 19th century . Reaction to Danish and French nationalism provided foci for expressions of German unity . Military successes -- especially those of Prussia -- in three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification . This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars , particularly in the War of Liberation of 1813 -- 14 . By establishing a Germany without Austria , the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism . Part of a series on the History of Germany Early history ( show ) Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Medieval Germany ( show ) East Francia Kingdom of Germany Holy Roman Empire Eastward settlement Early Modern period ( show ) Sectionalism 18th century Kingdom of Prussia Unification ( show ) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848 German Empire ( 1849 ) North German Confederation German Reich ( show ) German Empire World War I Weimar Republic Alsace - Lorraine Saar Danzig Memel Austria Sudetenland Nazi Germany Cold War era ( show ) Occupation Ostgebiete Expulsion of Germans West Germany East Germany Saar German reunification Contemporary ( show ) New federal states Reunified Germany By topic ( show ) Timeline Economic history Military history Territorial evolution Berlin Women 's history Names of Germany Germany portal Contents ( hide ) 1 Brief timeline 2 German - speaking Central Europe in the early 19th century 2.1 Rise of German nationalism under the Napoleonic System 2.2 Reorganization of Central Europe and the rise of German dualism 2.3 Problems of reorganization 3 Economic collaboration : the customs union 3.1 Roads and railways 3.2 Geography , patriotism and language 4 Vormärz and nineteenth century liberalism 4.1 Hambach Festival : liberal nationalism and conservative response 4.2 Liberalism and the response to economic problems 5 First efforts at unification 5.1 German revolutions of 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament 5.2 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament in retrospective analysis 5.3 Problem of spheres of influence : The Erfurt Union and the Punctation of Olmütz 5.4 External expectations of a unified Germany 5.5 Prussia 's growing strength : Realpolitik 6 Founding a unified state 6.1 The Schleswig - Holstein Question 6.2 War between Austria and Prussia , 1866 6.2. 1 Choosing sides 6.2. 2 Austria isolated 6.3 Realpolitik and the North German Confederation 7 War with France 7.1 Spheres of influence fall apart in Spain 7.2 Military operations 7.3 Proclamation of the German Empire 7.4 Importance in the unification process 8 Political and administrative unification 8.1 Constituent states of the Empire 8.2 Political structure of the Empire 8.3 Historical arguments and the Empire 's social anatomy 9 Beyond the political mechanism : forming a nation 9.1 Kulturkampf 9.2 Integrating the Jewish community 9.3 Writing the story of the nation 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Brief timeline ( edit ) Germania , a personification of the German nation , appears in Philipp Veit 's fresco ( 1834 -- 36 ) . She is holding a shield with the coat of arms of the German Confederation . The shields on which she stands are the arms of the seven traditional Electors of the Holy Roman Empire . 1797 : The French First Republic annexed the Left Bank of the Rhine as a result of the War of the First Coalition . 1802 : Previous annexations by France confirmed following its victory in the War of the Second Coalition . 1804 : Francis I of Austria declared the new Austrian Empire as a reaction to Napoleon Bonaparte 's proclamation of the First French Empire in 1804 . 1806 : As a result of the War of the Third Coalition , Napoleon I annexed some territories East of the Rhine , replaced the Holy Roman Empire by the Confederation of the Rhine as a French client - state . 1807 : Prussia lost one half of its territory following the War of the Fourth Coalition . 1815 : After the defeat of Napoleon , the Congress of Vienna reinstated the Germanic states into the German Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire . 1819 : The Carlsbad Decrees suppressed any form of pan-Germanic activities to avoid the creation of a ' German state ' ; the Kingdom of Prussia , however , initiated a customs union with other Confederation states . 1834 : The Prussian - led custom union evolved into the Zollverein that included almost all Confederation states except the Austrian Empire . 1848 : Revolts across the German Confederation , such as in Berlin , Dresden and Frankfurt , forced King Frederick William IV of Prussia to grant a constitution to the Confederation . In the meantime , the Frankfurt Parliament was set up in 1848 and attempted to proclaim a united Germany , but this was refused by William IV . The question of a united Germany under the Kleindeutsch solution ( to exclude Austria ) or the so - called Großdeutsch ( to include Austria ) began to surface . 1850 : The Erfurt Union was a short - lived attempt at a union of German states under a federation , proposed by the Kingdom of Prussia . The Erfurt Union Parliament ( Erfurter Unionsparlament ) , lasting from March 20 to April 29 , 1850 , was opened at the former Augustinian monastery at Erfurt . The union never came into effect , and was completely undermined by the Punctation of Olmütz , a treaty between Prussia and Austria , signed 29 November 1850 , by which Prussia abandoned the Erfurt Union and accepted the revival of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership . 1861 -- 62 : King Wilhelm I became King of Prussia and he appointed Otto von Bismarck on 23 September 1862 , Minister President and Foreign Minister , who favoured a ' blood - and - iron ' policy to create a united Germany under the leadership of Prussia . 1864 : The Danish - Prussian War started as Prussia protested against Danish incorporation of Schleswig into the Kingdom of Denmark . The Austrian Empire was deliberately drawn into this war by Otto von Bismarck , Chancellor of Prussia . The Austro - Prussian victory led to Schleswig , the northern part , being governed by Prussia and Holstein , the southern part , being governed by Austria , as per the Treaty of Vienna ( 1864 ) . 1866 : Bismarck accused the Austrian Empire of stirring up troubles in Prussian - held Schleswig . Prussian troops drove into Austrian - held Holstein and took control of the entire state of Schleswig - Holstein . Austria declared war on Prussia and , after fighting the Austro - Prussian War ( Seven Weeks ' War ) , was swiftly defeated . The Treaty of Prague ( 1866 ) formally dissolved the German Confederation and Prussia created the North German Confederation to include all Germanic states except the pro-French , southern kingdoms of Bavaria , Baden and Württemberg . 1870 : When the French emperor , Napoleon III , demanded territories of the Rhineland in return for his neutrality amid the Austro - Prussian War , Bismarck used the Spanish Succession Question ( 1868 ) and Ems Telegram ( 1870 ) as an opportunity to incorporate the southern kingdoms . Napoleon III declared war against Prussia . 1871 : The Franco - Prussian War ended with Prussian troops capturing Paris , the capital of the Second French Empire . Bavaria , Baden , and Württemberg were incorporated into the North German Confederation in the Treaty of Frankfurt ( 1871 ) . Bismarck then proclaimed King Wilhelm I , now Kaiser Wilhelm I , as leader of the new , united Germany ( German Reich ) , excluding Austria . With the German troops remaining in Paris , Napoleon III dissolved the French Empire and a new republic , the Third French Republic , was created under Adolphe Thiers . German - speaking Central Europe in the early 19th century ( edit ) Further information : Holy Roman Empire Map of the Holy Roman Empire in 1789 . The map is dominated by the Habsburg Monarchy ( orange ) and the Kingdom of Prussia ( blue ) , besides a large number of small states ( many of them too small to be shown on the map ) Prior to 1803 , German - speaking Central Europe included more than 300 political entities , most of which were part of the Holy Roman Empire or the extensive Habsburg hereditary dominions . They ranged in size from the small and complex territories of the princely Hohenlohe family branches to sizable , well - defined territories such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Prussia . Their governance varied : they included free imperial cities , also of different sizes , such as the powerful Augsburg and the minuscule Weil der Stadt ; ecclesiastical territories , also of varying sizes and influence , such as the wealthy Abbey of Reichenau and the powerful Archbishopric of Cologne ; and dynastic states such as Württemberg . These lands ( or parts of them -- both the Habsburg domains and Hohenzollern Prussia also included territories outside the Empire structures ) made up the territory of the Holy Roman Empire , which at times included more than 1,000 entities . Since the 15th century , with few exceptions , the Empire 's Prince - electors had chosen successive heads of the House of Habsburg to hold the title of Holy Roman Emperor . Among the German - speaking states , the Holy Roman Empire administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords , between jurisdictions , and within jurisdictions . Through the organization of imperial circles ( Reichskreise ) , groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests , including economic cooperation and military protection . The War of the Second Coalition ( 1799 -- 1802 ) resulted in the defeat of the imperial and allied forces by Napoleon Bonaparte . The treaties of Lunéville ( 1801 ) and the Mediatization of 1803 secularized the ecclesiastical principalities and abolished most free imperial cities and these territories along with their inhabitants were absorbed by dynastic states . This transfer particularly enhanced the territories of Württemberg and Baden . In 1806 , after a successful invasion of Prussia and the defeat of Prussia and Russia at the joint battles of Jena - Auerstedt , Napoleon dictated the Treaty of Pressburg and presided over the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine , which , inter alia , provided for the mediatization of over a hundred petty princes and counts and the absorption of their territories , as well as those of hundreds of imperial knights , by the Confederation 's member - states . Following the formal secession of these member - states from the Empire , the Emperor dissolved the Holy Roman Empire . Rise of German nationalism under the Napoleonic system ( edit ) Further information : French period Under the hegemony of the French Empire ( 1804 -- 1814 ) , popular German nationalism thrived in the reorganized German states . Due in part to the shared experience , albeit under French dominance , various justifications emerged to identify `` Germany '' as a single state . For the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte , The first , original , and truly natural boundaries of states are beyond doubt their internal boundaries . Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself , long before any human art begins ; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly ; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole . The Battle of the Nations monument , erected for the centennial in 1913 , honors the efforts of the German people in the victory over Napoleon A common language may have been seen to serve as the basis of a nation , but as contemporary historians of 19th - century Germany noted , it took more than linguistic similarity to unify these several hundred polities . The experience of German - speaking Central Europe during the years of French hegemony contributed to a sense of common cause to remove the French invaders and reassert control over their own lands . The exigencies of Napoleon 's campaigns in Poland ( 1806 -- 07 ) , the Iberian Peninsula , western Germany , and his disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 disillusioned many Germans , princes and peasants alike . Napoleon 's Continental System nearly ruined the Central European economy . The invasion of Russia included nearly 125,000 troops from German lands , and the loss of that army encouraged many Germans , both high - and low - born , to envision a Central Europe free of Napoleon 's influence . The creation of student militias such as the Lützow Free Corps exemplified this tendency . The debacle in Russia loosened the French grip on the German princes . In 1813 , Napoleon mounted a campaign in the German states to bring them back into the French orbit ; the subsequent War of Liberation culminated in the great Battle of Leipzig , also known as the Battle of Nations . In October 1813 , more than 500,000 combatants engaged in ferocious fighting over three days , making it the largest European land battle of the 19th century . The engagement resulted in a decisive victory for the Coalition of Austria , Prussia , Russia , Saxony , and Sweden , and it ended French power east of the Rhine . Success encouraged the Coalition forces to pursue Napoleon across the Rhine ; his army and his government collapsed , and the victorious Coalition incarcerated Napoleon on Elba . During the brief Napoleonic restoration known as the 100 Days of 1815 , forces of the Seventh Coalition , including an Anglo - Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher , were victorious at Waterloo ( 18 June 1815 ) . The critical role played by Blücher 's troops , especially after having to retreat from the field at Ligny the day before , helped to turn the tide of combat against the French . The Prussian cavalry pursued the defeated French in the evening of 18 June , sealing the allied victory . From the German perspective , the actions of Blücher 's troops at Waterloo , and the combined efforts at Leipzig , offered a rallying point of pride and enthusiasm . This interpretation became a key building block of the Borussian myth expounded by the pro-Prussian nationalist historians later in the 19th century . Reorganization of Central Europe and the rise of German dualism ( edit ) Further information : Congress of Vienna Coat of arms of the German Confederation , also called Deutscher Bund After Napoleon 's defeat , the Congress of Vienna established a new European political - diplomatic system based on the balance of power . This system reorganized Europe into spheres of influence , which , in some cases , suppressed the aspirations of the various nationalities , including the Germans and Italians . Generally , an enlarged Prussia and the 38 other states consolidated from the mediatized territories of 1803 were confederated within the Austrian Empire 's sphere of influence . The Congress established a loose German Confederation ( 1815 -- 1866 ) , headed by Austria , with a `` Federal Diet '' ( called the Bundestag or Bundesversammlung , an assembly of appointed leaders ) that met in the city of Frankfurt am Main . In recognition of the imperial position traditionally held by the Habsburgs , the emperors of Austria became the titular presidents of this parliament . Problematically , the built - in Austrian dominance failed to take into account Prussia 's 18th century emergence in Imperial politics . Ever since the Prince - Elector of Brandenburg had made himself King in Prussia at the beginning of that century , their domains had steadily increased through war and inheritance . Prussia 's consolidated strength had become especially apparent during the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years ' War under Frederick the Great . As Maria Theresa and Joseph tried to restore Habsburg hegemony in the Holy Roman Empire , Frederick countered with the creation of the Fürstenbund ( Union of Princes ) in 1785 . Austrian - Prussian dualism lay firmly rooted in old Imperial politics . Those balance of power manoeuvers were epitomized by the War of the Bavarian Succession , or `` Potato War '' among common folk . Even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire , this competition influenced the growth and development of nationalist movements in the 19th century . Problems of reorganization ( edit ) In October , 1817 , approximately 500 students rallied at Wartburg Castle , where Martin Luther had sought refuge over three centuries earlier , to demonstrate in favor of national unification . Wartburg was chosen for its symbolic connection to German national character . Contemporary , colored wood engraving . Despite the nomenclature of Diet ( Assembly or Parliament ) , this institution should in no way be construed as a broadly , or popularly , elected group of representatives . Many of the states did not have constitutions , and those that did , such as the Duchy of Baden , based suffrage on strict property requirements which effectively limited suffrage to a small portion of the male population . Furthermore , this impractical solution did not reflect the new status of Prussia in the overall scheme . Although the Prussian army had been dramatically defeated in the 1806 Battle of Jena - Auerstedt , it had made a spectacular comeback at Waterloo . Consequently , Prussian leaders expected to play a pivotal role in German politics . The surge of German nationalism , stimulated by the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period and initially allied with liberalism , shifted political , social , and cultural relationships within the German states . In this context , one can detect its roots in the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period . The Burschenschaft student organizations and popular demonstrations , such as those held at Wartburg Castle in October 1817 , contributed to a growing sense of unity among German speakers of Central Europe . Furthermore , implicit and sometimes explicit promises made during the War of Liberation engendered an expectation of popular sovereignty and widespread participation in the political process , promises that largely went unfulfilled once peace had been achieved . Agitation by student organizations led such conservative leaders as Klemens Wenzel , Prince von Metternich , to fear the rise of national sentiment ; the assassination of German dramatist August von Kotzebue in March 1819 by a radical student seeking unification was followed on 20 September 1819 by the proclamation of the Carlsbad Decrees , which hampered intellectual leadership of the nationalist movement . Metternich was able to harness conservative outrage at the assassination to consolidate legislation that would further limit the press and constrain the rising liberal and nationalist movements . Consequently , these decrees drove the Burschenschaften underground , restricted the publication of nationalist materials , expanded censorship of the press and private correspondence , and limited academic speech by prohibiting university professors from encouraging nationalist discussion . The decrees were the subject of Johann Joseph von Görres 's pamphlet Teutschland ( archaic : Deutschland ) und die Revolution ( Germany and the Revolution ) ( 1820 ) , in which he concluded that it was both impossible and undesirable to repress the free utterance of public opinion by reactionary measures . Economic collaboration : the Customs Union ( edit ) Further information : Zollverein Boundaries of the German Confederation . Prussia is blue , Austria - Hungary yellow , and the rest grey . Another institution key to unifying the German states , the Zollverein , helped to create a larger sense of economic unification . Initially conceived by the Prussian Finance Minister Hans , Count von Bülow , as a Prussian customs union in 1818 , the Zollverein linked the many Prussian and Hohenzollern territories . Over the ensuing thirty years ( and more ) other German states joined . The Union helped to reduce protectionist barriers between the German states , especially improving the transport of raw materials and finished goods , making it both easier to move goods across territorial borders and less costly to buy , transport , and sell raw materials . This was particularly important for the emerging industrial centers , most of which were located in the Prussian regions of the Rhineland , the Saar , and the Ruhr valleys . States more distant from the coast joined the Customs Union earlier . Not being a member mattered more for the states of south Germany , since the external tariff of the Customs Union prevented customs - free access to the coast ( which gave access to international markets ) . Thus , by 1836 , all states to the south of Prussia had joined the Customs Union , except Austria . In contrast , the coastal states already had barrier free access to international trade and did not want consumers and producers burdened with the import duties they would pay if they were within the Zollverein customs border . Hanover on the north coast formed its own customs union - the `` Tax Union '' or Steuerverein - in 1834 with Brunswick and with Oldenburg in 1836 . The external tariffs on finished goods and overseas raw materials and were below the rates of the Zollverein . Brunswick joined the Zollverein Customs Union in 1842 , while Hanover and Oldenburg finally joined in 1854 After the Austro - Prussian war of 1866 , Schleswig , Holstein and Lauenburg were annexed by Prussia and thus annexed also to the Customs Union , while the two Mecklenburg states and the city states of Hamburg and Bremen joined late because they were reliant on international trade . The Mecklenburgs joined in 1867 , while Bremen and Hamburg joined in 1888 . Roads and railways ( edit ) By the early 19th century , German roads had deteriorated to an appalling extent . Travelers , both foreign and local , complained bitterly about the state of the Heerstraßen , the military roads previously maintained for the ease of moving troops . As German states ceased to be a military crossroads , however , the roads improved ; the length of hard -- surfaced roads in Prussia increased from 3,800 kilometres ( 2,400 mi ) in 1816 to 16,600 kilometres ( 10,300 mi ) in 1852 , helped in part by the invention of macadam . By 1835 , Heinrich von Gagern wrote that roads were the `` veins and arteries of the body politic ... '' and predicted that they would promote freedom , independence and prosperity . As people moved around , they came into contact with others , on trains , at hotels , in restaurants , and for some , at fashionable resorts such as the spa in Baden - Baden . Water transportation also improved . The blockades on the Rhine had been removed by Napoleon 's orders , but by the 1820s , steam engines freed riverboats from the cumbersome system of men and animals that towed them upstream . By 1846 , 180 steamers plied German rivers and Lake Constance , and a network of canals extended from the Danube , the Weser , and the Elbe rivers . This drawing offered a satirical commentary on the prevalence of toll barriers in the many German states , circa 1834 . Some states were so small that transporters loaded and reloaded their cargoes two and three times a day . As important as these improvements were , they could not compete with the impact of the railway . German economist Friedrich List called the railways and the Customs Union `` Siamese Twins '' , emphasizing their important relationship to one another . He was not alone : the poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote a poem in which he extolled the virtues of the Zollverein , which he began with a list of commodities that had contributed more to German unity than politics or diplomacy . Historians of the Second Empire later regarded the railways as the first indicator of a unified state ; the patriotic novelist , Wilhelm Raabe , wrote : `` The German empire was founded with the construction of the first railway ... '' Not everyone greeted the iron monster with enthusiasm . The Prussian king Frederick William III saw no advantage in traveling from Berlin to Potsdam a few hours faster , and Metternich refused to ride in one at all . Others wondered if the railways were an `` evil '' that threatened the landscape : Nikolaus Lenau 's 1838 poem An den Frühling ( To Spring ) bemoaned the way trains destroyed the pristine quietude of German forests . The Bavarian Ludwig Railway , which was the first passenger or freight rail line in the German lands , connected Nuremberg and Fürth in 1835 . Although it was 6 kilometres ( 3.7 mi ) long and only operated in daylight , it proved both profitable and popular . Within three years , 141 kilometres ( 88 mi ) of track had been laid , by 1840 , 462 kilometres ( 287 mi ) , and by 1860 , 11,157 kilometres ( 6,933 mi ) . Lacking a geographically central organizing feature ( such as a national capital ) , the rails were laid in webs , linking towns and markets within regions , regions within larger regions , and so on . As the rail network expanded , it became cheaper to transport goods : in 1840 , 18 Pfennigs per ton per kilometer and in 1870 , five Pfennigs . The effects of the railway were immediate . For example , raw materials could travel up and down the Ruhr Valley without having to unload and reload . Railway lines encouraged economic activity by creating demand for commodities and by facilitating commerce . In 1850 , inland shipping carried three times more freight than railroads ; by 1870 , the situation was reversed , and railroads carried four times more . Rail travel changed how cities looked and how people traveled . Its impact reached throughout the social order , affecting the highest born to the lowest . Although some of the outlying German provinces were not serviced by rail until the 1890s , the majority of the population , manufacturing centers , and production centers were linked to the rail network by 1865 . Geography , patriotism and language ( edit ) German language area ( here including Dutch , Frisian , and Luxembourgish ) based on 19th century language maps with close German language islands shown with today 's European state borders . As travel became easier , faster , and less expensive , Germans started to see unity in factors other than their language . The Brothers Grimm , who compiled a massive dictionary known as The Grimm , also assembled a compendium of folk tales and fables , which highlighted the story - telling parallels between different regions . Karl Baedeker wrote guidebooks to different cities and regions of Central Europe , indicating places to stay , sites to visit , and giving a short history of castles , battlefields , famous buildings , and famous people . His guides also included distances , roads to avoid , and hiking paths to follow . The words of August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben expressed not only the linguistic unity of the German people but also their geographic unity . In Deutschland , Deutschland über Alles , officially called Das Lied der Deutschen ( `` The Song of the Germans '' ) , Fallersleben called upon sovereigns throughout the German states to recognize the unifying characteristics of the German people . Such other patriotic songs as `` Die Wacht am Rhein '' ( `` The Watch on the Rhine '' ) by Max Schneckenburger began to focus attention on geographic space , not limiting `` German - ness '' to a common language . Schneckenburger wrote `` The Watch on the Rhine '' in a specific patriotic response to French assertions that the Rhine was France 's `` natural '' eastern boundary . In the refrain , `` Dear fatherland , dear fatherland , put your mind to rest / The watch stands true on the Rhine '' , and in such other patriotic poetry as Nicholaus Becker 's `` Das Rheinlied '' ( `` The Rhine '' ) , Germans were called upon to defend their territorial homeland . In 1807 , Alexander von Humboldt argued that national character reflected geographic influence , linking landscape to people . Concurrent with this idea , movements to preserve old fortresses and historic sites emerged , and these particularly focused on the Rhineland , the site of so many confrontations with France and Spain . Vormärz and nineteenth century liberalism ( edit ) Main article : Vormärz The period of Austrian and Prussian police - states and vast censorship before the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany later became widely known as the Vormärz , the `` before March '' , referring to March 1848 . During this period , European liberalism gained momentum ; the agenda included economic , social , and political issues . Most European liberals in the Vormärz sought unification under nationalist principles , promoted the transition to capitalism , sought the expansion of male suffrage , among other issues . Their `` radicalness '' depended upon where they stood on the spectrum of male suffrage : the wider the definition of suffrage , the more radical . Hambach Festival : liberal nationalism and conservative response ( edit ) Pro-nationalist participants march to the ruins of Hambach Castle in 1832 . Students and some professionals , and their spouses , predominated . They carried the flag of the underground Burschenschaft , which later became the basis of the flag of modern Germany Despite considerable conservative reaction , ideas of unity joined with notions of popular sovereignty in German - speaking lands . The Hambach Festival ( Hambacher Fest ) in May 1832 was attended by a crowd of more than 30,000 . Promoted as a county fair , its participants celebrated fraternity , liberty , and national unity . Celebrants gathered in the town below and marched to the ruins of Hambach Castle on the heights above the small town of Hambach , in the Palatinate province of Bavaria . Carrying flags , beating drums , and singing , the participants took the better part of the morning and mid-day to arrive at the castle grounds , where they listened to speeches by nationalist orators from across the conservative to radical political spectrum . The overall content of the speeches suggested a fundamental difference between the German nationalism of the 1830s and the French nationalism of the July Revolution : the focus of German nationalism lay in the education of the people ; once the populace was educated as to what was needed , they would accomplish it . The Hambach rhetoric emphasized the overall peaceable nature of German nationalism : the point was not to build barricades , a very `` French '' form of nationalism , but to build emotional bridges between groups . As he had done in 1819 , after the Kotzebue assassination , Metternich used the popular demonstration at Hambach to push conservative social policy . The `` Six Articles '' of 28 June 1832 primarily reaffirmed the principle of monarchical authority . On 5 July , the Frankfurt Diet voted for an additional 10 articles , which reiterated existing rules on censorship , restricted political organizations , and limited other public activity . Furthermore , the member states agreed to send military assistance to any government threatened by unrest . Prince Wrede led half of the Bavarian army to the Palatinate to `` subdue '' the province . Several hapless Hambach speakers were arrested , tried and imprisoned ; one , Karl Heinrich Brüggemann ( 1810 -- 1887 ) , a law student and representative of the secretive Burschenschaft , was sent to Prussia , where he was first condemned to death , but later pardoned . Liberalism and the response to economic problems ( edit ) A German caricature that mocks the Carlsbad Decrees , which suppressed freedom of expression . Several other factors complicated the rise of nationalism in the German states . The man - made factors included political rivalries between members of the German confederation , particularly between the Austrians and the Prussians , and socio - economic competition among the commercial and merchant interests and the old land - owning and aristocratic interests . Natural factors included widespread drought in the early 1830s , and again in the 1840s , and a food crisis in the 1840s . Further complications emerged as a result of a shift in industrialization and manufacturing ; as people sought jobs , they left their villages and small towns to work during the week in the cities , returning for a day and a half on weekends . The economic , social and cultural dislocation of ordinary people , the economic hardship of an economy in transition , and the pressures of meteorological disasters all contributed to growing problems in Central Europe . The failure of most of the governments to deal with the food crisis of the mid-1840s , caused by the potato blight ( related to the Great Irish Famine ) and several seasons of bad weather , encouraged many to think that the rich and powerful had no interest in their problems . Those in authority were concerned about the growing unrest , political and social agitation among the working classes , and the disaffection of the intelligentsia . No amount of censorship , fines , imprisonment , or banishment , it seemed , could stem the criticism . Furthermore , it was becoming increasingly clear that both Austria and Prussia wanted to be the leaders in any resulting unification ; each would inhibit the drive of the other to achieve unification . First efforts at unification ( edit ) Further information : Revolutions of 1848 Crucially , both the Wartburg rally in 1817 and the Hambach Festival in 1832 had lacked any clear - cut program of unification . At Hambach , the positions of the many speakers illustrated their disparate agendas . Held together only by the idea of unification , their notions of how to achieve this did not include specific plans but instead rested on the nebulous idea that the Volk ( the people ) , if properly educated , would bring about unification on their own . Grand speeches , flags , exuberant students , and picnic lunches did not translate into a new political , bureaucratic , or administrative apparatus . While many spoke about the need for a constitution , no such document appeared from the discussions . In 1848 , nationalists sought to remedy that problem . German revolutions of 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament ( edit ) Further information : Frankfurt Parliament Pre-parliament delegates process into Paul 's Church in Frankfurt , where they laid the groundwork for electing a National Parliament . The widespread -- mainly German -- revolutions of 1848 -- 49 sought unification of Germany under a single constitution . The revolutionaries pressured various state governments , particularly those in the Rhineland , for a parliamentary assembly that would have the responsibility to draft a constitution . Ultimately , many of the left - wing revolutionaries hoped this constitution would establish universal male suffrage , a permanent national parliament , and a unified Germany , possibly under the leadership of the Prussian king . This seemed to be the most logical course since Prussia was the strongest of the German states , as well as the largest in geographic size . Generally , center - right revolutionaries sought some kind of expanded suffrage within their states and potentially , a form of loose unification . Their pressure resulted in a variety of elections , based on different voting qualifications , such as the Prussian three - class franchise , which granted to some electoral groups -- chiefly the wealthier , landed ones -- greater representative power . On 27 March 1849 , the Frankfurt Parliament passed the Paulskirchenverfassung ( Constitution of St. Paul 's Church ) and offered the title of Kaiser ( Emperor ) to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month . He refused for a variety of reasons . Publicly , he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states , by which he meant the princes . Privately , he feared opposition from the other German princes and military intervention from Austria or Russia . He also held a fundamental distaste for the idea of accepting a crown from a popularly elected parliament : he would not accept a crown of `` clay '' . Despite franchise requirements that often perpetuated many of the problems of sovereignty and political participation liberals sought to overcome , the Frankfurt Parliament did manage to draft a constitution and reach an agreement on the kleindeutsch solution . While the liberals failed to achieve the unification they sought , they did manage to gain a partial victory by working with the German princes on many constitutional issues and collaborating with them on reforms . 1848 and the Frankfurt Parliament in retrospective analysis ( edit ) Scholars of German history have engaged in decades of debate over how the successes and failures of the Frankfurt Parliament contribute to the historiographical explanations of German nation building . One school of thought , which emerged after The Great War and gained momentum in the aftermath of World War II , maintains that the failure of German liberals in the Frankfurt Parliament led to bourgeoisie compromise with conservatives ( especially the conservative Junker landholders ) , which subsequently led to the so - called Sonderweg ( distinctive path ) of 20th - century German history . Failure to achieve unification in 1848 , this argument holds , resulted in the late formation of the nation - state in 1871 , which in turn delayed the development of positive national values . Hitler often called on the German public to sacrifice all for the cause of their great nation , but his regime did not create German nationalism : it merely capitalized on an intrinsic cultural value of German society that still remains prevalent even to this day . Furthermore , this argument maintains , the `` failure '' of 1848 reaffirmed latent aristocratic longings among the German middle class ; consequently , this group never developed a self - conscious program of modernization . More recent scholarship has rejected this idea , claiming that Germany did not have an actual `` distinctive path '' any more than any other nation , a historiographic idea known as exceptionalism . Instead , modern historians claim 1848 saw specific achievements by the liberal politicians . Many of their ideas and programs were later incorporated into Bismarck 's social programs ( e.g. , social insurance , education programs , and wider definitions of suffrage ) . In addition , the notion of a distinctive path relies upon the underlying assumption that some other nation 's path ( in this case , the United Kingdom 's ) is the accepted norm . This new argument further challenges the norms of the British - centric model of development : studies of national development in Britain and other `` normal '' states ( e.g. , France or the United States ) have suggested that even in these cases , the modern nation - state did not develop evenly . Nor did it develop particularly early , being rather a largely mid-to - late - 19th - century phenomenon . Since the end of the 1990s , this view has become widely accepted , although some historians still find the Sonderweg analysis helpful in understanding the period of National Socialism . Problem of spheres of influence : the Erfurt Union and the Punctation of Olmütz ( edit ) This depiction of Germania , also by Philipp Veit , was created to hide the organ of the Paul 's Church in Frankfurt , during the meeting of the Parliament there , March 1848 -- 49 . The sword was intended to symbolize the Word of God and to mark the renewal of the people and their triumphant spirit . After the Frankfurt Parliament disbanded , Frederick William IV , under the influence of General Joseph Maria von Radowitz , supported the establishment of the Erfurt Union -- a federation of German states , excluding Austria -- by the free agreement of the German princes . This limited union under Prussia would have almost entirely eliminated Austrian influence on the other German states . Combined diplomatic pressure from Austria and Russia ( a guarantor of the 1815 agreements that established European spheres of influence ) forced Prussia to relinquish the idea of the Erfurt Union at a meeting in the small town of Olmütz in Moravia . In November 1850 , the Prussians -- specifically Radowitz and Frederick William -- agreed to the restoration of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership . This became known as the Punctation of Olmütz , but among Prussians it was known as the `` Humiliation of Olmütz . '' Although seemingly minor events , the Erfurt Union proposal and the Punctation of Olmütz brought the problems of influence in the German states into sharp focus . The question became not a matter of if but rather when unification would occur , and when was contingent upon strength . One of the former Frankfurt Parliament members , Johann Gustav Droysen , summed up the problem : We can not conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between Prussia and Austria . In these states , German life has its positive and negative poles -- in the former , all the interests ( that ) are national and reformative , in the latter , all that are dynastic and destructive . The German question is not a constitutional question but a question of power ; and the Prussian monarchy is now wholly German , while that of Austria can not be . Unification under these conditions raised a basic diplomatic problem . The possibility of German ( or Italian ) unification would overturn the overlapping spheres of influence system created in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna . The principal architects of this convention , Metternich , Castlereagh , and Tsar Alexander ( with his foreign secretary Count Karl Nesselrode ) , had conceived of and organized a Europe balanced and guaranteed by four `` great powers '' : Great Britain , France , Russia , and Austria , with each power having a geographic sphere of influence . France 's sphere included the Iberian Peninsula and a share of influence in the Italian states . Russia 's included the eastern regions of Central Europe and a balancing influence in the Balkans . Austria 's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire . Britain 's sphere was the rest of the world , especially the seas . This sphere of influence system depended upon the fragmentation of the German and Italian states , not their consolidation . Consequently , a German nation united under one banner presented significant questions . There was no readily applicable definition for who the German people would be or how far the borders of a German nation would stretch . There was also uncertainty as to who would best lead and defend `` Germany '' , however it was defined . Different groups offered different solutions to this problem . In the Kleindeutschland ( `` Lesser Germany '' ) solution , the German states would be united under the leadership of the Prussian Hohenzollerns ; in the Grossdeutschland ( `` Greater Germany '' ) solution , the German states would be united under the leadership of the Austrian Habsburgs . This controversy , the latest phase of the German dualism debate that had dominated the politics of the German states and Austro - Prussian diplomacy since the 1701 creation of the Kingdom of Prussia , would come to a head during the following twenty years . External expectations of a unified Germany ( edit ) Other nationalists had high hopes for the German unification movement , and the frustration with lasting German unification after 1850 seemed to set the national movement back . Revolutionaries associated national unification with progress . As Giuseppe Garibaldi wrote to German revolutionary Karl Blind on 10 April 1865 , `` The progress of humanity seems to have come to a halt , and you with your superior intelligence will know why . The reason is that the world lacks a nation ( that ) possesses true leadership . Such leadership , of course , is required not to dominate other peoples but to lead them along the path of duty , to lead them toward the brotherhood of nations where all the barriers erected by egoism will be destroyed . '' Garibaldi looked to Germany for the `` kind of leadership ( that ) , in the true tradition of medieval chivalry , would devote itself to redressing wrongs , supporting the weak , sacrificing momentary gains and material advantage for the much finer and more satisfying achievement of relieving the suffering of our fellow men . We need a nation courageous enough to give us a lead in this direction . It would rally to its cause all those who are suffering wrong or who aspire to a better life and all those who are now enduring foreign oppression . '' German unification had also been viewed as a prerequisite for the creation of a European federation , which Giuseppe Mazzini and other European patriots had been promoting for more than three decades : In the spring of 1834 , while at Berne , Mazzini and a dozen refugees from Italy , Poland and Germany founded a new association with the grandiose name of Young Europe . Its basic , and equally grandiose idea , was that , as the French Revolution of 1789 had enlarged the concept of individual liberty , another revolution would now be needed for national liberty ; and his vision went further because he hoped that in the no doubt distant future free nations might combine to form a loosely federal Europe with some kind of federal assembly to regulate their common interests . ( ... ) His intention was nothing less than to overturn the European settlement agreed ( to ) in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna , which had reestablished an oppressive hegemony of a few great powers and blocked the emergence of smaller nations . ( ... ) Mazzini hoped , but without much confidence , that his vision of a league or society of independent nations would be realized in his own lifetime . In practice Young Europe lacked the money and popular support for more than a short - term existence . Nevertheless he always remained faithful to the ideal of a united continent for which the creation of individual nations would be an indispensable preliminary . Prussia 's growing strength : Realpolitik ( edit ) Further information : Helmuth von Moltke the Elder § Moltke 's Theory of War The convergence of leadership in politics and diplomacy by Bismarck , left , reorganization of the army and its training techniques by Albrecht von Roon ( center ) , and the redesign of operational and strategic principles by Helmuth von Moltke ( right ) placed Prussia among the most powerful states in European affairs after the 1860s . King Frederick William IV suffered a stroke in 1857 and could no longer rule . This led to his brother William becoming Prince Regent of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1858 . Meanwhile , Helmuth von Moltke had become chief of the Prussian General Staff in 1857 , and Albrecht von Roon would become Prussian Minister of War in 1859 . This shuffling of authority within the Prussian military establishment would have important consequences . Von Roon and William ( who took an active interest in military structures ) began reorganizing the Prussian army , while Moltke redesigned the strategic defense of Prussia by streamlining operational command . Prussian army reforms ( especially how to pay for them ) caused a constitutional crisis beginning in 1860 because both parliament and William -- via his minister of war -- wanted control over the military budget . William , crowned King Wilhelm I in 1861 , appointed Otto von Bismarck to the position of Minister - President of Prussia in 1862 . Bismarck resolved the crisis in favor of the war minister . The Crimean War of 1854 -- 55 and the Italian War of 1859 disrupted relations among Great Britain , France , Austria , and Russia . In the aftermath of this disarray , the convergence of von Moltke 's operational redesign , von Roon and Wilhelm 's army restructure , and Bismarck 's diplomacy influenced the realignment of the European balance of power . Their combined agendas established Prussia as the leading German power through a combination of foreign diplomatic triumphs -- backed up by the possible use of Prussian military might -- and an internal conservativism tempered by pragmatism , which came to be known as Realpolitik . Bismarck expressed the essence of Realpolitik in his subsequently famous `` Blood and Iron '' speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 30 September 1862 , shortly after he became Minister President : `` The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions -- that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 -- but by iron and blood . '' Bismarck 's words , `` iron and blood '' ( or `` blood and iron '' , as often attributed ) , have often been misappropriated as evidence of a German lust for blood and power . First , the phrase from his speech `` the great questions of time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions '' is often interpreted as a repudiation of the political process -- a repudiation Bismarck did not himself advocate . Second , his emphasis on blood and iron did not imply simply the unrivaled military might of the Prussian army but rather two important aspects : the ability of the assorted German states to produce iron and other related war materials and the willingness to use those war materials if necessary . Founding a unified state ( edit ) There is , in political geography , no Germany proper to speak of . There are Kingdoms and Grand Duchies , and Duchies and Principalities , inhabited by Germans , and each ( is ) separately ruled by an independent sovereign with all the machinery of State . Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation , ruled by one common head as a national unit . -- article from The New York Times published in July 1 , 1866 The need for both iron and blood soon became apparent . By 1862 , when Bismarck made his speech , the idea of a German nation - state in the peaceful spirit of Pan-Germanism had shifted from the liberal and democratic character of 1848 to accommodate Bismarck 's more conservative Realpolitik . Ever the pragmatist , Bismarck understood the possibilities , obstacles , and advantages of a unified state . He also understood the importance of linking that state to the Hohenzollern dynasty , which for some historians remains one of Bismarck 's primary contributions to the creation of the German Empire in 1871 . While the conditions of the treaties binding the various German states to one another prohibited Bismarck from taking unilateral action , the politician and diplomat in him realized the impracticality of such an action . In order to get the German states to unify , Bismarck needed a single , outside enemy that would declare war on one of the German states first , thus providing a casus belli to rally all Germans behind . This opportunity arose with the outbreak of the Franco - Prussian War in 1870 . Historians have long debated Bismarck 's role in the events leading up to the war . The traditional view , promulgated in large part by late 19th and early 20th century pro-Prussian historians , maintains that Bismarck 's intent was always German unification . Post-1945 historians , however , see more short - term opportunism and cynicism in Bismarck 's manipulation of the circumstances to create a war , rather than a grand scheme to unify a nation - state . Regardless , Bismarck was neither villain nor saint : by manipulating events of 1866 and 1870 , he demonstrated the political and diplomatic skill that had caused Wilhelm to turn to him in 1862 . From north to south : The Danish part of Jutland in purple and terracotta , Schleswig in red and brown , and Holstein in lime yellow . The Schleswig - Holstein Question was about the status of those territories . Three episodes proved fundamental to the administrative and political unification of Germany . First , the death without male heirs of Frederick VII of Denmark led to the Second War of Schleswig in 1864 . Second , the unification of Italy provided Prussia an ally against Austria in the Austro - Prussian War of 1866 . Finally , France -- fearing Hohenzollern encirclement -- declared war on Prussia in 1870 , resulting in the Franco - Prussian War . Through a combination of Bismarck 's diplomacy and political leadership , von Roon 's military reorganization , and von Moltke 's military strategy , Prussia demonstrated that none of the European signatories of the 1815 peace treaty could guarantee Austria 's sphere of influence in Central Europe , thus achieving Prussian hegemony in Germany and ending the dualism debate . The Schleswig - Holstein question ( edit ) Main article : Second Schleswig War The first episode in the saga of German unification under Bismarck came with the Schleswig - Holstein Question . On 15 November 1863 , King Christian IX of Denmark became king of Denmark and duke of Schleswig and Holstein . On 18 November 1863 , he signed the Danish November Constitution and declared the Duchy of Schleswig a part of Denmark . The German Confederation saw this act as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852 , which emphasized the status of the kingdom of Denmark as distinct from the independent duchies of Schleswig and Holstein . The populations of Schleswig and Holstein , furthermore , greatly valued this separate status . The German Confederation could use the ethnicities of these duchies as a rallying cry : large portions of both Schleswig and Holstein were of German origin and spoke German in everyday life ( though Schleswig had a sizable Danish minority ) . Diplomatic attempts to have the November Constitution repealed collapsed , and fighting began when Prussian and Austrian troops crossed the border into Schleswig on 1 February 1864 . Initially , the Danes attempted to defend their country using an ancient earthen wall known as the Danevirke , but this proved futile . The Danes were no match for the combined Prussian and Austrian forces , and they could not rely on help from their allies in the other Scandinavian states because Denmark had nullified its alliance rights by violating the London Protocol . The Needle Gun , one of the first bolt action rifles to be used in conflict , aided the Prussians in both this war and the Austro - Prussian War two years later . The rifle enabled a Prussian soldier to fire five shots while lying prone , while its muzzle - loading counterpart could only fire one shot and had to be reloaded while standing . The Second Schleswig War resulted in victory for the combined armies of Prussia and Austria , and the two countries won control of Schleswig and Holstein in the concluding peace of Vienna , signed on 30 October 1864 . War between Austria and Prussia , 1866 ( edit ) Main article : Austro - Prussian War Situation at the time of the outbreak of the war : Prussia Austria Austria 's allies Prussia 's allies Neutral Under joint administration ( Schleswig - Holstein ) The second episode in Bismarck 's unification efforts occurred in 1866 . In concert with the newly formed Italy , Bismarck created a diplomatic environment in which Austria declared war on Prussia . The dramatic prelude to the war occurred largely in Frankfurt , where the two powers claimed to speak for all the German states in the parliament . In April 1866 , the Prussian representative in Florence signed a secret agreement with the Italian government , committing each state to assist the other in a war against Austria . The next day , the Prussian delegate to the Frankfurt assembly presented a plan calling for a national constitution , a directly elected national Diet , and universal suffrage . German liberals were justifiably skeptical of this plan , having witnessed Bismarck 's difficult and ambiguous relationship with the Prussian Landtag ( State Parliament ) , a relationship characterized by Bismarck 's cajoling and riding roughshod over the representatives . These skeptics saw the proposal as a ploy to enhance Prussian power rather than a progressive agenda of reform . Choosing sides ( edit ) The debate over the proposed national constitution became moot when news of Italian troop movements in Tyrol and near the Venetian border reached Vienna in April 1866 . The Austrian government ordered partial mobilization in the southern regions ; the Italians responded by ordering full mobilization . Despite calls for rational thought and action , Italy , Prussia , and Austria continued to rush toward armed conflict . On 1 May , Wilhelm gave von Moltke command over the Prussian armed forces , and the next day he began full - scale mobilization . In the Diet , the group of middle - sized states , known as Mittelstaaten ( Bavaria , Württemberg , the grand duchies of Baden and Hesse , and the duchies of Saxony -- Weimar , Saxony -- Meiningen , Saxony -- Coburg , and Nassau ) , supported complete demobilization within the Confederation . These individual governments rejected the potent combination of enticing promises and subtle ( or outright ) threats Bismarck used to try to gain their support against the Habsburgs . The Prussian war cabinet understood that its only supporters among the German states against the Habsburgs were two small principalities bordering on Brandenburg that had little military strength or political clout : the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg - Schwerin and Mecklenburg - Strelitz . They also understood that Prussia 's only ally abroad was Italy . Opposition to Prussia 's strong - armed tactics surfaced in other social and political groups . Throughout the German states , city councils , liberal parliamentary members who favored a unified state , and chambers of commerce -- which would see great benefits from unification -- opposed any war between Prussia and Austria . They believed any such conflict would only serve the interests of royal dynasties . Their own interests , which they understood as `` civil '' or `` bourgeois '' , seemed irrelevant . Public opinion also opposed Prussian domination . Catholic populations along the Rhine -- especially in such cosmopolitan regions as Cologne and in the heavily populated Ruhr Valley -- continued to support Austria . By late spring , most important states opposed Berlin 's effort to reorganize the German states by force . The Prussian cabinet saw German unity as an issue of power and a question of who had the strength and will to wield that power . Meanwhile , the liberals in the Frankfurt assembly saw German unity as a process of negotiation that would lead to the distribution of power among the many parties . Austria isolated ( edit ) Prussian Prince Friedrich Carl orders his enthusiastic troops to attack at the Battle of Königgrätz . Although several German states initially sided with Austria , they stayed on the defensive and failed to take effective initiatives against Prussian troops . The Austrian army therefore faced the technologically superior Prussian army with support only from Saxony . France promised aid , but it came late and was insufficient . Complicating the situation for Austria , the Italian mobilization on Austria 's southern border required a diversion of forces away from battle with Prussia to fight the Third Italian War of Independence on a second front in Venetia and on the Adriatic sea . In the day - long Battle of Königgrätz , near the village of Sadová , the Crown Prince Friedrich Carl and his troops arrived late , and in the wrong place . Once he arrived , however , he ordered his troops immediately into the fray . The battle was a decisive victory for Prussia and forced the Habsburgs to end the war , laying the groundwork for the Kleindeutschland ( little Germany ) solution , or `` Germany without Austria . '' Realpolitik and the North German Confederation ( edit ) Further information : North German Confederation A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria 's side . Prussia annexed Hanover , Hesse - Kassel , Nassau , and the city of Frankfurt . Hesse Darmstadt lost some territory but not its sovereignty . The states south of the Main River ( Baden , Württemberg , and Bavaria ) signed separate treaties requiring them to pay indemnities and to form alliances bringing them into Prussia 's sphere of influence . Austria , and most of its allies , were excluded from the North German Confederation . The end of Austrian dominance of the German states shifted Austria 's attention to the Balkans . In 1867 , the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph accepted a settlement ( the Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 ) in which he gave his Hungarian holdings equal status with his Austrian domains , creating the Dual Monarchy of Austria - Hungary . The Peace of Prague ( 1866 ) offered lenient terms to Austria , in which Austria 's relationship with the new nation - state of Italy underwent major restructuring ; although the Austrians were far more successful in the military field against Italian troops , the monarchy lost the important province of Venetia . The Habsburgs ceded Venetia to France , which then formally transferred control to Italy . The French public resented the Prussian victory and demanded Revanche pour Sadová ( `` Revenge for Sadova '' ) , illustrating anti-Prussian sentiment in France -- a problem that would accelerate in the months leading up to the Franco - Prussian War . The Austro - Prussian War also damaged relations with the French government . At a meeting in Biarritz in September 1865 with Napoleon III , Bismarck had let it be understood ( or Napoleon had thought he understood ) that France might annex parts of Belgium and Luxembourg in exchange for its neutrality in the war . These annexations did not happen , resulting in animosity from Napoleon towards Bismarck . The reality of defeat for Austria caused a reevaluation of internal divisions , local autonomy , and liberalism . The new North German Confederation had its own constitution , flag , and governmental and administrative structures . Through military victory , Prussia under Bismarck 's influence had overcome Austria 's active resistance to the idea of a unified Germany . Austria 's influence over the German states may have been broken , but the war also splintered the spirit of pan-German unity : most of the German states resented Prussian power politics . War with France ( edit ) Further information : Causes of the Franco - Prussian War By 1870 three of the important lessons of the Austro - Prussian war had become apparent . The first lesson was that , through force of arms , a powerful state could challenge the old alliances and spheres of influence established in 1815 . Second , through diplomatic maneuvering , a skillful leader could create an environment in which a rival state would declare war first , thus forcing states allied with the `` victim '' of external aggression to come to the leader 's aid . Finally , as Prussian military capacity far exceeded that of Austria , Prussia was clearly the only state within the Confederation ( or among the German states generally ) capable of protecting all of them from potential interference or aggression . In 1866 , most mid-sized German states had opposed Prussia , but by 1870 these states had been coerced and coaxed into mutually protective alliances with Prussia . In the event that a European state declared war on one of their members , they all would come to the defense of the attacked state . With skillful manipulation of European politics , Bismarck created a situation in which France would play the role of aggressor in German affairs , while Prussia would play that of the protector of German rights and liberties . Spheres of influence Fall apart in Spain ( edit ) At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , Metternich and his conservative allies had reestablished the Spanish monarchy under King Ferdinand VII . Over the following forty years , the great powers supported the Spanish monarchy , but events in 1868 would further test the old system . A revolution in Spain overthrew Queen Isabella II , and the throne remained empty while Isabella lived in sumptuous exile in Paris . The Spanish , looking for a suitable Catholic successor , had offered the post to three European princes , each of whom was rejected by Napoleon III , who served as regional power - broker . Finally , in 1870 the Regency offered the crown to Leopold of Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen , a prince of the Catholic cadet Hohenzollern line . The ensuing furor has been dubbed by historians as the Hohenzollern candidature . Over the next few weeks , the Spanish offer turned into the talk of Europe . Bismarck encouraged Leopold to accept the offer . A successful installment of a Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen king in Spain would mean that two countries on either side of France would both have German kings of Hohenzollern descent . This may have been a pleasing prospect for Bismarck , but it was unacceptable to either Napoleon III or to Agenor , duc de Gramont , his minister of foreign affairs . Gramont wrote a sharply formulated ultimatum to Wilhelm , as head of the Hohenzollern family , stating that if any Hohenzollern prince should accept the crown of Spain , the French government would respond -- although he left ambiguous the nature of such response . The prince withdrew as a candidate , thus defusing the crisis , but the French ambassador to Berlin would not let the issue lie . He approached the Prussian king directly while Wilhelm was vacationing in Ems Spa , demanding that the King release a statement saying he would never support the installation of a Hohenzollern on the throne of Spain . Wilhelm refused to give such an encompassing statement , and he sent Bismarck a dispatch by telegram describing the French demands . Bismarck used the king 's telegram , called the Ems Dispatch , as a template for a short statement to the press . With its wording shortened and sharpened by Bismarck -- and further alterations made in the course of its translation by the French agency Havas -- the Ems Dispatch raised an angry furor in France . The French public , still aggravated over the defeat at Sadová , demanded war . Military operations ( edit ) Further information : Franco - Prussian War Emperor Napoleon III ( left ) at Sedan , on 2 September 1870 , seated next to Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck , holding Napoleon 's surrendered sword . The defeat of the French army destabilized Napoleon 's regime ; a revolution in Paris established the Third French Republic , and the war continued . Napoleon III had tried to secure territorial concessions from both sides before and after the Austro - Prussian War , but despite his role as mediator during the peace negotiations , he ended up with nothing . He then hoped that Austria would join in a war of revenge and that its former allies -- particularly the southern German states of Baden , Württemberg , and Bavaria -- would join in the cause . This hope would prove futile since the 1866 treaty came into effect and united all German states militarily -- if not happily -- to fight against France . Instead of a war of revenge against Prussia , supported by various German allies , France engaged in a war against all of the German states without any allies of its own . The reorganization of the military by von Roon and the operational strategy of Moltke combined against France to great effect . The speed of Prussian mobilization astonished the French , and the Prussian ability to concentrate power at specific points -- reminiscent of Napoleon I 's strategies seventy years earlier -- overwhelmed French mobilization . Utilizing their efficiently laid rail grid , Prussian troops were delivered to battle areas rested and prepared to fight , whereas French troops had to march for considerable distances to reach combat zones . After a number of battles , notably Spicheren , Wörth , Mars la Tour , and Gravelotte , the Prussians defeated the main French armies and advanced on the primary city of Metz and the French capital of Paris . They captured Napoleon III and took an entire army as prisoners at Sedan on 1 September 1870 . Proclamation of the German Empire ( edit ) The humiliating capture of the French emperor and the loss of the French army itself , which marched into captivity at a makeshift camp in the Saarland ( `` Camp Misery '' ) , threw the French government into turmoil ; Napoleon 's energetic opponents overthrew his government and proclaimed the Third Republic . The German High Command expected an overture of peace from the French , but the new republic refused to surrender . The Prussian army invested Paris and held it under siege until mid-January , with the city being `` ineffectually bombarded '' . On 18 January 1871 , the German princes and senior military commanders proclaimed Wilhelm `` German Emperor '' in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles . Under the subsequent Treaty of Frankfurt , France relinquished most of its traditionally German regions ( Alsace and the German - speaking part of Lorraine ) ; paid an indemnity , calculated ( on the basis of population ) as the precise equivalent of the indemnity that Napoleon Bonaparte imposed on Prussia in 1807 ; and accepted German administration of Paris and most of northern France , with `` German troops to be withdrawn stage by stage with each installment of the indemnity payment '' . Importance in the unification process ( edit ) 18 January 1871 : The proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles . Bismarck appears in white . The Grand Duke of Baden stands beside Wilhelm , leading the cheers . Crown Prince Friedrich , later Friedrich III , stands on his father 's right . Painting by Anton von Werner . Victory in the Franco - Prussian War proved the capstone of the nationalist issue . In the first half of the 1860s , Austria and Prussia both contended to speak for the German states ; both maintained they could support German interests abroad and protect German interests at home . In responding to the Schleswig - Holstein Question , they both proved equally diligent in doing so . After the victory over Austria in 1866 , Prussia began internally asserting its authority to speak for the German states and defend German interests , while Austria began directing more and more of its attention to possessions in the Balkans . The victory over France in 1871 expanded Prussian hegemony in the German states ( aside from Austria ) to the international level . With the proclamation of Wilhelm as Kaiser , Prussia assumed the leadership of the new empire . The southern states became officially incorporated into a unified Germany at the Treaty of Versailles of 1871 ( signed 26 February 1871 ; later ratified in the Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 ) , which formally ended the war . Although Bismarck had led the transformation of Germany from a loose confederation into a federal nation state , he had not done it alone . Unification was achieved by building on a tradition of legal collaboration under the Holy Roman Empire and economic collaboration through the Zollverein . The difficulties of the Vormärz , the impact of the 1848 liberals , the importance of von Roon 's military reorganization , and von Moltke 's strategic brilliance all played a part in political unification . Political and administrative unification ( edit ) Further information : German Empire The new German Empire included 25 states , three of them Hanseatic cities . It realized the Kleindeutsche Lösung ( `` Lesser German Solution '' , with the exclusion of Austria ) as opposed to a Großdeutsche Lösung or `` Greater German Solution '' , which would have included Austria . Unifying various states into one nation required more than some military victories , however much these might have boosted morale . It also required a rethinking of political , social , and cultural behaviors and the construction of new metaphors about `` us '' and `` them '' . Who were the new members of this new nation ? What did they stand for ? How were they to be organized ? Constituent states of the Empire ( edit ) Though often characterized as a federation of monarchs , the German Empire , strictly speaking , federated a group of 26 states . State Capital Kingdoms ( Königreiche ) Prussia ( Preußen ) Berlin Bavaria ( Bayern ) Munich Saxony ( Sachsen ) Dresden Württemberg Stuttgart Grand Duchies ( Großherzogtümer ) Baden Karlsruhe Hesse ( Hessen ) Darmstadt Mecklenburg - Schwerin Schwerin Mecklenburg - Strelitz Neustrelitz Oldenburg Oldenburg Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach ( Sachsen - Weimar - Eisenach ) Weimar Duchies ( Herzogtümer ) Anhalt Dessau Brunswick ( Braunschweig ) Braunschweig Saxe - Altenburg ( Sachsen - Altenburg ) Altenburg Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ( Sachsen - Coburg und Gotha ) Coburg Saxe - Meiningen ( Sachsen - Meiningen ) Meiningen Principalities ( Fürstentümer ) Lippe Detmold Reuss - Gera ( Junior Line ) Gera Reuss - Greiz ( Elder Line ) Greiz Schaumburg - Lippe Bückeburg Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt Rudolstadt Schwarzburg - Sondershausen Sondershausen Waldeck and Pyrmont ( Waldeck und Pyrmont ) Arolsen Free and Hanseatic Cities ( Freie und Hansestädte ) Bremen Hamburg Lübeck Imperial Territories ( Reichsländer ) Alsace - Lorraine ( Elsass - Lothringen ) Straßburg Political structure of the Empire ( edit ) Further information : Constitution of the German Empire The 1866 North German Constitution became ( with some semantic adjustments ) the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire . With this constitution , the new Germany acquired some democratic features : notably the Imperial Diet , which -- in contrast to the parliament of Prussia -- gave citizens representation on the basis of elections by direct and equal suffrage of all males who had reached the age of 25 . Furthermore , elections were generally free of chicanery , engendering pride in the national parliament . However , legislation required the consent of the Bundesrat , the federal council of deputies from the states , in and over which Prussia had a powerful influence ; Prussia could appoint 17 of 58 delegates with only 14 votes needed for a veto . Prussia thus exercised influence in both bodies , with executive power vested in the Prussian King as Kaiser , who appointed the federal chancellor . The chancellor was accountable solely to , and served entirely at the discretion of , the Emperor . Officially , the chancellor functioned as a one - man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs ; in practice , the State Secretaries ( bureaucratic top officials in charge of such fields as finance , war , foreign affairs , etc . ) acted as unofficial portfolio ministers . With the exception of the years 1872 -- 1873 and 1892 -- 1894 , the imperial chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of the imperial dynasty 's hegemonic home - kingdom , Prussia . The Imperial Diet had the power to pass , amend , or reject bills , but it could not initiate legislation . ( The power of initiating legislation rested with the chancellor . ) The other states retained their own governments , but the military forces of the smaller states came under Prussian control . The militaries of the larger states ( such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony ) retained some autonomy , but they underwent major reforms to coordinate with Prussian military principles and came under federal government control in wartime . Historical arguments and the Empire 's social anatomy ( edit ) Germania , also called the Niederwald Monument , was erected in 1877 -- 83 at Rüdesheim . The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed Germany 's difficult 20th century to the weak political , legal , and economic basis of the new empire . The Prussian landed elites , the Junkers , retained a substantial share of political power in the unified state . The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed their power to the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the middle classes , or by peasants in combination with the urban workers , in 1848 and again in 1871 . Recent research into the role of the Grand Bourgeoisie -- which included bankers , merchants , industrialists , and entrepreneurs -- in the construction of the new state has largely refuted the claim of political and economic dominance of the Junkers as a social group . This newer scholarship has demonstrated the importance of the merchant classes of the Hanseatic cities and the industrial leadership ( the latter particularly important in the Rhineland ) in the ongoing development of the Second Empire . Additional studies of different groups in Wilhelmine Germany have all contributed to a new view of the period . Although the Junkers did , indeed , continue to control the officer corps , they did not dominate social , political , and economic matters as much as the Sonderweg theorists had hypothesized . Eastern Junker power had a counterweight in the western provinces in the form of the Grand Bourgeoisie and in the growing professional class of bureaucrats , teachers , professors , doctors , lawyers , scientists , etc . Beyond the political mechanism : forming a nation ( edit ) This monument to Kaiser Wilhelm , at Koblenz , where the Moselle River ( upper river ) meets the Rhine River ( lower river ) , called the Deutsches Eck , or the German corner . If the Wartburg and Hambach rallies had lacked a constitution and administrative apparatus , that problem was addressed between 1867 and 1871 . Yet , as Germans discovered , grand speeches , flags , and enthusiastic crowds , a constitution , a political reorganization , and the provision of an imperial superstructure ; and the revised Customs Union of 1867 -- 68 , still did not make a nation . A key element of the nation - state is the creation of a national culture , frequently -- although not necessarily -- through deliberate national policy . In the new German nation , a Kulturkampf ( 1872 -- 78 ) that followed political , economic , and administrative unification attempted to address , with a remarkable lack of success , some of the contradictions in German society . In particular , it involved a struggle over language , education , and religion . A policy of Germanization of non-German people of the empire 's population , including the Polish and Danish minorities , started with language , in particular , the German language , compulsory schooling ( Germanization ) , and the attempted creation of standardized curricula for those schools to promote and celebrate the idea of a shared past . Finally , it extended to the religion of the new Empire 's population . Kulturkampf ( edit ) Main article : Kulturkampf For some Germans , the definition of nation did not include pluralism , and Catholics in particular came under scrutiny ; some Germans , and especially Bismarck , feared that the Catholics ' connection to the papacy might make them less loyal to the nation . As chancellor , Bismarck tried without much success to limit the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and of its party - political arm , the Catholic Center Party , in schools and education and language - related policies . The Catholic Center Party remained particularly well entrenched in the Catholic strongholds of Bavaria and southern Baden , and in urban areas that held high populations of displaced rural workers seeking jobs in the heavy industry , and sought to protect the rights not only of Catholics , but other minorities , including the Poles , and the French minorities in the Alsatian lands . The May Laws of 1873 brought the appointment of priests , and their education , under the control of the state , resulting in the closure of many seminaries , and a shortage of priests . The Congregations Law of 1875 abolished religious orders , ended state subsidies to the Catholic Church , and removed religious protections from the Prussian constitution . Integrating the Jewish community ( edit ) Further information : History of the Jews in Germany In this close - up of the Niederwald Monument ( see long shot above ) , Germania towers 40 metres ( 131 ft ) above the town of Rüdesheim . She holds a crown in her right hand and carries a sword at her side . The Niederwald Germania was erected 1877 -- 1883 . The Germanized Jews remained another vulnerable population in the new German nation - state . Since 1780 , after emancipation by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II , Jews in the former Habsburg territories had enjoyed considerable economic and legal privileges that their counterparts in other German - speaking territories did not : they could own land , for example , and they did not have to live in a Jewish quarter ( also called the Judengasse , or `` Jews ' alley '' ) . They could also attend universities and enter the professions . During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras , many of the previously strong barriers between Jews and Christians broke down . Napoleon had ordered the emancipation of Jews throughout territories under French hegemony . Like their French counterparts , wealthy German Jews sponsored salons ; in particular , several Jewish salonnières held important gatherings in Frankfurt and Berlin during which German intellectuals developed their own form of republican intellectualism . Throughout the subsequent decades , beginning almost immediately after the defeat of the French , reaction against the mixing of Jews and Christians limited the intellectual impact of these salons . Beyond the salons , Jews continued a process of Germanization in which they intentionally adopted German modes of dress and speech , working to insert themselves into the emerging 19th - century German public sphere . The religious reform movement among German Jews reflected this effort . By the years of unification , German Jews played an important role in the intellectual underpinnings of the German professional , intellectual , and social life . The expulsion of Jews from Russia in the 1880s and 1890s complicated integration into the German public sphere . Russian Jews arrived in north German cities in the thousands ; considerably less educated and less affluent , their often dismal poverty dismayed many of the Germanized Jews . Many of the problems related to poverty ( such as illness , overcrowded housing , unemployment , school absenteeism , refusal to learn German , etc . ) emphasized their distinctiveness for not only the Christian Germans , but for the local Jewish populations as well . Writing the story of the nation ( edit ) Further information : Historiography and nationalism Another important element in nation - building , the story of the heroic past , fell to such nationalist German historians as the liberal constitutionalist Friedrich Dahlmann ( 1785 -- 1860 ) , his conservative student Heinrich von Treitschke ( 1834 -- 1896 ) , and others less conservative , such as Theodor Mommsen ( 1817 -- 1903 ) and Heinrich von Sybel ( 1817 -- 1895 ) , to name two . Dahlmann himself died before unification , but he laid the groundwork for the nationalist histories to come through his histories of the English and French revolutions , by casting these revolutions as fundamental to the construction of a nation , and Dahlmann himself viewed Prussia as the logical agent of unification . Heinrich von Treitschke 's History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century , published in 1879 , has perhaps a misleading title : it privileges the history of Prussia over the history of other German states , and it tells the story of the German - speaking peoples through the guise of Prussia 's destiny to unite all German states under its leadership . The creation of this Borussian myth ( Borussia is the Latin name for Prussia ) established Prussia as Germany 's savior ; it was the destiny of all Germans to be united , this myth maintains , and it was Prussia 's destiny to accomplish this . According to this story , Prussia played the dominant role in bringing the German states together as a nation - state ; only Prussia could protect German liberties from being crushed by French or Russian influence . The story continues by drawing on Prussia 's role in saving Germans from the resurgence of Napoleon 's power in 1815 , at Waterloo , creating some semblance of economic unity , and uniting Germans under one proud flag after 1871 . Mommsen 's contributions to the Monumenta Germaniae Historica laid the groundwork for additional scholarship on the study of the German nation , expanding the notion of `` Germany '' to mean other areas beyond Prussia . A liberal professor , historian , and theologian , and generally a titan among late 19th - century scholars , Mommsen served as a delegate to the Prussian House of Representatives from 1863 -- 1866 and 1873 -- 1879 ; he also served as a delegate to the Reichstag from 1881 -- 1884 , for the liberal German Progress Party ( Deutsche Fortschrittspartei ) and later for the National Liberal Party . He opposed the antisemitic programs of Bismarck 's Kulturkampf and the vitriolic text that Treitschke often employed in the publication of his Studien über die Judenfrage ( Studies of the Jewish Question ) , which encouraged assimilation and Germanization of Jews . See also ( edit ) Germany portal Unification of Italy Reichsbürgerbewegung References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blackbourn , David ( 1997 ) The Long Nineteenth Century : A History of Germany , 1780 - 1918 , Oxford : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Gunter Mai , ( 2000 ) Die Erfurter Union und das Erfurter Unionsparlament 1850 . Köln : Böhlau Jump up ^ See , for example , James Allen Vann , The Swabian Kreis : Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648 -- 1715 . Vol . LII , Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions . Bruxelles , 1975 . Mack Walker . German home towns : community , state , and general estate , 1648 -- 1871 . Ithaca , 1998 . Jump up ^ John G. Gagliardo , Reich and Nation . The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality , 1763 -- 1806 , Indiana University Press , l980 , p. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Kann . History of the Habsburg Empire : 1526 -- 1918 , Los Angeles , 1974 , p. 221 . In his abdication , Francis released all former estates from their duties and obligations to him , and took upon himself solely the title of King of Austria , which had been established since 1804 . Golo Mann , Deutsche Geschichte des 19 . und 20 . Jahrhunderts , Frankfurt am Main , 2002 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Fichte , Johann Gottlieb ( 1808 ) . `` Address to the German Nation '' . www.historyman.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ James J. Sheehan , German History , 1780 -- 1866 , Oxford , 1989 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Jakob Walter , and Marc Raeff . The diary of a Napoleonic foot soldier . Princeton , N.J. , 1996 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 384 -- 387 . Jump up ^ Although the Prussian army had gained its reputation in the Seven Years ' War , its humiliating defeat at Jena and Auerstadt crushed the pride many Prussians felt in their soldiers . During their Russian exile , several officers , including Carl von Clausewitz , contemplated reorganization and new training methods . Sheehan , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 322 -- 323 . Jump up ^ David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley . The peculiarities of German history : bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth - century Germany . Oxford & New York , 1984 , part 1 ; Thomas Nipperdey , German History From Napoleon to Bismarck , 1800 -- 1871 , New York , Oxford , 1983 . Chapter 1 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 398 -- 410 ; Hamish Scott , The Birth of a Great Power System , 1740 -- 1815 , US , 2006 , pp. 329 -- 361 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 398 -- 410 . Jump up ^ Jean Berenger . A History of the Habsburg Empire 1700 -- 1918 . C. Simpson , Trans . New York : Longman , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 09007 - 5 . pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 460 -- 470 . German Historical Institute Jump up ^ Lloyd Lee , Politics of Harmony : Civil Service , Liberalism , and Social Reform in Baden , 1800 -- 1850 , Cranbury , New Jersey , 1980 . Jump up ^ Adam Zamoyski , Rites of Peace : The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna , New York , 2007 , pp. 98 -- 115 , 239 -- 40 . Jump up ^ L.B. Namier , ( 1952 ) Avenues of History . London , ONT , 1952 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Nipperdey , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 407 -- 408 , 444 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 442 -- 445 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 465 -- 467 ; Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 106 -- 107 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wolfgang and Shiue , Carol ( University of Colorado , NBER , and CEPR ) The Trade Impact of the Customs Union , Pub . University of Colorado , 5 March 2013 ; pp. 10 and 18 Jump up ^ Ploeckl , Florian . The Zollverein and the Formation of a Customs Union , Discussion Paper no . 84 in Economic and Social History series , publ by Nuffield College , Oxford ; Page 23 ; Retrieved from www.nuff.ox.ac.uk/Economics/History March 2017 ; p. 23 Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 466 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 467 -- 468 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 502 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 469 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 466 -- 467 . Jump up ^ They traced the roots of the German language , and drew its different lines of development together . The Brothers Grimm online . Joint Publications . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Hans Lulfing , Baedecker , Karl , Neue Deutsche Biographie ( NDB ) . Band 1 , Duncker & Humblot , Berlin 1953 , p. 516 f . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Peter Rühmkorf , Heinz Ludwig Arnold , Das Lied der Deutschen Göttingen : Wallstein , 2001 , ISBN 3 - 89244 - 463 - 3 , pp. 11 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Raymond Dominick III , The Environmental Movement in Germany , Bloomington , Indiana University , 1992 , pp. 3 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Sperber , Rhineland radicals : the democratic movement and the revolution of 1848 -- 1849 . Princeton , N.J. , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Sheehan , pp. 610 -- 613 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 612 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 613 . Jump up ^ David Blackbourn , Marpingen : apparitions of the Virgin Mary in nineteenth - century Germany . New York , 1994 . Jump up ^ Sperber , Rhineland radicals . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 610 -- 615 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Badische Heimat / Landeskunde online 2006 Veit 's Pauls Church Germania . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 138 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Sperber , Revolutionary Europe , 1780 -- 1850 , New York , 2000 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Examples of this argument appear in : Ralf Dahrendorf , German History , ( 1968 ) , pp. 25 -- 32 ; ( in German ) Hans Ulrich Wehler , Das Deutsche Kaiserreich , 1871 -- 1918 , Göttingen , 1973 , pp. 10 -- 14 ; Leonard Krieger , The German Idea of Freedom , Chicago , 1957 ; Raymond Grew , Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States , Princeton , 1978 , pp. 312 -- 345 ; Jürgen Kocka and Allan Mitchell . Bourgeois society in nineteenth - century Europe . Oxford , 1993 ; Jürgen Kocka , `` German History before Hitler : The Debate about the German Sonderweg . '' Journal of Contemporary History , Vol. 23 , No. 1 ( January , 1988 ) , pp. 3 -- 16 ; Volker Berghahn , Modern Germany . Society , Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century . Cambridge , 1982 . Jump up ^ World Encyclopedia V. 3 p. 542 . Jump up ^ For a summary of this argument , see David Blackbourn , and Geoff Eley . The peculiarities of German history : bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth - century Germany . Oxford & New York , 1984 , part 1 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn and Eley . Peculiarities , Part I . Jump up ^ Blackbourn and Eley , Peculiarities , Chapter 2 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn and Eley , Peculiarities , pp. 286 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Jürgen Kocka , `` Comparison and Beyond . ' '' History and Theory , Vol. 42 , No. 1 ( February , 2003 ) , pp. 39 -- 44 , and Jürgen Kocka , `` Asymmetrical Historical Comparison : The Case of the German Sonderweg '' , History and Theory , Vol. 38 , No. 1 ( February , 1999 ) , pp. 40 -- 50 . Jump up ^ For a representative analysis of this perspective , see Richard J. Evans , Rethinking German history : nineteenth - century Germany and the origins of the Third Reich . London , 1987 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1914 -- 1918 , Oxford , 1954 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ J.G. Droysen , Modern History Sourcebook : Documents of German Unification , 1848 -- 1871 . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Zamoyski , pp. 100 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , The long nineteenth century , pp. 160 -- 175 . Jump up ^ The remainder of the letter exhorts the Germans to unification : `` This role of world leadership , left vacant as things are today , might well be occupied by the German nation . You Germans , with your grave and philosophic character , might well be the ones who could win the confidence of others and guarantee the future stability of the international community . Let us hope , then , that you can use your energy to overcome your moth - eaten thirty tyrants of the various German states . Let us hope that in the center of Europe you can then make a unified nation out of your fifty millions . All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you . '' Denis Mack Smith ( editor ) . Garibaldi ( Great Lives Observed ) , Prentice Hall , Englewood Cliffs , N.J. , 1969 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Mack Smith , Denis ( 1994 ) . Mazzini . Yale University Press . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Holt , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Holt , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 175 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Hollyday , 1970 , pp. 16 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Peculiarities , Part I . Jump up ^ Bismarck had `` cut his teeth '' on German politics , and German politicians , in Frankfurt : a quintessential politician , Bismarck had built his power - base by absorbing and co-opting measures from throughout the political spectrum . He was first and foremost a politician , and in this lied his strength . Furthermore , since he trusted neither Moltke nor Roon , he was reluctant to enter a military enterprise over which he would have no control . Mann , Chapter 6 , pp. 316 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Isabel V. Hull , Absolute Destruction : Military culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany , Ithaca , New York , 2005 , pp. 90 -- 108 ; 324 -- 333 . Jump up ^ The Situation of Germany . ( PDF ) -- The New York Times , July 1 , 1866 . Jump up ^ Michael Eliot Howard , The Franco - Prussian War : the German invasion of France , 1870 -- 1871 . New York , MacMillan , 1961 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Mann , pp. 390 -- 395 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , Bismarck : The Man and the Statesman . Oxford , Clarendon , 1988 . Chapter 1 , and Conclusion . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 40 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 900 -- 904 ; Wawro , pp. 4 -- 32 ; Holt , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Holt , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 900 -- 906 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 906 ; Geoffrey Wawro , The Austro Prussian War : Austria 's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866 . Cambridge , Cambridge University , 1996 , pp. 82 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 905 -- 906 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 909 . Jump up ^ Wawro , pp. 50 -- 60 ; 75 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Wawro , pp. 57 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 908 -- 909 Jump up ^ Taylor , Bismarck , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , p. 910 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 905 -- 910 . Jump up ^ Rosita Rindler Schjerve Diglossia and Power : Language Policies and Practice in the Nineteenth Century Habsburg Empire , 2003 , ISBN 3 - 11 - 017653 - X , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Bridge and Bullen , The Great Powers and the European States System 1814 -- 1914 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , pp. 909 -- 910 ; Wawro , Chapter 11 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , Chapter V : From Reaction to Unification , pp. 225 -- 269 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 4 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 50 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 55 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 64 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 218 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Howard , pp. 222 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Bismarck , p. 126 Jump up ^ Die Reichsgründung 1871 ( The Foundation of the Empire , 1871 ) , Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online , accessed 2008 - 12 - 22 . German text translated : ( ... ) on the wishes of Wilhelm I , on the 170th anniversary of the elevation of the House of Brandenburg to princely status on 18 January 1701 , the assembled German princes and high military officials proclaimed Wilhelm I as German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Versailles Palace . Jump up ^ Taylor , Bismarck , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Crankshaw , Edward . Bismarck . New York , The Viking Press , 1981 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Howard , Chapter XI : the Peace , pp. 432 -- 456 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 255 -- 257 . Jump up ^ Alon Confino . The Nation as a Local Metaphor : Württemberg , Imperial Germany , and National Memory , 1871 -- 1918 . Chapel Hill , University of North Carolina Press , 1997 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Evans , Death in Hamburg : Society and Politics in the Cholera Years , 1830 -- 1910 . New York , 2005 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 225 -- 301 . Jump up ^ David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley . The peculiarities of German history : bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth - century Germany . Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) and New York , Oxford University Press , 1984 . Peter Blickle , Heimat : a critical theory of the German idea of homeland , Studies in German literature , linguistics and culture . Columbia , South Carolina , Camden House ; Boydell & Brewer , 2004 . Robert W. Scribner , Sheilagh C. Ogilvie , Germany : a new social and economic history . London and New York , Arnold and St. Martin 's Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ To name only a few of these studies : Geoff Eley , Reshaping the German right : radical nationalism and political change after Bismarck . New Haven , 1980 . Richard J. Evans , Death in Hamburg : Society and Politics in the Cholera Years , 1830 -- 1910. New York , 2005 . Richard J. Evans , Society and politics in Wilhelmine Germany . London and New York , 1978 . Thomas Nipperdey , Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck , 1800 -- 1866 . Princeton , New Jersey , 1996 . Jonathan Sperber , Popular Catholicism in nineteenth - century Germany . Princeton , N.J. , 1984 . ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 240 -- 290 . Jump up ^ For more on this idea , see , for example , Joseph R. Llobera , and Goldsmiths ' College . The role of historical memory in ( ethno ) nation - building , Goldsmiths sociology papers . London , 1996 ; ( in German ) Alexandre Escudier , Brigitte Sauzay , and Rudolf von Thadden . Gedenken im Zwiespalt : Konfliktlinien europäischen Erinnerns , Genshagener Gespräche ; vol. 4 . Göttingen : 2001 ; Alon Confino . The Nation as a Local Metaphor : Württemberg , Imperial Germany , and National Memory , 1871 -- 1918 . Chapel Hill , 1999 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 243 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Blackbourn , Long Century , pp. 283 ; 285 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Sperber . Popular Catholicism in nineteenth - century Germany , Princeton , N.J. , 1984 . Jump up ^ Marion Kaplan , The making of the Jewish middle class : women , family , and identity in Imperial Germany , New York , 1991 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , in particular , pp. 4 -- 7 and Conclusion . Jump up ^ Blackbourn and Eley , Peculiarities , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Karin Friedrich , The other Prussia : royal Prussia , Poland and liberty , 1569 -- 1772 , New York , 2000 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Many modern historians describe this myth , without subscribing to it : for example , Rudy Koshar , Germany 's Transient Pasts : Preservation and the National Memory in the Twentieth Century . Chapel Hill , 1998 ; Hans Kohn . German history ; some new German views . Boston , 1954 ; Thomas Nipperdey , Germany history from Napoleon to Bismarck . Jump up ^ Josep R. Llobera and Goldsmiths ' College . The role of historical memory in ( ethno ) nation - building . Goldsmiths sociology papers . London , Goldsmiths College , 1996 . Sources ( edit ) Berghahn , Volker . Modern Germany : Society , Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1982 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 34748 - 8 Beringer , Jean . A History of the Habsburg Empire 1700 -- 1918 . C. Simpson , Trans . New York : Longman , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 09007 - 5 . Blackbourn , David , Marpingen : apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Bismarckian Germany . New York : Knopf , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41843 - 1 Blackbourn , David . The long nineteenth century : a history of Germany , 1780 -- 1918 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507672 - 9 Blackbourn , David and Eley , Geoff . The peculiarities of German history : bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth - century Germany . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press , 1984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 873057 - 6 Blickle , Peter . Heimat : a critical theory of the German idea of homeland . Studies in German literature , linguistics and culture . Columbia , South Carolina : Camden House Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 78458 - 1 Bridge , Roy and Roger Bullen , The Great Powers and the European States System 1814 -- 1914 , 2nd ed . Longman , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 78458 - 1 Confino , Alon . The Nation as a Local Metaphor : Württemberg , Imperial Germany , and National Memory , 1871 -- 1918 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4665 - 0 Crankshaw , Edward . Bismarck . New York , The Viking Press , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 34038 - 8 Dahrendorf , Ralf . Society and Democracy in Germany ( 1979 ) Dominick , Raymond , III . The Environmental Movement in Germany , Bloomington , Indiana University , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 31819 - X Evans , Richard J. Death in Hamburg : Society and Politics in the Cholera Years , 1830 -- 1910 . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303636 - 4 Evans , Richard J. Rethinking German history : nineteenth - century Germany and the origins of the Third Reich . London , Routledge , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 302090 - 8 Flores , Richard R. Remembering the Alamo : memory , modernity , and the master symbol . Austin : University of Texas , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 72540 - 9 Friedrich , Karin , The other Prussia : royal Prussia , Poland and liberty , 1569 -- 1772 , New York , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 02775 - 5 Grew , Raymond . Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States . Princeton , Princeton University Press , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 07598 - 0 Hollyday , F.B.M. Bismarck . New Jersey , Prentice Hall , 1970 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 077362 - 3 Holt , Alexander W . The History of Europe from 1862 -- 1914 : From the Accession of Bismarck to the Outbreak of the Great War . New York : MacMillan , 1917 . OCLC 300969997 Howard , Michael Eliot . The Franco - Prussian War : the German invasion of France , 1870 -- 1871 . New York , MacMillan , 1961 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 02787 - 8 Hull , Isabel . Absolute Destruction : Military culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany . Ithaca , New York , Syracuse University Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 7293 - 0 Kann , Robert A. History of the Habsburg Empire : 1526 -- 1918 . Los Angeles , University of California Press , 1974 ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04206 - 3 Kaplan , Marion . The making of the Jewish middle class : women , family , and identity in Imperial Germany . New York , Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509396 - 4 Kocka , Jürgen and Mitchell , Allan . Bourgeois society in nineteenth century Europe . Oxford , Oxford University Press , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85496 - 414 - 7 Kocka , Jürgen and Mitchell , Allan . `` German History before Hitler : The Debate about the German Sonderweg . '' Journal of Contemporary History Vol. 23 , No. 1 ( January 1988 ) , p. 3 -- 16 . Kocka , Jürgen and Mitchell , Allan . `` Comparison and Beyond . ' '' History and Theory Vol. 42 , No. 1 ( February 2003 ) , p. 39 -- 44 . Kocka , Jürgen and Mitchell , Allan . `` Asymmetrical Historical Comparison : The Case of the German Sonderweg '' . History and Theory Vol. 38 , No. 1 ( February 1999 ) , p. 40 -- 50 . Kohn , Hans . German history ; some new German views . Boston : Beacon , 1954 . OCLC 987529 Koshar , Rudy . Germany 's Transient Pasts : Preservation and the National Memory in the Twentieth Century . Chapel Hill , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4701 - 5 Krieger , Leonard . The German Idea of Freedom , Chicago , University of Chicago Press , 1957 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59740 - 519 - 5 Lee , Lloyd . The politics of Harmony : Civil Service , Liberalism , and Social Reform in Baden , 1800 -- 1850 . Cranbury , New Jersey , Associated University Presses , 1980 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 143 - 7 Llobera , Josep R. and Goldsmiths ' College . `` The role of historical memory in ( ethno ) nation - building . '' Goldsmiths Sociology Papers . London , Goldsmiths College , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 902986 - 06 - 0 Mann , Golo . The History of Germany Since 1789 ( 1968 ) Namier , L.B. . Avenues of History . New York , Macmillan , 1952 . OCLC 422057575 Nipperdey , Thomas . Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck , 1800 -- 1866 . Princeton , Princeton University Press , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 02636 - 7 Schjerve , Rosita Rindler , Diglossia and Power : Language Policies and Practice in the nineteenth century Habsburg Empire . Berlin , De Gruyter , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017654 - 4 Schulze , Hagen . The course of German nationalism : from Frederick the Great to Bismarck , 1763 -- 1867 . Cambridge & New York , Cambridge University Press , 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37759 - 1 Scott , H.M. The Birth of a Great Power System . London & New York , Longman , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 21717 - 1 Scribner , Robert W. and Sheilagh C. Ogilvie . Germany : a new social and economic history . London : Arnold Publication , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 51332 - 3 Sheehan , James J. German history 1770 -- 1866 . Oxford History of Modern Europe . Oxford , Oxford University Press , 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820432 - 9 Sked , Alan . Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire 1815 -- 1918 . London , Longman , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 35666 - 5 Sorkin , David , The transformation of German Jewry , 1780 -- 1840 , Studies in Jewish history . New York , Wayne State University Press , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 2828 - 6 Sperber , Jonathan . The European Revolutions , 1848 -- 1851 . New Approaches to European History . Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 1984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54779 - 6 Sperber , Jonathan . Popular Catholicism in nineteenth - century Germany . Princeton , Princeton University Press , 1984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 05432 - 2 Sperber , Jonathan . Rhineland radicals : the democratic movement and the revolution of 1848 -- 1849 . Princeton , Princeton University Press , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00866 - 0 Stargardt , Nicholas . The German idea of militarism : radical and socialist critics , 1866 -- 1914 . Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46692 - 9 Steinberg , Jonathan . Bismarck : A Life ( 2011 ) Taylor , A.J.P. , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1914 -- 1918 , Oxford , Clarendon , 1954 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 881270 - 8 Taylor , A.J.P. . Bismarck : The Man and the Statesman . Oxford : Clarendon , 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70387 - 9 Victoria and Albert Museum , Dept. of Prints and Drawings , and Susan Lambert . The Franco - Prussian War and the Commune in caricature , 1870 -- 71 . London , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 901486 - 30 - 2 Walker , Mack . German home towns : community , state , and general estate , 1648 -- 1871 . Ithaca , Syracuse University Press , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8508 - 4 Wawro , Geoffrey . The Austro - Prussian War . Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62951 - 9 Wawro , Geoffrey ) . Warfare and Society in Europe , 1792 -- 1914 . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21445 - 2 Wehler , Hans Ulrich . The German Empire , 1871 -- 1918 ( 1997 ) Zamoyski , Adam . Rites of Peace : The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna . New York , HarperCollins , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 077519 - 3 Further reading ( edit ) Bazillion , Richard J. Modernizing Germany : Karl Biedermann 's career in the kingdom of Saxony , 1835 -- 1901 . American university studies . Series IX , History , vol. 84 . New York , Peter Lang , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 1185 - X Brose , Eric Dorn . German History , 1789 -- 1871 : From the Holy Roman Empire to the Bismarckian Reich . ( 1997 ) online edition Bucholz , Arden . Moltke , Schlieffen , and Prussian war planning . New York , Berg Pub Ltd , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 85496 - 653 - 6 Bucholz , Arden . Moltke and the German Wars 1864 -- 1871 . New York , Palgrave MacMillan , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 68758 - 2 Clark , Christopher . Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia , 1600 -- 1947 . Cambridge , Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 2006 , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03196 - 8 Clemente , Steven E. For King and Kaiser ! : the making of the Prussian Army officer , 1860 -- 1914 . Contributions in military studies , no . 123 . New York : Greenwood , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28004 - 5 Cocks , Geoffrey and Konrad Hugo Jarausch . German professions , 1800 -- 1950 . New York , Oxford University Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505596 - 9 Droysen , J.G. Modern History Sourcebook : Documents of German Unification , 1848 -- 1871 . Accessed April 9 , 2009 . Dwyer , Philip G. Modern Prussian history , 1830 -- 1947 . Harlow , England , New York : Longman , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 29270 - 0 Friedrich , Otto . Blood and iron : from Bismarck to Hitler the von Moltke family 's impact on German history . New York , Harper , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016866 - 8 Groh , John E. Nineteenth - century German Protestantism : the church as social model . Washington , D.C. , University Press of America , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 8191 - 2078 - 2 Henne , Helmut , and Georg Objartel . German student jargon in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries . Berlin & NY , de Gruyter , 1983 . OCLC 9193308 Hughes , Michael . Nationalism and society : Germany , 1800 -- 1945 . London & New York , Edward Arnold , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 7131 - 6522 - 7 Kollander , Patricia . Frederick III : Germany 's liberal emperor , Contributions to the study of world history , no . 50 . Westport , Conn. , Greenwood , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29483 - 6 Koshar , Rudy . Germany 's Transient Pasts : Preservation and the National Memory in the Twentieth Century . Chapel Hill , University of North Carolina Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4701 - 1 Lowenstein , Steven M. The Berlin Jewish community : enlightenment , family , and crisis , 1770 -- 1830 . Studies in Jewish history . New York , Oxford University Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508326 - 1 Lüdtke , Alf . Police and State in Prussia , 1815 -- 1850 . Cambridge , New York & Paris , Cambridge University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 11187 - 0 Ogilvie , Sheilagh , and Richard Overy . Germany : A New Social and Economic History Volume 3 : Since 1800 ( 2004 ) Ohles , Frederik . Germany 's rude awakening : censorship in the land of the Brothers Grimm . Kent , Ohio , Ohio State University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 460 - 1 Pflanze Otto , ed . The Unification of Germany , 1848 -- 1871 ( 1979 ) , essays by historians Schleunes , Karl A. Schooling and society : the politics of education in Prussia and Bavaria , 1750 -- 1900 . Oxford & New York , Oxford University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 85496 - 267 - 0 Showalter , Dennis E. The Wars of German Unification ( 2nd ed. 2015 ) , 412pp by a leading military historian Showalter , Dennis E. Railroads and rifles : soldiers , technology , and the unification of Germany . Hamden , Connecticut , Hailer Publishing , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 9798500 - 9 - 6 Smith , Woodruff D. Politics and the sciences of culture in Germany , 1840 -- 1920 . New York , Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506536 - 0 Wawro , Geoffrey . The Franco - Prussian War : The German Conquest of France . Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 61743 - X External links ( edit ) Documents of German Unification Bismarck and the Unification of Germany hide Unification of Germany States Austrian Empire ( later Austria - Hungary ) Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Württemberg more Unions German Confederation Zollverein German Empire ( 1848 / 1849 ) ( constitution ) Erfurt Union North German Confederation ( constitution ) German Empire ( constitution ) Events Vormärz 1814 -- 15 Congress of Vienna 1819 Carlsbad Decrees 1832 Hambach Festival 1833 Frankfurter Wachensturm 1848 Revolutions 1848 -- 49 Frankfurt Parliament 1850 Punctation of Olmütz 1850 - 51 Dresden Conference 1862 `` Blood and Iron '' speech 1864 Second Schleswig War 1866 Austro - Prussian War / Peace of Prague 1870 -- 71 Franco - Prussian War 1871 Treaty of Versailles People Baron von Stein Charles I of Württemberg Christian IX of Denmark Eduard von Simson Franz I of Austria Franz Joseph I of Austria Frederick William III of Prussia Frederick William IV of Prussia Friedrich Daniel Bassermann Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust Heinrich von Gagern Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Gustav Droysen Archduke John of Austria John of Saxony Karl August von Hardenberg Klemens Wenzel , Prince von Metternich Ludwig II of Bavaria Napoleon III of France Otto von Bismarck Robert Blum Wilhelm von Humboldt Wilhelm I , German Emperor Related Alsace - Lorraine Burschenschaft Das Lied der Deutschen Die Wacht am Rhein Flag of Germany ( Lützow Free Corps ) Pan-Germanism Kleindeutschland / Großdeutschland Frankfurt Parliament German reunification Schleswig - Holstein Question Sonderweg Germany portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Germany&oldid=845885066 '' Categories : Pan-Germanism Modern history of Germany National unifications 1860s in Germany 1870s in Germany Conflicts in 1866 Conflicts in 1871 19th century in Germany 19th century in politics Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles to be merged from September 2017 All articles to be merged Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray Wolof 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 19 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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who was the leader who wanted to unify germany (prussia)
[ "Historians debate whether Otto von Bismarck—Minister President of Prussia—had a master plan to expand the North German Confederation of 1866 to include the remaining independent German states into a single entity or simply to expand the power of the Kingdom of Prussia. They conclude that factors in addition to the strength of Bismarck's Realpolitik led a collection of early modern polities to reorganize political, economic, military, and diplomatic relationships in the 19th century. Reaction to Danish and French nationalism provided foci for expressions of German unity. Military successes—especially those of Prussia—in three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the War of Liberation of 1813–14. By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism." ]
[ "Otto von Bismarck" ]
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Greta Van Fleet
Greta Van Fleet - Wikipedia Greta Van Fleet Jump to : navigation , search Greta Van Fleet Greta Van Fleet onstage at the Red River Valley Fair , West Fargo , North Dakota , July 14 , 2017 . Left to Right : Sam Kiszka , Josh Kiszka , Jake Kiszka , Danny Wagner . Background information Origin Frankenmuth , Michigan , United States Genres Hard rock blues rock Years active 2012 -- present Labels Lava Republic Website http://www.gretavanfleet.com Members Josh Kiszka Jake Kiszka Sam Kiszka Danny Wagner Past members Kyle Hauck Greta Van Fleet is an American rock band from Frankenmuth , Michigan , formed in 2012 . It consists of vocalist Josh Kiszka , guitarist Jake Kiszka , bassist Sam Kiszka , and drummer Danny Wagner . They were signed to Lava Records in March 2017 and a month later the band released their debut studio EP , Black Smoke Rising . Their debut single , `` Highway Tune '' , topped the Billboard US Mainstream Rock and Active Rock charts in September 2017 for four weeks in a row . A second EP From the Fires , containing the four songs from Black Smoke Rising and four new songs , was released on November 10 , 2017 , alongside a second single , `` Safari Song '' . The band 's heavy rock sound is influenced by the work of Led Zeppelin and many other rock and blues acts , with lead vocalist Josh Kiszka having a voice that has been compared to Robert Plant 's `` husky howl . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation and early years ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1.2 Black Smoke Rising and From the Fires ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Music and influences 3 Members 3.1 Current members 3.2 Former member 3.3 Timeline 4 Discography 4.1 EPs 4.2 Singles 4.3 Other charted songs 4.4 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Formation and early years ( 2012 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) The band was formed in Frankenmuth , Michigan in 2012 by brothers Joshua `` Josh '' Kiszka , Samuel `` Sam '' Kiszka , Jacob `` Jake '' Kiszka and Kyle Hauck . Hauck subsequently left the band in October 2013 and was replaced by Daniel `` Danny '' Wagner the same year . The band name was created when one of its members heard a relative mention Gretna Van Fleet , a resident of Frankenmuth ; their use of the variation on her name was done with her ( subsequent ) blessing . In the time Hauck was the drummer , the band recorded and released three songs : `` Highway Tune '' , `` Cloud Train '' , and `` Standing On '' . On February 28 , 2014 , a live EP was recorded in one take and subsequently released on June 7 , 2014 . In 2014 , their song `` Standing On '' was featured in 2014 Chevy Equinox advertisements in the Detroit area . It is one of several songs , along with `` By the Riverside '' , `` Cloud Train '' , `` Lover , Leaver , Taker , Believer '' , `` Down to the River '' , `` Sing in the Rain '' , `` Thunder Stomp '' , `` You 're the One '' , and `` Written in Gold '' , that were previously released but are currently unavailable . Black Smoke Rising and from the Fires ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) On January 17 , 2016 the song `` Highway Tune '' was featured on the Showtime show Shameless . On March 31 , 2017 the first single `` Highway Tune '' was released on iTunes . On April 2 , 2017 iTunes started streaming the song `` Highway Tune '' . On April 18 , 2017 the music video for the song `` Highway Tune '' was released exclusively on Loudwire . The band 's debut EP titled Black Smoke Rising was released April 21 , 2017 . On April 21 , 2017 Apple Music named Greta Van Fleet new artist of the week . The band toured with The Struts during May , 2017 . In October 2017 , the band won Best New Artist at the Loudwire Music Awards . The band released an eight - song double EP titled From the Fires on November 10 , 2017 . In addition to the four tracks from Black Smoke Rising , From the Fires features the new recordings `` Edge of Darkness '' and `` Talk on the Street '' , as well as covers of Sam Cooke 's `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' and Fairport Convention 's `` Meet on the Ledge '' . The four new tracks were recorded in September 2017 at Rust Belt Studios in Detroit and produced by Al Sutton and Marlon Young , the same duo that produced Black Smoke Rising . The band also released `` Safari Song '' as a single in October , 2017 . Greta Van Fleet opened for fellow Michigan native Bob Seger at the Dow Event Center on September 7 . In November 2017 , the band announced that they would begin recording their first full - length studio album shortly after the release of From the Fires , and that they expected its release by mid-2018 . The group performed at Elton John 's Academy Award Party on March 4 , 2018 at the host 's personal request . John joined Greta Van Fleet onstage for his `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' and their `` You 're the One '' . Music and influences ( edit ) Josh Kiszka performing at the Mercury Lounge on August 24 , 2017 . Greta Van Fleet 's music has been categorized as hard rock and blues rock . Although all four members bonded over blues , each does have their own music tastes ; Jake gravitates towards rock and roll , Sam likes jazz , Danny prefers folk , and Josh likes world music . Sam stated that `` It 's not like we set out to be a rock and roll band , it 's just that sound that comes out ( when ) we get together and play . '' Songwriting is done by the band as a whole after one of the four members finds the concept for a song . Danny said a lot of their songs are first written in a `` folk set up '' before evolving into something else . Greta Van Fleet are often compared to Led Zeppelin . Jake related that he `` ... went through a year of really intensely studying what ( Jimmy ) Page did ... '' , but he has studied other virtuoso rock guitarists in a similar manner , specifically mentioning Pete Townshend . Likewise , on his voice being compared to Robert Plant 's , Josh said that Plant has certainly been an influence , `` though it 's not what I was going for . '' Stating that he did not even know who Led Zeppelin was until high school , he explained that his singing style came out naturally one day while struggling to be heard over the rest of the band . In a March 2018 interview , Plant cited Greta Van Fleet as one of his favorite young bands , saying `` they are Led Zeppelin I '' and describing Josh as `` a beautiful little singer . '' Some of Jake 's guitar influences include John Lee Hooker , Elmore James , Bert Jansch , Eric Clapton and Keith Richards . Some of the drummers that inspired Danny are Carmine Appice , John Bonham , Mitch Mitchell and Michael Shrieve . Sam 's favorite bass player is Motown session bassist James Jamerson . Members ( edit ) Current members ( edit ) Joshua `` Josh '' Kiszka -- lead vocals ( 2012 -- present ) Jacob `` Jake '' Kiszka -- lead guitar ( 2012 -- present ) Samuel `` Sam '' Kiszka -- bass guitar , keyboards ( 2012 -- present ) Daniel `` Danny '' Wagner -- drums ( 2013 -- present ) Former member ( edit ) Kyle Hauck -- drums ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) EPs ( edit ) Jake Kiszka performing in 2017 . Album Details Chart positions US US Rock US Hard Rock US Heat CAN ITA POL Black Smoke Rising Release : April 21 , 2017 Label : Republic Format : Digital download ; CD ; vinyl 182 30 10 -- -- -- From the Fires Release : November 10 , 2017 Label : Republic Format : Digital download ; CD 36 -- 23 76 25 `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Singles ( edit ) List of singles , showing year released and album name Year Title Peak chart positions Album US Main . Rock US Alt . US Rock US Rock Air . US AAA 2017 `` Highway Tune '' 34 21 12 39 Black Smoke Rising `` Safari Song '' -- 25 12 -- 2018 `` Black Smoke Rising '' 39 -- -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes a release that did not chart . Other charted songs ( edit ) List of other songs , showing year released and album name Year Title Peak chart positions Album US Dig . US Rock 2017 `` Edge of Darkness '' 15 38 From the Fires `` -- '' denotes a release that did not chart . Music videos ( edit ) As lead artist Title Year Director ( s ) `` Highway Tune '' 2017 Ford Fairchild Awards and nominations ( edit ) Loudwire Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2017 Greta Van Fleet Best New Artist Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet 's Profile - Musicpage '' . Musicpage.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chartbreaker : Greta Van Fleet on Led Zeppelin 's Influence and ' Living In the Resurgence of Rock ' '' . Billboard . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GRETA VAN FLEET 's ' Highway Tune ' Claims # 1 Spot At U.S. Active And Mainstream Rock Radio '' . Blabbermouth.net. 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Sue ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's the lowdown on Frankenmuth band Greta Van Fleet '' . Mlive.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Kelly ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Rock Band ' Greta Van Fleet ' Call Frankenmuth , Michigan Their Home and Unleash a Bluesy Wonderland with New EP `` Black Smoke Rising '' `` . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greta Van Fleet Talk Classic Rock Influences , the Woman Behind the Band Name , More ( Q1043 New York interview , published to YouTube on Dec 18 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` The Greta Van Fleet Live Video is Posted ! '' . pledgemusic.com . March 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Cara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Get Lost in the Raw & Eclectic Sounds of Greta Van Fleet '' . chevydetroit.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Music , Lyrics , Songs , and Videos '' . Reverbnation.com. 11 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` North Star Media Greta Van Fleet profile '' . North Star Media . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Myspace Profile '' . MySpace . 2013 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert `` Bo '' , White ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Greta Van Fleet : Gemutlichkeit & Pursuit of the Right Sound '' . newreviewsite.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jessica . `` Showtime 's ' Shameless ' to feature song by Frankenmuth 's Greta Van Fleet '' . Saginaw , Michigan : mlive.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Future Of Real Rock ' Greta Van Fleet Stream New Song : : Greta Van Fleet News : : antiMusic.com '' . Antimusic.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Childers , Chad ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Greta Van Fleet , Highway Tune Exclusive Video Premiere '' . Loudwire.com . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What a thrill to be @ AppleMusic 's # NewArtistOfTheWeek ! '' . Twitter.com. April 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ralph , Caitlyn ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` 10 new songs we bet you did n't catch this week '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson - Mersha , Isis ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` Frankenmuth 's Greta Van Fleet talks record deal , tour and graduation '' . Frankenmuth , Michigan : mlive.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Win Best New Artist - 2017 Loudwire Music Awards '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ CHRISTOPHER , MICHAEL ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` GRETA VAN FLEET ANNOUNCE DOUBLE EP ' FROM THE FIRES / '' . Loudwire.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet battles being `` overly creative '' with `` Safari Song '' - Music News - ABC News Radio `` . ABC News Radio . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet makes hot rock out of Frankenmuth '' . The Oakland Press . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Alice Cooper -- Approved Kids Bringing Riff Rock Back on the Charts '' . Revolvermag.com. 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Greta Van Fleet Jam With Elton John '' . Loudwire . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( Interview ) Greta Van Fleet Shed Light On Their Surprise Success And Life On The Road '' . Bullet Music . September 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GRETA VAN FLEET Vocalist On LED ZEPPELIN Comparisons : ' We 'll Take It ' '' . Blabbermouth.net . September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Interview : Danny Wagner '' . Blues Rock Review . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Interview ~ Sam Kiszka of Greta Van Fleet '' . I 'm Music Magazine . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greta Van Fleet 's Misty Mountain Revival '' . Rolling Stone . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Bring Rock Back to the Future on Debut EP , Talk Influences & Brotherly Love '' . Billboard . August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Plant on Greta Van Fleet : ' They are Led Zeppelin I ' '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` INTERVIEW : Jake Kiszka and Danny Wagner of Greta Van Fleet '' . Go Venue Magazine . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Talks Bob Dylan , ' Highway Tune ' + More -- Interview '' . Audio Ink Radio . November 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ywain Evans , Morgan ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : Greta Van Fleets Black Smoke Rising might just make you believe '' . metalriot.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A BAND FOUNDED BY JAKE KISZKA , JOSH M. KISZKA , KYLE HAUCK , AND SAM KISZKA ! '' . Facebook.com . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Album & Song Chart History -- Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Album & Song Chart History -- Top Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Album & Song Chart History -- Top Hard Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Album & Song Chart History -- Heatseekers Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Album & Song Chart History -- Billboard Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- Classifica settimanale WK 9 ( dal 2018 - 02 - 23 al 2018 - 03 - 01 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Albums . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Chart History -- Mainstream Rock Tracks '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet AChart History -- Alternative Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greta Van Fleet Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Chart History '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Chart History '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet - Highway Tune '' . Youtube.com. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Greta Van Fleet Win Best New Artist - 2017 Loudwire Music Awards '' . Loudwire.com . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greta Van Fleet . Official website Lava Records Greta Van Fleet profile ( hide ) Greta Van Fleet Joshua Kiszka Jacob Kiszka Samuel Kiszka Daniel Wagner Kyle Hauck Extended plays Black Smoke Rising From the Fires Singles `` Highway Tune '' `` Safari Song '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greta_Van_Fleet&oldid=843644027 '' Categories : 2012 establishments in Michigan American rock music groups Musical groups established in 2012 Hard rock musical groups from Michigan People from Frankenmuth , Michigan Sibling musical groups Republic Records artists Lava Records artists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 00 . 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who's the lead singer for greta van fleet
[ "Greta Van Fleet is an American rock band from Frankenmuth, Michigan, formed in 2012. It consists of vocalist Josh Kiszka, guitarist Jake Kiszka, bassist Sam Kiszka, and drummer Danny Wagner. They were signed to Lava Records in March 2017[2] and a month later the band released their debut studio EP, Black Smoke Rising. Their debut single, \"Highway Tune\", topped the Billboard US Mainstream Rock and Active Rock charts in September 2017 for four weeks in a row.[3] A second EP From the Fires, containing the four songs from Black Smoke Rising and four new songs, was released on November 10, 2017, alongside a second single, \"Safari Song\". The band's heavy rock sound is influenced by the work of Led Zeppelin and many other rock and blues acts, with lead vocalist Josh Kiszka having a voice that has been compared to Robert Plant's \"husky howl.\"[2]" ]
[ "Josh Kiszka" ]
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Jason Voorhees
Jason Voorhees - wikipedia Jason Voorhees Jump to : navigation , search Jason Voorhees Friday the 13th character Ken Kirzinger as Jason Voorhees in Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) First appearance Friday the 13th Created by Victor Miller Ron Kurz Sean S. Cunningham Tom Savini Portrayed by Ari Lehman ( child ) Warrington Gillette Steve Daskewisz Richard Brooker Ted White Tom Morga C.J. Graham Kane Hodder Ken Kirzinger Derek Mears Information Classification Mass murderer Primary location Camp Crystal Lake Signature weapon Machete Jason Voorhees is the main character from the Friday the 13th series . He first appeared in Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) as the young son of camp cook - turned - murderer Mrs. Voorhees , in which he was portrayed by Ari Lehman . Created by Victor Miller , with contributions by Ron Kurz , Sean S. Cunningham , and Tom Savini , Jason was not originally intended to carry the series as the main antagonist . The character has subsequently been represented in various other media , including novels , video games , comic books , and a cross-over film with another iconic horror film character , Freddy Krueger . The character has primarily been an antagonist in the films , whether by stalking and killing the other characters , or acting as a psychological threat to the protagonist , as is the case in Friday the 13th : A New Beginning . Since Lehman 's portrayal , the character has been represented by numerous actors and stuntmen , sometimes by more than one at a time ; this has caused some controversy as to who should receive credit for the portrayal . Kane Hodder is the best known of the stuntmen to portray Jason Voorhees , having played the character in four consecutive films . The character 's physical appearance has gone through many transformations , with various special makeup effects artists making their mark on the character 's design , including makeup artist Stan Winston . Tom Savini 's initial design has been the basis for many of the later incarnations . The trademark hockey goalie mask did not appear until Friday the 13th Part III . Since Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives , filmmakers have given Jason superhuman strength , regenerative powers , and near invulnerability . He has been seen as a sympathetic character , whose motivation for killing has been cited as being driven by the immoral actions of his victims and his own rage over having drowned as a child . Jason Voorhees has been featured in various humor magazines , referenced in feature films , parodied in television shows , and was the inspiration for a horror punk band . Several toy lines have been released based on various versions of the character from the Friday the 13th films . Jason Voorhees 's hockey mask is a widely recognized image in popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Films 1.2 Literature 2 Concept and creation 2.1 Creating a monster 2.2 Men behind the mask 2.3 Design 3 Characteristics 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Appearances ( edit ) Jason Voorhees first appears during a nightmare of the main character Alice ( Adrienne King ) in the original Friday the 13th film ; he becomes the main antagonist of the series in its sequels . As well as the films , there have been books and comics that have either expanded the universe of Jason , or been based on a minor aspect of him . Films ( edit ) Jason made his first cinematic appearance in the original Friday the 13th on May 9 , 1980 . In this film , Jason is portrayed in the memories of his mother , Mrs. Voorhees ( Betsy Palmer ) , and as a hallucination of the film 's protagonist , Alice ( Adrienne King ) . Though the character makes no contemporary appearance onscreen , he propels the film 's plot -- Mrs. Voorhees , the cook at Camp Crystal Lake , seeks revenge for his death , which she blames on the camp counselors . Jason 's second appearance was in the sequel , Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) . Revealed to be alive , an adult Jason exacts revenge on Alice for decapitating his mother in the original film . Jason ( Steven Dash and Warrington Gillette ) , returns to Crystal Lake , living there as a hermit and guarding it from all intruders . Five years later a group of teenagers arrive to set up a new camp , only to be murdered one by one by Jason , who wears a pillow case over his head to hide his face . Ginny ( Amy Steel ) , the lone survivor , finds a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of Mrs. Voorhees , and surrounded by mutilated corpses . Ginny fights back and slams a machete through Jason 's shoulder . Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away in an ambulance . In Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) , Jason ( Richard Brooker ) escapes to a nearby lake resort , Higgins Haven , to rest from his wounds . At the same time , Chris Higgins ( Dana Kimmell ) returns to the property with some friends . An unmasked and reclusive Jason kills anyone who wanders into the barn where he is hiding . Taking a hockey mask from a victim to hide his face , he leaves the barn to kill the rest of the group . Chris fends off Jason by slamming an axe into his head , but the night 's events drive her into hysteria as the police take her away . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) continues the story , with a presumed - dead Jason ( Ted White ) found by the police and taken to the morgue . Jason awakens at the morgue and kills an attendant and a nurse , and makes his way back to Crystal Lake . A group of teens renting a house there fall victim to Jason 's rampage . Jason then seeks out Trish ( Kimberly Beck ) and Tommy Jarvis ( Corey Feldman ) next door . While Trish distracts Jason , Tommy kills him . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning follows Tommy Jarvis ( John Shepherd ) , who was committed to a mental hospital after the events of The Final Chapter , and has grown up constantly afraid that Jason ( Tom Morga ) will return . Jason 's body was supposedly cremated after Tommy killed him . Roy Burns ( Dick Wieand ) uses Jason 's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy was moved . Jason appears in the film only through Tommy 's dreams and hallucinations . In Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) , Tommy ( Thom Mathews ) , who has run away from a mental institution , visits Jason 's grave and learns that Jason 's body was never actually cremated , but buried in a cemetery near Crystal Lake . While attempting to destroy his body , Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason ( C.J. Graham ) via a piece of cemetery fence that acts as a lightning rod . Now possessing superhuman abilities , Jason returns to Crystal Lake , now renamed Forest Green , and begins his killing spree anew . Tommy eventually lures Jason back to the lake where he drowned as a child and chains him to a boulder on the lake floor , but almost dies in the process . Tommy 's friend , Megan Garris , finishes Jason off by cutting his face with a boat propeller . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) begins an undisclosed amount of time after Jason Lives . Jason ( Kane Hodder ) is freed from his chains by the telekinetic Tina Shepard ( Lar Park Lincoln ) , who was attempting to resurrect her father . Jason begins killing those who occupy Crystal Lake , and after a battle with Tina , is dragged back to the bottom of the lake by an apparition of Tina 's father . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) sees Jason return from the grave , brought back to life via an underwater electrical cable . He follows a group of students on their senior class trip to Manhattan , boarding the Lazarus to wreak havoc . Upon reaching Manhattan , Jason kills all the survivors but Rennie ( Jensen Daggett ) and Sean ( Scott Reeves ) ; he chases them into the sewers , where he is submerged in toxic waste and dies . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) marked the second time Jason was officially killed according to studio canon . Through an unexplained resurrection , he returns to Crystal Lake , where he is hunted by the FBI . The FBI sets up a sting to kill Jason , which proves successful . Through mystical possession , however , Jason survives by passing his demon - infested heart from one being to the next . Though Jason does not physically appear throughout most of the film , it is learned he has a half - sister and a niece , and that he needs them to retrieve and reinhabit his body . After resurrecting it , Jason is stabbed by his niece Jessica Kimble ( Kari Keegan ) and dragged into Hell . Jason X ( 2002 ) marked Kane Hodder 's last performance as Jason . The film starts off in 2010 ; Jason has returned after another unexplained resurrection . Captured by the U.S. government in 2008 , Jason is being experimented upon in a research facility , where it has been determined that he has regenerative capabilities and that cryonic suspension is the only possible solution to stop him , since numerous attempts to execute him have proved unsuccessful . Jason escapes , killing all but one of his captors , and slices through the cryo - chamber , spilling cryonics fluid into the room , freezing himself and the only other survivor , Rowan ( Lexa Doig ) . A team of students 445 years later discover Jason 's body . On the team 's spacecraft , Jason thaws from his cryonic suspension and begins killing the crew . Along the way , he is enhanced by a regenerative nanotechnology process , which gives him an impenetrable metal body . Finally , he is ejected into space and falls to the planet Earth 2 , burning in the atmosphere . Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) is a crossover film in which Jason battles A Nightmare on Elm Street 's villain Freddy Krueger ( Robert Englund ) , a supernatural killer who murders people in their dreams . Krueger has grown weak , as people in his home town of Springwood have suppressed their fear of him . Freddy , who is impersonating Jason 's mother ( Paula Shaw ) , resurrects Jason ( Ken Kirzinger ) from Hell and sends him to Springwood to cause panic and fear . Jason accomplishes this , but refuses to stop killing . A battle ensues in both the dream world and Crystal Lake . The identity of the winner is left ambiguous , as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy 's severed head , which winks and laughs . In the 2009 Friday the 13th reboot , young Jason ( Caleb Guss ) witnesses his mother 's ( Nana Visitor ) beheading as a child and follows in her footsteps , killing anyone who comes to Crystal Lake . The adult Jason ( Derek Mears ) kidnaps Whitney Miller ( Amanda Righetti ) , a girl who looks like his mother , and holds her prisoner in his underground tunnels . Months later , Whitney 's brother Clay ( Jared Padalecki ) comes to Crystal Lake and rescues her . Eventually , Whitney uses Jason 's devotion to his mother against him , stabbing him with his own machete while he is distracted when she appears . Literature ( edit ) Jason first appeared outside of film in the 1982 novelization of Friday the 13th Part 3 by Michael Avallone . Avallone chose to use an alternate ending , which was filmed for Part 3 but never used , as the ending for his 1982 adaptation . In the alternate film ending , Chris , who is in the canoe , hears Rick 's voice and immediately rushes back to the house . When she opens the door , Jason is standing there with a machete , and he decapitates her . Jason next appears in print in the 1986 novelization of Jason Lives by Simon Hawke , who also adapted the first three films in 1987 and 1988 . Jason Lives specifically introduced Elias Voorhees , Jason 's father , a character that was slated to appear in the film but was cut by the studio . In the novel , instead of being cremated , Elias has Jason buried after his death . Jason made his comic book debut in the 1993 adaptation of Jason Goes to Hell , written by Andy Mangels . The three - issue series was a condensed version of the film , with a few added scenes that were never shot . Jason made his first appearance outside of the direct adaptations in Satan 's Six No. 4 , published in 1993 , which is a continuation of the events of Jason Goes to Hell . In 1995 , Nancy A. Collins wrote a three - issue , non-canonical miniseries involving a crossover between Jason and Leatherface . The story involves Jason stowing away aboard a train , after being released from Crystal Lake when the area is drained due to heavy toxic waste dumping . Jason meets Leatherface , who adopts him into his family after the two become friends . Eventually they turn on each other . In 1994 four young adult novels were released under the title of Friday the 13th . They did not feature Jason explicitly , but revolve around people becoming possessed by Jason when they put on his mask . In 2003 and 2005 , Black Flame published novelizations of Freddy vs. Jason and Jason X respectively . In 2005 they began publishing a new series of novels ; one set was published under the Jason X title , while the second set utilized the Friday the 13th title . The Jason X series consisted of four sequels to the novelization of the film . Jason X : The Experiment was the first published . In this novel , Jason is being used by the government , who are trying to use his indestructibility to create their own army of `` super soldiers '' . Planet of the Beast follows the efforts of Dr. Bardox and his crew as they try to clone the body of a comatose Jason , and shows their efforts to stay alive when Jason wakes from his coma . Death Moon revolves around Jason crash - landing at Moon Camp Americana . Jason is discovered below a prison site and unknowingly awakened in To The Third Power . Jason has a son in this book , conceived through a form of artificial insemination . On May 13 , 2005 , Avatar Press began releasing new Friday the 13th comics . The first , titled Friday the 13th , was written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Greg Waller . The story takes place after the events of Freddy vs. Jason , where siblings Miles and Laura Upland have inherited Camp Crystal Lake . Knowing that Jason caused the recent destruction , Laura , unknown to her brother , sets out to kill Jason using a paramilitary group , so that she and her brother can sell the property . A three - issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th : Bloodbath was released in September 2005 . Written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse , the story involves a group of teenagers who come from Camp Tomorrow , a camp that sits on Crystal Lake , for work and a `` party - filled weekend '' . The teenagers discover they share common family backgrounds , and soon awaken Jason , who hunts them . Brian Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write Jason X . Picking up after the events of the Jason X film , Über - Jason is now on Earth II where a biological engineer , Kristen , attempts to subdue Jason , in hopes that she can use his regenerative tissue to save her own life and the lives of those she loves . In February 2006 Avatar published Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X . Written and illustrated by Mike Wolfer , the story takes place after the events of the film Jason X . A salvage team discovers the spaceship Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Voorhees . The `` original '' Jason and Über - Jason are drawn to each other , resulting in a battle to the death . In June 2006 a one - shot comic entitled Friday the 13th : Fearbook was released , written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara . The comic has Jason being captured and experimented upon by the Trent Organization ; Jason escapes and seeks out Violet , the survivor of Friday the 13th : Bloodbath , who is being contained by the Trent Organization in their Crystal Lake headquarters . The Friday the 13th novella storyline was not connected to the Jason X series , and did not continue the stories set forth by the films , but furthered the character of Jason in its own way . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath has Jason resurrected by a religious cult . Jason is stuck in Hell , when recently executed serial killer Wayne Sanchez persuades Jason to help him return to Earth in Friday the 13th : Hell Lake . In Hate - Kill - Repeat , two religious serial killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake , believing that the three of them share the same contempt for those that break the moral code . In The Jason Strain , Jason is on an island with a group of convicts placed there by television executives running a reality game show . The character of Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Maniacs . Pamela is in search of Jason , who is now part of a traveling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the highest bidder . In December 2006 DC Comics imprint Wildstorm began publishing new comic books about Jason Voorhees under the Friday the 13th moniker . The first set was a six - issue miniseries involving Jason 's return to Camp Crystal Lake , which is being renovated by a group of teenagers in preparation for its reopening as a tourist attraction . The series depicts various paranormal phenomena occurring at Crystal Lake . Jason 's actions in this storyline are driven by the vengeful spirits of a Native American tribe wiped out on the lake by fur traders sometime in the 19th century . On July 11 and August 15 , 2007 , Wildstorm published a two - part special entitled Friday the 13th : Pamela 's Tale . The two - issue comic book covers Pamela Voorhees ' journey to Camp Crystal Lake and the story of her pregnancy with Jason as she recounts it to hitchhiker Annie , a camp counselor who was killed in the original film . Wildstorm released another two - part special , entitled Friday the 13th : How I Spent My Summer Vacation , that was released on September 12 and October 10 , 2007 . The comic book provides new insight into the psychology of Jason Voorhees as he befriends a boy born with a skull deformity . Wildstorm released a six - issue series called Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , starring the two killers and Ash from the Evil Dead series . In this story , Freddy uses the Necronomicon , which is in the Voorhees ' basement , to escape from Jason 's subconscious and `` gain powers unlike anything he 's had before '' . Freddy attempts to use Jason to retrieve the book , stating it will make him a real boy . Ash , who is working at the local S - Mart in Crystal Lake , learns of the book 's existence and sets out to destroy it . Wildstorm released another two - issue miniseries on January 9 and February 13 , 2008 , titled Friday the 13th : Bad Land , written and illustrated by Ron Marz and Mike Huddleston respectively . The miniseries features Jason stalking a trio of teenaged hikers taking shelter from a blizzard in Camp Crystal Lake . A sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , subtitled The Nightmare Warriors , was released by Wildstorm in 2009 . Jason escapes from the bottom of Crystal Lake to resume his hunt for Ash , but is captured by the U.S. government . Freddy helps him escape and appoints him the general of his Deadite army , using the Necronomicon to heal his accumulated injuries and decomposition ; it removes his natural deformities in the process . At the climax of the story , Jason battles his nemesis Tommy Jarvis and his great - niece Stephanie Kimble ; Stephanie impales him before Tommy decapitates him with a shard of glass . Jason 's soul is then absorbed by Freddy , who uses it to increase his own power . Concept and creation ( edit ) Creating a monster ( edit ) Tom Savini applies make - up to Ari Lehman , creating his vision of Jason Voorhees . Initially created by Victor Miller , Jason 's final design was a combined effort by Miller , Ron Kurz , and Tom Savini . The name `` Jason '' is a combination of `` Josh '' and `` Ian '' , Miller 's two sons , and `` Voorhees '' was inspired by a girl that Miller knew at high school whose last name was Van Voorhees . Miller felt it was a `` creepy - sounding name '' , which was perfect for his character . Miller initially wrote Jason as a normal - looking child , but the crew behind the film decided he needed to be deformed . Victor Miller explained Jason was not meant to be a creature from the `` Black Lagoon '' in his script , and scripted Jason as a mentally disabled young boy ; it was Savini who made Jason deformed . Ron Kurz confirmed that Miller 's version of Jason was that of a normal child , but claims that it was his idea to turn Jason into a `` mongoloid creature '' , and have him `` jump out of the lake at the end of the film '' . Miller later agreed the ending would not have been as good if he looked like `` Betsy Palmer at eight years old '' . Miller wrote a scene where Alice dreams she is attacked in a canoe by Jason , and then she wakes up in a hospital bed . Miller 's intention was to get as close to Carrie 's ending as possible . Savini believed having Jason pop out of the lake would be psychologically disturbing to the audience , and since Alice is supposed to be dreaming , the crew could get away with adding anything they wanted . When it came time to cast the role of Jason , Ari Lehman , who had received a part in Sean Cunningham 's Manny 's Orphans , arrived to read for the character of Jack . Before he could get started , Cunningham walked in and offered him a different part : Jason . Without having read a single word , Cunningham just looked at Ari and said , `` You 're the right size , you 've got it . '' In the original Friday the 13th , Ari Lehman is seen only in a brief flashback as the surprise ending . Subsequent actors who portrayed a young Jason include Timothy Burr Mirkovich in Jason Takes Manhattan and Spencer Stump in Freddy vs. Jason . The adult role of Jason Voorhees has been played by various actors , some not credited , others taking great pride in their parts . Due to the physical demands the adult character requires , and the lack of emotional depth depicted , many of the actors since have been stuntmen . The most well - known among them is Kane Hodder , who is cited as the best to play the role . Many ideas were suggested for the sequel to Friday the 13th , including making the title part of a serialized film series , where each succeeding film would be its own story and not related to any previous film under the Friday the 13th moniker . It was Phil Scuderi , one of the producers for the original film , which suggested bringing Jason back for the sequel . The director Steve Miner felt it was the obvious direction to take the series , as he felt the audience wanted to know more about the child who attacked Alice in the lake . Miner decided to pretend as if Alice did not see the `` real Jason '' in her dream , and Jason had survived his drowning as a boy and had grown up . After killing Jason in The Final Chapter , it was the director Joseph Zito 's intention to leave the door open for the studio to make more films with Tommy Jarvis as the main antagonist . Screenwriter Barney Cohen felt Jarvis would become a substitute for Jason , but the idea was never fully developed in A New Beginning . Director and co-screenwriter Danny Steinmann disliked the idea of Jason not being the killer , but decided to use Tommy 's fear of Jason as the primary story . This idea was immediately abandoned in Jason Lives , when A New Beginning did not spark the `` creative success '' the studio was looking for . Executive producer Frank Mancuso , Jr. wanted to bring Jason back , and he did not care how it was achieved . In yet another alteration of the series ' continuity , Tom McLoughlin chose to ignore the idea that Jason had survived his drowning , instead presenting him as always having been some sort of supernatural force . Since A New Beginning , no sequel has attempted to replace Jason as the main antagonist . Miller , who has not seen any of the sequels , took issue with all of them because they made Jason the villain . Miller believes the best part of his screenplay was that it was about a mother avenging the senseless death of her son . Miller stated , `` Jason was dead from the very beginning ; he was a victim , not a villain . '' Men Behind the mask ( edit ) `` ... So I go from lead role to no role . Needless to say , I was disappointed . But I said , ' What the hell ? ' '' -- Steve Daskawisz , on losing screen credit Jason Voorhees went from deceased child to full - grown man for Friday the 13th Part 2 , and Warrington Gillette was hired to play the role . Gillette auditioned for the role of Paul ; that role eventually went to John Furey . Under the belief that he had attended the Hollywood Stuntman 's School , Gillette was offered the role of Jason Voorhees . Initially Gillette was unsure about the character , but the idea of starring in his first film grew on Gillette , and he also thought the role was amusing . It became apparent Gillette could not perform the necessary stunts , so the stunt coordinator Cliff Cudney brought in Steve Daskawisz . Daskawisz filmed all of the scenes except the opening sequence and the unmasking shot at the end ; Gillette returned for the unmasking scenes . Gillette received credit for playing Jason , while Daskawisz was given credit as the stunt double . When Part 3 was released the following year , Daskawisz was credited as Jason for the reused footage from the climax of the film . Initially , Daskawisz was asked to return to the role for Part 3 , but it would have required him to pay for his own transportation and housing during filming . Having secured a part on Guiding Light , Daskawisz declined . Now wanting a `` bigger and stronger - looking '' Jason , one that was also `` more athletic and powerful '' , Steve Miner hired former British trapeze artist Richard Brooker . After a simple conversation , Miner decided he was the right person for the job . Being new to the country , Brooker believed that `` playing a psychopathic killer '' was the best way into the movie business . Brooker became the first actor to wear Jason 's now - signature hockey mask . According to Brooker , `` It felt great with the mask on . It just felt like I really was Jason because I did n't have anything to wear before that . '' For The Final Chapter , Joseph Zito brought his own spin to the character , one that required a `` real hardcore stuntman '' ; Ted White was hired to perform the role . White , who only took the job for the money , did `` get into the Jason psychology '' when he arrived on the set . White went so far as to not speak to any of the other actors for long stretches . As filming continued , White 's experience was not pleasant , and in one instance , he went to battle for co-star Judie Aronson , who played Samantha , when the director kept her naked in the lake for extended periods of time . Displeased with his experience from filming , White had his name removed from the credits . As with Friday the 13th Part 2 , there was confusion over who performed the role in A New Beginning , partly because Jason is not the literal antagonist in the film . When Ted White turned down the opportunity to return , Dick Wieand was cast . Wieand is credited as Roy Burns , the film 's actual murderer , but it was stuntman Tom Morga who performed in the few flashes of Jason , as well as portraying Roy in almost all of the masked scenes . Wieand has been outspoken about his lack of enthusiasm over his role in the film . Feeling alienated during the shoot , Wieand spent most of his time in his trailer . By comparison , Morga enjoyed his time as Jason and made sure he `` really got into the character '' . `` It 's like all of a sudden you get to put a baseball uniform on , and you 're the pitcher in the ninth inning of the World Series . It 's an incredible feeling . '' -- C.J. Graham , on his experience as Jason A nightclub manager in Glendale , C.J. Graham , was interviewed for the role of Jason in Jason Lives , but was initially passed over because he had no experience as a stuntman . Dan Bradley was hired , but Paramount executives felt Bradley did not have the right physique to play the role , and Graham was hired to replace him . Although Bradley was replaced early during filming , he can be seen in the paintball sequence of the film . Graham opted to perform most of his own stunts , including the scene where Jason catches on fire while battling Tommy in the lake . The rest of the cast spoke highly of Graham , remarking that he never complained during all the uncomfortable situations he was placed in . Graham had no intention of being an actor or a stuntman , but the idea of playing the `` bad guy '' , and the opportunity to wear the prosthetics , intrigued him . Graham was not brought back to reprise the role , but has often been cited as speaking highly of his time in the part . Kane Hodder took over the role in The New Blood , and played Jason in the next four films . He previously worked alongside director John Carl Buechler on a film called Prison . Based on his experience working with Hodder , Buechler petitioned Frank Mancuso Jr. to hire him , but Mancuso was apprehensive about Hodder 's limited size . Knowing he planned to use full body prosthetics , Buechler scheduled a test screening , the first in Friday the 13th history for the character , and Mancuso immediately gave Hodder approval upon seeing him . It is Buechler 's contention that Hodder gave Jason his first true personality , based on the emotions , specifically the rage , that Hodder would emit while acting the part . According to Hodder , he wanted to `` get in touch with Jason 's thirst for revenge '' and try to better understand his motivation to kill . After viewing the previous films , Hodder decided that he would approach Jason as a more `` quick and agile '' individual than he had been portrayed in the previous sequels . John Carl Buechler felt that Kane had `` natural affinity for the role '' -- so much that Kane 's appearance , when wearing the mask , would often terrify the cast , the crew , and in one incident a lone stranger that he came across on his walk back to his trailer . Initially Frank Mancuso Jr. and Barbara Sachs planned to use a Canadian stuntperson for Jason Takes Manhattan . Hodder acted as his own voice , calling and requesting that he be allowed to reprise the role ; the ultimate decision was left to director Rob Hedden , who intended to use Hodder , because he felt Hodder knew the lore of the series . With Sean Cunningham 's return as producer for Jason Goes to Hell , Hodder felt his chances of reprising the role were even better : Hodder had worked as Cunningham 's stunt coordinator for years . Regardless , Adam Marcus , the director for Jason Goes to Hell , always intended to hire Hodder for the role . Jason X would mark Hodder 's last performance as Jason , to date . Todd Farmer , who wrote the screenplay for Jason X , knew Hodder would play Jason from the beginning . Jim Isaac was a fan of Hodder 's work on the previous films , so hiring him was an easy decision . New Line believed Freddy vs. Jason needed a fresh start , and choose a new actor for Jason . Cunningham disagreed with their decision , believing Hodder was the best choice for the role . Hodder did receive the script for Freddy vs. Jason , and had a meeting with director Ronny Yu and New Line executives , but Matthew Barry and Yu felt the role should be recast to fit Yu 's image of Jason . According to Hodder , New Line failed to provide him with a reason for the recasting , but Yu has explained he wanted a slower , more deliberate Jason , and less of the aggressive movements that Hodder had used in the previous films . Yu and development executive Jeff Katz recognized the outcry among fans over the replacement of Hodder as Jason , but stood by their choice in recasting . The role eventually went to Ken Kirzinger , a Canadian stuntman who worked on Jason Takes Manhattan . There are conflicting reports over the reason Kirzinger was cast . According to Yu , Kirzinger was hired because he was taller than Robert Englund , the actor who portrays Freddy Krueger . Kirzinger stands 6 feet 5 inches ( 1.96 m ) , compared to the 6 feet 3 inches ( 1.91 m ) of Kane Hodder , and Yu wanted a much larger actor to tower over the 5 - foot - 10 - inch ( 1.78 m ) Englund . Kirzinger believes his experience on Part VIII helped him land the part , as Kirzinger doubled for Hodder on two scenes for the film , but also believes he was simply sized up and handed the job . Although he was hired by the creative crew , New Line did not officially cast Kirzinger until first seeing him on film . Kirzinger 's first scene was Jason walking down Elm Street . New Line wanted a specific movement in Jason 's walk ; Kirzinger met their expectations and signed a contract with the studio . However , concerns that test audiences were confused by the film 's original ending caused the studio to reshoot the final scene . Actor Douglas Tait was brought in to film the new ending , as he was available for the reshoot and had been the production 's second choice to portray the role of Jason during the original casting . For the 2009 remake , stuntman Derek Mears was hired to portray Jason Voorhees at the recommendation of makeup special effects supervisor Scott Stoddard . Mears 's pleasant demeanor had the studio worried about his ability to portray such a menacing character on screen , but Mears assured them he would be able to perform the role . When Mears auditioned for the role he was asked why they should hire an actor over just another guy in a mask . As Mears explained , portraying Jason is similar to Greek mask work , where the mask and the actor are two separate entities , and , based on the scene , there will be various combinations of mask and actor in the performance . Design ( edit ) The physical design of Jason Voorhees has gone through changes , some subtle and some radical . For Friday the 13th , the task of coming up with Jason 's appearance was the responsibility of Tom Savini , whose design for Jason was inspired by someone Savini knew as a child whose eyes and ears did not line up straight . The original design called for Jason to have hair , but Savini and his crew opted to make him bald , so he would look like a `` hydrocephalic , mongoloid pinhead '' , with a dome - shaped head . Savini created a plaster mold of Ari Lehman 's head and used that to create prosthetics for his face . Lehman personally placed mud -- from the bottom of the lake -- all over his body to make himself appear `` really slimy . '' For Part 2 , Steve Miner asked Carl Fullerton , the make - up effects supervisor , to stick to Savini 's original design , but Fullerton only had one day to design and sculpt a new head . Fullerton drew a rough sketch of what he believed Jason should look like , and had it approved by Miner . Fullerton added long hair to the character . Gillette had to spend hours in a chair as they applied rubber forms all over his face , and had to keep one eye closed while the `` droopy eye '' application was in place . Gillette 's eye was closed for twelve hours at a time while he was filming the final scenes of the film . False teeth created by a local dentist were used to distort Gillette 's face . Much of the basic concept of Fullerton 's design was eliminated for Part 3 . Miner wanted to use a combination of the designs from Tom Savini and Carl Fullerton , but as work progressed the design began to lean more and more toward Savini 's concept . Stan Winston was hired to create a design for Jason 's head , but the eyes were level and Doug White , the make - up artist for Part 3 , needed a droopy right eye . White did keep Winston 's design for the back of the head , because the crew did not have the time to design an entirely new head for Jason . The process of creating Jason 's look was hard work for White , who had to constantly make alterations to Richard Brooker 's face , even up to the last day of filming . Jason 's original mask was molded from a Detroit Red Wings goalie mask , and would become a staple for the character for the rest of the series . The script for Part 3 called for Jason to wear a mask to cover his face , having worn a bag over his head in Part 2 ; what no one knew at the time was that the mask chosen would become a trademark for the character , and one instantly recognizable in popular culture in the years to come . During production , Steve Miner called for a lighting check . None of the effects crew wanted to apply any make - up for the light check , so they decided to just throw a mask on Brooker . The film 's 3D effects supervisor , Martin Jay Sadoff , was a hockey fan , and had a bag of hockey gear with him on the set . He pulled out a Detroit Red Wings goaltender mask for the test . Miner loved the mask , but it was too small . Using a substance called VacuForm , Doug White enlarged the mask and created a new mold to work with . After White finished the molds , Terry Ballard placed red triangles on the mask to give it a unique appearance . Holes were punched into the mask and the markings were altered , making it different from Sadoff 's mask . There were two prosthetic face masks created for Richard Brooker to wear underneath the hockey mask . One mask was composed of approximately 11 different appliances and took about six hours to apply to Brooker 's face ; this mask was used for scenes where the hockey mask was removed . In the scenes where the hockey mask is over the face , a simple head mask was created . This one - piece mask would slip on over Brooker 's head , exposing his face but not the rest of his head . Tom Savini agreed to return to make - up duties for The Final Chapter because he felt he should be the one to bring Jason full circle in terms of his look from child to man . Savini used his design from the original Friday the 13th , with the same practice of application as before , but molded from Ted White 's face . Since Jason is not the actual killer in A New Beginning , it was not necessary to do any major designing for Jason 's look . Only a head mask to cover the top and back of the head , like the one Brooker wore while wearing the hockey mask , was needed for the film . Make - up artist Louis Lazzara , who cites A New Beginning as almost a direct sequel to The Final Chapter , did base his head - mask on Tom Savini 's design for The Final Chapter . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood sought to make Jason more of a `` classic monster along the lines of Frankenstein . '' From the beginning , Buechler tried to tie the previous films together by having Jason 's appearance reflect that of the damage he received in the previous installments . Buechler wanted the motor boat damage from Jason Lives , and the axe and machete cuts Jason received in Part 3 and Part 4 to part of the design for The New Blood . Since Jason had been submerged under water in the previous entry , the effects team wanted Jason to appear `` rotted '' , with bones and ribs showing , and for Jason 's features to have a more defined feel to them . Howard Berger was inspired by Carl Fullerton 's design in The New Blood , and wanted to incorporate the exposed flesh concept into his model for Jason Goes to Hell . Berger designed Jason 's skin to overlap with the mask , to make it appear as if the skin and mask had fused and the mask could no longer be removed . Gregory Nicotero and Berger sculpted a full - body , foam latex suit for Kane Hodder to wear under the costume . The idea was to reveal as much of Jason 's skin as possible , because Nicotero and Berger knew the physical character would not be seen for most of the film . Original concept drawings for `` Über - Jason '' , by makeup effects supervisor Stephan Dupuis , took months to plan . Dupuis sculpted a small - scale version of the new design to show off to the filmmakers , before finally taking mold castings of Kane Hodder . Stephen Dupuis was given the task of redesigning Jason for the tenth Friday the 13th film . One concept brought into the film was Jason 's regenerative abilities . Dupuis gave the character more hair and more of a natural flesh appearance to illustrate the constant regeneration the character goes through ; Dupuis wanted a more `` gothic '' design for Jason , so he added chains and shackles , and made the hockey mask more angular . Jim Isaac and the rest of his crew wanted to create an entirely new Jason at some point in the film . The idea was for the teens to completely destroy Jason 's body , allowing the futuristic technology to bring him back to life . What was referred to as Über - Jason was designed to have chunks of metal growing from his body , bonded by tendrils that grew into the metal , all pushing through a leather suit . The metal was created from VacuForm , the same material used to increase the size of the original hockey mask , and was attached by Velcro . The tendrils were made from silicone . All of the pieces were crafted onto one suit , including an entire head piece , which Hodder wore . The make - up effects team added zippers along the side of the suit , which allowed Hodder to enter and exit the suit within 15 minutes . By the time Freddy vs. Jason entered production there had been ten previous Friday the 13th films . Make - up effects artist Terezakis wanted to put his own mark on Jason 's look -- he wanted Jason to be less rotted and decomposed and more defined , so that the audience would see a new Jason , but still recognized the face . Terezakis tried to keep continuity with the previous films , but recognized that had he followed them too literally , then `` Jason would have been reduced to a pile of goo . '' Ronny Yu wanted everything surrounding the hockey mask to act as a frame , making the mask the focal point of each shot . To achieve this , Terezakis created a `` pooled - blood look '' for the character by painting the skin black , based on the idea the blood had pooled in the back of his head because he had been lying on his back for a long time . As with other make - up artists before him , Terezakis followed Savini 's original skull design , and aged it appropriately . For the 2009 version of Friday the 13th , effects artist Scott Stoddard took inspiration from Carl Fullerton 's design in Friday the 13th Part 2 and Tom Savini 's work in Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter . Stoddard wanted to make sure that Jason appeared human and not like a monster . Stoddard 's vision of Jason includes hair loss , skin rashes , and the traditional deformities in his face , but he attempted to craft Jason 's look in a way that would allow for a more human side to be seen . Stoddard took inspiration from the third and fourth films when designing Jason 's hockey mask . The make - up artist managed to acquire an original set piece , which he studied and later sculpted . Although he had a model of one of the original masks , Stoddard did not want to replicate it in its entirety . As Stoddard explains , `` Because I did n't want to take something that already existed , there were things I thought were great , but there were things I wanted to change a bit . Make it custom , but keep all the fundamental designs . Especially the markings on the forehead and cheeks . Age them down a bit , break them up . '' In the end , Stoddard crafted six versions of the mask , each with varying degrees of wear . Characteristics ( edit ) In his original appearance , Jason was scripted as a mentally disabled young boy . Since Friday the 13th , Jason Voorhees has been depicted as a non-verbal , indestructible , machete - wielding mass murderer . Jason is primarily portrayed as being completely silent throughout the film series . Exceptions to this include flashbacks of Jason as a child , and a brief scene in Jason Takes Manhattan where the character cries out `` Mommy , please do n't let me drown ! '' in a child 's voice before being submerged in toxic waste , and in Jason Goes To Hell where his spirit possesses other individuals . Online magazine Salon 's Andrew O'Hehir describes Jason as a `` silent , expressionless ... blank slate . '' When discussing Jason psychologically , Sean S. Cunningham said , `` ... he does n't have any personality . He 's like a great white shark . You ca n't really defeat him . All you can hope for is to survive . '' Since Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives , Jason has been a `` virtually indestructible '' being . Tom McLoughlin , the film 's director , felt it was silly that Jason had previously been just another guy in a mask , who would kill people left and right , but get `` beaten up and knocked down by the heroine at the end '' . McLoughlin wanted Jason to be more of a `` formidable , unstoppable monster '' . In resurrecting Jason from the dead , McLoughlin also gave him the weakness of being rendered helpless if trapped beneath the waters of Crystal Lake ; inspired by vampire lore , McLoughlin decided that Jason had in fact drowned as a child , and that returning him to his original resting place would immobilize him . This weakness would be presented again in The New Blood , and the idea that Jason had drowned as a child was taken up by director Rob Hedden as a plot element in Jason Takes Manhattan . Many have given suggestions as Jason 's motivation for killing . Ken Kirzinger refers to Jason as a `` psychotic mama 's boy gone horribly awry ... very resilient . You ca n't kill him , but he feels pain , just not like everyone else . '' Kirzinger goes on to say that Jason is a `` psycho - savant '' , and believes his actions are based on pleasing his mother , and not anything personal . Andrew O'Hehir has stated , `` Coursing hormones act , of course , as smelling salts to prudish Jason , that ever - vigilant enforcer of William Bennett - style values . '' Todd Farmer , writer for Jason X , wrote the scene where Jason wakes from cryonic hibernation just as two of the teenagers are having sex . Farmer liked the idea that sex acts triggered Jason back to life . Whatever his motivations , Kane Hodder believes there is a limit to what he will do . According to Hodder , Jason might violently murder any person he comes across , but when Jason Takes Manhattan called for Hodder to kick the lead character 's dog , Hodder refused , stating that , while Jason has no qualms against killing humans , he is not bad enough to hurt animals . Another example from Jason Takes Manhattan , involves Jason being confronted by a street gang of young teenage boys one of whom threatens him with a knife , however Jason chooses not to kill them and instead scares them off by lifting up his mask and showing them his face . Likewise , director Tom McLoughlin chose not to have Jason harm any of the children he encounters in Jason Lives , stating that Jason would not kill a child , out of a sympathy for the plight of children generated by his own death as a child . In an early draft of Freddy vs. Jason , it was decided that one of the villains needed a redeemable factor . Ronald D. Moore , co-writer of the first draft , explained that Jason was the easiest to make redeemable , because no one had previously ventured into the psychology surrounding the character . Moore saw the character as a `` blank slate '' , and felt he was a character the audience could really root for . Another draft , penned by Mark Protosevich , followed Moore 's idea of Jason having a redeemable quality . In the draft , Jason protects a pregnant teenager named Rachel Daniels . Protosevich explained , `` It gets into this whole idea of there being two kinds of monsters . Freddy is a figure of actual pure evil and Jason is more like a figure of vengeance who punishes people he feels do not deserve to live . Ultimately , the two of them clash and Jason becomes an honorable monster . '' Writers Damian Shannon and Mark Swift , who wrote the final draft of the film , disagreed about making Jason a hero , although they drew comparisons between the fact that Freddy was a victimizer and Jason was a victim . They stated , `` We did not want to make Jason any less scary . He 's still a brutal killer ... We never wanted to put them in a situation where Jason is a hero ... They 're both villains to be equally feared . '' Brenna O'Brien , co-founder of Fridaythe13thfilms.com , saw the character as having sympathetic qualities . She stated , `` ( Jason ) was a deformed child who almost drowned and then spent the rest of his childhood growing up alone in the woods . He saw his mother get murdered by a camp counselor in the first Friday the 13th , and so now he exacts his revenge on anyone who returns to Camp Crystal Lake . Teenage fans can identify with that sense of rejection and isolation , which you ca n't really get from other killers like Freddy Krueger and Michael Myers . '' As Jason went through some characterization changes in the 2009 film , Derek Mears likens him more to a combination of John Rambo , Tarzan , and the Abominable Snowman from Looney Tunes . To him , this Jason is similar to Rambo because he sets up the other characters to fall into his traps . Like Rambo , he is more calculated because he feels that he has been wronged and he is fighting back ; he is meant to be more sympathetic in this film . Fuller and Form contend that they did not want to make Jason too sympathetic to the audience . As Brad Fuller explains , `` We do not want him to be sympathetic . Jason is not a comedic character , he is not sympathetic . He 's a killing machine . Plain and simple . '' In 2005 , California State University 's Media Psychology Lab surveyed 1,166 people Americans aged from 16 to 91 on the psychological appeal of movie monsters . Many of the characteristics associated with Jason Voorhees were appealing to the participants . In the survey , Jason was considered to be an `` unstoppable killing machine . '' Participants were impressed by the `` cornucopic feats of slicing and dicing a seemingly endless number of adolescents and the occasional adult . '' Out of the ten monsters used in the survey -- which included vampires , Freddy Krueger , Frankenstein 's monster , Michael Myers , Godzilla , Chucky , Hannibal Lecter , King Kong , and the Alien -- Jason scored the highest in all the categories involving killing variables . Further characteristics that appealed to the participants included Jason 's `` immortality , his apparent enjoyment of killing ( and ) his superhuman strength . '' In popular culture ( edit ) In 1988 , Screamin ' toys introduced the build - it yourself Jason figure . Jason Voorhees is one of the leading cultural icons of American popular culture . In 1992 Jason was awarded the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award . He was the first of only three completely fictional characters to be presented the award ; Godzilla ( 1996 ) and Chewbacca ( 1997 ) are the others . Jason was named No. 26 in Wizard magazine 's `` 100 greatest villains of all time '' . Universal Studios theme parks , in collaboration with New Line Cinema , used the character for their Halloween Horror Nights event . The character has been produced and marketed as merchandise over the years . In 1988 Screamin ' Toys produced a model kit where owners could build their own Jason statuette . The kit required the owner to cut and paint various parts in order to assemble the figure . Six years later , Screamin ' Toys issued a new model kit for Jason Goes to Hell . Both kits are now out of production . McFarlane Toys released two toy lines , one in 1998 and the other in 2002 . The first was a figure of Jason from Jason Goes to Hell , and the other was of Über - Jason from Jason X . Since McFarlane 's last toy line in 2002 , there has been a steady production of action figures , dolls , and statuettes . These include tie - ins with the film Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) . In April 2010 Sideshow Toys released a polystone statue of Jason , based on the version appearing in the 2009 remake . Jason has made an appearance in five video games . He first appeared in a 1985 Commodore 64 game . His next appearance was in 1989 , when LJN , an American game company known for its games based on popular movies in the 1980s and early 1990s , released Friday the 13th on the Nintendo Entertainment System . The premise involved the gamer , who picks one of six camp counselors as their player , trying to save the campers from Jason , while battling various enemies throughout the game . On October 13 , 2006 , a Friday the 13th game was released for mobile phones . The game puts the user in the persona of Jason as he battles the undead . Jason also appears as a playable character in the fighting game Mortal Kombat X as a downloadable content bonus character . A new Friday the 13th video game was released in 2017 , which allows players to take control of Jason or camp counselors in a multiplayer format focused on Jason trying to kill the counselors before they can escape or time runs out . The character has been referenced , or made cameo appearances , in various entertainment mediums . Outside of literature sources based on the character , Jason has been featured in a variety of magazines and comic strips . Cracked magazine has released several issues featuring parodies of Jason , and he has been featured on two of their covers . Mad magazine has featured the character in almost a dozen stories . He has appeared twice in the comic strip Mother Goose and Grimm . The Usagi Yojimbo antagonist Jei is based on Voorhees ; his name , with the honorific `` - san '' attached , is in fact a pun on Voorhees ' first name . `` ... Shit , half the shit I say , I just make it up To make you mad , so kiss my white naked ass And if it 's not a rapper that I 'll make it as I'mma be a fuckin ' rapist in a Jason mask . '' -- Final verse to Eminem 's `` Criminal '' Many musical artists have made references to Jason Voorhees . Inspired by his own experience , Ari Lehman founded a band called FIRSTJASON . Lehman 's band is classified as horror punk , and is influenced by the sounds of the Dead Kennedys and The Misfits . The band 's name pays homage to Lehman 's portrayal of Jason Voorhees in the original Friday the 13th . One of the band 's songs is entitled `` Jason is Watching '' . In 1986 , coinciding with the release of Jason Lives , Alice Cooper released `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' from his album Constrictor . The song was written to `` signal Jason 's big return '' to the cinema , as he had been almost entirely absent in the previous film . Rapper Eminem has referenced Jason in several of his songs . The song `` Criminal '' , from the album The Marshall Mathers LP , mentions Jason specifically , while songs `` Amityville '' and `` Off the Wall '' -- the latter featured fellow rapper Redman -- contain Harry Manfredini 's music `` ki , ki , ki ... ma , ma , ma '' from the film series . Eminem sometimes wears a hockey mask during concerts . Other rap artists that have referenced Jason include Tupac Shakur , Dr. Dre , LL Cool J , and Insane Clown Posse . In 1989 , Puerto Rican rapper Vico C had a song titled `` Viernes 13 '' which featured Jason in Puerto Rico . The song was so popular in the island that Vico C wrote a second part titled `` Viernes 13 , Parte II '' . VH1 issued an advertisement for their Vogue Fashion Awards which was labeled `` Friday the 20th '' , and featured Jason 's mask created out of rhinestone . Jason has been referenced or parodied in other films . In the film Scream , directed by Freddy Krueger creator Wes Craven , actress Drew Barrymore 's character is being stalked by a killer who calls her on her home phone . In order to survive , she must answer the man 's trivia questions . One question is `` name the killer in Friday the 13th . '' She incorrectly guesses Jason , who did not become the killer for the film series until Part 2 . Writer Kevin Williamson claimed his inspiration for this scene came when he asked this question in a bar while a group was playing a movie trivia quiz game . He received a free drink , because nobody got the answer right . In another Wes Craven film , Cursed , a wax sculpture of Jason , from Jason Goes to Hell , can be seen in a wax museum . In 2014 , Jason made a cameo appearance in the RadioShack Super Bowl XLVIII commercial `` The ' 80s Called '' . Jason has also been referenced by several television shows . The stop motion animated television show Robot Chicken features Jason in three of its comedy sketches . In episode seventeen , `` Operation : Rich in Spirit '' , the mystery - solving teenagers from Scooby - Doo arrive at Camp Crystal Lake to investigate the Jason Voorhees murders , and are killed off one by one . Velma is the only survivor , and in typical Scooby - Doo fashion , she rips off Jason 's mask to reveal his true identity : Old Man Phillips . In episode nineteen , `` That Hurts Me '' , Jason reappears , this time as a housemate of `` Horror Movie Big Brother '' , alongside other famous slasher movie killers such as Michael Myers , Freddy Krueger , Leatherface , Pinhead , and Ghostface . Three years later , in episode sixty - two , Jason is shown on the days before and after a typical Friday the 13th . Jason is spoofed in the season five episode of Family Guy entitled `` It Takes a Village Idiot , and I Married One '' . The so - called `` Mr. Voorhees '' explains to Asian reporter Trisha Takanawa how happy he is to see local wildlife return following the cleanup and rejuvenation of Lake Quahog . He reappears later in the episode as the manager of the `` Britches and Hose '' clothing store . As opposed to his monstrous personality in the films , Jason is depicted here as polite and articulate , albeit still a psychopath ; he murders random swimmers and threatens to kill his employee if she screws up . In an episode of The Simpsons , Jason appears in a Halloween episode sitting on the couch with Freddy Krueger waiting for the family to arrive . When Freddy asks where the family is , Jason responds , `` Ehh , whaddya gon na do ? '' and turns the TV on . He also appears in The Simpsons episode `` Stop , or My Dog Will Shoot ! '' , alongside Pinhead , menacing Bart in a fantasy sequence . The South Park episodes `` Imaginationland Episode II '' and `` III '' feature Jason among an assortment of other villains and monsters as an inhabitant of the `` bad side '' of Imaginationland , a world populated by fictional characters . This version of Jason has an effeminate voice and describes the removal of Strawberry Shortcake 's eyeball as `` super hardcore '' . Experimental pop artist Eric Millikin created a large mosaic portrait of Jason Voorhees out of Halloween candy and spiders as part of his `` Totally Sweet '' series in 2013 . See also ( edit ) List of horror film antagonists List of Friday the 13th characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; FranÇois Nguyen ; Leslie Hurry ; Rachel Gordon ( 2003 ) . `` The psychological appeal of your favorite movie monsters ( abstract ) '' . ISCPubs . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( April 25 , 2002 ) . `` ' X ' marks Jason 's return to theaters '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Carle , Chris ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` Jason X ( review ) '' . IGN . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Berry , Robert . `` 100 Greatest Horror Movie Performances '' . RetroCrush.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives Director 's Commentary ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Kemble , Gary ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` Movie Minutiae : the Friday the 13th series ( 1980 -- ? ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2006 . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sean S. Cunningham ( Director ) ( 1980 ) . Friday the 13th ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1981 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1982 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Joseph Zito ( Director ) ( 1984 ) . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Danny Steinmann ( Director ) ( 1985 ) . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ John Carl Buechler ( Director ) ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Rob Hedden ( Director ) ( 1989 ) . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Adam Marcus ( Director ) ( 1993 ) . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . ^ Jump up to : James Isaac ( Director ) ( 2002 ) . Jason X ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Ronny Yu ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Freddy vs. Jason ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Nispel , Marcus ( Director ) ( February 13 , 2009 ) . Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) ( Motion picture ) . US : Platinum Dunes . Jump up ^ Michael Avallone ( 1982 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 . United Kingdom : Star . ISBN 0 - 352 - 31249 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bracke , p. 92 Jump up ^ Simon Hawke ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 14641 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1987 ) . Friday the 13th . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15089 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15337 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15311 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 147 Jump up ^ Andy Mangels ( w ) , Cynthia Martin ( Issue No. 1 and 2 ) and Bobby Rubio ( Issue No. 3 ) ( a ) . Jason Goes to Hell ( comic ) 1 -- 3 ( 1993 ) , Topps Comics Jump up ^ `` Satan 's Six No. 4 '' . The Grand Comics Database Project . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jason vs. Leatherface ( review ) '' . Digital - Retribution . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2006 . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Mother 's Day . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14292 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Jason 's Curse . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14339 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : The Carnival . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 15825 - X . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Road Trip . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14383 - X . Jump up ^ Hand , Stephen ( July 29 , 2003 ) . Freddy vs. Jason . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 059 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cadigan , Pat ( January 25 , 2005 ) . Jason X . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 168 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cadigan , Pat ( January 25 , 2005 ) . Jason X : The Experiment . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 169 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Nancy ( June 7 , 2005 ) . Jason X : Planet of the Beast . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 183 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Alex ( November 29 , 2005 ) . Jason X : Death Moon . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Nancy ( April 25 , 2006 ) . Jason X : To The Third Power . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 281 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th '' . Avatar Press . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th : Bloodbath '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Jason X '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` June 2006 Solicited Releases '' . Avatarpress.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Scott ( August 5 , 2005 ) . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 181 - 1 . Jump up ^ Woods , Paul ( August 9 , 2005 ) . Friday the 13th : Hell Lake . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 182 - X . Jump up ^ Arnopp , Jason ( October 25 , 2005 ) . Friday the 13th : Hate - Kill - Repeat . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 271 - 0 . Jump up ^ Faust , Christa ( January 31 , 2006 ) . Friday the 13th : The Jason Strain . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 320 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hand , Stephen ( June 6 , 2006 ) . Friday the 13th : Carnival of Maniacs . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 380 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm comics '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm comics No. 6 '' . G - Mart . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm : Pamela 's tale '' . DC Comics . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm : How I Spent My Summer Vacation '' . DC Comics . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy vs Jason vs Ash '' . Fangoria . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Marz on Friday the 13th : Bad Land '' . Newsarama . January 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jeff Katz and James Kuhoric ( w ) , Jason Craig ( p ) . Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash : The Nightmare Warriors 1 -- 6 ( 2009 ) , Wildstorm and Dynamite Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Grove , pp. 50 , 55 , 57 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , p. 206 Jump up ^ `` Victor Miller on Jason 's design '' . CampCrystalLake.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved January 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grove , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , p. 122 Jump up ^ Bracke , pp. 146 -- 148 Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th sequels '' . VictorMiller.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 60 -- 65 Jump up ^ Grove , pp. 69 -- 71 ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Steve Dash '' . CampCrystalLake.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grove , pp. 91 -- 92 , 94 , 100 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 113 Jump up ^ Bracke , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 129 , 136 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 157 -- 159 ^ Jump up to : Grove , pp. 144 , 148 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 181 -- 182 , 185 ^ Jump up to : Grove , pp. 154 -- 155 Jump up ^ Bracke , pp. 198 -- 200 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 231 -- 232 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 243 , 248 , 257 -- 258 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 280 -- 286 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 217 Jump up ^ `` Interview : Douglas Tait ( Jason Voorhees , ' Freddy vs Jason ' ) '' . fridaythe13thfilms.com . October 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frasco , Jay ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Casting of new ' Friday the 13th ' villain splits fans down the middle '' . IFMagazine . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rotten , Ryan ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` On the Set of Friday the 13th '' . Shock Till You Drop . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : Derek Mears '' . SuicideGirls.com . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 84 , 86 Jump up ^ Grove , p. 124 Jump up ^ Grove , p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 157 Jump up ^ Bracke , pp. 34 -- 36 Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard ( August 14 , 1993 ) . `` ' Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ' ( R ) '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` USF Oracle '' . USF Oracle . October 30 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hehir , Andrew ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` Jason X : review '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grove , p. 211 ^ Jump up to : Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI Director 's Commentary ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Grove , pp. 221 -- 22 Jump up ^ Grove , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Brannon Braga and Ronald D. Moore ( 2003 ) . `` Freddy & Jason Go to Development Hell / Slicing Towards Production '' Fangoria Magazine Articles in September / October 2003 issues ( Freddy vs. Jason DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Paulington James Christensen III ( June 9 , 2008 ) . `` SET VISIT : Jason Voorhees Returns to Camp Crystal Lake for Friday the 13th ! '' . Movieweb.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Ryan ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Friday the 13th : The Producers '' . SuicideGirls.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; François Nguyen ; Rachel Gordon ( August 25 , 2005 ) . `` The Psychological Appeal of Movie Monsters '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Media Psychology . 10 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 19 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Muehlberger , Matthew ( August 29 , 2003 ) . `` Freddy vs. Jason is an evil treat full of blood , gore that is sure to satisfy '' . The Pacer . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinematic Icon Jason Voorhees Slashes His Way into Bookstores With Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th '' . PRWEB . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason 's Lifetime Achievement Award '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2005 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla win 's MTV 's Lifetime Achievement Award '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2005 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chewbacca win 's MTV 's Lifetime Achievement Award '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2004 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magazine / Comic references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Theme Parks and New Line Cinema Present Jason , Leatherface and Freddy Krueger '' . universalorlando.com . June 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason Goes to Hell '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason X '' . McFarLane.com . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Voorhees Toys '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brave Enough to Bring the Terror of Crystal Lake into Your Home ? '' . Dread Central . April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( C64 game ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( NES game ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( mobile phone game ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jason Voorhees Confirmed For Mortal Kombat X '' . IGN . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stan ( Sakai ) leavens these dark tales with impish humor . Jei 's name is a pun : when the standard Japanese honorific san is appended , it becomes `` Jei - san '' - or `` Jason , '' the villain from the Friday the 13th horror movies . And like Jason , Jei will be back . Solomon , Charles : Introduction to `` Return of the Black Soul '' . The Usagi Yojimbo Saga Book 6 ( Dark Horse , 2016 ) , pg 186 . ISBN 978 - 1616556143 . Jump up ^ `` '' Criminal '' lyrics `` . Eminem24-7.net . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIRSTJASON Bio '' . FirstJason.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper 's `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' `` . X-Entertainment . October 5 , 2004 . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem in a hockey mask '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vico C - Viernes 13 on YouTube Jump up ^ Guzmán , Marcos Billy ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` La máscara de Jason es símbolo del terror '' . El Nuevo Día . Jump up ^ `` A Night of Killer Music and Fashion '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Movie references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wes Craven ( Director ) and Kevin Williamson ( 1996 ) . Feature film commentary for Scream ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Wes Craven ( Director ) and Kevin Williamson ( 2005 ) . Cursed ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Jones , Nate ( 2 February 2014 ) . `` Celebrating Every ' 80s Reference in That RadioShack Super Bowl Commercial '' . People . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Movie references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( June 26 , 2005 ) . `` Operation : Rich in Spirit '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 17 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( July 10 , 2005 ) . `` That Hurts Me '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 19 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( December 14 , 2008 ) . `` They Took My Thumbs '' . Robot Chicken . Season 4 . Episode 2 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane , A.bo. , Zac Moncreif ( May 13 , 2007 ) . `` It Takes a Village Idiot , and I Married One '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 17 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Treehouse of Horror IX '' . BBC . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John Frink ( writer ) and Matthew Faughnan ( director ) ( May 13 , 2007 ) . `` Stop , or My Dog Will Shoot ! '' . The Simpsons . Season 18 . Episode 20 . Fox . Jump up ^ Trey Parker ( writer and director ) and Matthew Faughnan ( director ) ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Imaginationland Episode II '' . South Park . Season 11 . Episode 11 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker ( writer and director ) ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Imaginationland Episode III '' . South Park . Season 11 . Episode 12 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ IGN Staff ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` South Park : `` Imaginationland Part III '' Preview `` . IGN . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory . `` Get a Taste of Eric Millikin 's Totally Sweet Candy Monster Mosaics '' . FEARnet . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Millikin , Eric . `` Eric Millikin 's totally sweet Halloween candy monster portraits '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bracke , Peter ( October 11 , 2006 ) . Crystal Lake Memories . London : Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 343 - 2 . Grove , David ( February 2005 ) . Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . Godalming , England : FAB Press . ISBN 1 - 903254 - 31 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jason Voorhees . Jason Voorhees on IMDb ( hide ) Friday the 13th franchise Films Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Part 2 Part III The Final Chapter A New Beginning Jason Lives The New Blood Jason Takes Manhattan Jason Goes to Hell Jason X Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack score Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Television Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Characters Pamela Voorhees Jason Voorhees Alice Hardy Ginny Field Tommy Jarvis Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Video games Friday the 13th ( 1985 ) Friday the 13th ( 1989 ) Friday the 13th : The Game ( 2017 ) Related topics `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Voorhees&oldid=807894774 '' Categories : Child characters in film Fictional characters introduced in 1980 Fictional characters with accelerated healing Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional orphans Fictional cryonically preserved characters Fictional cyborgs Fictional demons and devils Fictional hermits Fictional characters with immortality Fictional mass murderers Fictional zombies and revenants Friday the 13th ( franchise ) characters Horror film characters Science fiction film characters Fictional sororicides Fictional rampage and spree killers Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 18 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played jason in the 2009 friday the 13th
[ "In the 2009 Friday the 13th reboot, young Jason (Caleb Guss) witnesses his mother's (Nana Visitor) beheading as a child and follows in her footsteps, killing anyone who comes to Crystal Lake. The adult Jason (Derek Mears) kidnaps Whitney Miller (Amanda Righetti), a girl who looks like his mother, and holds her prisoner in his underground tunnels. Months later, Whitney's brother Clay (Jared Padalecki) comes to Crystal Lake and rescues her. Eventually, Whitney uses Jason's devotion to his mother against him, stabbing him with his own machete while he is distracted when she appears.[18]" ]
[ "Derek Mears" ]
3528239391072657173
List of Trojan War characters
List of Trojan War characters - wikipedia List of Trojan War characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of mythological characters who appear in narratives concerning the Trojan War . Map of Homeric Greece Map of the Troad ( Troas ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Armies 2 Individuals 2.1 Who killed whom 3 See also 4 External links Armies ( edit ) Greek armies Trojan armies * Abantes Arcadia Aetolia Athens and Salamis Argos and Tiryns Boebeans ( Thessaly ) Boeotia Crete Dulichium Elis Elone ( Thessaly ) Enienes Iolcus ( Thessaly ) Ithaca Locris Magnesia Meliboea Minyans Mycenae and Corinth Myrmidones of Argos Oechalia Ormenius Pherae Phylacia Phocis Pylos Rhodes Sparta Syme Amazons Adrasteia Chalybes ( Halizones ) Colonae Cicones Dardania Aethiopia Lycia Maeonia Miletus Mysia Paionia Pelasgians Percote Phrygia Thrace Troy Zeleia * See Catalogue of Ships Individuals ( edit ) Participants on the Greek side ( Achaeans ) Participants on the Trojan side Gods Humans Gods Humans Athena Hera Poseidon Hermes Hephaestus Thetis Abantes Acamas Achilles Agamemnon Agapenor Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Alcmaeon Amphidamas Amphimachus Anticlus Antilochus Antimachus Antiphates Antiphus Arcesilaus Ascalaphus Asclepius Automedon Calchas Canopus Clonius Cyanippus Demophon Diomedes Diores Echion Epeius Epistrophus Eteoneus Eumelus Eurymedon Euryalus Eurybates Eurydamas Eurymachus Eurypylus Guneus Halaesus Ialmenus Iasus Idomeneus Iphidamas Leitus Leonteus Lycomedes Machaon Medon Meges Meleager Menelaus Menestheus Meriones Neoptolemus Nestor Nireus Odysseus Patroclus Peneleos Pheidippus Philoctetes Podalirius Podarces Podalirius Polypoetes Protesilaus Prothoenor Prothous Schedius Sinon Stentor Sthenelus Talthybius Teucer Thalpius Thersander Thersites Thoas Thrasymedes Tlepolemus Aphrodite Ares Apollo Artemis Scamander Leto Phobos Deimos Eris Acamas Adrestus Aeneas Ainia Agenor Amphimachus Amphius Anchises Andromache Antenor Antibrote Antiphus Archilochus Ascanius Asius Asteropaios Astyanax Axylus Calesius Caletor Cassandra Cebriones Chromis Clete Coroebus Cycnus Deiphobus Dolon Ennomus Epistrophus Eteoneus Euphemus Euphorbus Eurypylus Eurytion Glaucus Gorgythion Hector Hecuba Helenus Hicetaon Hippothous Iapyx Ilioneus Imbrius Laocoon Lycaon Memnon Mentes ( King of the Cicones ) Mentes ( King of the Taphians ) Mesthles Mygdon of Phrygia Mynes Nastes Odius Othryoneus Pandarus Panthous Paris Pedasus Peirous Penthesilea Phorcys Polites Poludamas Polyxena Priam Pylaemenes Pylaeus Pyraechmes Rhesus Sarpedon Scylaceus Tenes Troilus Ucalegon Zeus , Hades , Dionysus , Hestia , and Demeter stayed neutral . Who killed whom ( edit ) This table lists characters killed during the war , and who was responsible for their deaths . Character Killer Achilles Paris Telamonian Ajax suicide Antilochus Agamemnon Antiphus Agamemnon Ascalaphus Deiphobus Astyanax Neoptolemus ( or Odysseus ) Cebriones Patroclus Cycnus Achilles Deiphobus Menelaus Dolon Odysseus and Diomedes Eurypylus Neoptolemus Hector Achilles Medon Aeneas Paris Philoctetes Patroclus Hector Penthesilea Achilles Phorcys Telamonian Ajax Polites Neoptolemus Polyxena Neoptolemus Priam Cleocypticus Protesilaus Hector Rhesus Diomedes Sarpedon Patroclus Thersander Telephus Thersites Achilles Troilus Achilles Two sons of Merops ( Adrastus and Amphius ) Diomedes See also ( edit ) Catalogue of Ships Trojan Battle Order List of children of Priam External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trojan War . Timeless Myths - Trojan War A full summary of the Trojan War . The Trojan War at Greek Mythology Link The Legend of the Trojan War Mythology : Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes by Edith Hamilton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Trojan_War_characters&oldid=809432604 '' Categories : Trojans Trojan War People of the Trojan War Mythology - related lists Characters in the Iliad Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 02 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what side was hecuba on in the trojan war
[ "\n\nParticipants on the Greek side (Achaeans)\nParticipants on the Trojan side\n\n\nGods\nHumans\nGods\nHumans\n\n\nAthena\nHera\nPoseidon\nHermes\nHephaestus\nThetis\nAbantes\nAcamas\nAchilles\nAgamemnon\nAgapenor\nAjax the Great\nAjax the Lesser\nAlcmaeon\nAmphidamas\nAmphimachus\nAnticlus\nAntilochus\nAntimachus\nAntiphates\nAntiphus\nArcesilaus\nAscalaphus\nAsclepius\nAutomedon\nCalchas\nCanopus\nClonius\nCyanippus\nDemophon\nDiomedes\nDiores\nEchion\nEpeius\nEpistrophus\nEteoneus\nEumelus\nEurymedon\nEuryalus\nEurybates\nEurydamas\nEurymachus\nEurypylus\nGuneus\nHalaesus\nIalmenus\nIasus\nIdomeneus\nIphidamas\nLeitus\nLeonteus\nLycomedes\nMachaon\nMedon\nMeges\nMeleager\nMenelaus\nMenestheus\nMeriones\nNeoptolemus\nNestor\nNireus\nOdysseus\nPatroclus\nPeneleos\nPheidippus\nPhiloctetes\nPodalirius\nPodarces\nPodalirius\nPolypoetes\nProtesilaus\nProthoenor\nProthous\nSchedius\nSinon\nStentor\nSthenelus\nTalthybius\nTeucer\nThalpius\nThersander\nThersites\nThoas\nThrasymedes\nTlepolemus\nAphrodite\nAres\nApollo\nArtemis\nScamander\nLeto\nPhobos\nDeimos\nEris\nAcamas\nAdrestus\nAeneas\nAinia\nAgenor\nAmphimachus\nAmphius\nAnchises\nAndromache\nAntenor\nAntibrote\nAntiphus\nArchilochus\nAscanius\nAsius\nAsteropaios\nAstyanax\nAxylus\nCalesius\nCaletor\nCassandra\nCebriones\nChromis\nClete\nCoroebus\nCycnus\nDeiphobus\nDolon\nEnnomus\nEpistrophus\nEteoneus\nEuphemus\nEuphorbus\nEurypylus\nEurytion\nGlaucus\nGorgythion\nHector\nHecuba\nHelenus\nHicetaon\nHippothous\nIapyx\nIlioneus\nImbrius\nLaocoon\nLycaon\nMemnon\nMentes (King of the Cicones)\nMentes (King of the Taphians)\nMesthles\nMygdon of Phrygia\nMynes\nNastes\nOdius\nOthryoneus\nPandarus\nPanthous\nParis\nPedasus\nPeirous\nPenthesilea\nPhorcys\nPolites\nPoludamas\nPolyxena\nPriam\nPylaemenes\nPylaeus\nPyraechmes\nRhesus\nSarpedon\nScylaceus\nTenes\nTroilus\nUcalegon\n\n" ]
[ "Trojan" ]
-8164575569053729725
Garden Party (The Office)
Garden Party ( the Office ) - wikipedia Garden Party ( the Office ) `` Garden Party '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 8 Episode 4 Directed by David Rogers Written by Justin Spitzer Production code 804 Original air date October 13 , 2011 Guest appearance ( s ) Michael Schur as Mose Schrute Stephen Collins as Walter Bernard Dee Wallace as Ellen Bernard Josh Groban as Walter Bernard , Jr . Nick Rutherford as Waiter Episode chronology ← Previous `` Lotto '' Next → `` Spooked '' The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` Garden Party '' is the fourth episode of the eighth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 156th episode overall . The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on October 13 , 2011 . It was written by co-executive producer Justin Spitzer and was directed by David Rogers and marks Mindy Kaling 's first credit as executive producer . `` Garden Party '' features a guest appearance from Josh Groban , Dee Wallace and Stephen Collins . The series -- presented as if it were a real documentary -- depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) throws a garden party at Schrute Farms to impress Robert California ( James Spader ) , with his parents and brother in attendance . Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) works to make it a classy event . `` Garden Party '' features a substantial appearance by Josh Groban ; Kaling had asked Groban if he could guest star in the series , through Twitter . The episode received mixed reviews from critics , with criticism towards its repetition of plot ideas . According to Nielsen Media Research , `` Garden Party '' drew more than 6 million viewers and received a 3.2 rating / 8 % share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , staying even with the previous episode , `` Lotto '' . It ranked third in its timeslot , and ranked as the highest - rated NBC series on Thursday . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) decides to throw a garden party at Schrute Farms to impress his parents and Robert California ( James Spader ) , and exhaustively explains party manners to the office workers . Andy is jealous at the amount of attention his younger brother Walter Bernard , Jr . ( Josh Groban ) receives from his father , and thinks that by throwing an elaborate party he can ensure his father 's blessings . At first , the party goes along smoothly . Andy makes a toast to Robert in order to get his fellow employees to toast him , as if to show to his parents and California that he is valued by his employees . His plan backfires , however , and instead more people toast Robert . To get everybody 's mind off of Robert , Andy decides to sing `` More Than Words '' as a duet with his father . This too goes awry as his father corrects his playing and singing , and ultimately decides to sing a duet with Walter Jr. instead of Andy . Upset , Andy takes his guitar and storms off . His father confronts him privately about his outburst , and when Andy admits to trying to win his father 's affection , he reacts with annoyance . This conversation is overheard by the other staff on the baby monitor Jim ( John Krasinski ) and Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) brought for their daughter , and Pam quickly turns off the monitor to let Andy save face . Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) and Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) confide to the camera that they now understand why Andy feels he needs to prove himself to everyone . After his family leaves , a dejected Andy , feeling unwanted by his family and co-workers , says goodbye to the office staff as they turn the garden party into a barbecue . Darryl and Oscar , however , convince Andy to stay with a cheeseburger and a beer . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) wants to make the garden party a classy event to expand Schrute Farms ' clientele . He thoroughly reads a book called The Ultimate Guide to Throwing A Garden Party that he bought online , actually written by Jim under the pseudonym `` James Trickington '' . The book gives outlandish advice such as announcing each guest 's name as they arrive in an extremely loud manner , imitating The Last Supper in the middle of a meal , dancing with his party staff , and a fire court dance as the closing ceremonies , all of which Dwight follows to the letter . Also , Pam feuds with co-worker Angela Lipton ( Angela Kinsey ) over baby names . Pam and Angela learn they 've both chosen the name Phillip for their soon - to - be-born sons , with Pam naming her child after her deceased grandfather and Angela after her favorite cat . Angela , annoyed that Pam does not relinquish the name , makes a toast to `` my son Phillip '' at the garden party -- only to have Pam make the same toast but describe in great detail how the name honors her grandfather . Angela , unwilling to reveal her feline - centric reasons for the name , grouses to the camera that Pam is always copying her . Meanwhile , Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) keeps hinting how cold she is , hoping Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) will offer his jacket . However , Ryan instantly offers his jacket to Robert , who is not even cold . Gabe Lewis ( Zach Woods ) also offers his , hinting at a rivalry between them in terms of sucking up to Robert , later evidenced in `` Pool Party '' . Dwight 's cousin Mose ( Michael Schur ) has fun being a valet , lining them up to perform a motorcycle stunt . However , he fails to get his motorcycle up the ramp , and instead runs across the cars . Production ( edit ) Josh Groban appeared as Andy 's younger brother , Walter Bernard , Jr . The episode was written by co-executive producer Justin Spitzer , his 10th writing credit for the series . It was directed by series editor David Rogers , his 4th directing credit for the series . Beginning with this episode , Mindy Kaling was promoted to executive producer . Before this , it was speculated that she might not return to the series as a writer . The episode features guest appearance from Stephen Collins , Dee Wallace and Josh Groban as Andy 's father , mother and brother , respectively . Collins and Wallace were reported to appear on the series by Joyce Eng of TV Guide . Josh Groban was later reported to appear on the series the next day . Writer Mindy Kaling had sent Groban a message through Twitter asking if he would want to appear on the series . He responded yes with the filming week of the episode lining up with his Los Angeles concert for his Straight to You Tour . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast on October 13 , 2011 , `` Garden Party '' was viewed by an estimated 6.050 million viewers and received a 3.2 rating / 8 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3.2 % of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 8 % of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . Although seeing a 3.8 % increase in viewership , the episode matched the 18 -- 49 demo rating from the previous episode , `` Lotto '' . The episode ranked third in its timeslot beating Person of Interest which received a 2.7 rating / 7 % share in the 18 -- 49 demographic and The Secret Circle which received a 0.8 rating / 2 % share , but was defeated by Grey 's Anatomy which received a 3.4 rating / 9 % share and The X Factor which received a 3.6 rating / 10 % share . Reviews ( edit ) The episode received mixed reviews from critics . HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall stated that the episode `` offered more laughs than some of this season 's other episodes '' . Despite this , he criticized the episode 's main plot with Andy , commenting that `` where giving Michael Scott power made him a funnier character than he would have been were he just another salesman , Andy has somehow become less funny since the promotion '' . Chris Plante of New York called the episode `` funny , weird , touching , and unpredictable . A gem , really '' . National Post writer Barry Hertz compared the episode to `` Booze Cruise '' , `` Beach Games '' and `` The Search '' . M. Giant of Television Without Pity gave the episode a B - . Several critics praised the return of former Office writer , Michael Schur as Mose Schrute . Barry Hertz said that `` the sight gag of him running atop a field of cars like a watered - down Evel Knievel was enough to give this episode an easy A '' . Despite this , the episode received some negative reviews . The A.V. Club reviewer Myles McNutt was more negative towards the episode writing that `` Here , we have a case where an episode could have signaled at least some sense of what else the show might be interested in other than Andy as the well - meaning but hapless boss and Pam and Angela 's dueling pregnancies , and all we got were variations on those storylines with no new angle either narratively '' . He gave the episode a C. IGN writer Cindy White considered the episode superior to previous `` external '' episodes `` Christening '' and `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' , but considered it inferior to the `` Niagara '' and the `` classic '' `` Booze Cruise '' . She criticized the main plot for rehashing previous plot lines and ultimately gave the episode a 7.0 / 10 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eng , Joyce ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Stephen Collins , Dee Wallace to Appear on The Office '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 18 , 2011 ) . `` Josh Groban To Play Ed Helms ' Brother On ' The Office ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moaba , Alex ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` Mindy Kaling Gets ' Office ' Promotion to Executive Producer '' . Aol TV . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Is Mindy Kaling Done Writing for ' The Office ' ? '' . Aol TV . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : Josh Groban on his Office role '' . National Post . October 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' X Factor ' Drops , Still Leads Fox Win ; On A Mixed Night Of Advances & Declines '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office , ' ' Person of Interest , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Review : The Office -- Garden Party : The host with the most '' . HitFix . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` The Office Recap : Ai n't No Party Like a Garden Party '' . New York . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hertz , Barry ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Recap : The Office , Season 8 , Episode 4 '' . National Post . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ M. Giant ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` The Office TV Show -- Garden Party '' . Television without a Pity . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McNutt , Myles ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Garden Party '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ White , Cindy ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` The Office : `` Garden Party '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` Garden Party '' at NBC.com `` Garden Party '' on IMDb `` Garden Party '' at TV.com The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garden_Party_(The_Office)&oldid=856885386 '' Categories : 2011 American television episodes The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) episodes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles TV.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 05 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays andy bernard's brother on the office
[ "Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) decides to throw a garden party at Schrute Farms to impress his parents and Robert California (James Spader), and exhaustively explains party manners to the office workers. Andy is jealous at the amount of attention his younger brother Walter Bernard, Jr. (Josh Groban) receives from his father, and thinks that by throwing an elaborate party he can ensure his father's blessings. At first, the party goes along smoothly. Andy makes a toast to Robert in order to get his fellow employees to toast him, as if to show to his parents and California that he is valued by his employees. His plan backfires, however, and instead more people toast Robert. To get everybody's mind off of Robert, Andy decides to sing \"More Than Words\" as a duet with his father. This too goes awry as his father corrects his playing and singing, and ultimately decides to sing a duet with Walter Jr. instead of Andy. Upset, Andy takes his guitar and storms off. His father confronts him privately about his outburst, and when Andy admits to trying to win his father's affection, he reacts with annoyance. This conversation is overheard by the other staff on the baby monitor Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) brought for their daughter, and Pam quickly turns off the monitor to let Andy save face. Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) and Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) confide to the camera that they now understand why Andy feels he needs to prove himself to everyone. After his family leaves, a dejected Andy, feeling unwanted by his family and co-workers, says goodbye to the office staff as they turn the garden party into a barbecue. Darryl and Oscar, however, convince Andy to stay with a cheeseburger and a beer.\n" ]
[ "Josh Groban" ]
-990417574213099992
The X Factor (UK series 14)
The X Factor ( UK series 14 ) - wikipedia The X Factor ( UK series 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search The X Factor Series 14 Broadcast from 2 September ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) -- 3 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) Judges Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger Alesha Dixon ( guest ) Presenter ( s ) Dermot O'Leary Co-presenter ( s ) Becca Dudley ( ITV Hub ) Stacey Solomon ( Live final ) George Shelley ( Live final ) Broadcaster ITV ITV Hub ( Xtra Bites ) Finals venue ExCeL London Winner Rak - Su Origin Watford Song `` Dimelo ( featuring Wyclef Jean and Naughty Boy ) '' Mentor Simon Cowell Runner - up Grace Davies Chronology ◀ 2017 ▶ The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent . The fourteenth series began airing on ITV on 2 September 2017 , presented by Dermot O'Leary . For the first time in seven years , the judging panel will remain the same , with Simon Cowell , Sharon Osbourne , Nicole Scherzinger and Louis Walsh returning . This is the first series not to include companion show The Xtra Factor , after it was cancelled in January 2017 . Its replacement is a programme called Xtra Bites presented by Becca Dudley on the ITV Hub . This is also the first series to be sponsored by Just Eat , with the show having being sponsored by TalkTalk since 2009 , as well as the second time the show has premiered in September , rather than August , since the first series in 2004 . Rak - Su won the competition on 3 December 2017 and they became the second group to win the competition and Simon Cowell became the winning mentor for the fourth time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Judges and presenters 2 Selection process 2.1 Auditions 2.1. 1 Mobile auditions 2.1. 2 Judges ' auditions 2.2 Bootcamp 2.3 Six - chair challenge 2.4 Judges ' houses 3 Finalists 4 Live shows 4.1 Musical guests 4.2 Results summary 4.3 Live show details 4.3. 1 Week 1 ( 28 / 29 October ) 4.3. 2 Week 2 ( 4 / 5 November ) 4.3. 3 Week 3 ( 11 / 12 November ) 4.3. 4 Week 4 ( 18 / 19 November ) 4.3. 5 Week 5 : Semi-final ( 25 / 26 November ) 4.3. 6 Week 6 : Final ( 2 / 3 December ) 5 Winner 's single 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 7 References 8 External links Judges and presenters Series 14 judges Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger In December 2016 , Louis Walsh confirmed he would continue to judge the series through 2018 , stating he had signed through `` the next two years '' . That same month , both Sharon Osbourne and Nicole Scherzinger cast doubt on their return , with Osbourne citing her dual - work on The Talk , and Scherzinger stating : `` I ca n't confirm that I 'm going to ( be back ) but I think if I did return it would have to be with this panel because I 'm really close with this panel . ( ... ) I 've really enjoyed myself and we 're really close . '' On 13 April 2017 , Cowell announced his intentions to retain the same judging panel for the fourteenth series . In June 2017 , it was announced that the judging panel would remain the same as the previous series . Dermot O'Leary will return for his tenth series as presenter . On 23 June 2017 , it was announced that Britain 's Got Talent judge Alesha Dixon would appear as a guest judge for the first day of Manchester auditions , due to Scherzinger having a `` previous diary commitment '' . Five days later , on 28 June , it was announced that Dixon would once again appear as a guest judge , this time for Osbourne , who was unavailable due to a long - standing back injury . Cowell arrived late to 4 July 2017 , auditions in London , due to an illness . On 29 October 2017 , Dixon reappeared as a guest judge on the Sunday live show , this time filling in for Cowell , who was absent recovering from an injury during the weekend . Selection process On 4 July , it was reported that there will be major changes to the show this year . Auditions are taking place in Thorpe Park , bootcamp will take place in front of an audience and there will be six weeks of live shows instead of the usual ten . Additionally , acts will be sent home on both Saturday and Sunday , as `` tedious '' Saturday nights received lower viewing figures than Sunday . Auditions The minimum age to audition this year was 14 after being reduced down from 16 the previous year . Contestants needed a `` yes '' from at least three of the four judges to progress to Bootcamp . Mobile auditions The mobile auditions began on 11 May 2017 , in Belfast and concluded on 23 May 2017 , in Yeovil . Summary of mobile auditions Location Date ( s ) Venue Belfast 11 May 2017 Victoria Square Shopping Centre Bangor 12 May 2017 Deninol Shopping Centre Southampton 13 May 2017 West Quay Shopping Centre Douglas 14 May 2017 The Strand Shopping Centre Swansea Bambuu Nightclub Blackpool 16 May 2017 Houndshill Shopping Centre Bournemouth Obscura Cafe Bristol Cabot Circus Carlisle 17 May 2017 The Lanes Shopping Centre Brighton Churchill Square Shopping Centre Truro The Boat Newport 19 May 2017 Quay Arts Centre Wigan The Grand Arcade Shopping Centre Plymouth Plymouth Pavilions Margate 20 May 2017 Westwood Cross 21 May 2017 Stoke on Trent 22 May 2017 Victoria Hall Exeter Princesshay Centre Thurrock 23 May 2017 Lakeside Shopping Centre Yeovil Quedam Centre Judges ' auditions The auditions began on 20 June 2017 , in Liverpool and concluded on 10 July 2017 , in Surrey . Summary of judges ' auditions City Date ( s ) Venue Changes to judging line - up Liverpool 20 -- 21 June 2017 Titanic Hotel N / A Manchester 24 June 2017 Old Trafford Cricket Ground Alesha Dixon ( in lieu of Nicole Scherzinger ) 25 June 2017 N / A Edinburgh 28 June 2017 Assembly Rooms Alesha Dixon ( in lieu of Sharon Osbourne ) London 4 -- 6 July 2017 Tobacco Dock N / A Surrey 9 -- 10 July 2017 Thorpe Park Bootcamp Bootcamp was filmed live at The SSE Arena , Wembley in front of a studio audience . Following the filming of bootcamp and prior to the filming of the six - chair challenge , the judges ' categories were revealed . Cowell was given the Groups , Scherzinger was given the Over 28s , Osbourne was given the Girls and Walsh was given the Boys . There are three different stages to Bootcamp . Six - chair challenge The six - chair challenge took place over the course of two days , from 26 to 28 July 2017 , at The SSE Arena , Wembley . Unlike previous years , where all four judges sat together , each judge was secluded on their own while their respective category performed . The three remaining judges sat together and gave their own critiques of the performance , before allowing the category 's judge to make the final decision . It was broadcast over three episodes ; Osbourne choosing in the first , Cowell and Scherzinger choosing in the second , with later portions of her decisions shown , alongside Walsh 's , in the third . Judges ' houses The judges ' categories were announced in July 2017 , with additional details of the judges ' houses announced in October 2017 . Anthony Russell withdrew after the pre-recorded sections of the show and was replaced by Sam Black who was knocked out of the competition at the Bootcamp stage . Sam Black will be in Walsh 's Boys category . In a statement , Walsh stated , `` Anthony has been fantastic across the series , a great singer and performer who we are really sad to see go . I had to think for a long time who could take the place . Sam had a great reaction from the British public when his Audition aired . So I re-watched it and realised we missed a trick not putting him through at Boot Camp . He has that retro 60s style viewers will love . He 's really likeable and talented and I ca n't wait to hear more . '' At the end of judges ' houses , it was announced that the public could vote for a wildcard from each category bringing the total amount of contestants for the live shows to 16 . Summary of judges ' houses Judge Location Assistants Contestants eliminated Wildcards Cowell Groups Southern France Cheryl Lemonade , New Girl Band Jack and Joel Osbourne Girls San Francisco Jack and Kelly Osbourne Deanna Mussington , Georgina Panton Alisah Bonaobra Scherzinger Over 28s South Africa Stormzy Slavko Kalezić , Berget Lewis Talia Dean Walsh Boys Istanbul Mika Aidan Martin , Jack Mason Leon Mallett Finalists Main article : List of The X Factor finalists ( UK series 14 ) Key : -- Winner -- Runner - up -- Third place Category ( mentor ) Acts Boys ( Walsh ) Sam Black Lloyd Macey Leon Mallett Spencer Sutherland Girls ( Osbourne ) Alisah Bonaobra Grace Davies Holly Tandy Rai - Elle Williams Over 28s ( Scherzinger ) Talia Dean Tracyleanne Jefford Matt Linnen Kevin Davy White Groups ( Cowell ) The Cutkelvins Jack and Joel Rak - Su Sean and Conor Price Live shows The finalists for the live shows were announced during the episode broadcast on 22 October 2017 . However , at the end of the episode , it was announced by Dermot O'Leary that there would be a wildcard vote for each category . The winners of the wildcard vote were revealed on 28 October at the start of the first live show . For the first time since series six , a major overhaul of the set layout was made as live shows debuted in a new filming location , LH2 Studios in London . Numerous other changes were introduced for this series ' live shows . This included contestant and musical guest performances on both Saturday and Sunday shows , and the removal of the sing - offs , deadlocks and judges ' votes on the Sunday show . Each show , two of the categories would sing and immediately after the performances , the public vote would open for a short amount of time . At the end of each show , the contestant with the fewest votes is automatically eliminated from the competition . In addition , the contestant with the highest votes for that night would also be announced . The two acts who won their respective public vote would then sing against each other in a new element of the show called the prize fight . After another public vote , the winner of the prize fight would win a special weekly prize . For the first time ever the live final will broadcast from the Excel Centre , London and not Wembley Arena as part of the show 's drastic changes this series . Musical guests Liam Payne performed on the first live show , while Stormzy performed on the second live show . Tokio Myers performed on the third live show , while Rita Ora performed on the fourth . Harry Styles performed on the fifth live show and Paloma Faith performed on the sixth . Matt Terry performed on the seventh live show and Fergie performed on the eighth . James Arthur performed on the first semi final and Ed Sheeran performed on the second . PrettyMuch and Louis Tomlinson performed on Saturday 's final , while P ! NK , Sam Smith , CNCO and Little Mix performed during the Sunday final . Results Summary Colour key -- Contestant received the fewest public votes and was immediately eliminated -- Contestant received the most public votes Weekly results per contestant Contestant Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Rak - Su N / A 1st 22.2 % 1st 32.3 % N / A 2nd 25.7 % N / A 1st 36.7 % N / A 1st 26.1 % 1st 27.3 % 1st 41.7 % Winner 51.7 % Grace Davies 1st 21.9 % N / A N / A 2nd 18.5 % N / A 2nd 20.1 % N / A 1st 26.1 % 4th 17.2 % 2nd 26.0 % 2nd 35.4 % Runner - up 40.1 % Kevin Davy White N / A 4th 11.1 % N / A 1st 21.9 % 1st 25.8 % N / A N / A 3rd 21.4 % 2nd 19.5 % 3rd 18.9 % 3rd 22.9 % Eliminated ( week 6 ) Lloyd Macey 3rd 15.0 % N / A 3rd 14.4 % N / A N / A 1st 26.4 % 2nd 22.8 % N / A 3rd 19.2 % 4th 18.2 % Eliminated ( week 5 ) The Cutkelvins N / A 2nd 17.3 % 2nd 15.1 % N / A 4th 13.5 % N / A 3rd 18.9 % N / A 5th 10.1 % 5th 9.6 % Eliminated ( week 5 ) Matt Linnen N / A 3rd 11.9 % N / A 5th 13.6 % 3rd 14.1 % N / A N / A 2nd 22.5 % 6th 7.9 % Eliminated ( week 5 ) Holly Tandy 2nd 15.9 % N / A N / A 3rd 15.4 % N / A 3rd 19.7 % N / A 4th 16.1 % Eliminated ( week 4 ) Rai - Elle Williams 5th 11.5 % N / A N / A 4th 14.3 % N / A 4th 14.4 % N / A 5th 13.9 % Eliminated ( week 4 ) Sean and Conor Price N / A 5th 10.6 % 5th 10.6 % N / A 5th 11.2 % N / A 4th 15.4 % Eliminated ( week 4 ) Sam Black 7th 8.5 % N / A 4th 12.5 % N / A N / A 5th 11.1 % 5th 6.2 % Eliminated ( week 4 ) Alisah Bonaobra 4th 11.8 % N / A N / A 6th 9.5 % N / A 6th 8.3 % Eliminated ( week 3 ) Jack and Joel N / A 7th 9.2 % 6th 8.6 % N / A 6th 9.7 % Eliminated ( week 3 ) Tracyleanne Jefford N / A 6th 10.3 % N / A 7th 6.8 % Eliminated ( week 2 ) Leon Mallett 6th 9.3 % N / A 7th 6.5 % Eliminated ( week 2 ) Talia Dean N / A 8th 7.4 % Eliminated ( week 1 ) Spencer Sutherland 8th 6.1 % Eliminated ( week 1 ) Prize fight Winner Grace Davies 53.5 % to win Kevin Davy White 53.6 % to win Lloyd Macey 64.3 % to win Rak - Su 61.5 % to win No prize fight Runner - up Rak - Su 46.5 % to win Rak - Su 46.4 % to win Kevin Davy White 35.7 % to win Grace Davies 38.5 % to win Eliminated Spencer Sutherland 6.1 % to save Talia Dean 7.4 % to save Leon Mallett 6.5 % to save Tracyleanne Jefford 6.8 % to save Jack and Joel 9.7 % to save Alisah Bonaobra 8.3 % to save Sam Black 6.2 % to save Rai - Elle Williams 13.9 % to save Matt Linnen 7.9 % to save The Cutkelvins 9.6 % to save Kevin Davy White 22.9 % to win Grace Davies 40.1 % to win Sean and Conor Price 15.4 % to save Holly Tandy 16.1 % to save Lloyd Macey 18.2 % to save Reference ( s ) ^ 1 The voting percentages in week 6 for Sunday do not add up to 100 % , owing to the freezing of votes . Kevin Davy White received 8.2 % of the final vote . Live show details Week 1 ( 28 / 29 October ) Theme : `` Express Yourself '' Prize : Trip to New York , meet and greet with Pink at Madison Square Garden Musical guests : Saturday : Liam Payne ( `` Bedroom Floor '' ) Sunday : Stormzy & Labrinth ( `` Blinded by Your Grace , Pt. 2 '' ) The wildcards were revealed at the start of Saturday 's show . Cowell missed the Saturday and Sunday show , due to recovery from falling down the stairs the morning before . Alesha Dixon filled in as a guest judge on Sunday . Contestants ' performances on the first and second live shows 28 October Act Order Song Result Rai - Elle Williams `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' / `` Lost Ones '' / `` No '' Safe Spencer Sutherland `` Who You Are '' Eliminated Holly Tandy `` Hollow '' Safe Leon Mallett `` Stay '' Safe Alisah Bonaobra 5 `` This Is My Now '' Safe Sam Black 6 `` Faith '' Safe Grace Davies 7 `` Too Young '' ( original song ) Won public vote Lloyd Macey 8 `` City of Stars '' Safe 29 October The Cutkelvins `` What About Us '' Safe Kevin Davy White `` Stay '' Safe Talia Dean `` What Makes You Beautiful '' Eliminated Jack and Joel `` New Rules '' Safe Matt Linnen 5 `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' Safe Sean and Conor Price 6 `` Strong '' Safe Tracyleanne Jefford 7 `` Written in the Water '' Safe Rak - Su 8 `` Mamacita '' ( original song ) Won public vote Prize fight details Grace Davies `` Too Young '' Winner Rak - Su `` Mamacita '' Runners - up Week 2 ( 4 / 5 November ) Theme : `` Viva Latino '' Prize : Recording session with a Grammy awarded producer Musical guests : Saturday : Tokio Myers ( `` Angel '' ) Sunday : Rita Ora ( `` Anywhere '' ) Contestants ' performances on the third and fourth live shows 4 November Act Order Song Result Jack and Joel `` Havana '' / `` Hasta el Amanecer '' Safe Leon Mallett `` Get Lucky '' Eliminated Sean and Conor Price `` Cheap Thrills '' Safe Lloyd Macey `` Hero '' Safe The Cutkelvins 5 `` Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' Safe Rak - Su 6 `` Dimelo '' ( original song ) Won public vote Sam Black 7 `` La Bamba '' / `` Twist and Shout '' Safe 5 November Grace Davies `` Ciao Adios '' Safe Tracyleanne Jefford `` Ai n't Your Mama '' Eliminated Rai - Elle Williams `` Bailando '' Safe Holly Tandy `` Despacito '' Safe Kevin Davy White 5 `` Smooth '' Won public vote Alisah Bonaobra 6 `` Let 's Get Loud '' Safe Matt Linnen 7 `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' Safe Prize fight details Rak - Su `` Dimelo '' Runners - up Kevin Davy White `` Smooth '' Winner Week 3 ( 11 / 12 November ) Theme : `` George Michael '' Prize : Open for Little Mix at Manchester Arena on 21 November 2017 Musical guests : Saturday : Harry Styles ( `` Kiwi '' ) Sunday : Paloma Faith ( `` Guilty '' ) Contestants ' performances on the fifth and sixth live shows 11 November Act Order Song Result Rak - Su `` Faith '' Safe Matt Linnen `` Careless Whisper '' Safe Jack and Joel `` The Edge of Heaven '' Eliminated The Cutkelvins `` Killer / Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' Safe Sean and Conor Price 5 `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' Safe Kevin Davy White 6 `` Fastlove , Pt. 1 '' Won public vote 12 November Alisah Bonaobra `` Praying for Time '' Eliminated Sam Black `` I 'm Your Man '' Safe Grace Davies `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Safe Rai - Elle Williams `` They Wo n't Go When I Go '' Safe Lloyd Macey 5 `` A Different Corner '' Won public vote Holly Tandy 6 `` One More Try '' Safe Prize fight details Kevin Davy White `` Fastlove , Pt. 1 '' Runner - up Lloyd Macey `` A Different Corner '' Winner Week 4 ( 18 / 19 November ) Theme : `` Crazy in Love '' Prize : Record own song with Ali Tamposi Musical guests : Saturday : Matt Terry ( `` The Thing About Love '' ) Sunday : Fergie ( `` Save It Til Morning '' ) Contestants ' performances on the seventh and eighth live shows 18 November Act Order Song Result Sam Black `` Oops '' Eliminated Sean and Conor Price `` Issues '' Eliminated The Cutkelvins `` Saved Me From Myself '' ( original song ) Safe Lloyd Macey `` From This Moment On '' Safe Rak - Su 5 `` Mona Lisa '' ( original song ) Won public vote 19 November Rai - Elle Williams `` Mr. Big Stuff '' Eliminated Kevin Davy White `` I Will Always Love You '' Safe Matt Linnen `` Fallin ' '' Safe Holly Tandy `` Love Me Harder '' Eliminated Grace Davies 5 `` Hesitate '' ( original song ) Won public vote Prize fight details Rak - Su `` Mona Lisa '' Winner Grace Davies `` Hesitate '' Runner - up Week 5 : semi-final ( 25 / 26 November ) O'Leary confirmed that there would n't be a Prize fight from this week onwards and all the categories would perform on the same night for first time this series . 25 November Theme : `` Cool Britannia '' ; Musical guest : James Arthur ( `` Naked '' ) Contestants ' performances on the ninth live show Act Order Song Result The Cutkelvins `` Nothing Like You '' ( original song ) Safe Matt Linnen `` Gimme Shelter '' Eliminated Grace Davies `` Life on Mars ? '' Safe Rak - Su `` Flowers '' Safe Lloyd Macey 5 `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Safe Kevin Davy White 6 `` Come Together '' Safe 26 November Theme : `` Get Me to the Final '' Musical guest : Ed Sheeran ( `` Perfect '' ) Contestants ' performances on the tenth live show Act Order Song Result Lloyd Macey `` Fix You '' Eliminated Rak - Su `` I 'm Feeling You '' ( original song ) Safe The Cutkelvins `` Show Me Love '' Eliminated Kevin Davy White `` Voodoo Child ( Slight Return ) '' Safe Grace Davies 5 `` Wolves '' ( original song ) Safe Week 6 : final ( 2 / 3 December ) It was revealed on 2 December that the winners ' single this year would be the contestants ' duet . 2 December Theme : `` No theme '' ; `` Celebrity duets / Winner 's single '' Musical guests : Pete Tong & Heritage Orchestra featuring Becky Hill ( `` Sing It Back '' / `` You 've Got the Love '' ) ( with Grace Davies , Rak - Su & Kevin Davy White ) , PrettyMuch ( `` No More '' ) and Louis Tomlinson ( `` Miss You '' ) Contestants ' performances on the eleventh live show Act Order First song Order Second song Result Kevin Davy White `` Whole Lotta Love '' `` Fastlove , Pt. 1 '' ( with Tokio Myers ) Eliminated Grace Davies `` Live and Let Die '' 5 `` Roots '' ( Original song ) ( with Paloma Faith ) Safe Rak - Su `` Mamacita '' ( Original song ) 6 `` Dimelo '' ( Original song ) ( with Naughty Boy & Wyclef Jean ) Safe Kevin Davy White received the fewest public votes and was automatically eliminated . 3 December Theme : `` Song to win '' , `` Song of the Series '' Musical guests : Little Mix & CNCO ( `` Power '' / `` Reggaetón Lento ( Remix ) '' ) , Pink ( `` Beautiful Trauma '' / `` What About Us '' ) , and Sam Smith ( `` One Last Song '' ) Contestants ' performances on the final live show Act Order First song Order Second song Result Grace Davies `` Nothing But Words '' ( Original song ) `` Too Young '' ( Original song ) Runner - up Rak - Su `` Touché '' ( Original song ) `` Mona Lisa '' ( Original song ) Winner Winner 's single All proceeds from the winner 's single are in aid of children 's hospice charities , Together for Short Lives and Shooting Star Chase . Simco Limited will donate 100 % of its profits from the sale of each download and in respect of all audio streaming of the single , and the Chancellor has also agreed to donate the VAT , in each case to be shared equally by the charities . This donation will be at least 20p plus VAT for each download sold in the UK . FremantleMedia , ITV and all performers featuring on the single have also agreed to forgo any master royalties due to them in connection with downloads and all audio streaming of the single . Reception Ratings Episode Air date Official rating ( millions ) Official rating ( millions inc . HD ) Official rating ( millions inc . HD & + 1 ) Weekly rank Auditions 1 000000002017 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 September 5.76 7.38 7.92 5 Auditions 2 000000002017 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 September 5.73 7.46 8.04 Auditions 3 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 5.15 6.60 7.23 11 Auditions 4 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 5.52 7.10 7.57 6 Auditions 5 000000002017 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 5.78 7.57 7.87 7 Auditions 6 000000002017 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 5.40 7.07 7.50 10 Auditions 7 000000002017 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 4.53 5.99 6.48 16 Auditions 8 000000002017 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 5.42 7.09 7.39 8 Bootcamp 1 000000002017 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 4.92 6.41 6.83 11 Bootcamp 2 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 4.67 6.11 6.34 16 Bootcamp 3 000000002017 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 4.58 5.83 6.18 16 Six - chair challenge 1 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 5.34 6.97 7.36 9 Six - chair challenge 2 000000002017 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 5.10 6.67 7.05 9 Six - chair challenge 3 000000002017 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 October 4.54 6.27 6.66 15 Judges ' houses 1 000000002017 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October 5.29 6.95 7.25 7 Judges ' houses 2 000000002017 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 4.42 5.58 6.26 16 Live show 1 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 4.77 6.45 6.63 12 Live show 2 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 3.77 5.27 5.58 15 Live show 3 000000002017 - 11 - 04 - 0000 4 November 4.40 5.83 6.08 14 Live show 4 000000002017 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 3.37 4.61 5.03 15 Live show 5 000000002017 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November TBA TBA TBA TBA Live show 6 000000002017 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November TBA TBA TBA TBA Live show 7 000000002017 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November TBA TBA TBA TBA Live show 8 000000002017 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November TBA TBA TBA TBA Live show 9 000000002017 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November TBA TBA TBA TBA Live show 10 000000002017 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November TBA TBA TBA TBA Live final 1 000000002017 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December TBA TBA TBA TBA Live final 2 000000002017 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December TBA TBA TBA TBA ^ 1 The ratings over a 28 - day period , including the broadcasts on ITV and streaming through ITV Hub . ^ 2 The ratings over a 28 - day period , including the broadcasts on ITV , ITV HD and streaming through ITV Hub . ^ 3 The ratings over a 28 - day period , including the broadcasts on ITV , ITV HD , ITV + 1 and streaming through ITV Hub . ^ 4 The rank for the combined ITV , ITV HD and ITV + 1 broadcasts , compared with all channels for that week , from Monday to Sunday . References Jump up ^ `` The X Factor 2017 finals will be held at the Excel centre for the first time '' . 19 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grant Cumberbatch , Aimée ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell will be making no changes to the X Factor judging line - up '' . London Evening Standard . London . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( 19 January 2017 ) . `` X Factor spin - off Xtra Factor axed with no room for presenters Rylan Clark - Neal and Matt Edmondson as ITV focuses on digital strategy '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 27 April 2017 ) . `` Just Eat delivers £ 10m The X Factor sponsorship deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( 23 August 2017 ) . `` The X Factor is returning to our screens next month '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Naomi ; Harp , Justin ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Louis Walsh WILL return to The X Factor in 2017 '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Baggage , Rachel ; Gordon , Naomi ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne wants X Factor return but has a dilemma ... '' Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Naomi ; Harp , Justin ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Nicole Scherzinger WILL return to The X Factor ... but only with Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell CONFIRMS X Factor 2017 panel '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` BGT 's Alesha Dixon is REPLACING Scherzy on X Factor '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 25 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne drops out of latest X Factor auditions round '' . Digital Spy . United States : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Borland , Hollie ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell Forced To Miss The X Factor Auditions Thanks To Mystery Illness '' . Heart . United Kingdom : Global . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor planning major changes for its 2017 series '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Niomi ( 8 April 2017 ) . `` The X Factor LOWERS the audition age limit to 14 years old as part of a huge shake following Liam Payne 's enormous success '' . OK ! . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 16 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 to hold bootcamp auditions in front of audience at Wembley '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Darvill , Josh ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 judges ' categories REVEALED - spoilers ! '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 's six chair challenge is BACK - get tickets to watch filming ! '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 spoiler : New twist added to the Six Chair Challenge '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Minn , Hayley ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor Judges ' Houses acts revealed as dramatic Six Chair Challenge ends '' . mirror . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Newsbeat Entertainment ( 16 September 2017 ) . `` Stormzy will be at judges ' houses to help out on X Factor '' . Newsbeat . United Kingdom : BBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Adam ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` Cheryl IS returning to The X Factor this year '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor Episode 15 '' . ITV . United Kingdom : ITV plc. 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Meechan , Lauren ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 : Anthony Russell 's replacement REVEALED after shock exit '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Insider ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Sam Black is BACK for Judges ' Houses ! '' . ITV . United Kingdom : ITV plc . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Wildcard vote time ! Here 's all the info you need '' . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( 28 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor 's Wildcard acts have been confirmed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor live shows will reveal who has the most votes '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hegarty , Tasha ( 29 October 2017 ) . `` Grace Davies wins the first X Factor prize fight '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor 2017 finals will be held at the Excel centre for the first time '' . Metro. 19 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Payne and Stormzy to perform on the first X Factor Live Shows ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tokio Myers and Rita Ora to perform this weekend ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Styles and Paloma Faith are ready to perform ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Matt Terry and Fergie are ready to perform ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guest Performers : James Arthur and Ed Sheeran are on their way ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : @ PRETTYMUCH ( 29 November 2017 ) . `` @ PRETTYMUCH : # NoMore featuring our boy @ FrencHMonTanA is coming on friday 🔥 🔥 🔥 🔥 tune in to @ TheXFactor on saturday to see us perform it live for the first time ever ❌ ❌ '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 29 November 2017 -- via Twitter . Missing or empty number = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : @ Louis Tomlinson ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` @ Louis_Tomlinson : New single ' Miss You ' will be out this Friday with a performance on the @ thexfactor final on the Saturday ! Ca n't wait for this one ! # missyou '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 29 November 2017 -- via Twitter . Missing or empty number = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The stars are coming out for The X Factor Final ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : @ Little Mix ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` @ LittleMix : We 're sooo excited we can FINALLY reveal that we are performing on @ TheXFactor on next Sunday 's LIVE FINAL with the amazing @ CNCOmusic ! You do n't wan na miss this one ... trust us 😉 we are BUZZING ! ! 🙌 xx the girls xx '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 29 November 2017 -- via Twitter . Missing or empty number = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The 2017 voting stats are in ! See who got your votes '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spencer Sutherland is the first Contestant to leave '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talia Dean is the next Contestant to leave the competition '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's time to say goodbye to Leon Mallett '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 4 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Time to wave goodbye to Tracyleanne Jefford '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We wave goodbye to Jack & Joel '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Time for Alisah to wave goodbye to the competition '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 12 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Double whammy elimination : Goodbye Sam Black and Sean & Conor Price '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Double elimination : We wave goodbye to Holly and Rai - Elle '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 19 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We wave goodbye to Matt in the Semi-Finals '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 25 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Double - elimination time in the Semi-Finals ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Davy White takes third place in The X Factor Final ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rak - Su take The X Factor Final 2017 crown ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's singing what this weekend ? We 've got ALL the Contestants ' song choices '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet your 2017 Wildcards ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell ' to miss X Factor 's first live show ' after ' fainting ' at home '' . Sky News . Sky News . 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alesha Dixon to return to The X Factor panel tonight ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here 's what the Contestants are singing for Viva Latino week '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 3 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Michael weekend : Song reveal alert ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` You 'll be Crazy in Love with this weekend 's songs ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor 2017 semi-final will finally see all the acts go head to head '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Britannia : Song reveals ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Songs to get our Contestants to the Final ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Find out all about The X Factor Winner 's Duet ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What will our Finalists be singing ? '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Tong , Becky Hill and The X Factor Finalists open The X Factor '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tonight 's Final song reveals ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Viewing Summary ( see relevant week under ) '' . BARB . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . External links The X Factor at itv.com The X Factor at stv.tv ( hide ) The X Factor ( UK ) Discography Controversy and criticism Series Main 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Celebrity Battle of the Stars Finalists Series 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Main series Steve Brookstein Shayne Ward Leona Lewis Leon Jackson Alexandra Burke Joe McElderry Matt Cardle Little Mix James Arthur Sam Bailey Ben Haenow Louisa Johnson Matt Terry Rak - Su Celebrity series Lucy Benjamin Singles Winners singles `` Against All Odds '' `` That 's My Goal '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` When You Believe '' `` Hallelujah '' `` The Climb '' `` When We Collide '' `` Cannonball '' `` Impossible '' `` Skyscraper '' `` Something I Need '' `` Forever Young '' `` When Christmas Comes Around '' `` Dimelo '' Charity singles `` Hero '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' Related articles The X Factor franchise I Ca n't Sing ! The X Factor Musical X Factor Around the World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_X_Factor_(UK_series_14)&oldid=816019499 '' Categories : 2017 British television seasons 2017 in British music The X Factor ( UK TV series ) The X Factor ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Cite tweet templates with errors Use dmy dates from December 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected due to dispute All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 18 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is x factor filmed 2017 live shows
[ "For the first time since series six, a major overhaul of the set layout was made as live shows debuted in a new filming location, LH2 Studios in London. Numerous other changes were introduced for this series' live shows. This included contestant and musical guest performances on both Saturday and Sunday shows, and the removal of the sing-offs, deadlocks and judges' votes on the Sunday show. Each show, two of the categories would sing and immediately after the performances, the public vote would open for a short amount of time. At the end of each show, the contestant with the fewest votes is automatically eliminated from the competition. In addition, the contestant with the highest votes for that night would also be announced.[27] The two acts who won their respective public vote would then sing against each other in a new element of the show called the prize fight. After another public vote, the winner of the prize fight would win a special weekly prize.[28] For the first time ever the live final will broadcast from the Excel Centre, London and not Wembley Arena as part of the show's drastic changes this series.[29]" ]
[ "LH2 Studios in London" ]
-5341545604421118472
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Institutes of the Christian Religion - wikipedia Institutes of the Christian Religion Jump to : navigation , search The title page from the 1559 edition of John Calvin 's Institutio Christianae Religionis Institutes of the Christian Religion ( Latin : Institutio Christianae Religionis ) is John Calvin 's seminal work of Protestant systematic theology . Highly influential in the Western world and still widely read by theological students today , it was published in Latin in 1536 ( at the same time as Henry VIII of England 's Dissolution of the Monasteries ) and in his native French language in 1541 , with the definitive editions appearing in 1559 ( Latin ) and in 1560 ( French ) . The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith for those with some previous knowledge of theology and covered a broad range of theological topics from the doctrines of church and sacraments to justification by faith alone and Christian liberty . It vigorously attacked the teachings of those Calvin considered unorthodox , particularly Roman Catholicism , to which Calvin says he had been `` strongly devoted '' before his conversion to Protestantism . The Institutes is a highly regarded secondary reference for the system of doctrine adopted by the Reformed churches , usually called Calvinism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Title 3 Contents 4 Translations 5 Legacy 6 List of editions 6.1 Latin 6.2 French 6.3 German 6.4 Italian 6.5 Spanish 6.6 Czech ( Bohemian ) 6.7 English 6.8 Afrikaans 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Title page of the first edition ( 1536 ) John Calvin was a student of law and then classics at the University of Paris . Around 1533 he became involved in religious controversies and converted to Protestantism , a new Christian reform movement which was persecuted by the Catholic Church in France , forcing him to go into hiding . He moved to Basel , Switzerland , for safety in 1535 , and around this time he must have begun writing a summary of theology which would become the Institutes . His Catholic opponents sought to associate him and his associates ( known as Huguenots in France ) with radical Anabaptists , some of whom had been defeated after a long siege in the Münster Rebellion in June 1535 . He decided to adapt the work he had been writing to the purpose of defending Protestants suffering from persecution from false accusations that they were espousing radical and heretical doctrines . The work , written in Latin , was published in Basel in March 1536 with a preface addressed to King Francis I of France , entreating him to give the Protestants a hearing rather than continue to persecute them . It is six chapters long , covering the basics of Christian faith using the familiar catechetical structure of the Ten Commandments , the Apostles ' Creed , the Lord 's Prayer , and the sacraments , as well as a chapter on Christian liberty and political theology . Soon after publishing it , Calvin began his ministry in Geneva , Switzerland . The Institutes proved instantly popular , with many asking for a revised edition . In 1539 , Calvin published a much larger work , with seventeen chapters of about the same length as the six chapters of the first edition . It includes many references to classical authors and Church fathers , as well as many additional references to the Bible . Calvin 's epistle to the reader indicates that the new work is intended for theological students preparing for ministry . Four chapters were added in a third edition in 1543 , and a 1550 edition was published with only minor changes . The fifth and final edition with which Calvin was involved , and which is used by scholars as the authoritative text , is 80 % larger than the previous edition and was published in Geneva in 1559 . Calvin 's theology did not change substantially throughout his life , and so the Institutes did not undergo changes as far as its substance . Title ( edit ) The Latin word `` institutio '' , translated in the title as `` institutes '' , may also be translated `` instruction '' , as it was in titles of German translations of the work , and was commonly used in the titles of legal works as well as other summary works covering a large body of knowledge . The title of Desiderius Erasmus 's Institutio principis Christiani ( 1516 ) , which Calvin would have been familiar with , is usually translated The Education of a Christian Prince . The form of the short title of the first edition of Calvin 's work , published in 1536 is Christianae religionis institutio . The full title of this edition may be translated The Institute of the Christian Religion , Containing almost the Whole Sum of Piety and Whatever It is Necessary to Know in the Doctrine of Salvation . A Work Very Well Worth Reading by All Persons Zealous for Piety , and Lately Published . A Preface to the Most Christian King of France , in Which this Book is Presented to Him as a Confession of Faith . Author , John Calvin , Of Noyon . Basel , MDXXXVI . In the 1539 edition , the title is Institutio Christianae Religionis , possibly to emphasize the fact that this is a new , considerably expanded work . This is followed by `` at length truly corresponding to its title '' , a play on the grandiosity of the title and an indication that the new work better lives up to the expectation created by such a title . Contents ( edit ) Institutes in its first form was not merely an exposition of Reformation doctrine ; it proved the inspiration to a new form of Christian life for many . It is indebted to Martin Luther in the treatment of faith and sacraments , to Martin Bucer in what is said of divine will and predestination , and to the later scholastics for teaching involving unsuspected implications of freedom in the relation of church and state . The book is prefaced by a letter to Francis I. As this letter shows , Institutes was composed , or at least completed , to meet a present necessity , to correct an aspersion on Calvin 's fellow reformers . The French king , wishing to suppress the Reformation at home , yet unwilling to alienate the reforming princes of Germany , had sought to confound the teachings of the French reformers with the attacks of Anabaptists on civil authority . `` My reasons for publishing the Institutes , '' Calvin wrote in 1557 , `` were first that I might vindicate from unjust affront my brethren whose death was precious in the sight of the Lord , and next that some sorrow and anxiety should move foreign people , since the same sufferings threaten many . '' `` The hinges on which our controversy turns , '' says Calvin in his letter to the king , `` are that the Church may exist without any apparent form '' and that its marks are `` pure preaching of the word of God and rightful administration of the sacraments . '' Despite the dependence on earlier writers , Institutes was felt by many to be a new voice , and within a year there was demand for a second edition . This came in 1539 , amplifying especially the treatment of the fall of man , of election , and of reprobation , as well as that of the authority of scripture . It showed also a more conciliatory temper toward Luther in the section on the Lord 's Supper . The opening chapter of the Institutes is perhaps the best known , in which Calvin presents the basic plan of the book . There are two general subjects to be examined : the creator and his creatures . Above all , the book concerns the knowledge of God the Creator , but `` as it is in the creation of man that the divine perfections are best displayed '' , there is also an examination of what can be known about humankind . After all , it is mankind 's knowledge of God and of what He requires of his creatures that is the primary issue of concern for a book of theology . In the first chapter , these two issues are considered together to show what God has to do with mankind ( and other creatures ) and , especially , how knowing God is connected with human knowledge . To pursue an explanation of the relationship between God and man , the edition of 1559 , although Calvin claimed it to be `` almost a new work '' , in fact completely recast the old Institutes into four sections and 80 chapters , on the basis of the Apostles ' Creed , a traditional structure of Christian instruction used in Western Christianity . First , the knowledge of God is considered as knowledge of the Father , the creator , provider , and sustainer . Next , it is examined how the Son reveals the Father , since only God is able to reveal God . The third section of the Institutes describes the work of the Holy Spirit , who raised Christ from the dead , and who comes from the Father and the Son to affect a union in the Church through faith in Jesus Christ , with God , forever . And finally , the fourth section speaks of the Christian church , and how it is to live out the truths of God and Scriptures , particularly through the sacraments . This section also describes the functions and ministries of the church , how civil government relates to religious matters , and includes a lengthy discussion of the deficiencies of the papacy . Translations ( edit ) Title page of the first French edition ( 1541 ) There is some speculation that Calvin may have translated the first edition ( 1536 ) into French soon after its publication , but the earliest edition which has survived is Calvin 's 1541 translation . It was primarily intended for French - speaking Swiss , since very few copies were able to be smuggled into France . Some of these were publicly burned in front of Notre - Dame Cathedral soon after their publication . Calvin published French editions of the Institutes in 1541 , 1545 , 1551 , and 1560 . They follow the expansion and development of the Latin editions , but they are not strictly translations , instead being adapted for use by a lay readership , though retaining the same doctrine . The French translations of Calvin 's Institutes helped to shape the French language for generations , not unlike the influence of the King James Version for the English language . The Institutes were translated into many other European languages . A Spanish translation by Francisco de Enzinas of the 1536 Latin text was published in 1540 , before Calvin even published his first French edition . An Italian translation of Calvin 's French text was made in 1557 . Later translations were of the final 1559 Latin text : Dutch ( 1560 ) , German ( 1572 ) , Spanish ( 1597 ) , Czech ( 1617 ) , Hungarian ( 1624 ) , and Japanese ( 1934 ) . Scholars speculate that the seventeenth - century orientalist Johann Heinrich Hottinger translated it into Arabic , but this has not been confirmed. . A complete translation by HW Simpson of the 1559 Latin text into Afrikaans was published in four volumes between 1984 and 1992 , following an earlier abridged translation by A Duvenhage in 1951 . In English , five complete translations have been published -- four from the Latin and one from the French . The first was made in Calvin 's lifetime ( 1561 ) by Thomas Norton , the son - in - law of the English Reformer Thomas Cranmer . In the nineteenth century there were two translations , one by John Allen ( 1813 ) and one by Henry Beveridge ( 1845 ) . The most recent from Latin is the 1960 edition , translated by Ford Lewis Battles and edited by John T. McNeill , currently considered the most authoritative edition by scholars . Calvin 's first French edition ( 1541 ) has been translated by Elsie Anne McKee ( 2009 ) . Due to the length of the Institutes , several abridged versions have been made . The most recent is by Tony Lane and Hilary Osborne ; the text is their own alteration and abridgment of the Beveridge translation . Legacy ( edit ) The Institutes overshadowed the earlier Protestant theologies such as Melanchthon 's Loci Communes and Zwingli 's Commentary on the True and False Religion . According to historian Philip Schaff , it is a classic of theology at the level of Origen 's On First Principles , Augustine 's The City of God , Thomas Aquinas 's Summa Theologica , and Schleiermacher 's The Christian Faith . List of editions ( edit ) Latin ( edit ) Calvino , Ioanne ( 1536 ) . Christianae religionis institutio , totam fere pietatis summam , & quicquid est in doctrina salutis cognitu necessarium : complectens : omnibus pietatis studiosis lectu dignissimum opus , ac recens editum : Praefatio ad Christianissimum regem Franciae , qua hic ei liber pro confessione fidei offertur ( in Latin ) . Basel : Thomam Platteru & Balthasarem Lasium . -- -- -- ( 1539 ) . Institutio Christianae Religionis Nunc vere demum suo titulo respondens ( in Latin ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Strassburg : Wendelinum Rihelium . -- -- -- ( 1543 ) . Institutio Christianae Religionis Nunc vere demum suo titulo respondens ( in Latin ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Strassburg : Wendelinum Rihelium . -- -- -- ( 1550 ) . Institutio totius christianae religionis , nunc ex postrema authoris recognitione , quibusdam locis auctior , infinitis vero castigatior . Joanne Calvino authore . Additi sunt indices duo locupletissimi ( in Latin ) ( 4th ed . ) . Genève : Jean Girard . -- -- -- ( 1559 ) . Institutio christianae religionis , in libros quatuor nunc primum digesta , certisque distincta capitibus , ad aptissimam methodum : aucta etiam tam magna accessione ut propemodum opus novum haberi possit ( in Latin ) ( 5th ed . ) . Genevae : Robert I. Estienne . French ( edit ) Calvin , Jean ( 1541 ) . Institution de la religion chrestienne : en laquelle est comprinse une somme de pieté , et quasi tout ce qui est necessaire a congnoistre en la doctrine de salut ( Institution of the Christian Religion : in which is comprised a summary of piety , and almost all that is necessary to know in the doctrine of salvation ) ( in French ) . Genève : Michel Du Bois . -- -- -- ( 1545 ) . Institution de la religion chrestienne : composée en latin par Jehan Calvin , et translatée en francoys par luymesme : en laquelle est comprise une somme de toute la chrestienté ( Institution of the Christian Religion : composed in Latin by John Calvin , and translated into French by himself : in which is comprised a summary of all Christianity ) ( in French ) . Genève : Jean Girard . -- -- -- ( 1551 ) . Institution de la religion chrestienne : composée en latin par Jean Calvin , et translatée en françoys par luymesme , et puis de nouveau reveuë et augmentée : en laquelle est comprinse une somme de toute la chrestienté ( Institution of the Christian Religion : composed in Latin by John Calvin , and translated into French by himself , and again revised & augmented : in which is comprised a summary of all Christianity ) ( in French ) . Genève : Jean Girard . -- -- -- ( 1553 ) . Institution de la religion chrestienne : composée en latin par Jean Calvin , et translatée en françoys par luymesme , et encores de nouveau reveuë et augmentée : en laquelle est comprinse une somme de toute la chrestienté ( Institution of the Christian Religion : composed in Latin by John Calvin , and translated into French by himself , and yet again revised & augmented : in which is comprised a summary of all Christianity ) ( in French ) . Genève : Jean Girard . -- -- -- ( 1554 ) . Institution de la religion chrestienne : composée en latin par Jean Calvin , et translatée en françoys par luymesme , et encores de nouveau reveuë et augmentée : en laquelle est comprinse une somme de toute la chrestienté ( Institution of the Christian Religion : composed in Latin by John Calvin , and translated into French by himself , and again revised & augmented : in which is comprised a summary of all Christianity ) ( in French ) . Genève : Philbert Hamelin . -- -- -- ( 1560 ) . Institution de la religion chrestienne ( Institution of the Christian Religion ) ( in French ) . Genève : Jean Crespin . German ( edit ) Calvin , Iohann ( 1572 ) ( 1572 ) . Institutio Christianae Religionis , Das ist / Underweisung inn Christlicher Religion . Heydelberg : Johannes Meyer . Unterricht in der christlichen Religion - Institutio Christianae Religionis , Institutes of the Christian Religion based on the last ( 1559 ) edition translated and edited by Otto Weber , edited and reissued by Matthias Freudenberg . 2nd edition , Neukirchener Verlag ( publisher ) located in Neukirchen - Vluyn , Germany , released in 2008 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7887 - 2327 - 9 Italian ( edit ) Calvino , Giovanni ( 1557 ) . Institutione della religion christiana di messer Giovanni Calvino , in volgare italiano tradotta per Giulio Cesare P ( Institutes of the Christian Religion by master John Calvin , translated into vulgar Italian by Giulio Cesare P ) ( in Italian ) . Translated by Giulio Cesare Paschali . Genève : François Jaquy , Antoine Davodeau & Jacques Bourgeois . Spanish ( edit ) Institucion de la religion Cristiana , 1597 , translation by Cipriano de Valera Czech ( Bohemian ) ( edit ) Zpráva a vysvětlení náboženství křesťanského , cca 1615 , translation by Jiří Strejc English ( edit ) Caluin , Iohn ( 1561 ) ( 1559 ) . The Institvtion of Christian Religion , vvrytten in Latine by maister Ihon Caluin , and translated into Englysh according to the authors last edition . Translated by Thomas Norton . London : Reinolde Vvolf & Richarde Harisson . Calvin , John ( 1813 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion . 1 . Translated by John Allen . Philadelphia : Presbyterian Board of Publication . -- -- -- ( 1813 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion . 2 . Translated by John Allen . Philadelphia : Presbyterian Board of Publication . -- -- -- ( 1845 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion ; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge. 1 . Translated by Henry Beveridge . Edinburgh : Calvin Translation Society . -- -- -- ( 1845 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion ; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge. 2 . Translated by Henry Beveridge . Edinburgh : Calvin Translation Society . -- -- -- ( 1845 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion ; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge. 3 . Translated by Henry Beveridge . Edinburgh : Calvin Translation Society . -- -- -- ( 1960 ) ( 1559 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion : in Two Volumes . Translated by Ford Lewis Battles . Philadelphia : Westminster Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 66422028 - 0 . -- -- -- ( 1959 ) ( 1536 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion . Translated by Ford Lewis Battles ( 1536 ed . ) . Grand Rapids , MI : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80284167 - 4 . -- -- -- ( 2009 ) ( 1541 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion . Translated by Elsie Anne McKee ( 1541 French ed . ) . Grand Rapids , MI : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80280774 - 8 . -- -- -- ( 2014 ) ( 1541 ) . Institutes of the Christian Religion . Translated by Robert White ( 1541 French ed . ) . Carlisle , PA : Banner of Truth . ISBN 9781848714632 . Afrikaans ( edit ) Calvyn , Johannes ( 1984 ) ( 1559 ) . Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. 1 . Translated by HW Simpson ( 1559 Latin ed . ) . Potchefstroom : Calvyn Jubileum Boekefonds . ISBN 0 86990 746 8 . -- -- -- ( 1986 ) ( 1559 ) . Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. 2 . Translated by HW Simpson ( 1559 Latin ed . ) . Potchefstroom : Calvyn Jubileum Boekefonds . ISBN 0 - 86990 - 860 - X . -- -- -- ( 1988 ) ( 1559 ) . Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. 3 . Translated by HW Simpson ( 1559 Latin ed . ) . Potchefstroom : Calvyn Jubileum Boekefonds . ISBN 0 86955 064 0 . -- -- -- ( 1992 ) ( 1559 ) . Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens. 4 . Translated by HW Simpson ( 1559 Latin ed . ) . Potchefstroom : Calvyn Jubileum Boekefonds . ISBN 0 - 86955 - 106 - X . See also ( edit ) Calvinism portal John Calvin bibliography References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John Calvin '' , 131 Christians everyone should know , Christian History & Biography , Christianity Today Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xxx . ^ Jump up to : McNeill 1960 , p. xxxi . Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xxxii -- xxxiii . ^ Jump up to : McNeill 1960 , p. xxxiv . ^ Jump up to : McNeill 1960 , p. xxxv . ^ Jump up to : McNeill 1960 , p. xxxvi . Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xxxvii -- xxxviii . ^ Jump up to : Schaff , Philip . `` Calvin 's Place in History '' . History of the Christian Church . VIII : Modern Christianity . The Swiss Reformation . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xxix . Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xxxiii . ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Benjamin Willis Wells ( 1920 ) . `` Institutes of the Christian Religion , The '' . In Rines , George Edwin . Encyclopedia Americana . Jump up ^ Gordon 2016 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xl . ^ Jump up to : McNeill 1960 , p. xli . Jump up ^ McNeill 1960 , p. xlii . Jump up ^ `` Die 1559 - Institusie van die Christelike Godsdiens deur Johannes Calvyn '' . Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid - Afrika . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Gordon , Bruce ( 2016 ) . John Calvin 's Institutes of the Christian Religion : A Biography . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 8050 - 8 . McNeill , John T. ( 1960 ) . `` Introduction '' . In McNeill , John T. Institutes of the Christian Religion . 1 . Louisville , KY : Westminster John Knox . pp. xxix -- lxxi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 23911 - 4 . Further Reading ( edit ) Battles , Ford Lewis and John Walchenbach , Analysis of the `` Institutes of the Christian Religion '' of John Calvin ( Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Book House , 1980 ) . Hurley , Michael . `` The Church in Protestant Theology : Some Reflections on the Fourth Book of Calvin 's Institutes '' , in The Meaning of the Church : Papers of the Maynooth Union Summer School , 1965 , ed. by Donal Flanagan ( Dublin , Ire. : Gill and Son , 1966 ) , p. ( 110 ) - 143 . N.B. : The author is Roman Catholic . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Institutes of the Christian Religion . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Institutes of the Christian Religion ( 1845 ) Institutes of the Christian Religion , translated by Henry Beveridge ( 1845 ) , at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library Institutes of the Christian Religion public domain audiobook at LibriVox BNF : cb11963198n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion&oldid=803313615 '' Categories : 1536 books 16th - century Christian texts 16th - century Latin books John Calvin Calvinist texts Christian theology books Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Encyclopedia Americana Articles containing Latin - language text CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 19 : 16 . 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who had a large influence and ministry in switzerland and wrote institutes of the christian religion
[ "John Calvin was a student of law and then classics at the University of Paris. Around 1533 he became involved in religious controversies and converted to Protestantism, a new Christian reform movement which was persecuted by the Catholic Church in France, forcing him to go into hiding.[2] He moved to Basel, Switzerland, for safety in 1535, and around this time he must have begun writing a summary of theology which would become the Institutes.[3] His Catholic opponents sought to associate him and his associates (known as Huguenots in France) with radical Anabaptists, some of whom had been defeated after a long siege in the Münster Rebellion in June 1535. He decided to adapt the work he had been writing to the purpose of defending Protestants suffering from persecution from false accusations that they were espousing radical and heretical doctrines. The work, written in Latin, was published in Basel in March 1536 with a preface addressed to King Francis I of France, entreating him to give the Protestants a hearing rather than continue to persecute them.[4] It is six chapters long, covering the basics of Christian faith using the familiar catechetical structure of the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and the sacraments, as well as a chapter on Christian liberty and political theology. Soon after publishing it, Calvin began his ministry in Geneva, Switzerland.[5]" ]
[ "John Calvin" ]
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List of Presidents of India
List of presidents of India - Wikipedia List of presidents of India Jump to : navigation , search The Main Gate of Rashtrapati Bhavan , the official residence of the President of India The President of India is the head of state and first citizen of India . The President is also the Commander - in - chief of the Indian Armed Forces . Although the president is vested such powers by the Constitution of India , the position is largely a ceremonial role and the executive powers are de facto exercised by the Prime Minister . The post of President is known in Hindi as Rashtrapati , a Sanskrit neologism meaning `` lord of the realm '' . The President is elected by the Electoral College composed of elected members of the parliament houses , the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha , and also members of the Vidhan Sabha , the state legislative assemblies . Representation of Presidents by party candidacy Independent ( 47 % ) Indian National Congress ( 41 % ) Others ( BJP and janata party ) ( 12 % ) There have been 14 presidents of India since the introduction of the post in 1950 ( the current tenure is 5 years of an Indian President 's term ) . The post was established when India was declared as a republic with the adoption of the Indian constitution . Apart from these thirteen , three acting presidents have also been in office for short periods of time . Varahagiri Venkata Giri became Indian Acting President in 1969 following the death of Zakir Husain , who died in office . Giri was elected President a few months later . He remains the only person to have held office both as a president and acting president . Giri was the only person to be elected as an independent candidate . The President may remain in office for a tenure of five years , as stated by article 56 , part V , of the constitution of India . In the case where a president 's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president , the vice president assumes office . By article 70 of part V , the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the president where this is not possible , or in any other unexpected contingency . Rajendra Prasad , the first President of India , is the only person to have held office for two terms . Presidents by state of birth Seven presidents have been members of a political party before being elected . Six of these were active party members of the Indian National Congress . The Janata Party has had one member , Neelam Sanjiva Reddy , who later became president , he was born in Anantapur District ( now Andhra Pradesh ) . Two presidents , Zakir Husain and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , have died in office . Their vice-presidents functioned as acting president until a new president was elected . Following Zakir Husain 's death , two acting presidents held office until the new president , V.V. Giri , was elected . Varahagiri Venkata Giri himself , Zakir Husain 's vice president , was the first acting president . When Giri resigned to take part in the presidential elections , he was succeeded by Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting president . The 12th president , Pratibha Patil , is the first woman to serve as President of India , elected in 2007 . The current President is Ram Nath Kovind , elected on 25 July 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Presidents 2 See also 3 References 3.1 General 3.2 Specific 4 External links Presidents This list is numbered based on Presidents elected after winning an Indian Presidential election . The terms of Varahagiri Venkata Giri , Mohammad Hidayatullah , and Basappa Danappa Jatti , who have functioned as acting presidents , are therefore not numbered . The President of India does not represent any political party . The colours used in the table indicate the following : Colour key Acting President of India President was an Independent candidate President was an candidate of Indian National Congress President was an candidate of other parties ( Namely the BJP and the Janata Party ) Other Keys Did not complete their term No Name ( Birth -- Death ) Photograph Elected Took office Left office Vice President Candidate of Notes Rajendra Prasad ( 1884 -- 1963 ) 1952 1957 26 January 1950 12 May 1962 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Prasad , from Bihar , was the first President of independent India , and also the longest - serving President , for 12 years . He was also a freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement . Prasad was the only president to serve two terms in office . Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) 1962 13 May 1962 13 May 1967 Zakir Husain Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher and writer and also held the position of vice chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University . He was also made a Knight of the Golden Army of Angels by Pope Paul VI . He received Bharat Ratna award in 1954 before becoming the President . He was the first President from South India . Zakir Husain ( 1897 -- 1969 ) 1967 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 Varahagiri Venkata Giri Husain was vice chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna . He died in office , the first to do so . He was also the shortest - serving President . He was also the first Muslim President . -- Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) -- 3 May 1969 20 July 1969 -- -- He was elected Vice President of India in 1967 . Following the death of President Zakir Husain , Giri was appointed as Acting President . He resigned in a few months to take part in the presidential elections . -- Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1905 -- 1992 ) -- 20 July 1969 24 August 1969 -- -- Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India , and was also a recipient of the Order of the British Empire . He served as Acting President until the election of Giri as the President of India . Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) 1969 24 August 1969 24 August 1974 Gopal Swarup Pathak Giri was the first person to have served as both an acting president and president of India . He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna , and has functioned as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) . Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1905 -- 1977 ) 24 August 1974 11 February 1977 Gopal Swarup Pathak ( 1974 ) Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president . He died in 1977 before his term of office ended , and was the second Indian president to die in office . He was also president during Emergency . -- Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1912 -- 2002 ) -- 11 February 1977 25 July 1977 -- -- Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed 's term of office , and was sworn in as Acting President upon Ahmed 's death . He earlier functioned as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore . 6 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1913 -- 1996 ) 1977 25 July 1977 25 July 1982 Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Muhammad Hidayatullah ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State . Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh . He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India . 7 Giani Zail Singh ( 1916 -- 1994 ) 1982 25 July 1982 25 July 1987 Muhammad Hidayatullah ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1984 -- 1987 ) In March 1972 , Singh assumed the position of Chief Minister of Punjab , and in 1980 , he became Union Home Minister . He was also secretary general to Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) from 1983 to 1986 8 Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 25 July 1987 25 July 1992 Shankar Dayal Sharma In 1942 , Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the Indian independence movement . After his release , he was elected to independent India 's Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government , where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence . 9 Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1918 -- 1999 ) 25 July 1992 25 July 1997 Kocheril Raman Narayanan Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh , and the Indian Minister for Communications . He has also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh , Punjab and Maharashtra . 10 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1920 -- 2005 ) 25 July 1997 25 July 2002 Krishan Kant Narayanan served as India 's ambassador to Thailand , Turkey , China and United States of America . He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities . He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University . He was the first Dalit President . 11 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1931 -- 2015 ) 2002 25 July 2002 25 July 2007 Krishan Kant ( 2002 ) Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kalam was an educationist and engineer who played a leading role in the development of India 's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs . He also received the Bharat Ratna . Kalam died following a heart attack while delivering a speech in Shillong . 12 Pratibha Patil ( 1934 -- ) 2007 25 July 2007 25 July 2012 Mohammad Hamid Ansari Patil was the first woman to become the President of India . She was also the first female Governor of Rajasthan . 13 Pranab Mukherjee ( 1935 -- ) 2012 25 July 2012 25 July 2017 Mohammad Hamid Ansari Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister , Foreign Minister , Defence Minister and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission . 14 Ram Nath Kovind ( 1945 -- ) 2017 25 July 2017 Incumbent Venkaiah Naidu Kovind was Governor of Bihar from 2015 until 2017 and a Member of Parliament from 1994 until 2006 . He is the second Dalit president after K.R. Narayanan . He originally belongs to BJP and is an active member of RSS since his youth . Timeline See also President of India Vice President of India List of Vice-Presidents of India List of Prime Ministers of India References General `` Former Presidents '' . President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . `` List of Presidents / Vice Presidents '' . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of India '' (. doc ) . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` India gets first woman president since independence '' . BBC News . 25 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 : India becomes a republic '' . BBC News . 26 January 1950 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NDA vs Oppn : India might to witness tightest presidential poll since 1969 '' . Hindustan times . 26 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harish Khare ( 6 December 2006 ) . `` Selecting the next Rashtrapati '' . The Hindu . India . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shekhar Iyer ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` Shekhawat will not resign to contest poll '' . Hindustan Times . India . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First female president for India '' . BBC News . 21 July 2007 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Hebbar , Nistula ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind enters Rashtrapati Bhavan with big win '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Presidents of India since India became republic My India '' . www.mapsofindia.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rajendra Prasad '' . The Hindu . India . 7 May 1952 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Day '' . Time . 6 February 1950 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rajendra Prasad 's birth anniversary celebrated '' . The Hindu . India . 10 December 2006 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Ramachandra Guha ( 15 April 2006 ) . `` Why Amartya Sen should become the next president of India '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dr S. Radhakrishnan '' . The Sunday Tribune . 30 January 2000 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zakir Husain , '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 7 leaders who died while in office '' . m.indiatoday.in . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shekhawat need not compare himself to Giri : Shashi Bhushan '' . The Hindu . India . 12 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hidayatullah , Shri M '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ramakrishnan , T. ( 24 July 2012 ) . `` The twice Acting - President '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giri , Shri Varahagiri Venkata '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gallery of Indian Presidents '' . Press Information Bureau of the Government of India . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency : The Dark Age of Indian democracy '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jatti , Shri Basappa Danappa '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Bhargava , G.S. `` Making of the Prez -- Congress chief selects PM as well as President '' . The Tribune . India . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley A. ( 1999 ) . India . University of California Press . p. 217 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Hazarika , Sanjoy ( 17 July 1987 ) . `` Man in the News ; India 's Mild New President : Ramaswamy Venkataraman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Venkataraman , Shri R . '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Navtej Sarna ( 27 December 1999 ) . `` Former President Shankar Dayal Sharma passes away '' . Embassy of India , Washington D.C . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Narayanan , Shri K , R '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The BJP 's aim was to get rid of me '' . Confederation of Human Rights Organizations . Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Can Ram Nath Kovind , second Dalit President , follow in the footsteps of first Dalit President KR Narayanan ? '' . m.indiatoday.in . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramana , M.V. ; Reddy , C. Rammanohar ( 2002 ) . Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Tyagi , Kavita ; Misra , Padma . Basic Technical Communication . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 4238 - 5 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kalam was real people 's President ' '' . Hindustan Times . Indo - Asian News Service . 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Perappadan , Bindu Shajan ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` The people 's President does it again '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Emily Wax ( 22 July 2007 ) . `` Female President Elected in India '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pratibha Patil is Rajasthan 's first woman governor '' . Express India . 8 November 2008 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pranab Mukherjee : Biography , Family , Early days in Politics , Criticisms & Awards '' . www.mapsofindia.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PresidentofIndia '' . presidentofindia.nic.in . Government of India . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . External links Official website of the President of India Rediff.com -- Presidents of India The Hindu -- A presidential poll in the coalition age Zee News : Former Presidents Presidents of India ( List ) Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Hussain V.V. Giri ( acting ) Mohammad Hidayatullah ( acting ) V.V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed B.D. Jatti ( acting ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K.R. Narayanan A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Pratibha Patil Pranab Mukherjee Ram Nath Kovind Lists of Presidents and Vice Presidents of India Presidential lists by order Order of service Age Birth Death Number Living Time in office Presidents ' personal lives College education Place of birth Place of primary affiliation Previous occupation Religious affiliation Presidents ' professional lives Political affiliation Previous experience Inaugurations ( Addresses ) Pardons Vacancies Vice Presidential lists Order of service Time in office Birth Longevity Vacancies Succession Line of succession Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Home Affairs Finance External Affairs Defence Railways Health and Family Welfare HRD Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Parliamentary Affairs Science and Technology Tribal Affairs North Eastern Region Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_India&oldid=808138628 '' Categories : Lists of presidents Lists relating to the Indian presidency Lists of political office - holders in India Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use Indian English from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from January 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lëtzebuergesch मैथिली മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português संस्कृतम् Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 03 : 03 . 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who is the only president of india to have served two terms
[ "There have been 14 presidents of India since the introduction of the post in 1950 (the current tenure is 5 years of an Indian President's term). The post was established when India was declared as a republic with the adoption of the Indian constitution.[3] Apart from these thirteen, three acting presidents have also been in office for short periods of time. Varahagiri Venkata Giri became Indian Acting President in 1969 following the death of Zakir Husain, who died in office. Giri was elected President a few months later. He remains the only person to have held office both as a president and acting president. Giri was the only person to be elected as an independent candidate.[4] The President may remain in office for a tenure of five years, as stated by article 56, part V, of the constitution of India. In the case where a president's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president, the vice president assumes office. By article 70 of part V, the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the president where this is not possible, or in any other unexpected contingency.[1] Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, is the only person to have held office for two terms.[5]" ]
[ "Rajendra Prasad" ]
-5986841031097418701
Powers of the President of the United States
Powers of the president of the United States - wikipedia Powers of the president of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The President of the United States has numerous powers , including those explicitly granted by Article II of the United States Constitution . The Constitution explicitly assigned the president the power to sign or veto legislation , command the armed forces , ask for the written opinion of their Cabinet , convene or adjourn Congress , grant reprieves and pardons , and receive ambassadors . The president may make treaties which need to be ratified by two - thirds of the Senate . The president may also appoint Article III judges and some officers with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate . In the condition of a Senate recess , the president may make a temporary appointment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Executive powers 2 Powers related to legislation 3 Powers of appointment 4 Executive clemency 5 Foreign affairs 6 Emergency powers 7 Executive privilege 8 Constraints on presidential power 9 See also 10 References Executive powers ( edit ) Within the executive branch itself , the president has broad powers to manage national affairs and the priorities of the government . The president can issue rules , regulations , and instructions called executive orders , which have the binding force of law upon federal agencies but do not require approval of the United States Congress . Executive orders are subject to judicial review and interpretation . The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 put additional responsibilities on the presidency for the preparation of the United States federal budget , although Congress was required to approve it . The act required the Office of Management and Budget to assist the president with the preparation of the budget . Previous presidents had the privilege of impounding funds as they saw fit , however the United States Supreme Court revoked the privilege in 1998 as a violation of the Presentment Clause . The power was available to all presidents and was regarded as a power inherent to the office . The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 was passed in response to large - scale power exercises by President Nixon . The act also created the Congressional Budget Office as a legislative counterpoint to the Office of Management and Budget . The president , as the Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces , may also call into federal service individual state units of the National Guard . In times of war or national emergency , the Congress may grant the president broader powers to manage the national economy and protect the security of the United States , but these powers were not expressly granted by the United States Constitution . During the Vietnam War , in 1973 , Congress expeditiously passed the War Powers Act and severely limited the ability of the President to conduct warfare without Congressional approval . Congress was constitutionally provided the power to declare the war , but if the president needed to send the troops to other countries for emergency reasons , approved statutes required the notification of Congress within forty - eight hours . For any time beyond sixty days , further congressional approval was required . Powers related to legislation ( edit ) The president has several options when presented with a bill from Congress . If the president agrees with the bill , he can sign it into law within ten days of receipt . If the president opposes the bill , he can veto it and return the bill to Congress with a veto message suggesting changes unless the Congress is out of session then the president may rely on a pocket veto . Presidents are required to approve all of a bill or none of it ; selective vetoes have been prohibited . In 1996 , Congress gave President Bill Clinton a line - item veto over parts of a bill that required spending federal funds . The Supreme Court , in Clinton v. New York City , found Clinton 's veto of pork - barrel appropriations for New York City to be unconstitutional because only a constitutional amendment could give the president line - item veto power . When a bill is presented for signature , the president may also issue a signing statement with expressions of their opinion on the constitutionality of a bill 's provisions . The president may even declare them unenforceable but the Supreme Court has yet to address this issue . Congress may override vetoes with a two - thirds vote in both the House and the Senate . The process has traditionally been difficult and relatively rare . The threat of a presidential veto has usually provided sufficient pressure for Congress to modify a bill so the President would be willing to sign it . Much of the legislation dealt with by Congress is drafted at the initiative of the executive branch . The president may personally propose legislation in annual and special messages to Congress including the annual State of the Union address and joint sessions of Congress . If Congress has adjourned without acting on proposals , the president may call a special session of the Congress . Beyond these official powers , the U.S. president , as a leader of his political party and the United States government , holds great sway over public opinion whereby they may influence legislation . To improve the working relationship with Congress , presidents in recent years have set up an Office of Legislative Affairs . Presidential aides have kept abreast of all important legislative activities . Powers of appointment ( edit ) The President of the United States has several different appointment powers . Before taking office , the president - elect must appoint more than 6,000 new federal positions . The appointments range from top officials at U.S. government agencies , to the White House Staff , and members of the United States diplomatic corps . Many , but not all , of these positions at the highest levels are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the United States Senate . The president also nominates persons to fill federal judicial vacancies , including federal judges , such as members of the United States Courts of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court . These nominations require Senate confirmation , and this can provide a major stumbling block for presidents who wish to shape the federal judiciary in a particular ideological stance . As head of the executive branch , the president appoints the top officials for all federal agencies . These positions are listed in the Plum Book which outlines more than seven thousand appointive positions in the government . Many of these appointments are made by the president . In the case of ten agencies , the president is free to appoint a new agency head . For example , it is not unusual for the CIA 's Director or NASA 's Administrator to be changed by the president . Other agencies that deal with federal regulation such as the Federal Reserve Board or the Securities and Exchange Commission have set terms that will often outlast presidential terms . For example , governors of the Federal Reserve serve for fourteen years to ensure agency independence . The president also appoints members to the boards of directors for government - owned corporations such as Amtrak . The president can also make a recess appointment if a position needs to be filled while Congress is not in session . In the past , presidents could appoint members of the United States civil service . This use of the spoils system allowed presidents to reward political supporters with jobs . Following the assassination of President James Garfield by Charles J. Guiteau , a disgruntled office seeker , Congress instituted a merit - based civil service in which positions are filled on a nonpartisan basis . The Office of Personnel Management now oversees the staffing of 2.8 million federal jobs in the federal bureaucracy . The president must also appoint his staff of aides , advisers , and assistants . These individuals are political appointments and are not subject to review by the Senate . All members of the staff serve `` at the pleasure of the President '' . Since 1995 , the president has been required to submit an annual report to Congress listing the name and salary of every employee of the White House Office . The 2011 report listed 454 employees . Executive clemency ( edit ) See also : List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States Article II of the United States Constitution gives the president the power of clemency . The two most commonly used clemency powers are those of pardon and commutation . A pardon is an official forgiveness for an acknowledged crime . Once a pardon is issued , all punishment for the crime is waived . The person accepting the pardon must , however , acknowledge that the crime did take place . The president can only grant pardons for federal offences . The president maintains the Office of the Pardon Attorney in the U.S. Department of Justice to review all requests for pardons . The president can also commute a sentence which , in effect , changes the punishment to time served . While the guilty party may be released from custody or not have to serve out a prison term , all other punishments still apply . Most pardons are issued as oversight of the judicial branch , especially in cases where the Federal Sentencing Guidelines are considered too severe . This power can check the legislative and judicial branches by altering punishment for crimes . Presidents can issue blanket amnesty to forgive entire groups of people . For example , President Jimmy Carter granted amnesty to Vietnam draft dodgers who had fled to Canada . Presidents can also issue temporary suspensions of prosecution or punishment in the form of respites . This power is most commonly used to delay federal sentences of execution . Pardons can be controversial when they appear to be politically motivated . President George W. Bush commuted the sentence of White House staffer Lewis `` Scooter '' Libby . Foreign affairs ( edit ) Under the Constitution , the president is the federal official that is primarily responsible for the relations of the United States with foreign nations . The president appoints ambassadors , ministers , and consuls ( subject to confirmation by the Senate ) and receives foreign ambassadors and other public officials . With the Secretary of State , the president manages all official contacts with foreign governments . On occasion , the president may personally participate in summit conferences where heads of state meet for direct consultation . For example , President Wilson led the American delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 after World War I ; President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Allied leaders during World War II ; and every president sits down with world leaders to discuss economic and political issues and to reach agreements . Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense , the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States . The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments , and negotiate treaties with other nations , which become binding on the United States when approved by two - thirds of the Senate . The president may also negotiate executive agreements with foreign powers that are not subject to Senate confirmation . Emergency powers ( edit ) The Constitution does not expressly grant the president additional powers in times of national emergency . However , many scholars think that the Framers implied these powers because the structural design of the Executive Branch enables it to act faster than the Legislative Branch . Because the Constitution remains silent on the issue , the courts can not grant the Executive Branch these powers when it tries to wield them . The courts will only recognize a right of the Executive Branch to use emergency powers if Congress has granted such powers to the president . A claim of emergency powers was at the center of President Abraham Lincoln 's suspension of habeas corpus without Congressional approval in 1861 . Lincoln claimed that the rebellion created an emergency that permitted him the extraordinary power of unilaterally suspending the writ . With Chief Justice Roger Taney sitting as judge , the Federal District Court of Maryland struck down the suspension in Ex Parte Merryman , although Lincoln ignored the order . President Franklin Delano Roosevelt similarly invoked emergency powers when he issued an order directing that all Japanese Americans residing on the West Coast be placed into internment camps during World War II . The U.S. Supreme Court upheld this order in Korematsu v. United States . Harry Truman declared the use of emergency powers when he nationalized private steel mills that failed to produce steel because of a labor strike in 1952 . With the Korean War ongoing , Truman asserted that he could not wage war successfully if the economy failed to provide him with the material resources necessary to keep the troops well - equipped . The U.S. Supreme Court , however , refused to accept that argument in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , voting 6 - 3 that neither Commander in Chief powers nor any claimed emergency powers gave the president the authority to unilaterally seize private property without Congressional legislation . Executive privilege ( edit ) Executive privilege gives the president the ability to withhold information from the public , Congress , and the courts in national security and diplomatic affairs . George Washington first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay 's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain . While not enshrined in the Constitution , Washington 's action created the precedent for privilege . When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed audio tapes to a special prosecutor in the Watergate scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon that privilege was not absolute . The Court reasoned that the judiciary 's interest in the `` fair administration of criminal justice '' outweighed President Nixon 's interest in keeping the evidence secret . Later President Bill Clinton lost in federal court when he tried to assert privilege in the Lewinsky affair . The Supreme Court affirmed this in Clinton v. Jones , which denied the use of privilege in cases of civil suits . Constraints on presidential power ( edit ) Because of the vast array of presidential roles and responsibilities , coupled with a conspicuous presence on the national and international scene , political analysts have tended to place great emphasis on the president 's powers . Some have even spoken of `` the imperial presidency '' , referring to the expanded role of the office that Franklin D. Roosevelt maintained during his term . President Theodore Roosevelt famously called the presidency a `` bully pulpit '' from which to raise issues nationally , for when a president raises an issue , it inevitably becomes subject to public debate . A president 's power and influence may be limited , but politically the president is certainly the most important power in Washington and , furthermore , is one of the most famous and influential of all Americans . Though constrained by various other laws passed by Congress , the president 's executive branch conducts most foreign policy , and their power to order and direct troops as commander - in - chief is quite significant ( the exact limits of what a president 's military powers without Congressional authorization are open to debate ) . The Separation of Powers devised by the founding fathers was designed to do one primary thing : to prevent the majority from ruling with an iron fist . Based on their experience , the framers shied away from giving any branch of the new government too much power . The separation of powers provides a system of shared power known as `` checks and balances '' . For example , the President appoints judges and departmental secretaries , but these appointments must be approved by the Senate . The president can veto bills , or deny them . If he does that , the bill is sent back to Congress . See also ( edit ) Madisonian Model National Emergencies Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Executive Power '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . 2007 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` United States Constitution '' . United States Senate . September 17 , 1787 . To declare War , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal , and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water Jump up ^ Dewar , Hellen ; Biskupic , Joan ( 1998 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Court Strikes Down Line - Item Veto '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Michael ( 2006 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Bush 's Tactic of Refusing Laws Is Probed '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Powers '' . www.let.rug.nl . University of Groningen . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://nationalparalegal.edu/conlawcrimproc_public/federalism/presidentialpowers.asp Jump up ^ Fairlie , John . `` The Administrative Powers of the President '' . Michigan Law Review . Vol. 2 , No. 3 : pp. 190 -- 210 . JSTOR 1273781 -- via JSTOR . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Annotated Constitution Article II '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , Norm . `` How the Assassination of James A. Garfield Haunts VA Reform '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/winter/senate-nominations.html Serving at the Pleasure of the President : The Nomination Papers of the United States Senate , 1789 -- 1946 Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11183.html Executive Order 11183 -- Establishing the President 's Commission on White House Fellowships Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . 2011 Annual Report to Congress on White House Staff Jump up ^ http://www.justice.gov/pardon/pardon_instructions.htm Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions Concerning Executive Clemency PARDON Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Costly , Andrew . `` Foreign Policy - Constitutional Rights Foundation '' . www.crf-usa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Marc . `` Recognition '' . historycentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty vs. Executive Agreement '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Louis , Fisher ( 2007 ) . Constitutional Conflicts Between Congress and the President . University Press of Kansas . pp. 249 -- 272 . ISBN 0700615342 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , David ( 2001 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Lincoln 's Crackdown '' . Slate . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Konkoly , Toni . `` The Supreme Court . Law , Power & Personality . Famous Dissents . Korematsu v. United States ( 1944 ) PBS '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Jon ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Executive Orders Are Normal ; Trump 's Are Only Appalling Because of What They Say '' . The Intercept . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 343 U.S. 579 ( 1952 ) '' . Justia Law . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` C - SPAN Landmark Cases Youngstown V Sawyer '' . landmarkcases.c-span.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Nixon '' . Oyez . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of the Decision United States v. Nixon '' . landmarkcases.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Immunity From Judicial Direction '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powers_of_the_President_of_the_United_States&oldid=814910988 '' Categories : Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text Articles that may contain original research from January 2017 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 17 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the president's appointment power come from
[ "The Constitution explicitly assigned the president the power to sign or veto legislation, command the armed forces, ask for the written opinion of their Cabinet, convene or adjourn Congress, grant reprieves and pardons, and receive ambassadors. The president may make treaties which need to be ratified by two-thirds of the Senate. The president may also appoint Article III judges and some officers with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate. In the condition of a Senate recess, the president may make a temporary appointment." ]
[ "The Constitution" ]
973563450647068899
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club
Shinnecock Hills golf Club - wikipedia Shinnecock Hills golf Club Shinnecock Hills G.C. Clubhouse at the 2018 U.S. Open Club information Show map of the US Show map of New York Show all Coordinates 40 ° 53 ′ 38 '' N 72 ° 26 ′ 24 '' W  /  40.894 ° N 72.440 ° W  / 40.894 ; - 72.440 Coordinates : 40 ° 53 ′ 38 '' N 72 ° 26 ′ 24 '' W  /  40.894 ° N 72.440 ° W  / 40.894 ; - 72.440 Location Southampton , New York , U.S. Elevation 20 -- 90 feet ( 6 -- 27 m ) Established 1891 ; 127 years ago ( 1891 ) Type Private Equity Total holes 18 Tournaments hosted U.S. Open ( 5 ) , Walker Cup , U.S. Amateur , U.S. Women 's Amateur Designed by William Flynn ( 1931 ) C.B. MacDonald ( 1901 ) Willie Dunn ( 1894 ) Willie Davis ( 1891 ) Par 70 Length 6,940 yards ( 6,346 m ) ( red ) 7,440 yards ( 6,800 m ) ( 2018 U.S. Open ) Course rating 74.4 Slope rating 140 Shinnecock Hills Golf Club U.S. National Register of Historic Places Nearest city Southampton , New York Area 259 acres ( 105 ha ) Built 1892 Architect McKim , Mead & White ; et al . Architectural style Bungalow / American Craftsman NRHP reference # 00001211 Added to NRHP September 29 , 2000 Shinnecock Hills Golf Club is a links - style golf club located in an unincorporated area of the Town of Southampton on Long Island , New York , situated between the Peconic Bay and the Atlantic Ocean . Shinnecock Hills claims to be the oldest formal organized golf club in the United States ( 1891 ) , to have the oldest golf clubhouse in the U.S. ( 1892 ) , and to have been the first to admit women , which it did from the start . Shinnecock Hills is a founding member of the United States Golf Association . It has hosted several important events , notably five U.S. Opens , and is scheduled to host a sixth in 2026 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 . It is routinely ranked as one of the top golf courses in the United States . Contents 1 History 2 Notable events hosted 3 Scorecard 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The club traces its roots to an 1889 -- 1890 trip by William K. Vanderbilt , Edward Meade , and Duncan Cryder , to Biarritz in southern France where they encountered champion golfer Willie Dunn , from Scotland , who was building a golf course at the resort . Back in the United States , Meade and Cryder scouted for a place for a golf course near New York City . Meade , known for his cowboy - ish antics trading commodities , was convinced that upstate New York would be the ideal location , but Cryder preferred a parcel of land in Yonkers . Ultimately , they chose the sandhills adjoining the Long Island Rail Road just east of the Shinnecock Canal . The 80 - acre ( 32 ha ) parcel was purchased for $2,500 and 44 original members signed up for $100 each . Willie Davis , the club professional from the Royal Montreal Club , designed a 12 - hole course that opened in late summer 1891 . Members of Shinnecock Indian Nation helped build the course , which is on land they have laid claim to and which remains in litigation . Stanford White designed the 1892 clubhouse , said to be the oldest golf clubhouse in the United States . A nine - hole ladies - only course was designed and built at Shinnecock Hills in 1893 . In 1894 , Dunn arrived and added six more holes bringing the total to 18 . That same year Dunn won the tournament which was an inaugural attempt to establish a national championship at Newport , Rhode Island , but this victory was not recognized as official . Later in 1894 , Shinnecock Hills was one of five founding clubs of the United States Golf Association , established in New York City . The new USGA held the first U.S. Open in 1895 in Newport , Rhode Island . In 1896 the then -- 5,000 yd ( 4,570 m ) Shinnecock hosted the second U.S. Open . Many players broke 80 in the 36 - hole event , which led to demands to increase the course 's difficulty . Participating in the 1896 Open was black professional player John Shippen , believed by many historians to have been the first USA - born golf professional . The popular ladies ' course was abandoned in 1901 to allow for a lengthening and redesign by Charles B. Macdonald and Seth Raynor , retaining five of Dunn 's original holes . William Flynn extensively redesigned the course in 1931 into a 6,740 - yard ( 6,163 m ) configuration . Flynn 's design retains five of the holes by Macdonald and Raynor , and the green of a sixth hole designed by those two . Prior to the 2004 U.S. Open , the course was extended to a length of 6,996 yards ( 6,397 m ) by the addition of extra tees . Shinnecock Hills was ranked second in Golf Digest 's 100 Greatest Courses Ranking for 2007 , 2008 , and third in 2009 . Its routing was retained , and several new tees were added , in preparation for the 2018 U.S. Open ; the course was extended to 7,440 yards , retaining its par of 70 . The design modifications were performed by Ben Crenshaw and Bill Coore . The club also maintains a nine - hole secondary course . Notable events hosted ( edit ) The Stanford White designed clubhouse , as viewed from the 16th hole . Year Event Winner Total To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) 2018 U.S. Open ( 5 ) Brooks Koepka 281 + 1 1 stroke Tommy Fleetwood 2,160,000 U.S. Open ( 4 ) Retief Goosen 276 − 4 2 strokes Phil Mickelson 1,125,000 1995 U.S. Open ( 3 ) Corey Pavin 280 2 strokes Greg Norman 350,000 1986 U.S. Open ( 2 ) Raymond Floyd 279 − 1 2 strokes Chip Beck Lanny Wadkins 115,000 1977 Walker Cup United States 24 matches 16 to 8 Great Britain & Ireland -- 1900 U.S. Women 's Amateur Frances Griscom match play 6 & 5 Margaret Curtis -- 1896 U.S. Open James Foulis 152 -- 3 strokes Horace Rawlins 150 1896 U.S. Amateur H.J. Whigham match play 8 & 7 Joseph G. Thorp -- A sixth U.S. Open at Shinnecock Hills is scheduled for 2026 Scorecard ( edit ) Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Tee Rating / Slope 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total 2018 U.S. Open 74.7 / 140 399 252 500 475 589 491 189 439 485 3819 415 159 469 374 519 409 616 175 485 3621 7440 Par 5 35 5 35 70 Red 74.4 / 140 391 221 456 409 529 456 184 361 411 3418 412 158 469 372 447 408 542 169 426 3403 6821 Green 72.3 / 134 380 193 422 373 487 415 173 319 373 3135 402 150 427 354 436 357 464 149 374 3113 6248 Blue 70.3 / 129 White 72.5 / 131 366 146 395 303 413 368 133 281 307 2712 337 121 396 325 361 288 406 140 289 2663 5375 Sources : See also ( edit ) National Golf Links of America ( located immediately north of the course across Sebonac Road ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Coure ratings '' . Shinnecock Hills golf Club . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Course Rating and Slope Database TM - Shinnecock Hills Golf Club '' . USGA . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : Grimsley , Will ( June 12 , 1986 ) . `` U.S. Open course was once closed to the pros '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . p . C1 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Alison Cornish ( n.d. ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Registration : Shinnecock Hills Golf Club '' . New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . See also : `` Accompanying seven photos '' . and : `` Additional documentation '' . Jump up ^ ( https://www.golfdigest.com/story/shinnecock-hills-golf-club `` Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Southampton , N.Y. / 7,450 yards , Par 70 / Points : 69.2301 '' ) Golf Digest . January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : World Atlas of Golf : The Greatest Courses and How They Are Played by N. Hamlyn , Herbert Warren Wind , Charles Price , Peter Thomson , Mark Rowlinson - Octopus Publishing Group -- 2006 ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 61375 - 6 Jump up ^ World Atlas of Golf , 1988 edition ^ Jump up to : http://www.golf.com/golf/courses_travel/coursefinder/course/0,28290,1443177,00.html Jump up ^ Golf Digest , U.S. Open preview , June 2018 Jump up ^ `` Course Ratings '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Satellite Images and Photos of Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Golf Club Atlas : Guide to Shinnecock Hills course A True Golfer 's Dream U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places U.S. Open Championship venues Atlanta Athletic Club 1976 Baltimore Country Club 1899 Baltusrol Golf Club 1903 1915 1936 1954 1967 1980 Bellerive Country Club 1965 Bethpage Black Course 2002 2009 Brae Burn Country Club 1919 Canterbury Golf Club 1940 1946 Chambers Bay 2015 Champions Golf Club 1969 Cherry Hills Country Club 1938 1960 1978 Chicago Golf Club 1897 1900 1911 Colonial Country Club 1941 Columbia Country Club 1921 Congressional Country Club 1964 2011 Country Club of Buffalo 1912 Englewood Golf Club 1909 Erin Hills 2017 Fresh Meadow Country Club 1932 Garden City Golf Club 1902 Glen View Club 1904 Hazeltine National Golf Club 1970 1991 Interlachen Country Club 1930 Inverness Club 1920 1931 1957 1979 Inwood Country Club 1923 Los Angeles Country Club 2023 Medinah Country Club 1949 Merion Golf Club 1934 1950 1971 1981 2013 Midlothian Country Club 1914 Myopia Hunt Club 1898 1901 1905 1908 Newport Country Club 1895 North Shore Country Club 1933 Northwood Club 1952 Oak Hill Country Club 1956 1968 Oakland Hills Country Club 1924 1937 1951 1961 1985 Oakmont Country Club 1927 1935 1953 1962 1973 2007 2016 2025 Olympia Fields Country Club 1928 2003 Olympic Club 1955 1966 1998 2012 Onwentsia Club 1906 Pebble Beach Golf Links 1972 1982 2000 2019 Philadelphia Country Club 1939 Philadelphia Cricket Club 1907 1910 Pinehurst Resort 1999 2005 2014 2024 Riviera Country Club 1948 Scioto Country Club 1926 Shinnecock Hills Golf Club 1896 1986 1995 2018 2026 Skokie Country Club 1922 Southern Hills Country Club 1958 1977 St. Louis Country Club 1947 The Country Club 1913 1963 2022 The Minikahda Club 1916 Torrey Pines Golf Course 2008 2021 Winged Foot Golf Club 1929 1959 1984 2006 2020 Worcester Country Club 1925 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinnecock_Hills_Golf_Club&oldid=848904517 '' Categories : Southampton ( town ) , New York Golf clubs and courses in New York ( state ) Sports venues in Long Island Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Walker Cup venues Sports venues in Suffolk County , New York National Register of Historic Places in Suffolk County , New York Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) 1891 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 04 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is shinnecock hills golf club in new york
[ "Shinnecock Hills Golf Club is a links-style golf club located in an unincorporated area of the Town of Southampton on Long Island, New York, situated between the Peconic Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.[4]\n" ]
[ "in an unincorporated area of the Town of Southampton on Long Island, New York, situated between the Peconic Bay and the Atlantic Ocean" ]
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Tim McGraw
Tim McGraw - wikipedia Tim McGraw This article is about the country music singer . For the Taylor Swift song , see Tim McGraw ( song ) . Tim McGraw McGraw in 2015 Samuel Timothy McGraw ( 1967 - 05 - 01 ) May 1 , 1967 ( age 51 ) Delhi , Louisiana , U.S. Occupation Singer actor Political party Democratic Spouse ( s ) Faith Hill ( m . 1996 ) Children Musical career Genres Country Instruments Vocals guitar Years active 1990 -- present Labels Curb Big Machine Arista Nashville Associated acts Faith Hill The Dancehall Doctors Byron Gallimore Taylor Swift Website timmcgraw.com Samuel Timothy `` Tim '' McGraw ( born May 1 , 1967 ) is an American country singer and actor . McGraw began singing in a neotraditional country style , but starting with 1997 's Everywhere , he developed a more crossover - friendly , country pop sound , making him one of the first male Country singers of his generation to crossover to Pop . McGraw has released fifteen studio albums ( eleven for Curb Records , three for Big Machine Records and one for Arista Nashville ) . 10 of those albums have reached number 1 on the Top Country Albums charts , with his 1994 breakthrough album Not a Moment Too Soon being the top country album of 1994 . All of these albums have produced 65 singles , 25 of which have reached number 1 on the Hot Country Songs or Country Airplay charts . Three of these singles -- `` It 's Your Love '' , `` Just to See You Smile '' , and `` Live Like You Were Dying '' -- were the top country songs of 1997 , 1998 , and 2004 according to Billboard Year - End . He has also won three Grammy Awards , 14 Academy of Country Music awards , 11 Country Music Association ( CMA ) awards , 10 American Music Awards , and three People 's Choice Awards . His Soul2Soul II Tour with Faith Hill is one of the highest grossing tours in country music history , and one of the top 5 among all genres of music . He has sold more than 75 million records worldwide , making him one of the best - selling music artists of all time . McGraw has ventured into acting , with supporting roles in The Blind Side ( with Sandra Bullock ) , Friday Night Lights , The Kingdom , Tomorrowland , and Four Christmases ( with Vince Vaughn and Reese Witherspoon ) , and The Shack , and lead roles in Flicka ( 2006 ) and Country Strong ( 2010 ) . He was a minority owner of the Arena Football League 's Nashville Kats . In acknowledgement of his grandfather 's Italian heritage , McGraw was honored by the National Italian American Foundation ( NIAF ) in 2004 , receiving the NIAF Special Achievement Award in Music during the Foundation 's 29th Anniversary Gala . He has been married to singer Faith Hill since 1996 , and is a son of baseball player Tug McGraw . Contents 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 1990s 2.1. 1 Tim McGraw 2.1. 2 Not a Moment Too Soon 2.1. 3 All I Want 2.1. 4 Everywhere 2.1. 5 A Place in the Sun 2.2 2000s 2.2. 1 Greatest Hits 2.2. 2 Set This Circus Down 2.2. 3 Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors 2.2. 4 Live Like You Were Dying 2.2. 5 Let It Go 2.2. 6 Southern Voice 2.3 2010s 2.3. 1 Emotional Traffic and Curb Records lawsuit 2.3. 2 Two Lanes of Freedom 2.3. 3 Love Story and Sundown Heaven Town 2.3. 4 Damn Country Music 2.3. 5 The Rest of Our Life 3 Producer 4 Acting career 5 Charitable efforts 6 Politics 7 Personal life 8 Discography 8.1 Studio albums 9 Tours 10 Filmography 10.1 Film 10.2 Television 11 Awards 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early Life ( edit ) Samuel Timothy McGraw was born in Delhi , Louisiana , the only child of Elizabeth `` Betty '' Ann D'Agostino , a waitress from Jacksonville , Florida , and Frank Edwin `` Tug '' McGraw Jr. , a pitcher for the minor league Jacksonville Suns and future star pitcher for the New York Mets and the Philadelphia Phillies . McGraw is of Italian and Irish descent on his mother 's side , and of Scots - Irish , English , Scottish , Swiss , Dutch , Czech , and German descent on his father 's side . In 1966 , McGraw 's mother lived in the same apartment building as his father , who was playing baseball for Jacksonville , while D'Agostino was a student at Terry Parker High School . When McGraw 's teenage mother became pregnant , his grandparents sent D'Agostino to Louisiana to live with relatives . Through his father , McGraw has two half - brothers , Mark and Matthew , and a half - sister named Cari . Start , Louisiana , welcome sign notes that McGraw once resided there . Raised in the Louisiana towns of Start and Richland Parish , McGraw grew up believing his stepfather , Horace Smith , was his father and until he met his biological father , McGraw 's last name was Smith . At age 11 , McGraw discovered his birth certificate while searching in his mother 's closet to look for a picture for a school project . Following the discovery , McGraw learned from his mother who his biological father was and she took him to meet the elder McGraw for the first time . Tug McGraw denied the parentage for seven years until McGraw was 18 years old . After that time , the two formed a relationship and remained close until the former baseball star 's death in 2004 . As a child , McGraw played competitive sports , including baseball , even before the knowledge of who his father was and his professional baseball career . McGraw was also a member of the FFA in high school . Following high school graduation , he attended Northeast Louisiana University on a baseball scholarship and pledged as a member of Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity . A knee injury sustained while playing baseball for the college prevented him from pursuing a professional career in sports . During college , McGraw learned to play guitar , and would frequently perform and sing for money . He has claimed his roommates often hid the guitar because he was so bad . McGraw followed his mother when she returned to Jacksonville , Florida in 1987 . After the move , he attended Florida Community College at Jacksonville for one term , and occasionally sat in with local bands . In 1989 , on the day his hero Keith Whitley died , McGraw dropped out of college to head to Nashville and pursue a musical career . Music career ( edit ) 1990s ( edit ) Tim McGraw ( edit ) Tim McGraw 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame McGraw came to the attention of Curb Records in 1990 . After cutting a demo single , McGraw gave a copy to his father . A man who was friends with Curb Records executives heard the demo while driving with Tug one day and recommended that Curb contact the young singer . Several weeks later , he was able to play his tape for Curb executives , after which they signed him to a recording contract . McGraw 's first single , `` What Room Was the Holiday In '' , was released on March 29 , 1991 , and did not enter the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart upon its release . In a 2001 retrospective on McGraw 's career in Billboard , a former program director for Nashville station WSM - FM said that he added the song to the station 's playlist because it showed `` undeniable promise '' , while another former program director at WXTU in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania recalled that McGraw 's debut single was `` terrible '' but that he booked the singer to make an appearance at the station due to his father 's fame . Three more singles were released from Tim McGraw : `` Welcome to the Club '' , `` Memory Lane '' , and `` Two Steppin ' Mind '' . None made country Top 40 and the album itself did not chart . Both `` Memory Lane '' and `` Tears in the Rain '' , another cut from the album , were co-written by Joe Diffie . `` Memory Lane '' had originally appeared on Keith Palmer 's self - titled 1991 debut album . Not a Moment Too Soon ( edit ) McGraw 's second album , entitled Not a Moment Too Soon , was much more successful than his self - titled debut , and it was the best - selling country album of 1994 . Its first single , `` Indian Outlaw '' , resulted in some considerable controversy , as critics argued that it presented Native Americans in a patronizing way . Some radio stations even chose not to play it . However , the controversy helped spur sales , and the song became McGraw 's first Top 10 hit on the U.S. country charts after getting as high as number 8 . The song also peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The album 's second single , `` Do n't Take the Girl '' , became McGraw 's first number one on the U.S. country charts , in addition to peaking at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song also `` helped cement his image as a ruggedly good - looking guy with a sensitive side . '' By year 's end , the third single from the album , `` Down on the Farm '' peaked at number 2 ; after that , the album 's fourth single , also its title track , became the singer 's second number one hit in early - 1995 . The fifth and final single `` Refried Dreams '' reached number 5 . The album sold over 6 million copies , topping the Billboard 200 and Top Country Album charts . On the strength of this success , McGraw won Academy of Country Music awards for Album of the Year and Top New Male Vocalist in 1994 . Billboard named Not a Moment Too Soon as the top country album of 1994 on Billboard Year - End . All I Want ( edit ) McGraw 's third studio album , All I Want , was released in 1995 . Just like its predecessor , this album also debuted at No. 1 on the country charts . The album even sold over 2 million copies in the United States and reached the Top 5 on the Billboard 200 . The album 's first single , `` I Like It , I Love It '' , became McGraw 's third number one on the American country charts and it also peaked at number 25 to the Billboard Hot 100 . The album 's next two singles , `` Ca n't Be Really Gone '' and `` All I Want Is a Life '' ( its partial title - track ) both made the top 5 at numbers 2 and 5 , respectively . The fourth single , `` She Never Lets It Go to Her Heart '' , gave McGraw his fourth number one on the U.S. country charts in 1996 . Finishing off the singles was `` Maybe We Should Just Sleep on It '' , which peaked at number 4 . In 1996 , McGraw headlined the most successful country tour of the year , The Spontaneous Combustion Tour , with Faith Hill as his supporting act . Hill broke off her engagement to her former producer Scott Hendricks so that she and McGraw could start dating each other ; they then married on October 6 , 1996 . The couple have since had three daughters : Gracie Katherine ( born May 1997 ) , Maggie Elizabeth ( born August 1998 ) , and Audrey Caroline ( born December 2001 ) . Gracie appears on `` Here Tonight '' , the first track on McGraw 's 2015 album Damn Country Music . Everywhere ( edit ) The singer 's fourth album , 1997 's Everywhere was released in 1997 . It topped the country charts as well , and reached No. 2 on the Billboard 200 , selling 4 million copies . The album spawned six singles . Four of those singles - `` It 's Your Love '' ( a duet with Faith Hill , the title track , `` Where the Green Grass Grows '' , and `` Just to See You Smile '' - reached number one on the country charts . The Country Music Association awarded Everywhere its Album of the Year award for 1997 . At the 40th Grammy Awards , `` It 's Your Love '' received two Grammy Award nominations for Best Country Collaboration With Vocals and Best Country Song . Both `` It 's Your Love '' and `` Just to See You Smile '' were the number one country songs of 1997 and 1998 according to Billboard Year - End charts ; `` Just to See You Smile '' also set a record for the longest run on the country charts at the time , at 42 weeks . The album 's other two singles , `` One of These Days '' and `` For a Little While '' both peaked at number 2 . A Place in the Sun ( edit ) McGraw 's fifth album , A Place in the Sun , continued his streak in 1999 , debuting atop both the US country and pop album charts and selling 3 million copies . Over 251,000 of those copies were sold during its first week , making this the singer 's first number 1 opener on the Billboard 200 . It produced another four number one hits on the U.S. country charts with `` Please Remember Me '' , `` Something Like That '' , `` My Best Friend '' , and `` My Next Thirty Years '' . `` Some Things Never Change '' peaked at number 7 on the charts . McGraw also contributed a song for the Grammy - winning tribute album to Bob Wills entitled Ride With Bob . A cover of `` Milk Cow Blues '' , this song was recorded as a duet with Asleep at the Wheel , whom he had met while performing together at the George Strait Country Music Festival . McGraw recorded two more duets with his wife in the late - 1990s , both of which appeared on her albums . `` Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me '' , from her multi-platinum - certified 1998 album Faith , reached the Top 5 of the US country charts . Her follow - up album , 1999 's Breathe , featured `` Let 's Make Love '' , which won a Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Collaboration in 2000 . 2000s ( edit ) McGraw performing for the United States Air Force in 2003 Greatest Hits ( edit ) In 2000 , McGraw released his first Greatest Hits album , which topped the country albums charts for nine weeks and sold nearly 6 million copies , making this one of the biggest - selling albums in the modern country market . In the latter half of the year , he and Hill went out on the Soul2Soul Tour , playing to sellout crowds in 64 venues , including Madison Square Garden . The tour was one of the top tours of any genre in the U.S. It was also the leading country tour of 2000 . While in Buffalo , New York , McGraw and Kenny Chesney became involved in a scuffle with police officers after Chesney attempted to ride a police horse . McGraw came to Chesney 's aid after police officers nearby believed the horse was being stolen and tried to arrest him . The two were arrested and charged with assault , but were later cleared . During a concert with the George Strait Country Music Festival several weeks later , Hill , dressed as a police officer , made an unscheduled appearance at the end of McGraw 's set and led him off the stage . Set this Circus Down ( edit ) McGraw 's sixth studio album , Set This Circus Down , was released in April 2001 . It even spawned four number one hits on the country charts as well , this time with `` Grown Men Do n't Cry '' , `` Angry All the Time '' ( with Faith Hill ) , `` The Cowboy in Me '' , and `` Unbroken '' . The singer provided harmony vocals for Jo Dee Messina 's song `` Bring On the Rain '' , which he also produced . That song topped the country charts . Hungry for more of his music , fans downloaded a version of his performance of the song `` Things Change '' from his appearance at the Country Music Association Awards Show . The song was played extensively on radio , becoming the first country song to appear on the charts from a fully downloaded version . Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors ( edit ) In 2002 , McGraw bucked country music traditions by recording his seventh studio album Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors with his tour band The Dancehall Doctors . Unlike rock music -- where it is commonplace for touring bands to provide the music on albums recorded by the artist they support , country albums are typically recorded with session musicians . McGraw chose to use his own touring band , in order to recognize their part in his success , and to capture some of the feel of a real band . All of the Dancehall Doctors have worked with McGraw since at least 1996 . Their lineup includes : Darran Smith -- lead guitar , acoustic guitar Bob Minner -- rhythm guitar , acoustic guitar , banjo , mandolin Denny Hemingson -- steel guitar , electric , baritone , and slide guitars , dobro John Marcus -- bass guitar Dean Brown -- fiddle , mandolin Jeff McMahon -- piano , organ , synthesizer , keyboards Billy Mason -- drums David Dunkley -- percussion The album debuted at No. 2 on the country albums charts , Its fourth and fifth singles `` Real Good Man '' and `` Watch the Wind Blow By '' both climbed to number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart . `` She 's My Kind of Rain '' peaked at No. 2 in 2003 , and `` Red Rag Top '' reached number 5 . The album also features a cover of Elton John 's early - 1970s classic `` Tiny Dancer '' , as well as duets with Kim Carnes on `` Comfort Me '' ( a response to the September 11 , 2001 attacks ) and Don Henley and Timothy B. Schmit of the Eagles on `` Illegal '' . `` She 's My Kind of Rain '' also received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Country Vocal Performance - Male at the 46th Grammy Awards . Live Like You were Dying ( edit ) His eighth album , 2004 's Live Like You Were Dying , continued the singer 's record of commercial success . The album 's first single and its title track was dedicated to his father Tug McGraw , who died of a brain tumor earlier in the year , was an ode to living life fully and in the moment . The second single `` Back When '' was a paean to an easy nostalgia . `` Live Like You Were Dying '' spent seven non-consecutive weeks at No. 1 on Billboard and went on to become the top country song of 2004 on the Billboard Year - End charts . It also became one of the most awarded records by winning ACM Single and Song of the Year , CMA Single and Song of the Year , and a Grammy . `` Back When '' went to number one on the country charts as well . The album produced three more singles with `` Drugs or Jesus '' , `` Do You Want Fries with That '' , and `` My Old Friend '' . `` Drugs or Jesus '' became McGraw 's first single since 1993 to not ever reach within the Top 10 on the U.S. country charts , while `` Do You Want Fries with That '' and `` My Old Friend '' peaked at numbers 5 and 6 , respectively . In late 2004 , his unlikely duet with hip hop artist Nelly on `` Over and Over became a crossover hit , spending 10 weeks atop the top 40 chart . `` Over and Over '' brought McGraw a success he had never previously experienced on contemporary hit radio or R&B radio , and brought both artists success neither had previously experienced in the hot adult contemporary market . The song also spent a week at the top of the charts in the United Kingdom , becoming McGraw 's first hit single in Britain and Nelly 's third number one hit in the country after `` Dilemma '' and `` My Place '' . `` Over and Over '' also reached the top of the charts in Australia , New Zealand and the Republic of Ireland , and the top 10 in Austria , Canada , Denmark , Germany , Romania and Switzerland . Throughout the 2005 NFL season , McGraw sang an alternate version of `` I Like It , I Love It '' every week during the season . The alternate lyrics , which changed each week , would make reference to plays during Sunday 's games , and the song would be played alongside video highlights during halftime on Monday Night Football . Later in the year , McGraw became a minority owner of the Arena Football League 's Nashville Kats when majority owner Bud Adams ( owner of the NFL 's Tennessee Titans ) was awarded the expansion franchise . Let It Go ( edit ) McGraw performing during the Soul2Soul Tour , July 2006 photo by T. Scott / Sisters Photography In April 2006 , McGraw and Hill began their 73 - concert 55 - city Soul2Soul II Tour , again to strong commercial acceptance . The tour grossed roughly $89 million and sold approximately 1.1 million tickets , making it the top grossing tour in the history of country music . It was also named `` Major Tour of the Year '' by the prestigious Pollstar Magazine , beating out such heavyweights as Madonna and the Rolling Stones . In a special gesture , the couple donated all of the profits from their performance in New Orleans to Hurricane Katrina relief . McGraw , along with Kenny Chesney , contributed to a version of Tracy Lawrence 's song `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' , which can be found on Lawrence 's album For the Love . Although the official single version features only Lawrence 's vocals , many stations have opted to play the version with McGraw and Chesney instead . McGraw released his eleventh studio album , Let It Go , on March 27 , 2007 . The album 's first single , `` Last Dollar ( Fly Away ) '' , peaked at number one on the Hot Country Songs chart . This marked McGraw 's first No. 1 single since `` Back When '' in late - 2004 . The album debuted at No. 1 on both the Billboard 200 and Top Country Album charts , marking his fourth No. 1 album on the 200 charts and his ninth overall . His daughters can be heard singing the chorus during the last few seconds of the song on the video . During the Academy of Country Music awards show on May 21 , 2007 , McGraw performed a song titled `` If You 're Reading This '' , which he co-wrote with The Warren Brothers . Several radio stations began to play the live recording of the song ; as a result , it entered the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart at No. 35 . McGraw also produced the debut album of country music duo Halfway to Hazard . The duo 's first single , `` Daisy '' , peaked at No. 39 on the country charts in the summer of 2007 . In the summer of 2007 , McGraw and Hill toured together once again in the Soul2Soul 2007 tour . In the January 18 , 2008 edition of the USA Today newspaper , McGraw was stated to be featured on the Def Leppard album Songs from the Sparkle Lounge , having also co-written the first single , `` Nine Lives '' , with Def Leppard band members Joe Elliott , Phil Collen , and Rick Savage . The unusual pairing goes back to 2006 when McGraw joined Def Leppard onstage for the song `` Pour Some Sugar On Me '' , and then collaborated on the song `` Nine Lives '' afterward . The album was released on April 25 , 2008 . At the 2007 50th Annual Grammy Awards , McGraw received 5 nominations including Best Country Album ( for Let It Go , Best Country Song ( both for `` If You 're Reading This '' and `` I Need You '' ) , Best Country Collaboration with Vocals ( with `` I Need You '' ) , and Best Male Country Vocal Performance ( with `` If You 're Reading This '' ) . In May 2008 , he hit the road with the Live Your Voice tour . The mainly - outdoor arena concert tour was his first solo outing in nearly three years . Also in May 2008 , he debuted a new song off of his follow - up to Let It Go at the Stagecoach Music Festival in Indio , California . In July 2008 , the album 's sixth single and its title track , `` Let It Go '' , was released to country radio . Following that , a seventh single , `` Nothin ' to Die For '' , entered the Country charts at No. 57 in late December . McGraw released his third greatest - hits package , Greatest Hits 3 on October 7 , 2008 . The album features 12 tracks . McGraw was set to debut a new song on the 2009 ACM Awards , but then cancelled his performance ; he was replaced by Blake Shelton , who sang `` She Would n't Be Gone '' . Southern Voice ( edit ) Tim McGraw with Faith Hill at the 2009 American Music Awards McGraw 's twelfth studio album , Southern Voice , was released October 20 , 2009 , and led by the single `` It 's A Business Doing Pleasure With You '' , which was shipped to radio outlets in late June 2009 . Southern Voice was argued to be McGraw 's last album for Curb Records , following the dispute over releasing his third Greatest Hits collection back in October 2008 without his permission . McGraw did not approve of the release . On November 30 , 2010 , Curb Records released his fourth greatest hits compilation , Number One Hits . 2010s ( edit ) Emotional Traffic and Curb Records lawsuit ( edit ) On January 2 , 2011 , McGraw announced plans for his Emotional Traffic Tour featuring opening acts Luke Bryan and The Band Perry . Sirius XM announced on March 30 , 2011 that they would be launching Tim McGraw radio , a commercial - free music channel devoted to McGraw 's music , and featuring an in depth interview with McGraw as well . As of fall 2010 , McGraw had finished work on the album Emotional Traffic , his last album with Curb Records . On May 13 , 2011 , Curb Records filed a breach - of - contract suit against McGraw . The label alleged that McGraw recorded tracks for his Emotional Traffic album too early prior to its delivery to the label . Several days later , McGraw filed a counter suit against the label seeking advance payment and recording - fund reimbursement , unspecified damages , and a jury trial . A trial was scheduled to begin in July 2012 . In November 2011 , a judge granted McGraw permission to record music for another label , ending his relationship with Curb Records that began in 1990 . A few hours after the ruling , Curb released `` Better Than I Used to Be '' , the second single from Emotional Traffic . The album was released on January 24 , 2012 . Two Lanes of Freedom ( edit ) In December 2011 , McGraw released his first Christmas single , `` Christmas All Over the World '' , on his own label StyleSonic Records . On May 21 , 2012 , however , he signed with Big Machine Records . McGraw 's debut album for Big Machine , entitled Two Lanes of Freedom , was released on February 5 , 2013 . It debuted at number 2 on the charts by selling 108,000 copies . The album includes the singles `` Truck Yeah '' , `` One of Those Nights '' , `` Highway Do n't Care '' ( a duet with Taylor Swift which also features Keith Urban on lead guitar ) , and `` Southern Girl '' . McGraw performed at the C2C : Country to Country festival in London on March 16 , 2013 . Love Story and Sundown Heaven Town ( edit ) McGraw released a single titled `` Lookin ' for That Girl '' in January 2014 as the lead - off single to his second album for Big Machine . It was followed immediately by the announcement of the Sundown Heaven Town Tour . The album , titled Sundown Heaven Town , was released on September 16 , 2014 . Four months into its run , `` Lookin ' for That Girl '' was withdrawn as a single and replaced with `` Meanwhile Back at Mama 's '' , which features backing vocals from Hill . `` Shotgun Rider '' became the album 's third single and a number 1 Country Airplay hit by the end of 2014 . Following it was `` Diamond Rings and Old Barstools '' , a duet with Catherine Dunn . McGraw 's eighth greatest hits album , Love Story , is a compilation of his twelve biggest love songs and two previously unreleased recordings . It was released exclusively through Walmart on February 4 , 2014 , by Curb Records . Damn Country Music ( edit ) On August 10 , 2015 , McGraw released a new single to digital retailers , titled `` Top of the World '' , which was later released to radio on August 17 , 2015 as the lead single to his third studio album for Big Machine Records . On September 17 , McGraw announced that the album was titled Damn Country Music , with a release date scheduled for November 6 . The album 's second single , `` Humble and Kind '' , released to country radio on February 1 , 2016 and went on to reach number 1 on the Billboard Hot Country charts . McGraw was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on `` Forever Country '' , a mash - up track of Take Me Home , Country Roads , On the Road Again and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards . The album 's third single , `` How I 'll Always Be '' released to country radio on July 11 , 2016 . It reached at number 3 on the Country Airplay in February 2017 . The Rest of our Life ( edit ) On October 4 , 2016 , during a show at the Ryman Auditorium , McGraw and Hill announced that they would be going back on the road together again on the Soul2Soul World Tour . The tour began on April 7 , 2017 , in New Orleans and will continue into 2018 , incorporating the C2C : Country to Country festival held in the UK throughout March 2018 . Prior to the commencement of the tour it was reported that McGraw , alongside Hill , had signed a new deal with Sony Music Nashville . The signing also indicated the release of a duet album between the couple , and that multiple solo recordings would be produced . The new record label signing also preceded the release of `` Speak to a Girl '' , the lead single from the duet album , The Rest of Our Life , which was released on November 17 , 2017 . The release of the album coincided with the opening of an exhibit at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum titled Mississippi Woman , Louisiana Man , which celebrates the careers of both McGraw and Hill . Producer ( edit ) McGraw has occasionally served as a record producer in collaboration with Byron Gallimore , who has co-produced all of his albums . The two co-produced Jo Dee Messina 's self - titled debut , as well as her next two albums , I 'm Alright and Burn . McGraw and Gallimore also produced the only album released by The Clark Family Experience in 2000 , and Halfway to Hazard 's 2007 self - titled debut album . Acting career ( edit ) McGraw 's first acting appearance came in a 1997 episode of The Jeff Foxworthy Show , where he played Foxworthy 's rival . In 2004 , McGraw played a sheriff in Rick Schroder 's independent release Black Cloud . Later in the same year , McGraw received critical acclaim as the overbearing father of a running back in the major studio Texas high school football drama Friday Night Lights . The Dallas Observer said the role was `` played with unexpected ferocity by country singer Tim McGraw '' . The movie went on to gross over $60 million worldwide at the box office , and sold millions in the DVD market . Most recently , it was named one of the Top 50 High School Movies of All Time ( No. 37 ) by Entertainment Weekly . McGraw 's first lead role was in the 2006 film Flicka , which was released in theaters October 20 , 2006 . In the remake of the classic book My Friend Flicka , McGraw played the father , Rob , costarring with Alison Lohman and Maria Bello . The family - friendly movie debuted in the top 10 list and has grossed over $25 million at the box office . McGraw again achieved critical acclaim for his acting . Shortly before Flicka opened , McGraw received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . His star is located at 6901 Hollywood Boulevard near stars honoring Julie Andrews , William Shatner , and the late Greta Garbo . One of his Flicka co-stars , Alison Lohman , attended the ceremony that included comments from Billy Bob Thornton , McGraw 's co-star in the film Friday Night Lights . In addition to acting in Flicka , McGraw served as executive producer of the soundtrack album , which was released by his record label , StyleSonic Records , in association with Curb Records and Fox 2000 films . It featured the closing credit song `` My Little Girl '' , one of the first two songs that McGraw recorded that he also co-wrote ( the other being `` I 've Got Friends That Do '' , both of which were included on Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ) . The song was nominated by the Broadcast Film Critics for `` Best Song '' in a film , and the movie was nominated in the category `` Best Family Film ( Live Action ) '' . The movie proved to be another success in the DVD market , and has sold over a million copies , debuting at No. 3 on the DVD sales chart . McGraw also had a small part in the Michael Mann -- produced 2007 film The Kingdom , reuniting him with Friday Night Lights director Peter Berg . McGraw played a bitter , angered widower whose wife was killed in the terrorist attack that is the centerpiece of the movie . On November 22 , 2008 , McGraw made his first appearance on Saturday Night Live . He also played `` Dallas McVie '' in Four Christmases . McGraw appeared in the 2009 film The Blind Side as Sean Tuohy , husband of Sandra Bullock 's character , Leigh Anne Tuohy . The Blind Side is based on the true story of Michael Oher , a homeless African - American youngster from a broken home , taken in and adopted by the Tuohys , a well - to - do white family who help him fulfill his potential . For her performance Bullock won the Oscar for Best Actress in a Leading Role . He is among the stars of Dirty Girl , a film that premiered on September 12 , 2010 , at the Toronto Film Festival , along with Juno Temple , Milla Jovovich , William H. Macy and Dwight Yoakam . Also in 2010 , McGraw starred in Country Strong as James Canter , the husband and manager of the fictional country singer Kelly Canter ( portrayed by Gwyneth Paltrow ) . In addition to his appearance in the film , McGraw 's song `` Me and Tennessee '' , a duet with Paltrow , was played during the closing credits . In 2015 , McGraw appeared in Tomorrowland as Eddie Newton , Casey 's father ( Casey Newton - a main character played by Britt Robertson ) and NASA engineer Charitable efforts ( edit ) In 1994 , when McGraw first reached fame , he established the annual Swampstock event . It began as a charity softball game to raise money for hometown little league programs ; the event now includes a celebrity softball game and a multi-artist concert that attracts over 11,000 fans per year . The combined events have funded new Little League parks and equipment , and have established college scholarship funds for students in the northeast Louisiana area . From 1996 to 1999 , McGraw hosted an annual New Year 's Eve concert in Nashville with special guests including Jeff Foxworthy , the Dixie Chicks , and Martina McBride . The 1997 show raised over $100,000 for the Country Music Foundation Hall of Fame and Museum . Beginning in 1999 , McGraw would pick select cities on each tour , and the night before he was scheduled to perform , would choose a local club and host a quickly - organized show . This tour - within - a-tour became known as `` The Bread and Water Tour '' , and all proceeds from the show would go to a charity from that community . McGraw designed a charity T - shirt sold through Angelwear to benefit MusiCares . MusiCares supports musicians in times of need . His charity focus particularly on health issues . The Tim McGraw Foundation raises funds to enhance the quality of life of children and adults with brain tumors . He supports the Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center , the David Foster Foundation , which helps families of children in need of organ transplants , and Musicians on Call , which brings music to hospital patients ' bedsides . He also performs during dinners and auctions to benefit children with disabilities . Hill and McGraw gave the Navy - Marine Corps Relief Society $375,000 ( the entire gate receipts from one of their concerts ) to assist the families of 17 sailors following the terrorist attack on USS Cole , the guided missile destroyer that suffered significant damage in the Gulf of Aden , Yemen on October 12 , 2000 . In the days immediately following Hurricane Katrina , McGraw and his wife , who was raised in Mississippi , joined groups taking supplies to Gulfport , Mississippi . The two also hosted several charity concerts to benefit those who were displaced by the storm . Later in the year , the couple established the Neighbor 's Keeper Foundation , which provides funding for community charities to assist with basic humanitarian services , in the event of a natural disaster , or for desperate personal circumstances . McGraw is also a member of the American Red Cross National Celebrity Cabinet , to which various celebrities donate their time , skills , and fame , to help the Red Cross highlight important initiatives and response efforts . McGraw has helped out with charity events held by Minnesota Vikings quarterback Brett Favre . The Brett Favre Fourward Foundation has featured McGraw ( and at other times Faith Hill ) performing concerts during dinners and auctions that benefit children with disabilities in Wisconsin and Mississippi . One instance is recorded on Favre 's official website . On July 12 , 2007 , it was made public that McGraw and his wife Faith Hill , while in Grand Rapids , Michigan for a performance , donated $5,000 to Kailey Kozminski , 3 - year - old daughter of Officer Robert Kozminski , a Grand Rapids police officer who was killed on July 8 , 2007 , while responding to a domestic disturbance . In June 2010 , McGraw and his wife Faith Hill organized Nashville Rising , a benefit concert aimed to raise $2 million for The Community Foundation of Middle Tennessee in response to the flood in early May that killed 22 people and caused $2 billion in damage . Politics ( edit ) Tim McGraw poses for a sailor at Ponte Vedra Beach , Florida on May 5 , 2010 , before performing at the Tournament Players Club at Sawgrass military appreciation day . in a 2006 interview with Esquire magazine , McGraw , a Democrat , stated he would like to run for public office , possibly for United States Senate or Governor of Tennessee , his home state . In the same interview , he praised former President Bill Clinton . In a 2008 interview with People magazine , McGraw referred to himself as a `` Blue Dog Democrat '' and stated his and his family 's support for Barack Obama . Personal Life ( edit ) McGraw is married to singer Faith Hill . Together , they have three daughters : Gracie Katherine ( b . 1997 ) , Maggie Elizabeth ( b . 1998 ) , and Audrey Caroline ( b . 2001 ) . McGraw holds a private pilot license and owns a single - engine Cirrus SR22 . In 2015 , Forbes estimated McGraw 's annual income at $38 million . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Tim McGraw discography Studio albums ( edit ) Tim McGraw ( 1993 ) Not a Moment Too Soon ( 1994 ) All I Want ( 1995 ) Everywhere ( 1997 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1999 ) Set This Circus Down ( 2001 ) Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors ( 2002 ) Live Like You Were Dying ( 2004 ) Let It Go ( 2007 ) Southern Voice ( 2009 ) Emotional Traffic ( 2012 ) Two Lanes of Freedom ( 2013 ) Sundown Heaven Town ( 2014 ) Damn Country Music ( 2015 ) The Rest of Our Life ( with Faith Hill ) ( 2017 ) Tours ( edit ) Headlining The Spontaneous Combustion Tour ( 1996 ) Everywhere Tour ( 1997 ) The Bread and Water Tour ( 1999 ) Set This Circus Down Tour ( 2001 ) Live Like You Were Dying Tour ( 2004 ) Live Your Voice Tour ( 2008 ) Southern Voice Tour ( 2010 ) Two Lanes of Freedom Tour ( 2013 ) Sundown Heaven Town Tour ( 2014 ) Shotgun Rider Tour ( 2015 ) Co-headlining Soul2Soul Tour ( 2000 ) ( with Faith Hill ) Soul2Soul II Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) ( with Faith Hill ) Tim McGraw & Faith Hill Australia 2012 Tour ( 2012 ) Brothers of the Sun Tour ( 2012 ) ( with Kenny Chesney ) Soul2Soul World Tour ( with Faith Hill ) Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes Black Cloud Sheriff Cliff Powers Friday Night Lights Charles Billingsley Nominated -- MTV Movie Award -- Best Male Breakthrough Performance 2006 Flicka Rob McLaughlin Nominated -- Critics Choice Award for Best Song : `` My Little Girl '' 2007 The Kingdom Aaron Jackson 2008 Four Christmases Dallas McVie 2009 The Blind Side Sean Tuohy Dirty Girl Danny Briggs Country Strong James Canter 2015 Tomorrowland Eddie Newton 2016 The Shack Willie Television ( edit ) Television Year Title Role Notes 1997 The Jeff Foxworthy Show Lionel Episode : `` Feud for Thought '' 2000 Sesame Street Himself Episode : `` 3919 '' 2008 Saturday Night Live Host Episode : `` Tim McGraw / Ludacris & T - Pain '' 2011 Who Do You Think You Are ? ( U.S. TV series ) Himself Episode : `` Tim McGraw '' 2013 Cake Boss Himself Episode : `` A Cowboy In Hoboken '' 2015 Repeat After Me Himself Episode : `` 1x4 '' 2016 The Voice Season 11 Key Advisor Awards ( edit ) Year Awards Award Country Music Television Male Video Artist of the Year Academy of Country Music Album of the Year -- Not a Moment Too Soon Academy of Country Music Top New Male Vocalist Billboard Awards Top New Country Artist Billboard Magazine Top New Country Album -- Not a Moment Too Soon 1995 American Music Awards Favorite Country New Artist 1997 Billboard Magazine Single of the Year -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) Country Music Television Video of the Year -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) Country Music Television Male Artist of the Year Playgirl Magazine Top Ten , Sexiest Men of the Year CMA Vocal Event -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) 1998 Billboard Awards Country Single of the Year -- `` Just to See You Smile '' CMA Album of the Year -- Everywhere Academy of Country Music Single of the Year -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) Academy of Country Music Song of the Year -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) Academy of Country Music Video of the Year -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) Academy of Country Music Top Vocal Event -- `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) 1999 Academy of Country Music Male Vocalist Academy of Country Music Vocal Collaboration -- `` Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me '' ( with Faith Hill ) CMA Male Vocalist CMA Album of the Year -- A Place in the Sun 2000 CMA Male Vocalist National Fatherhood Initiative Father of the Year Academy of Country Music Male Vocalist Billboard Awards Male Artist of the Year American Music Awards Favorite Male Country Artist Grammy Awards Best Country Collaboration with Vocals -- `` Let 's Make Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) CMA Entertainer of the Year Billboard Awards Country Artist Billboard Awards Male Country Artist Billboard Awards Country Albums Artist Billboard Awards Country Single Artist Billboard Awards Country Album -- Greatest Hits 2002 American Music Awards Best Country Album -- Set This Circus Down American Music Awards Favorite Male Country Artist 2003 American Music Awards ( January ) Favorite Country Male Artist Radio Music Awards ( January ) Country Male Artist American Music Awards ( November ) Favorite Country Male Artist People 's Choice Awards Favorite Country Male Artist Radio Music Awards Country Male Artist CMA Single of the Year -- `` Live Like You Were Dying '' 2005 American Music Awards Album of the Year -- Live Like You Were Dying American Music Awards Best Male Country Artist Academy of Country Music Song of the Year -- `` Live Like You Were Dying '' Academy of Country Music Single of the Year -- `` Live Like You Were Dying '' People 's Choice Awards Favorite Country Male Artist Grammy Award Best Male Country Vocal Performance -- `` Live Like You Were Dying '' Country Music Television Most Inspiring Video -- `` Live Like You Were Dying '' 2006 People 's Choice Awards Top Male Performer Grammy Award Best Country Collaboration with Vocals -- `` Like We Never Loved At All '' ( with Faith Hill ) 2012 CMA Musical Event of the Year -- `` Feel Like a Rock Star '' ( with Kenny Chesney ) 2013 British Country Music Association International Song of the Year - `` Highway Do n't Care '' ( with Taylor Swift and Keith Urban ) 2014 People 's Choice Awards Country Music Icon 2016 CMT Music Awards Video Of The Year - `` Humble and Kind '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw '' . Curb Records . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Franzen , Marty ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Concert Scene : McGraw and Hill bring star power to Hershey '' . The Intelligencer . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marra , Amber ( February 5 , 2011 ) . `` Country superstar McGraw learns of his Belle Grove roots '' . The Northern Virginia Daily . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interviews with Joe Biden , Chuck Hagel , Tim McGraw '' . Larry King Live : CNN . December 10 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim 's mom survives , has a new dream '' . The Florida Times - Union . Jacksonville. April 23 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( January 6 , 2004 ) . `` Tug McGraw , 59 , Is Dead ; Star With Mets and Phillies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Tim McGraw biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What 's different about Pike ? '' . Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity , Kappa Psi Chapter . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History & Records : All - Time Roster '' . 2013 ULM Baseball Guide . ULM Warhawks Athletics . pp. 74 -- 76 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Jessen , Wade ( 6 October 2001 ) . `` A Record - Breaking Career '' . Billboard : 28 , 34 . Jump up ^ `` At 39 , Tim McGraw looking beyond music '' . Today . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ; Thom Jurek . `` Tim McGraw - Tim McGraw '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Keith Palmer ( CD insert ) . Keith Palmer . Epic Records . 1991 . 48611 . ^ Jump up to : Gerome , John ( April 13 , 2007 ) . `` Growing Strong -- McGraw 's reach encompasses country music , more '' . San Angelo Standard Times . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim McGraw Album & Song Chart History - Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Controversy : Episode `` Indian Outlaw '' `` . Country Music Television . 2003 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim McGraw Biography '' . CMT . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts - Year - end Albums - Top Country Albums '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Faith Hill '' . InternationalSpeakers.Com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2007 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 40th Annual Grammy Award Nominations '' . DigitalHit.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts - Year - end Singles - Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts - Year - end Singles - Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors -- Bio '' . Liner notes for album Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors : Curb Records . 2001 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Harriet ( March 14 , 2001 ) . `` The singers , the deputies , and a horse '' . CourtTV . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tyrangiel , Josh ( September 13 , 2004 ) . `` The Clinton of Country '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( December 4 , 2003 ) . `` Grammylicious '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 12 , 2004 ) . `` ' Dying ' for a deal '' . Variety . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts - Year - end Singles - Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Nelly 's ' Over & Over ' Jumps To No. 1 ! '' . SixShot . November 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Austin ( October 10 , 2005 ) . `` Pigskin Poet '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw owner of Arena Football Team '' . USAToday . November 2 , 2004 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tim , Faith set tour mark '' . Country Standard Time . September 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill concert to benefit Katrina relief '' . Country Standard Time . May 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Let It Go - Tim McGraw -- Billboard.com '' . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw 's Special Tribute '' . Gactv.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw 's `` If You 're Reading This '' Is In High Demand -- Engine 145 `` . Engine145.com. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination 's For 50th Annual Grammy Awards '' . eonline.com. 2007 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` First new music in over two years on horizon for McGraw '' . Country On Demand . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waddell , Ray . `` Touring Over a New Leaf : With New Managers and Ambitious Concert Plans , Tim McGraw Is n't Resting on His Laurels '' . Billboard - The International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment Sep 19 2009 : 20 - 3 . ProQuest . Web . 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Announces 2011 ' Emotional Traffic ' Tour Launching This Spring With Special Guests Luke Bryan And The Band Perry '' . Tim McGraw.com . January 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tim to Headline Special Concert for SiriusXM , Launch ' Tim Mcgraw Radio ' Channel & Air Concerts From 2011 Tour '' . Tim McGraw.com . March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Laments Label 's Hold on Upcoming Album '' . The Boot. 2011 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Curb Records Files Breach - of - Contract Suit Against Tim McGraw '' . Billboard . May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Files Counter Suit Against Curb Records '' . Billboard . May 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim McGraw wins legal battle with Curb '' . The Tennessean . Nashville . November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Court Says Tim McGraw Is Free to Record and Shop for Another Label '' . CMT . November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Tim McGraw Single Released by Curb '' . CMT . December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim McGraw 's ' Emotional Traffic ' Finally Has Release Date '' . TheBoot.com . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Signs With Big Machine '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Geller , Wendy ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Tim McGraw Announces Title , Release Date For New Album ; Performing New Single At CMA Awards '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THEY HEART JOSH ! ! '' . HITS Daily Double . February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw , Carrie Underwood Set to Headline London 's First - Ever Country to Country Music Festival '' . Taste of Country . 10 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Announces 2014 Tour : Sundown Heaven Town ! '' . CountryMusicNewsBlog . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tim McGraw Announces ' Sundown Heaven Town ' Album '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Love Story -- Tim McGraw '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Announces New Album ' Damn Country Music ' '' . Billboard . September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 22 September 2016 ) . `` 30 Country Music Stars Join Forces for Historic CMA Music Video '' . ABC News . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill Announce 2017 Soul2Soul World Tour '' . Taste of Country . Taste of Country Network . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill Sign Record Deals with Sony Music Entertainment '' . Sounds Like Nashville . 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw & Faith Hill Sign With Sony Music Entertainment : Exclusive '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw and Faith Hill Announce Joint Single , Album '' . Sounds Like Nashville . 2017 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ McGraw , Tim . `` Excited to announce our new album and new single , The Rest Of Our Life . Thanx for being a part of our journey ! '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 2017 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dillon , Charlotte . `` Jo Dee Messina '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilonsky , Robert ( October 7 , 2004 ) . `` Hell of a Catch '' . The Dallas Observer . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Joshua L. ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` Hollywood via Nashville '' . Variety . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flicka '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( October 17 , 2006 ) . `` Flicka '' . Variety . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hartlaub , Peter ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` McGraw alone ca n't rein in unruly ' Flicka ' '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Receiving Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . CMT . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Briefly : Tim McGraw , Master P , Silkk the Shocker , Pete Doherty '' . LiveDaily . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Country Strong Hits Hollywood '' . Us99country.radio.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awareness '' . TimMcGraw.Com. 2007 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McGraw , Tim . `` Tim McGraw Charity Work , Events , and Causes '' . Look to The Stars . Jump up ^ Gordon , Dan ; Buck Wolf ( March 8 , 2006 ) . `` Faith Hill , Tim McGraw Blast ' Humiliating ' Katrina Cleanup '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` American Red Cross National Celebrity Cabinet Members '' . The American Red Cross . 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Favre 's golf tourney a success for QB , charity '' . Official Website of Brett Favre . April 5 , 2005 . Jump up ^ John Bumgardner , Jessica Puchala ( July 13 , 2007 ) . `` Country Music Couple Donates $5,000 to Kozminski Fund '' . Grand Rapids Police Officer Robert Kozminski . Jump up ^ `` Country , Rock Stars Join For ' Nashville Rising ' Benefit '' . Billboard. 2009 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim McGraw likes the sound of Gov. McGraw '' . Associated Press . 13 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2006 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Country singer Tim McGraw says he wants to run for office someday in his adopted home state of Tennessee -- perhaps for governor or U.S. senator -- and he 's getting encouragement from a fellow Democrat , former President Clinton . Jump up ^ `` Gov Tim McGraw ? '' . antiMusic. 3 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Country star Tim McGraw is considering following in the footsteps of actor Arnold Schwarzenegger by running for governor in his native Tennessee . The Democrat is weighing up plans to succeed Democrat Governor Phil Bredesen when his second term finishes in 2010 . And his wife Faith Hill is thrilled by the idea of becoming a first lady . Jump up ^ Eileen Finan ( 10 September 2008 ) . `` Tim McGraw : The Two Sides of Tim '' . People . Archived from the original on 19 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . It 's innate in me to be a blue - dog Democrat . I 'm not saying I 'm right or wrong , but that 's what I am . My wife and I and our family will do everything we can to support Obama . I like his ideas , I like his energy , and I like the statement he would make for our country to the world . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Biography '' . Bio . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bob Paxman ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Tim McGraw Talks to `` Town Hall '' Fans `` . Country Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cirrus Owner : Tim McGraw '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw '' . Forbes . 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Awards '' . Curb Records . 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Jim ; Sparrow , Susan . Faith Hill & Tim McGraw : Soul 2 Soul . Quarry Music Books , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 55082 - 293 - 4 Gray , Scott . Perfect Harmony : the Faith Hill & Tim McGraw Story . 1st ed . Ballantine Books , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 43412 - 9 McGraw , Tim . Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors : This is Ours . Atria Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 6706 - X Nichols , Tim , and Craig Wiseman . Live Like You Were Dying . Rutledge Hill P , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0212 - 6 Trimble , Betty `` McMom '' . A Mother 's Story . D'Agostino / Dahlhauser / Ditmore Pub , 1996 . ISBN 1 - 886371 - 32 - 6 External links ( edit ) Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tim McGraw . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tim McGraw Official website Tim McGraw at AllMusic Tim McGraw at Country Music Television Tim McGraw on IMDb Tim McGraw Discography Studio albums Tim McGraw Not a Moment Too Soon All I Want Everywhere A Place in the Sun Set This Circus Down Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors Live Like You Were Dying Let It Go Southern Voice Emotional Traffic Two Lanes of Freedom Sundown Heaven Town Damn Country Music The Rest of Our Life Compilations Greatest Hits Reflected : Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Greatest Hits : Limited Edition Greatest Hits 3 Number One Hits Tim McGraw & Friends Tours Soul2Soul Soul2Soul II Tour Brothers of the Sun Tour Sundown Heaven Town Tour Soul2Soul The World Tour 2017 Related articles Faith Hill Tug McGraw Byron Gallimore `` Tim McGraw '' ( song ) CMA Entertainer of the Year 1960s Jack Greene ( 1967 ) Glen Campbell ( 1968 ) Johnny Cash ( 1969 ) 1970s Merle Haggard ( 1970 ) Charley Pride ( 1971 ) Loretta Lynn ( 1972 ) Roy Clark ( 1973 ) Charlie Rich ( 1974 ) John Denver ( 1975 ) Mel Tillis ( 1976 ) Ronnie Milsap ( 1977 ) Dolly Parton ( 1978 ) Willie Nelson ( 1979 ) 1980s Barbara Mandrell ( 1980 ) Barbara Mandrell ( 1981 ) Alabama ( 1982 ) Alabama ( 1983 ) Alabama ( 1984 ) Ricky Skaggs ( 1985 ) Reba McEntire ( 1986 ) Hank Williams Jr. ( 1987 ) Hank Williams Jr. ( 1988 ) George Strait ( 1989 ) 1990s George Strait ( 1990 ) Garth Brooks ( 1991 ) Garth Brooks ( 1992 ) Vince Gill ( 1993 ) Vince Gill ( 1994 ) Alan Jackson ( 1995 ) Brooks & Dunn ( 1996 ) Garth Brooks ( 1997 ) Garth Brooks ( 1998 ) Shania Twain ( 1999 ) 2000s Dixie Chicks ( 2000 ) Tim McGraw ( 2001 ) Alan Jackson ( 2002 ) Alan Jackson ( 2003 ) Kenny Chesney ( 2004 ) Keith Urban ( 2005 ) Kenny Chesney ( 2006 ) Kenny Chesney ( 2007 ) Kenny Chesney ( 2008 ) Taylor Swift ( 2009 ) 2010s Brad Paisley ( 2010 ) Taylor Swift ( 2011 ) Blake Shelton ( 2012 ) George Strait ( 2013 ) Luke Bryan ( 2014 ) Luke Bryan ( 2015 ) Garth Brooks ( 2016 ) Garth Brooks ( 2017 ) CMA Male Vocalist of the Year 1960s Jack Greene ( 1967 ) Glen Campbell ( 1968 ) Johnny Cash ( 1969 ) 1970s Merle Haggard ( 1970 ) Charley Pride ( 1971 ) Charley Pride ( 1972 ) Charlie Rich ( 1973 ) Ronnie Milsap ( 1974 ) Waylon Jennings ( 1975 ) Ronnie Milsap ( 1976 ) Ronnie Milsap ( 1977 ) Don Williams ( 1978 ) Kenny Rogers ( 1979 ) 1980s George Jones ( 1980 ) George Jones ( 1981 ) Ricky Skaggs ( 1982 ) Lee Greenwood ( 1983 ) Lee Greenwood ( 1984 ) George Strait ( 1985 ) George Strait ( 1986 ) Randy Travis ( 1987 ) Randy Travis ( 1988 ) Ricky Van Shelton ( 1989 ) 1990s Clint Black ( 1990 ) Vince Gill ( 1991 ) Vince Gill ( 1992 ) Vince Gill ( 1993 ) Vince Gill ( 1994 ) Vince Gill ( 1995 ) George Strait ( 1996 ) George Strait ( 1997 ) George Strait ( 1998 ) Tim McGraw ( 1999 ) 2000s Tim McGraw ( 2000 ) Toby Keith ( 2001 ) Alan Jackson ( 2002 ) Alan Jackson ( 2003 ) Keith Urban ( 2004 ) Keith Urban ( 2005 ) Keith Urban ( 2006 ) Brad Paisley ( 2007 ) Brad Paisley ( 2008 ) Brad Paisley ( 2009 ) 2010s Blake Shelton ( 2010 ) Blake Shelton ( 2011 ) Blake Shelton ( 2012 ) Blake Shelton ( 2013 ) Blake Shelton ( 2014 ) Chris Stapleton ( 2015 ) Chris Stapleton ( 2016 ) Chris Stapleton ( 2017 ) BNF : cb13966212c ( data ) GND : 134884825 ISNI : 0000 0001 1450 5681 LCCN : no96003972 MusicBrainz : 7e5cfc9a - e9e1 - 46f1 - b81a - 861b12049488 NKC : xx0034216 SNAC : w6723cxg SUDOC : 147305853 VIAF : 85512045 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_McGraw&oldid=854768300 '' Categories : 1967 births Male actors from Louisiana Male actors from Tennessee American country singers American country singer - songwriters American country record producers American male film actors American male singers American people of Czech descent American people of Dutch descent American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Italian descent American people of Irish descent American people of Scotch - Irish descent American people of Scottish descent Arena Football League executives Arista Nashville artists Big Machine Records artists Curb Records artists Grammy Award winners Living people Singers from Louisiana Singers from Nashville , Tennessee People from Nashville , Tennessee People from Delhi , Louisiana University of Louisiana at Monroe alumni Tennessee Democrats Male actors of Italian descent Songwriters from Tennessee Songwriters from Louisiana Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with dead external links from December 2011 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - 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when did tim mcgraw release his first album
[ "Tim McGraw (1993)\nNot a Moment Too Soon (1994)\nAll I Want (1995)\nEverywhere (1997)\nA Place in the Sun (1999)\nSet This Circus Down (2001)\nTim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors (2002)\nLive Like You Were Dying (2004)\nLet It Go (2007)\nSouthern Voice (2009)\nEmotional Traffic (2012)\nTwo Lanes of Freedom (2013)\nSundown Heaven Town (2014)\nDamn Country Music (2015)\nThe Rest of Our Life (with Faith Hill) (2017)" ]
[ "1993" ]
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1981 European Cup Final
1981 European Cup final - wikipedia 1981 European Cup final Jump to : navigation , search 1981 European Cup Final Match programme cover Event 1980 -- 81 European Cup Liverpool Real Madrid 0 Date 27 May 1981 Venue Parc des Princes , Paris Referee Károly Palotai ( Hungary ) Attendance 48,360 ← 1980 1982 → The 1981 European Cup Final was an association football match between Liverpool of England and Real Madrid of Spain on 27 May 1981 at the Parc des Princes , Paris , France . It was the final match of the 1980 -- 81 season of Europe 's premier cup competition , the European Cup . Liverpool were appearing in their third final , after two appearances in 1977 and 1978 . Real Madrid were appearing in their ninth final , they had previously won the competition six times and lost twice . Each club needed to progress through four rounds to reach the final . Matches were contested over two legs , with a match at each team 's home ground . All but one of Liverpool 's ties were comfortable victories , they beat Bayern Munich on the away goals rule , while they won all their other ties by at least five goals . Real Madrid 's matches ranged from close affairs to comfortable victories . In the first round they beat Limerick 7 -- 2 on aggregate , but their final two ties were won by at least two goals . Watched by a crowd of 48,360 , the first half was goalless . Liverpool took the lead in the second half when Alan Kennedy scored . They held this lead to win the match 1 -- 0 , securing Liverpool 's third European Cup and a fifth consecutive victory by an English team . Liverpool manager Bob Paisley became the first manager to win the competition three times . The two teams would meet once again in the 2018 Champions League Final . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route to the final 1.1 Liverpool 1.2 Real Madrid 2 Match 2.1 Background 2.2 Summary 2.3 Details 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links Route to the final ( edit ) Main article : 1980 -- 81 European Cup Liverpool ( edit ) Round Opponents First leg Second leg Aggregate score 1st Oulun Palloseura 1 -- 1 ( a ) 10 -- 1 ( h ) 11 -- 2 2nd Aberdeen 1 -- 0 ( a ) 4 -- 0 ( h ) 5 -- 0 Quarter - finals CSKA Sofia 5 -- 1 ( h ) 1 -- 0 ( a ) 6 -- 1 Semi-finals Bayern Munich 0 -- 0 ( h ) 1 -- 1 ( a ) 1 -- 1 Liverpool gained entry to the competition by winning the 1979 -- 80 Football League , entering as English champions . Their opponents in the first round were Finnish champions Oulun Palloseura . The first leg in Finland at the Raatti Stadion was drawn 1 -- 1 . The second leg at Liverpool 's home ground Anfield resulted in a comprehensive 10 -- 1 victory for Liverpool . Two of their players , Graeme Souness and Terry McDermott , scored a hat - trick . Liverpool won the tie 11 -- 2 on aggregate . In the second round Liverpool were drawn against Scottish champions Aberdeen , managed by Alex Ferguson . The first leg was at Aberdeen 's home ground , Pittodrie , a McDermott goal in the fifth minute ensured a 1 -- 0 victory for Liverpool . The second leg at Anfield was won 4 -- 0 by Liverpool , thus they won the tie 5 -- 0 on aggregate . Liverpool 's opponents in the quarter - finals were Bulgarian champions CSKA Sofia . The first leg was held in England , another hat - trick from Souness and goals from McDermott and Sammy Lee gave Liverpool a 5 -- 1 victory . They won the second leg at the Vasil Levski National Stadium 1 -- 0 to progress to the semi-finals courtesy of a 6 -- 1 aggregate victory . They faced German champions Bayern Munich in the semi-finals . The first leg in England ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . Liverpool needed to score in the second leg to advance to the final . Their cause was not helped when striker Kenny Dalglish had to be replaced in the early minutes of the match by the inexperienced Howard Gayle . However , Gayle rose to the occasion , unsettling the Bayern defence with his attacking threat . With seven minutes of normal time left , Ray Kennedy scored to give Liverpool a 1 -- 0 lead . Bayern responded soon afterwards when Karl - Heinz Rummenigge scored , however they needed to score another goal due to the away goals rule . They were unable to do so and Liverpool progressed to their third final in five seasons . Real Madrid ( edit ) Round Opponents First leg Second leg Aggregate score 1st Limerick 2 -- 1 ( a ) 5 -- 1 ( h ) 7 -- 2 2nd Honvéd 1 -- 0 ( h ) 2 -- 0 ( a ) 3 -- 0 Quarter - finals Spartak Moscow 0 -- 0 ( a ) 2 -- 0 ( h ) 2 -- 0 Semi-finals Internazionale 2 -- 0 ( h ) 0 -- 1 ( a ) 2 -- 1 Real Madrid gained entry to the competition as Spanish champions , after they won the 1979 -- 80 La Liga . Their opponents in the first round were Irish champions Limerick . Limerick took the lead in the first leg at Lansdowne Road , but Real scored twice to win the first leg 2 -- 1 . The second leg at Real 's home ground , the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , ended in a 5 -- 1 victory for Real , they won the tie 7 -- 2 on aggregate . Their opponents in the second round were Hungarian champions Honvéd . A goal from Santillana ensured Real won the first leg 1 -- 0 in Spain . Two goals from Laurie Cunningham and Francisco García Hernández secured a 2 -- 0 victory in the second leg at Honvéd 's home ground the Bozsik Stadion , thus , winning the tie 3 -- 0 on aggregate . In the quarter - finals Real faced Soviet champions Spartak Moscow . A 0 -- 0 at the Dynamo Lenin Stadium in the Soviet Union left the tie finely balanced heading into the second leg in Spain . Two goals from Isidro in the second half secured a 2 -- 0 victory in the match and over aggregate . Real 's opponents in the semi-finals were Italian champions Internazionale . Real won the first leg 2 -- 0 in Spain after goals from Santillana and Juanito . Internazionale needed to score twice to force the tie into extra-time , however they were only able to score once . They won the second leg 1 -- 0 , but Real won the tie 2 -- 1 on aggregate to progress to their ninth final . Match ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The Parc des Princes , which was hosting the final for the third time . Liverpool were appearing in their third European Cup Final . They had won their two previous appearances in 1977 and 1978 . Real Madrid were appearing in their ninth final , they had won the competition six times , including a record five successive victories from 1956 to 1960 . Their sixth victory was in 1966 , while their two losses were in 1962 and 1964 . Liverpool had finished fifth during the 1980 -- 81 Football League , thus they needed to win the final to ensure that they would compete in the European Cup the following season . Despite this , Liverpool had won the Football League Cup for the first time earlier in the season , defeating West Ham United 2 -- 1 in a replay after the final finished 1 -- 1 . Real Madrid had finished second in the 1980 -- 81 La Liga , they had qualified for the UEFA Cup as a result , but victory would enable them to compete in the European Cup the following season . Both sides had injury concerns before the match . Liverpool had doubts over a number of players . Kenny Dalglish had not trained for several weeks , while Alan Kennedy had been sidelined for six weeks with a broken wrist . Real had concerns over striker Laurie Cunningham who had been sidelined since November . Summary ( edit ) Liverpool controlled the opening passages of the game . Their first goalscoring chance came in the 11th minute when Alan Kennedy 's 30 yard shot was saved by Real goalkeeper Agustín Rodríguez . Further chances were created , but neither Terry McDermott or Dalglish were able to score . Real started to exert more of an influence after this , midfielder Juanito started to cause Liverpool problems with his passing . One pass found José Antonio Camacho who beat Liverpool defender Alan Hansen but put his shot wide of the Liverpool goal . Despite their scoring opportunity , one problem Real had was to get the best out of their winger Cunningham . Not fully fit , he was tightly marked and made little impact in the match . Liverpool had a chance to take the lead before half - time . Phil Neal advanced down the right hand side of the pitch and found Dalglish who passed to Graeme Souness , who ran late through the Real defence . His subsequent shot was not held by Agustín Rodríguez , but Souness was unable to get to the rebounded ball . Real had the first chance of the second half . Liverpool 's defence had stopped as they thought Cunningham was offside , however he was not and Camacho advanced towards Ray Clemence in the Liverpool goal . Clemence came off his line and ran towards the Real midfielder , Camacho attempted to lob the ball over the keeper , but his shot went over the goal . The tactical approaches of the two sides were cancelling each other out . Real 's slow pace interspersed with high speed bursts , while Liverpool preferred a more deliberate approach , keeping possession and making use of their wingers . Their various forms of marking also negated each other , Real man marked Liverpool 's best players such as Dalglish and Souness , while Liverpool were content for the nearest defender to mark the man on the ball . Despite the tactical battle Liverpool were able to score in the 81st minute . A throw - in from Ray Kennedy found Alan Kennedy , whose run up the left hand side of the pitch caught Real off - guard . Kennedy went past Real defender Rafael García Cortés into the Real box , his subsequent shot beat the Real goalkeeper to give Liverpool the lead . Soon afterwards Liverpool replaced Dalglish with midfielder Jimmy Case in an attempt to see out the match . Although Liverpool had chances to extend their lead as Real went all out to score , Real keeper Agustín Rodríguez made a number of saves to keep his team in the game . The score remained 1 -- 0 and Liverpool won their third European Cup , the first British club to do so . Liverpool 's victory meant that Bob Paisley became the first manager to win the European Cup three times . Details ( edit ) 27 May 1981 20 : 15 CEST Liverpool 1 -- 0 Real Madrid A. Kennedy 82 ' Report Parc des Princes , Paris Attendance : 48,360 Referee : Károly Palotai ( Hungary ) Liverpool Real Madrid GK Ray Clemence RB Phil Neal LB Alan Kennedy CB Phil Thompson ( c ) LM 5 Ray Kennedy 29 ' CB 6 Alan Hansen CF 7 Kenny Dalglish 85 ' RM 8 Sammy Lee CF 9 David Johnson CM 10 Terry McDermott CM 11 Graeme Souness Substitutes : MF 12 Jimmy Case 85 ' GK 13 Steve Ogrizovic DF 14 Colin Irwin DF 15 Richard Money FW 16 Howard Gayle Manager : Bob Paisley GK Agustín Rodríguez DF Rafael García Cortés 87 ' DF José Antonio Camacho MF Uli Stielike 59 ' DF 5 Andrés Sabido MF 6 Vicente del Bosque FW 7 Juanito MF 8 Ángel de Los Santos FW 9 Santillana ( c ) DF 10 Antonio García Navajas FW 11 Laurie Cunningham Substitutes : GK Miguel Ángel González DF Isidoro San José MF Isidro MF García Hernández MF 16 Francisco Pineda 87 ' Manager : Vujadin Boškov Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly ( 1988 , p. 136 ) Jump up ^ Ponting ( 1992 , p. 152 ) ^ Jump up to : Ponting ( 1992 , p. 149 ) Jump up ^ Ponting ( 1992 , p. 146 ) Jump up ^ Ponting ( 1992 , p. 148 ) Jump up ^ Hilton , Nick ( 22 April 1981 ) . `` Decimated Liverpool dig deep to score famous win '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Memories of Limerick 's ' Real ' cup magic '' . Limerick Reader. 21 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Zea , Antonio ; Haisma , Marcel ( 9 January 2008 ) . `` Champions ' Cup 1980 -- 81 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelly ( 1988 , p. 149 ) Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 10 June 2011 ) . `` European Champions ' Cup '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 19 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Shea , Julian ( 10 May 2006 ) . `` FA Cup flashback '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Tejedor Carnicero , José Vicente ( 27 June 2007 ) . `` Spain 1980 / 81 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hilton , Nick ( 27 May 1981 ) . `` Liverpool 1 Real Madrid 0 '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lacey , David ( 27 May 1981 ) . `` Liverpool keep it in the family '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1908 / 81 : Paisley in a class of his own '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Archived from the original on 2 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 1 -- 0 Real Madrid '' . LFC History . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . References ( edit ) Ponting , Ivan ; Hale , Steve ( 1992 ) . Liverpool In Europe . London : Guinness Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 569 - 7 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . You 'll Never Walk Alone . London : Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 356 - 19594 - 5 . External links ( edit ) 1980 -- 81 season at UEFA website European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 Finals 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Appearances Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy 1980 -- 81 in European football ( UEFA ) `` 1979 -- 80 1981 -- 82 '' Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark ' 80 ' 81 England Faroe Islands ' 80 ' 81 Finland ' 80 ' 81 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland ' 80 ' 81 Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 80 ' 81 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union ' 80 ' 81 Spain Sweden ' 80 ' 81 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands ' 80 ' 81 Finland ' 80 ' 81 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland ' 80 ' 81 Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 80 ' 81 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Republic of Ireland Scotland UEFA competitions European Cup ( Final ) Cup Winners ' Cup ( Final ) UEFA Cup ( Final ) Super Cup Non-UEFA competitions Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup Liverpool F.C. matches FA Cup Finals 1914 1950 1965 1971 1977 1986 1988 1989 1992 2001 2006 2012 League Cup Finals 1978 1981 1982 1984 1995 2001 2003 2005 2012 2016 FA Community Shield 1922 1964 1965 1966 1971 1976 1977 1979 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1989 1990 1992 2001 2002 2006 UEFA Champions League Finals 1977 1978 1981 1984 1985 2005 2007 2018 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final 1966 UEFA Europa League Finals 1973 1976 2001 2016 UEFA Super Cup 1977 1978 1981 1984 2001 2005 Intercontinental Cup 1978 1981 1984 FIFA Club World Championship Final 2005 Notable league matches Liverpool 0 -- 2 Arsenal ( 1989 ) Liverpool 9 -- 0 Crystal Palace ( 1989 ) Liverpool 4 -- 3 Newcastle ( 1996 ) Other matches Ajax 5 -- 1 Liverpool ( 1966 ) 1983 -- 84 European Cup semi-final 1986 English Super Cup Final Football League 100th Championship Challenge ( 1999 ) Real Madrid C.F. matches Copa del Rey Finals 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1916 1917 1918 1924 1929 1930 1933 1934 1936 1940 1943 1946 1947 1958 1960 1961 1962 1968 1970 1979 1980 1982 1989 1990 1992 1993 2002 2011 2013 2014 Copa de la Liga Finals 1985 Supercopa de España 1982 1988 1990 1993 1995 1997 2001 2003 2007 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 UEFA Champions League Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1962 1964 1966 1981 1998 2000 2002 2014 2016 2017 2018 European Cup Winners ' Cup Finals 1971 UEFA Cup Finals 1985 1986 UEFA Super Cup 1998 2000 2002 2014 2016 2017 2018 Intercontinental Cup 1960 1966 1998 2000 2002 FIFA Club World Cup Finals 2014 2016 2017 Other matches El Clásico Madrid Derby Copa Iberoamericana ( 1994 ) Alcorconazo ( 2009 ) MLS All - Star Game ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981_European_Cup_Final&oldid=843082457 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Finals Liverpool F.C. matches Real Madrid C.F. matches 1980 -- 81 in European football 1981 in French sport International club association football competitions hosted by Paris 1980 -- 81 in Spanish football 1980 -- 81 in English football 1981 in Paris May 1981 sports events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Dansk فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 19 : 14 . 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who did liverpool beat in 1981 european cup final
[ "The 1981 European Cup Final was an association football match between Liverpool of England and Real Madrid of Spain on 27 May 1981 at the Parc des Princes, Paris, France. It was the final match of the 1980–81 season of Europe's premier cup competition, the European Cup. Liverpool were appearing in their third final, after two appearances in 1977 and 1978. Real Madrid were appearing in their ninth final, they had previously won the competition six times and lost twice." ]
[ "Real Madrid" ]
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List of Masters Tournament champions
List of Masters tournament champions - wikipedia List of Masters tournament champions Jump to : navigation , search Jack Nicklaus , six - time Masters champion in 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1972 , 1975 , and 1986 , which is a record , and he is one of three golfers to successfully defend his title . He is also one of five champions to win wire - to - wire , in 1972 . The Masters Tournament is a golf competition that was established in 1934 , with Horton Smith winning the inaugural tournament . The Masters is the first of four major championships to be played each year , with the final round of the Masters always being scheduled for the second Sunday in April . The Masters is the only one of the four majors to use the same course every year ; the Augusta National Golf Club . Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors ( the U.S. Open , the Open Championship ( British Open ) , and the PGA Championship ) for the next five years , and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters . They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to the Players Championship for the five years following their victory . The champion also receives the `` Green Jacket '' , the first one being won by Sam Snead in 1949 . The champion takes the jacket home for a year and returns it thereafter . A multiple - time champion will only have one jacket unless his size changes dramatically . Jack Nicklaus holds the record for the most Masters victories , winning the tournament six times during his career . Nicklaus is also the oldest winner of the Masters : he was 46 years 82 days old when he won in 1986 . Nicklaus , Nick Faldo , and Tiger Woods co-hold the record for most consecutive victories with two . Woods was the youngest winner of the Masters , 21 years 104 days old when he won in 1997 . Woods also set the record for the widest winning margin ( 12 strokes ) , and the lowest winning score , with 270 , 18 below par ( - 18 ) in 1997 . The latter was equaled by Jordan Spieth in 2015 . The highest winning score of 289 ( + 1 ) was originally set by Sam Snead in 1954 , it was equalled by Jack Burke Jr. in 1956 , and Zach Johnson in 2007 . Five golfers have won the Masters wire - to - wire ; Craig Wood in 1941 , Arnold Palmer in 1960 , Nicklaus in 1972 , Raymond Floyd in 1976 , and Jordan Spieth in 2015 . Other players have led wire - to - wire if ties after a round are included , most recently Trevor Immelman in the 2008 Masters Tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Champions 1.1 By year 1.2 Multiple champions 1.3 By nationality 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Champions ( edit ) By year ( edit ) Arnold Palmer , four - time Masters Champion 1958 , 1960 , 1962 , and 1964 . He is one of five champions to win wire - to - wire with his victory in 1960 . Tiger Woods , four - time Masters Champion in 1997 , 2001 , 2002 , and 2005 , and is one of three golfers to successfully defend his title Sam Snead , three - time Masters Champion in 1949 , 1952 , 1954 Gary Player , three - time Masters Champion in 1961 , 1974 , and 1978 Nick Faldo , three - time Masters Champion in 1989 , 1990 , and 1996 , and is one of three golfers to successfully defend his title Phil Mickelson , three - time Masters Champion in 2004 , 2006 , and 2010 Key Tournament won in a playoff Masters Tournament champions Year Country Champion Total score To Par 1934 USA ! United States Smith , Horton Horton Smith 284 004 ! − 4 1935 USA ! United States Sarazen , Gene Gene Sarazen 282 006 ! − 6 1936 USA ! United States Smith , Horton Horton Smith 285 003 ! − 3 1937 USA ! United States Nelson , Byron Byron Nelson 283 005 ! − 5 1938 USA ! United States Picard , Henry Henry Picard 285 003 ! − 3 1939 USA ! United States Guldahl , Ralph Ralph Guldahl 279 009 ! − 9 1940 USA ! United States Demaret , Jimmy Jimmy Demaret 280 008 ! − 8 1941 USA ! United States Wood , Craig Craig Wood 280 008 ! − 8 1942 USA ! United States Nelson , Byron Byron Nelson 280 008 ! − 8 1943 & -- None & -- & -- 1944 & -- None & -- & -- 1945 & -- None & -- & -- 1946 USA ! United States Keiser , Herman Herman Keiser 282 006 ! − 6 1947 USA ! United States Demaret , Jimmy Jimmy Demaret 281 007 ! − 7 1948 USA ! United States Harmon , Claude Claude Harmon 279 009 ! − 9 1949 USA ! United States Snead , Sam Sam Snead 282 006 ! − 6 1950 USA ! United States Demaret , Jimmy Jimmy Demaret 283 005 ! − 5 1951 USA ! United States Hogan , Ben Ben Hogan 280 008 ! − 8 1952 USA ! United States Snead , Sam Sam Snead 286 002 ! − 2 1953 USA ! United States Hogan , Ben Ben Hogan 274 014 ! − 14 1954 USA ! United States Snead , Sam Sam Snead 289 + 1 1955 USA ! United States Middlecoff , Cary Cary Middlecoff 279 009 ! − 9 1956 USA ! United States Burke Jr. , Jack Jack Burke Jr . 289 + 1 1957 USA ! United States Ford , Doug Doug Ford 283 005 ! − 5 1958 USA ! United States Palmer , Arnold Arnold Palmer 284 004 ! − 4 1959 USA ! United States Wall Jr. , Art Art Wall Jr . 284 004 ! − 4 1960 USA ! United States Palmer , Arnold Arnold Palmer 282 006 ! − 6 1961 RSA ! South Africa Player , Gary Gary Player 280 008 ! − 8 1962 USA ! United States Palmer , Arnold Arnold Palmer 280 008 ! − 8 1963 USA ! United States Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus 286 002 ! − 2 1964 USA ! United States Palmer , Arnold Arnold Palmer 276 012 ! − 12 1965 USA ! United States Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus 271 017 ! − 17 1966 USA ! United States Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus 288 0 ! E 1967 USA ! United States Brewer , Gay Gay Brewer 280 008 ! − 8 1968 USA ! United States Goalby , Bob Bob Goalby 277 011 ! − 11 1969 USA ! United States Archer , George George Archer 281 007 ! − 7 1970 USA ! United States Casper , Billy Billy Casper 279 009 ! − 9 1971 USA ! United States Coody , Charles Charles Coody 279 009 ! − 9 1972 USA ! United States Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus 286 002 ! − 2 1973 USA ! United States Aaron , Tommy Tommy Aaron 283 005 ! − 5 RSA ! South Africa Player , Gary Gary Player 278 010 ! − 10 USA ! United States Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus 276 012 ! − 12 1976 USA ! United States Floyd , Raymond Raymond Floyd 271 017 ! − 17 1977 USA ! United States Watson , Tom Tom Watson 276 012 ! − 12 1978 RSA ! South Africa Player , Gary Gary Player 277 011 ! − 11 1979 USA ! United States Zoeller , Fuzzy Fuzzy Zoeller 280 008 ! − 8 1980 ESP ! Spain Ballesteros , Seve Seve Ballesteros 275 013 ! − 13 1981 USA ! United States Watson , Tom Tom Watson 280 008 ! − 8 1982 USA ! United States Stadler , Craig Craig Stadler 284 004 ! − 4 ESP ! Spain Ballesteros , Seve Seve Ballesteros 280 008 ! − 8 1984 USA ! United States Crenshaw , Ben Ben Crenshaw 277 011 ! − 11 1985 GER ! West Germany Langer , Bernhard Bernhard Langer 282 006 ! − 6 1986 USA ! United States Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus 279 009 ! − 9 USA ! United States Mize , Larry Larry Mize 285 003 ! − 3 1988 SCO ! Scotland Lyle , Sandy Sandy Lyle 281 007 ! − 7 1989 ENG ! England Faldo , Nick Nick Faldo 283 005 ! − 5 1990 ENG ! England Faldo , Nick Nick Faldo 278 010 ! − 10 1991 WAL ! Wales Woosnam , Ian Ian Woosnam 277 011 ! − 11 1992 USA ! United States Couples , Fred Fred Couples 275 013 ! − 13 1993 GER ! Germany Langer , Bernhard Bernhard Langer 277 011 ! − 11 1994 ESP ! Spain Olazábal , José María José María Olazábal 279 009 ! − 9 1995 USA ! United States Crenshaw , Ben Ben Crenshaw 274 014 ! − 14 ENG ! England Faldo , Nick Nick Faldo 276 012 ! − 12 1997 USA ! United States Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods 270 018 ! − 18 1998 USA ! United States O'Meara , Mark Mark O'Meara 279 009 ! − 9 1999 USA ! Spain Olazábal , José María José María Olazábal 280 008 ! − 8 2000 FIJ ! Fiji Singh , Vijay Vijay Singh 278 010 ! − 10 2001 USA ! United States Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods 272 016 ! − 16 2002 USA ! United States Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods 276 012 ! − 12 2003 CAN ! Canada Weir , Mike Mike Weir 281 007 ! − 7 USA ! United States Mickelson , Phil Phil Mickelson 279 009 ! − 9 2005 USA ! United States Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods 276 012 ! − 12 2006 USA ! United States Mickelson , Phil Phil Mickelson 281 007 ! − 7 2007 USA ! United States Johnson , Zach Zach Johnson 289 + 1 2008 RSA ! South Africa Immelman , Trevor Trevor Immelman 280 008 ! − 8 2009 ARG ! Argentina Cabrera , Ángel Ángel Cabrera 276 012 ! − 12 USA ! United States Mickelson , Phil Phil Mickelson 272 016 ! − 16 2011 RSA ! South Africa Schwartzel , Charl Charl Schwartzel 274 014 ! − 14 2012 USA ! United States Watson , Bubba Bubba Watson 278 010 ! − 10 2013 AUS ! Australia Scott , Adam Adam Scott 279 009 ! − 9 2014 USA ! United States Watson , Bubba Bubba Watson 280 008 ! − 8 2015 USA ! United States Spieth , Jordan Jordan Spieth 270 018 ! − 18 2016 ENG ! England Willett , Danny Danny Willett 283 005 ! − 5 2017 SPA ! Spain García , Sergio Sergio García 279 009 ! − 9 2018 ! United States Reed , Patrick Patrick Reed 273 015 ! − 15 Multiple champions ( edit ) Masters Tournament multiple champions Golfer Total Years Nicklaus , Jack Jack Nicklaus ( USA ) 6 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1972 , 1975 , 1986 Palmer , Arnold Arnold Palmer ( USA ) 1958 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods ( USA ) 1997 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 Demaret , Jimmy Jimmy Demaret ( USA ) 1940 , 1947 , 1950 Snead , Sam Sam Snead ( USA ) 1949 , 1952 , 1954 Player , Gary Gary Player ( RSA ) 1961 , 1974 , 1978 Faldo , Nick Nick Faldo ( ENG ) 1989 , 1990 , 1996 Mickelson , Phil Phil Mickelson ( USA ) 2004 , 2006 , 2010 Smith , Horton Horton Smith ( USA ) 1934 , 1936 Nelson , Byron Byron Nelson ( USA ) 1937 , 1942 Hogan , Ben Ben Hogan ( USA ) 1951 , 1953 Watson , Tom Tom Watson ( USA ) 1977 , 1981 Ballesteros , Seve Seve Ballesteros ( ESP ) 1980 , 1983 Langer , Bernhard Bernhard Langer ( GER ) 1985 , 1993 Crenshaw , Ben Ben Crenshaw ( USA ) 1984 , 1995 Olazábal , José María José María Olazábal ( ESP ) 1994 , 1999 Watson , Bubba Bubba Watson ( USA ) 2012 , 2014 By nationality ( edit ) Masters Tournament champions by nationality Nationality Wins Winners United States 60 37 Spain 5 South Africa 5 England Germany Scotland Wales Fiji Canada Argentina Australia Notes ( edit ) Par is a predetermined number of strokes that a golfer should require to complete a hole , a round ( the sum of the total pars of the played holes ) , or a tournament ( the sum of the total pars of each round ) . E stands for even , which means the tournament was completed in the predetermined number of strokes . The 1943 , 1944 , and 1945 Masters Tournaments were not held because of World War II . Gene Sarazen won in a playoff against Craig Wood . Byron Nelson won in a playoff against Ben Hogan . Sam Snead won in a playoff against Ben Hogan . Arnold Palmer won in a playoff against Dow Finsterwald and Gary Player . Jack Nicklaus won in a playoff against Gay Brewer and Tommy Jacobs . Billy Casper won in a playoff against Gene Littler . Fuzzy Zoeller won in a playoff against Ed Sneed and Tom Watson . Craig Stadler won in a playoff against Dan Pohl . Larry Mize won in a playoff against Seve Ballesteros and Greg Norman . Nick Faldo won in a playoff against Scott Hoch . Nick Faldo won in a playoff against Raymond Floyd . Mike Weir won in a playoff against Len Mattiace . Tiger Woods won in a playoff against Chris DiMarco . Ángel Cabrera won in a playoff against Chad Campbell and Kenny Perry . Bubba Watson won in a playoff against Louis Oosthuizen . Adam Scott won in a playoff against Ángel Cabrera . Sergio García won in a playoff against Justin Rose . References ( edit ) General `` Masters Champions '' . Masters . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Significant Dates '' . Masters . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Special Sunday '' . Augusta. April 11 , 1998 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta 's Special Aura '' . BBC Sport. April 5 , 2002 . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Masters '' . Your Golf Travel . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US Masters : Did You Know ? '' . BBC Sport. April 2 , 2001 . Retrieved March 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions '' . Masters . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoring Statistics '' . Masters . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters records '' . Masters . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoring '' . BBC Sport . September 16 , 2005 . Retrieved September 23 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Masters website Augusta website Major champions Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Grand Slam ( golf ) Masters Tournaments 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Masters Tournament champions 1934 Horton Smith 1935 Gene Sarazen † 1936 Horton Smith 1937 Byron Nelson 1938 Henry Picard 1939 Ralph Guldahl 1940 Jimmy Demaret 1941 ‡ Craig Wood 1942 Byron Nelson † 1943 -- 45 cancelled due to World War II 1946 Herman Keiser 1947 Jimmy Demaret 1948 Claude Harmon 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Jimmy Demaret 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Sam Snead 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Sam Snead † 1955 Cary Middlecoff 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Doug Ford 1958 Arnold Palmer 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 ‡ Arnold Palmer 1961 Gary Player 1962 Arnold Palmer † 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 Arnold Palmer 1965 Jack Nicklaus 1966 Jack Nicklaus † 1967 Gay Brewer 1968 Bob Goalby 1969 George Archer 1970 Billy Casper † 1971 Charles Coody 1972 ‡ Jack Nicklaus 1973 Tommy Aaron 1974 Gary Player 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Gary Player 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1980 Seve Ballesteros 1981 Tom Watson 1982 Craig Stadler † 1983 Seve Ballesteros 1984 Ben Crenshaw 1985 Bernhard Langer 1986 Jack Nicklaus 1987 Larry Mize † 1988 Sandy Lyle 1989 Nick Faldo † 1990 Nick Faldo † 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Bernhard Langer 1994 José María Olazábal 1995 Ben Crenshaw 1996 Nick Faldo 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 José María Olazábal 2000 Vijay Singh 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Mike Weir † 2004 Phil Mickelson 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Phil Mickelson 2007 Zach Johnson 2008 Trevor Immelman 2009 Ángel Cabrera † 2010 Phil Mickelson 2011 Charl Schwartzel 2012 Bubba Watson † 2013 Adam Scott † 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 ‡ Jordan Spieth 2016 Danny Willett 2017 Sergio García † 2018 Patrick Reed † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Masters_Tournament_champions&oldid=842330048 '' Categories : Masters Tournament Winners of men 's major golf championships Lists of male golfers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Pages using div col with small parameter Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 19 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who won the master golf tournament this year
[ "\nMasters Tournament champions\n\nYear\nCountry\nChampion\nTotal score\nTo Par[9][a]\n\n\n1934\nUSA ! United States\nSmith, HortonHorton Smith\n284\n004 !−4\n\n\n1935\nUSA ! United States\nSarazen, GeneGene Sarazen[c]\n282\n006 !−6\n\n\n1936\nUSA ! United States\nSmith, HortonHorton Smith\n285\n003 !−3\n\n\n1937\nUSA ! United States\nNelson, ByronByron Nelson\n283\n005 !−5\n\n\n1938\nUSA ! United States\nPicard, HenryHenry Picard\n285\n003 !−3\n\n\n1939\nUSA ! United States\nGuldahl, RalphRalph Guldahl\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1940\nUSA ! United States\nDemaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1941\nUSA ! United States\nWood, CraigCraig Wood\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1942\nUSA ! United States\nNelson, ByronByron Nelson[d]\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1943\n&\n—\n\nNone[b]\n&\n—\n\n&\n—\n\n\n\n1944\n&\n—\n\nNone\n&\n—\n\n&\n—\n\n\n\n1945\n&\n—\n\nNone\n&\n—\n\n&\n—\n\n\n\n1946\nUSA ! United States\nKeiser, HermanHerman Keiser\n282\n006 !−6\n\n\n1947\nUSA ! United States\nDemaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret\n281\n007 !−7\n\n\n1948\nUSA ! United States\nHarmon, ClaudeClaude Harmon\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1949\nUSA ! United States\nSnead, SamSam Snead\n282\n006 !−6\n\n\n1950\nUSA ! United States\nDemaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret\n283\n005 !−5\n\n\n1951\nUSA ! United States\nHogan, BenBen Hogan\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1952\nUSA ! United States\nSnead, SamSam Snead\n286\n002 !−2\n\n\n1953\nUSA ! United States\nHogan, BenBen Hogan\n274\n014 !−14\n\n\n1954\nUSA ! United States\nSnead, SamSam Snead[e]\n289\n+1\n\n\n1955\nUSA ! United States\nMiddlecoff, CaryCary Middlecoff\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1956\nUSA ! United States\nBurke Jr., JackJack Burke Jr.\n289\n+1\n\n\n1957\nUSA ! United States\nFord, DougDoug Ford\n283\n005 !−5\n\n\n1958\nUSA ! United States\nPalmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer\n284\n004 !−4\n\n\n1959\nUSA ! United States\nWall Jr., ArtArt Wall Jr.\n284\n004 !−4\n\n\n1960\nUSA ! United States\nPalmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer\n282\n006 !−6\n\n\n1961\nRSA ! South Africa\nPlayer, GaryGary Player\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1962\nUSA ! United States\nPalmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer[f]\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1963\nUSA ! United States\nNicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus\n286\n002 !−2\n\n\n1964\nUSA ! United States\nPalmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n1965\nUSA ! United States\nNicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus\n271\n017 !−17\n\n\n1966\nUSA ! United States\nNicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus[g]\n288\n0 !E\n\n\n1967\nUSA ! United States\nBrewer, GayGay Brewer\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1968\nUSA ! United States\nGoalby, BobBob Goalby\n277\n011 !−11\n\n\n1969\nUSA ! United States\nArcher, GeorgeGeorge Archer\n281\n007 !−7\n\n\n1970\nUSA ! United States\nCasper, BillyBilly Casper[h]\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1971\nUSA ! United States\nCoody, CharlesCharles Coody\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1972\nUSA ! United States\nNicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus\n286\n002 !−2\n\n\n1973\nUSA ! United States\nAaron, TommyTommy Aaron\n283\n005 !−5\n\n\n1974\nRSA ! South Africa\nPlayer, GaryGary Player\n278\n010 !−10\n\n\n1975\nUSA ! United States\nNicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n1976\nUSA ! United States\nFloyd, RaymondRaymond Floyd\n271\n017 !−17\n\n\n1977\nUSA ! United States\nWatson, TomTom Watson\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n1978\nRSA ! South Africa\nPlayer, GaryGary Player\n277\n011 !−11\n\n\n1979\nUSA ! United States\nZoeller, FuzzyFuzzy Zoeller[i]\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1980\nESP ! Spain\nBallesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros\n275\n013 !−13\n\n\n1981\nUSA ! United States\nWatson, TomTom Watson\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1982\nUSA ! United States\nStadler, CraigCraig Stadler[j]\n284\n004 !−4\n\n\n1983\nESP ! Spain\nBallesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n1984\nUSA ! United States\nCrenshaw, BenBen Crenshaw\n277\n011 !−11\n\n\n1985\nGER ! West Germany\nLanger, BernhardBernhard Langer\n282\n006 !−6\n\n\n1986\nUSA ! United States\nNicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1987\nUSA ! United States\nMize, LarryLarry Mize[k]\n285\n003 !−3\n\n\n1988\nSCO ! Scotland\nLyle, SandySandy Lyle\n281\n007 !−7\n\n\n1989\nENG ! England\nFaldo, NickNick Faldo[l]\n283\n005 !−5\n\n\n1990\nENG ! England\nFaldo, NickNick Faldo[m]\n278\n010 !−10\n\n\n1991\nWAL ! Wales\nWoosnam, IanIan Woosnam\n277\n011 !−11\n\n\n1992\nUSA ! United States\nCouples, FredFred Couples\n275\n013 !−13\n\n\n1993\nGER ! Germany\nLanger, BernhardBernhard Langer\n277\n011 !−11\n\n\n1994\nESP ! Spain\nOlazábal, José MaríaJosé María Olazábal\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1995\nUSA ! United States\nCrenshaw, BenBen Crenshaw\n274\n014 !−14\n\n\n1996\nENG ! England\nFaldo, NickNick Faldo\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n1997\nUSA ! United States\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods\n270\n018 !−18\n\n\n1998\nUSA ! United States\nO'Meara, MarkMark O'Meara\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n1999\nUSA ! Spain\nOlazábal, José MaríaJosé María Olazábal\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n2000\nFIJ ! Fiji\nSingh, VijayVijay Singh\n278\n010 !−10\n\n\n2001\nUSA ! United States\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods\n272\n016 !−16\n\n\n2002\nUSA ! United States\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n2003\nCAN ! Canada\nWeir, MikeMike Weir[n]\n281\n007 !−7\n\n\n2004\nUSA ! United States\nMickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n2005\nUSA ! United States\nWoods, TigerTiger Woods[o]\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n2006\nUSA ! United States\nMickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson\n281\n007 !−7\n\n\n2007\nUSA ! United States\nJohnson, ZachZach Johnson\n289\n+1\n\n\n2008\nRSA ! South Africa\nImmelman, TrevorTrevor Immelman\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n2009\nARG ! Argentina\nCabrera, ÁngelÁngel Cabrera[p]\n276\n012 !−12\n\n\n2010\nUSA ! United States\nMickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson\n272\n016 !−16\n\n\n2011\nRSA ! South Africa\nSchwartzel, CharlCharl Schwartzel\n274\n014 !−14\n\n\n2012\nUSA ! United States\nWatson, BubbaBubba Watson[q]\n278\n010 !−10\n\n\n2013\nAUS ! Australia\nScott, AdamAdam Scott[r]\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n2014\nUSA ! United States\nWatson, BubbaBubba Watson\n280\n008 !−8\n\n\n2015\nUSA ! United States\nSpieth, JordanJordan Spieth\n270\n018 !−18\n\n\n2016\nENG ! England\nWillett, DannyDanny Willett\n283\n005 !−5\n\n\n2017\nSPA ! Spain\nGarcía, SergioSergio García[s]\n279\n009 !−9\n\n\n2018\n! United States\nReed, PatrickPatrick Reed\n273\n015 !−15\n\n" ]
[ "Patrick Reed" ]
6381680328159416478
Bantu Education Act, 1953
Bantu education Act , 1953 - wikipedia Bantu education Act , 1953 Bantu Education Act , 1953 Act to provide for the transfer of the administration and control of native education from the several provincial administrations to the Government of the Union , and for matters incidental thereto . Citation Act No. 47 of 1953 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date of Royal Assent 5 October 1986 Date commenced 1 January 1954 Date repealed 1 January 1980 Administered by Minister of Native Affairs Repealing legislation Education and Training Act , 1979 Status : Repealed The Bantu Education Act , 1953 ( Act No. 47 of 1953 ; later renamed the Black Education Act , 1953 ) was a South African segregation law which legalised several aspects of the apartheid system passed by the Apartheid regime which was really not on the side of the black community . Its major provision was enforcing racially separated educational facilities . Even universities were made `` tribal '' , and all but three missionary schools chose to close down when the government no longer would help support their schools . Very few authorities continued using their own finances to support education for native Africans . In 1959 , this type of education was extended to `` non white '' universities and colleges with the Extension of University Education Act , and the internationally prestigious University College of Fort Hare was taken over by the government and degraded to being part of the Bantu education system . It is often argued that the policy of Bantu ( African ) education was aimed to direct black or non-white youth to the unskilled labour market , although Kiyaam Govind , at the time Minister of Native Affairs , claimed that the aim was to solve South Africa 's `` ethnic problems '' by creating complementary economic and political units for different ethnic group . The national authorities of the time is often said to have viewed education as having a rather pivotal position in their goal of eventually separating South Africa from the Bantustans entirely . The Minister of Native Affairs at the time , the `` Architect of Apartheid '' Hendrik Verwoerd , stated that : `` There is no place for ( the Bantu ) in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour ... What is the use of teaching the Bantu child mathematics when it can not use it in practice ? '' The introduction of Bantu Education led to a substantial increase of government funding to the learning institutions of black Africans , but it did not keep up with population increase . The law forced institutions under the direct control of the state and solve white man problems . The National Party now had the power to employ and train teachers as they saw fit . Black teachers ' salaries in 1953 were extremely low and resulted in a dramatic drop of trainee teachers . Only one third of the black teachers were qualified . The schools reserved for the country 's white children were of Western standards . 30 % of the black schools did not have electricity , 25 % no running water and less than half had plumbing . The education for Blacks , Indians and Coloureds was substantially cheaper but not free . In the 70s , the per capita governmental spending on black education was one - tenth of the spending on white . In 1976 , the Afrikaans Medium Decree of 1974 , which forced all black schools to use both Afrikaans and English as languages of instruction beginning with the last year of primary school , led to the Soweto Uprising in which more than 575 people died , at least 134 of them under the age of eighteen . The act was repealed in 1979 by the Education and Training Act , 1979 , which continued the system of racially segregated education , while also eliminating both discrimination in tuition fees and the segregated Department of Bantu Education and allowing the both use of native tongue education up to the fourth grade and limited attendance at private schools as well . Segregation became unconstitutional after the introduction of the Interim Constitution in 1994 , and most sections of the Education and Training Act were repealed by the South African Schools Act , 1996 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nadine L. Moore , Faculty of Humanities University of Pretoria ( 2015 ) . `` IN CLASS OF THEIR OWN : THE BANTU EDUCATION ACT ( 1953 ) REVISITED '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Nancy L. ; Worger , William H. ( 2004 ) . South Africa - The Rise and Fall of Apartheid . Seminar Studies in History . Pearson Education Limited . pp. 48 -- 52 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 41437 - 7 . Jump up ^ Timeline of the University : 1959 n Archived December 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Official website of University of Fort Hare . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Byrnes , Rita M. ( 1996 ) . South Africa : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Giliomee H , 2009 . A Note on Bantu Education 1953 - 1970 South African Journal of Economics , March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Afrikaans Medium Decree that Led to the Soweto Uprising '' . about.com . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( U.S. ) , Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa ( 15 September 1981 ) . `` South Africa : Time Running Out : the Report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa '' . University of California Press . Retrieved 15 September 2017 -- via Google Books . http://nmmu.ac.za/documents/mward/Bantu%20Education%20Act%201953.pdf External links ( edit ) Article on apartheid and education that mentions the Bantu Act ( in Dutch ) https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/bantu-education-act%2C-act-no-47-of-1953 Apartheid legislation in South Africa Precursors ( before 1948 ) Hut tax ( 1884 ) Franchise and Ballot Act ( 1892 ) Glen Grey Act ( 1894 ) Natal Legislative Assembly Bill ( 1894 ) Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act ( 1906 ) South Africa Act ( 1909 ) Mines and Works Act ( 1911 ) Natives Land Act ( 1913 ) Natives ( Urban Areas ) Act ( 1923 ) Immorality Act ( 1927 ) Native Administration Act ( 1927 ) Representation of Natives Act ( 1936 ) Native Trust and Land Act ( 1936 ) Native ( Urban Areas ) Consolidation Act ( 1945 ) Asiatic Land Tenure Act ( 1946 ) Malan to Verwoerd ( 1948 -- 1966 ) Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act ( 1949 ) Immorality Amendment Act ( 1950 ) Population Registration Act ( 1950 ) Group Areas Act ( 1950 ) Suppression of Communism Act ( 1950 ) Native Building Workers Act ( 1951 ) Separate Representation of Voters Act ( 1951 ) Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act ( 1951 ) Bantu Authorities Act ( 1951 ) Native Laws Amendment Act ( 1952 ) Pass Laws Act ( 1952 ) Public Safety Act ( 1953 ) Native Labour ( Settlement of Disputes ) Act ( 1953 ) Bantu Education Act ( 1953 ) Reservation of Separate Amenities Act ( 1953 ) Natives Resettlement Act ( 1954 ) Group Areas Development Act ( 1955 ) Riotous Assemblies Act ( 1956 ) Industrial Conciliation Act ( 1956 ) Natives ( Prohibition of Interdicts ) Act ( 1956 ) Immorality Act ( 1957 ) Bantu Investment Corporation Act ( 1959 ) Extension of University Education Act ( 1959 ) Promotion of Bantu Self - government Act ( 1959 ) Unlawful Organizations Act ( 1960 ) Indemnity Act ( 1961 ) Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act ( 1961 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1961 ) Urban Bantu Councils Act ( 1961 ) General Law Amendment Act ( 1963 ) Coloured Persons Representative Council Act ( 1964 ) Post-Verwoerd ( 1966 -- 1994 ) Terrorism Act ( 1967 ) Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act ( 1968 ) Prohibition of Political Interference Act ( 1968 ) Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act ( 1970 ) Bantu Homelands Constitution Act ( 1971 ) Aliens Control Act ( 1973 ) Indemnity Act ( 1977 ) National Key Points Act ( 1980 ) - List of National Key Points Internal Security Act ( 1982 ) Black Local Authorities Act ( 1982 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1983 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_Education_Act,_1953&oldid=863830622 '' Categories : 1953 in South African law Apartheid laws in South Africa 1953 in international relations Education law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Italiano 日本 語 Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2018 , at 10 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
what is the purpose of bantu education act
[ "The Bantu Education Act, 1953 (Act No. 47 of 1953; later renamed the Black Education Act, 1953) was a South African segregation law which legalised several aspects of the apartheid system passed by the Apartheid regime which was really not on the side of the black community. Its major provision was enforcing racially separated educational facilities.[1] Even universities were made \"tribal\", and all but three missionary schools chose to close down when the government no longer would help support their schools. Very few authorities continued using their own finances to support education for native Africans.[2] In 1959, this type of education was extended to \"non white\" universities and colleges with the Extension of University Education Act, and the internationally prestigious University College of Fort Hare was taken over by the government and degraded to being part of the Bantu education system.[3] It is often argued that the policy of Bantu (African) education was aimed to direct black or non-white youth to the unskilled labour market,[4] although Kiyaam Govind, at the time Minister of Native Affairs, claimed that the aim was to solve South Africa's \"ethnic problems\" by creating complementary economic and political units for different ethnic group.\n" ]
[ "enforcing racially separated educational facilities" ]
9206009129000455226
The Keeper of the Stars
The Keeper of the Stars - wikipedia The Keeper of the Stars `` The Keeper of the Stars '' Single by Tracy Byrd from the album No Ordinary Man B - side `` Pink Flamingos '' Released February 2 , 1995 Format CD single Genre Country Length 4 : 06 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Dickey Lee Danny Mayo Karen Staley Producer ( s ) Jerry Crutchfield Tracy Byrd singles chronology `` The First Step '' ( 1994 ) `` The Keeper of the Stars '' ( 1995 ) `` Walking to Jerusalem '' ( 1995 ) `` The First Step '' ( 1994 ) `` The Keeper of the Stars '' ( 1995 ) `` Walking to Jerusalem '' ( 1995 ) `` The Keeper of the Stars '' is a song written by Dickey Lee , Danny Mayo and Karen Staley , and recorded by American country music artist Tracy Byrd . It was released in February 1995 as the fourth and last single from his album No Ordinary Man , it went on to reach a peak of # 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts , behind `` I Can Love You Like That '' by John Michael Montgomery . A year after its release , it was named Song of the Year by the Country Music Association . Contents 1 Content 2 Re-recordings 3 Chart performance 3.1 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) The song is a ballad in which the singer addresses his lover , telling her that a third party must have been responsible for bringing them together . Specifically , that third party is defined as being `` the keeper of the stars '' ( i.e. , God ) . Re-recordings ( edit ) A different recording of the song , one semitone lower than the album version , was released as the radio edit . This re-recording was made because Byrd felt that he sang it better in a lower key , and he sang it in the lower key while performing in concert . The radio edit was also used in the song 's music video , which aired on Country Music Television and The Nashville Network ( now Spike TV ) . Byrd re-recorded the song again in 2001 for his album Ten Rounds , and this re-recording was reprised on his 2005 Greatest Hits package . Chart performance ( edit ) Initially , Byrd 's label ( MCA Records ) had not planned for `` The Keeper of the Stars '' to be a single , until his publicist realized that the song had been receiving positive feedback for it in concert . The fourth single from Byrd 's No Ordinary Man album , `` The Keeper of the Stars '' spent twenty weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts , reaching a peak position of number two . Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 68 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 98 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 53 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 73 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ AOL Music profile for `` Keeper of the Stars '' Jump up ^ `` ACMs - Previous Winners - Song of the Year '' . About.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Mansfield ( April 1995 ) . `` City Lights : Byrd 's Latest ' Keeper ' '' . New Country . 2 ( 5 ) : 16 . ISSN 1074 - 536X . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 8999 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . May 15 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tracy Byrd Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Tracy Byrd Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . December 18 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1995 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Song lyrics at Yahoo ! Music Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Tracy Byrd Studio albums Tracy Byrd No Ordinary Man Love Lessons Big Love I 'm from the Country It 's About Time Ten Rounds The Truth About Men Different Things All American Texan Compilation albums Keepers : Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Holdin ' Heaven '' `` Why Do n't That Telephone Ring '' `` Lifestyles of the Not So Rich and Famous '' `` Watermelon Crawl '' `` The First Step '' `` The Keeper of the Stars '' `` Walking to Jerusalem '' `` Love Lessons '' `` Heaven in My Woman 's Eyes '' `` 4 to 1 in Atlanta '' `` Big Love '' `` Do n't Take Her She 's All I Got '' `` Do n't Love Make a Diamond Shine '' `` I 'm from the Country '' `` I Wanna Feel That Way Again '' `` When Mama Ai n't Happy '' `` Put Your Hand in Mine '' `` Love , You Ai n't Seen the Last of Me '' `` A Good Way to Get on My Bad Side '' ( with Mark Chesnutt ) `` Just Let Me Be in Love '' `` Ten Rounds with Jose Cuervo '' `` The Truth About Men '' `` Drinkin ' Bone '' `` Revenge of a Middle - Aged Woman '' Related articles Discography `` Johnny Cash '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Keeper_of_the_Stars&oldid=814672671 '' Categories : 1995 singles 1994 songs Tracy Byrd songs Songs written by Dickey Lee Songs written by Danny Mayo MCA Records singles Songs written by Karen Staley Song recordings produced by Jerry Crutchfield Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 05 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sang the song keeper of the stars
[ "\"The Keeper of the Stars\" is a song written by Dickey Lee, Danny Mayo and Karen Staley, and recorded by American country music artist Tracy Byrd. It was released in February 1995 as the fourth and last single from his album No Ordinary Man, it went on to reach a peak of #2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts, behind \"I Can Love You Like That\" by John Michael Montgomery. A year after its release, it was named Song of the Year by the Country Music Association.[3]\n" ]
[ "Tracy Byrd" ]
8922458706544706542
Toucan Sam
Toucan Sam - wikipedia Toucan Sam Jump to : navigation , search Toucan Sam , appearing on Froot Loops cereal box Toucan Sam is the cartoon toucan mascot for Froot Loops breakfast cereal . The character has been featured in advertising since the 1960s . He exhibits the ability to smell Froot Loops from great distances and invariably locates a concealed bowl of the cereal while intoning , `` Follow your nose ! It always knows ! '' , sometimes followed by `` The flavor of fruit ! Wherever it grows ! '' Another version of this phrase in a string of commercials in the late - 2000s presents the character at the end of the commercials saying `` Just follow your nose ! '' , followed by a group of children retorting , `` For the fruity taste that shows ! '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In popular culture 3 Maya Archaeology Initiative 4 Recent commercials 5 Other characters 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Toucan Sam became the mascot for Froot Loops cereal in 1963 . The cartoon character was created by Manuel R. Vega and originally voiced by Mel Blanc , using an ordinary American accent . Blanc 's original commercials were noted for their use of Pig Latin ( referring to the cereal as OOT - fray OOPS - lay ) . The ad agency later decided to switch to the English accent more commonly associated with the character . They then employed Paul Frees to do what is , in effect , an imitation of Ronald Colman . In the most recent cartoon advertisements for Froot Loops , Toucan Sam 's voice is now performed by voice actor Maurice LaMarche after Paul Frees 's death . Toucan Sam had a cousin named Arty Artin that was featured in a few commercials . Animation of the commercials were created by several animation companies including Thumbnail Spots ; this impacted the character growth among the years . Although his beak originally had two pink stripes , during the 1970s it became a tradition that each stripe on his beak represented one of the flavors of the pieces in the cereal : ( red = cherry , yellow = lemon , orange = orange ) . The additions of new colors have made this color scheme no longer accurate . There are now eight colors of this cereal . The first new color was green , which was introduced in 1991 , then purple in 1994 , blue in 1996 , pink in 2002 , and gold in 2006 . The colors , perhaps , represent different flavors present in the cereal , but each color has the same flavor . In popular culture ( edit ) A parody of Toucan Sam can be briefly seen on an episode of T.U.F.F. Puppy as one of the many things the Chameleon can turn into . Another parody was found on Family Guy where Brian auditioned for the mascot 's role . Maya Archaeology Initiative ( edit ) The Maya Archaeology Initiative ( MAI ) is a project of the World Free Press Institute ( WFPI ) . On June 2010 , WFPI submitted a trademark application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for the MAI logo , a profile of a toucan with a Mayan temple in the background , both encircled by yellow / green light . It was published on 15 March 2011 . Kellogg 's ( owner of the Toucan Sam logo ) objected on the grounds that the two logos are too similar . That caused a long argument , which ended on 15 November 2011 with an announcement that Kelloggs and the MAI are forming a charitable partnership . Recent commercials ( edit ) Since 1994 , Toucan Sam has been joined onscreen by Puey , Susey , and Louis . The nephews are voiced by two notable voiceover artists : Frank Welker and Jim Cummings . In recent commercials , Toucan Sam 's 3 nephews have joined him in opposition to many practical Froot Loop - loving enemies through a series of integrated commercials ( each of them as well appropriately advertise the cereal itself ) . In recent recordings , Mike Leboff will be voicing yet another one of Sam 's foes . The first of these enemies were Dr. Peacock , a peacock modeled after a stereotypical mad scientist who stole Toucan Sam 's color with a giant laser called a color ray , thus rendering him black and white . Toucan Sam and his nephews find Dr. Peacock 's lair and use the color ray to return his colors , and add Rainbow Loops to the cereal as voted by kids everywhere . Another enemy , an alien called the Nasty Alien Froot Monster , lands on Earth in search of the ultimate fruit taste of Froot Loops . He captures Toucan Sam , but thanks to online voting , Toucan Sam 's nephews gave the Froot Monster what he wanted , allowing Toucan Sam to escape . The Froot Monster , however , wanted more and stole Toucan Sam 's cereal box . When Toucan Sam and his nephews found him , the Froot Monster devoured the entire box , and turned from bad to good by changing from green to yellow and creating Alien Berry Froot Loops , which he shared with everyone . Then after , the smell of Froot Loops travels through the mirror to the land of Froot Scents , where the Froot Queen owns all fruity aromas . When she smells the Froot Loops , she declares it the best fruit scent and orders her guards ( humans with fruit for heads ) to capture the Froot Loops . The guards successfully steal the Froot Loops and break the mirror in the process . Toucan Sam and his nephews fix the mirror , and Toucan Sam follows them inside , commenting on the land 's wonderful and strange fruit , and takes back the Froot Loops from the Froot Queen . The Froot Queen orders her guards to capture Toucan Sam , but the confusion allows Toucan Sam to take some of the land 's fruit , where kids decided through online voting that the new loop should be Cherry - Cherry . Toucan Sam then escaped and added the Cherry - Cherry to the cereal . He even gave the new Froot Loops to the Froot Queen , whom after taking a bite , turned into a pretty good queen and rewarded her guards with Cherry - Cherry loops . A series of commercials for Froot Loops followed the adventures of Toucan Sam and his nephews finding a treasure map and following it to a treasure that once belonged to a toucan pirate , Blackbeak ( the name is a pun on Blackbeard ) . In each exploit , they reach a new destination that holds a new variety of Froot Loops , the most recent being `` Golden Bars '' ( in reality , just three yellow Froot Loops stuck in a line ) . They encountered him and three other pirates later on . However , the pirates were beaten by a laser Sam made out of the loops and Blackbeak was helpless . Blackbeak looks very similar to Toucan Sam . Villain # 5 is the Greedy Froot Pharaoh in Egypt . A bandage was loose . A nephew stomped on that and beat him . Villain # 6 is the Selfish Froot Master in Japan . This karate koi ate some loops thrown by Sam and was trapped by 2 nephews in a fish bowl . Sam set off to Mexico to get some Froot Loops . But he had to get through the Greedy Witch Doctor first . The Witch doctor was tickled and fell off his temple . He let go of his magic sprinkles on the way down and Sam used those to top the Froot Loops , creating Froot Loops with Sprinkles . In 2013 , a new villain called Carl the King Crab was released . Toucan Sam 's age is not known . The Toucan Sam campaign was produced by Pepper Films , Inc. until 2013 , when Kellogg 's transitioned the Froot Loops brand to CGI with animation company Nathan Love . Toucan Sam is currently voiced by Maurice LaMarche . Other characters ( edit ) The Nephews Lil ' Doggie Ostrich Sisters voiced by Gail Matthius The Hippo Bear Golf The Seal Turtle Cab Driver voiced by Mel Blanc Penguin voiced by Don Messick Rhino Rapper voiced by Jim Cummings Madame Gypsy voiced by June Foray Fruit Bat voiced by Frank Welker Surfer Cat voiced by Townsend Coleman Scientist voiced by Maurice LaMarche See also ( edit ) List of breakfast cereal advertising characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Character of the Week : Kellogg 's Toucan Sam '' . 2008 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ All About Toucan Sam and Kellogg 's Fruit Loops Jump up ^ Are the different colors of Froot Loops different flavors ? Jump up ^ Tirado , Michelle ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Mayan Message to Kellogg : Toucan Play This Game '' . Indian Country Today Media Network . Jump up ^ Gallagher , John ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Kellogg 's Toucan Sam trademark dispute ends with charitable partnership '' . Detroit Free Press . Gannett . Jump up ^ http://motionographer.com/2013/04/30/nathan-love-kelloggs-froot-loops-carl-the-king-crab/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toucan_Sam&oldid=799784870 '' Categories : Bird mascots Cartoon mascots Cereal advertising characters Fictional anthropomorphic characters Computer - animated television series Fictional characters introduced in 1963 Kellogg Company Toucans Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 20 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
whats the name of the bird from fruit loops
[ "Toucan Sam is the cartoon toucan mascot for Froot Loops breakfast cereal. The character has been featured in advertising since the 1960s. He exhibits the ability to smell Froot Loops from great distances and invariably locates a concealed bowl of the cereal while intoning, \"Follow your nose! It always knows!\", sometimes followed by \"The flavor of fruit! Wherever it grows!\" Another version of this phrase in a string of commercials in the late-2000s presents the character at the end of the commercials saying \"Just follow your nose!\", followed by a group of children retorting, \"For the fruity taste that shows!\"" ]
[ "Toucan Sam" ]
-3316565656790318916
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas - wikipedia Greenhouse gas This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 May 2018 . Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space , the atmosphere , and Earth 's surface . Energy influx and emittance are expressed in watts per square meter ( W / m ) . A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range . This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect . The primary greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Without greenhouse gases , the average temperature of Earth 's surface would be about − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) , rather than the present average of 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) . In the Solar System , the atmospheres of Venus , Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect . Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution ( around 1750 ) have produced a 40 % increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ( CO ) , from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017 . This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural `` sinks '' involved in the carbon cycle . The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions ( i.e. , emissions produced by human activities ) come from combustion of fossil fuels , principally coal , oil , and natural gas , with comparatively modest additional contributions coming from deforestation , changes in land use , soil erosion , and agriculture . It has been estimated that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at their present rate , Earth 's surface temperature could exceed historical values as early as 2047 , with potentially harmful effects on ecosystems , biodiversity and the livelihoods of people worldwide . Recent estimates also suggest that at current emission rates the Earth could pass a threshold of 2 ° C global warming , which the United Nations ' IPCC designated as the upper limit to avoid `` dangerous '' global warming , by 2036 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gases in Earth 's atmosphere 1.1 Greenhouse gases 1.2 Non-greenhouse gases 1.3 Indirect radiative effects 1.4 Contribution of clouds to Earth 's greenhouse effect 2 Impacts on the overall greenhouse effect 2.1 Proportion of direct effects at a given moment 2.2 Atmospheric lifetime 2.3 Radiative forcing 2.4 Global warming potential 3 Natural and anthropogenic sources 3.1 Ice cores 3.2 Changes since the Industrial Revolution 4 Anthropogenic greenhouse gases 4.1 Sectors 4.1. 1 Tourism 4.1. 2 Road Haulage 5 Role of water vapor 6 Direct greenhouse gas emissions 6.1 Regional and national attribution of emissions 6.2 From land - use change 6.3 Greenhouse gas intensity 6.4 Cumulative and historical emissions 6.5 Changes since a particular base year 6.6 Annual emissions 6.7 Top emitter countries 6.7. 1 Annual 6.7. 2 Cumulative 6.8 Embedded emissions 6.9 Effect of policy 6.10 Projections 6.11 Relative CO emission from various fuels 7 Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources 8 Removal from the atmosphere ( `` sinks '' ) 8.1 Natural processes 8.2 Negative emissions 9 History of scientific research 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links 13.1 Carbon dioxide emissions Gases in Earth 's atmosphere ( edit ) Main articles : Greenhouse effect and Atmosphere of Earth See also : Global warming and Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere Atmospheric absorption and scattering at different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves . The largest absorption band of carbon dioxide is not far from the maximum in the thermal emission from ground , and it partly closes the window of transparency of water ; hence its major effect . Greenhouse gases ( edit ) Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth . In order , the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are : Water vapor ( H O ) Carbon dioxide ( CO ) Methane ( CH ) Nitrous oxide ( N O ) Ozone ( O ) Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) Hydrofluorocarbons ( incl . HCFCs and HFCs ) Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are determined by the balance between sources ( emissions of the gas from human activities and natural systems ) and sinks ( the removal of the gas from the atmosphere by conversion to a different chemical compound ) . The proportion of an emission remaining in the atmosphere after a specified time is the `` airborne fraction '' ( AF ) . The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that year 's total emissions . As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO was about 0.45 . The annual airborne fraction increased at a rate of 0.25 ± 0.21 % per year over the period 1959 -- 2006 . Non-greenhouse gases ( edit ) The major atmospheric constituents , nitrogen ( N ) , oxygen ( O ) , and argon ( Ar ) , are not greenhouse gases because molecules containing two atoms of the same element such as N and O and monatomic molecules such as argon ( Ar ) have no net change in the distribution of their electrical charges when they vibrate . Hence they are almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation . Although molecules containing two atoms of different elements such as carbon monoxide ( CO ) or hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) absorb infrared radiation , these molecules are short - lived in the atmosphere owing to their reactivity and solubility . Therefore , they do not contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and often are omitted when discussing greenhouse gases . Indirect radiative effects ( edit ) The false colors in this image represent concentrations of carbon monoxide in the lower atmosphere , ranging from about 390 parts per billion ( dark brown pixels ) , to 220 parts per billion ( red pixels ) , to 50 parts per billion ( blue pixels ) . Some gases have indirect radiative effects ( whether or not they are greenhouse gases themselves ) . This happens in two main ways . One way is that when they break down in the atmosphere they produce another greenhouse gas . For example , methane and carbon monoxide ( CO ) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide ( and methane oxidation also produces water vapor , as discussed later ) . Oxidation of CO to CO directly produces an unambiguous increase in radiative forcing although the reason is subtle . The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth 's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO ( 15 microns , or 667 cm ) . On the other hand , the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths ( 4.7 microns , or 2145 cm ) , where the emission of radiant energy from Earth 's surface is at least a factor of ten lower . Oxidation of methane to CO , which requires reactions with the OH radical , produces an instantaneous reduction in radiative absorption and emission since CO is a weaker greenhouse gas than methane , although CO has a longer lifetime . As described below this is not the whole story , since the oxidations of CO and CH are intertwined by both consuming OH radicals . In any case , the calculation of the total radiative effect needs to include both the direct and indirect forcing . A second type of indirect effect happens when chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving these gases change the concentrations of greenhouse gases . For example , the destruction of non-methane volatile organic compounds ( NMVOCs ) in the atmosphere can produce ozone . The size of the indirect effect can depend strongly on where and when the gas is emitted . Methane has a number of indirect effects in addition to forming CO . First , the main chemical that reacts with methane in the atmosphere is the hydroxyl radical ( OH ) , thus more methane means that the concentration of OH goes down . Effectively , methane increases its own atmospheric lifetime and therefore its overall radiative effect . The second effect is that the oxidation of methane can produce ozone . Third , as well as making CO , the oxidation of methane produces water ; this is a major source of water vapor in the stratosphere , which is otherwise very dry . CO and NMVOCs also produce CO when they are oxidized . They remove OH from the atmosphere , and this leads to higher concentrations of methane . The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO . The same process that converts NMVOCs to carbon dioxide can also lead to the formation of tropospheric ozone . Halocarbons have an indirect effect because they destroy stratospheric ozone . Finally , hydrogen can lead to ozone production and CH increases as well as producing water vapor in the stratosphere . Contribution of clouds to Earth 's greenhouse effect ( edit ) The major non-gas contributor to Earth 's greenhouse effect , clouds , also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have an effect on radiative properties of the greenhouse gases . Clouds are water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere . Impacts on the overall greenhouse effect ( edit ) Schmidt et al. ( 2010 ) analysed how individual components of the atmosphere contribute to the total greenhouse effect . They estimated that water vapor accounts for about 50 % of Earth 's greenhouse effect , with clouds contributing 25 % , carbon dioxide 20 % , and the minor greenhouse gases and aerosols accounting for the remaining 5 % . In the study , the reference model atmosphere is for 1980 conditions . Image credit : NASA . The contribution of each gas to the greenhouse effect is determined by the characteristics of that gas , its abundance , and any indirect effects it may cause . For example , the direct radiative effect of a mass of methane is about 84 times stronger than the same mass of carbon dioxide over a 20 - year time frame but it is present in much smaller concentrations so that its total direct radiative effect is smaller , in part due to its shorter atmospheric lifetime . On the other hand , in addition to its direct radiative impact , methane has a large , indirect radiative effect because it contributes to ozone formation . Shindell et al. ( 2005 ) argue that the contribution to climate change from methane is at least double previous estimates as a result of this effect . When ranked by their direct contribution to the greenhouse effect , the most important are : Compound Formula Concentration in atmosphere ( ppm ) Contribution ( % ) Water vapor and clouds O 10 -- 50,000 36 -- 72 % Carbon dioxide CO ~ 400 9 -- 26 % Methane CH ~ 1.8 4 -- 9 % Ozone O 2 -- 8 3 -- 7 % notes : Water vapor strongly varies locally The concentration in stratosphere . About 90 % of the ozone in Earth 's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere . In addition to the main greenhouse gases listed above , other greenhouse gases include sulfur hexafluoride , hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons ( see IPCC list of greenhouse gases ) . Some greenhouse gases are not often listed . For example , nitrogen trifluoride has a high global warming potential ( GWP ) but is only present in very small quantities . Proportion of direct effects at a given moment ( edit ) It is not possible to state that a certain gas causes an exact percentage of the greenhouse effect . This is because some of the gases absorb and emit radiation at the same frequencies as others , so that the total greenhouse effect is not simply the sum of the influence of each gas . The higher ends of the ranges quoted are for each gas alone ; the lower ends account for overlaps with the other gases . In addition , some gases such as methane are known to have large indirect effects that are still being quantified . Atmospheric lifetime ( edit ) Aside from water vapor , which has a residence time of about nine days , major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere . Although it is not easy to know with precision how long it takes greenhouse gases to leave the atmosphere , there are estimates for the principal greenhouse gases . Jacob ( 1999 ) defines the lifetime τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) of an atmospheric species X in a one - box model as the average time that a molecule of X remains in the box . Mathematically τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) can be defined as the ratio of the mass m ( \ displaystyle m ) ( in kg ) of X in the box to its removal rate , which is the sum of the flow of X out of the box ( F o u t ( \ displaystyle F_ ( out ) ) ) , chemical loss of X ( L ( \ displaystyle L ) ) , and deposition of X ( D ( \ displaystyle D ) ) ( all in kg / s ) : τ = m F o u t + L + D ( \ displaystyle \ tau = ( \ frac ( m ) ( F_ ( out ) + L + D ) ) ) . If one stopped pouring any of this gas into the box , then after a time τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) , its concentration would be about halved . The atmospheric lifetime of a species therefore measures the time required to restore equilibrium following a sudden increase or decrease in its concentration in the atmosphere . Individual atoms or molecules may be lost or deposited to sinks such as the soil , the oceans and other waters , or vegetation and other biological systems , reducing the excess to background concentrations . The average time taken to achieve this is the mean lifetime . Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime , and can not be specified precisely . The atmospheric lifetime of CO is estimated of the order of 30 -- 95 years . This figure accounts for CO molecules being removed from the atmosphere by mixing into the ocean , photosynthesis , and other processes . However , this excludes the balancing fluxes of CO into the atmosphere from the geological reservoirs , which have slower characteristic rates . Although more than half of the CO emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century , some fraction ( about 20 % ) of emitted CO remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years . Similar issues apply to other greenhouse gases , many of which have longer mean lifetimes than CO . E.g. , N O has a mean atmospheric lifetime of 121 years . Radiative forcing ( edit ) Earth absorbs some of the radiant energy received from the sun , reflects some of it as light and reflects or radiates the rest back to space as heat . Earth 's surface temperature depends on this balance between incoming and outgoing energy . If this energy balance is shifted , Earth 's surface becomes warmer or cooler , leading to a variety of changes in global climate . A number of natural and man - made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth 's climate . Greenhouse gases are one such mechanism . Greenhouse gases absorb and emit some of the outgoing energy radiated from Earth 's surface , causing that heat to be retained in the lower atmosphere . As explained above , some greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for decades or even centuries , and therefore can affect Earth 's energy balance over a long period . Radiative forcing quantifies the effect of factors that influence Earth 's energy balance , including changes in the concentrations of greenhouse gases . Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy , whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling . Global warming potential ( edit ) The global warming potential ( GWP ) depends on both the efficiency of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and its atmospheric lifetime . GWP is measured relative to the same mass of CO and evaluated for a specific timescale . Thus , if a gas has a high ( positive ) radiative forcing but also a short lifetime , it will have a large GWP on a 20 - year scale but a small one on a 100 - year scale . Conversely , if a molecule has a longer atmospheric lifetime than CO its GWP will increase with the timescale considered . Carbon dioxide is defined to have a GWP of 1 over all time periods . Methane has an atmospheric lifetime of 12 ± 3 years . The 2007 IPCC report lists the GWP as 72 over a time scale of 20 years , 25 over 100 years and 7.6 over 500 years . A 2014 analysis , however , states that although methane 's initial impact is about 100 times greater than that of CO , because of the shorter atmospheric lifetime , after six or seven decades , the impact of the two gases is about equal , and from then on methane 's relative role continues to decline . The decrease in GWP at longer times is because methane is degraded to water and CO through chemical reactions in the atmosphere . Examples of the atmospheric lifetime and GWP relative to CO for several greenhouse gases are given in the following table : Atmospheric lifetime and GWP relative to CO at different time horizon for various greenhouse gases Gas name Chemical formula Lifetime ( years ) Global warming potential ( GWP ) for given time horizon 20 - yr 100 - yr 500 - yr Carbon dioxide CO 30 -- 95 Methane CH 12 84 28 7.6 Nitrous oxide O 121 264 265 153 CFC - 12 CCl 100 10 800 10 200 5 200 HCFC - 22 CHClF 12 5 280 1 760 549 Tetrafluoromethane CF 50 000 4 880 6 630 11 200 Hexafluoroethane 10 000 8 210 11 100 18 200 Sulfur hexafluoride SF 3 200 17 500 23 500 32 600 Nitrogen trifluoride NF 500 12 800 16 100 20 700 The use of CFC - 12 ( except some essential uses ) has been phased out due to its ozone depleting properties . The phasing - out of less active HCFC - compounds will be completed in 2030 . Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere if half of global - warming emissions are not absorbed . ( NASA simulation ; 9 November 2015 ) Nitrogen dioxide 2014 -- global air quality levels ( released 14 December 2015 ) . Natural and anthropogenic sources ( edit ) Top : Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels as measured in the atmosphere and reflected in ice cores . Bottom : The amount of net carbon increase in the atmosphere , compared to carbon emissions from burning fossil fuel . This diagram shows a simplified representation of the contemporary global carbon cycle . Changes are measured in gigatons of carbon per year ( GtC / y ) . Canadell et al. ( 2007 ) estimated the growth rate of global average atmospheric CO for 2000 -- 2006 as 1.93 parts - per - million per year ( 4.1 petagrams of carbon per year ) . Aside from purely human - produced synthetic halocarbons , most greenhouse gases have both natural and human - caused sources . During the pre-industrial Holocene , concentrations of existing gases were roughly constant , because the large natural sources and sinks roughly balance . In the industrial era , human activities have added greenhouse gases to the atmosphere , mainly through the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests . The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC ( AR4 ) noted that `` changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols , land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system '' , and concluded that `` increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century '' . In AR4 , `` most of '' is defined as more than 50 % . Abbreviations used in the two tables below : ppm = parts - per - million ; ppb = parts - per - billion ; ppt = parts - per - trillion ; W / m = watts per square metre Current greenhouse gas concentrations Gas Pre-1750 tropospheric concentration Recent tropospheric concentration Absolute increase since 1750 Percentage increase since 1750 Increased radiative forcing ( W / m ) Carbon dioxide ( CO ) 280 ppm 395.4 ppm 115.4 ppm 41.2 % 1.88 Methane ( CH ) 700 ppb 1893 ppb / 1762 ppb 1193 ppb / 1062 ppb 170.4 % / 151.7 % 0.49 Nitrous oxide ( N O ) 270 ppb 326 ppb / 324 ppb 56 ppb / 54 ppb 20.7 % / 20.0 % 0.17 Tropospheric ozone ( O ) 237 ppb 337 ppb 100 ppb 42 % 0.4 Relevant to radiative forcing and / or ozone depletion ; all of the following have no natural sources and hence zero amounts pre-industrial Gas Recent tropospheric concentration Increased radiative forcing ( W / m ) CFC - 11 ( trichlorofluoromethane ) ( CCl F ) 236 ppt / 234 ppt 0.061 CFC - 12 ( CCl ) 527 ppt / 527 ppt 0.169 CFC - 113 ( Cl FC - CClF ) 74 ppt / 74 ppt 0.022 HCFC - 22 ( CHClF ) 231 ppt / 210 ppt 0.046 HCFC - 141b ( CH CCl F ) 24 ppt / 21 ppt 0.0036 HCFC - 142b ( CH CClF ) 23 ppt / 21 ppt 0.0042 Halon 1211 ( CBrClF ) 4.1 ppt / 4.0 ppt 0.0012 Halon 1301 ( CBrClF ) 3.3 ppt / 3.3 ppt 0.001 HFC - 134a ( CH FCF ) 75 ppt / 64 ppt 0.0108 Carbon tetrachloride ( CCl ) 85 ppt / 83 ppt 0.0143 Sulfur hexafluoride ( SF ) 7.79 ppt / 7.39 ppt 0.0043 Other halocarbons Varies by substance collectively 0.02 Halocarbons in total 0.3574 400,000 years of ice core data Ice cores provide evidence for greenhouse gas concentration variations over the past 800,000 years ( see the following section ) . Both CO and CH vary between glacial and interglacial phases , and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature . Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record , a record that indicates CO mole fractions stayed within a range of 180 ppm to 280 ppm throughout the last 800,000 years , until the increase of the last 250 years . However , various proxies and modeling suggests larger variations in past epochs ; 500 million years ago CO levels were likely 10 times higher than now . Indeed , higher CO concentrations are thought to have prevailed throughout most of the Phanerozoic eon , with concentrations four to six times current concentrations during the Mesozoic era , and ten to fifteen times current concentrations during the early Palaeozoic era until the middle of the Devonian period , about 400 Ma . The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced CO concentrations during the late Devonian , and plant activities as both sources and sinks of CO have since been important in providing stabilising feedbacks . Earlier still , a 200 - million year period of intermittent , widespread glaciation extending close to the equator ( Snowball Earth ) appears to have been ended suddenly , about 550 Ma , by a colossal volcanic outgassing that raised the CO concentration of the atmosphere abruptly to 12 % , about 350 times modern levels , causing extreme greenhouse conditions and carbonate deposition as limestone at the rate of about 1 mm per day . This episode marked the close of the Precambrian eon , and was succeeded by the generally warmer conditions of the Phanerozoic , during which multicellular animal and plant life evolved . No volcanic carbon dioxide emission of comparable scale has occurred since . In the modern era , emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are only about 1 % of emissions from human sources . Ice cores ( edit ) Measurements from Antarctic ice cores show that before industrial emissions started atmospheric CO mole fractions were about 280 parts per million ( ppm ) , and stayed between 260 and 280 during the preceding ten thousand years . Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s , rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009 . One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability , with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago , though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO variability . Because of the way air is trapped in ice ( pores in the ice close off slowly to form bubbles deep within the firn ) and the time period represented in each ice sample analyzed , these figures represent averages of atmospheric concentrations of up to a few centuries rather than annual or decadal levels . Changes since the industrial Revolution ( edit ) Recent year - to - year increase of atmospheric CO . Major greenhouse gas trends . Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , the concentrations of most of the greenhouse gases have increased . For example , the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 400 ppm , or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels . The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years , from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958 ; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years , from 1958 to 2014 . Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate . In the 1960s , the average annual increase was only 37 % of what it was in 2000 through 2007 . Today , the stock of carbon in the atmosphere increases by more than 3 million tonnes per annum ( 0.04 % ) compared with the existing stock . This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels , deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions . The other greenhouse gases produced from human activity show similar increases in both amount and rate of increase . Many observations are available online in a variety of Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases . Anthropogenic greenhouse gases ( edit ) This graph shows changes in the annual greenhouse gas index ( AGGI ) between 1979 and 2011 . The AGGI measures the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere based on their ability to cause changes in Earth 's climate . This bar graph shows global greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2005 , measured in carbon dioxide equivalents . Modern global CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels . Since about 1750 human activity has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases . Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels . Natural sources of carbon dioxide are more than 20 times greater than sources due to human activity , but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks , mainly photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton . As a result of this balance , the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era . It is likely that anthropogenic ( i.e. , human - induced ) warming , such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels , has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems . Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts , including sea level rise , increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events , loss of biodiversity , and regional changes in agricultural productivity . The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are : burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air . Land use change ( mainly deforestation in the tropics ) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO emissions . livestock enteric fermentation and manure management , paddy rice farming , land use and wetland changes , man - made lakes , pipeline losses , and covered vented landfill emissions leading to higher methane atmospheric concentrations . Many of the newer style fully vented septic systems that enhance and target the fermentation process also are sources of atmospheric methane . use of chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) in refrigeration systems , and use of CFCs and halons in fire suppression systems and manufacturing processes . agricultural activities , including the use of fertilizers , that lead to higher nitrous oxide ( N O ) concentrations . The seven sources of CO from fossil fuel combustion are ( with percentage contributions for 2000 -- 2004 ) : Seven main fossil fuel combustion sources Contribution ( % ) Liquid fuels ( e.g. , gasoline , fuel oil ) 36 % Solid fuels ( e.g. , coal ) 35 % Gaseous fuels ( e.g. , natural gas ) 20 % Cement production 3 % Flaring gas industrially and at wells < 1 % Non-fuel hydrocarbons < 1 % `` International bunker fuels '' of transport not included in national inventories 4 % Carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide ( N O ) and three groups of fluorinated gases ( sulfur hexafluoride ( SF ) , hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) , and perfluorocarbons ( PFCs ) ) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases , and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty , which came into force in 2005 . Emissions limitations specified in the Kyoto Protocol expired in 2012 . The Cancún agreement , agreed in 2010 , includes voluntary pledges made by 76 countries to control emissions . At the time of the agreement , these 76 countries were collectively responsible for 85 % of annual global emissions . Although CFCs are greenhouse gases , they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol , which was motivated by CFCs ' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming . Note that ozone depletion has only a minor role in greenhouse warming though the two processes often are confused in the media . On 15 October 2016 , negotiators from over 170 nations meeting at the summit of the United Nations Environment Programme reached a legally binding accord to phase out hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) in an amendment to the Montreal Protocol . Sectors ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Information on emissions from other sectors . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) This figure shows the relative fraction of anthropogenic greenhouse gases coming from each of eight categories of sources , as estimated by the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research version 3.2 , fast track 2000 project ( 1 ) . These values are intended to provide a snapshot of global annual greenhouse gas emissions in the year 2000 . The top panel shows the sum over all anthropogenic greenhouse gases , weighted by their global warming potential over the next 100 years . This consists of 72 % carbon dioxide , 18 % methane , 8 % nitrous oxide and 1 % other gases . Lower panels show the comparable information for each of these three primary greenhouse gases , with the same coloring of sectors as used in the top chart . Segments with less than 1 % fraction are not labeled . Tourism ( edit ) According to UNEP global tourism is closely linked to climate change . Tourism is a significant contributor to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere . Tourism accounts for about 50 % of traffic movements . Rapidly expanding air traffic contributes about 2.5 % of the production of CO . The number of international travelers is expected to increase from 594 million in 1996 to 1.6 billion by 2020 , adding greatly to the problem unless steps are taken to reduce emissions . Road haulage ( edit ) The road haulage industry plays a part in production of CO , contributing around 20 % of the UK 's total carbon emissions a year , with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39 % . Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling -- in the thirty - year period from 1977 to 2007 , the carbon emissions associated with a 200 - mile journey fell by 21 percent ; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent , whereas journey times have fallen by around a third . Due to their size , HGVs often receive criticism regarding their CO2 emissions ; however , rapid development in engine technology and fuel management is having a largely positive effect . Role of water vapor ( edit ) Increasing water vapor in the stratosphere at Boulder , Colorado . Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect , between 36 % and 66 % for clear sky conditions and between 66 % and 85 % when including clouds . Water vapor concentrations fluctuate regionally , but human activity does not directly affect water vapor concentrations except at local scales , such as near irrigated fields . Indirectly , human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations , a process known as water vapor feedback . The atmospheric concentration of vapor is highly variable and depends largely on temperature , from less than 0.01 % in extremely cold regions up to 3 % by mass in saturated air at about 32 ° C. ( See Relative humidity # other important facts . ) The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days , compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH and CO . Thus , water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases . The Clausius -- Clapeyron relation establishes that more water vapor will be present per unit volume at elevated temperatures . This and other basic principles indicate that warming associated with increased concentrations of the other greenhouse gases also will increase the concentration of water vapor ( assuming that the relative humidity remains approximately constant ; modeling and observational studies find that this is indeed so ) . Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas , this results in further warming and so is a `` positive feedback '' that amplifies the original warming . Eventually other earth processes offset these positive feedbacks , stabilizing the global temperature at a new equilibrium and preventing the loss of Earth 's water through a Venus - like runaway greenhouse effect . Direct greenhouse gas emissions ( edit ) Between the period 1970 to 2004 , greenhouse gas emissions ( measured in CO-equivalent ) increased at an average rate of 1.6 % per year , with CO emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9 % per year . Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO-equivalent . These emissions include CO from fossil fuel use and from land use , as well as emissions of methane , nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol . At present , the primary source of CO emissions is the burning of coal , natural gas , and petroleum for electricity and heat . Regional and national attribution of emissions ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol and government action According to the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , GHG emissions in the United States can be traced from different sectors . There are several different ways of measuring greenhouse gas emissions , for example , see World Bank ( 2010 ) for tables of national emissions data . Some variables that have been reported include : Definition of measurement boundaries : Emissions can be attributed geographically , to the area where they were emitted ( the territory principle ) or by the activity principle to the territory produced the emissions . These two principles result in different totals when measuring , for example , electricity importation from one country to another , or emissions at an international airport . Time horizon of different gases : Contribution of a given greenhouse gas is reported as a CO equivalent . The calculation to determine this takes into account how long that gas remains in the atmosphere . This is not always known accurately and calculations must be regularly updated to reflect new information . What sectors are included in the calculation ( e.g. , energy industries , industrial processes , agriculture etc . ) : There is often a conflict between transparency and availability of data . The measurement protocol itself : This may be via direct measurement or estimation . The four main methods are the emission factor - based method , mass balance method , predictive emissions monitoring systems , and continuous emissions monitoring systems . These methods differ in accuracy , cost , and usability . These different measures are sometimes used by different countries to assert various policy / ethical positions on climate change ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 94 ) . This use of different measures leads to a lack of comparability , which is problematic when monitoring progress towards targets . There are arguments for the adoption of a common measurement tool , or at least the development of communication between different tools . Emissions may be measured over long time periods . This measurement type is called historical or cumulative emissions . Cumulative emissions give some indication of who is responsible for the build - up in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases ( IEA , 2007 , p. 199 ) . The national accounts balance would be positively related to carbon emissions . The national accounts balance shows the difference between exports and imports . For many richer nations , such as the United States , the accounts balance is negative because more goods are imported than they are exported . This is mostly due to the fact that it is cheaper to produce goods outside of developed countries , leading the economies of developed countries to become increasingly dependent on services and not goods . We believed that a positive accounts balance would means that more production was occurring in a country , so more factories working would increase carbon emission levels . Emissions may also be measured across shorter time periods . Emissions changes may , for example , be measured against a base year of 1990 . 1990 was used in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) as the base year for emissions , and is also used in the Kyoto Protocol ( some gases are also measured from the year 1995 ) . A country 's emissions may also be reported as a proportion of global emissions for a particular year . Another measurement is of per capita emissions . This divides a country 's total annual emissions by its mid-year population . Per capita emissions may be based on historical or annual emissions ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 106 -- 107 ) . From land - use Change ( edit ) Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture , forestry and other land use , 1970 -- 2010 . Land - use change , e.g. , the clearing of forests for agricultural use , can affect the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by altering how much carbon flows out of the atmosphere into carbon sinks . Accounting for land - use change can be understood as an attempt to measure `` net '' emissions , i.e. , gross emissions from all sources minus the removal of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 92 -- 93 ) . There are substantial uncertainties in the measurement of net carbon emissions . Additionally , there is controversy over how carbon sinks should be allocated between different regions and over time ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 93 ) . For instance , concentrating on more recent changes in carbon sinks is likely to favour those regions that have deforested earlier , e.g. , Europe . Greenhouse gas intensity ( edit ) See also : List of countries by carbon intensity Greenhouse gas intensity in the year 2000 , including land - use change . Carbon intensity of GDP ( using PPP ) for different regions , 1982 -- 2011 . Carbon intensity of GDP ( using MER ) for different regions , 1982 -- 2011 . Greenhouse gas intensity is a ratio between greenhouse gas emissions and another metric , e.g. , gross domestic product ( GDP ) or energy use . The terms `` carbon intensity '' and `` emissions intensity '' are also sometimes used . Emission intensities may be calculated using market exchange rates ( MER ) or purchasing power parity ( PPP ) ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 96 ) . Calculations based on MER show large differences in intensities between developed and developing countries , whereas calculations based on PPP show smaller differences . Cumulative and historical emissions ( edit ) Cumulative energy - related CO emissions between the years 1850 -- 2005 grouped into low - income , middle - income , high - income , the EU - 15 , and the OECD countries . Cumulative energy - related CO emissions between the years 1850 -- 2005 for individual countries . Map of cumulative per capita anthropogenic atmospheric CO emissions by country . Cumulative emissions include land use change , and are measured between the years 1950 and 2000 . Regional trends in annual CO emissions from fuel combustion between 1971 and 2009 . Regional trends in annual per capita CO emissions from fuel combustion between 1971 and 2009 . Cumulative anthropogenic ( i.e. , human - emitted ) emissions of CO from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming , and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human - induced climate change . Top - 5 historic CO contributors by region over the years 1800 to 1988 ( in % ) Region Industrial CO Total CO OECD North America 33.2 29.7 OECD Europe 26.1 16.6 Former USSR 14.1 12.5 China 5.5 6.0 Eastern Europe 5.5 4.8 The table above to the left is based on Banuri et al. ( 1996 , p. 94 ) . Overall , developed countries accounted for 83.8 % of industrial CO emissions over this time period , and 67.8 % of total CO emissions . Developing countries accounted for industrial CO emissions of 16.2 % over this time period , and 32.2 % of total CO emissions . The estimate of total CO emissions includes biotic carbon emissions , mainly from deforestation . Banuri et al. ( 1996 , p. 94 ) calculated per capita cumulative emissions based on then - current population . The ratio in per capita emissions between industrialized countries and developing countries was estimated at more than 10 to 1 . Including biotic emissions brings about the same controversy mentioned earlier regarding carbon sinks and land - use change ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 93 -- 94 ) . The actual calculation of net emissions is very complex , and is affected by how carbon sinks are allocated between regions and the dynamics of the climate system . Non-OECD countries accounted for 42 % of cumulative energy - related CO emissions between 1890 and 2007 . Over this time period , the US accounted for 28 % of emissions ; the EU , 23 % ; Russia , 11 % ; China , 9 % ; other OECD countries , 5 % ; Japan , 4 % ; India , 3 % ; and the rest of the world , 18 % . Changes since a particular base year ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol § Government action and emissions Between 1970 and 2004 , global growth in annual CO emissions was driven by North America , Asia , and the Middle East . The sharp acceleration in CO emissions since 2000 to more than a 3 % increase per year ( more than 2 ppm per year ) from 1.1 % per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations . China was responsible for most of global growth in emissions during this period . Localised plummeting emissions associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union have been followed by slow emissions growth in this region due to more efficient energy use , made necessary by the increasing proportion of it that is exported . In comparison , methane has not increased appreciably , and N O by 0.25 % y . Using different base years for measuring emissions has an effect on estimates of national contributions to global warming . This can be calculated by dividing a country 's highest contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year , by that country 's minimum contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year . Choosing between different base years of 1750 , 1900 , 1950 , and 1990 has a significant effect for most countries . Within the G8 group of countries , it is most significant for the UK , France and Germany . These countries have a long history of CO emissions ( see the section on Cumulative and historical emissions ) . Annual emissions ( edit ) Per capita anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by country for the year 2000 including land - use change . Annual per capita emissions in the industrialized countries are typically as much as ten times the average in developing countries . Due to China 's fast economic development , its annual per capita emissions are quickly approaching the levels of those in the Annex I group of the Kyoto Protocol ( i.e. , the developed countries excluding the USA ) . Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea , Iran , and Australia ( which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states , now has the highest percapita emission rate in the world ) . On the other hand , annual per capita emissions of the EU - 15 and the USA are gradually decreasing over time . Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries . Energy statistics for fast growing economies are less accurate than those for the industrialized countries . For China 's annual emissions in 2008 , the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency estimated an uncertainty range of about 10 % . The greenhouse gas footprint refers to the emissions resulting from the creation of products or services . It is more comprehensive than the commonly used carbon footprint , which measures only carbon dioxide , one of many greenhouse gases . 2015 was the first year to see both total global economic growth and a reduction of carbon emissions . Top emitter countries ( edit ) Global carbon dioxide emissions by country . The top 40 countries emitting all greenhouse gases , showing both that derived from all sources including land clearance and forestry and also the CO2 component excluding those sources . Per capita figures are included . Data taken from World Resources Institute , Washington . Note that Indonesia and Brazil show very much higher than on graphs simply showing fossil fuel use . See also : List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions , List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita , List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions , and List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita Annual ( edit ) In 2009 , the annual top ten emitting countries accounted for about two - thirds of the world 's annual energy - related CO emissions . Top - 10 annual energy - related CO emitters for the year 2009 Country % of global total annual emissions Tonnes of GHG per capita People 's Rep. of China 23.6 5.1 United States 17.9 16.9 India 5.5 1.4 Russian Federation 5.3 10.8 Japan 3.8 8.6 Germany 2.6 9.2 Islamic Rep. of Iran 1.8 7.3 Canada 1.8 15.4 South Korea 1.8 10.6 United Kingdom 1.6 7.5 Cumulative ( edit ) Play media The C - Story of Human Civilization by PIK Top - 10 cumulative energy - related CO emitters between 1850 and 2008 Country % of world total Metric tonnes CO per person United States 28.5 1,132.7 China 9.36 85.4 Russian Federation 7.95 677.2 Germany 6.78 998.9 United Kingdom 5.73 1,127.8 Japan 3.88 367 France 2.73 514.9 India 2.52 26.7 Canada 2.17 789.2 Ukraine 2.13 556.4 Embedded emissions ( edit ) One way of attributing greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions is to measure the embedded emissions ( also referred to as `` embodied emissions '' ) of goods that are being consumed . Emissions are usually measured according to production , rather than consumption . For example , in the main international treaty on climate change ( the UNFCCC ) , countries report on emissions produced within their borders , e.g. , the emissions produced from burning fossil fuels . Under a production - based accounting of emissions , embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the exporting , rather than the importing , country . Under a consumption - based accounting of emissions , embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the importing country , rather than the exporting , country . Davis and Caldeira ( 2010 ) found that a substantial proportion of CO emissions are traded internationally . The net effect of trade was to export emissions from China and other emerging markets to consumers in the US , Japan , and Western Europe . Based on annual emissions data from the year 2004 , and on a per - capita consumption basis , the top - 5 emitting countries were found to be ( in tCO per person , per year ) : Luxembourg ( 34.7 ) , the US ( 22.0 ) , Singapore ( 20.2 ) , Australia ( 16.7 ) , and Canada ( 16.6 ) . Carbon Trust research revealed that approximately 25 % of all CO emissions from human activities ' flow ' ( i.e. , are imported or exported ) from one country to another . Major developed economies were found to be typically net importers of embodied carbon emissions -- with UK consumption emissions 34 % higher than production emissions , and Germany ( 29 % ) , Japan ( 19 % ) and the USA ( 13 % ) also significant net importers of embodied emissions . Effect of Policy ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol and government action Governments have taken action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions ( climate change mitigation ) . Assessments of policy effectiveness have included work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , International Energy Agency , and United Nations Environment Programme . Policies implemented by governments have included national and regional targets to reduce emissions , promoting energy efficiency , and support for renewable energy such as Solar energy as an effective use of renewable energy because solar uses energy from the sun and does not release pollutants into the air . Countries and regions listed in Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ( i.e. , the OECD and former planned economies of the Soviet Union ) are required to submit periodic assessments to the UNFCCC of actions they are taking to address climate change . Analysis by the UNFCCC ( 2011 ) suggested that policies and measures undertaken by Annex I Parties may have produced emission savings of 1.5 thousand Tg CO-eq in the year 2010 , with most savings made in the energy sector . The projected emissions saving of 1.5 thousand Tg CO-eq is measured against a hypothetical `` baseline '' of Annex I emissions , i.e. , projected Annex I emissions in the absence of policies and measures . The total projected Annex I saving of 1.5 thousand CO-eq does not include emissions savings in seven of the Annex I Parties . Projections ( edit ) Further information : climate change scenario § Quantitative emissions projections See also : Global climate model § Projections of future climate change A wide range of projections of future emissions have been produced . Rogner et al. ( 2007 ) assessed the scientific literature on greenhouse gas projections . Rogner et al. ( 2007 ) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially , the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025 -- 2030 . Projections suggest that more than 80 % of the world 's energy will come from fossil fuels . This conclusion was based on `` much evidence '' and `` high agreement '' in the literature . Projected annual energy - related CO emissions in 2030 were 40 -- 110 % higher than in 2000 , with two - thirds of the increase originating in developing countries . Projected annual per capita emissions in developed country regions remained substantially lower ( 2.8 -- 5.1 tonnes CO ) than those in developed country regions ( 9.6 -- 15.1 tonnes CO ) . Projections consistently showed increase in annual world emissions of `` Kyoto '' gases , measured in CO-equivalent ) of 25 -- 90 % by 2030 , compared to 2000 . Relative CO emission from various fuels ( edit ) One liter of gasoline , when used as a fuel , produces 2.32 kg ( about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters ) of carbon dioxide , a greenhouse gas . One US gallon produces 19.4 lb ( 1,291.5 gallons or 172.65 cubic feet ) Mass of carbon dioxide emitted per quantity of energy for various fuels Fuel name CO emitted ( lbs / 10 Btu ) CO emitted ( g / MJ ) CO emitted ( g / kWh ) Natural gas 117 50.30 181.08 Liquefied petroleum gas 139 59.76 215.14 Propane 139 59.76 215.14 Aviation gasoline 153 65.78 236.81 Automobile gasoline 156 67.07 241.45 Kerosene 159 68.36 246.10 Fuel oil 161 69.22 249.19 Tires / tire derived fuel 189 81.26 292.54 Wood and wood waste 195 83.83 301.79 Coal ( bituminous ) 205 88.13 317.27 Coal ( sub-bituminous ) 213 91.57 329.65 Coal ( lignite ) 215 92.43 332.75 Petroleum coke 225 96.73 348.23 Tar - sand Bitumen Coal ( anthracite ) 227 97.59 351.32 Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources ( edit ) Main article : Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources A literature review of numerous energy sources CO emissions by the IPCC in 2011 , found that , the CO emission value that fell within the 50th percentile of all total life cycle emissions studies conducted was as follows . Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions by electricity source . Technology Description 50th percentile ( g CO / kWh ) Hydroelectric reservoir Ocean Energy wave and tidal 8 Wind onshore 12 Nuclear various generation II reactor types 16 Biomass various 18 Solar thermal parabolic trough 22 Geothermal hot dry rock 45 Solar PV Polycrystalline silicon 46 Natural gas various combined cycle turbines without scrubbing 469 Coal various generator types without scrubbing 1001 Removal from the atmosphere ( `` sinks '' ) ( edit ) Natural processes ( edit ) Greenhouse gases can be removed from the atmosphere by various processes , as a consequence of : a physical change ( condensation and precipitation remove water vapor from the atmosphere ) . a chemical reaction within the atmosphere . For example , methane is oxidized by reaction with naturally occurring hydroxyl radical , OH and degraded to CO and water vapor ( CO from the oxidation of methane is not included in the methane Global warming potential ) . Other chemical reactions include solution and solid phase chemistry occurring in atmospheric aerosols . a physical exchange between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet . An example is the mixing of atmospheric gases into the oceans . a chemical change at the interface between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet . This is the case for CO , which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants , and which , after dissolving in the oceans , reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions ( see ocean acidification ) . a photochemical change . Halocarbons are dissociated by UV light releasing Cl and F as free radicals in the stratosphere with harmful effects on ozone ( halocarbons are generally too stable to disappear by chemical reaction in the atmosphere ) . Negative emissions ( edit ) Main article : Negative carbon dioxide emission A number of technologies remove greenhouse gases emissions from the atmosphere . Most widely analysed are those that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , either to geologic formations such as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage and carbon dioxide air capture , or to the soil as in the case with biochar . The IPCC has pointed out that many long - term climate scenario models require large - scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change . History of scientific Research ( edit ) In the late 19th century scientists experimentally discovered that N and O do not absorb infrared radiation ( called , at that time , `` dark radiation '' ) , while water ( both as true vapor and condensed in the form of microscopic droplets suspended in clouds ) and CO and other poly - atomic gaseous molecules do absorb infrared radiation . In the early 20th century researchers realized that greenhouse gases in the atmosphere made Earth 's overall temperature higher than it would be without them . During the late 20th century , a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system , with consequences for the environment and for human health . 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NASA . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Canadell , J.G. ; et al. ( 20 November 2007 ) , `` Contributions to Accelerating Atmospheric CO2 Growth from Economic Activity , Carbon Intensity , and Efficiency of Natural Sinks ( Results and Discussion : Growth in Atmospheric CO ) '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 104 ( 47 ) : 18866 -- 18870 , Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10418866C , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0702737104 , PMC 2141868 , PMID 17962418 Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 Historical Overview of Climate Change Science -- FAQ 1.3 Figure 1 description page 116 '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 5 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 , IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios , 2000 '' . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 2000 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( November 17 , 2007 ) . `` Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 5 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : From non-copyrighted source : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . Details on copyright status : Frequently Asked Global Change Questions , Q34 : I would like to use a diagram , image , graph , table , or other materials from the CDIAC Web site . How can I obtain permission ? Are there copyright restrictions ? , retrieved 2012 - 09 - 26 , on CDIAC 2013 . `` All of the reports , graphics , data , and other information on the CDIAC Web site are freely and publicly available without copyright restrictions . However as a professional courtesy , we ask that the original data source be acknowledged . '' ^ Jump up to : Ehhalt , D. ; et al. , `` Ch 4 . Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases '' , Table 4.1 , archived from the original on 3 January 2013 , in IPCC TAR WG1 2001 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . Based on Blasing et al. ( 2013 ) : Pre-1750 concentrations of CH4 , N2O and current concentrations of O3 , are taken from Table 4.1 ( a ) of the IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) , 2001 . Following the convention of IPCC ( 2001 ) , inferred global - scale trace - gas concentrations from prior to 1750 are assumed to be practically uninfluenced by human activities such as increasingly specialized agriculture , land clearing , and combustion of fossil fuels . Preindustrial concentrations of industrially manufactured compounds are given as zero . The short atmospheric lifetime of ozone ( hours - days ) together with the spatial variability of its sources precludes a globally or vertically homogeneous distribution , so that a fractional unit such as parts per billion would not apply over a range of altitudes or geographical locations . Therefore a different unit is used to integrate the varying concentrations of ozone in the vertical dimension over a unit area , and the results can then be averaged globally . This unit is called a Dobson Unit ( D.U. ) , after G.M.B. Dobson , one of the first investigators of atmospheric ozone . A Dobson unit is the amount of ozone in a column that , unmixed with the rest of the atmosphere , would be 10 micrometers thick at standard temperature and pressure . Jump up ^ Because atmospheric concentrations of most gases tend to vary systematically over the course of a year , figures given represent averages over a 12 - month period for all gases except ozone ( O3 ) , for which a current global value has been estimated ( IPCC , 2001 , Table 4.1 a ) . CO averages for year 2012 are taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Earth System Research Laboratory , web site : www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends maintained by Dr. Pieter Tans . For other chemical species , the values given are averages for 2011 . These data are found on the CDIAC AGAGE web site : http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html or the AGAGE home page : http://agage.eas.gatech.edu . ^ Jump up to : Forster , P. ; et al. , `` Ch 2 : Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing '' , Table 2.1 , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 141 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . For the latest updates , see the NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index at : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Prentice , I.C. ; et al. , `` Ch 3 . The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide '' , Executive summary , archived from the original on 7 December 2009 , in IPCC TAR WG1 2001 , p. 185 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 Jump up ^ Recent CO concentration ( 395.4 ppm ) is the 2013 average taken from globally averaged marine surface data given by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory , website : http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/index.html#global . Please read the material on that web page and reference Dr. Pieter Tans when citing this average ( Dr. Pieter Tans , NOAA / ESRL http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends ) . The oft - cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm , which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above . Refer to http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends for records back to the late 1950s . Jump up ^ ppb = parts - per - billion ^ Jump up to : The first value in a cell represents Mace Head , Ireland , a mid-latitude Northern - Hemisphere site , and the second value represents Cape Grim , Tasmania , a mid-latitude Southern - Hemisphere site . `` Current '' values given for these gases are annual arithmetic averages based on monthly background concentrations for year 2011 . The SF values are from the AGAGE gas chromatography -- mass spectrometer ( gc - ms ) Medusa measuring system . Source : Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment ( AGAGE ) data posted on CDIAC web site at : http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ . These data are compiled from data on finer time scales in the ALE / GAGE / AGAGE database ( 2 ) ( Prinn et al. , 2000 ) . These data represent the work of several investigators at various institutions ; guidelines on citing the various parts of the AGAGE database are found within the ALE / GAGE / AGAGE database , see : ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ The pre-1750 value for N O is consistent with ice - core records from 10,000 B.C.E. through 1750 C.E. : `` Summary for policymakers '' , Figure SPM. 1 , IPCC , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 3 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 Jump up ^ Changes in stratospheric ozone have resulted in a decrease in radiative forcing of 0.05 W / m : Forster , P. ; et al. , `` Ch 2 : Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing '' , Table 2.12 , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 204 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 ^ Jump up to : For SF data from January 2004 onward see : ( 4 ) . For data from 1995 through 2004 , see the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , Halogenated and other Atmospheric Trace Species ( HATS ) site at : ( 5 ) . Concentrations of SF from 1970 through 1999 , obtained from Antarctic firn ( consolidated deep snow ) air samples , can be found in W.T. Sturges et al . Jump up ^ File : Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide. png Jump up ^ Berner , Robert A. ( January 1994 ) . `` GEOCARB II : a revised model of atmospheric CO over Phanerozoic time '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Science . 294 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 91 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. 294.1. 56 . Jump up ^ Royer , D.L. ; R.A. Berner ; D.J. Beerling ( 2001 ) . `` Phanerozoic atmospheric CO change : evaluating geochemical and paleobiological approaches '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 54 ( 4 ) : 349 -- 92 . Bibcode : 2001ESRv ... 54 ... 349R . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 00 ) 00042 - 8 . Jump up ^ Berner , Robert A. ; Kothavala , Zavareth ( 2001 ) . `` GEOCARB III : a revised model of atmospheric CO over Phanerozoic time '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Science . 301 ( 2 ) : 182 -- 204 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. 301.2. 182 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 August 2004 . Jump up ^ Beerling , D.J. ; Berner , R.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Feedbacks and the co-evolution of plants and atmospheric CO '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 ( 5 ) : 1302 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2005PNAS ... 102.1302 B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0408724102 . PMC 547859 . PMID 15668402 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffmann , PF ; AJ Kaufman ; GP Halverson ; DP Schrag ( 1998 ) . `` A neoproterozoic snowball earth '' . Science . 281 ( 5381 ) : 1342 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 281.1342 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 281.5381. 1342 . PMID 9721097 . Jump up ^ Gerlach , TM ( 1991 ) . `` Present - day CO emissions from volcanoes '' . Transactions of the American Geophysical Union . 72 ( 23 ) : 249 -- 55 . Bibcode : 1991EOSTr ... 72 ... 249 ... doi : 10.1029 / 90EO10192 . Jump up ^ See also : `` U.S. Geological Survey '' . 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Flückiger , Jacqueline ( 2002 ) . `` High - resolution Holocene N O ice core record and its relationship with CH and CO `` . Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 16 : 1010 . Bibcode : 2002GBioC ... 16a ... 10F . doi : 10.1029 / 2001GB001417 . Jump up ^ Friederike Wagner ; Bent Aaby ; Henk Visscher ( 2002 ) . `` Rapid atmospheric CO changes associated with the 8,200 - years - B.P. cooling event '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 ( 19 ) : 12011 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 9912011W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 182420699 . PMC 129389 . PMID 12202744 . Jump up ^ Andreas Indermühle ; Bernhard Stauffer ; Thomas F. Stocker ( 1999 ) . `` Early Holocene Atmospheric CO Concentrations '' . Science . 286 ( 5446 ) : 1815 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 286.5446. 1815a . `` Early Holocene atmospheric CO concentrations '' . Science . 286 : 1815a -- 1815 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 286.5446. 1815a . Retrieved 26 May 2005 . Jump up ^ H.J. Smith ; M. Wahlen ; D. Mastroianni ( 1997 ) . `` The CO concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum - Holocene transition '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 24 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 4 . Bibcode : 1997GeoRL ... 24 ... 1S . doi : 10.1029 / 96GL03700 . Jump up ^ Charles J. Kibert ( 2016 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Background '' . Sustainable Construction : Green Building Design and Delivery . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 119 - 05532 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Full Mauna Loa CO record '' . Earth System Research Laboratory . 2005 . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Dr. Pieter Tans ( 3 May 2008 ) `` Annual CO mole fraction increase ( ppm ) '' for 1959 -- 2007 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory , Global Monitoring Division ( additional details ; see also K.A. Masarie ; P.P. Tans ( 1995 ) . `` Extension and integration of atmospheric carbon dioxide data into a globally consistent measurement record '' . J. Geophys . Res. 100 : 11593 -- 610 . Bibcode : 1995JGR ... 10011593M . doi : 10.1029 / 95JD00859 . Jump up ^ Dumitru - Romulus Târziu ; Victor - Dan Păcurar ( Jan 2011 ) . `` Pădurea , climatul și energia '' . Rev. pădur. ( in Romanian ) . 126 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 39 . ISSN 1583 - 7890 . 16720 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . ( webpage has a translation button ) ^ Jump up to : `` Climate Change Indicators in the United States '' . NOAA. 2012 . Figure 4 . The Annual Greenhouse Gas Index , 1979 -- 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change Indicators in the United States '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 2010 . Figure 2 . Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector , 1990 -- 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2001 : Working Group I : The Scientific Basis : figure 6 - 6 '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 . Retrieved 1 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The present carbon cycle -- Climate Change '' . Grida.no . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , S. ; D. Qin ; M. Manning ; Z . Chen ; M. Marquis ; K.B. Averyt ; M. Tignor ; H.L. Miller , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 7 . Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88009 - 1 . 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A Contribution of Working Groups I , II , and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : IPCC . 2007d . Jump up ^ H. Steinfeld , P. Gerber , T. Wassenaar , V. Castel , M. Rosales , C. de Haan ( 2006 ) Livestock 's long shadow . Environmental issues and options . FAO Livestock , Environment and Development ( LEAD ) Initiative . Jump up ^ Ciais , Phillipe ; Sabine , Christopher . `` Climate Change 2013 : The Physical Science Basis : Chapter 6 : Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles '' . IPCC . Chapter 6 : IPCC . p. 473 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Raupach , M.R. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO emissions '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 ( 24 ) : 10288 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10410288R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0700609104 . PMC 1876160 . PMID 17519334 . Jump up ^ Schrooten , L ; De Vlieger , Ina ; Int Panis , Luc ; Styns , R. Torfs , K ; Torfs , R ( 2008 ) . `` Inventory and forecasting of maritime emissions in the Belgian sea territory , an activity based emission model '' . Atmospheric Environment. 42 ( 4 ) : 667 -- 676 . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2007.09. 071 . ^ Jump up to : Grubb , M. ( July -- September 2003 ) . `` The economics of the Kyoto protocol '' ( PDF ) . World Economics . 4 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Lerner & K. Lee Lerner , Brenda Wilmoth ( 2006 ) . `` Environmental issues : essential primary sources '' . Thomson Gale . Retrieved 11 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyoto Protocol '' . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . Home > Kyoto Protocol . ^ Jump up to : King , D. ; et al. ( July 2011 ) , `` Copenhagen and Cancún '' , International climate change negotiations : Key lessons and next steps , Oxford , UK : Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment , University of Oxford , p. 12 , doi : 10.4210 / ssee. pbs. 2011.0003 , archived from the original on 1 August 2013 PDF version is also available Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chris Johnston , Oliver Milman , John Vidal and agencies , `` Climate change : global deal reached to limit use of hydrofluorocarbons '' , The Guardian , Saturday 15 October 2016 ( page visited on 15 October 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Climate change : ' Monumental ' deal to cut HFCs , fastest growing greenhouse gases '' . BBC News . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nations , Fighting Powerful Refrigerant That Warms Planet , Reach Landmark Deal '' . New York Times . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Environmental Impacts of Tourism -- Global Level UNEP Jump up ^ `` A Cheaper and More Efficient Freight Industry In and Out of the UK '' . freightbestpractice.org.uk . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbold , Richard ( May 19 , 2014 ) , A practical guide for fleet operators , returnloads.net , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Held , I.M. and Soden , B.J. , 2000 . Water vapor feedback and global warming . Annual review of energy and the environment , 25 ( 1 ) , pp. 441 -- 475 . Jump up ^ Evans , Kimberly Masters ( 2005 ) . `` The greenhouse effect and climate change '' . The environment : a revolution in attitudes . Detroit : Thomson Gale . ISBN 0 - 7876 - 9082 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks : 1990 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 15 April 2012 . p. 1.4 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Held , I.M. ; Soden , B.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Water Vapor Feedback and Global Warming1 '' . Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 25 : 441 -- 475 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. energy. 25.1. 441 . Jump up ^ Includes the Kyoto `` basket '' of GHGs ^ Jump up to : Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` Executive Summary '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` 1.3. 1 Review of the last three decades '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) This citation clarifies the time period ( 1970 -- 2004 ) for the observed emissions trends Jump up ^ Bridging the Emissions Gap : A UNEP Synthesis Report ( PDF ) , Nairobi , Kenya : United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , November 2011 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 807 - 3229 - 0 UNEP Stock Number : DEW / 1470 / NA Jump up ^ `` Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data '' . EPA . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . The burning of coal , natural gas , and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions . Jump up ^ `` What is GHG ? '' . ADEC Innovations ESG Solutions . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selected Development Indicators '' ( PDF ) . World Development Report 2010 : Development and Climate Change ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. , USA : The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank . 2010 . Tables A1 and A2 . doi : 10.1596 / 978 - 0 - 8213 - 7987 - 5 . ISBN 9780821379875 . ^ Jump up to : Bader , N. ; Bleichwitz , R. ( 2009 ) . `` Measuring urban greenhouse gas emissions : The challenge of comparability . S.A.P.I. EN. S. 2 ( 3 ) '' . Sapiens.revues.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Banuri , T. ( 1996 ) . Equity and social considerations . In : Climate change 1995 : Economic and social dimensions of climate change . Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( J.P. Bruce et al. Eds . ) ( PDF ) . This version : Printed by Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK , and New York , USA . PDF version : IPCC website . doi : 10.2277 / 0521568544 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56854 - 8 . Jump up ^ World energy outlook 2007 edition -- China and India insights . International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , Head of Communication and Information Office , 9 rue de la Fédération , 75739 Paris Cedex 15 , France . 2007 . p. 600 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 02730 - 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Holtz - Eakin , D. ( 1995 ) . `` Stoking the fires ? CO emissions and economic growth '' . Journal of Public Economics . 57 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 101 . doi : 10.1016 / 0047 - 2727 ( 94 ) 01449 - X . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Annex I : Glossary J-P '' . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Print version : Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA . This version : IPCC website . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Markandya , A. ( 2001 ) . `` 7.3. 5 Cost Implications of Alternative GHG Emission Reduction Options and Carbon Sinks '' . In B. Metz ; et al. Costing Methodologies . Climate Change 2001 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Print version : Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , U.K. , and New York , N.Y. This version : GRID - Arendal website . doi : 10.2277 / 0521015022 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01502 - 8 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Herzog , T. ( November 2006 ) . Yamashita , M.B. , ed . Target : intensity -- an analysis of greenhouse gas intensity targets ( PDF ) . World Resources Institute . ISBN 1 - 56973 - 638 - 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Botzen , W.J.W. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Cumulative CO emissions : shifting international responsibilities for climate debt '' . Climate Policy . 8 : 570 . doi : 10.3763 / cpol. 2008.0539 . ^ Jump up to : Höhne , N. ; et al. ( 24 September 2010 ) . `` Contributions of individual countries ' emissions to climate change and their uncertainty '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 106 : 359 -- 391 . doi : 10.1007 / s10584 - 010 - 9930 - 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : World Energy Outlook 2009 ( PDF ) , Paris , France : International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , 2009 , pp. 179 -- 180 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 06130 - 9 Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) , `` 1.3. 1 Review of the last three decades '' , in B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer , Introduction , Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The cited paper uses the term `` start date '' instead of `` base year . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Global CO emissions : annual increase halves in 2008 '' . Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency ( PBL ) website . 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Global Carbon Mechanisms : Emerging lessons and implications ( CTC748 ) '' . Carbon Trust . March 2009 . p. 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Adam ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Global emissions to fall for first time during a period of economic growth '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ CO Emissions From Fuel Combustion : Highlights ( 2011 edition ) , Paris , France : International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , 2011 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Helm , D. ; et al. ( 10 December 2007 ) . Too Good To Be True ? The UK 's Climate Change Record ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , S.J. ; K. Caldeira ( 8 March 2010 ) . `` Consumption - based Accounting of CO Emissions '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 107 ( 12 ) : 5687 -- 5692 . Bibcode : 2010PNAS ... 107.5687 D . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0906974107 . PMC 2851800 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` International Carbon Flows '' . Carbon Trust . May 2011 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ e.g. , Gupta et al. ( 2007 ) assessed the scientific literature on climate change mitigation policy : Gupta , S. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Chapter 13 : Policies , instruments , and co-operative arrangements . In : Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( B. Metz , O.R. Davidson , P.R. Bosch , R. Dave , L.A. Meyer ( eds ) ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521880114 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Agency -- Energy Policy '' . Paris , France : International Energy Agency ( IEA ) . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IEA Publications Bookshop : IEA Publications on ' Energy Policy ' '' . Paris , France : Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) / International Energy Agency ( IEA ) . 2012 . Jump up ^ Bridging the Emissions Gap : A UNEP Synthesis Report ( PDF ) , Nairobi , Kenya : United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , November 2011 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 807 - 3229 - 0 UNEP Stock Number : DEW / 1470 / NA Jump up ^ `` 4 . Energizing development without compromising the climate '' ( PDF ) . World Development Report 2010 : Development and Climate Change ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. , USA : The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank . 2010 . p 192 , Box 4.2 : Efficient and clean energy can be good for development . doi : 10.1596 / 978 - 0 - 8213 - 7987 - 5 . ISBN 9780821379875 . Jump up ^ Sixth compilation and synthesis of initial national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention . Note by the secretariat . Executive summary ( PDF ) . Geneva , Switzerland : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . 2005 . pp. 10 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Compilation and synthesis of fifth national communications . Executive summary . Note by the secretariat ( PDF ) . Geneva ( Switzerland ) : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . 2011 . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Fisher , B. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` 3.1 Emissions scenarios '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . 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Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , sulfur hexafluoride Jump up ^ `` Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle , US Environment Protection Agency '' ( PDF ) . Epa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Engber , Daniel ( 1 November 2006 ) . `` How gasoline becomes CO , Slate Magazine '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Volume calculation for carbon dioxide '' . Icbe.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program '' . Energy Information Administration . Archived from the original on 1 November 2004 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Moomaw , W. , P. Burgherr , G. Heath , M. Lenzen , J. Nyboer , A. Verbruggen ( 2011 ) . `` Annex II : Methodology '' ( PDF ) . IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation : 10 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Obersteiner M ; Azar C ; Kauppi P ; et al. ( October 2001 ) . `` Managing climate risk '' . Science . 294 ( 5543 ) : 786 -- 7 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 294.5543. 786b . PMID 11681318 . Jump up ^ Azar , C. , Lindgren , K. , Larson , E.D. and Möllersten , K. ( 2006 ) . `` Carbon capture and storage from fossil fuels and biomass -- Costs and potential role in stabilising the atmosphere '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . 74 : 47 -- 79 . doi : 10.1007 / s10584 - 005 - 3484 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Geoengineering the climate : science , governance and uncertainty '' . The Royal Society . 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Fischer , B.S. , N. Nakicenovic , K. Alfsen , J. Corfee Morlot , F. de la Chesnaye , J. - Ch . Hourcade , K. Jiang , M. Kainuma , E. La Rovere , A. Matysek , A. Rana , K. Riahi , R. Richels , S. Rose , D. van Vuuren , R. Warren , ( 2007 ) `` Issues related to mitigation in the long term context '' , In Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change ( B. Metz , O.R. Davidson , P.R. Bosch , R. Dave , L.A. Meyer ( eds ) ) , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . Jump up ^ Cook , J. ; Nuccitelli , D. ; Green , S.A. ; Richardson , M. ; Winkler , B.R. ; Painting , R. ; Way , R. ; Jacobs , P. ; Skuce , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature '' . Environmental Research Letters. 8 ( 2 ) : 024024 . doi : 10.1088 / 1748 - 9326 / 8 / 2 / 024024 . Bibliography ( edit ) Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) , Oak Ridge , Tennessee , 2012 IPCC TAR WG1 ( 2001 ) , Houghton , J.T. ; Ding , Y. ; Griggs , D.J. ; Noguer , M. ; van der Linden , P.J. ; Dai , X. ; Maskell , K. ; Johnson , C.A. , eds. , Climate Change 2001 : The Scientific Basis , Contribution of Working Group I ( WG1 ) to the Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 80767 - 0 , archived from the original on 30 March 2016 ( pb : 0 - 521 - 01495 - 6 ) IPCC AR4 WG1 ( 2007 ) , Solomon , S. ; Qin , D. ; Manning , M. ; Chen , Z. ; Marquis , M. ; Averyt , K.B. ; Tignor , M. ; Miller , H.L. , eds. , Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis , Contribution of Working Group I ( WG1 ) to the Fourth Assessment Report ( AR4 ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88009 - 1 ( pb : 978 - 0 - 521 - 70596 - 7 ) Van Dijk , P. ; Zhang , J. ; Jun , W. ; Kuenzer , C. ; WOLF , K.H. ( 2011 ) . `` Assessment of the contribution of in - situ combustion of coal to greenhouse gas emission ; based on a comparison of Chinese mining information to previous remote sensing estimates '' . International Journal of Coal Geology. 86 ( 1 Special Issue RS / GIS ) : 108 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coal. 2011.01. 009 . Zhou , Yiqin ( 2011 ) . Compar ( ison of ) Fresh or Ensiled Fodders ( e.g. , Grass , Legume , Corn ) on the Production of Greenhouse Gases Following Enteric Fermentation in Beef Cattle . Rouyn - Noranda , Qué. : Université du Québec en Abitibi - Témiscamingue . N.B. : Research report . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greenhouse gases . The official greenhouse gas emissions data of developed countries from the UNFCCC Greenhouse gas at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Annual Greenhouse Gas Index ( AGGI ) from NOAA Atmospheric spectra of GHGs and other trace gases How Much Greenhouse Gas Does the United States Emit ? Carbon dioxide emissions ( edit ) International Energy Annual : Reserves Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide at NOAA NOAA CMDL CCGG -- Interactive Atmospheric Data Visualization NOAA CO data Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) Little Green Data Book 2007 , World Bank . Lists CO statistics by country , including per capita and by country income class . 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0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&oldid=842848043 '' Categories : Climate forcing agents Greenhouse gases Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2011 Articles to be expanded from July 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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most greenhouse gas emissions (44 ) are coming from which type of fossil fuel
[ "\n\nSeven main fossil fuel\ncombustion sources\nContribution\n(%)\n\n\nLiquid fuels (e.g., gasoline, fuel oil)\n36%\n\n\nSolid fuels (e.g., coal)\n35%\n\n\nGaseous fuels (e.g., natural gas)\n20%\n\n\nCement production\n 3 %\n\n\nFlaring gas industrially and at wells\n\n\n\nNon-fuel hydrocarbons\n\n\n\n\"International bunker fuels\" of transport\nnot included in national inventories[88]\n 4 %\n\n" ]
[ "Liquid fuels (e.g., gasoline, fuel oil)" ]
-7836019488561821884
Michael Johns (singer)
Michael Johns ( singer ) - Wikipedia Michael Johns ( singer ) Jump to : navigation , search Michael Johns Michael Johns at the American Idol , Season 7 , Top 12 party on 6 March 2008 . Background information Birth name Michael John Lee 20 October 1978 Perth , Australia 1 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) ( aged 35 ) Tustin , California , U.S. Genres Pop , pop rock , soul , soft rock , rock Occupation ( s ) Singer , songwriter Years active 2000 -- 2014 Labels Beverly Martel Music Maverick Records TRP records Downtown Records Associated acts Brooke White , The Rising Michael Johns ( born Michael John Lee ; 20 October 1978 -- 1 August 2014 ) was an Australian singer who finished in eighth place on the seventh season of American Idol , in 2008 . In 2009 , he released a music album , Hold Back My Heart , which sold 20,000 copies . Johns died on 1 August 2014 , at the age of 35 of dilated cardiomyopathy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 American Idol 2.2. 1 Overview 2.2. 2 Performances 3 Post-Idol 4 Personal life 5 Death 6 Discography 6.1 Albums 6.1. 1 Downtown Records 6.2 Singles 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) John Lee was born in Perth , Western Australia on 20 October 1978 . As a teenager , he appeared as The Coachman in Pinocchio at the Regal Theatre and was a choir singer in Anything Goes at His Majesty 's Theatre . He attended Newman College in Perth . In 1997 , John Lee moved to the United States on a tennis scholarship and majored in drama at Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College in Tifton , Georgia , before dropping out after two quarters . He also briefly played Australian rules football for the United States Australian Football League ( USAFL ) club Atlanta Kookaburras from 2001 to 2002 . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) John Lee moved from Tifton to Atlanta to pursue a music career , playing cover engagements . He then joined a band called Film for 18 months . After traveling to Los Angeles to showcase for a number of labels , he was signed to Maverick Records in 2002 as a solo artist under his birth name Michael Lee . He recorded an album , and then formed a rock band called The Rising . A song from the album `` Cradle '' received some airplay , and the album titled Future Unknown was released in 2003 . It was also released on iTunes in 2008 after he appeared on American Idol . After Maverick , he was signed to Columbia , but was later dropped . He started using the name Michael Johns in 2006 as an homage to his stepfather whose name , like his middle name , is John , hence `` Johns '' because there are two of them in the family . American Idol ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) He auditioned for the seventh season of American Idol at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium in July 2007 . He finished in eighth place in the competition . Performances ( edit ) Week # Theme Song choice Original artist Order # Result Top 24 ( 12 Men ) 1960s `` Light My Fire '' The Doors 12 Safe Top 20 ( 10 Men ) 1970s `` Go Your Own Way '' Fleetwood Mac Safe Top 16 ( 8 Men ) 1980s `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' Simple Minds 5 Safe Top 12 Lennon -- McCartney `` Across the Universe '' The Beatles 10 Safe Top 11 The Beatles `` A Day in the Life '' The Beatles Safe Top 10 Year They Were Born `` We Will Rock You '' / `` We Are the Champions '' Queen 6 Safe Top 9 Dolly Parton `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' Dolly Parton 9 Safe Top 8 Inspirational Music `` Dream On '' Aerosmith Eliminated Post-idol ( edit ) As one of the seventh season finalists , Johns joined the 2008 American Idol Live ! tour after the show . While he was on the Idol tour , he worked on a soundtrack for Olympic snowboarder Shaun White 's documentary DVD Do n't Look Down . The soundtrack was released by Three Rings Projects on 20 January 2009 . Johns sang on all but one of the vocal tracks . In December 2008 , he released a song he wrote in 2006 , `` Another Christmas . '' Half the proceeds from the song were advertised as being donated to the Red Cross and half to fight amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . In April 2009 , he released `` Heart on My Sleeve , '' the lead single from Hold Back My Heart . The song debuted on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary chart at number 27 . The album was released on 23 June 2009 , and debuted at number 97 on the Billboard 200 with 5,000 copies sold . It sold 20,000 copies as of January 2010 . In 2012 , he released Love and Sex , a three - song EP . He also appeared briefly in a 2012 episode of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills . Personal life ( edit ) John Lee married his wife , Stacey Vuduris , in 2007 . Death ( edit ) Johns died in Tustin , California on 1 August 2014 . On 18 November 2014 , the coroner reported that Johns had died of dilated cardiomyopathy , which inhibited the flow of blood to his body and also caused his heart to enlarge . A fatty liver also contributed to his death . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Release date Artist Album Label Number of tracks Film Rolling Projector Records 6 tracks 16 September 2003 The Rising Future Unknown Maverick 11 tracks 26 August 2003 Live at the Apple Store 5 tracks ( EP ) 2007 Michael Johns Michael Johns - 12 tracks 2008 Another Christmas TRP records 1 track 2009 Do n't Look Down -- The Height of Competition 17 tracks Downtown Records ( edit ) Year Album details Peak Sales US US Indie 2009 Hold Back My Heart Release date : 23 June 2009 Label : Downtown Records Format : CD 97 12 US : 20,000 2012 Love & Sex ( EP ) Release date : 11 June 2012 Label : BUTR Records Format : Digital Download -- -- Singles ( edit ) Year Title Chart Positions Album US AC 2009 `` Heart on My Sleeve '' 22 Hold Back My Heart References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ho , Rodney ( 15 February 2008 ) . `` Michael Johns interview ( updated ) '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Access Atlanta . Jump up ^ `` American Idol contestant Michael Johns dreamed of fame '' . www.news.com.au , PerthNow. 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Daile Pepper ( 3 October 2008 ) . `` Idol comes back to earth in Perth '' . WA Today . Jump up ^ `` '' Idol '' Johns Ditched College , Last Name `` . TMZ. 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Could a former USAFL player be the next American Idol ? '' . 18 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mike goes his own way '' . Atlanta Kookaburras Australian Rules Football Club . 27 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Fred Bronson ( 15 May 2008 ) . `` The Billboard Q&A : Michael Johns From ' American Idol ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` melodic.net : The Film '' . www.melodic.net . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Morsels : Crossroads : Michael Lee Of The Rising '' . www.serge.org . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Andrew Leahey . `` Michael John : Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Idol 's Michael Johns Explains His Personal Name Change '' . People . 2008 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Shocking elimination leaves ' Idol ' crowd booing - today > entertainment - Reality TV - TODAY.com '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Elimination Shocker : Michael Johns ' Dreams Dashed , As Carly Smithson And Syesha Mercado Squeak By '' . MTV . 2008 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' Idol ' Tracker : Live from Arizona , the tour begins '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Tania Hussain ( 21 January 2009 ) . `` Album Review : Do n't Look Down -- The Height of Competition '' . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Tragedy : Season 7 Finalist Michael Johns Dies At 35 '' . RadarOnline. 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Rye Randa Discusses Shaun White 's Do n't Look Down '' . Blogcritics. 6 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Blumm , K.C. ( 2 August 2014 ) . `` American Idol Finalist Michael Johns Dies at 35 '' . people.com . People . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Johns To Release Christmas Song In Aid of ALS & Red Cross '' . Access Hollywood . 2008 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Shirley Halperin and Fred Bronson ( 2 August 2014 ) . `` American Idol ' Alum Michael Johns Dies at 35 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 14 May 2009 ) . `` Chart Beat : Paula Abdul , ' Epiphany ' , Frank Sinatra and more ! '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ The Billboard 200 . Billboard. 11 Jul 2009 . Jump up ^ Gil Kaufman ( 1 July 2009 ) . `` Black Eyed Peas Top Non-Jackson Album Sales On Billboard '' . MTV . ^ Jump up to : `` The best - selling Idol albums from 2009 '' . Content.usatoday.com. 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Tania Hussain ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Love and Sex According to Michael Johns : `` Follow your heart and try and be the best person you can '' `` . Newsvine . Jump up ^ `` Michael Johns Appreciates Wife 's Humor '' . OK . 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coroner Press Releases '' . Orange County Sheriff 's Department . 2014 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Alum Michael Johns ' Cause of Death Revealed '' . Billboard. 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrick Gomez ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` American Idol Finalist Michael Johns 's Cause of Death Revealed '' . People Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Rolling by Film '' . CDbaby . Jump up ^ `` The Rising : Future Unknown '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` The Rising : Live at the Apple Store '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Michael Johns - Michael Johns Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Johns - Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - August 15 , 2009 '' . Billboard . Log in required External links ( edit ) Michael Johns on IMDb Michael Johns at American Idol ( hide ) American Idol season 7 Finalists David Cook David Archuleta Syesha Mercado Jason Castro Brooke White Carly Smithson Kristy Lee Cook Michael Johns Ramiele Malubay Chikezie Amanda Overmyer David Hernandez Other Sources Episode List Tour `` The Time of My Life '' MusicBrainz : 91b9a119 - bfc2 - 4706 - b870 - d5f97f1cb244 VIAF : 86333240 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Johns_(singer)&oldid=840428019 '' Categories : 1978 births 2014 deaths American Idol participants Australian expatriates in the United States Australian male singers Musicians from Perth , Western Australia 21st - century Australian singers 20th - century Australian musicians 20th - century American musicians Deaths from thrombosis Deaths from cardiomyopathy Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from October 2011 Use Australian English from October 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Pages using Template : Infobox musical artist with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Português Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 20 : 39 . About Wikipedia
who is the american idol contestant that died
[ "Michael Johns (born Michael John Lee; 20 October 1978 – 1 August 2014) was an Australian singer who finished in eighth place on the seventh season of American Idol, in 2008. In 2009, he released a music album, Hold Back My Heart, which sold 20,000 copies. Johns died on 1 August 2014, at the age of 35 of dilated cardiomyopathy." ]
[ "Michael Johns" ]
550457529789351200
Sclera
Sclera - wikipedia Sclera Sclera The sclera , as separated from the cornea by the corneal limbus . Details Part of Eye System Visual system Artery anterior ciliary arteries , long posterior ciliary arteries , short posterior ciliary arteries Identifiers Latin Sclera MeSH D012590 TA A15. 2.02. 002 FMA 58269 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The sclera , also known as the white of the eye , is the opaque , fibrous , protective , outer layer of the human eye containing mainly collagen and some elastic fiber . In humans , the whole sclera is white , contrasting with the coloured iris , but in other mammals the visible part of the sclera matches the colour of the iris , so the white part does not normally show . In the development of the embryo , the sclera is derived from the neural crest . In children , it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment , appearing slightly blue . In the elderly , fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow . Many people with dark skin have naturally darkened sclerae , the result of melanin pigmentation . The human eye is relatively rare for having an iris that is small enough for its position to be plainly visible against the sclera . This makes it easier for one individual to infer where another individual is looking , and the cooperative eye hypothesis suggests this has evolved as a method of nonverbal communication . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Histology 2 Function 3 Injury 3.1 Trauma 3.2 Thermal trauma 3.3 Chemical injury 4 Clinical significance 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Goat eye with relatively dark sclera and horizontal pupil Cow eye with dark sclera The sclera forms the posterior five - sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe . It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea , and maintains the shape of the globe , offering resistance to internal and external forces , and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions . The sclera is perforated by many nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen , the hole that is formed by the optic nerve . At the optic disc the outer two - thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater ( outer coat of the brain ) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve . The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate ( lamina cribrosa ) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers ( fasciculi ) pass . The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions . The sclera 's blood vessels are mainly on the surface . Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva ( which is a thin layer covering the sclera ) , those in the episclera render the inflamed eye bright red . In many vertebrates , the sclera is reinforced with plates of cartilage or bone , together forming a circular structure called the sclerotic ring . In primitive fish , this ring consists of four plates , but the number is lower in many living ray - finned fishes , and much higher in lobe - finned fishes , various reptiles , and birds . The ring has disappeared in many groups , including living amphibians , some reptiles and fish , and all mammals . The eyes of all non-human primates are dark with small , barely visible sclera . Histology ( edit ) The collagen of the sclera is continuous with the cornea . From outer to innermost , the four layers of the sclera are : episclera stroma lamina fusca endothelium The sclera is opaque due to the irregularity of the Type I collagen fibers , as opposed to the near - uniform thickness and parallel arrangement of the corneal collagen . Moreover , the cornea bears more mucopolysaccharide ( a carbohydrate that has among its repeating units a nitrogenous sugar , hexosamine ) to embed the fibrils . The cornea , unlike the sclera , has five layers . The middle , thickest layer is also called the stroma . The sclera , like the cornea , contains a basal endothelium , above which there is the lamina fusca , containing a high count of pigment cells . Sometimes , very small gray - blue spots can appear on the sclera , a harmless condition called scleral melanocytosis . Function ( edit ) Human eyes are somewhat distinctive in the animal kingdom in that the sclera is very plainly visible whenever the eye is open . This is not just due to the white color of the human sclera , which many other species share , but also to the fact that the human iris is relatively small and comprises a significantly smaller portion of the exposed eye surface compared to other animals . It is theorized that this adaptation evolved because of our social nature as the eye became a useful communication tool in addition to a sensory organ . It is believed that the conspicuous sclera of the human eye makes it easier for one individual to infer where another individual is looking , increasing the efficacy of this particular form of nonverbal communication . Animal researchers have also found that , in the course of their domestication , dogs have also developed the ability to pick up visual cues from the eyes of humans . Dogs do not seem to use this form of communication with one another and only look for visual information from the eyes of humans . Injury ( edit ) Trauma ( edit ) The bony area that makes up the human eye socket provides exceptional protection to the sclera . However , if the sclera is ruptured by a blunt force or is penetrated by a sharp object , the recovery of full former vision is usually rare . If pressure is applied slowly , the eye is actually very elastic . However , most ruptures involve objects moving at some velocity . The cushion of orbital fat protects the sclera from head - on blunt forces , but damage from oblique forces striking the eye from the side is not prevented by this cushion . Hemorrhaging and a dramatic drop in intraocular pressure are common , along with a reduction in visual perception to only broad hand movements and the presence or absence of light . However , low - velocity injury which does not puncture and penetrate the sclera requires only superficial treatment and the removal of the object . Sufficiently small objects which become embedded and which are subsequently left untreated may eventually become surrounded by a benign cyst , causing no other damage or discomfort . Thermal trauma ( edit ) The sclera is rarely damaged by brief exposure to heat : the eyelids provide exceptional protection , and the fact that the sclera is covered in layers of moist tissue means that these tissues are able to cause much of the offending heat to become dissipated as steam before the sclera itself is damaged . Even relatively low - temperature molten metals when splashed against an open eye have been shown to cause very little damage to the sclera , even while creating detailed casts of the surrounding eyelashes . Prolonged exposure , however -- on the order of 30 seconds -- at temperatures above 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) will begin to cause scarring , and above 55 ° C ( 131 ° F ) will cause extreme changes in the sclera and surrounding tissue . Such long exposures even in industrial settings are virtually nonexistent . Chemical injury ( edit ) The sclera is highly resistant to injury from brief exposure to toxic chemicals . The reflexive production of tears at the onset of chemical exposure tends to quickly wash away such irritants , preventing further harm . Acids with a pH below 2.5 are the source of greatest acidic burn risk , with sulfuric acid , the kind present in car batteries and therefore commonly available , being among the most dangerous in this regard . However , acid burns , even severe ones , seldom result in loss of the eye . Alkali burns , on the other hand , such as those resulting from exposure to ammonium hydroxide or ammonium chloride or other chemicals with a pH above 11.5 , will cause cellular tissue in the sclera to saponify and should be considered medical emergencies requiring immediate treatment . Clinical significance ( edit ) Yellowing of the sclera is a visual symptom of jaundice . In very rare but severe cases of kidney failure and liver failure , the sclera may turn black . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The word sclera ( / ˈsklɛərə / or / ˈsklɪərə / ; both are common ) , plural sclerae ( / ˈsklɛəri / or / ˈsklɪəri / ) or scleras , is from the Greek skleros , meaning hard . See also ( edit ) Extraocular implant Scleral tattooing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mosby 's Medical , Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary , Fourth Edition , Mosby - Year Book Inc. , 1994 , p. 1402 Jump up ^ Cassin , B. and Solomon , S. Dictionary of Eye Terminology . Gainesville , Florida : Triad Publishing Company , 1990 . Jump up ^ Hermann D. Schubert . Anatomy of the Orbit `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` eye , human . '' Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009 Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . p. 461 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Keeley , FW ; Morin , JD ; Vesely , S ( November 1984 ) . `` Characterization of collagen from normal human sclera '' . Experimental Eye Research . 39 ( 5 ) : 533 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4835 ( 84 ) 90053 - 8 . PMID 6519194 . Jump up ^ Michael Tomasello , Brian Hare , Hagen Lehmann , Josep Call . `` Reliance on head versus eyes in the gaze following of great apes and human infants : the cooperative eye hypothesis '' http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/eyes-cooperation.pdf Jump up ^ Director and Producer : Dan Child , Executive Producer : Andrew Kohen ( 2010 - 01 - 06 ) . `` The Secret Life of the Dog '' . Horizon . BBC . BBC2 . ^ Jump up to : Peter G Watson ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Chapter 9 '' . The Sclera and Systemic Disorders . JP Medical Ltd. p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907816 - 07 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sclera . Histology image : 08008loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Atlas image : eye_1 at the University of Michigan Health System -- `` Sagittal Section Through the Eyeball '' MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002295 Anatomy of the globe of the human eye Fibrous tunic ( outer ) Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm 's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman 's Stroma Dua 's layer Descemet 's Endothelium Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch 's membrane Sattler 's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle Retina ( inner ) Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata Anatomical regions of the eye Anterior segment Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid Other Keratocytes Ocular immune system Optical coherence tomography Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception Optical illusions List of optical illusions Afterimage Barberpole Bezold Blivet Café wall Cornsweet Delboeuf Ebbinghaus Ehrenstein Flash lag Fraser spiral Grid Hering Jastrow Mach McCollough Müller - Lyer Necker Orbison Penrose stairs triangle Peripheral drift Poggendorff Ponzo Rubin Sander Schroeder Ternus Vertical -- horizontal White 's Wundt Zöllner Related Auditory Tactile Temporal Op art Ascending and Descending Waterfall The orbit of the eye Bones Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Palatine bone Lacrimal bone Muscles Superior rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Lateral rectus muscle Medial rectus muscle Superior oblique muscle Trochlea of superior oblique Inferior oblique muscle Eyelid Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Tarsus Medial palpebral ligament Epicanthic fold Meibomian gland Ciliary glands Eyelash Palpebral fissure Canthus Gland of Zeis Lacrimal apparatus Krause 's glands Lacrimal canaliculi Lacrimal caruncle Lacrimal gland Lacrimal lake Lacrimal papilla Lacrimal punctum Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct Other Eyebrow Conjunctiva Plica semilunaris Orbital septum Periorbita Suspensory ligament of eyeball Tenon 's capsule Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sclera&oldid=846550976 '' Categories : Eye Human eye anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська اردو 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 13 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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where is the sclera located in the eye
[ "The sclera,[help 1] also known as the white of the eye, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the human eye containing mainly collagen and some elastic fiber.[2] In humans, the whole sclera is white, contrasting with the coloured iris, but in other mammals the visible part of the sclera matches the colour of the iris, so the white part does not normally show. In the development of the embryo, the sclera is derived from the neural crest.[3] In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. Many people with dark skin have naturally darkened sclerae, the result of melanin pigmentation.\n" ]
[ "also known as the white of the eye, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer" ]